o VaV8«W? VIN ? o 

 
 O THE UNIVERSITY o
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL SIR ARTHUR WELLESLEY, K.B., JETAT 86. 
 
 ... ''"'■'';"'! P^"'l'"' f ^'" '^'^ Mahratt.^ War by Rol.c-n Home, an English artist, who went to India, and was for many years Court painter to the 
 Km'i of (Jude. In 1805 .S,r .-\rth,.r had completed his Indian service and was on the point of returning home, at his own request. He had achieved 
 much distmcl.on and was highly esteemed by all classes of the community in India, civil and military, English and natiVe. He was presented 
 with many complimentary addresses and a gold vase with 2,000 sjuineas from the officers under his immediate orders
 
 WELLINGTON & WATERLOO 
 
 — BY — 
 
 MAJOR ARTHUR GRIFFITTTS. 
 
 WITH AN 
 
 IXTRODUCTIOX BY 
 
 Field-Marshal Viscount Wolseley, K.P., etc. 
 
 CO.M.MAXDKR-lN-CniEF (Jl' THE AR.MV. 
 
 THE -NAVY AND ARMY ILLUSTRATED" LIBRARY. 
 
 STORIES OF OUR NATIONAL HEROES. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY GEORGE NEWNES, LIMITED, 
 10- 1 J, SOUTHAMPTON STREET. STRAND, VV.C, 
 
 rRIXTKO liV HUDSON AND KEARNS, 
 83-87, SOtJTHWARK STREET, S.R. 
 
 1898.
 
 ERRATA 
 
 Portrait of Countess of Mornington (Frontispiece, facing p. 3) — 
 
 In first line of description, for " Garrett, second Earl of Mornington," read " Garrett, first Earl of Mornington." 
 
 Irish Rebellion, 1798 (Plate on p. 25) — 
 
 In Line i, for "Dublin" read " Waterford." 
 
 Bridge at Constantino (Plate on p. 84) — 
 For " Noyales " read "Nogales." 
 
 Portrait of Colonel Thomas Graham (p. 127) — 
 
 For "Lawrence" read " Hoppner " as name of painter. 
 
 H.R.II. the Prince of Orange (Plate on p. 140) — 
 The last sentence is incorrect. 
 
 Portrait of Sir Stapleton Cotton (p. 143) — 
 
 For "Sir Stapleton Cotton" read "General Charles William Stewart, afterwards Marquis of Londonderry."
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I 
 
 N his selection of the "Fifteen Decisive Hattles of tlie World," Sir Edward Creasy 
 incliuli (1 two which saved luirope from the c<Mni)lete doinination ot I^rance. Both 
 were won hv I'hiLi'lish C.enerals, hel])ed l)y (ierman Armies. Upon both occasions it 
 was to the yenius and striking individuality of those two Commanders that Europe ovvetl 
 her deliverance. In the first of these battles, that of ISlenheim, Marlborough put an end to 
 the im|)udent claim of Louis XIV. to universal dominion ; in the second, Wellington finally 
 desiroyetl Ilonaparte, who had similarly tried to impose his tlespotic will upon all nations. 
 
 .Marlborough won the earlier battle by a brilliant assault upon the l'"rench centre, 
 and ne\er did liritish soldiers prove more conclusively how irresistible they are in attack 
 when directed b\- a master hand. The battle of a century later is a remarkable instance 
 of that dogged and jjertinacious pluck for which our soldiers have been distinguished in 
 all ages. What English-speaking man or woman can read without pardonable pride oi 
 how our men that day stood unllinching whilst the enemy's round shot tore through their 
 ranks, and of how they mocked as the most famous horsemen of France charged down 
 upon them ? To those who, after the manner of Plutarch, wish to compare Marlborough 
 with Wellington, these two batdes illustrate their respective modes of fighting. The former 
 always took the offensive, the latter usually waited to be attacked. It should, however, be 
 remembered that unavoidable circumstances, not preference, often influenced Wellington on 
 this point. In the following pages it will be shown how brilliantly he could, upon suitable 
 occasions, assume the offensive to pounce upon the ad\'ersary who had given him a good 
 opportunity for attack. Nevertheless, whilst Marlborough will be remembered for his persistent 
 and brilliant offensive, history will always couple Wellington's name with that of Fabius as a 
 tactician. 
 
 Sir Edward Creasy tells us in graphic language of the great battles which, up to 
 his time, had most influenced the course of history. Since he wrote, wars and revolutions 
 have seriously altered the geographical distribution of European states, and have even 
 called new kingdoms into existence. "The balance of power" no longer rests upon its 
 old-estal)lished fulcrum. I>ut Waterloo is still the great battle of this century, and perhaps 
 of all ages. It is not to Englishmen only, but to all who are truly interested in human 
 progress, that it a])i)cars in this light. A thousand circumstances combine to make it tlo 
 so, for upon its result hung the interests of most Etiropean dynasties and the political 
 
 III.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 independence of their subjects. It brought to a fatal end the l)rilHant but dishonest career 
 of the world's t;;reatest man. It practically killed the adventurer who had made France 
 more powerful than all her legitimate Kings had ever done, and around whose memory 
 the glamour of victory and the fascination which despotic power lends the great ruler still 
 cling with an intensely romantic and increasing interest. 
 
 Eighty-three years have come and gone since Waterloo was fought, and yet we 
 still hail with eagerness every newly-discovered incident that throws fresh light upon its 
 events, or upon the lives of the two great battle-chiefs who met tor the first time face 
 to face upon that memorable dav. So much hung upon its issue that it is only natural 
 we should still seek for information about it, and try to measure and compare the talents 
 and character of the two mighty opponents who there strove for victory. But this is not 
 the place to draw any such comjiarison. Suffice it to say, that no two contemporary leaders 
 of nations ever differed more in moral qualities nor in their respective aims. 
 
 If therefore, Waterloo be still regarded as the most memorable of battles, it is 
 not surprising that Wellington's name shoukl still be revered wherever our tongaie is 
 spoken. The very fame of Napoleon but adds to the reputation of his conqueror ; and 
 when history extols the Corsican's great achievements, she thereby adds — it may be 
 unconsciously — to the Englishman's renown. 
 
 As long as England values worth and honour, Wellington will be remembered 
 for his unswerving" love of truth and justice, unselfish loyalty and patriotism, and for his 
 all-absorbing devotion to duty. Apart from his great achievements, we revere his memory 
 because we find personified in him the high qualities and characteristics which constitute 
 the English gentleman, and which we prize, perhaps all the more, because we belie\"e 
 them to be so peculiarly British. Indeed, his very faults are to us but national traits 
 upon which we plume ourselves. When he died, all England mourned for him as her 
 best friend, her most faithful servant, feeling she had lost a pilhir of the Empire, the like 
 of which she may never see again. Let us daily pray that when we ha\e another 
 Waterloo to fight we may have another Wellington to win it for us. 
 
 Admiral Calder's action with Villeneuve off Finisterre caused Napoleon to abandon 
 for the time his rooted intention of invading England. But within a month, the armv he 
 had collected for that operation was on its march to great achievements on the Danube. 
 Calder's action and Nelson's glorious victory at Trafalgar saved us then from inxasion, but 
 they did not save Austria or Russia from the destruction which so quicklv overtook them. 
 It may be truly averred that ten Nelsons and ten Trafalgars could not have done for 
 
 IV.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 I',ii,L;Ia;uI ov for I'.umpc \vli;a Wellington elTectcd at Waterloo 1 mean the fnial deslruction 
 ot IJonapartes power. 
 
 Waterloo not onl\ tleihroned the greatest Kinjj;- the woi-ld has ever known, iuit 
 it restored peace and pros])erit\- to I'Airope for a ireneration ol men, and ensured to 
 nations the pri\-ilcL;e of working- out their own tiestiny on lines of their own choosinu'. 
 To Wellington, whose: story is told in tlie followinL;- pa^'es, luirope owes that victory, 
 llad it not lieen for him, Bonaparte might have died in peaee at the 1 uileries, 
 surrountleil with all the pomp and etiquette he had invented for his lirand-new Court, and 
 .sanctihed by all the holy rites of the Roman church he had re-established. 
 
 What Wellington did for the b^mpire is not, I think, sufficiently well remembered 
 in these days. But we hope that this earnest ami i)ainstaking record of his achievements 
 will revive a fitting interest in the history of the greatest Englishman of our centur\-. 
 
 In the following pages my friend Major Griffiths gives a lucid and interesting 
 account of Wellington's great services. The story carries the reader along through his 
 many campaigns from Assaye to Waterloo, making us realise the grave difficulties he 
 encountered and admire the courage and ability with which he overcame them. 
 
 But it is not onlv as the leader of battles that Britain's tribute of praise and 
 eratitude is here claimed lor him. Our author describes to us the circumstances under which 
 the great soldier-statesman threw himself jiatriotically into the troubled arena of political 
 strife when he felt that his interxention was absolutely necessary in his country's interests. 
 
 Immense pains have been taken to illustrate the e\ents described in these pages, 
 and to give us good [lorlraits of those who took part in them. Strong light is thrown 
 upon the militarv and social life; of the period by the contemporary prints and caricatures 
 whi(di are here repr(_)duced. Ihe original drawings ol officers and artists, made on the 
 spot whilst the operations ilescrilied were in progress, together with engravings of scenes 
 on the march, in bivouac and in battle, have been /sought out and co[)ied for this work. 
 
 In commending this volume to Wellington's tellow-countrymen, it is but right 1 
 .should refer to the admirable manner in which that great man's history is here told. 
 Major Griffiths is well known to the Arm\- as a .Staff College Officer of high profes- 
 sional attainments, and as a distinguished writer upon nian\ subjects he has long been 
 before the public. He has consecjuently been able to make this work not only instrtictive 
 to the soldier, but intensely interesting toliphe general reader. 
 
 A/M^
 
 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Abercromby, Gen. Sir Ralph 
 
 Abrantes and Villa del Rey, View between 
 
 Alava, General 
 
 Alcantara, Bridge of 
 
 Allied Sovereigns Returning Thanks after Leipsic 
 
 Allies Entering Paris, The 
 
 Alniada, English Hospital and Conve 
 
 Almeida, The Fall of 
 
 Ammunition Waggon on Fire 
 
 Angers, Quai du Roi de Pologne 
 
 ,, The Great Bridge at 
 Anglesea, the Marquis of 
 Apsley House (After an Engraving by Campion) 
 
 ,, ,. Piccadilly (From a Photograph) 
 
 ,, ,. The Duke's Bedroom . 
 
 ,, The Hall 
 
 ,, ,, The Library . 
 
 ,, ,, The Museum . 
 
 ,, ,, The Waterloo Chamber 
 
 ,, ,, View of, with Statue . 
 
 ,, ,, Wellington's Death Chamber 
 
 Assaye, Battle of . 
 
 ,, The Last Charge at . 
 Attack on French Rear-Guard at Salamonde 
 Badajos, Assault of La Trinidad 
 
 ,, from the Albuquerque and Elvas Road 
 
 ,, Opening of the First Parallel 
 Baird, Gen. Sir David 
 Baring, Lady Augusta 
 Barossa, Triumph of British Flag at 
 Barracks, Dublin 
 Batalha, The Convent of 
 Battle in the Pyrenees, A 
 Bayonne (After a Drawing by Vernet) 
 Benevente, Castle of 
 
 ,, ,, (After Heaphy) . 
 
 ,, ,, (After Reuben Sayes) 
 
 Beresford, Marshal (After Sir W. Beechey) 
 
 ,, ,, Disarming a Polish Lancer at Albuera 
 
 ,, Sir William (From an Engraving by Brown) 
 Bidassoa, Passage of the, Forced by Wellington 
 
 ,, Three Views on the 
 Bivouac of Prussians in Paris 
 Blucher, Marshal : His Peril at Ligny 
 Bombay Grenadier, A 
 Bonaparte, Joseph, King of .Spain 
 
 ,, King Joseph (Portrait by Vicart) 
 
 ,, ,, ,, His Fhght after Vittoria 
 
 Bonaparte's Premature Division of the Spoils 
 ,, Threatened Invasion of England 
 
 British Grenadier (Sketch of a) 
 
 ,, Rear-guard Fording the Esla, iSoS . 
 
 ,, Soldiers Drilling 
 Brunswick, H.S.H. the Duke of 
 Burghersh, Lady, and Sisters 
 Burgos, View of . 
 
 Burgoyne, Sir John .... 
 Busaco, Battle of (After a Drawing by Major St. Clair) 
 ,, (After Westall) ^ . 
 ,, Skirmish on the Retreat from 
 Cabinet Council, A (Caricature) 
 Calvert, Sir Harry .... 
 Cameron, Colonel John, 92nd Highlanders 
 Campaign on the Douro 
 Capture of the Cape of Good Hope by Sir David B.iird 
 Castlereagh, Lord 
 
 ,, Viscount 
 
 20 Cathcart, Earl . . . . . .51 
 
 76 Chancellor of Oxford, The, and his Supporters (Caricature) . 260 
 
 161 Charade, A . . . . . . .54 
 
 95 Charge — Retraite (Caricature) . . . .98 
 
 202 Cintra, from the Lisbon Road . , . • Ti 
 
 241 ,, View of . . . . . -73 
 
 103 Ciudad Rodrigo, Hand-to-ILind Fighting at . . . 150 
 
 136 ,, ,, Storming ol . . . . 148 
 229 ,, ,, Taking of . . . . 148 
 
 4 ,, ,, View of . . . . .139 
 
 5 Clarke, Mrs. Mary Anne .... 88, 89 
 00, 219 ,, The Discarded (Caric.itur^) . . . .90 
 
 255 Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry . . . . .20 
 252 Cobbetl, William, Scenes from the Life of (Caricature) 
 26S Cocks, Major the Hon. Charles Somers 
 270 Coimbra, View of . 
 26S Colborne, Sir John . 
 270 Cole, Gen. the Hon. Lowry 
 
 265 Col. of Cinque Ports Artillery Drilling his Regiment (Ca 
 
 266 Colville, Sir Charles 
 278 Comberniere, Lord ..... 168, 
 
 44 Congress of Vienna, 1814-15 (After Isabey) 
 
 43 Constantino, Bridge at 
 
 94 Convention of Cintra, The (A Set of Caricatures) 
 
 156 Conway, Field-Marshal 
 
 153 Copenhagen, Bombardment of 
 
 155 Corunna, Explosion of Magazines at 
 
 28 ,, The Bay of 
 
 224 Cotton, Gen. Sir Stapleton .... 143, 
 132 ,, ,, ,, as Colonel ist Life Guards 
 
 256 Cradock, Gen. Sir John 
 71 Dalrymple, Gen. Sir Hew 
 
 202 Dead F'ield-Marshal's Horse, The 
 
 203 De Lancey, Colonel Sir William 
 So Deserter, The 
 
 105 Dinner to Celebrate Peace, 18 14 
 
 137 Dis-orderly, A (Caricature) . 
 84 Doondiah, Death of 
 
 1 38 Dragoons, Lord Sheflield's . 
 200 Drum-Major and Pioneer of an In'anlry Regi 
 
 96, 197 Dublin Barracks 
 
 195 ,, Castle, The Great Courtyard . 
 
 243 Dundas, Gen. Sir David (Caricature) 
 
 221 ,, Sir David ... 
 
 29 East Norfolk Regiment, The 
 67 Elephant on Duly. An 
 
 175 Elvas, F"orlress of, and Surrounding Country 
 
 185 ,, General View of . 
 
 46 English Field Officer or his Rounds . 
 
 46 ,, " Galloper," An (Caricature) 
 
 212 ,, Officers ..... 242, 243, 
 
 81 ,, ., in the .Streets (Caricature) 
 
 64 „ ,, Off Duty ( „ ) 
 
 23S Enrolling the Supplementary Militia (Caricature) 
 
 225 Eton, 'I'he Bathing Pl.ace 
 172 ,, The Playing Fields 
 167 Exercise, Manual, with Firelock 
 
 111 ,, Platoon or Firing . 
 
 1 1 2 Famars, Battle of 
 114 Fitzherbert, Mrs. 
 262 F'letcher, Sir Richard 
 
 20 Flight of the Court of Portugal 
 
 233 Fontarahia, View of. 
 
 93 l'"ood for Powder 
 
 55 Foot Guards, English 
 
 16 ,, Soldiers in 1791 
 
 259 l-'rench Conscripts Fhing to Join the Army (Caricature) 
 
 VI.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 147 
 
 French Costumes and English Uniforms 
 
 „ Soldier Burying the Dead 
 
 „ Uniforms . . . 66, 69, 
 
 F. Dragoons Brought (o a Check by a Belvoir Leap (O 
 Fuentes d'Onoro, Battle of (From a Drawing by Major 
 ,, „ (From Bertram's " Campa 
 
 Funeral, The Duke's, at St. Paul's . 
 " Funiculus triplex difficile rumpitur" 
 Gardiner, Sir Robert 
 Gawilghur, Assault on Fort . 
 General Officer, A (Caricature) 
 George III. Entrusting Sword to Wellington to Defend 
 
 ,, IV. as Colonel of loth Hussars 
 
 ,, ,, (Portrait by Lawrence) . 
 
 „ ,, when Prince of Wales 
 
 Gomm, Field-Marshal Sir William, at 75 
 
 „ Lieut. -Colonel, at 30 
 Gordon, Colonel, Mortally Wounded 
 Gough, General Viscount 
 Graham, Col. Thomas, in 1S02 
 
 ,, Lieut. -General Sir Thomas (After Sir T. L; 
 ,, Mrs. (After Gainsborough, 1794) 
 ,, Thomas, Lord Lynedoch (After Sir T. Law- 
 Great Doctor of Cannon Law, A (Caricature) 
 Grenadier of Infantry Regiment in 179 1 
 Grenadiers of the 42nd and 92nd Highlanders 
 
 ,, or Soldiers of the Right I'lunU Company 
 
 ,, 1st Regiment of Guards . 
 
 Gun l,a.scars 
 
 Hannum, William, Provust-Marshal . 
 Hardijige, Colonel . 
 
 ,,: Field-Marshal Viscount . 
 Harris, General Lord 
 Highland Soldiers . 
 Hill, General Lord 
 Hint to Duellists, A (Caricature) 
 Honest Private, The ,, 
 
 Hope, General the Hon. Sir John 
 Horse Artillery, English, 181 1 , 
 
 ,, Guards (Blue), A Trooper of the 
 
 ,, Marine, A (Caricature) 
 Hougomont, Farm and Chateau, 1S15 
 ,, Interior of, 181 5 
 
 ,, To-day 
 
 How to Stop an Invader (Caricature) 
 Huntley, The Marchioness of 
 Hussar Trumpeters Sounding the Charge 
 Indian Military Scenes 
 Infantry, Major-General of . 
 
 ,, Officers in the Peninsula 
 In Paris after the Peace (French Caricature) 
 Insurrection in Madrid, 1808 
 Irish Rebellion, 179S 
 Jersey, The Countess of 
 Jones, Gen. Sir Harry 
 Junot, General 
 Kilmainham Hospital 
 La Haye Sainte, 1815 
 
 ,, ., The Day after the Battle 
 
 ,, ,, Todiy 
 
 Last Harvest of British Threshers, The (Caricature 
 Leith, Gen. .Sir James 
 Le Marchant, General 
 Lesaca, View of . 
 
 Lieut. -General of Cavalry in the Peninsula 
 Lieven, Madame dc . 
 Life Guardsman 
 Light Dragoons 
 
 ,, Horseman, 1790-95 . 
 
 ,, Infantry Man 
 
 ,, ,, Officer and Private 
 
 Lines Covering Lisbon 
 
 78, 92, 102 
 aricaturc) 
 St. Clair) 
 ns ") . 
 
 Portuijal 
 
 242 
 207 
 162 
 191 
 '35 
 ■36 
 279 
 119 
 234 
 44 
 234 
 119 
 
 227 
 
 IC)0 
 
 184 
 
 77 
 wrencc) . 173 
 
 .,0, 131 
 
 ence) 129, 187 
 
 261 
 
 12 
 
 170 
 170 
 35 
 103 
 140 
 
 255 
 27 
 224 
 221 
 254 
 49 
 199 
 
 134 
 172 
 249 
 230 
 230 
 230 
 47 
 
 172, 2 
 
 83 
 
 119 
 
 30- 
 
 128 
 
 124 
 
 212 
 
 58 
 
 25 
 
 275 
 
 188 
 
 62 
 
 12 
 
 230 
 
 231 
 
 231 
 
 f'5 
 
 1 84 
 
 161 
 
 1 89 
 
 142 
 
 253 
 18 
 
 188 
 
 iS 
 
 9 
 
 74 
 
 118 
 
 Lion Turned into a Neddy, The (Caricature) 
 Lisbon, Castle Belem 
 
 ,, View of . 
 Liverpool, The Karl of 
 Love and Honour 
 Macdonald, Lieut. -General . 
 Mackinnon, Major-General . 
 Madras .Sepoys 
 
 Major-General of Cavalry in the Peninsula 
 Mamelouks of the Guard 
 Mnnzanal, Pa.ss of . 
 March of Baggage following the Army 
 Marmont, Marshal • 
 Massena, Marshal 
 Massena's Retreat, 181 1 
 Mellish, Colonel 
 Military Adventures of Johnny Newcome, The 104 
 
 ,, Baggage Waggon, A 
 
 ,, Fly, A (Caricature) 
 
 ,, Leapfrog (Caricature) 
 Mont St. Jean .... 
 
 Moore, Sir John .... 
 Moore's Retreat upon Corunna 
 Mornington, The Countess of 
 The Earl of . 
 Mountain Pass between Nisa and 'ilia Velha 
 Munro, Gen. Sir Thomas 
 Murat, Marshal .... 
 Murray, Gen. Sir George 
 Mysorean Cavalry Attacked by Dragoons 
 Napoleon (After an Italian Portrait) 
 
 ,, (After Delaporte) . 
 
 ,, at Charleroi 
 
 ,, at the Gangway of H.M.S. " Bellerophon ' 
 
 ,, Bidding Farewell to Malmaison 
 
 ,, by the Bivouac ^'ire 
 
 ,, during the "Hundred Days" 
 
 ,, going on Board H.M.S. "Bellerophon" 
 
 ,, His Flight from Waterloo . 
 
 ,, His Return from Elba 
 
 ,, in 1814 (From a Contemporary Print) 
 
 ,, in the Field 
 
 On the Deck of H.M.S. " Bellerophon " 
 
 ,, Overthrown 
 
 ,, Portrait of (After Bosio) 
 
 ,, Resigning his Crown (Allegorical Represent 
 Napoleone il Grande (After an Italian Painting) 
 Napoleon's Guard of Honour in the Landes . 
 New Military Road to York, The (Caricature) 
 Ney, Marshal 
 Officer of the Foot Guards . 
 
 ,, Royal Waggon Train 
 
 Officers, English and Prussian (French Caricatures) 
 On a Wrong Scent (Caricature) 
 Operations in the South of France 
 Oporto, View of 
 Opposition 'Buses (Caricature) 
 Orange, H.R.H. the Prince of 
 Orthez, Battle of 
 Pack, Major-General Sir Denis 
 Paget, Lord, 1808 . 
 Pakenham, Lady Catherine . 
 Parliament House, Dublin 
 Passages, Entrance to Harbour of 
 Peace and War 
 Peel, I^dy Julia 
 ,, Sir Robert 
 Penamacor, Portugal 
 Peninsular War, Beginning of the 
 Picton, Gen. Sir Thomas 
 Pioneer and Drunnner, French 
 Placencia, View of . 
 
 142 
 
 ti. n ul) . 
 
 53 
 
 9> 
 
 91 
 
 "59 
 
 99 
 
 ■33 
 
 150 
 
 29 
 142 
 
 78 
 
 85 
 
 109 
 
 141 
 
 113 
 125 
 
 "7 
 146 
 
 97 
 25 
 90 
 
 231 
 
 86, 87 
 
 82 
 
 2, 251 
 
 6 
 
 160 
 40 
 62 
 
 151 
 34 
 52 
 78 
 
 219 
 
 245 
 204 
 
 79 
 218 
 
 244 
 240 
 215 
 211 
 213 
 244 
 218 
 164 
 208 
 186 
 
 '53 
 90 
 127 
 178 
 166 
 210 
 264 
 198 
 
 93 
 
 264 
 
 140, 238 
 
 206 
 
 114 
 
 86 
 
 57 
 
 1 1 
 
 192 
 
 48 
 
 269 
 
 267 
 
 106 
 
 63 
 
 157 
 
 66 
 
 76 
 
 Vll.
 
 Wellinston and Waterloo. 
 
 I'ombal, Evacuation of, by Massena . 
 Tonsonby, General Sir William 
 I'oona, from Yearoda Hill 
 Pope Innocent X. (Portrait by Velasquez) 
 Portuguese Cart, A . 
 Presentation of Colours on the Champ de Ma: 
 ,, Trophies to the Prince Regent 
 
 Prussian, The Amiable 
 Queensberry, The Duke of . 
 Reading the News (Caricature) 
 ,, Waterloo Gazette 
 
 Recruit, The {drca 179S) 
 Recruiting and Billeting in England . 
 ,, Sergeant Tal<en In, The . 
 
 " Reform " (Caricature) 
 " Repose " ,, . . 
 
 Retreat of the French from Arroyo de los M< 
 Return from Elba, The 
 Reynier, General, Duke de Wassas . 
 Richmond, Duke of (Caricature) 
 ,, ,, (Portrait of) 
 
 The Duchess of . 
 Roleia, Battle of . 
 Royal Artillerymen . 
 
 Artillery, Drivers 
 Gunners 
 ,, on the March 
 
 ,, Engineers, Field Officer of 
 Sabugal, on the Coa 
 Salamanca, The Battle of 
 
 ,, View of . 
 
 San Sebastian, Assault on 
 
 ,, Storming of . 
 
 ,, View of 
 
 Scots Greys, Charge of, at Waterloo . 
 Seringapatam, Storming of, 1799 
 
 ,. The Attack led by Sir David 
 
 The Attack on 
 The Last Effort 
 Tippoo's Last Stand . 
 Shaw, The Life Guardsman . 
 Shield, Golden, Presented to the Duke after 
 Smith, Lady Anne, and Daughters . 
 Soignies, The Forest of 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Showing Road from 
 
 Soldier of Tippoo Sahib's Infantry 
 Soldiers of the 42nd and 95th Highlanders 
 Soldier's Return, The 
 Somerset, Lord Fitzroy 
 Soult. Marshal (After Rouillard) 
 Due de Dalmatie 
 in 183S 
 Spanish Gentleman (Portrait by Velasquez) 
 Staff of the Army, The 
 Standing Toast in the Army, A 
 Statue of the Duke at Hyde Park Corner 
 Strathfieldsaye, Hants 
 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin . 
 Stuart, Lieut. -General James 
 Surrender of Tippoo Sahib's Sons 
 Taking an Airing in Hyde Park (Caricature) 
 
 ,, the Oath of Fidelity to Napoleon 
 Talavera, The Battle of (After Westall) 
 
 .> „ (From Historical Pri 
 
 Tarleton, Sir Banastre (After Cosway) 
 
 .. ,, (After Sir Joshua R( 
 
 Tippoo Sahib, His Tomb 
 
 eym 
 
 (Caricat 
 
 Baird 
 
 W 
 
 /aterloo 
 russels 
 
 nts) 
 olds) 
 
 ure) 
 
 So, 
 
 121 
 
 43 
 1S3 
 176 
 216 
 203 
 246 
 
 155 
 249 
 
 247 
 24 
 96 
 
 IS 
 260 
 250 
 
 145 
 215 
 
 "5 
 223 
 223 
 182 
 64 
 bj 
 134 
 155 
 74 
 152 
 126 
 166 
 .58 
 189 
 186 
 185 
 
 37 
 
 36 
 
 3S 
 
 39 
 
 236 
 
 274 
 
 8 
 
 226 
 
 226 
 
 34 
 
 56 
 
 20, 209 
 
 213 
 194 
 174 
 194 
 183 
 170 
 
 54 
 266, 2S0 
 
 257, 277 
 50 
 
 45 
 
 33 
 
 256 
 
 216 
 
 lOI 
 
 102 
 
 108 
 
 107 
 
 42 
 
 73 
 
 Ti|)poo Sahib Recognised Ijy his Family 
 ., The Finding of his Body 
 
 Toro, View of .... . 
 
 Torrens, Colonel ..... 
 Torres Vedras, from the North- West . 
 
 ,, The Lines of, from the Tagus 
 
 Toulouse, Battle of .... 
 
 Triumphal Entry of the First Consul into London Caricature 
 University Discipline (Caricature) 
 V^aldes, A Spanish Patriot .... 
 Valenciennes, Surrender of . 
 
 \*ict(iria. Her Majesty Queen (After a Poitrait by Drummond 
 ., ( ,, ,, Fowler) 
 
 ,, ,, ,, in Military Uniform 
 
 Villa \"elha, Camp at. May 19, 181 1 
 ,, Pa.ssage of the Tagus at . 
 
 \imiera. Battle of . 
 X'ittoria (After Caricature by Cruikshank) 
 
 Battle of (.\fter Drawing by Heath) 
 ,, ,. (After Drawing by L'Eveque) 
 
 ,, ,, (.After Drawing by Martinet) 
 
 ,, ., (After .St. Clair) '. 
 
 ,, ,, (Caricature by Cruikshank) 
 
 " Viva Espana ! "' . 
 Vivian, Gen. Sir Hussey 
 
 Walmer Castle (After an Engraving by Campion) 
 Waterloo, Approach to the Village of 
 
 ,, Battle of (After G. Jones, R. A.) . 
 ,, Cavalry Combats at 
 ,, Field of, after the Battle . 
 ,, Napoleon's Flight from 
 ,, The Great Cavalry Charge at 
 ,, The Lion's Mound 
 ,, Wellington's Headquarters on 
 Wellesley, Lieut. -Colonel Arthur 
 
 ,, Lieut. -General Sir Arthur, 1808 . 
 
 ,, Marquis of . . . 
 
 Wellington (After a Painting by Captain Raria) 
 ,, (After a Portrait by Count D'Orsay) 
 
 { ,, ,, Dawe) 
 
 ,, ( ,, ,, Sir Thomas Lawrence 
 
 ,, ( ,, Sketch by Goya) 
 
 ,, and his Chief Supporters 
 
 at .Salamanca 
 ., at the Battle of Nivelle . 
 
 ,, Entering Madrid (After Mezzotint, by Bromley) 
 
 ,, ,, ,, (From Historical Print) 
 
 ,, His Headquarters at Vimiera 
 
 ,, in the Field .... 
 
 ,, in 1S14 (After Sir Thomas Lawrence) 
 
 ,, Surrounded by his Staff at Waterloo 
 
 ,, ,, ,, (French Caricature) 
 
 ,, The House in which he was Born 
 
 ,, The Room in which he was Bom 
 
 ,, Writing Despatch at Waterloo 
 
 Westmoreland, Lord, at Brighton (Caricature) 
 
 ,, The Earl of . 
 
 Whitelocke, General. .... 
 
 Windsor Bridge ..... 
 
 York, H.R.H. the Duchess of 
 
 ,, ,, the Duke of, as a Young Man 
 
 ,, ,, ,, His Return from Flanders 
 
 ,, ,, ,, in 1786 
 
 in 1795 
 ,, ,, ,, (Portrait after Schiavonetti) 
 
 Zaragossa, At the Siege of . 
 The Maid of . 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 176 
 
 117 
 :i8 
 
 132 
 207 
 
 51 
 261 
 
 58 
 
 17 
 271 
 
 263 
 262 
 126 
 
 09- 155 
 
 68, 70 
 
 180 
 
 178 
 
 169 
 
 179 
 181 
 180 
 58 
 98 
 258 
 
 231 
 229 
 236 
 
 23s 
 240 
 
 237 
 
 240 
 
 232 
 
 6 
 
 60 
 
 26, 123 
 
 100 
 
 276 
 
 228 
 
 254 
 16s 
 217 
 160 
 201 
 168 
 167 
 71 
 220 
 205 
 
 237 
 179 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 239 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 5 
 
 88 
 
 17 
 21 
 60 
 20 
 SS 
 61 
 59 
 
 VIII.
 
 "Navy and Army Illustrated" Library. 
 
 Edited by Commander CHARLES N. ROBINSON, R.N., 
 
 Of the "Army and Navy Gaiette," 
 OFFICnS: 20, TAVISTOCK ST., COVKNT C.ARnKN. 
 
 Frotn or\ 
 <^d print 
 
 rriii/ed by HUDSON & KEARNS, S3— S7, SoiilhiViuk Sheet, S.E. 
 PiMisheJ by GEORGE NEWNES, Ltd.. 8, 9, 10, and 11, Suuthambton Street, Strand. W.Q.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 THE COUNTESS OF MORXIXGTON. 
 
 Painted, after Waterloo, by Lady Burghersh. her Granddaughter. 
 
 Ann-j Hi'.l, eldest daughter of Viscount Dungamion, married Garrett, second Earl of Mornington, in 1759, and Arthur Wellesley was their fourth 
 son. Lady Mornington was esteemed a woman of great force of character. Being left a widow early, with a large family and sirai;ened means, her 
 eldest son confided to her the care of his property, and she discharged the trust faithfully. Arthur was never a favourite with her as a child ; she called 
 him her ugly son and the fool of the family, but lived to see him rise to the highest distinction. In her portrait she is si:rrounded with the busts of 
 her famous sons.
 
 Wellinojton and Waterloo 
 
 Footo Robinson Copyf ight.- H . ic K. 
 
 ROOM I\ WHICH ARTHIR WELLESLEY IS SAID TO HAl'E REEX BORX. 
 \(i\v (iccupiod by the Lan:l Coiiiniission in Diiljlin. 
 
 WELLINGTON AND WATERLOO. 
 
 CHAPTER J. 
 
 Arthur Wl-IIl'sI.t's liirth anl pirenla.^e. His early tasles. EdiicateJ at Eton and Anders. Join^ Arn-y in Dublin. .■\.1).C. to Lord Wc-si- 
 iioreland. Lord Lieutenant. Unpopular as a youth. Enters Irish Parlianienl as M.P. for Trim. I'romotion rapid. Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Commanting 33rd Reijinienl, after six years" service, aged 24. Proves an excellent officer. State of the .-Vrmy at this lime. Proceeds on his first 
 campaign under DnUe of York in Elanders. Engagement at Boxtel, where he shows great military skill, and in the general retreat. What he 
 learnt in this campaign, his leaders and commanders. Duke of York, Dundas, and .\bercromhy. 
 
 UCH i)bscurit\- lianos abinit the date anJ place ul" ,\rthiir Wellesley's birth. One story is that he 
 first saw the light at Dangan Castle, the seat of Lord Dungannon, in West Meath, while another 
 gives Dublin the honour. The first is supported by the evidence of his mother's nurse, who also 
 fixed the e\-ent on the 6th March, 1769. The last is generally believed to be the place ; and the 
 house is now occupied by the Irisli Land Commission. ,A local chemist possesses a prescription 
 written tor Lady Mornington by her medical man about the time of her son Arthur's birth. 
 Tile parish register of St. Peter's, Dublin, records his baptism on the 30th .\pril ; and, again, a letter from his 
 mother gives the date as the ist Ma\-. Wellington himself Icept his birthda_\' on this last-named date, and where 
 the evidence is conflicting, that nf nidther and son may safely be preferred. 
 
 The great Duke seldom referred to his childhood. It had been unhappy, and the memory was displeasing. His 
 mother lavished little affection on him. Gifted with an acute and powerful intellect, she could not tolerate v\hat 
 appeared to her the stupidit_\- of her fourth son. For \-ears .Arthur was called the fool of the family ; nor had he the 
 beauty of feature that distinguished his brothers and sisters. The eldest, Richard, afterwards Marquis Wellesley, 
 was one of the handsomest men of his time, and his sisters were beautiful women. Ladv Mornington, as mav be 
 
 3
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 .iini/ii II i//c:w',T's lUiDiplace. 
 Now Oliice of the Land Commission, Dublin. 
 
 seen in the fine portrait painted of her by Ladv Burtihersh as a venerable dame, shows the remains of great beauty, 
 
 but slie evidently iiad the strong features of the son whom she styled her ugly boy Arthur. 
 
 The real name of the Welle^leys, or Wesley, as they wrote it, until about 1798, was Colley or Cowley, an 
 
 English family which passed over to Ireland in the reign of Henry X'lll. A 
 Colley, Richard, whn took the name of Wesley, was ennobled as Baron 
 Mornington, in 1747, in the peerage of Ireland ; and his son Garrett became 
 the father of the Duke of Wellington. He had married Anne Hill, daughter 
 of N'iscdLint Dungannon, in 1759, and became the year after Viscount Wcllcsle\' 
 and Earl Mornington. He w ill be best remembered as a composer of sweet 
 sounds, glees, songs, and more ambitious efforts in sacred music. He was 
 alsii a fine performer on the organ and the \'iolin. 
 
 Arthur had the same taste ; and the story goes that e\en when in the 
 nurse's arms he delighted in his father's fiddling. One day when Dnbourg, 
 the eminent xiolinist, was about to play for Lord Mornington, the precocious 
 infant protested against his father giving up the violin. But, so the story 
 runs, when young Arthur had once heard Dubourg he would not suffer his 
 father to play if Dul^ourg were present. This may sound apocryphal, but it 
 
 is an undoubted fact that _ 
 
 Arthur Wellesley lowd 
 the tlddle, and played it 
 well himself until, with 
 
 the increasing cares of dut\' and office, he felt that he must 
 
 not waste time on such an engrossing amusement. 
 
 Lord Mornington has been taxed with a fondness for political 
 
 intrigue. He may thus have gained higher rank in the peerage, 
 
 but he made little else liy it, and when he died in 1781, still 
 
 young— no more than 46— he left his widow and children but 
 
 poorly provided for. Lady Mornington lived in London, and, 
 
 despite her straitened circumstances, sent her sons to Eton. 
 
 Arthur spent some little time at a preparatory school in 
 
 Chelsea, and his career at Eton was brief and undistinguished. 
 
 While Richard, the eldest, carried off school honours, and 
 
 went on to take a high degree at Oxford, Arthur was credited 
 
 with but ordinary abilities. He made no close friends at Eton ; 
 
 he played no games ; he left no mark at Eton, except in his tight 
 
 with "Bobus" Smith— his first Ixittle and his first \ictory. 
 
 Robert Smith, the famous Sydney Smith's brother, was bathing 
 
 in the river, when Wellesley passed and proceeded to throw 
 
 stones at him. Smith promised to thrash him if he did not 
 
 stop, and was dared to do it. " Bobus " came out of the water, 
 
 and, as he was, without clothes, struck in. He was beaten, 
 
 as were most people who fought with Arthur Wellesley. 
 
 We have no authentic knowledge of why he left Eton, but 
 
 his stay there was short. It has been said that his mother 
 
 declined to keep him at such an expensive school, where he was only wasting his opportunities. 
 
 THE GREAT BRIDGE. ANGERS. 
 
 Ancient Bridge, with Cathedral of St. Maurice in the 
 background. 
 
 Anothei 
 
 :'rsion 
 
 IS that influential friends had secured the promise of a subordinate office in the Customs for the youth who 
 was destined for something better th.an a tide-waiter or a ganger. His bent and bias had always been towards the
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 gcAi nr Roi de polocxji. 
 
 Riverside scene in Old Aii<;eis, wliere VVellesley svas at Scliool 
 
 Army, and now kinder friends intervened, offering to lielp him to a commission and to provide funds for his military 
 
 education. This is the explanation of his stay at Angers, in France, where he studied for a time— no more than 
 
 a year, according to his own account— and where he cannot have learnt much. 
 Pignerol, who kept the. Academy, taught 
 
 the military science, but it was not an exclusively 
 
 military school, certainly not a Government school 
 
 like that of Brienne, in which Napoleon was a 
 
 cadet. Among Arthur Wellesley's schoolmates 
 
 were Chateaubriand, as the Duke believed, but 
 
 was newr positi\'ely certain in after life, and onr 
 
 or two English boys. 
 
 Young Wellesley made many acquaintancts 
 
 in Angers, and was wt-ll received by the best 
 
 people. He went into Society a great deal, and 
 
 often dined with the Due de Brissac, who kept 
 
 open house at his fine chateau a little out nf 
 
 the town. The box's finm Pignerol's school weii 
 
 welcome, and met man\- strange guests at table, 
 
 priests and wandering monks among them. The 
 
 fare was plentiful enough at the high table, bui 
 
 at the extremities meagre and inferior. In after 
 
 years Wellington described an amusing scene at one dinner. The host called for tlie menu, and seeing there was 
 
 a havmch of venison, asked for it. 
 
 There was none left. It had been placed before a certain Pere Basile Father Basil whn had eaten the 
 
 greater part of it. The Due de Brissac shouted down the table asking what had become of the haunch. Had it come 
 
 to life and run away .-' Pere Basile 
 excused himself by saying he had 
 helped man\- people to the dish, but it 
 was belie\ed that he had principally 
 helped himself. This was not the end 
 of the story. Some of the guests, the 
 school-boys included, furious at losing 
 their share of the venison, waited for 
 the poor Father outside the chateau 
 after dinner, and ga\e him a sound 
 thrashing, to teach him to be less 
 greedy in future. 
 
 Arthur Wellesley met many 
 Frenchmen at Angers who were des- 
 tined to fill a large place in history. 
 One was the Abbe Sieyes, who be- 
 came a prominent politician during the 
 Republic, and materially helped to 
 bring Napoleon Bonaparte into power. 
 
 They met at the chateau of the Due de Praslin, father of the Duke who forty years later murdered his wife. 
 
 Other acquaintances of those days were D'.4reliambault. Talle\rand's brother, and Jaueourt, who became Secretary 
 
 for Foreign Affairs under Louis .Will.- " Dix Huit," or '• Des Huitres," as he was styled from his gormandising 
 
 The Thames 
 
 //■/.\"/;.V(.;a' bridge. 
 
 Windsor a year or two after Arthur Wellesley was at Eton.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 tastes. Strange fate nearly brought the Duke nf Wellington back to Angers at the head of his victorious army, when 
 
 he invaded France in 1814. Had not peace been made, he must have advanced to the Loire, and Angers would 
 
 probably have become his headquarters. Young Weliesley was gazetted as ensign in the 73rd Regiment on the 7th 
 
 March, 1787, when barely eighteen years of age. The same year, 
 
 when serving in Ireland, he was promoted lieutenant intu the 76th, 
 
 from which he exchanged into the 41st, then passed on to the 
 
 cavalry. Four years later, on the 30th June, 1791, he was appointed 
 
 captain in the 58th Foot, and presently exchanged to his old arm, 
 
 to command a troop in the i8th Light Dragoons. These various 
 
 changes are chronicled in the Army Lists, and were verv common 
 
 in those days, when young sprigs of nobility were pushed forward 
 
 over the heads of older and often worthier men. 
 
 Arthur Weliesley was strongly backed. His brother Richard was 
 in the English House of Commons and held office in Mr. Pitt's 
 Government, and could do much for the aspiring young soldier. Hs 
 had a staunch friend, too, in Lord Westmoreland, at that time Lord 
 Lieutenant of Ireland, who presently made him one of his aides-de- 
 camp. About the same time, too, when scarcely of age, he entered 
 the h-isii House of Commons as M.P. for Trim, a borough belonging 
 
 to the Wellesleys, and 
 
 for which the first Lord 
 
 Morningt(jn had sat. 
 His position was 
 
 brilliant, and he rose 
 
 to it Till then he is 
 
 spok'en f.if as a shy, 
 
 i!,OllcllC lad, nrit verv From .i small poi'lr.iit now in Apsley House. This fully 
 , . , , . " bears out his character for trood looks. 
 
 polished m manners or 
 
 address, with teasing, ungracious wa\'s that made him unpopular, 
 especially with ladies. One positivelv ileclined to accept an in\itation 
 to a Certain picnic until asstired that " that mischie\'0us bo\' Arthur 
 Weliesley " was not to be of the party. 
 
 Another, Lady Aldborough, who liwd to see him a Diik'e and 
 Field-Marshal, is said to have taken him with her to a ball, w here 
 he would neither dance or try to make himself agreeable, but hunj^ 
 about the band, revelling in the music. When it was time to gd 
 home. Lady Aldborough had already disappeared, and .Arthur was 
 glad to accept a lift in the car with the fiddlers. Her Ladyship is said 
 to have reminded him of this incident long afterwards, willingly con- 
 fessing that when she thus deserted him, she never thought he would 
 come to play first fiddle himself. 
 
 To this period belongs another rather apocryphal story of his 
 Mohock-like adventure with the Dublin " Charlies," or night watch- 
 men, which ended, it is said, in his arrest and detention for the 
 
 night in the round house. In any case a far from unusual termination to an evening's carouse at this time. 
 
 He came more prominently to the front, if he did not turn over a new leaf, when M.P. and .A.D.C. on 
 
 the Vice-regal Staff. He no doubt went with the times, which were loose, and the standard of morality in Dublin, 
 
 Tlic EARL OF MORXINGTOX, K.P. 
 
 (Arthur WeHesley's eldest brother). 
 
 Lieut.-Col. the Hon. ARTHUR WElJ^ESLi:)', 
 
 33rd Regiment, aetat 24. 
 The first authentic porlrait, now hanging in .4psley 
 House. " Ruddy-faced and juvenile in appearance," as 
 described by a contemporary.
 
 Wellinoiton and Waterloo. 
 
 rollowm.L; tlif I'xanipk' sft by the Castle-, was by no means hijih. The pace was too good for Wellesley, who 
 soon found himself threatened with money difficulties. it is told with much circumstantiality how a certain 
 worthy woollen draper of Dublin came to his assistance and helped him to face his liabilities. 
 
 Another version gives it as his boot- 
 maker, n\er whose shop he lodged in Great 
 Ormond Street, who saw that he was hard 
 pressed, and who offered him a luan, tn be 
 rewarded by the Duke's custom — and he was 
 very nice abnut the tit and number of his 
 boots — fur the rest <if tlieir li\es. Neither stoiy 
 can be quite iniplicitK' believed. 
 
 Pnibably Wellesle\' tnnk a pull Lipnn him- 
 self in good time. He always had a lively 
 
 horror of debt, and said so repeatedly in later - ^ ' - . ^ ^ 
 
 years. " Debt makes a skwe nf a man," he ^ * 
 
 had been heard to sa\'. " 1 ha\'e often known '.» 
 
 what it is to be in want of money, but I never " ' r 
 
 got into debt." We shall see presently how he "' ~ ^ . 
 
 had resolved to gi\'e up the Army, the pro- Pho „. Hills & Saunders. Eton. 
 
 fession he so infinitely preferred, entirely THE BATHING PLACE, ETON. 
 
 because he feared it would be too expensive. Much as it was when .\nluir Wclleslcy was there. 
 
 We have glimpses, distinct, but somewhat different in tone, of the young soldier member for Trim, that '-antient 
 and loyal Corporation," as it used to style itself, and where, by the way, he is still honoured by a statue com 
 memorating his subsequent achievements. One is from a contemporary who knew and remembered him well, and 
 who was in the gallery of the House at the opening of the session of 1793, v\ith a friend at his elbow to point out each 
 celebrity as he took his seat. " .A young man dressed in a scarlet uniform with verv large epaulets caught my eye, 
 
 and 1 enquired who he was. ' That is Captain 
 Welleslex', a brother of Lord Mornington's, and 
 one of the .A.D.C.'s of the Lord Lieutenant.' 
 ' I suppose he ne\'er speaks.'' 1 added. "You 
 are wrong. He does speak sometimes, and when 
 he does, believe me, it is always to the purpose.' 
 . . . . Presently a debate was opened as to 
 further concessions to the Koman Catholics, and 
 
 grew very animated Captain 
 
 Wellesley spok'e on this occasion ; and his 
 remarks were terse and pertinent, his deliver)' 
 lluent, and his manner unembarrassed." 
 
 " On another occasion," goes on the same 
 luthority, " uhen a property qualification for 
 members .... was discussed. A certain 
 Hon. John Monk Mason vehemently opposed 
 it. He held a large roll of papers in his hand, 
 
 n winding up his 
 
 Photi. C. Hussev 
 
 Copyright. -H &L K 
 
 THE PL.lVfXl.' riEI.nS. ETON. 
 wh::h he flourished vehementK-, to the manifest alarm of the members immediateh' beside him. 
 
 speech, he emphaticalh- concluded b\- sa\-ing, ' 1 give my determined opposition to this insidious measure in the name 
 of all the young brothe'rs in the House,' striking Captain Wellesley, who sat beside him, so sound a whack between
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 LADy AXXh CL/LLE.V SA/ZTff WITH HER TWO DACCrHTERS. 
 
 Frcm a painting at Apsley Hcuse, b/ Hcppn^r, R A. 
 
 This lady was a daughter of the Countess of Moinington, and sister of the Duke of \Velliiii;ton. She married, first, the Hon. Henry Fitzrnv, 
 son of Lord Southampton, and, secondly, Cliarles Cullon Smith, of Hampton, Esquire. One of 'these dausjhters died unmarried, the second married 
 the seventh Duke of Beaufort. It is remarkable that this same Duke married her half-sis'.er, the daughter of Mr. Cullen Smith. Hoppner 
 excelled in portraits of ladies and children.
 
 Wellinizton and Waterloo. 
 
 the shoulders with his parchment baton as to bc' distinctly iicard in tiie (iallery. The occurrence produced an instant 
 
 and uproarious burst of laughter throughout the House." 
 
 The other picture is not so flattering. It is drawn by the well-known Sir Jonah Harrington, whose personal 
 
 sketches of his own times in Dublin form one of the most interesting 
 books of memoirs extant. He was Judge of the Admiralty Court, but 
 at this time, 1790, a leader at the Bar, and very prominent in Dublin 
 Society. " I occasionally gave splendid dinners," he says, naively, 
 but modesty was not in him, and on one occasion he had asked the 
 Speaker of the Irisli House of Commons, and many other M.P.'s. 
 Sir Jr)hn Parnell (the Speaker) came late, and brought with him two 
 uninvited guests. Captain Wellesley and Mr. Stewart, whom he v\as 
 certain Barrington would cordially welcome, as he did. The first was 
 the future Duke of Wellington, the second became Lord Castlereagh. 
 
 Barrington describes Arthur Wellesley as " ruddy-faced and 
 juvenile in appearance, and popular enough among the young men of his 
 age and station: His address was unpolished ; he occasionally spoke in 
 Parliament, but not successfully, and never on any important subjects ; 
 and evinced no promise of that unparalleled celebrity and splendour 
 which he has since reached, and whereto intrepidity and decision, good 
 luck and great military science, have justly combined to elevate him 
 . . . ." " At the period to which 1 allude," says Barrington, " 1 
 feel confident nobod\' could have predicted that one of those young 
 gentlemen would ha\e 
 become the most Celebrated 
 
 English general of his era, and the other one of the most mischievous 
 
 statesmen and unfortunate Ministers that e\-er appeared in modern 
 
 Europe." Sir Jonali goes on to obser\-e that each owed much to tlie 
 
 other. But for their personal intimacy and close friendship neither 
 
 probably would ha\e gone so far. " Sir Aithur Wellesley would 
 
 never have had the chief command in Spain but for the Ministerial 
 
 manoeuvring and aid of Lord Castlereagh, and Lord Castlereagh could 
 
 never have stood his ground as a Minister but for Lord Welliniiton's 
 
 .-i FOOT SOLDIER IS 
 
 After H. Bunbury. 
 
 791- 
 
 Now further promotion came to the young soldier, and he reached 
 in just six years the high and coveted position of regimental command. 
 The campaign in Holland under the Duke of York, destined to end so 
 ingloriously, was near at hand. Young Wellesley, eager to see service, 
 had urgently petitioned his brother to get him appointed as major in a 
 newly-formed battalion of Guards. This application was refused ; but 
 on the 30th April, 1793, he was gazetted as major into the 33rd, and 
 six months later he purchased the lieutenant-colonelcy with funds 
 provided by his brother, Mornington. 
 
 It is pleasant to record the kindly act, still pleasanter to tell how the 
 first use Wellesley made of the ample funds placed at his disposal by the 
 rich booty found in Seringapatam was to repay his brother. Mornington, now Marquis Wellesley, protested that he 
 would not take the money, that there could be no question of loans or indebtedness between brothers, and we do not 
 know exactly how the matter was settled. 
 
 One of the Light Company of an Infantry 
 Regiment. 
 
 After H. Bunbury
 
 Wellington and Wciterloo. 
 
 The boy colonel (he was barely twenty-four) was an ardent soldier, and threw himself heart and soul into 
 his work. There was much to be done. His regiment was not in the highest order, and needed all his attention. 
 He busied himself over its interior economy, improved the regimental system, gave it a code of " standing orders," 
 
 still preserved in the regiment, the " Duke of 
 Wellington's Own," and drilled it incessantly. 
 
 It soon became distinguished as the best and 
 smartest in any garrison, a model held up to others 
 tor imitation, and it maintained this proud pre- 
 eminence wherever it went, to Holland and the 
 Far East. When General (afterwards Lord) Harris 
 inspected it in India, shortly before Seringapatam, 
 he declared that for equipment, for courage, for 
 discipline, for good conduct, it was above all praise. 
 The British Army v\as rather strangely consti- 
 tuted in those days. The pri\-ate men were mostly 
 the scum and sv\eepings of Society, the \'agrants 
 and ne'er-do-wells, who sought enlistment as a last 
 resource in life. They were held under an iron 
 discipline, backed by ruthless punishment, were 
 oadly cared for, absurdly dressed, and alwaj'S at the 
 mercy of imperious and tyrannical superiors. The 
 officers carried canes, the sergeants rattans, and 
 I both were used freely upon the men's shoulders on 
 parade or anyv\here, in prompt correction of any 
 small infra'^tion of rule. 
 
 F'om an EngravinF. After Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 
 THE EARL OF WESTMORELAND. 
 
 John Fane. tentK Earl of Westmoreland, began a close friendsliip with 
 William Put at Camhriage, which lasted through life. Lord Westmoreland 
 succeeded to the Earldom at fifteen, and was appointed Lord Lieutenant at thirtj'. 
 The Vice-Regal Court was brilliant but dissipaied during his reign. Arthur 
 Wellesley was -A.D.C. to this Lord Westmoreland. Lord Westmoreland 
 held office as Lord Privy Seal for thiriy years after h.e left Dublin, and he was 
 also Master of the Buckhounds. 
 
 " When in the field," writes one who went through it, 
 " if you do not comprehend the officer's instructions, presentl\' 
 'tis 'rascal,' 'villain,' 'scoundrel,' with a volley of oaths, 
 which often puts the recruits into such terror that, from the 
 fear of the like language repeated and the execution of threaten- 
 ings, they desert and leave the Service — a too general case at 
 this present time. Neither are the officers backwa"d of making 
 use of their canes and sticks with very little provocation. If you resist you are liable to receive many hundred lashes." 
 
 The military code was harsh and cruel in the e.xtreme. Flogging was the principal penalt\-, inflicted with terrible 
 frequency and pitiless severity. The older methods of punishment were fading out, such as riding the wooden horse, 
 
 
 LORD WESTMORELAXD AT BRIGHTOX. 1.S37. 
 Was twice married, having la.st eloped with Miss Child, the 
 daughter and heiress of the great banker. His second wife was a 
 daughter of Dr. Saunders. He died at S3 
 for the last year or two of his life. 
 
 and had been blind 
 
 JO
 
 Wellins^ton and Waterloo. 
 
 tile strappado, t\inn neck and heels, cluhbing, cobbinji, bootini;, bottling. But " running the gauntlet," or " gantle 
 
 lope," was still in force in 1787, when Arthur Wellesley joined, and the whole regiment acted as executioners, each 
 
 soldiei giving the culprit a stroke with a switch, in turn, as he passed the halberds. By degrees the painful and 
 
 degrading duty fell exxlusively upon 
 
 the drummers, under the teaching 
 
 and strict super\ision of the drum 
 
 major. 
 
 The dread cat-o'-nine-tails, with 
 its nine lashes of knotted whipcord, 
 replaced the switch about 1770. 
 For generations the "cat" reigned 
 supreme in the British Arm\'. It 
 was used for all offences, light and 
 serious, the only distinction being in 
 the number of lashes awarded. " A 
 soldier has been flogged for being 
 unsteady in the ranks to the extent 
 of brushing away a troublesome tl\- 
 from his face ; another because 
 through careless tving his pigtail fell 
 off on parade." Soldiers who would ^'R'-'^T COURTYARD OF DrBLLX CASTLE. 
 
 not tell where thev ''Ot liauor were "^'^^ X^oxA Lieutenant's Residence and the Seat of Government in Dublin, 1791. 
 
 given twenty lashes a day till they confessed. Deserters were sentenced to a thousand lashes, and, to prolong the 
 
 torture, five was counted between each stroke. 
 
 The " cats" were pickled in brine and washed in it during the infliction of punishment. To drown the cries of 
 
 the \ictims the drummers not flogging kept up a roulade on their drums. Right and left handed drummers were 
 
 employed. Men were brought back again to the halberds, with their flesh scarcely healed, to undergo a penalty 
 
 given in instalments. It was 
 not uncommon to see the drum- 
 major keep the drummers up 
 to their duty by thrashing them 
 with his lattan ; the adjutant, 
 again, stood behind the drum 
 majc r and "admonished" him 
 with his cane. "The practice 
 c^f rattaning a drum-major 
 upon punishment parades did 
 not fall into complete disuse 
 for se\-eral years after the com 
 mencement of tlie present 
 century." 
 
 THE PARLIAMEXT HOUSE, DUBLIX (1795), This severity was not com 
 
 After Maitons Views of ihec.ty of Dubim, 1791, pensated for by any Ijvely Care 
 
 In wliirh Arthur Wellesley sat as M.P. Tor Triin. famous as the arena for the talents of such men as 
 
 Grattan, Currtn, PlunUet, Castlereagh, etc. for the Comfort and Well-being 
 
 of the soldier. His poor pittance of pav barely sufficed for the commonest necessaries. It was subjected to numerous 
 deductions for articles that should have been found by the State. "The Army is become very irksome and fatiguing," 
 writes a soldier in his journal a little antecedent to this time, "by the many articles of wearing that we are 
 
 11
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 obliged to purchase. Our miserable pay is reduced to about a tliu'd of what it usually was you cannot 
 
 appear without white stockings, leather breeches, short gaiters, hair powdered." 
 
 The soldier's subsistence was so very meagre and uncertain, that military surgeons complained of its evil effect 
 on physique. Some regiments kept their own butcher, and the men, 
 who were left to provide tlieir own messing, were obliged to buy a 
 certain anmunt of meat daily. CummanJing officers occasionally laid in 
 fruit and vegetables in large quantities, wliich the men could purchase 
 by retail, mucli as in the modern canteens, and whicli added " greatly 
 to their healtht Illness by avoiding scurvy." 
 
 But tile soldier's fare was general!}' scanty. William Cobbett, who 
 served in tire ranks, writes in 1785 that he was constantly half starved. 
 Being resolved to carry on his studies, lie cuuld only buy pen and paper 
 by foregoing a portion of his food. " A farthing then was a great sum 
 to me. 1 was tall, and had great health and exercise." He tells us, 
 with great pathos, Imw he cried when he lost a halfpenny which he had 
 treasured up for the purchase of a red herring. Now and again the 
 men were allowed to add to their pay by working at an\' handicraft they 
 k'new, (.)r Seeking employment when quartered in any town. 
 
 It is to be feared that a very general complaint might be made against 
 the' British officers of those days. They took but little interest in their 
 men ; the\- were indifferent to their duties, as a rule badly instructed 
 in them. " Officers do not trouble their heads about the Service," is the 
 opinion of an eminent foreign critic, Colonel iVlauxillion, " and, witli a 
 few exceptions, understand notliing whatever aboLit it ; and this goes 
 
 f r O m A Grcnadwr of all liijantiy Regiment in 1791. 
 
 After H, Bunbufy, 
 
 ensign 
 
 to general. Their home customs incline them 
 to the indulgences of life, and nearly without 
 exception they expect to have comfortable means 
 of sleep. This disposes them to acts of neglect of 
 dut\- which would Sound incredible if repeated. 
 To this is added a quiet natural nonchalance, which 
 tempts them to despise the enem\' as well as his 
 danger." 
 
 The carelessness and want of zeal of the 
 average oificer of those days may perhaps be 
 excused by the fact that they were not greatly 
 encouraged to impro\'e themsehes ; there was no 
 certaintx' of rising b\' their own exertions. Money 
 KILIMAINHAM HOSPITAL ^" purchase promotion was a first necessity ; without 
 
 After Maiton's Views of the City of Dublin, 1791, It good men lingered for years in the iunior rank's. 
 
 Was estiblished in the lime of Charles II. as a retreat for retired veterans. Then Interest at headquarters, political and Social 
 
 and is still kept up. A ponion of the btiikiing has always been appropriated as 
 
 a residence for the Commander of the Forces in Ireland, and is now occupied influence. Continually pushed On yOUng men, often 
 
 by Field-Marshal Lord Roberts. j^ ajvance of their deserts, and always over the 
 
 heads of seniors. The dissatisfaction they caused is the theme of man\' militar\' writers of the time. 
 
 In the campaign of Flanders which was now in progress, and in which Wellesley was soon to receive his " baptism 
 of fire," the complaint was frequent that the senior officers had been promoted prematurely. " The field officers 
 
 18
 
 Wellinojton and Waterloo. 
 
 Froni an E'^graving, 
 
 After Thomas Gainsborough, R,A 
 
 FIELD-MARSHAL CONWA Y. 
 
 The Right Hon. Henry Scynn ur Conway, a distingiiishml Military Ofticer, who held the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army about 1782. 
 He sat for years in the House of Commons, and was an active, prominent politician. 
 
 ISJ
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 were many of them bii^'s," writes Calvert (afterwards Sir Harry, and Adjutant-General of tlie Army), " who lia\-e 
 attained their rank by means suggested by Government at home," and for whose youth and inexperience the Duke 
 of York, unfortunate commander that he was, became responsible. That Flanders army which swore so well that 
 its strong language became a by-word, was sadly neglected, and very imperfectly found for active service in the field. 
 " We want artillerx'niL'n," writes Calvert on another occasion ; " we want a general officer at the head of the 
 artillery ; we want drivers and smiths ; we want three major-generals of infantrv ; we want a commanding engineer 
 of rank and experience ; we want a total reform in our hospital ; we want at least two out of the four brigades of 
 mounted artiller\- with which his Grace of Richmnnd is amusing himself in England; wc- want a t:ital stop put to 
 that most pernicious mode of bestowing ranl< on officers .... fnr merely raising" (by means of ample funds! 
 
 " a Certain number of men," so as "to relieve deserving nfficers from 
 _- ::—^-^' the intolerable grievance of seeing men without merit, without family, 
 
 Z' , _ or the smallest pretensions to an\' militar\' ability, pass oxer their heads 
 
 and arrive at a very high, and, till now, \ery respectable rank in the 
 Arm\', soleh' through the medium of a rascally crimp. 
 
 " The want of general officers to command brigades has in this 
 army been an e\il of the most serious nature, and has been attended by 
 the very worst consequences." The chief evil was that the commands 
 " devolved upon young men newly come into the Service, whose years 
 and inexperience totally disqualified them fur the situation. 1 could 
 mention lads of one and twenty who had never been on ser\'ice before." 
 Yet there was one young officer who reached the Low Countries 
 about this time, and who might be classed, in point of years, with those 
 thus Severely condemned, but who in military character was \er\' different 
 from the rest. When troubles and disasters overtook the Duke of 
 York's arm\' in the summer of 1794, Lieutenant-Colonel Wellesley's 
 regiment formed part of the reinforcement sent out under Lord Moira. 
 
 Wellesley had gleefully 
 
 resigned his seat as M.P. 
 to take liis place at the 
 head of the 33rd, and he 
 landed w itii it at .Antwerp 
 in July. 
 
 The Duke of York, 
 ]ia\ing been beaten at 
 Oudenarde (the scene of 
 one of MarlLiorough's 
 great \ictories), was 
 retrograding on Antwerp, 
 and was again attacked at 
 Malines, but made good 
 his grtiund, thank's to 
 Lord Moira's timely sup- 
 port. He was, however, 
 soon Compelled to con- 
 tinue his retreat ; and, 
 evacuating .Antwerp, fell 
 back first on Breda, and 
 
 SCENES FROM THE MILITARY LIFE OF WILIJAM COBBETT. 
 
 Caricatures after Gillra^'. 
 
 Thisistlie vvell-knoHn Radical and voluminous political writer, who served for some years as a private soldier, 
 
 from 1785. 
 
 14
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 FOOD FOR row PER. 
 
 After Deighton 
 
 The difliculty of raising recruits at the end of last century was met Iiy ofiering high 
 bounties and taking indifferent material, 1780-90. 
 
 ;hen to Bois le Due. Tlit- French now 
 
 .sou.Liht til cut liim off from tlie line of the 
 
 River Meuse, and, seizing Bo.xtel, his most 
 
 .idvanced post, tJireatened iiis rij^iit tlank, 
 
 and made his pusition tinteiiable. Tile 
 
 recovery of Bo.xtel was a matter of great 
 
 Tioment, and the Duke entrusted the opera- 
 tion to General Ahercromby, the great Sir 
 
 Ralph, who, si.\ years later, fell, after win 
 
 ning tlie victory at Aboukir. Tlie affair 
 
 at Bo.xtel might have proved a serii lus disaster 
 
 but for the sound militar\' judgment of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Arthur Wellesley. Aber- 
 
 cromby had reconnoitred the French position, 
 
 and deemed it too strong to attacl<. But tlie 
 
 l)uk-e of York persisted, and he himself sent 
 
 lorward the cavalry, supported b\- two bat- 
 talions of Guards, with the 33rd and 44th 
 
 Kegiments. The assailants, meeting no 
 
 opposition, were drawn on into a fir wood, 
 
 frojn which a strong batter\', masked, soon 
 
 opened a murderous fire. Oui' men were 
 
 checked abruptly, and presently fell back, pursued closely by a hod\- of Frencli Hussars. 
 
 The retreat was orderly until, in a narrow v\-ay, cavalry and infantry got mobbed together, and terrible confusion 
 
 ensued. Tlie French charged forward, thinking to carryall before them, when they came unexpectedly upon a solid 
 
 wall of redcoats drawn across the road. It 
 uas the 33rd, si) formed b_\' Wellesley. He 
 had deployed, then opened his files to let 
 the shattered ca\'alry pass through, and, 
 re-closing, showed a firm front to tlie enemy, 
 in "a tliin red line." The French still came 
 I in witli undiminished gallantry ; but Wel- 
 lesle\-, who had reserved his tire till they 
 were within sliort range, now delivered 
 a close and searching \olley, effectually 
 stopping them. 
 
 Th's repulse of the French sa\ed the 
 British force from destruction, and the whole 
 credit is due to the action of the youngster 
 vvho thus early exhibited the germs of a 
 genius for war whicli made him later on one of 
 the first commanders of his own or any age. 
 It was not the only occasion in this 
 campaign in which the young soldier proved 
 THF RECRUiTIXG SERGEAXT TAKEX IS. ^'^ capacity. His conduct at Boxtel had 
 
 After Deighton, beeu uoticed by Sir David Dundas (Dundas 
 
 The Sergeant in his eagerness overlooks the fact that his recruit has a wooden leg. 1780-90. of the " Thirteen .Wanoeuvres," the only drill 
 
 15
 
 Wellino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 ^' 
 
 ^ f 
 
 book knawn to, and used by, the British Army of those remote times), and his skilful handhng of troops in the field 
 commended Colonel Wellesley to this great authority. It was through Dundas that the young colonel of the 33rd was 
 appointed brigadier, and given command of the rear guard in the final retreat of the British in this wretched and 
 inglorious campaign. 
 
 The brigade, which was composed of the 33rd, and two Highland regiments, the 42nd and 78th, was continually 
 engaged with the enemy. Dundas, who had succeeded the Duke of York in the command of the British troops, 
 
 Count Walmoden being General-in-Chief of the 
 allied forces, strove to maintain the line of the 
 Waal by taking the offensive. The brunt of 
 it fell upon Colonel Wellesley, who at first 
 lost some of his guns, and retreated ; but 
 gathering up his whole strength, he faced 
 round, and, recovering his guns, made a good 
 show at the village of Geldermalsen, which 
 lie held stoutly. 
 
 But the pursuing French were in greatly 
 superior numbers. Coiitinually reinforced, 
 they pressed on and t.n, the British always 
 retreating. Dundas first abandoned the line 
 of the Waal, surrendering in turn all the 
 cities and strong places— Deventer, Arnheim, 
 Amsterdam, Caerboden, Sneppen, Emden, 
 and reaching the Yssel fu'St and then the Ems, 
 passed at length out of Holland. The season 
 was mid-winter, a winter of plienomenal, almost 
 Arctic, severity. The sufferings and hardships 
 endured by the troops were intense. 
 
 It was a barren, inliospitable country; 
 the peasantr\' gave no help to the soldiers, 
 and there were frequent collisions between 
 them whene\-er tlie latter went plundering 
 in their great distress. One side broke into 
 houses and burnt dov\-n villages, the other 
 retaliated by killing the wounded and sickly 
 wlio fell out by the way. Th.e casualties of 
 each day's march were numerous ; there was 
 no hope for the stragglers who from weak 
 ness or for marauding left the ranks. The 
 
 LO/^D CA STLEREA GH. 
 
 Roberl Stewart, afterHards Viscount Castlereagh, and eventually Marquis of 
 
 Londonderry, began political life briT'-^ntly in the Irish House of Commons, and 
 
 took an active part in carrying out the Union. He was Secretary for War under supply departments had Collapsed ; the COm 
 
 Pitt, and afterwards Foreign Secretary. On one occasion ke fought a duel with . . . • n- • . i- i j. i j 
 
 Canning. He was extraordinarily quick and ready in debate, especially when miSSariat, in inettlCient, dlShonest hands, 
 
 attacked. In late life he fell into melancholy, and died by his own hand. SCarcelv attempted to issue food. Medical 
 
 care was almost entirely wanting ; the sick were huddled into carts without warm clothing, medicines, or medical 
 comforts. The army which eventually reached Bremen, and there embarked for England, was wasted by disease, 
 suffering, and neglect, to half its original numbers. 
 
 Arthur Wellesley learnt many forcible and enduring lessons in this his first e.xperience of war. He often referred 
 in after life to the campaign, severely criticising the haphazard, happy-go-lucky way in which things were done. It 
 was pitiable, he used to say, to see the want of foresight, the neglect of essentials, the incompetence of the staff, 
 
 I(J
 
 WellinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 the formality and red tape that hedged in the superior officers. If 
 tile Duke of Yorl; was at dinner, His Royal Highness could not be 
 disturbed, whatever happened. If an important despatch came in from 
 the Austrian headquarters while tine wine was fjoinj^ round the table, 
 the letter was tossed on one side, unopened, with the remark, " That 
 will keep till the morninij;." 
 
 It w as the same in the tleld—no proper precautions, a faulty system 
 of outposts, rare rccunnaissances, actions fought by accident without 
 deliberate intention ur real meaning. " 1 was on theWaai, 1 think-, fr(jn: 
 October to January," he told Lord Stanhope, "and durinuall that time 
 1 only once saw one general from headquarters (they were not twenty 
 ti\e miles distant), and that was old Sir David Dundas. We had letteis 
 triim England, and 1 declare that tliese letters told us more of what was 
 passing at headquarters than we learnt fr<im headquarters ourselves. 
 It has always been a marvel to me how any of us escaped," said 
 Wellington, summing up the situation. If he learnt nothing good in the 
 positive sense, he was taught negatively and in the most convincing 
 fashion what he must avoid. " I k-arnt what one ought not to do, and 
 that is always something." 
 
 He afterwards said he must have also imbibed, in the Low 
 C<.)untries, ideas that bore abundant fruit in after life, especially as 
 regards supply. He now realised that no army — certainly no British army— can fight if it is not properly fed. The 
 shortcomings of the commissariat were very glaring, as has been said, and the privations in that winter of 1794-95 
 
 m 
 
 ^^k/ 
 
 w 
 
 i rT.'^BW 
 
 Wu3 
 
 
 I?- 
 
 FTpKjferfi 
 
 WVv 
 
 f.w 
 
 /J< i 
 
 '*■ ^A ^Bk^ 
 
 ^^L 
 
 
 ^^.__ jiJ 
 
 y ^fl' ^^H 
 
 M^^ 
 
 
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 w 1 
 
 
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 m 
 
 
 ^g^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 9h 
 
 ^■gB 
 
 H.R.H. 
 
 VOA'k' 
 
 THE DCKE OF 
 
 As a young man. 
 lie became Major-General in 1782 at 19. ami li) 
 porU'ait must be about this date. 
 
 THE SURREXDER OF VALEXCIE.WES. 
 
 LoutnerDOurg, R.A 
 
 In the allied campaign in Flanders a'^ainst the French, H.R.H. the Duke of York besieged X'aienciennes, a fortress built by Vauban, the 
 famous military engineer, from Miy 27tli to July 2Sth, 1793, when the girrison capitulated. 
 
 17
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 were only to be equalled by those in the Crimea in later years. Wellinijton never forgot this first lesson — that 
 
 of food ; as he said, when talking of India, his chief business there was to procure rice and bullncks. "If 1 had 
 
 them 1 had men, and if I had men 1 knew 1 could beat the enemy." 
 
 Strange to say, for all Wellesley's successful Jihiit as a soldier, he 
 was iic-arly lost to the Army after this first campaign. He wrote from 
 Trim, where lie was on leave, for his regiment was quartered at Harwich, 
 to Lord Camden, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, seeking a civil appoint- 
 ment. He was encouraged, he said, by his brother, Mornington, to look 
 for something in "the Rewnuc or Treasury Boards." 
 
 ' If your Excellency," he goes on very modestly, "is of opinion 
 that the offices at these boards are too high for me, of course you will 
 say so ; and as 1 am con\'inced that no man is so bad a judge of a claim 
 as he who makes it, I trust you will not belie\e that I shall feel otherwise 
 towards you than as 1 have always felt, with sentiments of the greatest 
 
 regard You will probably be surprised at my desiring a 
 
 civil instead of a military office. It is certainly a departine from the 
 line which 1 prefer, but 1 see the manner in which the military offices 
 are filled, and 1 don't want to ask you for that which 1 know you cannot 
 gi\'e me." The last sentence probably refers to his experience in 
 Holland, where so many staff appointments and commands were held by 
 incompetent men. 
 
 There were, no doubt, pri\ate reasons for this application. Some 
 LIGHT HORSEM A\ 1790-95 think that he was still oppressed by debt. Certainly his means were 
 
 After H. Bunbury. ttarrow, SO iiiuch SO at this 
 
 period that they prevented him from marrying as he wished. He had 
 
 alread\- fallen in love with Lady Catherine Pakenham, one of the chief 
 
 beauties of the Vice-regal Court, and the attachment was mutual. But 
 
 young Wellesley was but a poor match, and Lord Longford, Lad\' 
 
 Catherine's father, would not give his consent. It is mOre than probable 
 
 that this application for a cix'il billet was to obtain a settled position with 
 
 a suificient income. As he did nut succeed, the lovers separated without 
 
 an}' positive engagement, but with the tacit understanding to be true 
 
 to each other and wait for better fortune. In 1806, when Major-General 
 
 Sir .Arthur Wellesley and Chief Secretary for Ireland, he renewed his 
 
 proposal, which was no longer refused. 
 
 It is almost idle to conjecture what would have followed Wcllesle\''s 
 
 transfer to civil life. That he would ha\e made his mark in any line he 
 
 adopted goes without saying. The qualities that produce the great 
 
 commander will always raise a man to eminence in any profession. He 
 
 (Wellesley) had a special gift for figures, and must have done well as a 
 
 banker or financier, or, where he had sought emplo\'ment, in the offices 
 
 of the Revenue or Treasury. He showed this in his early Indian service, 
 
 and was commended for it by his brother, the Governor-General. It was 
 
 his own opinion too. " 1 think Nature intended me for a Chancellor 
 
 of the Exchequer rather than a War Minister or Commander-in-Chief," he was heard to say, in after yeii.o. 
 
 On the other hand, he had already devoted much time and pains to the study of the military profession. As he 
 
 told General Shaw Kennedy, he had made it his constant practice from the moment he first joined the Army to read 
 
 LIFEGUARi'.^M.iS. 
 
 After H. Bunbury. 
 
 IS
 
 Wellinojton and Waterloo. 
 
 7^ 
 
 05 
 
 
 3 r- 
 
 C r- 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 19
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Coicml Sir Ralph Abcrciviuby. 
 
 After a portrait by Hoppner. 
 
 first studied law, biU entered the Arjiiy in 
 1758, joinint; first the cavalry, and then 
 the slaft'of I'rince Ferdinanl of Brunswick. 
 Sat in House of Commons for some years. 
 Served in Flinders as Lieulenant-General, 
 captured many West India islands, went to 
 Egypt in 1800 in command rjf Expedition, 
 and lost his life at llie battle of AhouUir, 
 which he won. 
 
 Gi'iieral Sir D.U7D DUNDAS. 
 
 After a portfait by R Owen, R.A 
 Entered the Armyas Lieutenant-Fireworker 
 in 1754, served afterwards with infantry, 
 cavalry, and staff", and rose by h:s osvn 
 exertions to the very highest rank. Wrote 
 the first Drill Book known in British Army. 
 Served at Toulon and in Flanders. Was 
 Ouartcrmasier-General of the British 
 Army, and from 1809 to 181 1 Commander- 
 in-Chief. 
 
 H.R.H. THE nrr<E OF }-ora: 
 
 Crayon portrait after Schroeder. Date 1795, 
 Was the .second and favourite son of George III., 
 and entered the Army as Colonel at a tender age, 
 receiving promotion rapidly, but gaining his military 
 education on the Continent, which at that time 
 possessed the only military scliools. He was 
 appointed in due course Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Army, and served with the army in Flanders, but 
 showed no great skill as a General. He was. never- 
 theless, much disnppoinled that he did not receive 
 the command in the Peninsula, and his relations 
 with Wellington were in consequence never cordial. 
 But the Duke of York did much for the well-being 
 of the ,\rmy, and was generally known as the 
 soldier's friend. His reputation suffered eclipse in 
 after years from his supposed connection with the 
 illicit sale of commissions by Mrs. Mary Anne 
 Clarke, and he vacated the post of Commander-in- 
 Chief for some years. A Parliamentary enquiry, 
 however, exonerated him from any participation in 
 the profits of this tr.affic, and he returned to the 
 Horse Guards, retaining the comauind of the .Army 
 till some vears after Waterloo. 
 
 Sir HARRY CALIERV. 
 
 After an engraving by Goldings 
 Was of the stock of famous Brewers of 
 Ha;mpton Court. He began his service as 
 Ensign in the 23 rd Fusiliers, and changed 
 afterward-; into the Coldstream Guai'ds. 
 He made the Campaign of Flanders in 
 1793-94- 
 
 Gan-ra! Sir HEXRY CLIXTOX. 
 
 After an engraving by J. Jenkins, 
 Entered the Army in 1787, was A.D.C. 
 to the Duke of York in Flanders, served 
 in Italy, India, .Sicily, and the retreat 
 from Corunna. Was always reckoned an 
 excellent tactician and a safe divisional 
 leader. 
 
 20
 
 Wellinirton and Waterloo. 
 
 lU KI-: OF YOR/CS A'/iT( a:\. 
 
 Caricature after Gillray. 
 In spite of liis eiirly success, the Duke of York's campaign in 
 Flanders was much derided at home. Vet its failures were not 
 all traceable lo him, and he show-ed great personal intrepidity in 
 ihe field wherever and whenever he was engaged. 
 
 military literature for a certain number of hours every day, and 
 
 he long kept up the practiei'. He was thus fortified by precedent 
 
 and by the experience of the great masters in war when he was 
 
 himself called upon to deal with important questions, in no 
 
 other way, indeed, can v\-e explain the breadth and correctness 
 
 of his views, the conspicuous abilit\' he showed in dealing w ith 
 
 the most varied and intricate subjects, when still quite a young 
 
 man. This is to be seen in every page of those Indian 
 
 despatches which he was now to pen as he passed on into the 
 
 wider and more exciting field of warfare and administration 
 
 developing the Indian h'mpire. 
 
 He was pardonably proud of these earlv liulian despatches. 
 
 Long afterwards he spok-e of them in teiins wliich in a less 
 
 eminent personage might have been called conceited. " I have 
 
 been much amused in reading them over," he told Lord Stanhope; 
 
 " the energy and activity are quite as great then as ever after- 
 wards. 1 don't think" I could write better now, with all m_\' 
 
 experience." And, again, to Lady Salisbury he said he was 
 
 " surprised to find them so good— they are as good as 1 could 
 
 write now. They show the same attention to details, to tb? pinsuit of all the means, however small, that could 
 
 promote success." 
 
 It was indeed extraordinary how quickly he expanded iniio a shrewd, strong-minded counsellor and commentator 
 
 on current events ; how broad was his grasp, how close and almost intuitive his insight into great and momentous 
 
 affairs w ith which, nevertheless, he had had but a short acquaintance. He wrote the most surprising minutes and 
 
 memoranda, directly he arrived in India, on subjects of special local importance, quite outside his military business, 
 
 and the intricate and quite novel details of which he had mastered, seemingly without effort. 
 
 A glance into these Indian despatches will show how masterfully and completely he dealt w ith such matters as 
 
 the produce, commerce, taxation of the island of Pulo- 
 Penang, the financial and industrial conditions of Bengal. 
 He wrote at length on the best method of collecting an 
 army in Madras, how grain and bullocks were to be 
 obtained, how forts might be strengthened, how the 
 native bazaars should be managed, with a mass of the 
 most judicious orders and regulations for the govern- 
 ment of the troops he commanded. 
 
 No wonder that his brother, who soon followed him 
 to India, trusted to him largely for advice, that General 
 Harris, who commanded at Madras, wrote saying, " You 
 will oblige me by your communications (made) in the 
 
 fullest and freest manner In your opinion 
 
 1 am sure of honest zeal, not to flatter inability." 
 
 Yet at this time Arthur Wellesley had barely ten 
 years' service, and was not twenty-eight years of 
 age. But he had mastered already the whole business 
 of soldiering, and in its highest and broadest lines. 
 
 &!!«A«ir. 
 
 LCA'V SIIEIFIELD-:^ DRAGOO.\S. 
 The 22nd Light Dragoons, or Sussex Regiinent of Horse, were raii:ed in 
 1779 entirely at the expense of Mr. J. N'orlh Holroyd, who had been a \^g j^^y ^^^^ ^|.,jg [,1 these very despatches, Still more 
 Captain in a cavalry regiment, and afterwards became first Earl of ...,,, i. j x j 
 
 .Sheffield. ' in the orders he issued and the measures he adopted 
 
 21
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 for miui'itaining tiie discipline and etticieiicy of tiie troops he commanded. No one could know more ihoroughly the 
 shortcomings of the Ser\ice, the weak'ness of the personnel. 
 
 All rank's had their grievances. The officer look'ed upon the piivate as an inferior being. His superiority was 
 no more than that of caste — professionally lie was no better, often worse, than the men he commanded. 
 
 The ignorance, idleness, and inefficiency of military officers is well hit off by Grose (who wrote 
 
 Arrfu 
 
 MANUAL EXERCISE WITH FIRELOCK (1780-1800.) 
 
 The handling of the musket was clumsy, and borrowed largely from the pike exercise. Many of the motions, however, survived for long, and 
 one or two are still to be seen little modihed in our present drill. 
 
 the "Military Antiquities") in liis satirical ad\ice to officers, published in 1782. He tells them to "be 
 sure and grumble when ordered for guard and swear they ha\-e been tak'en out of tlieir turn. Do not 
 then appear on parade till the regiment has fallen in and been told off, and then come buttoning \'our 
 gaiters or putting on some part of vour dress. Wlien on guard, in\ite your friends, get drunk, and make 
 them drunk, then sing and make as much noise as possible. Never read the daily orders ; it is bencatli an office' 
 
 22
 
 We!lino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 of spirit to attend to any such nonsense. It will he suftkient to ask your sergeant if you are on duty. Think most 
 of your dress ; use y(jur own ideas about the cut and fasliion of your clothes. Never wear your uniform in quarters 
 wlien you can avoid it ; a green or a brown coat shows tiiat you have others besides your regimentals, and that you 
 have the courage to disobey a standing order. If you have not an entire suit, at least a pair of black breeches, or 
 a round hat, or something unregimental ur unmilitary." 
 
 fPrx. lit ^^t/yiy 
 
 THE PI.ATOOX OR FIRI.XG EXERCISE (ITSO-ISOO.) 
 
 The motions in lliis exercise were liased upon the then conditions of loading and firing. The handling cartridges, priming, loading with the 
 ranirod, were affected first by the introduction of percussion caps and then bv breech-loa<lers. 
 
 So we find. General Wellesley, when he comes to command, enforcing regulations which, while tlney show an 
 intimate knowledge of detail, prove also that he knows how to enforce discipline. His orders deal admirably with 
 the most minute points ; he can tell the picquets what to do ; he will have no marauding ; he can enforce obedience 
 and good order by penalties, and always maintains a firm hand. He was, in fact, born to command, and even in 
 these early days fu'ly proved it. 
 
 23
 
 Wellington and Waterl{30. 
 
 From .n Engraving by C. Turner. j^j^^ RECRUIT {CIRCA 1798). 
 
 Atler Jorin tcKsitiin. 
 
 Eckstein, the artist, was a German by extraction, but a student of the Royal Academy, and known as a painter of military subjects. Copious 
 drinking generally preceded the contract to take the "Queen's Shilling," when the recruiting sergeant stood treat to all comers. The recruit himself 
 was generally half_seas over when he hade adieu to his friends. 
 
 21
 
 WellinLTton and Waterloo. 
 
 IRISH REBELLION, ]7"J«. 
 
 Caricature after RowlandEon 
 Strangely rapid nii.VL-iiK-ni of ihc Guards from Londun to PoiKnunilh lo embark for Dublin. March coaipleled between morning and 3 p.m. same day. 
 
 CHAPTER IF. 
 
 Tlu- 33rd emliarli for Ii;d;a. .\ttluir Wcllusley follows, and catches it up ai the Cape of Good Hope. Early service in India. Mis brother, 
 Lord .Mornington, becomes Governor-General. The new \iceroy's policy. Tip;joo Sihib, ally of the French, and persis'.ent foe of the British 
 Campaign of Seringapaam. W.sl preparations. Siege begins. Wellesley's failure at the Suitaun-tope. Assault and capture of the Fortress. 
 Tippoo slain. \'ahiai;le s|ioil. Wedesley appointed Governor of .Seringapatam and Administrator of Mysore. Rivalry with liaird. Expedition 
 to I'^gpyt. First Mahralla War. I'oona .seized, and Ahmednuggur. Victory of Asiaye. Weilesley's bold generalship. Battle of .4rgaum. 
 Capture of Gawilghur. War endi--d. Bonaparle threatens invasion o'. England. Welleslcy returns to England. 
 
 ARTHUR WELLESLEY, after tlie campaign in the Low Countries, served for a time at tine camp at Warlcy, 
 in Esse.x ; and in tlie autumn of 1795 liis regiment was among those selected to join an e.xpedition intended 
 ^ f(ir tiie West Indies. It embark-ed in Octuber ^n board tlie fleet commanded by .Admiral Christian, which 
 never got out of the British Channel, meeting with the terrible gales still known as " Christian's Storm," 
 which dispersed the ships to the four winds. Many were lost, and the re.st returned to Spithead, after si.\ weeks' 
 
 battle with the ilemeats, in nearh' a disabled state. The 
 
 e.xpedition to the West Indies, a wasted, misdirected effort at 
 
 ^ - A A% best, was abandoned, and the 33rd, when landed, was marched 
 
 to Poole. It remained there till April, 1796, and then embarked 
 for India. Wellesley thus happily escaped emplovment in 
 Ireland in the suppression of the rising that soon distracted 
 iiis nati\e land, and which drew largely upon the military 
 .•-trenLith of England. Reinforcements had to be sent across 
 the Channel in hot haste, and they were driven to Portsmouth 
 in strangely-de\'ised carriages, there to embark for Dublin. 
 .-/ .V//./7-.7A'>- ILY. Colonel Welleslev did not sail with his regiment to the 
 
 After Rowlandson, 
 
 Expeditious plan of moving troops by road or iii the held, suggested E'»st. He was k'ept back, SO it is stated in all the histories, 
 in 1 79S by the caricaturist, but never practically adopted. [jy severe indisposition. This does not quite tally with his 
 
 own account of himself, for he would have it. in old age, that he had ne\-er been ill. " I was never confined to bed 
 for a day in my w hole life since I had the measles as a child," he once said. " 1 was never unable any one day
 
 WellinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 to do whatever duty there happened to be before me." He was 
 
 reminded when lie said this of tiie illness that prevented him- 
 
 from accompanying B.urd's Expedition to the Red Sea, in 1800. 
 
 But he persisted that it had n it confined him to bed. " What 
 
 I had then was the Malabar itch, a much worse kind of itch than 
 
 ours — it would not yield to brimstone. 1 caught it on shipboard 
 
 at Madras, in a man's bed that was given up to me." 
 
 " Through life 1 have avoided medicine as much as 1 could, 
 
 but always eaten and drunk very little." The Duke's abstemi- 
 ousness was well known. He was a true Spartan in his way 
 
 of life, taking much hard exercise till the last, and rising earlw 
 
 His famous apothegm will always survive : — " When one turns 
 
 over in bed it is time to turn out." It was made in answer tn 
 
 a lady who asked him how he could sleep in a bed so small that 
 
 there was hardl_\- niom in it to turn o\-er. The fact remains that 
 
 the 33rd sailed with uit him, and that, when well, he followed in 
 
 a fast-sailing vessel, which picked up the regiment in September 
 
 at the Cape of Good Hope. The passage onward was e.xtra 
 
 ordinarily slow, for they did not reach Calcutta till February ol 
 
 the following year. 
 
 An opportunity for active service seemed to open for 
 
 Wellesley directly he arrived. Sir John Shore, the Governor- 
 General, offered liim the command of a brigade in the force 
 
 about to be despatched tor the capture of Manilla, but with his 
 
 usual generosity Wellesley declined it until it had been ascer- 
 tained tliat an ufticer senior tij him and with greater claims, 
 
 General Doyle, had had the refusal. Wellesley took it, as Doyle u-ould not, and went uith the expedition as far as 
 
 Prince of Wales' Island, whence it was 
 recalled. 
 
 Great news soon reached Wellesley. 
 He heard that his brother, Lord Mornington, 
 had been appointed successor to Sir John 
 Shore, having accepted the responsible post 
 "I Governor-General, \ery much at his 
 brother Arthur's earnest solicitation. " I 
 am convinced," the latter wrote when 
 urging him to come to India, " that you will 
 retain your health ; na\-, it is possible that 
 its general state may be improved, and you 
 will have the fairest opportunity of rendering 
 material ser\-ice to the public and of doing 
 \ourself credit." This i en-witted, capable 
 young brother of his was to be of immense 
 assistance to him in achieving his later 
 distinction. There was a very close and 
 affectionate bond of union between the two 
 brothers. They thought ail the world of 
 
 J/AROriS OF WELLESLEY. K.C. K.P., 
 
 Born 1760, Died 1842. After a Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 
 Eldest brother of the Duke of Wellington. Enered House 
 of Commons, advanced to the House of Lords as a British Teer 
 in 1797. Went out to India as Governor-General in 1798, and 
 uas a chief agent in the rapid extension of our Indian Empire. 
 Was created Marquis of Wellesley on leaving India. 
 
 After.-. Carioa;..., THE DESERTER. ByHBunoury 
 
 Henry Bu.;;,ury was of good Sufiblk family, and not a professional artist, although his 
 work was highly popular. He had neither the humour of Rowlandson nor the bitter- 
 ness of Gillray, but he was never personal nor given to political lampoons. He was at 
 one tmie Colonel of a Militia regiment, and was well known as an excellent amateur actor. 
 
 2(5
 
 Weliino:ton and Waterloo. 
 
 GEXERAL LORD HARRIS. 
 Of Seringapalam and Mysore. 
 After a Portrait by Devis. 
 George Harris (l)orn 1746, died 1829) entered tlie Army at an early age, and served ihroiigh llie war with the American Colonics. He went 
 to India on the statf, and was engaged in the first war against Tippoo Sahib, under Lord CornwalMs. Afterwards was Governor and Conimander-in' 
 Chief of Madras, and commanded the army which took Seringapatam. He was a simple, straightforward soldier, who, without commanding talents, 
 rose by sheer good service. 
 
 27
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 '>> 
 
 each other. The elder courted the opinion of the _\'ounger, listening with respect to his sound practical advice, 
 and, using his high place, but not unduly, gave him opportunities for showing his worth. Arthur, in return, 
 looked up to his brother and greatly admired his gifts, especially his scholarship. 
 
 Even to the last the Duke showed him 
 much deference. On one occasion Lord 
 Wellesley was late in keeping an appointment 
 at Apslfv House (he was not a punctual man, 
 to the despair of the renowned Cart-me, his 
 cook), but the Duk'e tolerated it, saying, "We 
 must wait for the Go\ernor-General." 
 
 It was said by Lord Macaulay that no two 
 men were more unlike — the one scorning all 
 display, the other living for little else. Lord 
 Wc-llesley, again, had none of the strong, calm 
 self-reliance of Wellington. This was, perhaps, 
 due to his health, which was always delicate, 
 and w liich p:e\ented him from speaking much 
 in the House of Lords, althiiugh he could be 
 \'ery eloquent on great occasions. He was, 
 however, very fastidious, took a great time to 
 prepare a speech, and was never satisfied unless 
 it was the best in the debate. His diffidence 
 was shown in the most mark'ed way when 
 on the voyage out to assLmie tht- duties of 
 Goxernor-General. He was so nerxous about 
 himself, that by ihe time he reached the Cape 
 of Good Hope he had made up his mind to resign 
 and return home. Onl\' the ir.ost urgent 
 entreaties and tlie strongest remonstrances from 
 those around him, that his character must suffer 
 much from such a step, prevailed upon him to 
 proceed. 
 
 Arthur had preceded Lord Mornington to 
 India by rather more than a year, and he had 
 filled up the time by close and attentive study 
 of the coLintrv and its political condition; he 
 had correctly estimated the near perils that 
 threatened British rule, and although by no 
 means eager for war, he soon realised that it 
 was nearly ine\ itable. Bold, \ igorous measures 
 must be taken with the most deadly dangerous 
 enemy, the notorious Tippoo Sahib, Sultan of 
 Mysore. This truculent despot was a strange 
 mixture of courage and cowardice, of strength 
 and weakness ; he was quick-witted, fond of intrigue, and of unwearied patience in gaining his ends. He had some 
 military talent, and liad endeavoured to adopt, through his European officers, modern methods of warfare. 
 
 His one chief consuming passion was a hatred of the English. " Caff res," "infidels," " hogs," were the 
 
 CEXERAL SIR DAI' IP Il.-IIRD, B.-lk'T. 
 
 Aft.^r a Portrait by Raebi:rn, 
 This gallaiu sjlJier (born 1757, died 1S29), earned great dislinclion in India. 
 He uas taken prisoner in the first war with Tippoo, and very cruelly treated. After 
 his release he was present at the siege of .Seringapatam, and led the assault when it was 
 finady captured, lie next commanded Ihe army which crossed the Egyptian desert 
 from ihe Red .Sea lo the \ile. He was sent lo the Cape of Good Hope in 1S06. 
 and, having defeated the Dutch, laid the foundation of our South .\frican Empire 
 by the annexation of the Colony. Later he lost his arm al the battle of Corunna, 
 and left the field just after he had succeeded Moore in the cmiimand. 
 
 88
 
 Wellin,o;ton and Waterloo, 
 
 epithets lie always applied to them ; and in his desire to overthrow and 
 expel them from the East he did not hesitate, although a fanatical 
 Mussulman, to enlrr intu lehuidns u ith other Caffres. When Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, who was just rising into prominence, offered him friendship 
 and alliance against his hated foes, he gladly accepted the help of the 
 French. Bonaparte's letter announcing the invasion of Egypt seemed 
 to bring his new friends almost to his door. Terrible tales survive of the 
 cruelties perpetrated by Tippoo ; of the barbarous execution of his 
 English prisoners, some of whom were murdered by having nails driven 
 into their heads. One, General Matthews, was given poisoned food ; 
 many were torn limb from limb by tigers, for that fierce wild beast was 
 Tippoo's favourite emblem, and the " tiger's stripes" were blazoned 
 across his flag. 
 
 But now his CLip was full ; an avenging army was gradually collected 
 to punish him for his shameful \iolation of treaties, and to prove that 
 he could not affront the English with impunitv. A portion of the force 
 intended to invade Mysore came under the immediate control of Colonel 
 Wellesley. His zeal and activity were remarkable, and produced great 
 results. He soon re\ictualled the forts, gathered in transport animals, 
 and arranged 
 
 BOMB A \ ' GREXADIER. 
 
 From Gold's Oriental Drawings. 
 The early British settlemenl in Bombay had no 
 territory on the mainland, but it kept up a military 
 force for its protection, which vv.is greatly developed 
 it the tine of the Mahralta wars. 
 
 satisfactorily 
 for ample sup- 
 plies of grain. 
 Above all, he 
 drilled a n d 
 practised his 
 division so 
 
 assiduously that when General Harris assumed supreme 
 command he highly commended Colonel Wellesley. 
 
 it was a colossal undertaking to prepare an army for 
 the field ill those days General Harris's whole force did 
 not excet-d 35,000 men ; but there were 120,000 attendants 
 and camp followers, and vast numbers of draught bullocks 
 were needed : in \VellesIe_\''s division alone, some 40,000. 
 1 Ik- transpnrt of the siege train was most cumbrous. 
 Each iron 12-pounder was drawn by forty-four bullocks, 
 nine sets of four abreast, and four pairs of leaders. To 
 each gun there were a spare bullock and an elephant, the 
 latter for use in bad places u here the road was sandy, 
 miry, or steep. These sagacious animals gave their aid 
 of their own accord when needed, and e\en chastised the 
 bullocks witli their trunks if the\' flagged and did not pull 
 hearlilw 
 
 " When once set in motion," says a contemporary 
 writer, "an Indian arm\- presents the most varied and 
 gorgeous specticle; its nearly interminable array — men, 
 horses, elephant'-, bullocks — is very imposing. Thi 
 
 MADRAS SEPOYS. 
 
 From Go d's Oriental Drawings. 
 The Jladras Sepoys were the first native troops raised by the 
 Kast Inrlia Company. They were only for the defence of the .settlement 
 in 1748, but were largely increased in 1759, when the Company 
 begai> to interfere in native aflairs and the forward policy was adopted 
 that 'ed to \\\k formatior. of the Indian Empire. 
 
 29
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 
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 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
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 81
 
 Wellington and Waterloo, 
 
 bright-coloured uniforms of the troops, the gay tMothirtg of the native soldiery and attendants, the glitter of arms, the 
 waving of pennons, all make up a mighty, motley pageant." " A body of Mysore horse, about 4CX), led in 
 columns," adds this writer, vvh'O witnessed the march. " At some distance the advance guard was followed by 
 the cavalry, with the new infantr\- picquets marching in their rear. The line of infantry followed, and after tliem 
 the park, store, and provision carts. The guns of the allies closed the line of carriages. The ammunition ahd pack 
 bullocks follov\-ed them with the rear guard, consisting of the old picquetsi A squadron of cavalry moved on the 
 rttversa flank, and another body of 400 Mysoreans closed the line of march." 
 
 Lord Mornington--he did not get the title of Marquis of Wellesley for six years — went to Madras to be on 
 the spot, hut not to personally conduct the war against Tippoo. He had thought of joining the arm\- in the tleld, 
 but his brother strongly objected. " Your presence in camp, instead of giving confidence to the General, would, 
 
 in fact, deprive him of the command If I were in General Harris's situation and \-ou were to join the 
 
 army I should quit it Your presence will diminisli his power, at the same time that, as it is impossible 
 
 that you can know anything of military matters, your powers will not answer the purpose," ■,-'■■ 
 
 This was not the only outspoken advice with which he favoured the Governor-General. Colonel Wellesley Was 
 •ill ways ready to give a plain piece of his mind to ;in.\'one, and he was equally strong in protesting against Anf e'nci^o'acH- 
 ment on the Commander-in-Chief's patronage, or any failure td support him in what he did, whether he was right 
 or wrong. "It is impossible to make him tod respectable or to place him too high if he is to be the chief of an army 
 in the field." Arthur Wellesley had, in truth, a very wise head on his still very young shoulders, ,„y- «jg 
 
 Vb-t this siege of 
 Seringapatam, wnlcll 
 was now imminent, did 
 not at first seem likely 
 to add to his military 
 reputation. It was 
 the scene of his first 
 and onlj' failure in 
 warfare. General 
 Harris, aftef the first 
 encounter with Tippoo 
 in which Wellesley had 
 been successfully en- 
 gaged, desired to drive 
 in the more advanced 
 outposts at Sultaun- 
 tope before investing 
 Seringapatam. One 
 attack was entrusted 
 to Wellesle\-, with 
 three white regiments- 
 and two of Sepoys. 
 He came upon the 
 enemy posted in an 
 almnst impenetrable 
 juui^le. The night 
 
 was pitch dark, and the attacking column, becoming entangled amidst a network of irrigation canals, lost its way. 
 Wellesley was unable to find the point of attack, and after some casualties withdrew his men. 
 
 In reporting this disaster, which has been much magnified to his discredit, he gave utterance to a fi.xed 
 
 STORMIXG OF SERIXGAPATAM, 17'J9. 
 
 After a Painting by Peter Kraft. 
 
 This represents the crisis of the attack, when the stormers, having crossed the wide and rocky channel of the Cauvery 
 
 Kiver, were scaling the ramparts, and met with fierce resistance. 
 
 82
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 principle, whicli afterwards became an axiom in his life : "1 have come to a determination never to suffer an 
 attaclc to be made by night upon an enemy who is prepared and strongly posted, and whose posts have not been 
 reconnoitred by daylight." He had weight enough, it seems, to impress this on his chief, or, at any rate, his 
 inlluence served as 
 ,1 warning, f(.)r when 
 the time was ripe to 
 assault S^'iingapatam 
 it was not madj at 
 ni-ht. If the Duke 
 in later campaigns 
 mad." nij;ht attacks 
 upon Spanish for- 
 tresses, he had been 
 very careful to observe 
 the first prt'liniiiiar}- — 
 that of a daylight 
 reconnaissance. 
 
 The story goes 
 that he was utterly 
 cast down by this petty 
 disaster ; that he went 
 ti) Harris in despair, 
 and then withdrew to 
 his tent in great des- 
 pondency. More, that 
 when next miming 
 arrangenic'nts were 
 made up for a new 
 assault by his brigade, 
 he was absent from 
 
 his post ; an.l it is said that he owed the opportunity of retrieving his reputation to his comrade and ri\-al, 
 General Baird, who begged Harris to send for him and encourage him to go with the new affair. All these 
 stories are surely apocryphal, the invention of a later date. What is at least certain is that Wellesley diJ 
 command in the second attack on the Sultaun-tope, which was made early next morning and was entirely successful. 
 
 The siege was actively prosecuted ; batteries were armed, and soon opened a steady fire, by which a breach 
 was effected in three da\s. Orders to storm the tort were now issued. The attack was to be made a little after 
 middav, with troops furnished by contingents of the three armies engaged, one from each Presidency. General 
 Baird, who had volunteered to lead, was in chief command ; Colonel Wellesley, with his brigade, occupied 
 the trenches as a first reserve. The right column, under General Sherbrooke, had crossed the river and the 
 ditch, had escaladed the parapet within se\en minutes, and crossed the breach with the British flag. The left 
 column was not so easily successful, and might have been in a critical condition hut for the progress made by the 
 right. Soon, however, the defenders began to break and fall back. Then, as an eye-witness describes, " 1 could 
 not help exclaiming, ' Thank Gcd ! the business is done.' " 
 
 Tippjo Sahib was among the slain. When news came to him that the attack had begun, he rose from his 
 dinner table, performed his ablutions, called for his horse, and rode to a point on the ramparts where, having 
 dismounted, he could the at liis enemy with the carbines constantly loaded and handed to him by his attendants. 
 At last, seeing, that th-: day was going against him, he rode back into the city, and was soon caught in a press of 
 
 SURREXDER OE SOXS OF TIPPOO SAH/B, 1780. 
 
 After a Painting by Singleton. 
 Tippoo Saliil) having invaded the territory of a British ally in 1789, he was attacked by Lord Cornwallis and 
 General Aher.:romby, and only staved off the loss of Seringapatam by surrendering his two sons as hostages to the 
 liritish, and by paying an indemnity of ^3,000,000. Lord Cornwallis stands in the centre of the picture. 
 
 ?3
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 assailants crowding into a covered gateway. His iiorse was here killed, but liis followers dragged him from under it, 
 and placed him in his palanquin, where he was presently surrounded. 
 
 'n a tussle with a redcoat whom he wounded he was shot through the head. His corpse, despoiled of every 
 
 thing valuable, fell among a heap of the slain, and was not found till pointed out by one of his st^rvants. Both 
 
 General Baird and Colonel Wellesley saw the body when it had been identified, and could not at first believe that 
 
 the ill fated Sultan was not still alive, so placid was the expression of his features, so life-like the appearance of the eyes. 
 
 The booty taken in Seringapatam was immense. Much never reached the prize agents, for many gold coins and 
 
 valuable jewels were bartered b\- the soldiers, who were assiduous in 
 looting the place. Still, the total amount divided was above a million 
 sterling. Enormous quantities went for a song, even a bottle of spirits ; 
 thus, a couple of solid gold bangles, set with diamonds, bought from a 
 soldier for a mere trifle, were found so valuable that a Hyderabad jeweller 
 gave ^32,000 for one, and was unable to name any price for the other, 
 from the magnificence of the stones. The Sultan had secreted his 
 treasure in the basement of the palace and other places. Besides the 
 maises of jewels found, and valued at ^100,000, there were upwards of 
 five hundred camel loads of shawls, muslins, and rich stuffs, mirrors in 
 great numbers, plate, and many finely-bound books. 
 
 The Sultan's throne was a splendid troph_\', which had to be broken 
 
 A Sol.iier of Tippoo Si/u'b's Regular 
 
 lufantry. 
 
 Seringapatam in the Distance. 
 
 From Oriental Drawings by Captain Gold 
 
 up and carried away piecemeal. It 
 was a seat upon a tiger's back, under 
 a canopy all of " sheet " gold. The 
 fringe of the canopy was sewn with 
 costly pearls, and it was surmounted 
 by a gold bird whose beak was a large 
 emerald, its eyes carbuncles, and its 
 
 breast covered with diamonds; the MYSOREAX CAVALRY ATTACKED BY TRITISU DRAGOOXS. 
 
 tail was like a peacock's, the colours After a Drawing by captan Goid. 
 
 imitated in jewels. A more troublesome prize was Tippoo's zenana, in which were 650 wives, some of whom had 
 been his father's, but they were eventually removed to the interior of the country and set at large. After the 
 capture. Colonel Wellesley was appointed by General Harris Governor of Seringapatam ; and, not strangely, the 
 selection gave dire offence to General Baird. It is an unwritten, but accepted, rule that it is the leader of the 
 assault, rather than the commander of the reserve, who should have the government of the stronghold which has 
 been carried. Baird protested in bitter terms, implying that Harris had acted unfairly, in order to currv favour with 
 the Governor-General. The Duke himself maintained that there were sound reasons why he should l-^e preferred, 
 
 34
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 the chief beinjj; that Baird was strongly prejudiced against the natives, and tliat the memory of his long imprisonment 
 in Seringapatam still rankled in his mind. 
 
 There was more antagonism later between these two gallant soldiers, and now it was Welle-ley's turn to 
 repine. When tlie e.xpedition for Hgypt was planned in 1800, he was named to command, but was superseded by 
 Baird. It is pleasant to kiKJw that neither bore malice. Wellesley, writing to his brother, vents his disappointment 
 in rather strong terms : " I have not been guilty of robbery or murder ; and the Governor-Geneial has certainly 
 changed his mind. I did not look for the appointment .... 
 and I say that ir woLild probably be more proper to give it to somebody 
 else ; but wht-n it was given to me .... it would have been ^m 
 
 fair to allow me to hold it till I did something to deserve to lose it. 
 . . . However, I have lost neither my health, spirits, nor temper 
 in Consequence thereof. But it is useless to write any more upon a 
 subject of wliich 1 wish to retain no remembrance whatever." 
 
 As for Sir David Baird, his noble words deserve to be recorded. 
 Long afterwards, in 1832, he said to Sir John Malcolm: "Times are 
 changed. No one knows so well as you how severely 1 felt tlie 
 preference given on several occasions to your friend Wellesley, but now 
 1 see all these things from a far different point of view. It is the 
 highest pride of my life that anybody slrould e\'er ha\-e dreamed of 
 
 GiDi Lascars, or (iiiniwrs of (he Madras 
 Artillery. 
 
 Afte' a Drawing by Captain Gold. 
 
 my being put in tlie balance with him. His 
 fame is now to me joy. and 1 may almost 
 say glory." The Duke of Wellington heard 
 this with undoubted satisfaction, and often 
 said of Baird: " 1 don't belie\e there is a 
 man who rejoiced more sincerely in my 
 ultimate successes." 
 
 Wellington tacl<lcd the work of restoring 
 confidence and order in Seringapatam with 
 his usual promptitude and firmness. Here 
 are some of his brief reports, sent hour by 
 hour to the General-in-Chief : — 
 A.\- ELEPHANT ON IK TV. " 10 a.m., 5th May " (the day of his 
 
 After a Drawing by Captain Gold. appointment, two days after the capture). — 
 
 The imelligence of ihe artillery elephant was ofgreat service in moving guns. >■ y/e areinSUCh COnfusion Still, that I 
 
 recommend you not to come in till to-morrow, or at soonest late this evening." " Half-past twelve.— 1 wish you 
 could send the provost here and put him under my orders. Until some of the plunderers are hanged it is vain to 
 e.xpect to stop the plunder." " 5th May " (no hour).—" Things are better than they were, but they are still very 
 bad, and until the provost executes two or three people, it is impossible to expect order or, indeed, safety." 
 
 But the next day the calm, resolute master hand had prevailed, and he reports :— "May 6th. — Plunder is all 
 stopped, the fires are all extinguished and the inhabitants are returning to their houses fast." Three days more.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 and tiie bazaars were open for all sorts of business ; the streets were so crowded that the place had more the 
 appearance of an Eastern fair than a city recently carried bv force of arms. The last remainiiiti trouble was with 
 Tippoo's inconvenient pets. " There are some tigers here," writes Colonel Wellesley, "which I wish Meei Allim 
 would send for, or else 1 must give orders to have them shot, as there is no food for them, nobody to attend to 
 them, and they are getting violent." 
 
 Enlarged powers on a wider field soon fell to Colonel Wellesley. He was appointed Administrator of all 
 the affairs in Mysore, with supreme civil and military control. He was so judicious, so fair and impartial, at the 
 same time so firm and decided, that he quickly gained the goodwill of the people. But his work was also of the 
 active kind he preferred ; and he found himself called upon to tak'e the field against a freebooter whose extensive 
 depredations and increasing power were causing great alarm. This was a certain Doondiah Waugh, a " nameless 
 
 THE ATTACK ON SERTXGAPATAM. 
 
 After the Painting by Robert Ker Porter. 
 This is one of three fine works by Sir Robert Porter, a famous painler of batile scenes. It is the right sheet, and shows the IlighlandeiM fording the 
 river. The assault was delivered in the afternoon, when the garrison were vesting during the great heat of the day. 
 
 man," who had been a trooper in Hyder All's service, then deserted to rob and plunder on his own acciunt. He 
 hjd surrendered to Tippoo, wliri threw him into gaol, w here he was found and released at the capture of Serin- 
 gapatam. Directly he was free he gathered together many bold adventurers like himself — to the number of 40,000, 
 indeed ; and, being endowed with great personal courage, and some military skill, he soon grew into a dangerous 
 scourge calling for suppression. 
 
 Colonel Wellesley was charged with his pLU'suit. Doondiah ga\'e it out that he would carr_\' off the English 
 leader when in the hunting field, and Wellesley dared him to do it. At the same time, when a nati\e offered to seek 
 out Doondiah and stab him in his tent, Wellesley refused, declaring that " to offer a reward in a public proclamation 
 for a man's head and to make a pri\'ate bargain to kill him are two \'er\' different things." Doondiah. thus spared, 
 dailv grew more arrogant. He assumed the title of " King of the two Worlds," and claimed to be the coming 
 
 30
 
 Wellino-ton and Waterloo. 
 
 
 
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 Wellinofton and Waterloo. 
 
 THE ATTACK ON SERL\GAPATAM 
 
 After the Painting by Robert Ker Porter. 
 The last efTort made, the enemy are retreating, hard pressed, to the gale of the inner fort. Full credit must be given to the native trnops, who 
 are seen driving Tippoo's men across the bridge of the moat. It was within this inner gate that Tippoo Sahib, who fought valiantly to the end, 
 was slain. This is the left sheet of the three which Sir K. Porter painted nf the capture of Seringapatam. 
 
 liberator of Iiuiii from tlie English. But the English under Wellesley were always at his heels, ever making 
 extraordinarily rapid marches, and beating up his quarters continually. 
 
 The campaign became a race, and Wellesley with his troopers won it. He presently ox'ertook Dcondiah, w ho 
 was some 5,000 strong, while the English were but 1,200. Attacked forthwith in a ca\alry charge headed by 
 Wellesley himself, which proved instantly and completely successful, Doondiah's followers broke and tied, the 
 robber chieftain was slain, and his body brought into camp on a gun carriage. Another capture was that of 
 Doondiah's son, and when the poor orphan was brought to Wellington he adopted him. Had Doondiali been taken 
 alive, " his Majesty," as Wellesley styled him jestingly in his despatches, would undoubtedly ha\'e been hanged. 
 
 After this came the disappointment about Egypt, to whicli reference has already been made. As it proved, 
 the luck was on Wellesley's side, fur Baird saw no fighting, and in India the Mahratta War was close at hand. 
 Space will not permit of any detailed account of the many intricate events that led to this campaign, the first in 
 which Arthur Wellesley exercised a really independent command and won his first great victory. The Mahrattas 
 were a warlike race who gained a decided preponderance among the native states, and as they increased in power 
 the question soon arose whether they or the British should ewntually be supreme in India. 
 
 The nominal head of the Mahratta confederacy was called the Peishwah, a feeble creature at this juncture, 
 with no real authority over the more powerful chiefs he was supposed to control. The first of these was Scindiah, 
 the next Holkar, the third the Rajah of Berar. Scindiah was the strongest. He had a large army disciplined upon 
 a European model and under the command of Perron, a deserter from the French Marine. Holkar's force was 
 principilly cavalry, 80,000 strong. The Rajah of Berar had 20,000 ca\alry and 10,000 infantry.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Tlifsc turbult-nt leaders had fought among tl-.emselves wlio should make a puppet of the Peishwah, ai-.d 
 Scindiah set up one of his own, while the real man sought refuge with the English at Bassein. This brought about 
 a reconciliation between Sdndiah and Holkar, who joined forces and concentrated their armies upon the frontier of 
 Hyderabad, ready to try conclusions with the British. 
 
 In the war w hich was now inevitable, Wellesley (but lately promoted to the rank of General) was charged with 
 the Southc-rn operations. By his ad\ice an army of observation was collected upon the Toombudra, nonh of the 
 Madras Presidency, and when the command was given to him he began at once to show his high qualities as a 
 leader of men— he was ever great in organisation— and he displayed them now as fully as afterwards in Spain. He 
 saw personally to every detail, arranged for the food and transptoit, the supplies of grain and bullocks, of horses 
 and forage, the carts, guns, and ammunition. He provided carefully for the comfort of his mtn. planned the 
 hospital service most 
 minutely, and, above 
 all, cut down the 
 baggage of the whole 
 army. That allowed to 
 officers was reduced 
 to a bare minimum. 
 
 Wellesley's great 
 idea was to gi\e his 
 arm\' the power of 
 rapid mox'ement. He 
 did not wi>h to be 
 hampered in his 
 marches, nor at the 
 mercy of the clouds of 
 i r regular horsemen, 
 w li i c h w ere his 
 enemy's principal 
 strength. For the 
 same reason he would 
 encumber himself with 
 no heavy guns ; his 
 largest in the siege train 
 were i2-pounders. He 
 caused pontoon trains 
 to be prt-part-d after a 
 plan of his own, and 
 was soon in a position to take the field witli an active, mobile, and very efficient force. 
 
 His fu'st move was one of great daring, executed with surprising speed, it was deemed essential to save 
 Poona, the Mahratta capital, which was occupied by one of Holkar's lieutenants, who threatened to burn it down, 
 and after its seizure to reinstate tiie Peishwah. Wellesley, having advanced on the 9th March, 1803, crossed 
 the Toombudra on the 12th, and then hearing, on the 19th, that Poona was in danger, he took with him only his 
 ca\-alry and one battalion, with which he pressed to Poona in a forced march. He was very proud of this 
 march, which he often spoke of as a great feat. " Sevent>-two miles from five one morning till twel\-e tiu- next, 
 all fair marching," he said ; " nor could there be any mistake as to distance, for in India we al\va\-s marched 
 with measuring wheels." He did not think iiighiy of his men's powers as a rule, but admitted that, in India, 
 " the\- became good marchers from necessity." In one despatch, just before Assaye, he writes : - "It is impossible 
 
 TIPPOOS LAST EFFORT. 
 
 After a Contemporary Print. 
 
 Tippoo .Sahib fouglii to ihe last, dispiuing point after point, b,TcUed tiy the bravest of his troops. He was twice 
 wounded, and, falling from his horse, was placed in his palanqiiin, where a British soldier tried to snatch his jewelled 
 sword-belt. Tippoo slriuk out in self-defence, and was instantly shot through the head. His body, stripped and 
 despoiled of every valuable, became hidden under a heap of slain, and was not identified until some time afterwards. 
 
 80
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 GENERAL SIR THOMAS MUNRO, K.C.B. 
 
 After a Portrait by Sir Martin Shee, 
 Munro (born 1760, died 1827) began life as a cadet in the Madras Army, and soon rose to hold important posts, civil and military. He 
 admmistered part of the newly-acquired territory in Mysore after the fall of Tippoo Sahib, and his influence and authority were fell hv Sir Aithur 
 Wellesley. He settled ihe land question in Madras, and became Governor of the Presidency in 1S20. He ^re.itlv ai led in the extension of the 
 Indian Lmpire, and the first seizure of Burma was his work. He was a man of austere habits and f.rra will, who won his hi di position by his own 
 talents and exertions, ^ v 1 
 
 i<J
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 for troops to be in better order. . . . .My marches are made at the rate of three miles an hour, and a few 
 
 days ago I marched twenty-two anJ a-half miles in sevt'it and a-half hours.'' Again, at Argaum, his men were on 
 
 their legs from 6 a.m. till midnight, and on the very morning of the action they marched twenty-two miles under 
 
 the burning sun. 
 
 He himself then and ever afterwards had extraordinary powers of endurance. In Spain he could work all 
 
 day and ride seveilteen niiles to dinner, dance at a ball, ride home by moonlight, and, after a short sleep, be 
 
 at liis desk by noon next day. He thought rtothing of galloping across a dozen miles after a battle to see the 
 
 sick in hospital. Once, returning from Lisbon to the froht, he rode the whole distance to Frenada, 200 miles, 
 
 in five days, and accomplished the last fifty miles, with relays of horses, between breakfast and dinner- 
 Prompt measures were needed to cope 
 
 with Scindiah and Hnlkar ; to ensure despatc 
 
 full powers, political and military, were given 
 
 to General Wellesley. He was actually under 
 
 the military orders of Lieutenant-General Stuart, 
 
 the Commander-in-Chief in Madras, but that 
 
 self-denying officer gave him carte blanche to 
 
 aCv. Wellesley was very grateful for thii 
 
 permission to act quite independently, and at 
 
 the end of the war publicly acknowledged the 
 
 obligations he was under to Geileral Stuart, 
 
 TIPPOO RECOGNISED BY HIS FA MI Li' 
 
 Tippoo was missing after the capture ol .Seriiigapatam. 
 lird was told lie had fallen at the Niirth Gate, and, procccd- 
 _; Uiither, accompanied by Wellesley, ihey found him deal!, 
 M hough he seemed only insensible. '• His countenance was 
 ■ ways disturbed, bu'. wore an appearance of fearless calm." 
 
 whi> never hampered his action aiiil always 
 gave him his confidence and support. Upon 
 Wellesley alone it was left to decide the question 
 i)f peace or war. He at once called upon 
 Scindiah to retire into his own territory and 
 separate himself from his confederates. Scindiah 
 
 made many shifts and excuses to gain time, but Wellesley was not to be deceived, and proceeded at once to bring 
 him to book. " 1 have offered you peace on terms of equality, honourable to all parties ; you have chosen war, and 
 are responsible for all the consequences."' Wellesley's first aim was the fortress of Ahmednuggur, by which he 
 desired to make safe his communications with Poona and Bombay. It was considered the strongest in India, being 
 built of solid stone set in strong cement, and was armed with si.xty guns. Wellesley summoned it to surrender. 
 His offer was refused, whereupon he at once stormed the town and carried it. Five officers were killed, one ol 
 them Captain Duncan Grant, who had been drawn into an unfortunate affair a few days before and had killed another 
 officer in a duel. Grant was placed under arrest, and at the opening of the attack, although unarmed, he rushed to 
 the front, was the first to escalade the fort, and paid forfeit with his life. 
 
 41
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Meanwhile the main body of tlie enemy, evading Stevenson, who was co-operating with Wellesley from 
 
 Arungabad, had crossed the Godavery and advanced, threatening Hyderabad. Wellesley moved up to join Stevenson, 
 
 his object being to bring Scindiah as early as possible to a general action. The Mahratta Horse were most 
 
 dangerous in desultory warfare, and 
 so far their offensive operations were 
 confined to hanging about the flanks 
 of the opponents. But now, when 
 Wellesley was at Arungabad and 
 Ste\'enson at Jalna, the Mahrattas were 
 joined by a large force of regular 
 infantry with lOO guns, making up 
 their total strength to some 50,000 
 men. They were posted in a strong 
 position beiiindthe Adjuntee Hills, and 
 Wellesley promptly seized the oppor- 
 tunity to attack them in force. 
 
 The attack was to be made in 
 two cokunns, Colonel Stevenson's 
 taking the Western road, Wellesley's 
 the Eastern, both of which pierce the 
 mountain range. This division of forces 
 has been condemned, but Wellesley 
 defended it on the grounds that to use 
 
 one defile only would have taken too much time ; and that while his men were threading the one, the enemy might 
 
 escape by the other. The re^ult was 
 
 that the whole brunt (if the battle fell 
 
 upon one column alone, Wellesley's, 
 
 which, at noon upon the 23rd Sep- 
 tember, a day before that fixed for 
 
 the reunion of the columns, came on 
 
 the assembled Mahratta army in posi- 
 tion by the River Kaitna. 
 
 Wellesley had to decide then and 
 
 there between two hazardous courses — 
 
 one was to advance boldly and fight, 
 
 the other to withdraw and wait for 
 
 Stevenson. The latter meant that he 
 
 would be pursued and greatly b.arassed 
 
 by the enemy's cavalry ; he might 
 
 possibly have lost his baggage ; and in 
 
 any case he would have missed the 
 great battle, for the main body of the 
 Mahrattas would have made off. He 
 played the more desperate game, and 
 resolved to attack an army three or four times stronger in infantry alone, with a vast quantity of cannon. 
 
 He quickly made his plan, and in this he was guided by his own ready wit. He saw that, to attack, he must cross 
 the river, which had very steep banks and was called impassable by his guides. He could not well reconnoitre 
 
 TIPPOO'S TOMB. 
 
 After a Drawing by Captain Gold. 
 
 Hyder AH, Tippoo's father, was .1 soldier of fortune, who rose from the meanest rank to be 
 Sviltan of Mysore. He beaiilifieJ his capital with many fine buildings, and conspicuous among 
 them was the Imperial Mausoleum. 
 
 DEATH OF DOONDIAH. 
 
 After a Drawing in Maxwell's " Wellington." 
 Doondiah was a noted robber, released from prison when .Seringapatam fell, who set up the 
 standard of revolt under the title of " King of two Worlds."' We'lesley pursued him unceasingly, 
 overtook him, charged the freebooters, dispersed them, an 1 in the comLat Doondiah was slain. 
 
 42
 
 Wellincrton and Waterloo, 
 
 with iess thar- his whole for<:e: aiul. 
 weak a,';, it was, betook it bodily forward, 
 relying frdin his own observation upon 
 finding a ford. He had seen tlirough 
 his telescope rhat two villages stood 
 opposite each other on either side of the 
 river, and he at once concluded that 
 there must be some regular means ot 
 communication between them. It was 
 just as he thought. The tord was 
 there ; it was not occupied by the 
 enemy, and he advanced holdh'. 
 covered on both tianks by cavalry, got 
 his men and ca\'alry across, and was 
 in a position to attack'. 
 
 The Mahrattas had thrown back' 
 their left on the village of Assaye, and 
 were posted in the angle between the 
 Kaitna and another smaller ri\-er, the 
 JLiah. Wellesley now meant to fall up(jn the enemy's right, se'eing that success on that tlank would render Assaye 
 untenable, but the oft'icer commanding his picquets tried to rush that \illage, coming at once under a terrible lire of 
 artillery. The 74th, sent to support them, also suffered great loss. 
 
 The moment was perilous. But now Wellesley brought up tiie cavalry, no doubt prematurely, but it was 
 inevitable, and the splendid charge made b\- the iQth Dragoons, headed by the gallant Colonel Ma.KvvtH, 
 restored the tight The 74th rallied, and Assaye was taken at the point ot the bayonet. Upon the right the 
 struggle was still maintained : a large rart of Scindiah's armv had hardlv been engaged, but our forces carried all 
 
 I HE i.AST CHARGE AT ASS.lYE. 
 
 Aflcf a Drawing by Duplessis-Bertaux. 
 
 Ill llie crisis of the action, Wellesley, who rode a handsome bay Arab, brought np his reserve of 
 
 infantry and directed an advance with the bayonet, which broke the enemy ullerly. 
 
 roOXA. FRiiM )hAh'0/)A HILL. 
 
 Frith.
 
 Wellinston and Waterloo. 
 
 before tliem. Tlie only risk came from a trick of the Mahratta i;unners, who lay down as if dead, and then, when 
 passed in the charge, return to their guns. Again the cavalry decided the day, but Maxwell was killed, and 
 the horsemen were too much broken to be of use in pursuit of the flying enemy. 
 
 Wellesley's opinion of Assaye was that it was " the bloodiest battle he ever saw." Yet the losses would have 
 been only half as great but for the mistake in attacking the village too soon. History now admits that in this case 
 " the most audacious course was the most prudent." No doubt Wellesley took' tine risks, as he often did afterwards, 
 
 knowinge.\actly what they meant. He 
 was in the thick of the fight himself, 
 his orderly dragoon was killed at his 
 side, and he lost two horses under him. 
 In this his first battle he controlled every 
 movement, and was always in the 
 right place at the right time, a constant 
 practice, and the secret of his general 
 success in the field. 
 
 Of course he was well seconded by 
 his troops at Assaye. They fought 
 magnificently, although greatly worn by 
 long marches and exposure to a tropical 
 
 JSAITLL Uf ASSAYE. 
 
 After a Drawing by Cruikshank. 
 
 Tlie liatlle of Assaye was Wellesley's first 
 victory as an independent commander. It was 
 won by great daring, and after a bloodthirsty 
 slrugjle. 
 
 sun. The spirit i)f all ranks was superb. 
 The General himself showed a fine 
 example. His first remark on seeing 
 the enemy drawn up in imposing arra\- 
 is said to have been, " They cannot 
 escape us now." When in the advance 
 he was told that the officer command- 
 ing the artillery could not get his guns 
 forward, ow inu to the disablement of so 
 many men and draught bullocks, he re- 
 plied," Tell him to get on without them." 
 
 It IS said of one officer. Captain Mackay, of the igtli Dragoons, who was attached to the Commissariat, and 
 therefore in the rear with his people, that he asked permission to rejoin his regiment for the battle. The General 
 positively refused at first. Whereupon Mackay replied that "if he found his regiment going into action he 
 would accompany it; even if he forfeited his commission, it would be with honour." "What can we do with 
 such a fellow.?" cried Wellesley. "1 suppose he must ha\-e his own wav." He had it, and it led him to a 
 glorious death, charging with the leading squadron of the 19th Dragoons. 
 
 Overtures for peace were made after Assaye, and an armistice arranged, the conditions of which Scindiah 
 
 ASSALLT OF FORT OF GAWILCHIR. 
 
 Aher a Drawing by Duplessis-Bertaux. 
 Wellesley, after a short siege, assaitlted and captured this hill fort, hitherto deemed impregnable, 
 
 thus ending the Mahratta War. 
 
 41
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL JAMES STUART. 
 
 After a Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 This voleran soldier was Commander-in-Chief in Madras at the time of the Mahratta War, and was sent with an army of 19,000 to watch the 
 frontier of Mysore. Il was greatly to Stuart's credit thai, recognising his talents, he gave Wellesley a free hand in the oper.itions that followed. 
 Wcllcsley afterwards acknowledged with great gratitude what he owed to his generous chief for giving him his full confidence and support. '■ If 1 
 failed I knew I should be treated with indulgence," he wrote Stuart, "and I cannot look back .... without feeling for you the strongest 
 sentiments of gratitude, respect, and attachment." 
 
 45
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 nOXAPARTES THREATESED lX\'ASIO.\ OF E.XGLAXD, ISOl-.".. 
 
 .Mter a txnULiiiporar)' engraving, ^hdwing ihe floiilla of boats asseniljled at IJoulogne. 
 
 brolv'e by giving active lielp to the Rajah i)f Berar. Tliis led to Wellesley's second great x'ictory, that of Argaum. 
 On the 30th November he found the confederate forces posted in front of a village, and, although the day was 
 drawing on and his men had been marching since daylight, he decided to attack' at once. He formed his men in 
 two lines, infantry leading, cavalry in support. A delay occurred through the misconduct ot some nati\e troops, 
 but the Highlanders of the 74th and 78th made short work' of those opposed to them, and Scindiali's ca\alr\' having 
 charged, the left were repulsed, ihe enemy soon brolce and fled, leaving all their guns behind them. They were 
 promptly punished, even after the moon had risen, and were utterlv confounded and cut up. 
 
 A gallant incident of tliis engagement his been preserved Lieutenant 1 inul inds, ot the 7-ith, was wounded 
 
 bx'an Arab, whose spear passed 
 
 through the fleshy part of his 
 leg. He quickly drew out the 
 ^pear, and, using it against 
 the Arab, pinned him to the 
 g r o u n d . Where u p o n a 
 Grenadier Sepoy rushed out 
 of th.' lank's, and, patting 
 Langlands on the back-, cried, 
 " Well done, sir ; \ery well 
 done ! " ( • ' Atcba Sabib : Bboot 
 Ate /hi.") 
 
 After Aroaum, Wellesley 
 Lindert'iok" the siege of Gawil- 
 :_;hur, a hill fort, hitherto deemed 
 impregnable, and which made 
 .1 Vtivy sturdy defence. The 
 brass gtms alone could be 
 eniplo\-ed in breaching, and 
 they only slowh- pioduced anj' 
 effect upon the walls ; but on 
 
 7V/E PREMATCRB DISTRWUTIOS OF THE SPOILS. 
 The oaricatiiiisl implies that Napo'eon did not wait antil 1,^ li.id Innded in luigland and London «a- 
 
 captiiic.l to reward his soldierv. 
 
 4G
 
 Wellington and Waterloo, 
 
 the third day the breaches were reported practicable, and the assault was ordered. There was an outer ano an inner 
 
 fort. The first (/uly was breached, and it w ■ ■•; ■ ! ■ ithnut much difficulty ; but the second had its walls inuict, 
 
 and was wnn by escalade. 
 
 The forlorn-hnpf placed ladders 
 
 against the place, and haviny; 
 
 got inside, opened the jzates to 
 
 the storming party. It was 
 
 characteristic of this capture 
 
 that the troops behaved with 
 
 great mod.^ration. There was 
 
 no sack, no plundering ; the 
 
 men mirjiied out of the fort 
 
 -IS regularly as if they were 
 
 only passing through it. 
 
 The Mahratta War was 
 iiDw ended, and with its close 
 Wellesley's active service in 
 India. He presently returned 
 to Seringapatam, and was again 
 engaged solely in civil adminis- 
 tration. He was now the best- 
 known, the most popular aiui 
 respected officer in India. Bui he had had enough of India by this time 
 
 EXROLLIXG THE SUPPLEMEXTARY MILITIA. 
 
 After a Cnicature by Gillray 
 The general determination of every class to resist is here amusingly caricatured. 
 
 y^nuA. 'ui the. loayleXowo^, 
 
 U. thro' ifev/fn, vt/t^ 
 
 Si.x years' continuous service, much of it 
 in the field, and all filled with arduous 
 and engrossing labours, began to tell 
 upnn his health. It is easy to believe 
 that he was ambitious, eager to seek 
 opportunity on a larger sphere than 
 Indian warfare, to rise abc\e tb.e rank 
 and status of " a General of Sepoys," 
 as Napoleon contemptuously styled 
 him after his first \ictories o\'er the 
 French. There was stirring work in 
 progress upon the Eurcpean ccaitinent, 
 the near prospect of serious conflicts 
 within the limits of these Isles. 
 
 Never did the threat of an invasion 
 loom larger and more terrifying than 
 when Napoleon collected his grand 
 army and his great tli;tilla of flat- bot- 
 tomed boats at Boulogne and the neigh- 
 bouring ports. All England had rushed 
 I-IOII- TO STOP AX IXVADER. ^0 ,„.n^s ^„ ^^^^.^ the impending danger, 
 
 After a Caricature by Cruikshar^k, A *. A ( ^ 
 
 "Boney" is sien advancing and asking the way to London, when he meets the country people, eveiy C.a>S waS pieparc 
 
 who give him a characteristic reception. their lleartllS and hoilieS. Cabinet 
 
 Ministers joined the volunteers; camps were formed round London; soldiering was the order of the day. All 
 this may be seen in contemporary caricature. 
 
 47
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 48
 
 Welliniiton and Waterloo. 
 
 COLUXLL Ul- CIXQCE POirii> ARriLLLRi l>h'l/J.J.\(, Ills f< lA, IM h.\T. 
 
 After a Caricati.re Published by Fores. 
 
 Tlie Right 1 1 j;i. William Pitt, when Prime Minister, was colonel of a volunteer regiment. Two of his men 
 
 are Charles James Fox, the stoutest, and Sheridan. The "fugleman " is a supporter of Mr. Pitt. 
 
 News of this iintion.;] up- 
 rising;, of the intense puiilic 
 
 e.vcitement, reached Indiri, and 
 
 was not without its effect upon 
 
 Wellesley. He saw witli the 
 
 prescient eye of true greatness 
 
 that a dire and protracted 
 
 struggle was inevitable ; and 
 
 not strant;el ,' he was an.vimis 
 
 to get into tlie swim. It Ins 
 
 been said that he already saw- 
 that the British plan of fighting 
 
 in a two-deep line would be 
 
 effective against the heavy 
 
 coltimns used by the French ; 
 
 and this he predicted before 
 
 leaving India. Undoubtedly 
 
 he benefited greatly by this 
 
 formation in the campaign he 
 
 fought ill Europe, but at the 
 
 time he was credited witli the 
 
 remarl< he could hardly have 
 
 known that he would be called to high command. It is certain, however, that he had close!)- studied and pondered on 
 
 tlie tlieory and r-ractice t^f war. We find constant evidence of this in his early despatches no less than in his conduct 
 
 of operations in the field. He knew all the rules by heart, the a.xioms and 
 ;•;■ - broad principles which he applied \\-ith sound jtidgment to his own case. 
 
 " .A long defensive war will ruiii us; we must avoid, if possible, entering 
 upon a campaign at a distance of 700 miles from, our own resources " ; 
 " if we begin by a long defensive war, and by looking after convoys which 
 are scattered o\-er the face of the earth, and do not attack briskl_\-, we 
 shall soon be in distress." As a commander iie enforced the strictest 
 discipline. He inculcated secrecy on all public matters, and, as to 
 bribes, always took a very high line, insisting that every British officer 
 shduld take even the bare offer as an insult. His thorough 
 knowledge of detail, of all orders and regulations, enabled him to 
 insist upon their close observance and keep his troops in the iiighest 
 state of efficiency. 
 
 He began to show in India that determination to look into every- 
 thing for himself w-hich was one of the secrets of J-iis subsequent success. 
 indeed, we owe to Wellington the pregnant saying: " If you want a 
 thing well done you must do it yourself." He ne\-er .shirked the burden 
 iif this. " I am not afraid of responsibility, God knows, and 1 am ready 
 to incur any personal risk for the public service." This was the 
 keynote of his character, his duty to the public, to his sovereign and 
 country, which he e\er placed first in the objects of life. Thorough- 
 ness, promptitude, secrecy, a high sense of honour, were the governing 
 principles that guided him in his great career. 
 
 Iffu^san ^KearnB.- 
 
 -: ..J^teSrS-i- 
 
 The iloiicst Pi ivaie and tlu Gre.1l Colonel. 
 
 Fox and Pitt, with SheriJan as '• fusletnat,." 
 
 After a Contemporary Caricature. 
 
 •19
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ST. STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN. 
 
 From Matton's Views, end of l8th Century, 
 The great park and public parade of the Irish capital ; then, as now, a favourite resort. 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 Sir Arthur Wclle.sley on return to England appointed to command brigade in Kc-nt. Enters House of Commons, and becomes Chief Secretary 
 for Ireland, imder Duke of Richmond. .Serves in Danish War, an;l present at bombardment of Copenhagen. Napoleon now seizes Spain and 
 Portugal, but his hold is shaken by the widespread insurrection of the people, who ask for British help. The Government sends a force to i'ortugal, 
 of which Welle.sley lias command at first, but is superseded by three other Generals. He lands, however, with the Expedition, and advancing 
 without delay, fights and wins the batle of Roleia. This success might liave been followed by the fall of Lisbon, but Uurrard now interposes, 
 forbidding pursuit as rash. The French, under Junot, however, t.ake the offensive, and atiack Wellesley at Vimiera, where he is in a naturally strong 
 defensive position. He gains an easy victory, but is prevented from following up his victory by the veto of his superior, Dalrymple. Junot 
 presently offers to capitulate, and enters into the Convention of Cintra, which brought such odium on all the Generals concerned — Dalrymple, 
 Burrard, and Wellesley — that they were recalled and arraigned before a Court of Enquiry. 
 
 SIR ARTHUR WELLESLEY arrived in Enoland on the lotii September, and at once renewed liis acquaintance 
 witii his old friend Stuart, now Lord Castiereagh, President of tlie Indian Board of Control. His fu'st 
 business was to remove an unfavourable impression of his brother, Lord Wellesley, from Lord Castlereagh's 
 mind. Then he saw the Duke of York, at that time Commander-in-Chief, who promised him early 
 employment ; and it came in the command of a brigade in Kent. Tlie post was hardl\- worth tlie acceptance of a 
 general v\ho had led armies in the field ; but Sir Arthur was ready to do his dut\- in whate\er station he mioht find 
 himself. As he put it, using an Indian phrase, he was a " nimmuck wallah " -one who liad eaten the King's salt, 
 and was always at tlie King's disposal. 
 
 While serving in Kent, he was chosen to command a brigade, under Lord Catlicart, for service in Hanover — one 
 of those innumerable and generally fruitless military enterprises that were England's fa\-ourite dexice for carrying 
 on continental war at that period. There had been forty-three such e.vpeditions between 1793 and 1801;, despatched 
 to almost all quarters of the globe— East and West Indies, Holland, France, Naples, and the Mediterranean islands. 
 There were ten more before the great expedition to Portugal, which gradually absorbed the chief military strength of 
 the nation ; and even afterwards, in 1809, came Walcheren, the greatest and most unfortunate that had e\-er 
 left oiu- shores. It was successful in mere fighting, but it was an utter failure through mismanagement. 
 
 50
 
 Wellinuton and Waterloo. 
 
 departure for the Peninsula. 
 
 Notliini: came of tlie expedition to Hanover. It was effectually 
 spoilt by the startling viclnries of Ulm and Austerlitz. But Wellesley 
 nn his return to Enj^land was afiain gi\'en a home brigade, now at 
 Hastings. N(.i\v, too, lie married the same Lady Catherine Pakenham 
 w hom he had courted before he went to India, and he had now no difficulty 
 in gainiii.u lur parents' cunsent. There was no change in his sentiments., 
 althiiugh th^' lady had, with much generosity, offered to release him 
 altogether. In the years that had intervened she had been afflicted by 
 lliat terrible scourge, small-pox, and had lost something of her early 
 beauty. But Arthur Wellesley was too loyal a gentleman to be untrue 
 to his word. 
 
 Abiiut this time Sir Arthur Wellesley was returned for the borough 
 of Rye, a town at no great distance from his brigade headquarters at 
 Hastings. He entered the House of Commons in time to undertake the 
 defence of his brother, whose administration as Governor-General was 
 very \irulently attacked. Lord Wellesley was charged with wasteful 
 expenditure, misappropriation of funds, unjust wars and oppression. 
 
 The debates extended over more than a year, and ended at last in a lakl. laihCART. 
 
 motion, carried bv a large majority, entirely exonerating Lord Wellesley. ^ ' f '.■"",; '^-'-'-p--' f"'-'' ■^"^ 
 
 ' .!• .- J . ' ./ »-• J Served in llie War of American Inilepeniience 
 
 But Sil Arthur also took- office, having been chosen by the new and wilh the Guards in Flanders. Commanded an 
 
 Viceroy, the Duke of Richmond, as Chief Secretary for Ireland-a post ;:^;^::-::;f:^'Spj:h:^r;io;: ^^::^^^. 
 
 he continued to hold, but discharged by deputy, for some time after his tary Commissioner wiUi the Czafs armies in 1813-14. 
 
 He was cordially welcomed back to Dublin by many old friends, who saw in hiin the 
 
 same Arthur Wellesley 
 who had been only an 
 aide-de-camp in the 
 Vice-regal Coin't, but 
 " Arthur Wellesley 
 judiciously improved," 
 saysSir Jonah Barring- 
 ton. " He had not for- 
 gotten his friends and 
 he had not forgotten 
 
 himself 
 
 During his residence 
 in Ireland 1 did not 
 have one complaint 
 against any part of 
 his conduct, either as 
 a public or private 
 man." Just before his 
 departure for Spain in 
 1S08 Barrington gave 
 him a dinner party, 
 and says that he never 
 saw him more cheerful 
 or more happy. But 
 
 GRAND TRirMPHAI. ENTRY OF THE FIRST CONSUL INTO LONDON. 
 
 Aftc: a Caricature by Ansel!. r8o3. 
 V/h-^^i ih:; invasion scare was at its height, Napoleon was constantly ridiculed in British prints, and so much abused 
 by the London I'ress that he I:roui«!it an action for libel against one paoef. 
 
 51
 
 WellinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 NAPOLEON, EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH AND KING OF ITALY. 
 
 After an Italian Portrait, about 1805. 
 N-ipoleon assumed the purple in May, 1804, with the title of Emperor of the French, the dignity being hereJit.iry. He was crowned in Paris 
 by the Pope on 2nd December, 1804, and Kin^ of Italy, in Milan, the following year. Then after having threatened England with invasion for 
 three years, he suddenly broke up his camp at Boulogne, and transferred his vast army to Centra! Ejrope, where he took Ulni and then fought a series 
 of great b.ittles— .\asterlitz, Jena, Eylau, and Friedland, to the utter discomfiture of Austria, Prussia, ..nd Russia — the first unquestionably his greatest 
 victory ; the second a little less brilliiint ; Eylau, a drawn battle fought in the depth of winter ; but at Friedland his star was again in the ascendant, 
 and Russia was crushed for the lime.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo, 
 
 BOMBARDMEXT 
 
 1S07. 
 
 OF COPEM/AGEN, SEPTEMBER 
 
 After a Drawing by Baimeister. 
 Kears that tlie Danish fleet might fall into the hands of the French led to a combined Expedition under Admiral (Sambier and Lord Cathcart. 
 The Danes refused to surrender their fleet, and the capital was bombarded, with great loss of life and damage tu ' property. The city presenliy 
 capitulated, and the war-ships were given up and came off to England. 
 
 when, .speakino of tlie bombardment of Copenl:aoen, of which more directly, Sir Jonaii inveiglied bitterly against 
 it, Sir Arthur Welleslev took' him to task, asl<ino what be meant, and speaking as though he resented the remark. 
 
 In accepting the appointment in Dublin 
 
 ( . ^rsttu'^O'ork mu Mn^inv Hmc mcalt of ii lolesuri. 
 
 bill /lOU-'Cyt'" iftr. I 
 
 ; an^ my nMij -Cch ho ' Seh Iw .' 
 
 ,,^ 
 
 yEPDY. 
 
 THE LIOX TURNED INTO A 
 
 After a Contemporary Caricature 
 
 The attack on the small ."^taie of Denmark was deemed cowardly and unwarrantable 
 
 by some, and the Government was bitterly assailed. 
 
 was the action of Kioge, where he stormed the entrenched camp and defeated the Danes, with great loss. He was 
 recalled to Copenhagen in order to carry out the capitulation, whicli included the surrender of the fleet. Among the 
 
 he had stipulated that it should not interfere 
 w ith " liis military promotion and other pur- 
 suits," and now when another e.vpedition was 
 planned, tliat against Copenhagen, he claimed 
 to tak"e part in it, and was appointed to command 
 a brigade, again under Lord Cathcart. The 
 attack made by Great Britain on Denmark has 
 been bitterly condemned as a wanton e.xercise 
 of power. But at that time Denmark was 
 coquetting with France, and, if her fleet had 
 been at Napoleon's disposal, it would in a 
 measure have neutralised Trafalgar. Still, the 
 result attained, the capture and remo\al of that 
 licet might have been secured without laying 
 tile capital in ruins. Copenhagen, when 
 besieged, made but a feeble resistance, yet it 
 would not capitulate until it had been bombarded 
 and partialh' burnt. 
 
 Sir. Arthur Wellesley'sshareinlhecampaign 
 
 55
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ships found in tiie port was one, an English-built frigate, which had been presented to the Crown Prince by King 
 George 111. This ship was not carried oit' witl: the rest, out of compliment to the donor. But the Crown Prince 
 would not accept the concession. 
 Directly he returned to Copenhagen he 
 ordered the sliip to be manned by six- 
 teen British sailors who had been taken 
 prisoners, and sent over to Englan^";. 
 
 It is wortlr remembering that, ot 
 the two greatest soldiers who figured 
 in the early part of this century, the 
 one owed his chief fame, the other hi^ 
 first check and final downfall, tn thi 
 
 
 
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 A STAXDLXG TOAST JX THE AA'.VV. 
 
 After a Caricature Published by Fores, 1808. 
 Officers at a regimenlal n-.ess-table drinking confusion to General Whitclocke. 
 
 war in the Peninsula. Wellington 
 wnuld ne\er have risen in the first 
 rank but fiir the chances it offered 
 
 him (if displaying his marvellous 
 capacity. As for Naprileon, when, 
 blind to truth and justice, he invaded 
 Portugal and overran Spain, Talley- 
 GEXERAL MHITELOCKE. rand, a cynical but clear-sighted 
 
 Cashiered 1807. politician, prophesied that it was the 
 
 After a Contemporary Sl<etch. 1 ■ ■ r j.i j '^ j^\ 
 
 beginning of the end. it was the 
 
 inis unfortunate othcer is shown as he 
 • ippcired on his trial by General Courl-Vartial Opening (if a malignant Sore that was 
 ■.br his failure at Buenos Ayres. ^,^ ^^^ j.^^,, .^j^j COnsume the resources 
 
 Df France. From first to last she sent some 350,000 men across the 
 Pyrenees, and not a third of them returned home. 
 
 Junot, who commanded the French advance, actualU- crossed the 
 frontier, and, pausing only a moment at Salamanca, was again hurried forw ard 
 to invade Portugal in November, 1807. The French settled down like 
 locusts upon Portugal. They had arrived almost in rags. The genera! 
 officers had no change of linen, and laid their liands on anything they found 
 in the houses where they were lodged. Later on General Loison had shirts 
 made out of the cambric sheets taken from the beds in the royal palaces. 
 In the hurried tligiitof the Court many precious possessions were abandoned. 
 Fourteen cart-loads of plate were left on the qua\- at Belem, and became 
 prize to the French. Sacramental and many other magnificent silver 
 ornaments were looted from the churches, and the pillage was wholesale; 
 
 A CHARADE. 
 
 After a Drawing by " Capt Bobarfil" 
 Published by Fores. 1808. 
 
 ' My first the fair emblem of purity shows, 
 Tu my second the miser security owes ; 
 My whole forms a name which on record 
 
 will stand 
 A disgrace 'midst the heroes of Britain's 
 lamed land," 
 
 54
 
 Welliniiton and Waterloo. 
 
 anJ wiJespivaJ. Mcanwhil^^, furtlu-r back, Napoleon iiaJ madt- himself master of Spain. Two army corps had followed 
 Junot's march, 40,000 men in all, one of wliich had advanced to Vittoria.the other into Catalonia. The first secured the 
 great high road from France to Madrid, the second took possession of Barcelona and its famous fortress of Montjiiich. 
 It was Napoleon's first aim to occupy the fortress ; and by bribery and finesse he soon held San Sebastian, Figueras, 
 Montjuich, and Pampi,-lLina. The last was obtained by a contemptible trick. The Spanish garrison was playing 
 at snowballs whc;n the French arrived, and, being hospitably admitted, they joined in the sport, to remain in 
 possession till 181 3. 
 
 Soon Murat, ha\ing crossed the mountains with a fine force of cavalry and the Imperial Guard, pounced upon 
 Madrid. The enslavement of Spain had been carried out without a blow being struck or a warning vtice raised, but there 
 was presently a rude awakening — sudden, startling, terrible. It was like an explosion, and set the whole country 
 alight with devastating flames. Small riots and disturbances showed the direction of the current ; but the great storm 
 brokj in M iJnJ up Jn the 2nd of May, 1808. The supposed abduction of the last of the Royal Family — for Charles, the 
 
 ^fSi^y.-U 
 
 CAPTURE OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE BY SIR DAVID BAIRD, 1806. 
 
 After a Painting by T. Clarke. 
 The Cape Colony was first settled by the Dutch, and the colonists in 1795 would have seceded iVom Holland, but were overawed by British 
 troops. British Governors ruled it until 1 802, when it was ceded to Holland at the Peace of Amiens. On the renewal of the war, in 1806, it was 
 retaken by Sir David Baird in conjunction with Admiral Sir llopi I'liphim, and definitely ceded to Great Britain by the Neiherlands in 1815. 
 
 55
 
 V/ellino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 FLIGHT OF THF COURT OF PORTUGAL BEFORE Thh FREXCH LWASIOX. 
 
 After a Drawing by L'Eveqwe, 
 When the French, under lunot, invaled and occupied Portugal in iSo8, the Court fled to Brazil. The Prince Regent was strongly urged to 
 do this by Admiral S r Sidney Smith, commanding the British fleet in the Tagus, who took him on hoard his ship and carried him away. 
 
 cl.1, anJ Ferdinand, tlie new, King, were both in Napoleon's hands — kindled the insurrection. There was a fierce up- 
 rising. The Spaniard, wlien 
 his passions are aroused, is 
 savage and truculent. 
 Numbers of unarmed French 
 soldiers were slain, and tliere 
 was much bloodshed in the 
 streets. Murat suppressed 
 this insurrection sternly — 
 his lieutenants were more 
 ruthless tlian lie — and the 
 result was an outburst of 
 piiptilar fury that went far 
 beyond resistance to the 
 intrusive French. The 
 whole nation flew tn arms. 
 All Hinope admired the 
 courage and energy of a 
 people hitherto deemed de- 
 based and unnerved, and in 
 England especially deep 
 sympathy was shown with 
 
 Soldiers of the 42nd Highlanders, or 
 Black Watch. 
 From a collection of drawings by William Alkii 
 published in 1807. 
 
 Soldiers of the gsth, afterwards named 
 
 the Rifle Brigade. 
 
 I'rom a collection of drawings by William .\tkins3a, 
 
 published in 1S07. 
 
 5t>
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 '& 
 
 'it 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 THE LADY CATHERIXE PAKENHAM. 
 
 After a Water Colour at Apsley House. 
 Arthur WelL-sley met his wife in Duljlin, 1791-93, and proposed, but was not accepted. On his return from India, when appointed Cnici 
 Secretary for Ireland, he renewed his ofler. In the interval, Lady Catherine had lost some of her early beauty through small-pox, but this did not 
 alter Wellesley's sentiments towards her, and they were married on 20th April, 1806. Lady Catherine was sister of General Sir Edward Pakcnham, 
 a Peninsula veteran, and a very distinguished officer. 
 
 o7
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 VALDES. 
 
 After a Span'sh Print 
 A Spanisli friar who took to guerilla warfare, 
 was a dead shot, accounting for many dozens 
 of Frenchmen, 180S-9. He was one of the 
 many instances of patriotic Spaniards who 
 devoted their lives to the service of their counlrv. 
 
 Insurrection in Madrid on the 2nd lilay (Dia dos de JIayoJ. 1S08. 
 
 After a Spanish Print of tfie period. 
 The national uprising began in Madrid on the 2nd May, 1 80S, when it was thought that 
 the last of the Spanish Royal Family were to be removed to France. A spark fired the train. 
 Some French soldiers were killed, their comrades poured into the city, and a terrible massacre 
 ensued. Murat exacted still further penalties, and short shrift after brief trial was the fate of 
 hundreds of patriots. From this time forth the insurrection spread like wiid-fire throughout Spain. 
 
 Spain. Napoleon had no tliought of yielding before the Ivatred and liostility of Spain. Resistance gave iiim tlie right 
 to conquer, to anne.x the Peninsula as another appanage of iiis upstart Empire. He resolved to put a member of his 
 own family upon the throne of Spain, and having failed with his brother Lucien, passed on the crown to Joseph, a 
 weaker vessel, who went to Bayonne vainly protesting, and was summarily sent across the Pyrenees into Spain, to hold 
 
 his l<ingdiim at the point of the sword. 
 
 VIVA E.Sl'ANA 
 
 MuEEA. Napoleon. 
 "Viva Espana, viucra A ,/.•/,- 
 
 1 7/ le.lh Xapoleoii !" ) 
 
 A.v/;' /.•;■<■ Spur.. 
 
 After a Spanish Print, 1808. 
 
 The implacable hostility of the Spaniards to their French invaders is well shown in thi 
 
 caricature. 
 
 The successful defence of Zara- 
 gossa about this date was another blow 
 to the French in\aders. Much credit 
 in this noble and intrepid feat is due to 
 a young woman, the famous " Maid of 
 Zaragossa," Manuela Sanchez, wliose 
 splendid example restored courage to 
 lier fellow-citizens. It is recorded of 
 this bra\e girl that, on x'isiting a 
 battery lately abandoned by the 
 Spaniards, she herself seized a lighted 
 match from a dead gunner's hand and 
 tired on the advancing army. Her 
 courageous spirit roused the ftigiti\'es to 
 return, and the battery was reco\-ered. 
 But the French persisted in their 
 attacks, and presently one-half of the 
 city was captined, w hile the other still 
 held out. At this point the French 
 
 58
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 THE MAID OF ZARAGOSSA. 
 
 After a Mezsotrnt by Harry Meyer. 
 The splenlid defence made by the people of Zarajossa when their city was besieged by the French in 1808 is one of the finest pages in 
 Spanish history. All ranks an 1 classes joined ; monks and beautiful wo.nen took their share of the dangers and arduous duties of the siege ; the 
 nuns made cartridges ; great ladies tended the wounded, under fire. The most conspicuous heroism was shown by a girl called sometimes 
 .\u^iistina, sometimes .Manuela Sanchej, but best known as " the Maid of Zaragossa," whose courageous spirit inspired her fellow-citizens. 
 
 59
 
 Wellimaon and Waterloo. 
 
 general summoned the garrison to surrender, using tine single word "Capitulate ! " and received the well-known heroic 
 refusal, "Giierra alcuchi/lo"("'Wa.r to the knife"). The murderous conflict was now renewed, and maintained to the 
 bitter end ; it was fought out street by street, inch by inch, and ended in victory to the defenders. The French were 
 
 forced to give up the ground they had gained, and withdrew. 
 Stagg-red by these reverses, which culminated in the 
 surrender at Baylen, the new King, Joseph Bonaparte, 
 fiirthwitli tied from his capital, and retired, with his Court, 
 to Vittoria. He gave the scattered Frencli columns orders 
 to concentrate ; and, under the shadowy pretence of seek- 
 ing more healthy quarters, fell back towards Bayonne. 
 Jjnot, five liundred miles awav in distant Portugal, was left 
 to hold liis own as best he could, reaping the harvest he had 
 sown. For his occupation of the country had been carried 
 out with such oppressive, ill-judged harshness, that he had 
 to aeal now witli an implacably hostile people. Junot 
 
 Lieutenant-Getieral Sir Arthur Wellesley, K.C. iSoS. 
 
 After a Print in the " European Magazine." 
 
 himself was detested. A man of good parts, but uneven 
 in temper, and self-indulgent, he had ruled as a military' 
 despot. The Spanish insurrection spread into Portugal, 
 and the Spanish troops who had marclied witli Junot 
 into that country mutinied. Those in Oporto joined tlie 
 Gallician patriots, but others under Junot's own eye 
 in Lisbon were made prisoners bodily, and thrown 
 for safe custody into hulks upon the Tagus. The 
 Portuguese were also ripe for revolt, but were in part 
 overawed by movable columns of French troops. Now 
 another danger threatened him. He was menaced from 
 without as well as within. England was about to enter 
 the lists, at first in that half-hearted, tentative fashion 
 that had long frittered away her military forces in punv 
 
 HR.H. THE DUKE OF YORK (ilZ6j. 
 
 After an Engraving by William Skelton. 
 For many years and until his death Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Army. He succeeded Sir David Dundas in that post. 
 
 efforts ; and generally with disappointing returns, except in the capture of the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch in 
 1806 by Sir David Baird, who thus laid the foundations of our vast and x-aluable South African Empire. But against 
 this success might be set many unprofitable adventures, and the quite recent disaster in Monte \'ideo had left the w hole 
 
 60
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
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 61
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 nation tiniiling with shame and resentment. Various events in South America— early disasters partly retrieved by 
 small successes — led the British Government in 1807 to concentrate a large force at Monte Video for the reduction 
 of Buenos Ayres. Th.e supreme command was gi\en to Lieutenant-General Whitelocke, an unfortunate man placed 
 
 in a position altogether beyond his capacity, and who eventually 
 forfeited his commission and the very name of soldier. The Govern- 
 ment abandoned tine liapless General to his fate, although some sliare 
 of responsibility must attach to those who chose him for command. 
 Yet even Buenos Ayres afforded no pregnant lesson, and it was 
 almost by accident tliat tlie Conduct of tlicir newest enterprise fell into 
 such able hands. It may be asserted confidently that, but for 
 Wellesley, the e.xpedition to Portugal would scarcely have succeeded. 
 Tile force was sent out imperfectly equipped and badly organised. It 
 was deficient in ca\alr\', and little fitted for the arduous campaign 
 that was undoubtedly before it. 
 
 All the Ministry could do was to put forward crude, ill-digested 
 plans, plans that erred 
 against ever\' principle 
 of the military art, and 
 bound, if followed, to 
 end in fresh disaster. 
 They did not know 
 what to be at, or whom 
 to entrust with the 
 command. Sliould the 
 expedition land at 
 Corunna, at Oporto, 
 or Lisbon ? Shoul 
 young Sir Arthur 
 Wellesley — at that 
 time tlie most promis- 
 ing, the most successful 
 of our military leaders 
 
 GEXERAL jrxOT, 
 
 At one time Governor of Paris. 
 
 After a Contemporary Engraving. 
 
 General Junot — Duke d'Al)rantes — first attracted 
 
 Bonaparte's attention at the siege of Toulon by his 
 
 in.repidity, and became the most devoted member of his 
 
 personal stalif. In early days he shared his purse with his 
 
 General, and was his fast friend. Junot was Governor of 
 
 Paris during the height of the Empire, in the centre of its 
 
 gay life, but was sent to invade distant Portugal as the 
 
 penalty for his extravagance. He was never a great 
 
 General, and in his last years his mental powers failed. 
 
 — be General-in-Chief } Should not an older, although not necessarily 
 an abler, man be preferred .' 
 
 There was, no doubt, much competition for this command. It 
 came out in after years that the Duke of York, at that time Commander- 
 in-Chief of the Army, looked for it, although his campaign in Flanders 
 was not quite forgotten ; and there were other grounds for doubting 
 his fitness. But if he could not have it for himself, he was resolved 
 it should not go to any upstart young soldier, certainly not to Wellesley, 
 who had no reputation outside India, and was a politician and member 
 of the House of Commons, actually holding ci\il office. There were 
 
 MARSHAL m'RAr. 
 
 For some time King of Naples. 
 
 After a Painting by Gerard, 1808. 
 
 He was the son of an inn-keeper who had charge of 
 
 the stables. He entered the Revolutionarv .-Vrmy, and soon 
 
 attracted the attention of Napoleon by his fiery valour. 
 
 Handsome, fond of gay uniforms, a fine swordsman, and 
 
 a splendid rider, he was the beau- deal of a cavalry leader, 
 
 and his services were conspicuous. His menial calibre 
 
 was not high. At the downfill of Napoleon, he fled from 
 
 his throne, was recaptured, and shot by order of a 
 
 dozens of veteran officers, it v/as urged, who had more claims, who 
 
 were more qualified by long and exemplary service and their intimate >«'eap"Htan Court-Martial 
 
 acquaintance with regulations and routine work, than this " young sprig of aristocracy" as Wellesle\- was often called, 
 
 who had so much self-assurance. These arguments prevailed over the staunch friendship of Castlereagh, wiio, 
 
 although he had nominated Wellesley, was obliged to suspersede him completely before he got well to sea. 
 
 63
 
 Wellinojton and Waterloo. 
 
 BEG/XX/XG OF THE PEXIXSULAK WAR. 
 
 Aft3r a Drawing by L'Eveque. 
 TliL' liritisli exped'.iion to Portugal under WcUesley began to land in ihe mou'.h of the Mondcgo River on the 1st August, iSoS, and in spile 
 manv dirfiriilties, especially the scarcity of small boats and the heavy svirf, the disembarkation was completed by the 7th August. 
 
 What the authorities did, they did tlii)rou;:;lil_\-, as they thought— the military authorities, that is to sa\-,. for 
 ail tliis it was tlie Dul<e (it Yi)rI<\\lio decided tlie point with a master- 
 fulness that could have been only possible in the favourite son of z 
 personal Sovereign. Not one, but three, generals were put o\^er 
 Wellesley's head. From supreme chief he was to be no more than 
 fourth in command. The first news tliat reached him on arri\al at 
 tile Spanish coast was a letter informing him that Sir Hew Dalrymple, 
 Sir Harr\- Burrard, and Sir John iV\oore were appointed to serve with 
 the expedition. 
 
 Tlie first, Dalrymple, was at this time approaching his 6oth year, 
 and esteemed in the Service as a veteran soldier, no worse yet no 
 better tlian a dozen others who attended the levees of the Duke 
 of York. He was at this time Gi)\-ernor of Gibraltar, and he had done 
 good work in stimulating and supporting the Spanish insurgents. He 
 VN-as a hard-headed, cautious soldier, likely to achieve no great success, 
 yet to make no conspicuous failure. The second, Sir Harry Burrard, 
 was also a meritorious officer, a Guardsman not without experience 
 in the field, but of no very marked ability. 
 
 As to Sir John Moore, unquestionably no better appointment 
 could have been made, but it should ha\'e been to the first, not 
 the third, place. So deservedly high was his military reputation, 
 based on good and gallant service, that Wellesley, as we shall see, 
 
 of 
 
 in 
 
 kUYAL AKJllJ.hKYMEX. 
 
 From Atkinson's "Costumes." 
 
 Gunners of the Garrison Artillery on the forlificalions 
 Portsmouth, 1807-9. 
 
 of 
 
 68
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 would have gladly accented him as chief. He nad uu n his spurs in Corsica and the West Indies ; had served v\'ith 
 Abercromby in Eoypt as r, general officer, and again in independent command in Sicily and Sweden. The sweetness 
 
 of his nature shines forth in his 
 fine features in all the pictures 
 preserved of him ; his courage, 
 his constancy, his unalterable 
 tlrmness under the sharpest 
 adversity, place him high in 
 the esteem of his fellow- 
 countrymen. 
 
 These supersessions, 
 allhougli most mortifying to 
 Welleslev, he took in good 
 part. " 1 shall be the junior 
 of the lieutenant-generals," he 
 wrote to Lord Castlereagh. 
 "However, 1 am ready to 
 s e r \' e the Government 
 wherever and as they please." 
 
 He k'new that Sir Hew 
 BRllISH SOLDIERS DRILLLW, ,^ , , , , , , 
 
 Dalrymple was to carry out the 
 
 After a Con'enporary Caricature 
 Tnis drawing was made at the period of greatest military activity in England during the Napoleonic war, SCneme He (oU AltnuiJ nau 
 The " I'ligleniAn" stands in front as a model for the squad. planned. Yet Still, lie waS 
 
 loyal. " Whether 1 am to command the army or not, or am to quit 't, I shall do my best to secure its success, and 
 
 you may depend upon it that 1 shall 
 
 not hurry the operations or commence 
 
 them one moment sooner than thev 
 
 ought to be commenced, in order that 1 
 
 may reap the credit of success." 
 
 There was nothing to be gained by 
 
 waiting; quite the reverse, for the 
 
 troops cooped up on board ship would 
 
 be better on shore, and the organisation 
 
 of the army for the field could then 
 
 be pushed forward. The place of 
 
 disembarkation was much discussed. 
 
 Wellesley first visited the British 
 
 Admiral, Cotton, who was lying off the 
 
 mouth of the Tagus, and conferred with 
 
 him as to whether it would be safe to 
 
 descend there and attack Lisbon direct. 
 
 They decided that any such movement ^ , „, ,- „ ^ », r ^ , ■ .„ j , o q 
 
 . . ^ Second Ph-isc of the nettle of Roleia, on i6tJi August. iSoS. 
 
 would be impracticable. The Atlantic After abrawmg m MaxwelCs "Life of Wellir>gton'." 
 
 surf beatinc in on the coast would hinder ^^'^ French centre was strongly posted on steep groinid covered by ravines full of rocks 
 
 f ' and brushwood, and the British attack was long and desperately resisted. The position had to 
 
 the operations ; the men would get on be at last abandoned, o.ving to Wellesley's out-flanking movement on the right. 
 
 shore very slowly, and piecemeal ; the army, probably crippled, and "certainly in a not \-ery effective state," would 
 be exposed to the attack of the whole of the effective force of the French. There could be no co-operation from the 
 
 6^
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Portuguese, for Wellesley did not yet realise what incapable and useless allies he had, and still looked for their help. 
 So he resolved to concentrate at the Mondego River, the mouth of which was already in our hands, and here the 
 disembarkation commenced on the ist August, 1808, Admiral Cotton and his oftkers and men giving every assistance. 
 
 It was a tedious business, owing to the 
 swell, in which the transports rolled as hea\'il\' 
 as in a j^ale of wind, but it was cumpletvd in .' -, 
 four days, using country boats and those of the 
 fleet. Several craft were upset and men and 
 horses nearly lost in landing on the steep 
 shelving shore. The fifth day. General Spencer, 
 who had landed in Southern Spain, arrived, 
 having been recalled by Wellesley, because 
 " the essential object was to dri\-e the French 
 from Portugal," and the British were not strong -■■_;•.: 
 enough for the work unless combined and ' '~ " 
 concentrated. Two other brigades, Acland's 
 and Anstruther's, had left England and were 
 
 The Last Harvest of livil'nh Threshers Miking French Crops. 
 
 After 3 Cancattre by Walker, iBoB. 
 
 now close at hand. A large contingent, 12,000 strong, which had been 
 emploved in a wild goose chase to Sweden, under Sir John Moore, had 
 now returned to England, and was also on its way to Portugal. With 
 the number in hand and these reinforcements approaching, Wellesley 
 was in a position to take the offensive, and there were strong reasons 
 w hy he should do so with all despatch. The season was drawing on ; 
 with autumn would come tempestuous weather, when the fleet could not 
 safely remain on this rock-bound coast, and he would be severed from 
 his true base, the sea and England beyond. 
 
 It was very necessary to strike a blow soon. Although the French 
 forces were still dispersed about the country, they would assuredly soon 
 concentrate to oppose him. Accordingly Wellesley prepared to move 
 forward at once. He had n.ooo men all tdld, almost entirely infantry ; 
 but onl\- a handful of cavalry— 200 horsemen of the 20th Light Dragoons 
 Ce;urat Sir 1 lew pjlrvmph: Jhui. ^j,^j 1^^. ^^.^^g greatly hampered by the want of this arm. It was 
 
 After a Painting by J. Jackson '. ^ 1 1 • 1 j 1 i. 1 . ..1 J ., ,+- 
 
 T, . ,. ,. ., , ,y ,, ,.,„ ,. ,,>,,„, impossible to reconnoitre or feel his way ahead, and yet he eould not 
 
 Tlusdistingiusheu soldier (Ijorn 1750, (lied 1S30) ^ 
 
 serve 1 with the Duke of York in Flanders, and was count upon the Portuguese for much information. These treacherous 
 afterwards I ieutenant-Governor of f.uerns.y As cause vve had SO warmlv espoused, were by no means 
 
 Liovernor of Ciihr.iltar in iSos he greatly helped r^ t'^' ■ ' 
 
 the Spanish insurrection, and was sent to take the loyal to US. The fact was, as the time of Conflict drew near, they had no 
 
 command of the army of IWgal, when he became , .' ^^ ^t,-,„,.^^,^ f„r facing the French. TheN' did not believe mUCll in 
 responsible, with Biirrard and \\ ellesley, for the Con- f,ieaL .-'luiinv^ii ic.^i...,, 
 
 vention of Cintra, after Junoi's defeat. He was British Support ; doubted our courage, our prowess in the field, and, 
 
 arraigned with his colleagues for this at Chelsea and j r i ■ ..i r. ..t i,.,t-n , ,...,-. .Tt-,v;,iii.; +,, l-.^nji-i in with 
 
 He obtained no fully expecting our defeat in the first battle, weie anxious to keep in witn 
 
 ensured, although undeser 
 subsequent command. 
 
 edlv 
 
 the other side. So their general, Bernardim Freire, would not join v\ith 
 Welleslev, but proposed to act independently. Only a small body was at last directed to accompany the British 
 coltimn. This luke-warmness did much mischief, and especially in the matter of supplies, which were not easii>- 
 obtained. Freire, who had seized and appropriated to his own use large magazines, yet made demands on Wellesley 
 
 65
 
 Wellinofton and WaterloOo 
 
 Dragoons ../id Laiurts of the FiTinli Imperial 
 Guard. 
 
 From Horace VerneVs French Unifotrps 
 
 to feeJ his troops. The British commissariat was inexperienced, not to sa\- inefficient, and it could hnrdly meet 
 
 Wellesley's own necessities. Indeed, when iiis force ad\anced, the_\- liad no more than eighteen days' rations, 
 
 and of these the troops carried tliree in tiieir haversacks, thus adding to the weiglit carried by the men. 
 
 Junot knew, on the 2nJ August, of Wellesley's landing, and prepared . 
 
 to meet him ; hut througli liis chief lieutenant, not in person, for Lishon 
 
 was so hostile he did not like to leave the capital himself. One general, 
 
 Loison, was sent hy the south side of the Tagus to Abrantes ; another, 
 
 Laborde, advanced directlv north, towards Leiria, where he was to watch 
 
 the approaching British and co\'er Loison. The twD French columns 
 
 were to combine about Leiria, but Sir Arthur forestalled them there, 
 
 having entered that place in strength on the nth August. Laborde 
 
 was then no nearer than Batalha, eight miles distant, and Loison wa:; 
 
 still some five-and-tw fnt\- miles away, with wearied men who had 
 
 wasted their strength in forced marches, aiming at an impossible junction 
 
 with Laborde. 
 
 Laborde now sought for a position in which to gi\e battle, but coul i 
 
 find nothing suitable here at Batalha, the site of one of the most splendid 
 
 monasteries of ancient Portugal, a marvel, indeed, of church architecture. 
 
 He fell back to Alcoba?a, another famous monastery, then to Obidos, 
 
 always closely followed by the British, who, on the 15th, attacked and 
 
 drove in his picquets. This was the first blood drawn in the Peninsula, 
 
 and an English officer, Lieutenant Bunbury, of the 95th (Rifles), was killed, together with a levy of the men. 
 
 On the i6th August, Laborde stood fast at Roleia, or Rorica, but he was in a position of much difficulty and 
 
 danger. Loison was too far away to help him ; and by falling back he increased that distance. If h,e drew toward:. 
 
 Loison he uncovered the shortest road to Lisbon ; and, lastly, by standing his ground he exposed himself to be 
 
 attack'ed by three times his numbers. Undoubtedly Wellesley knew 
 all this too, and pressed forward liotl\-, for the advantage lay with him 
 Early on the morning of the 17th he began the combat uf Roleia, his fust 
 victory over the French. 
 
 Wellesley's plan of battle was to turn the enemy's right flank, the 
 side on which Lc)ison might be expected to come up, then throw his chief 
 weight upon Laborde's centre, while a smaller force of Portuguese 
 menaced his left. Sir Arthur led the centre in person, having under him 
 Hill's, Nightingale's, Craufurd's, and Fane's brigades ; General Ferguson 
 commanded the turning movement, on the left (French right) ; Colonel 
 Trant was with the Portuguese on the other flank. These dispositions 
 were completed with great precision, while the French looked on, 
 according to an eye-witness, surprised and uneas\'. General Fo\', wh) 
 afterwards wrote an account from the French point of \'iew, saystlrat his 
 men, largely conscripts, who had as yet engaged only Portuguese 
 irregulars, were much impressed by the stern soldier!)- bearing of these 
 worthier foes. The firm, steady march of the British infantry, who 
 never lost their formation e\-en on rough ground, showed them to be 
 troops of a fine qualit}-. 
 
 Laborde did not wait for the attack ; but, finding his position compromising, he drew off " w ith the dexterity ot 
 a practised warrior," and took a fresh, but far more formidable, position on the heights of Zambugeira, a mile to the 
 rear. Wellesley followed, continuing the same plan, still outflanking the enemy's right, and pressing upon his 
 
 PIONEER AND DRUMMER. 
 
 From Horace Vernef s French Uniforms. 
 Ttie pioneer in the bearskin belonged to a French 
 Light Infantry I^egiment. the drummer to a regiment 
 of the Line. 
 
 Gf>
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 JOSEPH BONAPARTE, KING OF SPA/.V. 
 
 After a Painting by J. B B.sio, Engraved by Louis Ratos. 
 Joseph, nssLimed to have been Napoleon's eldest brother, shared his fortunes and rose with him, from War Commissary to King, first of Napies, 
 then of Spa n. He accepted the 1-itier throne with great rehictance, but it was forced upon him, to his own undoing. He was thrice a fugitive 
 from his capital— after Bayien, after Salnmanea, and lastly when Wellington's final viclorious advance led to his uticr discomfiture and defeat at 
 Vitturia. He was a man of Uiii.lly nature, s.iave, and courteous, with much ability, but no soldier. After the downfall of his greater brother, he 
 Ci.-aoed lo ihe Uniied States, wh/rc he lived for many ye.irs on the Delaware, dying at last in Genoa. 
 
 67
 
 Weriing;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 centre. The j^round was steep, the ascent b\' narrow paths windinj: throucih deep ravines, crossed with masses c^ 
 rock, and entangled witli a dense grouth of evergreens. The French defended these ravines desperately ; and 
 Laborde, clinging always to the hope of reinforcements by Loison on his right, greatly strengthened this side. He 
 fell thus with great impetus upon two British regiments — thegth and 29th — wiiose eager ardi;ur had carried them far 
 forward, and whom Laborde attacked fiercely, driving them back down the cliffs. The 29th were taken in flank 
 while making a fnmt attack', and their right wing was nearly destmyt-d. But they were rallied on tlicir left wing, the 
 9th made a new show, and, being reinforced by the 5th, they regained foothold above, at another part of the hill. 
 Where the 95th were engaged, the French held two small houses, from which they kept up a galling fire. The rifle 
 skirmishers suffered much ; and at last one man rose, crying to his comrades " 0\'er, over ! "' whereon the whole 
 line cried "Over, over!" and carried the buildings at the bayonet's point. But now Ferguson's out-tlanking 
 m,i\'ement on the right again told with great effect, and Laborde was e\'ervwhere forced to give way. 
 
 The French were beaten, but Laborde had handled them with such skill that he was able to draw off with no 
 great loss. He was strong in ca\alr)', and he used it admirably to cover his i-etreat, being considerably- helred by 
 Wellesley's weakness in that arm. His retreat 
 was towards Bombarral, a point five miles to 
 the rear, where he found Loison waiting, and 
 the French forces were once more united, but 
 with the road to Lisbon, via Torres Vedras, 
 unco\ered. 
 
 Sir Arthur Wellesley would now have 
 
 pushed on, and probably secured the capital ; 
 
 but, hearing that reinforcements and a strong 
 
 fleet of store ships had reached the coast, he 
 
 paused to cover their disembarl\ation. He agair 
 
 retreated, therefore, behind the Maceira River, 
 
 meaning, when all were on shore, to renew 
 
 his advance towards Torres Vedras and Lisbon. 
 
 At the same time he wrote to Sir Harry Burrard, 
 
 who was hourly e.xpected, and begged that when 
 
 Sir John Moore arrived with his division, thev 
 
 .,.,,.,, e . w, T ' BATTLE OF VIMIEKA. 
 
 might be directed on Santarem and the Tagus. 
 
 '^ From Westall's " Viclones of Wellington," 
 
 Wellesley's plan was to attack Junot in front. This engagement was not so great a triumph as it should have been, for Wdlesley «as 
 while Moore intercepted his best line of retreat superseded on the field and the pursuit checked. 
 
 and cut him off from the other French armies in the north of Spain. Burrard, unfortunately, turned up at this 
 juncture, and forbade Wellesley's further advance. They must wait for Moore, he said ; the cavalr_\- was weak, the 
 artillery badly horsed, it was dangerous to get too far from the coast and the ships — the only certain S(.)urce of supply. 
 It would be safer not to fight. 
 
 " Whether we advance or not," replied Wellesley, "we shall ha\e to fight. For the French will certainly 
 attack us if we tio not attack them." The soundness of this forecast was soon proved. Junot was bound to assume 
 the offensive ; and he had already left Lisbon, on the 15th August, having taken what precautions he could to 
 overawe that city, and leaving it with a garrison of 7,000 men. He reached Torres Vedras, where he met Loison 
 on the evening of the i8th ; and next day (the 19th) he was joined by Laborde, and the ver>' da\- after by his 
 reserve. Thus concentrated, he girt up his loins to tight, whilst his numerous cavalr>- formed such an impenetrable 
 screen around him, that Wellesley had no news of his position or his movements. As has been said. Sir Harry 
 Burrard would not suffer Wellesley to advance and fight the enemy where\'er he found him. Fortunately, 
 General Junot was obliging enough to save him the trouble by tak'ing the initiative himself. 
 
 This brought on the battle of Vimiera. The British position had been occupied the previous e\-ening more for 
 
 68
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 convenic'iu-f as a bixouac than for defensive purposes. Yet it was naturally stronj:;. One flank, the right and 
 southern, was on hills that ended in the sea ; the centre, at Vimiera, was posted on a high hill in front of that 
 \illage ; tlie left extended, rather weakly held, to the north and the road to Lourinham. Here the men slept fully 
 accoutred, and under orders 
 
 For the Litenry P^ncroma. 
 
 to stand to their arms at day- 
 bitalv", T, a.m. But they were 
 spared the till now inevitable 
 rule for e\ery parade, of hair 
 dressini^ and "hair t\-in.<:" — 
 an operation always grievous 
 to be borne. The approach of 
 the French was detected about 
 niidiiiglit b>- a German dragoon FKEyCH COXSCRIPTS FLYIXG TO JOIX THE ARMY. 
 
 officer, who heard the news From the Literary Panorama. 1807, 
 
 from a servant of an innkeeper. '^'^^ ^''' '^S Jisinclinalion of the French nation to military service is well illustrated by this caricauire. 
 
 It was reported at once to Sir Artluir Wellesley. The General, it is said, was sitting on a table, swinging his legs to 
 and fro, alert enough ; but he hardly believ.-d the news. Wlien day broke, and there were no signs of the French, 
 he was still increduhjus. But about 7 a.m. clouds of dust betrayed their march, and its direction was plainly 
 apparent. Se\'eral columns, in order of battle, were crossing the whole British front, and aiming at the left. Where- 
 upon Wellesley, seeing that his riglit was not yet threatened, withdrew four (jf his brigades from that flank, and sent 
 them under cover of a convenient range of hills to strengthen the left. Fane and Anstruther still stood firm in tine 
 centre, and Hill w ith one brigade was on the right. 
 
 Junot's plan was to assail both the centre and left, the latter seeming an almost naked front, for he had no 
 knowledge of Wellesle_\-'s masterly move towards it. Moreover, he did not realise, till he was committed to it, that 
 on this side the ground was much cut up with ravines and nearly impervious to attack. Laborde attacked the 
 centre, Brennier, supported b\' Loison, the left, Kellerman was in reserve behind Loison. Laborde came on with 
 5,000 men against Anstruther, and was soon sharply checked. Reinforced by Kellerman's grenadiers, they 
 
 renewed the attack against tlie gallant 4?rd. , 
 
 who fell back upon a churchvard on the hill, 
 
 from w hich thev could not be dislodged ; and 
 
 presently charged out in their turn so 
 
 furiously that the French were driven back. 
 
 In this hand to hand tight the struggle was 
 
 so fierce that a sergeant of the 43rd and a 
 
 French soldier were afterwards found dead 
 
 "still grasping their muskets, with the 
 
 bavonets driven through each body from 
 
 breast to back." 
 
 Musketry and artillery tire had mean- 
 while so shattered tlie attacking columns 
 
 tliat thev could make no impression, and now 
 
 the small handful of British dragoons, under 
 
 tli.-ir intrepid leader. Colonel Taylor, charged 
 
 the broken enemy, but were met by a far 
 and lost their chief and half tlieir numbers. The French attack on this centrai 
 part of the field had decidedly failed ; but Wellesley, fearing the cavalry, which " rode stiffly between the ^vo armies 
 and were not to be lighth" meddled with," and Kellerman, still intact in a pinewood, restrained his men from pursuit. 
 
 /■iriu'h Diagooti. 
 
 From Horace Vernet's French Uniforms, 
 
 superior force of French cavalrv 
 
 Conscript oj the Imperial GiiarA 
 
 From Horace Vernet's French Uniforms. 
 
 GO
 
 WelIino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 The battle mijiht be going \ve!i on this side, Dut it was b_\' no means final!}- decided there. On the left, however, 
 more marked success was already achieved. Solignac had attackt-d with great impetuosity, but had been met 
 with unshaken confidence by greatly superior numbers, in fact, by the brigades astutely sent by Wellesley to reim'urce 
 this flank. Solignac was soon driven back with man\- wounded, including himself, and the loss of his guns. Now 
 Brennier with another French column, w hich had been entangled in the rough ground, got through and made a spirited 
 attack still more to the left. He also was repulsed, and, in the counter-charge made b\- the 71st and 92nd, suffered 
 severely, being himself taken prisoner. 
 
 It was in this charge that the intrepid piper of the 71st, who was wounded in the thigii, still blew his pibroch 
 seated on the. ground, stoutly declaring that " the lads should nae want music to their wark," It was a da)- in 
 
 BATTLE OF VIM/ERA, 1S08. 
 
 Another representation, after a Picture by L'Eveque 
 
 S.C. ..in, .sen., .n.^rjai^hid t^s^:::. ^^{::::^t:t^^X''' "'^" ''^°"^^' "'"'^ ''-' ""^^ '-' ^^'" 
 
 70
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 which all ranks showed much courage and self-reliance. A message came to General Anstruther when seemingly 
 hard pressed that Sir Arthur would send him supports. " 1 want no assistance," was his sturdy reply. 'lam 
 beating the French, and 1 am able to beat them wherever I find them." There never was a truer raying. 
 
 The capture of General Brennier satisfied 
 Wellesley that the French had spent all their 
 strength. For when Brennier asked, anxiously, 
 " whether Kcllerman had charged ? " Sir Arthur, 
 knowing that he had done so, guessed also 
 that tills was the last French reserve. It was 
 victory all along the line, a victory completed 
 early in the day with men in hand and to spare. 
 Two British brigades had nut tired a shot ; one 
 (Hill's) was two miles nearer Torres Vedras 
 than the French. A prompt advance on one 
 side must ha\e destroyed the defeated and dis- 
 organised French, on the other Lisbon lay within 
 
 IVt'lleskVs Hcadquayters iiic M^M ivjorc the Battlr of Vumaa. ''each of a vigorous blow. With the unerring 
 
 From a Contcmpofary Pnnt. eye of a great leader Wellesley saw his advan- 
 
 tage, and yet was forbidden to seize it. Sir Harry Burrard, w ho had so far generously abstained from exercising 
 command, now came upon the ground and interposed his authority, peremptorily ordering a halt. 
 
 In vain did Wellesley use every argument, the clearest and most forcible. His superior officer would not admit 
 the advantage, and only saw the risks. It was the same story — they must wait till Moore arrived, the French were 
 still strong, it would be rash to pursue them, unsafe to be drawn too far from the coast. Burrard was very much 
 abused for his excessive caution ; but it is only fair to say that he was borne out in his views by both the adjutant 
 and the quartermaster-general, and that Wellesley, although furious at the time, admitted afterwards that Burrard 
 "decided upon fair militarv grounds." What Weliesley's temper vvas may be judged from the language he used 
 when the halt w as made. One story is that he 
 turned to his staff with the contemptuous remark, 
 " There is nothing left for us, gentlemen, but 
 to hunt red-legged partridges." The speech 
 is differently reported, and another version is 
 that he told his aide-de-camp to go and see about 
 dinner, "for there is nothing more for soldiers 
 to do to-day." 
 
 Further and deeper mortification was in 
 Store for Sir Arthur Wellesley. Not only vvas 
 he denied the fruit of his \ictory, but he was 
 involved in the odium that soon overtook those 
 who superseded him, and for whose action he 
 could not fairlv be held responsible. There 
 was to be no more fighting on this occasion. 
 Junot was in such hard case that he offered to 
 capitulate if given a safe conduct for himself 
 and his troops to France. He sent Kellerman 
 
 THE COXVEXT OF BATALHA, PORTUGAL 
 
 After a Picture by L'Eveque. 
 This magnificent edifice was, with the Convent of Alcohaca, one of tlie finest 
 specimens of church architecture in I'onugal. Bcckford (" Vathek ") described it, 
 " not merely a church or a palace, but some fair city of Romance." It was greatly 
 injured by the French in this war. 
 
 directly after Vimiera to ask for an armistice, and although Wellesley disapproved, it was granted by Sir Hew 
 Dalrymple, who had now arrived, and in turn superseded Sir Harr\' Burrard. Negotiations were then commenced 
 which ended in the notorious Convention of Cintra, which pleased no one, and in England produced a perfect storm 
 
 71
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 l/hr;ft are ti:- 
 
 ,'ko took du /^o}ci. 
 
 S:cii ]4Hj Hi the CiLf ofJiflfon. 
 
 ''Jllie «■ Sir Clrtltur(uhofe Ualourand skill , 
 
 /'«<!'/ an utW- kd lldtti 30 JL) wlie Ixcit litt 
 'Jrrr.ck. uiJiotoek fl:f C/nltl . l/rnt laij Im, thf 
 
 1% /y«/.v. _-^-^ 
 
 n^his' ta lilt, donucndon ihal J/otioett/ ownj/. ritat saatci old. 
 JuHoU /3ap^tvge i^nd panes', tjtiio Sit itrthurfu)hope tftdour 
 ttd S'kiU lie^txHSO ^iifdi but tndccl^ so ill. ) \tad beaUn dteUra\f. 
 
 ,.■„, /.,,, i- Ikt. Coll that liy ,n Ac Ct't^ of -Xidcn . 
 
 :i-lE COM7:A/JU\ OJ- Li-\JkA .1 / v 'A'/ ' '-' / .^/: t, 
 AHJUSEMEXT OF JOHX Bi'I.Lr 
 
 After a Caricature by Woodward, published February, i8og 
 
 iAn.uI. I-Ok niii 
 
 j-^^ ,.)• John fjuV , uiC'ftd dwnau.atnif^^ncitt 
 of tiu, timpi'. uiki^k ca.rr.ttA aaiay.c/tcooiei mici 
 StJoir and all avc gpod, die 'Jrenck fuui hlandcm 
 wjh so muck toil, ajter Ac conoettlUTn wfucfl noltody 
 ouJit$, ukick siwul cUl Junati /3aQoao& andf^nts 
 -I'Jui Sir drtkuj- (uhoft ifcdour '**" ' -- 
 
 of inJiunation and disgust. Rejoicing at the recent success was now suddenl\' «'!/"> Srartkur(u,hwifd.ura^°^iU^i,,s<,rt, 
 
 '^ » J e. • nui^ili but ended, so UlVmi. Ixalen O^'Jrench 
 
 quenciied, and public feeling ran riot in the opposite direction. The Government u,ho took i^goU.t/U lay ,n.tiu. cuy ojj^im, 
 
 were loudly called upon to annul the treaty, which, it was declared, had ignored 
 
 the interests of an ally, and given terms to an enemy who was on the eve of 
 
 unconditional surrender. The Press was uproarious, journals of all shades of 
 
 opinion denounced the Convention and all who had a hand in it. Some papers 
 
 refused to disgrace their columns by printing the treaty ; others published it 
 
 within broad black mourning lines; one or two headed it with rough woodcuts, 
 
 in which Wert' three gibbets and a general pendant from each. The three 
 
 victims to the popular claim lur were Dalrymple, Burrard, and Welleslt-y. 
 
 No distinction was made between them, and yet Sir Arthur clearly showed 
 
 that he was not responsible in any degree for the terms in which it was 
 
 framed or for any of its provisions. He had signed it, yes, but at the special 
 
 desire of Sir Hew Dalrymple. Ne\er had a successful General ever been treated in such n^jn-slnais fashion. 
 
 After Vimiera, Wellesley was greatly dissatisfied, and had, no doubt, just ground for complaint. He was 
 
 reduced to the fourth place in rank, and although the chief had been advised to rely upon him largely, Sir Hew' 
 
 does not seem to ha\-e liked his powerful lieutenant or to have consulted or confided in him. Wellesley was much 
 
 hurt, and his letters of this date show it. He writes from Portugal to Castlereagh : — " 1 assure }-ou, my dear Lord, 
 
 matters- are not prospering here, and 1 feel an earnest desire to quit the Army. 1 ha\e been too successful with 
 
 this Army ever to serve with it, in a subordinate situation, with satisfaction to the person who shall command it, 
 
 and, of course, not to myself. However, 1 shall do whate\'er the Government may wisli." 
 
 Again he writes : — " It is quite impossible for me to continue any longer with this Army, and I wish, therefore, 
 
 you would allow me to return home and resume the duties of my office if not that 1 should remain 
 
 upon the staff in England, or, if that should not be practicable, that 1 should remain without employment. You w ill 
 hear from others of the various causes which 1 must have for being dissatisfied, not only with tiie military and 
 public measures of the Commander-in-Chief (Dalrymple), but with his treatment of myself. I am conx-inced it is 
 better for him, for the Army, and for me, that I should go away, and the sooner 1 go the better." 
 
 He had strong sympathisers among his comrades in Portugal, and they showed it plainl}'. While a general 
 
 72
 
 WellinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 CLXTRA. 
 
 rtfter a Drawing by the Rev. Mr. Bradford. 
 Sti-amers outward bound to Gibraltar obtain a fine view of this picturesque 
 
 town. 
 
 feelinij of disgust penadcd all ranks, based en their want of confidence in their new leaders, seme cf the senior 
 officers combined to give Welleslev a public mark of their esteem. The generals who nad served under him 
 subscribed 1,000 guineas for the purchase of a piece of plate, which was presented him >.\ith a \'ery flattering 
 address, conve\'ing the high respect the\' felt for him _ _ 
 
 as a man, "and the unbounded confidence they placed 
 in him as an officer." Wellesley's reply showed 
 hiiw deeply he w as touched by this testimonial, and 
 proves that he was not the Cold, hard man he is so 
 often represented. 
 
 Shortly after this, and when Juiiut's arm\' had 
 been embarked and sent to France, Sir Artluir asked 
 and obtained leave of absence to rettirn to England. 
 As he wrote a friend, nothing would have indticed him 
 to go away if he had " thought there was the smalle.st 
 prospect of early active employment fur the armw" 
 His feeling against Sir Hew Dalrymple was one of deep 
 disappointment. He was hurt that his chief would 
 not accept his services more cordially. " 1 think I 
 could ha\e been of as much use to him as I beliew 1 
 have been to other officers under whose orders 
 1 have served. He is the only one of whom 1 
 have not been the right hand for some _\'ears past." 
 No doubt Sir Hew was either jealous of him or prejudiced against him. And yet his great subordinate stood by 
 him in the trouble that was impending. For now the popular clamour at home culminated in a court of enquiry, and 
 the three generals implicated, Dalrymple, Burrard, and Wellesley, were put on their trial before a board of officers at 
 Chelsea Hospital. The absurditv' of this was exposed by Napoleon, who, when hs- heard of the trial, said that " he 
 
 had intended to send Junot before a court 
 martial ; but the English by arraigning their 
 own generals had spared him the pain of 
 punishing an old friend." 
 
 It was the able and judicial statements 
 made b\' Wellesley before the Chelsea Board 
 that put the whole affair in a proper light 
 and proved that the Convention of Cintra 
 was no sucii grievous mistake. 
 
 Junot's position was by no means 
 desperate ; he could ha\e fought his way 
 out of Portugal northward, and the quiet 
 repossession of the country was a very 
 distinct gain. 
 
 There was nothing to justif\' the outcr\' 
 CIXT/^A. J-A-O.V THE USBOS r^OAI>. ^^j^^j ^^ ^^^^ ^ j^^^ ^,^^ Conx'ention'; 
 
 After a Drawing by the Rev. Mr. Bradford. _ 
 
 Cintra, the scene of the Convention, although it was actually signed at some distance ; and the Board practically Came tO that 
 it is now the favourite summer resort of the people of Lisbon. COnclusion althoui^h their report iS 3 feeble, 
 
 colourless document that neither praised nor blamed. The net result was that, while Dalrymple and Burrard 
 were never again actively employed. Sir Arthur Wellesley, after resuming his seat in the House of Commons 
 for a short time, returned to Portugal in April, 1809. 
 
 73
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ROYAL ARTILLERY OX THE MARCH. 
 
 Fr:m Atkinson's " Costumes," circa r8o8-9. 
 At this time the drivers were constituted as a distinct corps under iheir own officers, and known as the '• Drivers and Waggon Corps." 
 
 CHAPTER JV. 
 
 After the recall of Wellesley to England to answer for the Convention ot Cintra, the command of the Peninsular Army devolves upon Moore, 
 who is ordered by the British Government to advance into Spain to aid the Spanish armies. JMoore is quite misled as to their strength, and, being 
 threatened by the P'rench under Napoleon in overpowering numbers, he retreats hastily upon Corunna, where he turns and wins a victory al the cost 
 of his own Ufe. Wellesley is re-appointed, and re-opens the war in Portugal with a new army ; but the command is sought by H.R. H. the Duke of 
 York who is at this moment involved in some unpleasant scandal connected with the misuse of his patronage by Mrs. Mary Anne Clarke. 
 Wellesley reaches Lisbon at the end of April, 1S09, and promptly proceeds to attack Soult. The forcing of the river at Oporlo, one of Wellesley "s 
 most brilliant actions, is followed by the utter defeat of Soull, who narrowly escapes complete destruction. 
 
 AFTER the e.xpulsion of tlie French from Portugal and the recall of the incriminated English Generals, tlie 
 command of the arm\' in tliat country was given to Sir Jolm Moore, a first-class soldier, who might under 
 L^ happier auspices ha\-e achieved a brilliant reputation. It has often been said that there would have btieii 
 no Duke of Wellington had Moore lived. No one, indeed, had a higher opinion of him than the General, 
 who rose after he fell. There is a letter of Sir Arthur Wellesley's written to Moore, in which lie assures h.im that 
 he looks with confidence to his taking tlie command, and expresses ti"ie 
 delight it would give him to serve with and under him. The same 
 feeling prevailed throughout the Army ; and even in the worst hours 
 of that most disastrous retreat to Corunna, when suffering and grievous 
 hardships tried men sorely, all ranks v\'ere still loyal to Moore. The 
 blame of that failure does not rest with him, bat with the Government 
 that blindly committed his army to a really hopeless enterprise, relying 
 on the vain promises of a foolisli, faithless ally. 
 
 Had Spain been left to herself she must soon have succumbed to 
 the French. The first grand outburst of patriotism proved to be little 
 more than smoke and flame. Early successes inspired an arrogance that 
 exaggerated the strength of the armies in the field, and encouraged 
 those who governed in wild fanfaronade mi.xed with puerile imbecility- 
 There was no settled plan of campaign, no attempt to organise tlie 
 Spanish forces on a proper footing, to arm, equip, officer, and drill tlu- 
 peasant levies.'to give mobility and efficiency to the regular troops. It 
 was to bolster up and to save this wretched people Moore was sacrificed. 
 
 OJfict-r and Priviile. 52nd Light Infantry. 
 
 From Atkinson's "Costumes " 
 
 74
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 GE.XERAL SIR JOHX CRADOCK (^LORD HOWDEN). 
 
 After a Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 General Sir John Cradock (latterly Lord Howden, born 1762, died 1839) was a good and gallant soldier, who was not fortunate in his 
 .nilitary career. He gained rapid promotion, saw service in the West Indies, in the South of Ireland, and in Egypt. He was Commander-in-Chief 
 in Madras at the time of the mvitiny at Vellore, for which he was blamed and recalled. But he was sent to Portugal in 1808, and commanded after 
 Moore's retreat and death. Cradock opposed the British Government in its desire to take the offensive against Soult, and he was superseded by 
 Wellesley, but given the Governorship of Gibraltar. To the last Cradock thought himself an ill-used man. 
 
 75
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Yet Eniilaiui 
 country lavishly, 
 
 had been most cienerous in her subsidies. Money and supplies in kind had been poured into the 
 reckiessh-, mainly to be seized and misappropriated with shameless dishonesty. A few figures 
 
 will best show this. Within 
 twelve months of the begin- 
 ning of the war, Spain received 
 two millions of British money 
 in hard cash ; she got besides 
 1 50 pieces of field artillery, 
 200,000 muskets, 23,000,000 
 cartridges and 6,000,000 leaden 
 bullets, 15,000 barrels of 
 gunpowdc-r, 92,000 suits of 
 uniform, 356,000 sets of 
 accoutrements, 310,000 pairs 
 of shoes, 40,000 tents, with 
 great quantities of cloth, linen, 
 camp equipage, canteen, lia\'er- 
 sacks, and great coats. With 
 all this the Spanish armies in 
 the field did not deserve the 
 name ; half the men were 
 unarmed, man\' nearly naked. 
 Theft, embezzlement, fraud 
 w c-rt- rampant on e\-ery side. 
 
 A*tef a Drawing by Robert Ker Porter, 
 
 This well-known painter of battle scenes accompanied Sir John Moore in his advance into Spain, 
 and also in the retreat on Corunna. The sketches made at the time are still preserved in the British 
 Museum, and are interesting as giving a vivid presentment of the disasters which liefell the troops. 
 
 ■»^' 
 
 It was to co-operate with such worthless troops under such incompetent leaders that the British Government, 
 ignorant or w i 1 f u 1 1 y b 1 i n d 
 to the real facts, late that 
 autumn ordered Sir John Moore 
 to march into Spain. The 
 season for active operations 
 was really past, and no attempt 
 had been made lo prepare 
 magazines and depots ahead 
 for the supply of troops on thi- 
 march. The roads, too, were 
 infamously bad, and transport 
 animals were very scarce. 
 To meet all these difficulties, 
 he moved forward from 
 Portugal by several lines, 
 fixing Salamanca as the point 
 of concentration. He had an 
 admirable little army, small 
 and compact, well disciplined 
 and well equipped, in perfect 
 health and spirits, encouraged by the successes of a recent campaign. When Sir Da\'id Baird, coming direct from 
 Eigland, landed his division of 10,000 at Corunna, and marched through Northern Sp.iin to join Moore, the whole 
 
 
 
 J'LACE.XCIA. 
 
 After a Drawing by Robert Ker Por'er. 
 
 \ thriving town on the line of Moore's advance upon Salamanca, and an important point in later operations 
 as commanding the pass of Banos. Many exciting episodes took place here. 
 
 76
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 COLONEL THOMAS GRAHAM IN 1802. 
 When Colonel 90th, or Perthshire Volunteers. 
 
 After a Painting by Hoppner. 
 Thomas Graham of Balgowan, a Perthshire Laird, was born in 1748, and did not enter into military life until 1793, driven to it by intense grief 
 at the early loss of his wife. Serving first as a Volunteer in the defence of Toulon, he was urged to raise a regiment and join the Army as its Colonel. 
 He did so, and it became the 90th, the famous Perthshire Light Infantry. Although he did much gallant work in the Mediterranean and Egypt, he 
 was not admitted to the regular establishment of the Army until after Corunna. He commanded in Cadiz in 1811, and won the battle of Barrosa ; 
 afterwards joined Wellington as a Divisional General to accompany him in his progress through Spain. He captured San Sebastian in 1S13. 
 year he commanded against Bergen-op-Zoom. He died in 1S43, in his 96th year. 
 
 Next 
 
 77
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 jiAMELOCKS OF I III •.r.lk'll 
 
 From Ho'ace Vernet's French Uniforms. 
 These Oriental soldiers were originally 
 raised in Egypt by Bonaparte, but during the 
 Empire were recruited, anyhow, from the East. 
 
 I'REXCJI GKEyADIERS. 
 
 From Horace Vernet's French Uniforms. 
 These were the veterans, the backbone of 
 Napoleon's army. It was on these men that 
 Napoleon depended during the crisis of a battle; 
 ind 'heir discipline has never been surpassed. 
 
 NAFOLEOX BOSAPAK TE. 
 
 After a Lithograph by Delaporte. 
 
 The Emperor Napoleon was now in Spain in person, intent 
 on re-establishing his power. He soon ecovered Madrid, and hearing 
 of Moore's advance, turned north with overwhelming numbers, 
 meaning to expel the British from Spain. Napoleon, it will be 
 seen, was not a remarkably good horseman, although inured to long 
 hours in the saddle. It was customary to train the horses for his 
 riding very carefully. His favourite was the famous grey Arab so 
 frequently presented pictorially. 
 
 force made up a total of 32,000 
 
 effective men. Moore entered 
 
 Salamanca on the 13th Ncn-ember. 
 
 At this time the Spanish forces, 
 
 under Blake, Palafo.x, and 
 
 Castafios, occupied a crescent- 
 shaped line from the sea to Zara- 
 
 gossa, a shadowy screen possibly 
 
 1 30,000 strong. They were acting 
 
 without concert ; the e.xtremities of 
 
 their line were too wideK' apart to 
 
 be readily reinforced, and each tlank 
 
 was thus e.xposed singly to attack- 
 by the superior numbers of an 
 
 enem\' of extreme mobility and\'ery 
 
 strong in ca\alr_\'. For the French 
 
 were only quiescent with the por- 
 tentous calm that precedes a storm. 
 
 Napoleon had long since resoK'ed to 
 w i p e out the 
 affronts of Ba\ien 
 and Cintra, 
 
 had already marshalled the many legions that waited on 
 his absolute will to swoop down with irresistible fury upon 
 Spain. "I am determined," he told the French Senate, 
 "to carry on the war with the utmost actix'ity, and 
 to destroy the armies that England has disembarked in 
 '"f: ,''i , that Country." He had already 90,000 men in the northern 
 
 i^ ^i^'yjf y"^" province secureK' based upon Bavonne, San Sebastian, and 
 ff Pampeluna. To these he added a corps of the Imperial 
 Guard, the veterans of Jena, Austerlitz, Friedland — the \-ery 
 flower of his arm\'. He gathered up other fine troops, and 
 a host of cax'alry and artiller}', so that he had presently 
 ^ 2oo,oco men at his call be\-ondthe Pyrenees, for he meant to 
 lead them in person, and that alone seemed to make triumph 
 secure. Under him man\' of his most famous marshals 
 commanded corps : Victor, Bessiferes, Soult, Ne\', and 
 Goii\inn St. C\'r. 
 
 rile French made short work of all the Spaniards they 
 met in their victorious ad\-ance. First Blake was utterly 
 routed on the Qth November ; Burgos fell that day, and 
 Napolet)n made it his headquarters. When the North of 
 Spain had been thus cleared, Palafox ^vas next defeated, and 
 Lefebvre disposed of Castai'ios. A Spanish force, holding 
 the Samosiena and covering Madrid, was now attacked, and 
 routed by Napoleon in person, who pressed on to the Capital. 
 Some thought to emulate the prowess of Zaragossa, but it 
 
 78
 
 WelIinQ;t:n and Waterloo. 
 
 THE BIVOUAC 
 
 Picture by Charlet. 
 
 FIRE. 
 
 XAPOLEOX BY 
 
 After a 
 
 II H.-is ilif I-Miipcror's constant piactiic In wander ihrough his bivouac at night, to listen to the gossip of his troops. lie was never happier, 
 he said, than « hc-n in the field and in the midst of his men. There are many pleasant stories told of his adventures in this connection. It is recorded 
 that he once sliouldered the nuisket and moiinied guard for a "sentinel whom he found asleep upon his post, and there is a splendid painting depicting 
 the great conqueror asleep in front of the camp fire, watched over in his slumbers by his Marshals. 
 
 79
 
 Wellinston and Waterloo. 
 
 From an Original Drawing by Robert Ker Porter. 
 
 A famous city, owning two cathedrals and many splendid edifices. This view 
 is interesting, as antecedent to the ruin of the place by the French in i8i2, when 
 re-occupied a''ter Wellington's great victory and subsequent retreat from Burgos. 
 
 was not a defensible city, and Napoleon was peremptory in nis demands for its immediate surrender. When it fell, 
 
 as it did on the 4tli December, the heart and centre of the country had been secured, and the Spanish forces were 
 
 av-erywhere in full flight. And what of Moore meanwhi.e .' He had held his 'iround at Salamanca, but with deep 
 
 misgivings, that grew as he realised more full\^ 
 
 the falsehood and untrustworthiness of the 
 
 Spanish authorities. He was led astray, too, by 
 
 the weak credulity of Mr. Frere, the British 
 
 Minister, who still swallowed all he was told. 
 
 There was no assistance fortiicomingfrom Spain. 
 
 His own position was insecure — how much so he 
 
 could not know, for the news that Napoleon 
 
 was across the Pyrenees witii all his host did 
 
 not reach him for weeks. He heard nothing 
 
 of his Spanish allies (Romana e.xcepted, who 
 
 would make no move) until he learnt their 
 
 armies were no longer in e.xistence. The bent 
 
 of his mind was to despondency at this time. 
 
 He foresaw that a retreat was more than 
 
 probable. " If the bubble bursts and Madrid 
 
 falls, we shall ha\'e to run for it," and he began 
 
 to form magazines along the shortest road, by 
 
 Benevente, Astorga, Lugo, to the sea. Now, 
 
 however, an urgent appeal was made on him to sa\-e Madrid, which, as we know, was incapable of defending itself ; 
 
 and he believed that his best plan would be to strike at the Frcncli line of communications, and so draw Napoleon to 
 
 attack him, the Emperor being more an.xious, he believed, to drive back the English than to seize the Capital. Bui 
 
 even before Moore advanced, Madrid had fallin. Moore's only chance seemed to be in beating Soult, who was on the 
 
 line of the Carrion, and in no great strengtii, b.-fore he could be reinforced. Moore mo\ed forward on the nth 
 
 December, and on the 19th he was at Mayorga with 
 2^,000 men, including 2,^00 ca\'alry and 60 guns. 
 Soult, in front of mm, was wea!<cr for the moment by 
 some 5,000 men; but strong reinforcements were 
 within a few days' march, and Napoleon in person 
 was coming up in hot haste from Madrid. No sooner 
 had he heard of Mt)ore's ad\ance, than he ga\e up all 
 other plans, and concentrated every effort to fall upon 
 the English and destroy tb.em utterK'. The news 
 reached him on the 21st December, and next night 
 he was at the foot of the rugged Guadarama witii 
 50,000 men. The crossing of the mountains was 
 ureatlN' impeded by storms of hail and drifting snow ; 
 but Napoleon, braxing the elements, placed himseli 
 at the head of his columns, and forced a passage. 
 He was well on his wa\-, fift\- miles from Madrid, by 
 retreating troops, who held 10 it with gre.at tenacity. ' ^he 24th, at Fordesillas on the Douro on the 26th, 
 
 and his cavalry scouts were in touch with the English picquets. But Moore had escaped him. Breaking up fri>m 
 
 the Carrion on the 24th December, he was behind the Esla b_\- the 26th, leaxing his cavalr\^ only to watch Soult. 
 
 That Marshal was now pressing forward in pursuit, and soon came into cjllision with our horsemen. Lord Paget, 
 
 3I0ORE-S RETREAT UPON CORUXXA. iSoS. 
 
 After a Drawing by Robert Ker Porter. 
 The Castle of Benevente, a town on the Esla, disputed to the last liy 
 
 SO
 
 Wellington and Waterloo 
 
 afterwords Lord Anjilesea, w lio lost his leji at Waterloo, commanded the cavalry, a gallant force of 2,4CX) sabres, 
 the 7th, lotli, 15th, and i8th Hussirs, with tlie 3rd German Hussars, which had already tried co icliisions with 
 the French in llie recent ad\ance, and wnn the combat of Sahagmi. Now, too, they held their -nvn in several 
 skirmishes with Snult's Horse. 
 
 Again, a little later, when Moore had drawn off the main army, and Lord Paget was left at Benevente 
 covering the retreat, he had a smart affair with the French Cavalry of the Guard, some of the famous Chasseurs, 
 who, since Austerlitz, had borne tlie proud sobriquet of tlie " ln\ inciblcs." General Lefebre-Desnouettes had 
 rasliK' hurried forward, thinking he had nnlv to do with the last picquets, but was stoutly resisted, until the 10th 
 Hussars came up under Lord Paget, and charged with so much spirit tliat the French line was broken, and their 
 General made prisoner. This defeat, under the very eyes of the Emperor, caused Napoleon the deepest chagrin. 
 It had the effect, too, of inspiring respect for our caxalry, who now, with tlie whole reargLiard, retired across the 
 Esla, the river being so swollen that the water was nearly breast high at the fords. 
 
 Moore retreated first on Astorga, thence towards Lugo bv tlie w 'ftched roads of a most difficult mountainous 
 country, making for 
 Corunna, the intended port 
 of embark'ation. A part, 
 the Light Brigade, under the 
 intrepid General Robert 
 Craufurd, moved separately 
 on Orense, so as to embark 
 at Vigo. Tliis rapid and 
 incessant retreat had the 
 worst effect upon the temper 
 and discipline of the British 
 troops. S u 1 k y a n d 
 g r i e V o u s 1 y discontented, 
 suffering many hardships 
 from the persistent in- 
 clemency of the weather, 
 half-star\ed, shoeless, in 
 rags, and soaked through 
 to the skin, the\' broke out 
 into terrible excesses, and 
 ever\"wiiere disgraced their 
 name in pillage, followed by 
 brutal besotted drunkenness. 
 
 The destruction of the great palace of the Duke d'Ossuna at Benevente by the troops was one of the most shameless 
 acts ever perpetrated. All along the route it was necessary to abandon stores, roll ammunition carts down ravines, 
 slaughter horses and baggage animals. The ca\alry was rapidly becoming non-effective from the want of horse- 
 shoes ; there were shoes enough, but no nails had been sent out with them from England. 
 
 Meanwliile the pursuit never slackened. Napoleon had entered Astorga on the ist January, where he had 
 collected, within ten days, some 70,000 infantry, 10,000 cavalry, and 200 guns. He was in a position, as it seemed, 
 to utterh- crush Moore's arm\-, now no more than 19,000 strong, unless the British, ha\-ing the start, could escape 
 to the sea. But at Astorga he suddenh' left his army to Soult, and returned in all haste to France, drawn thither, 
 it is said, by startling news that Austria was on the point of declaring war. Of late \-ears it has lieen thought that 
 Napoleon was perhaps loth to risk- his reputation on the chance of being defeated b\- an English General with an 
 inferior force. This suggestion might be rejected were it not certain that, in after years, he never returned to 
 
 URiriStl h'EAR-Cl Akl) FOkOLW. I HE ESLA. Detembei, ii>u6. 
 
 After a Drawing m MaxweP's " Life of Wellington." 
 After a sharp skirmish between the English and French cavalry, anil in which Napoleun's hitherto 
 " invincible" Chasseurs of the Guard had been worsted. Lord Pas^et (afterwards Lord .Xni^lesca) drew ofl' the 
 rear-guard by fording the Esla. which was breast high. 
 
 81
 
 WelIino;t()n and Waterloo. 
 
 
 
 
 MOORE':i RETREAT rrO.X CORCXXA, iSoS 
 The British cohimn on the line of lelreat 'mid snow and ice. 
 
 SO imposing a show, tiiat the 
 French b;lieved a battle \\<is 
 imminent, and halted to bring up 
 all their supports. 
 
 Under cover of this bold 
 .stand, Moore collected all his force 
 at Lugo, and, strange to say, the 
 army responded nobly to the call. 
 Till now discipline had almost 
 ceased ; insubordination had been 
 general and wild disorder. But 
 the moment it became knou'n that 
 a battle was imminent the men, 
 as if by magic, returned quictiv 
 and obediently to their ranks, .saw 
 to their firelocks, fixed fresh flints, 
 loosened their bayonets, and 
 prepared to stand with great 
 firmness and courage. 
 
 Spain, although the war there was a constant nightmare to him, 
 and he would have been glad to end it at almost any cost. 
 Could he ha\e been deterred by the possible risk of defeat in 
 ;i Conflict with Wellington .' Yet he attacked him eagerl\- and 
 Confidently enough at Waterloo. 
 
 In any case Soult was left to pursue with 60,000 men and 
 91 guns ; and he followed up the retreating English with great 
 vigour. Moore has been blamed for not sooner facing round to 
 fight ; he passed many strong positions, and once he might have 
 attacked Soult w ith a decided ad\antage. E\'en a \'ictory, which 
 was not assured, could not have done more than make 
 embarkation easier, for it cannot be pretended that Moore's 
 20,000 men were able to make headwa\- pcrmanenth' against 
 the 300,000 French that ntiw filled Spain. But, ha\'ing at length 
 met a convoy with shoes and clothing for his suffering troops, 
 he resoK'ed to fight at Lugo. 
 
 Till now the British army had been in sore straits : the line 
 of march might be traced b\' scenes of suffering ; the wliite 
 surface of the snowy ground was flecked with red spots ; 
 soldiers fallen by the way, dying from fatigue, pri\^ations, and 
 cold ; baggage waggons broken down, their contents destroyed ; 
 the soldiers' wives, who in those days accompanied the regiments 
 into the field, poor women and children were left behind to be 
 frozen to death. All this time the pursuit was unrelenting, 
 ;inJ could not be stayed. Bridges were in part broken down, 
 but Could not be completely destro\'ed. This was the case at 
 Constantino, near Noyaies, at a natuially strong pass, where 
 Moore in person took the command uf the rearguard, and made 
 
 
 
 jVOORES retreat UP0.\ CORCXNA. 180S. 
 
 The nioHntainojs country over which the retreat was made is graphically ilhistrated in this and ne 
 
 above sketch, done at tlie time by Sir Robert Ker Porter. 
 
 82
 
 Wellinston and Waterloo. 
 
 BLit Soult WHS tnn w;ir\- to fall in w ith his ad\-ersary's wishes. He knew Mnnre courted attack because he was 
 in a stron.u pusition ; and he had no th()uy;ht of attacking except with marked advantage. Moore, again, could not 
 fiirce on a battle except at terrible risk ; he had no choice but to continue the retreat, and the troops quickly relapsed 
 into a rabble. Once MoDre halted a day, tor he had outstripped the French, and once more the regiments were got 
 together ; so that they entered Corunna on the nth in tolerable order. 
 
 Moore looked in vain for his troopships. They were still wind-bound in Vigo, and the opportunity to get on 
 board at leisure was lost. They appeared on 
 the 14th, the French also next day, and it was 
 clear now that a battle must be fought to co\'er 
 embarkation. Some of the English Generals 
 were for negotiating, but Moore stood firm ; 
 and, having sent off all his sick and wounded 
 with other encumbrances, he destroyed his 
 reserves of powder in one tremendous explosion, 
 and awaited the enemx's onslauglit. In the 
 afternoon of the i6th January the battle of 
 Corunna was fought and won at the price of 
 nis life. 
 
 Soult had 20,000 men, the English only 
 16, GOO ; but the latter liad been armed with new 
 muskets that da\', and had abundant supplies of 
 ammunition, in w liicli the Frencli were deficient. 
 The adx'antage of ground la\- with Soult, wlro 
 tried to turn the English right flank, wlien 
 Moore's reserve came up, drove back all tliey 
 met, and, getting on Soult's left, swept his line 
 in reverse. A sharp contest occurred in the 
 centre and on the left of the English line, in 
 which the French were eventuall}' repulsed, 
 and their defeat must lia\e ended in a serious 
 disaster had the still untouched division of 
 General Frazer been brought into action. 
 
 But Moore had been struck' down by a 
 mortal wound just as the fight in the centre 
 
 had been won. He remained on the field with 
 
 splendid courage until he knew the happy issue, 
 
 and tlien was carried ciff in a blanU'et. It was 
 
 now seen that his sword-hilt liad entered his 
 
 wound, and Captain Hardinge (afterwards Lord 
 
 Hardinge and Commander-in-Chief of the 
 
 Army) tried to remove the weapon. " No, 
 
 no," said the intrepid soldier, " it is as well as it is. I had rather it should go out of the field with me." Later on 
 
 he said to his sorrowing staff, " You know 1 always wished to die this way." 
 
 His last words were, "It is a great satisfaction to me to know we have beaten the French"; and 
 
 again, "1 hope the people of England will be satisfied; 1 hope my country will do me justice." With 
 
 that he breathed his last. 
 
 Vile calumny and low political passions for a time obscured his reputation ; but John Moore is appreciated now 
 
 GESERAI- rill-: IIOXOVRAHI.E JOIIS IIOI'E. 
 
 After a Painting by Hoppner. 
 
 General Sir John Hope (afterwards Earl of Hopeloun, born 1765, died 1S23) 
 was a distinguished officer who served with cavalry, infantry, and once with marines. 
 lie wasactivelv emploved in the West Indies, in Flanders, in Egypt, in Ilanover, 
 and Sweden. He advanced into Spain with .\roore at the head of a division, and 
 succeeded to the supreme command after the latile of Corimna. He was also at 
 Wakheren. He took no part in the I'eninsular War till its close, as he was senior 
 in ranli to Wellington : but he gladly joined him when the latter became a field- 
 marsh.tl, and did excellent service. 
 
 m
 
 Wellington and Waterloo, 
 
 BRinCI. AT COXSTAXTIXO fXO). ILLS j. 
 
 After a Painting by Adam Neale. 
 Moore continued to retreat, much harassed by the pursuit, uuiil he reached \oyaIes, where he lurned, 
 holding the bridge of Constantino with such an imposing show that Soult halted to bring up his supports. 
 The time thus gained served Moore to gather together a'l his strength at T.ugo. further to the rear, ?.nd 
 here he offered battle, which Soult declined. 
 
 at liistrtiewdrth : as a, guileless, 
 
 chivalrous, fearless soldier, 
 
 who fought from tnst ti) last 
 
 witii noble zeal, and who had 
 
 but one thiiuoht, (Jiie aim — tn 
 
 ser\-e his countr\' tti the be>t 
 
 of his o'ff^^t ability. He is .', 
 
 imidel to his eoinitiA'inen foi- 
 
 all time. The troops went 
 
 straiiht home from Corunna, 
 
 hut their troubles were not 
 
 yet over. Th.e transpurts were 
 
 scattered by a tremendous 
 
 <;ale, manv ships were wrecked, 
 
 the rest ran for an\' pint, and 
 
 Moore's soldiers were landed 
 
 at manv points between Di)\-er 
 
 and Land's End. , " Their 
 
 haooard appearance, ragged 
 
 clothing, and dirty accoutre- 
 ments, things common enough 
 
 in war, struck a people only used to the daintiness of parade w ith surprise." The miserable stiite id this remnant of 
 
 an armv caused universal indignatinn, and its dead leader was 
 bitterK' assailed fur what was bv no means his fault. 
 
 The country had but little cimtldeiice in its military 
 leaders just then, for a great scandal had come to light in 
 the supreme command of the Army, and the character of 
 tile Duke of York- was \ery seriously impugned. The 
 story of Mrs. iV\ar\- Anne Clarke, and the clandestine sale of 
 Ariiu' Commissions, is written deep in the chronicles of the 
 time. It w as first brought before the ptiblic b)' a member of 
 the House of Commons, Colonel Wardle, an officer of the 
 iWilitia, w ho mo\'ed for an eiiqinrN', w hich was presenth' held 
 by a committee of the House. 
 
 This Mrs. Clarke was a woman of great personal attrac- 
 tions, who had for some years li\ed under the protection 
 of the Duk'e of York'. Her earh' life was not \er\' reptitable. 
 She had been on the stage, and had pla>^ed Portia at the 
 Haymarket, in i8o^. All at once she came out as the 
 mistress of a tine hotise in Gloucester Place, li\ing in great 
 st\de, w ith a doZL'ii horses in her stables, twenty ser\ ants 
 and three male cooks, and she dined off plate that had 
 belonged to a brother of the King of Fiance. Her allowance 
 from the Ro\'al Duke was said to ha\e been ^"i,ooo per 
 month ; but it was not \ery punctually paid, and, in (*rder 
 to satisfx' her creditors, she devised a system of traffic 
 in patronage, which she carried to great lengths. 
 
 MARSHAL llEkESFOIiD. 
 
 After a Painting by Sir W Beechey 
 
 Coinmanded a brigade under Wellesley at Vimiera, and a divisimi 
 
 under Sir Jolm Moore in the retreat to and battle of Corunna. 
 
 84
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 /'.ISS 
 
 Ht-r brokersliip extended 
 to nearly all the public depart- 
 ments, and the candidates for 
 preferment entered (jn her 
 ledgers included persons in all 
 classes of Society. She 
 succeeded in getting a commis- 
 sinii in the Army for one of her 
 liiiiliiicn, and for an Irish 
 citTi;yman the pri\'ilege of 
 pifaching before the King. 
 The investigation lasted a 
 couple of months, during which 
 Mrs. Clarke app^nired often 
 as a witness, and the pretty, 
 spriiihtly creature caused much 
 amusement by the courage 
 and sauciness with which she 
 defended her case. The Duke 
 was, in the end, exonerated 
 from any charge of benefiting 
 pecuniarily from this traffic 
 
 OF iMA.\ZANAL. 36 LhAGUHS FROM CORUNNA. 
 
 After a Drawing made on the spot by the Rev. Mr. Bradford. 
 One of the many gtJfi^os anil rlufensive poiius on the hue of Moore's retreat. 
 
 of Mis. Clai ke's ; but it was proxckl that he Icnew of what she was doing, and permitted her to meetthe e.xpenses of 
 her household by trading with iiis patronage. He was, therefore, acquitted of personal corruption, but the pfiblic 
 feeling was so strong that he was obliged to resign his 
 appointment as Commander-in-Chief. This w ithdrawal 
 was never meant to be permanent, and the vacancy 
 was accordingly gi\-en to Sir David Dimdas, who was 
 expected to retire when the scandal had blown o\er, as 
 he did two wars later, in 181 r. 
 
 This is the same Sir Da\ id Dundas who had 
 commaiiiled in Wellesle\"s first campaign, that in 
 Flanders. He was a gallant old soldier, who had made 
 his own way in the world, and was not ashamed t" 
 admit that he had walk'ed from Edinburgh to Woolw ich 
 in order to enter the .Artillerv. His first commission 
 was as a " lieutenant tirewoiker," in 17S4. 'or which 
 he joined the staff of Prince Frederick of Brunswick, 
 and luider whom he served ciinstantly abroad. Dund.is 
 de\'oted himself largely to the improvement of drill : 
 and ha\ing studied the methods of Frederick the 
 Great, and attended many manoeu\'res of the French 
 armies, he brought out the first drill book known in 
 the British Arm\-. jHE HAY OF CORUXNA. 
 
 This was the famous " Thirteen Manteuvres" b\- ^'°'^ " Spanish Pnm of the Period. 
 
 which the soldiers of the Peninsular War were trained. It , -^ "-"'>• l^'^'-'ocked bay, where Moore hoped to find hi^ troopships, 
 
 but they were wind-bound at \ igo, and did not reach Corunna till ihe I4in. 
 
 had the merit of introducing uniformity, and his system two days before the battle. 
 
 85
 
 Wellinuton and Waterloo. 
 
 was approved of b\- Abeivromby, Mooiv, an.l Wellington. 
 Dundas is described b\- contemp iraries as a tall spare man, of 
 an austere temper, dry in 1 loks and in demeanour. When a 
 youngster his strange style, his broad accent and peculiar ways 
 exposed him to much ridicule; but he was an honest, straiglit- 
 
 forward gentL-man, 
 
 and did his duty 
 
 to the Army. The 
 
 retreat on Corimna 
 
 and the re-embarka- 
 tion of the British 
 
 troops did not end 
 
 our interference 
 
 with PeninsuLi 
 
 affairs. Napoleon 
 
 took" it for granted 
 
 that we were dri\'en 
 
 from the field and 
 
 \\ould never re- 
 appear, but he was 
 
 singularly ignorant 
 
 of the e.xtent of our 
 
 resources, w h i c h 
 
 were, indeed, lying 
 
 latent. Still less did 
 
 he appreciate the 
 
 obstinacy of the 
 
 British character. 
 
 Despite Moore's failure, the British Gon emnient still believed thj tthe contest might be renewed with ad\-antage, and 
 
 this mainly upon the advice of 
 Sir Arthur Wellesley. When 
 asked, he told Lord Castlereagii 
 that he was satisfied Portugal 
 at least could be defended 
 against the Frencli, and that to 
 hold that country would be the 
 best method of encouraging 
 Spain to resist. With his pro- 
 found militar\' insight he had 
 been quick to realise the natural 
 strength of the Portuguese 
 frontier. Portugal was guarded 
 by its mountains as a citadel is 
 b\- its works. He had recog- 
 nised, too, the militar\- aptitudes 
 of the Portuguese, and thought 
 that the native levies properly 
 
 S/A! JOHX MOORE. 
 
 From an Engraving after S> T. Lawrence, PR, A. 
 Lent by Henry Graves & Co., Limited. 
 
 LORD PAGh-T. it^oS. 
 
 After Sir Thomas Lawrence. P.R.A. 
 
 Lord I'aget commanded the cavalry in the relreat on 
 Coiunna, and did excellent service wiih the rear-guard. 
 
 EXPLOSION OF POWDER MAGAZINES AT CORVXXA. 
 
 After a Drawing by Robert Ker Portef. 
 Moore, having etnbarked his sick, destroyed his reserves of powder before he fmighl his last fighi 
 
 at Corimna. 
 
 86
 
 Wellino-ton and Waterloo. 
 
 SlI? JOILV MOORE. 
 
 After a Portrait by Halls. 
 General Sir |ohn ^fonre (Irorn 1 761, died 1809) was an illustrious soldier who lost his life in his country's service. Ilis unv .,o,kc was in 
 Corsica, then in the West Indies, and he was with Abercromby in Egypt. While commanding a brigade at Shorncliffe he formed his regiments on 
 so perfect a model that they became famous in the Peninsular War as the best light troops ever seen. Succeeded to the command in Portugal after 
 Cintra ; forced to enter Spain against his judgment to co-operate with Spanish armies that did not exist, he found himself expo.sed to the full 
 brunt of an overwhelming French force, with Napoleon at its head. Vet he conducted his retreat to Corunna with great tenacity and courage, 
 lighting a fine battle at llie last, which enabled the army to embark without molestation. Bui he was shot at the close of the engageme'- . 
 
 87
 
 Welliniiton and Waterloo. 
 
 '■^.^ 
 
 .=-C-' 
 
 J/A'S. .MARY AiXNE CLARKE. 
 
 Fro'ilispiece of Work entitled "The Rival Princesses.' 
 
 organised and led by En.tilish otficers would soon constitute a fine body of troops. How right were liis conclusions 
 tlie event finally pro\-ed, but few at the time had any confidence in his views or reposed the smallest faith in his 
 prophecies. Onlv Lord Castlereagh agreed with him so far as to put him in charge of the new enterprise. It was 
 resolved to send Sir .Arthur Wellesley back to Portugal and entrust bin-, 
 with the supreme command. He was to have an arm_\- made up of 
 26,000 men, of whom 6,000 were already in the country. The forma- 
 tion of a Portuguese contingent was also appro\cd. (General Beresford, 
 a resolute, practical soldier, a firm disciplinarian and of great experienci, 
 
 was put at its head, 
 
 and began work at 
 
 once. Wellesley 
 
 himself bent all his 
 
 energies to prepar- 
 ing for the field. 
 
 Foreseeing a long 
 
 c a m p a i g n , he 
 
 resigned both his 
 
 office as Chief Sec- 
 retary for Ireland 
 
 and his seat in the 
 
 House of Commons. 
 
 N(!thing should dis- 
 tract his attention 
 
 from the higher 
 
 dut\- that la\- before 
 
 him. His Corres- 
 pondence, as show n 
 
 in those marvellous 
 
 despatches of his, 
 
 bears witness to the 
 
 activity of his mind, 
 
 his mastery ()\er 
 
 detail, his power of 
 
 dealing w ith the in- 
 DUKE OF YORK. numerable needs of 
 
 After an Engraving by Schiavonetti. aU amiV lu the field. 
 
 rie saw to everything — the provision of all stores, arms and ammunition : 
 
 he studied the military situation, closely weighing all the chances for and 
 
 against success. Sir Arthur sailed in April for Portugal, and at the \-er_\- 
 
 outset narrowly escaped shipwreck. The ship, H.M.S. " Sur\eillant," 
 
 met with terrible weather, and was in imminent peril off the Isle of 
 
 Wight. Yet the Admiral, though he thought the frigate would certainly 
 
 go ashore, strongly advised Wellesley to stick to her, as there was no '*^"e.. August 9th, 1820. 
 
 hope of getting ashore through the breakers. The ship missed sta\s, and was then providentially sa\'ed by a sudden 
 
 shift of wind. This was one of many such chances that pro\ed Wellington's good luck-. He was ever fortunate 
 
 throughout his career. Continually exposed, he was yet ne\er seriously wounded, although he had horses killed 
 
 u'^der him and received slight hits himself. Fortune often played into his hand, too, in the conduct of liis 
 
 FREDERIC A, DUCHESS OF YORK. 
 
 After a Contemporary Drawing. 
 Daiigliter of Frederick William II. of Prussia, iii;irried 
 Duke of York September 2glh. l-gi ; died willinut 
 
 88
 
 Wellinirton and Waterloo. 
 
 .l/A-.V. MARY AXXE CLARKE. 
 
 Alter a Contemporary Drawing, 1809. 
 Mrs. Clarke was a woman of great personal attraciioiis, who passed through many phases of life, Imt appeared in 1S04 as the mistress of a 
 fine house in Gloucester Place, with carriages and a large retinue of servants. She owed her alfluence to the Duke of ^"ork, but supplemented his 
 allowance of ;^i 2.000 a year, not very regularly, hy the sale of his patronage. She acted as broker in obtaining appointments in the Government 
 service for all sorts and conditions of men ; in fact, .so shamelessly and openly did she carry on the nefarious traffic, that a public invesiig.iiion 
 became necessary. 
 
 89
 
 Wellinuton and Waterloo. 
 
 THE NEW MILITARY FOAD TO YORK BY WAY OF FROMF. 
 
 campaigns— offered liim great opportunities, showed iiim a safe 
 
 way out of danger, empiiasised success. To admit tliis 
 
 is in nowise to detract from his genius. Luci< may be better 
 
 tiian good management, but Wellington commanded both. 
 Sir Arthur Wellesley landed at Lisbon on the 22nd 
 
 April, amid unbounded enthusiasm. This handsome city 
 
 was at that time the dirtiest, the most foul and \illainous 
 
 capital in Europe ; it was unlighted save by an occasional 
 
 candle at a shrine ; it was most unsafe — assassination for 
 
 robbery was a nightly occiu'rence. Those who escaped 
 
 the knife might be torn to pieces by the hordes of wild dogs 
 
 that infested the streets, or half drowned in the mud if 
 
 not first run o\er. But the bells rang out on Wellesley's 
 
 arrival, the town was illuminated, and he was appointed 
 
 Marshal-General in tbie Portuguese Army. 
 
 He took on the supreme command at once from Sir 
 
 John Cradock, and lost no time in preparing his plan of 
 
 campaign. He had two courses open to him. Two French 
 
 armies beset Portugal. Soult with one was on tlie Douro 
 
 in occupation of Oporto ; Victor with tlie other, based on 
 
 Madrid, threatened Lisbon along the valley of the Tagus. 
 
 it was impossible to make head against both, but he was 
 
 in a central position at Lisbon, and by swift strategy he might 
 
 strike a blow at each in turn, talce each singK- before they 
 
 could combine. Should Soult or Victor be the first attacked ? Victor was nearest, and perhaps most dangerous, 
 
 but tor this Wellesley must co-operate with the Spanish army under Cuesta, who was little to be relied upon. Soult, 
 
 on the other hand, held the rich cit\' of Oporto, the second in Portugal, the chief source of future supply, and it was 
 
 only four days' march distant. Victor, to reinforce Soult, must take eighteen da\-s. Wellesley, leaving a Certain, 
 
 if insufficient, force to face Victor, resolved to operate 
 against Soult ; and the short campaign of the Douro 
 which now ensued is more lik'e a military romance, a 
 series of swift, stirring, startling ad\-entures, than a 
 sober prosaic episode of war. 
 
 A v\-eek after his arrival, he started northward with 
 2i;,ooo men of all arms, but only 13,000 British troops, 
 fo|- :;,coo were German, 9,000 Portuguese. 
 
 On the 2nd May he was in Coimbra on the Mondego, 
 and no rumour of his approach had as \et reached his 
 Liiemy. Soult's army was undermined by disaffection ; 
 a body of conspirators had approached Wellesley, and 
 offered to mal-:e Soult prisonei'. But Wellesley w oLild 
 nut traffic with these traitors, and pressed on. He 
 marched by two lines ; one oi his columns, on the right, 
 under Beresford, mostly of Portuguese, arri\'ed at 
 Lamego, high up the Douro, where lie would cut off 
 Soult's retreat ; Wellesley led the other in person, by 
 the left direct upon Oporto. . 
 
 MILITARY LEAP FROG. OR HI.\TS TO YOU^G GE.\TLF.\lE\. 
 
 THE DISCARDED (J.AkAE. OR £l>. ma I ;-._\ (i(_ / ()/• J'ARADI^E. 
 ■J'hese tliree Caricatures, published in 1807, deal with what was known 
 as the Clarke scandal. The clandestine sale of Army commissions by a 
 Mrs. Mary .'\nne Clarke, who had great influence over H.R.H. the Di\kf 
 of York, caused much scandal at this time. Advancement as well as first 
 commissions were obtained by bribery and corruption, arid the whole matter 
 was brou:;lil befcirc the llmK- n( Common';. 
 
 !)0
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 1**^ 
 
 17£JV OF LISBON. 
 
 From a Collect on of Prints of Spain and Portugal, 1808-9. 
 
 The City of Lisbon was of imposing appearance, but had the character at that date of being the dirtiest and most unsafe capital in Europe. The 
 
 streets, l<nee deep in fihh, were infested by hordes of wild dogs. Something liad iieen done to cleanse and give order under Junot's n'sime. 
 
 This rapid advance ail luit caujilit a iarge portion of Soult's force on tlie far or soutliern side of tlie river, but tlie 
 operation was a failure, and the French withdrew after a sharp combat at Grijo. Soult still lay at Oporto, covered 
 
 by a wide, deep ri\'er, across which 
 there was now no passable by bridge, 
 yr, as he hoped, by boat, for all boats 
 had been secured, and were safely 
 guarded on the French side of the 
 river. Hehadno notion that the whole 
 British strength was close in front ; but 
 he had commenced his retreat, sending 
 on his hea\->- artilier\- and baggage by 
 the road to Amarante, meaning to follow 
 the next day. This retreat was to be 
 covered by Loison, who held the 
 Doino opposite Lamego. But Loison 
 had already been driven back by 
 Beresford on the loth. and by the 12th 
 he had given up Amarante, thus 
 jeopardising Soult's line of retreat on 
 the very day that Oporto was lost. 
 
 VIEW OF CASTLE OF BELEM, LISBON 
 
 Fronn a Collection of Prints of Spain and Portugal 
 
 Pelem is a suburb of Lisbon, and its ancient Castle or Tower is supposed to defend the Jl^^ British force waS Concentrated 
 entrance to the Tagus. During the I'eninsular War, Belem was the Sanatorit.m of the army, . . , , ■ ■ .|^. ^„^ ^i^^. ^^y^\^^ ^f th$ 
 
 and the skulkers who filled its hospitals were called " Belem Loungers. Leniiiu a ^ 
 
 91
 
 Wellinston and Waterloo. 
 
 «t@£!;;^- 
 
 JA'/i.\^/J . U/ >J,.\-nj'.-L AMI-. 
 From Hijrace Vernet's French Uniforms 
 
 Diuiro, in the early morning of the 12th. Snult v.ts still quite 
 
 unconscious of the nearness of the enemy. The conspirators 
 
 helped to deceive him with false reports ; his orders were 
 
 disobeyed. He had, moreover, a fixed belief that the attack 
 
 w iiuld be delivered on the lower river near its mouth, and that 
 
 a part, at least, of the British were coming from the sea. No 
 
 watch was l<cpt at the point which Wellesley was reconnoitring, 
 
 and where, with sudden daiing, he meant to throw his men across. 
 
 From the rocky eminence already mentioned, crowned by 
 
 ,,-i;, .{w' ■ .■'-'^iB^' '' Franciscan convent. Sir Arthur made out clearly a large 
 
 i^ij^^P''* • - ''■ *wLffll'>k %*. building on the far side, which was isolated, surrounded with 
 
 hiuli walls, yet having access from tlie ri\er. An admirable 
 stronghold, if only it could be seized and garrisoned. But how 
 p:;ss this river, which was deep and swift, and three hundred 
 feet wide ? At tliis momentous juncture a small skiff was 
 found, in wliich tile famous Colonel Waters, who became a most 
 i.ivaluable scouting officer, crossed to the far side, assisted by a 
 priest and tile barber wlro owned tlie skiff. Unperceived, they 
 
 detaclred three great barges, and, still unperceiveJ, brought tliem o\-er. Nnw VVeilesley began to act. He first 
 
 sent General Murray witli tlie Germans, and some cavalry and guns, higlier up the stream to Axintas, uliere he 
 
 was, at all hazards, to cross, wiiile fourteen guns 
 
 were massed in a battery upmi tlic convent 
 
 heights, so as to command the Seminarw Full of 
 
 anxiety, he waited till the news came that Murray 
 
 had found boats above ; and at once he issued his 
 
 orders to the force under his hand. " Let the 
 
 men cross," he said, briefly, and one ofifker of 
 
 the Buffs, with a party of twenty-fh^e, silently 
 
 and securely occupied the Seminary. A second 
 
 and a third boatload crossed before the French 
 
 took alarm ; but now they swarmed out from 
 
 all parts of the town, and furiously endeavourcLl 
 
 to drive our men out of their stronghold. 
 
 Wellesley's guns on the convent hill opened 
 
 fire ; General Hill, who was now in command 
 
 within the Seminary, made a stout defenct- , 
 
 and reinforcements constantly reached him. 
 
 At the same time, the Portuguese brought 
 
 over more boats, in which another British 
 
 division, Sherbrook's, crossed lower down, and 
 
 joined in the fight. Murray's men, too, now 
 
 appeared from above, and the French began to 
 
 give up hope. The attack on the Seminary 
 
 slackened ; a battery of French guns, coming 
 
 up in support, was decimated by Hill's volleys, 
 
 and a retreat, hasty and disordered, followed. 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 MARSHAL OF FRANCE (Full Dress). 
 
 From Horace Vernet's French Uniforms. 
 
 Napoleon created, or rather revived, this highest miUtary grade in France 
 
 when he became Emperor. His marshals, mostly excellent soldiers, were at once 
 
 his strength and his weakness ; under his own orders ihey helped him valiantly, 
 
 u J ,, , J but when alone or in combination with each other they often failed or ruined opera- 
 
 Had Murray charged the enemy now, he must tions by their jealousies and quarrels. 
 
 92
 
 WeHinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 i/ElV O/- oroRJO. 
 
 From a Collect. on of Historical Prints in 1809. 
 
 C)p.)rUi is a fine, picturesque-looking city, but with narrow streets, irregularly Ini'lt, and having a few imposing 
 
 edifices. It is now a very wealthy, prosperous place, and the second city in I'orlugal. 
 
 have inflicted terrible loss, but 
 "he suffered column after 
 column to pass without even a 
 cannon shot, and seemed fear- 
 ful lest they should push him 
 into the river." Only General 
 Stewart, with two squadrons 
 of cavalry, inflicted all the loss 
 he could. 
 
 Oporto was thus won by 
 a surprisinj^ly fine feat of arms, 
 a fitting completion of a few 
 days' splendid work. Between 
 the gth and the 12th May, the 
 British troops had marched 
 eighty miles, and had been in 
 the presence of the enemy 
 
 nearly all the time. Sir Artliur Wellesley had outdone all in the rapidity of liis movt-ment ; for it was not more 
 than twenty-six days since he had left Portsmouth, and now one of Napoleon's most practised Marshals had been 
 surprised in liis quarters, and beaten out of them with serious loss. There w as still worse in store for Soult, and 
 
 CAMPAIGX OX THE DOURO. 
 
 Aft5r a Painting by L'Eveque, 1809. 
 Soult, flving headlong after Oporto had been captured by Wellesley, found himself in danger of being forestalled by Bei;esford at Salamonde, on 
 his line of retreat. The only bridge, that of Miserere, had been half destroyed, but was seized and repaired by the heroism of a Irench major, 
 Dulong, and in the night Soult fled across it and escaped. 
 
 93
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ATTACK OX THE FREXCH REAR-GUARD, SALAMUXDE. 
 
 After a Painting by L'Eveque, tSog. 
 Soult's rear-gaard in the retreat from Oporto was caught up, attacked, but not \varmly, and escaped. 
 
 he only saved his army tr(jm surrender or complete destruction by his 
 own indomitable spirit. Although in full retreat after a sharp disaster, 
 his veteran troops had speedily recovered themseK-es, and the same 
 evening were marching in regular order upon .4marante. Had that 
 vital point been still held, all wnuld have gone well ; but Loison, as we 
 know, had not stood tlrm, and Soult was called upon to change the 
 direction of his retreat. The Marshal was in terrible pain, caused by 
 a fall from his horse, whicli had reopened an old wound in his hip; 
 but nothing could daunt his soul, not even accumulated misfortune, the 
 murmurs of his army, nor his own physical suffering. He had heaid 
 of a steep goat path across the mountains, to his left, wliicli w ould give 
 him access to other valleys, and lead him to another point on the 
 frontier. Without hesitation, he destroyed his guns, abandoned his 
 military chest, loaded his sick on mules, and took to the hills. The 
 weather was most inclement, rain fell in torrents, and his troops were 
 worn out with fatigue. But his firm will carried all through, and, 
 on crossing the mountainous range, he found Loison, also Lorge'-; 
 cavalry, and the army was again concentrated 20,000 strong. But h> 
 was not yet safe. He was at Convaiho de Este on the evening of the 
 14th May. But now Wellesley, who had halted to bring his guns and 
 baggage across, was following close, while Beresford still headed him, 
 and threatened to cut off his retreat. But he was a da\- to the good 
 with his pursuers, and on the 15th reached Salamonde, where there 
 were two roads of escape. But one, that on Chaves, was said to be 
 blocked, and the bridges broken ; the other, shorter and more direct on 
 Montalegre, was still open, provided he could secure the bridge at Ponte 
 
 M.lk.^H.i I. .>('/ l.T. 
 
 After a Painting by Rouillard. 
 Marshal Soult, Duo de Dalniatie, entered the Revo- 
 lutionary Army, and became a General in 1794, when 25 
 years of age. He was with Napoleon at Marengo and 
 .Vusterlitz, and throughout the Peninsular War was one 
 of Wellington's doughtiest antagonists, but w.as never 
 once successful against him. 
 
 91
 
 V/ellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Nova, by this time in tiie luinds of Portujiiiese iriegiilars, who had half destroyed it. A daring French ofticer, Major 
 Duloiig, was sent forward witli a chosen band to recover the bridge and repair it. This perilous feat was successfully 
 accomplished, and Soult's army tiled across the narrow bridgeway in the night cf the 1 5th, continuing their march on 
 Montalegre. Anotlier passage, that 
 of the Salteador or Leapes, a sing!.- 
 arch across a rushing torrent, had to bt 
 secured, and it was done by the brave 
 LHilong. SouU was at Montalegre on 
 the 17th, and two days later across 
 the frontier; havingonly escaped by 
 the skin of liis teeth. He had lost 
 every gun, all his baggage, and 6,ooc 
 men ; but he had maintained his 
 reputation as a stout soldier, win is,' 
 firmness had spared his army a siii! 
 more terrible disaster. Sir Arthur 
 Wellesley has been blamed for rash- 
 ness in forcing the passage of the 
 Douro ; blamed also for not organic BRIDGE OF- ALCAXTARA, OX THE TAGCS. 
 
 ing a more active pursuit. The firs'' After a Orawmg by Robert Ker Porter. 
 
 was rather bold than rash, the prompt seizure of the chances given by the negligence of the French. He appe&.s to 
 have been ill-served by Beresford, who was at Chaves on the 17th, when Soult's rear-guard was still at Salamonde, 
 
 As it is but one march from Cha\'es to 
 Montalegre, he might have been there 
 ab.ead of the enemy. Nevertheless, 
 Wellesley's gain was great ; in less 
 than a month he had restored confi- 
 dence in Portugal, held one French 
 army (Victor's ) at bay, defeated the 
 other after an adventurous march, 
 and sent it in headlong flight across 
 the frontier. Wellesley had now to 
 deal with \'ictor. Having made 
 Portugal safe, he was free to enter 
 Spain. There were two Spanish 
 armies in the field, ready, as he be- 
 lieved, toco-operate against Madrid ; 
 that of Venegas to the south-east in 
 La Mancha, that of Cuesta near at 
 hand in the \alley of the Tagus. The 
 English General had not as yet been 
 fully undeceived as to the worthless- 
 ness of his allies ; even Sir John 
 Moore's experiences had not taught 
 
 and who should ha\-e stuck at that important point holding the bridges. 
 
 ARCH OF BRIDGE OF ALCAXTARA. 
 
 After a Drawing made on the spot by Robert Ker Porter. 
 The bridges over the Lower Tagus are mostly in a ruinous condition. The river proved of 
 great importance during these operations, and both sides lamented the destruction of this the 
 great Roman bridge of Alcantara, a stupendous work of the Emperor Trajan, built 105 A.i>. 
 
 him that the Spanish troops were not to be trusted. Moreover, he had not yet made acquaintance with Cuesta, 
 who was incompetent as a General. " He had no military genius," Wellington said of him ; a traitor withal, who 
 presumed to dictate a military policy, and went to bed when asked to concert the details for an attack. 
 
 95
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 RECRUJTJAG AND BILLETING IN ENGLAND. 
 
 From Atkinson's "British Costumes." 1807. 
 In the first decade of the century, when the war with Xapoleon was at its height, England was one vast camp. Recruiting parlies were 
 continually on the march through the Three Kingdoms. The troops were billeted mostly at the inns and ale-houses, and the above painting depicts 
 a common enough scene — probably an advance-guard of a cavalry regiment searching for billets— the soldiers flirting with the pretty maid, while at 
 the same time refreshing the inner man. 
 
 96
 
 Welliniiton and Waterloo. 
 
 A MILITARY BAGGAGE WAGGON. 
 
 From Atkinson's "British Costumes." 
 
 Troops oil tho line of maixh carried all iheir baggage with them, and the Hoincii of llic rrginicnt sat on lop. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 While Wellesley fighls in Spain witli meagre n\inilicrs, ihe Brilish Government still wastes its means on foolish and fniilless expeditions: that to 
 Walcheren in iSog was a ghastly failure. Meanwhile Wellesley, having beaten Soiill, turns on the French in the v.Hlley of the T.agus, relying too 
 hopefully upon his .Spanish allies. Cuesia is useless and incompetent, and in ihe great battle of Talavera ihe victory w.is entirely gained by the 
 starving British troops. But its advantages were lost by the converging advances of several French armies, and Wellesley is forced to retreat with all 
 speed into Portugal. His success is beliltled at home, but he is created Lor.l Wellington, and his merits recognised by the Government. While 
 holding the froniier of Portugal, a fresh French attack is organised under Ma.ssena, who, in June, iSlo, invades Portugal with a large army. 
 Wellington retires before him, following out a great scheme of defensive warfare. He faces round once, and fights the successful bailie of Busaco, 
 then resumes his relroat into the impregnable lines of Torres Vedras. 
 
 THE titter defeat of Soult, in the campaign of the Douro, was the first ot an unbroken series of successes, hut 
 the interval between this success and the full triumph was to be long and disappointing. For years to 
 come Wellesley's victories in Spain were discounted by the apathy of his allies, the lukewarm support of 
 the British Government, and its persistent resolve to break up the forces in many futile efforts instead 
 of concentrating them in one capable man's hands. Wellesley was left weak to prosecute a war which promised 
 Well, while huge means were wick'cdiy wasted in other directions. 
 
 At this moment, Napoleon's check at Essling inspired the idea that his power was tottering, and that it migint 
 be further shaken by blows struck at the e.xtremities of his empire. One e.xpedition was planned against Walcheren 
 from England, the other against Italy from Sicily. The effect of this ignorant policy was to misdirect and lose the 
 Services of some 50,000 men, and to bring disgrace and discredit on the British arms. The tailure of the 
 Walcheren E.vpedition was, no doubt, largely due to the incompetence of one man, Lord Chatham, the General-in- 
 Chief, but the Government, which planned it, was still more to blame. So vast an e.xpedition had never before left 
 our shores, yet never had enterprise been so meanly conceived, so improvidently arranged, so calamitously 
 conducted. A whole army perished in the pestilential marshes of Walcheren. 
 
 The object of this expedition was to seize Flushing, on the island of Walcheren, with all the French warships, 
 ptloat or building, destroy the arsenal at Antwerp, and close the river Scheldt. The first part of the programme
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 was, no doubt, accomplislicd. After much loss of time, Flushing was bombarded and captured ; but, in the interval, 
 the French and Dutch had made Antwerp safe, and withdrawn their fleet up the river. Lord Chatham moved 
 forward so slowly that he did not touch the mainland till ten da>s 
 after Flushing fell. This delay was lampooned by the contemporary 
 satirists in the well-known doggerel : 
 
 "The Earl of Chatham, with his sword drawn, 
 Was waiting for Sir Richard Strahan ; 
 Sir Richard, longing to be at them. 
 Was waiting for the Earl of Chatham." 
 
 Strahan, the .Admiral, may however be e.xonerated from blame, for 
 
 the British fleet did its work' well and completely. It was Lord 
 
 Chatham's childish incompetence and want of decision that caused 
 
 the wiiole failure. By the time he had made up his mind to fight for 
 
 what would have fallen into his mouth a month or two earlier, his 
 
 force was laid low by fever and ague, and he was compelled to retire. 
 It was impossible to hold Flushing. The' malaria of Walcheren 
 
 was fatal to the troops. Half the garrison was in hospital, and the 
 
 death-rate increased to 200 a week. Altogether 7,000 lives were 
 
 sacrificed, but thousands more returned home w ith shattered constitu- 
 tions, and long afterwards men sent on to serve in Spain still suffered 
 
 from the Walcheren fever. 
 
 Wellesley was now about to embark" upon a second campaign, 
 
 that in which he gained the great victory of Talavera. He now 
 
 advanced, as had Moore, on the faith of Spanish promises, with but 
 
 scanty means of transport and no magazines. But he had been assured 
 
 that the country could well supply his troops, and he had been promised abundant provisions. Yet, when he fought 
 
 tiie battle, his men were famished with hunger, and had had no food but a few grains of wheat for the previous 
 
 twenty-four hours. The starving troops, on 
 the very night before the battle, begged to be 
 let loose against the enem\', because " when 
 engaged they forgot their hunger." 
 
 His aim was to fall first upon Victor, and 
 drive him back on Madrid. The Spanish armies 
 or Cuesta and Venegas were to co-operate ; the 
 former was said to have 40,000 men, the latter 
 25,000. Wellesley, at Abrantes, had under his 
 own orders 22,000, but he e.xpected 3,000 more 
 from Lisbon, and a portion reached him after 
 the battle. He meant to co-operate along the 
 valley of the Tagus, a wide, swift river, flowing 
 in a rocky bed, impassable e.xcept where bridges 
 stood. A rugged mountain chain guarded his 
 left from Soult and the armies of the North, and 
 this barrier was only pierced by two passes, 
 which Cuesta had agreed to hold, but, of 
 
 course, neglected. Wellesley was at Placencia early in July, and, still advancing, he united with Cuesta at Oropesa 
 
 on the 20th of that month. It had been settled between them to mak'e a joint attack upon Victor, who, for the moment. 
 
 GEXERAL SIR HUSSEY VniAy. 
 
 After a Contemporary Painting. 
 A distingiiisherl cavalry officer, who served 
 through a great part of tHe Peninsular War and 
 at Waterloo. Was afterwards Lord Vivian. 
 
 CHARGE- RETRAITE. 
 
 After a Frencli Contemporary Caricature. 
 The expedition to Walcheren, in the Low Countries, was the largest that has 
 ever left our shores. It was intended to destroy the arsenal of Antwerp and the 
 French fleet in the Scheldt, but through the incompetence of the General in Command, 
 the Earl of Chatham, it accomplished nothing. Presently the army was devastated 
 by disease, and with wasted numbers had to make an inglorious retreat. This failure 
 is lampooned in the French drawing. 
 
 ?8
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 LOVE AXD HONOUR— niE SOLDIER'S DEPARTURE. 
 
 From an Engraving by Bartoloili, After Bunbury. 
 
 During ihe Napoleonic wars, when a martial spirit pervaded all ranks of the population in the British Isles, scenes like the one depicted in this 
 engraving must have been familiar and constant occurrences. A soldier, under orders to embark with his regiment for the Peninsula, pays a last 
 visit, accompanied by a comrade, to his native village, and tenders a touching farewell to his sweeiliearl. " I.ove" bids him slay, but "honour " 
 demands that he shall give himself to the service of his country. 
 
 ly'J
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 was in greatly inferior strength, and must have endured a serious defeat. " Had we fought then," the Great Duke 
 said, tive-and-twenty years later, " it would have been as great a battle as Waterloo, and would have cleared Spain 
 of the French for that time." 
 
 But that changeable, capricious old man, Cuesta, would not consent to attack when the moment was most 
 opportune. Then, when Victor retired upon Toledo, he pursued with rasli precipitation, and nearly fell into a trap. 
 
 For now Joseph, coming up from Madrid, 
 reinforced Victor, and on the 26th July there 
 were 50,000 French, with ninety guns, con- 
 centrated within a few miles of Cuesta's 
 outposts. Joseph was also in communicatic n 
 with Soult, who was on the move towards 
 tlie passes before mentioned, and it looked 
 as though, by a combined attack, the French 
 might envelop and destroy the allies. 
 
 This, indeed, Napoleon had anticipated, 
 with the unerring instinct of a great soldier. 
 Writing from Ratisbon in June, to confer 
 upon Soult the supreme command of three 
 army corps (despite the recent defeat on the 
 Douro), he told him: " Wellesley will 
 probably advance by the Tagus against 
 Madrid ; in that case, pass the mountains, 
 fall on his tlank and rear, and crush him." 
 Wellesley himself was hardly alive to the 
 nearness of the danger. He had not heard 
 of Soult's new army, am I he relied still upon 
 the blocked passes, which were reall\- no 
 better than open doors. 
 
 Cuesta, although roughly handled, had 
 escaped from the advancing French. But 
 Wellesley felt he could count upon no help 
 from the Spaniards, except in a good defensive 
 position, and begged Cuesta to fall back upon 
 Talavera. The obstinate old man would take 
 no ad\ice ; he long refused to retire another 
 yiwd ; and when at last he yielded, it was 
 only, as he insolently told his staff, because 
 " the Englishman had gone down on his 
 knees to him." It is asserted that this reallv 
 happened, that Cuesta made it a condition, 
 and that Wellesley did not hesitate, noblv believing that there was no humiliation in an act which provided for the 
 safety of tlie army. The battle-ground of Talavera lies between the Tagus on the right, and the spurs of a mountain 
 chain upon the left. The town, which is on the river, had been defended by a redoubt and some earthworks, their 
 front covered by hrok-en country and thick cork woods. The position extended along a low slope, v\-hich rose 
 gradually into a high hill on the extreme left, the key of the position. Beyond this, an open valley intervened, 
 at the foot of the far mountains. Wellesley placed the Spaniards behind the fortifications, where the\- were 
 almost unassailable. On their left came the English divisions— Campbell, MacUen/.ie, Sherbroke, and lastly, Hill— 
 
 L OR I) II 'ELLIXC 1 ViV. 
 
 After a Painting by Captain Raria, Lisbon, r8io. 
 Captain Rnria appears to have been a Portuguese portrait painter eslaljlislicd in Lisbon 
 
 at this period. 
 
 100
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
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 101
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 FiaCXC// II(>k\SE ARFlLLEkV. 
 (Ariillerie-a-Clieval. ) 
 
 From Horace Vernet's French Uniforms. 
 
 on the liighest ground. The British cavalry was in the valley, 
 
 closinti the left, and behind them, a little more to the centre, 
 
 was Albuquerque and the Spanish horse. 
 
 The French came on rapidly. By i p.m. on the 27th 
 
 July their advance had crossed the Alberche, and, driving in 
 
 the picquets, nearly captured Sir Arthur Wellesley. He had 
 
 dismounted, and was reconnoitring the approaching enemy from 
 
 the roof of a tumble-down house, when the French actually 
 
 arrived ; and, hut for the steady demeanour of the English 
 
 troops, the General would hardly have got away. As it was, 
 
 he had to gallop for it, and all went in hot haste to the rear. 
 The next event was a complete stampede among the 
 
 Spaniards, some 10,000 of whom, abashed by the French 
 
 artillery fire, abandoned their work and tied. Cuesta went with 
 
 them in his coach and six. Men threw away their guns, gunners 
 
 carried off their horses, the paymasters their money chests, the 
 
 baggage was scattered far and wide. But for the promptitude 
 
 with which Wellesley sent up some British squadrons, and the 
 
 fire opened by the few Spaniards who stood firm, there might 
 
 have been a serious disaster. During the night, the fugitives 
 
 were in part rallied, and resumed their position ; but the Spanish 
 
 army was 6,000 short in the battle next day. 
 
 There was a preliminary fight that evening. The sun was 
 
 setting, but Marshal Victor, encouraged by the panic among the Spaniards, seeing that the high hill on our extreme 
 
 left was weakly held, tried to seize it by a coup de main. Two French divisions attacked, and a tliiid made a 
 
 dixersion, but Hill came up with 
 supports ; the enemy became 
 entangled in a ravine, and v\ere 
 repulsed as darkness fell. 
 
 About daylight on the 
 morning of the 28th, anoiher 
 combat preluded the great 
 engagement. Victor again at- 
 tacked the hill on the left, it 
 was an oDstinate hand-to-hand 
 fight, greatly prolonged, which 
 ended in a new defeat for the 
 French. Wellesley now saw 
 that he must strengthen this 
 Hank, and, borrowing one 
 Spanish dixision from Cuesta, 
 placed it on the spur of the 
 opposite mountains, while the 
 British cavalry circled round 
 TALAl-ERA. to look farther into the valle_\'. 
 
 From Historical Prints, 1800 , 4. 4 u 
 
 .,-, f .,. , . , . , a n d w a s s u p p r t e d b \' 
 
 The town of lalaveia rests un the one side on the river Ta£;us, on the other it is fl.in'ced by lii-h liills. ' ^ •' 
 
 The valley between is much bioUen and covered with thick cork woods. AlbuquetqUe'S SquadrOUS. 
 
 1U2
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 There were divided counsels now amons tlie French generals. 
 Marshal Jourdan, the King's chief adviser, was tor withdrawing behind 
 tiie Alberche, and waiting Soult's pressure on tlie allied rear. Victor 
 
 scouted the idea of 
 retreat, and insisted on 
 an immediate general 
 attack. It was the 
 worst policy, but the 
 King (Joseph), still 
 wavering and unde- 
 cided, resolved to try 
 the chances of a battle. 
 Meanwhile, the 
 l.iiglish rested in their 
 lies, tightening their 
 Its to silence the 
 pangs of hunger. The 
 Spaniards were dis- 
 heartened, dreading 
 the tight. Cuesta, it 
 was said, but not truly, 
 iiad opened a traitorous 
 commerce with the 
 enemy, and Albu- 
 querque, who hated him, sent Wellesley word that he was being 
 betrayed. The story goes that this disquieting news reached the 
 English General as he stood with his telescope examining the enemy 
 once more on the move. He listened quietly, and, without turning 
 his head, merely replied to Colonel Donkin, the bearer of the message, " Very well, you may return to your brigade." 
 
 The attack on the high hill on the 
 left, the real key of the position, although 
 made by a whole corps (the 4th), was 
 foiled; but the turning movement in 
 the valley seemed to prosper, when 
 Wellesley headed it by Anson's 
 cavalry brigade of two regiments only, 
 the 23rd Light Dragoons and Arents- 
 child's German Hussars. These 
 horsemen, charging with splendid 
 courage, were met by a wide chasm, 
 and .Arentschild pulled up short, shout- 
 ing, " 1 will not kill my young mans." 
 But the 23rd, hot-blooded, eager to 
 madness, " negociated " the ravine, and 
 galloped forward right through the 
 French infantry columns andfell fiercely 
 upon their cavalry in rear Our 
 
 WILLIAM HASNUM. 
 Provost-Marshal of H.M. Guarcs. 
 After a Painting by Graham. 
 
 The Provost-Marshal was a dread official with great 
 powers, who could flog ofl'endcrs taken in the act, and in 
 some cases proceed to svminiary execution. 
 
 FOOT GUARDS. 
 
 From Atkinson's " Costumes." 
 
 A brigade of Guards, Coldstream and Scots Guards, were 
 hotly engaged in the battle of Talavera. 
 
 HIE ESCLISII nosriTAL AXD THE CONVENT OF ALMADA. 
 
 After a Contemporary Painting. 
 
 View of Point of Cassilhas, near Lisbon, showing buildings used as the British military hospital 
 
 during part of the Pejiinsular War. 
 
 103
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 I. Starting to Join. 
 
 intrepid dragoons were broken and nearly massacred, but their heroic self-sacrifice had checked the turning movement, 
 and by its extraordinary daring had carried dismay into the French ranks. Meanwhile the fight liad been stoutly 
 
 maintained in the centre, but at last the Guards — 
 
 triumphed, and drove back the French in great disorder. 
 Elated by their success, they were draw n on too far in 
 rash pursuit, and fell in with the French reserves, which 
 came up with so much purpose that they restored the 
 balance. The British centre was pierced and in con- 
 fusion. It was the critical moment, and had not 
 Wellesley, who watched every phase of the battle 
 intently, now interposed with a masterly ha>i, the 
 issue mijiht have been very different. 
 
 He had seen the mistaken ardour of the Guards, 
 and, foreseeing trouble, had sent across a fresh regiment, 
 the 48th, one of the finest in the Service, which arrived 
 at the thieatened point just in the nick of time. The\- 
 advanced like a solid wall, and, at the word of command, 
 opened files to let the disorganised crowds pass through, 
 then resumed th.-ir unbrol\en line and swept gallantly 
 forward. Once more the French were checked, and 
 made no further progress in the centre. 
 
 On the left the great hill was still intact ; Cottiin's 
 cavalry came up with an imposing show back'ed by 
 strong reserves. The French had lost ten guns ; they 
 had lost heart, too, and Joseph was not the man to 
 restore confidence by organising a fresh battle. There 
 was nothing left but to retreat ; 44,000 men, of whom 
 only 19,000 deserved to be called soldiers, had withstood 
 nearly 50,000 French veterans, 7,000 of them e.-ccellenf 
 cavalry, the artillery being about equal on both sides. 
 
 But V\'ellesley's army had suffered severely ; barely 
 14,000 sabres and bayonets remained. The losses 
 included two generals killed and three wounded, and 
 the total number disabled in all ranks was 6,000. That 
 of the French was computed at 7,000. The gain to the 
 English was in prestige, for this was the first great 
 European victory our troops had gained since 
 Marlborough's time, and it was won against the first 
 military nation in the world. It was won, moreover, by 
 starving soldiers ; men who, for a whole week past, 
 had not received one-third of their full rations ; men, 
 too, who were largely recruited from the militia, and 
 who still carried the number and devices of their old 
 regiments. As if to emphasise the prowess of British 
 
 Takinir his Breakfast. 
 
 
 •r'^-irtr1f-''lW- ~ 
 
 3. Introauced to I1.5 Culoncl. 
 MILITARY ADfENTURES OF JOHNNY NEU'COME. 
 
 Verse by an " Officer." Caricatures by Rowlandson. 
 
 The episodes in the career of this imaginary young gentleman show admirably 
 
 the lights and shades of military life at this period. 
 
 infantry, Craufurd's Light Brigade, the nucleus of the soon-to-be-renowned Light Division, appeared on the field on 
 the day after the battle, having accomplished an astonishing march from the coast. His three regiments, the 43rd, 
 52nd, and 95th (afterwards the Rifle Brigade), had been halted near Placencia, when the Spaniards, flying from 
 
 104
 
 Wellin<,^ton and Waterloo. 
 
 MARSHAL BERESFORD. 
 
 After a Painting by Heaphy. 
 Commander-in-Chief of the Portuguese Army, which he reorganised, drilled, and disciplined, utilising English officers in command, so that it 
 bocaiiie in due course an efiicient and irustwony force. Beresford was of the Walerfor.l family (but with the bar sinister) ; he served in Egypt, 
 liuenos Ayres, and occupied .Madeira, where he acquired Portuguese, the re.tson why he was put at the head of the Portuguese Army. Wellington 
 thought .so highly of him that he pointed to him as most fitted to succeed him. The Marshal had a clear, strong understanding, was quick to see 
 vVelliiigiim 5 best comliiiutiuns, but was wa.iting in nerve ajul .self-reliance when acting on his own responsib.lity in the field. 
 
 105
 
 Wellingtoii and Waterloo. 
 
 Talavera, brought the false report of a rout. Craufurd rose to the occasion, and, fearing the worst, hurried forward 
 to reinforce Wellesley. Some fifty of his weakest men were withdrawn from the ranl<s, and then he started un a 
 march, which lasted for six-and-twenty hours, with no more than short intervals of rest. In that short space of time 
 he covered sixty-two English miles in the hottest season of the year, his men carrying knapsacks and ammunition, 
 a total weight of fifty or sixty pounds. Only seventeen stragglers had been left behind, and the brigade crossed the 
 field in a close and compact body, in the full view and to the admiration of the whole army. 
 
 Immediately after Talavera, Wellesley was forced to retreat. Soult had come through the Pass of Baiios on 
 tile 31st July, and was approaching Placeiicia with at least 30,000 fresh trooi'S. At 5 p.m. o:i the 3rd August, Welle'^'-^v- 
 
 PEN A MA COR, FOR 7 UGAL. 
 
 F[oi-i an Original Drawing by Major St. Cliir, an Officer on the Staff of the Peninsular Army. 
 A moiintaiu town just wilhin the frontier of Portugal, and an important point on the roail from North to South, from the Douro to the T;igu5. 
 
 heard he was at Naval Moral, having cut him from the bridge at Almaraz ; an hour later Cuesta reported tiiat King 
 Joseph was again advancing. He promptly decided, and it was his onh' chance of safetv, to cross the Tagus at 
 Arzobispo, and retire towards Badajos and the south. 
 
 Cuesta, as usual, objected, and would have stayed to fight. Wellesley persisted, and on the morning of the 
 4th, the English army marched across the river. Craufurd was sent by forced marches along the left (southern) 
 bank to hold that side of the bridge of Almaraz, and prevent Soult from interfering with the retreat. Cuesta stood 
 fast for a time to cover the English hospitals in Talavera, then abandoned to the enem\ , and narrowlv escaped being 
 severely handled by Soult. 
 
 It had been a narrow shave for Wellesley. The imminence of the danger u as felt not by him alone, but was 
 
 106
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ^ 
 
 SIR BANASTRE TARLETON. 
 
 After a Painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds. 
 General Baiiaslre Tailetoii served during ilie American War. In la'.er years he sat in the House of Commons. His antagonism to Wellesley 
 led him lo find fault with his generalship. He condemned the victories of Roleia and Vimiera, and opposed the vote to maue Wellesley a peer 
 a'li-r T.il.ivma. Tarleiiin fancied that he and not Wc leslcy sho ild have had the command in the I'eninsula. 
 
 107
 
 Wellingrton and Waterloo. 
 
 apparent "to every soldier in tiie British ranks, and produced a general disquietude." The General himself confessed, 
 "We were in a bad scrape, and 1 really believe, if I had not determined to retire at the moment I did, all retreat 
 would have been cut off from us both " (Cuesta and himself). After this he would have no more dealings with 
 the Spanish authorities. They had shamelessly thrown him over in the matter of supplies, had promised him 
 
 provisions and full magazines, and gave him none. " They allowed 
 
 a brave army," as he wrote, upbraiding them bitterly, "that was 
 
 rendering gratuitous service to Spain, that was able and willing to 
 
 pay for everything it received, to starve in the centre of their 
 
 country, and to be reduced by want almost to a state of inefficiency." 
 It troubled their chief terribly. " A starving army is worse than 
 
 none," he cried; "the soldiers lose their discipline and their spirit, 
 a fortnight ago they beat double their numbers. 1 should 
 
 hesitate now to meet a 
 
 French corps of half their 
 
 strength." No wonder 
 
 that these poor fellows 
 
 \\ ere tempted to rob and 
 
 plunder on every side. 
 
 In this last retreat, when 
 
 the army was threading a 
 
 wood, they came upon 
 
 large herds of swine, and 
 
 the soldiers broke their 
 
 ranks to kill all they could 
 
 reach, " shooting, stab- 
 SrR BANASTRE TARLETON. bing like men possessed, 
 
 After a Picture by Cosway. CUttlug off thC flesh Whlle 
 
 the beasts were still alive." For tliis and other deplorable excesses 
 condign punishment was ever at hand. Wellesle)' ruled firmly, and his 
 provost-marshals spared no marauders. The "cat" was constantly 
 heard, and the gallows often bore its ghastly burden. It was necessary 
 that order should be maintained, lest the army should degenerate into a 
 mere rabble ; yet no one can witlihold pity from the \-ictims, for their 
 crimes were instigated by the imperious needs of nature. 
 
 Wellesley's experience was akin to Moore's, but happily he survived 
 to adopt another line with his faithless allies. In a letter to his brother. 
 Lord Wellesley, now the British Minister to the Cortes at Cadiz, he 
 plainly declares that until " the evils of which I have reason to complain 
 are remedied, till I shall see magazines established, and a regular system 
 adopted for keeping them filled .... I cannot enter upon any 
 system of co-operation with the Spanish armies." Again: "The 
 Spaniards have neither numbers, efficiency, discipline, bravery, nor 
 arrangements to carry out the contest." He adopts the same tone to young officers. Hewas'bomin i735anddiediii 1S20, 
 the Government at home, boldly claims to be " justified from all blame " (with regard to his retreat), " excepting 
 that of having trusted the Spanish General in anything." From henceforth he had done with the Spaniards, and 
 would concentrate every effort upon the defence of Portugal alone. He was prepared to carrv^ the whole burden 
 of it on his own shoulders ; he knew what it meant, and yet did not shrink from it. "I belie\e there never wa: 
 
 GENERAL SIR DAVID UMlIS. 
 
 Commander-in-Chief, 1S09-1 1. 
 
 After a Caricature by Deighton. 
 
 Geneial Sir David Diindas was a lall. spare 
 
 man, crabbed and austere, dry in his looks and 
 
 demeanour, and there were peculiarities in his 
 
 habits and style which excited some ridicide among 
 
 108
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 nn>- of.icer, certainly never a British officer, 
 placed in so difficLiit a position as I am." He 
 liad to meet it ail, and "if I fail, God will, 1 
 hope, have mercy on me, for no one else will." 
 He had still many enemies and detractors 
 at home. His true character was bv no means 
 appreciated ; manydenied him military capacity, 
 and the proposal to confer a peerage and pension 
 'in him was strongly opposed in both Houses of 
 Parliament. The Corporation of the Cily of 
 I-ondon actually presented a petition against 
 the grant, and begged the King to prevent his 
 Ministers from " rewarding one who. in the 
 campaign of Talavera, had exhibited with equal 
 rashness and ostentation nothing but a useless 
 \alour." This bitter language is in amusinc 
 contrast with the City's offering, si.\ years 
 
 /VISS.ICL' OF THE TAGUS AT ITLLA VELIIA. 
 
 After an Original Drawing by Major St. Clair. 
 This boat-bridge, established by Wellington, enabled him to pass troops quickly across 
 to either side of the Tai;iis. \'illa Velha was very si rone; fur defence. 
 
 MARCH OF BAGGAGE FOLLOWING THE ARMY. 
 
 After a Drawing by Major St. Clair. 
 From first to last Wellington's chief dilficulty in Uie Peninsula w.as transport. He mostly employed pack mules. Officers had to find their own. 
 
 109
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 THE FORTRESS OF ELVAS AXD SURROUXDIXG COUXTRV. 
 
 After a Drawing by Henry Smith. 
 
 later, of a great gold shield emblazoned with his victories. The strictures passed upon his generalship were absurd. 
 Some speakers condemned his operations as rash and silly ; Lord Grey presumed to find fault with his dispositions 
 at Talavera, just as at the time of the Cintra Convention General Banastre Tarleton found fault with both Roleia 
 and Vimiera. This famous personage, who had ser\ed with some distinction in the war with the American Colonies, 
 where he had commanded a British legion, but who was now a bitter political partisan, declared that there was 
 " something rash " in the first battle and " something wrong " in the second. Yet Roleia was fought with the odds 
 
 altogether in Wellesley's favour, and 
 Vimiera was a great victory, neverthe- 
 less, which would have been greater 
 but for his untimely supersession. 
 
 Tarleton's bitterness has been 
 
 traced to the same cause as that which 
 
 ■'T: ■. made the Duke of York so hostile to 
 
 Wellington. Both sought the command 
 in Spain, and both, as we know, were 
 disappointed. Tarleton had, no doubt, 
 done good work", but chiefly as a leader 
 of irregular cavalry. He showed great 
 acti\ity at Charlestown, when, having 
 lost all his horses on the voyage, he 
 mounted his men on ponies or anj^thing 
 that would carry a saddle ■ and he was 
 strongly against that coopmg up of the 
 army on the York River that led to its 
 ignominious surrender. He was a 
 Liverpool man, and represented that 
 borough, always strongly supporting 
 the slave trade. 
 
 side 
 
 GENtuiAL VIEW OF ELVAS. 
 
 After a Drawing by Henry Smith. 
 E!vas was a great fortress on the frontier of Portugal, within view of Badajos on the Spanish 
 It was deemed impregnable, and was never attacked during the Peninsular War, ahhough 
 
 it came within Wellington's operations. 
 
 110
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
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 111
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Despite this rancorous opposition, Sir Artluir WeJIesley became Lord Wellington in August, 1809. Within five 
 years he had reached the topmost grade in the peerage, and when he entered the House of Lords for the first time 
 in June, 1814, he was hailed successively as " Baron," " Viscount," " Earl," " Marquis," and finally as " Duke." 
 He had alike conquered the highest rank and the highest place in the public esteem. 
 
 BLit ivtw, in 1 8 10, he was only beginning the great task that was to bring him such substantial and well-mfrited 
 rewards. In tliis year he was faced with difficulties and dangers that might have appalled anyone less capable and 
 self-reliant. It was his firm resolve to defend Portugal at all costs, and he had formed his great scheme, of which more 
 directly, and trusted to it implicitly. Yet the odds against liim seemed nearly overwhelming. Peace in Central 
 Europe had released Napoleon's legions, and he forthwith filled Spain with reinforcements, mure than ever 
 determined to drive the English into the sea. 
 
 By June in this year, the total of the French forces in Spain had reached the enormous figure of 366,000. 
 
 BATTLE OF BUS ACQ. 
 
 After a Painting by Westall. 
 •An episode in ilie en-agemeiU : Craiifiird's Division charyin- Ney's corps. 
 
 112
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Wellington, on the other hand, had but 25,000 British and Germans in Portugal, north of the Tagus. But Hill had 
 5,000 more on the south side, with as many more Portuguese, and Beresford's Portuguese army, nearly 30,000 men, 
 now fast becoming an efficient force under the command of English officers, garrisoned the frontier fortresses, and 
 was held as a reserve. For the invasion of Portugal, Napoleon selected Massena, Prince of Essling, whose uniform 
 success had gained him the proud title of the 
 " spoilt child of victor\-." He was to have 
 three Corps d' Armee under his orders, with a 
 total of 80,000 men. Two of these, Ney's 
 and Junot's, were in and about Salamanca 
 and V'alladolid ; the third, under Reynier, 
 was in the \alley of the Tagus, facing 
 General Hill. Wellington always said that 
 Massena, after Napoleon, was the ablest 
 French general he had encountered. They 
 met, these two do.ighty antagonists, years 
 afterwards, in Paris, and Wellington's oun 
 words shall be used to describe this interest- 
 ing event. 
 
 " Massena was much excited at first 
 seeing me," the Duke told Lord Stanhope ; 
 " made a great noise, and greeted me ver_\' 
 cordiallv. ' Ah ! M. le Marechal, what a bad 
 time you gave me.' And he declared to me 
 that 1 had not left him one black hair on his 
 body ; he had turned gray, he said, all over. 
 I answ ered that 1 thuught we had been pretty 
 even, things nearly balanced between us. 
 ' No,' he said, ' how near you were taking 
 me two or three times ' — which 1 was," added 
 the Duke. 
 
 Massena was one of the most remarkable 
 products of the French Rexolution. The 
 son of an innlxeeper, who Icept the little 
 tax'ern at La Turbie, on the hill above 
 Monte Carlo, a place familiar to all modern 
 visitors to the Riviera, he rose rapidly in the 
 Re\'nlutionar\- Army, and was at one time a 
 rival of Napoleon. But he soon 3'ielded to 
 the superior genius of his great master, 
 whom he served well on man)' hard 
 fought fields. Lodi, Rivoli, the conquest of 
 Switzerland, were among his earlv claims 
 
 to distinction, and later, Wagram and Essling, the 
 
 system against the coming invasion was vast in conception, terrible in execution 
 
 MARSHAL MASSENA. 
 
 After a Painting by Bonne-Maison. 
 Maishal Massena, Prince of Essling, was one of Napoleon's most fortunate an^i 
 Ion? most trusted lieutenants. A man of low origin, he rose rapidly in tlie Revolutionary 
 Army to the rank of general, and was once the rival of Bonaparte, to whom afterwards 
 he rendered loyal allegiance. He was known as the " spoilt child of victory," 
 from his constant success in the field, lie was chiefly distinguished at Lodi, Kivoli, 
 Wagram, and Essling. In Spain his hick left him, he was disgraced, and fought no 
 more for Napoleon. 
 
 itter of which ga\e him the title of Prince. Wellington's great 
 
 Anticipating the similar device 
 
 practised by the Russians in 18 12, he insisted that the Portuguese should lay their country waste, destroy mills, 
 remove boats, break down bridges, abandon their dwellings, and carry off with them everything that could minister 
 to the needs of the advancing army— crops, cattle, fuel, fodder, all kinds of supplies. The French would thus be 
 
 113
 
 Wellino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 MAJOR-GEXERAL SIR DENIS PACK. 
 
 After a Painting by Sanders. 
 Sir Denis Pack was present at the capture of the 
 Cape of Good Hope, at Buenos Ayres, Viniiera, 
 Corunna, and Walcheren. Then served in the Portu- 
 guese Army, and at Waterloo he commanded a brigade. 
 
 in his suite foi , 
 having failed to X<:\\ 
 him of this. They 
 retorted that it was 
 his business, not 
 theirs, to find out 
 what Wellington 
 was doing. " But 
 Wellington did not 
 make the moun- 
 tains," cried 
 M?ssena, meaning 
 that he should have 
 been informed of ^ 
 the natural strength 
 of the country. 
 Massena moved for- 
 ward very leisurely 
 from Salamanca in 
 June, and laid siege 
 to Ciudad Rodrigo, 
 which soon fell. 
 Then he attacked 
 Craufurd with the 
 Light Division on 
 
 drawn on through a howling inhospitable wilderness, while he, slowly 
 retiring, took refuge at last in the impregnable citadel of Torres Vedras. 
 
 He had early realised the defensive value of the mountains covering 
 Lisbon. The famous " lines," which the English engineers built under 
 his initiative and control, had been suggested by plans made by others, 
 but Wellington alone gave them effect. It was he who carried out this 
 gigantic undertaking, who built the entrenchments, inundations, and 
 redoubts that made one fortress of 500 square miles of mountainous 
 country 1\ ing between the Tagus and the ocean. These colossal lines 
 were threefold, and consisted of 114 forts strongly built and enclosed, so 
 that each must be attacked by regular siege operations. E\-ery advantage 
 was taken of the ground, all passages were closed by trenches, abattis, 
 and chevaux de f rise. 
 
 Nothing redounds more to Wellington's credit than the construction 
 of these lines of Torres Vedras. From first to last he kept his own 
 counsel ; no one but his engineers knew what he was doing, and they 
 hardly fathomed his object. That works were being built could not be 
 concealed when thousands of labourers were employed, but no one 
 fathomed their great importance. No whispers reached the enemy, 
 even although the French had friends still in Portugal ; no one reported 
 that Wellington was at work on this marvellous and impassable barrier. 
 
 It is said that Massena sharply rebuked the Portuguese who were 
 
 SKIRMISH ON THE RETREAl FROM BUSACO. 
 
 After a Drawing in Maxwell's " L'fe of Wellington." 
 
 114
 
 Wellington and 
 
 Waterloo. 
 
 GEXERAL REYNIER, DUKE DE MASS AS. 
 
 After a Drawing by Guerin, 
 General Reynier commanded the 2nd French Corps in the valley of the Tagiis, and joined Massena just before the battle of Biisaco, in which 
 he attacked the British rijjht, but faile.l. His troops fought with extraordinary vigour and resolution, overthrowing all before ihem ; they established 
 themselves on the top of the crest, but Wellington caused two guns to open upon ti.em, and then the 45th and SSth Regiments charged the French 
 so furiously that tliev were driven down the hill in confusion. 
 
 115
 
 Wellintzton and Waterloo. 
 
 the Cou, and nearly compromised it. But tiie intrepid 
 general, backed by the gallantry of his troops, drew 
 them off b\' one narrow bridge, after sacrificing manji 
 lives. At this time Wellington's main force was behind 
 the Mondego. When, however, Massena, still slow in 
 his movements, yet having taken Almeida, drew Reynier 
 towards him, and at last showed a clear intention of 
 advancing on Coimbra, Wellington resolved to bar his 
 
 
 WiiLcb an accoiiiu '>!' ihe b.iltle home. 
 
 I. Smells powder for the first time. 
 
 passage. Hill was ordered up in all haste, but that 
 judicious leader had anticipated his orders when relie\'ed 
 of Reynier's presence, and was already on the march. 
 He joined Wellington on the 26th Scpt^'iiber, as did 
 Leith from Thomar. The English amy was now 
 concentrated at Btisaco, a strong position on ilie moun- 
 tain side, which Wellington had chosen as admirably 
 adapted for a defensive tight. This brought on tne 
 battle of Busaco, an engagement for fighting whicl; 
 
 Wellington has been blamed. It has been called a " useless battle." But Wellington defended it on the grounds 
 that it was indispensable to give confidence to his troops, especiall)- the Portuguese. A general impression prevailed 
 that the English meant to fight no more, but would 
 soon embark and sail away, and the event justified 
 Wellington's decision, for Busaco, as he put it, " gave 
 
 the Portuguese a taste for an amusement (fighting) vt^ ff,i 
 
 to which they were not before accustomed." mSl^ ih '^ 
 
 It was necessary to tight, although he could not '-■;■.-. _ ^^^^^-iM'-J > 
 
 bring 50,000 men into line, man_\' of whom were untried ' ~^^"^^ ^ - 
 
 soldiers, while Massena had 70,000 veterans under his 
 
 4. Learns to smoke. 
 
 FU'iTIIER MILITARY ADVENTURES OF J01IXX\ 
 
 Atter Caricatures by Rowlandson, 
 
 3. Half-rations — Short commnns. 
 
 command. Btit Wellington's position was a high ridge 
 with a steep slope towards the enemy, the front being 
 covered by deep gorges, and intersected by craggy 
 defiles only practicable for mountain goats ; his right 
 rested on the Mondego, the left extended as far as the 
 Sierra de Caramula. A road along the crest gave easy 
 communication between the divisions, which yet stood 
 far apart, for the position was some si.xteen miles wide, 
 fhere were commanding points on which to plant 
 artillery, while the assailants must move in a cramped 
 
 \E\VCOME. 
 
 lie
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 COL 0\EL M:.I.I. LSI!. 
 
 After a Pain'ing by Marshal. 
 
 A well-known friend anti all)' of the Prince Recent (Gt orgo IV.) 
 
 and a dasliing ofticer in his time. 
 
 front of them, whilf tlie Stli Corps, the cavahy and artillery, 
 remained in reserve. The hrunt of the battle thus fell upo;i 
 Pictiin opposite Reynier, and Craufurd opposed to Ney. 
 
 Reynier he_;an the action from San Ant(.inio de Cantara 
 with two columns, and, having the easiest ground to cover, he 
 got in among Picton's people before he was seen. He quickly 
 scaled the mountain, and pierced the right centre of the 3rd 
 Di\isinn. Some of the French got to the higher cliff and stuck' 
 there ; others, wheeling to the right, would have svs'ept along 
 the crest, but now Wellington brought two guns to bear upon 
 them with grape, and Picton's "Fighting 3rd," ha\ing rallied, 
 " charged so furiously that even fresh men could not have resisted 
 the shock." The French gave way, and " both parties went 
 mingled together down the mountain-side with a mighty clamour 
 and confusion." 
 
 Meanwhile, the enemy above on the crest still stood firm, 
 and had reserves been near, they would have gained the position. 
 But Leitli, who with the 5th Division stood next to Picton, 
 had come with a brigade to his assistance, and skilfully using 
 the gth and 38th Regiments, he drove the French out of the 
 rocks, and cleared the crest. Victory was now assured on 
 this side, for Leith's 2nd Brigade was close at hand and 
 Hill's division approaching, so that the English strength was too 
 much for Reynier, and he retired discomfited. 
 
 On the other flank" Ney had thrown his skirmishers forward 
 
 space so that their columns could have full play. The position 
 was so formidable that it was thought Massena would not dare 
 to attack. " But if he does I shall beat him," said Wellington, 
 with his customary imperturbable self-possession. 
 
 Ney came upon the 26th, early, and was for immediatj 
 onslaught. He saw that the allies were only moving into their 
 places, and not without disorder ; the natural confusion attending 
 the occupation of new ground. Reynier coincided with Ney, 
 and a despatch was sent to Massena urging prompt action. 
 Massena kept the aide-de-camp waiting two hours for an 
 audience, then said nothing should be done till he arrived, which 
 did not happen till noon. 
 
 By this time the situation had changed. Wellington's whole 
 force had come into line. The great ridge was held by six British 
 divisions, and a number of Portuguese. Ney was not for 
 giving battle now, but Massena, encouraged by Reynier, who 
 thought he had only to do with a rearguard, resoK'ed to attack 
 at daybreak on the 27th. Ney and Reynier, with the 2nd and 
 Gth Corps, 
 were to as- 
 sault what- 
 ever lav in 
 
 COLOXEL TORRE.XS, 
 
 Military Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 After a Painting by Thomson. 
 
 Sir Henry Torrens was for many ye.irs Military Sec .<ary 
 
 at the lioise Giiard.s, and praciirally controlled the patronage 
 
 during the Peninsular War, under th» Duke of York and Sir 
 
 Paviii Dumla.s. 
 
 Ill
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 LORD WELLINGTON'S LINES COHERING 
 
 After a Drawing by G. Cumberland. 
 
 ijsr.ox. 
 
 before it was light, and tlien came on in three lieavy columns. One tried to turn Craufurd's right, a second smote 
 
 him in front, the third remained in reserve. The 2nd Column came on with dauntless courage till they were close 
 
 to the summit of the ridge, when Craufurd, " standing alone on one of the rocks," gauged the right moment, and sent 
 
 forward two fresh regiments at the charge. 
 
 " Next moment a horrid shout startled the 
 
 Frfiich column, and i,Soo British bayonets ,=- v^, 
 
 went sparkling over the hill." 
 
 This ended, practically, Ney's attack. 
 There was more fighting, fierce but desultory, 
 and abi)ut 2 p.m. the battle was ended. 
 
 It was costly to the French, who had been 
 repulsed with great loss, having in all some 
 4,500 killed and wounded. The English and 
 Portuguese came off more cheaply ; they had 
 the advantage of position, and lost no more 
 than 1,300 men. 
 
 Next morning (the 28th) sldrmishing was 
 renewed, but only to cover a flanking move- 
 ment made by Massena. He had learnt of a rugged mountain path across the Caramula Range, by which he could 
 turn Wellington's left, and before evening he had moved his whole army round. Wellington is described by an eye- 
 witness as being much put out w hen he saw what had happened. He had stationed some Portuguese troops on 
 
 che far side of the 
 Caramula to close the 
 road, and they had 
 failed to stop the 
 French. 
 
 Wiien they were 
 first descried winding 
 over the distant 
 mountains towards his 
 left, Wellington 
 watched them with 
 great earnestness. 
 " He seemed uneasy ; 
 his countenance bore a 
 fierce, angry expres- 
 sion, and, suddenly 
 nidunting his horse, 
 he rode away without 
 speaking. One hour 
 afterwards the whole 
 arm\' was in move- 
 ment." It was a race 
 
 ' -""^ .-v-...^ ^>...^ .,^ rtLL.i^ivi_ti uj ict^iii.ii wpcij.Livjii:i. i 1 c I c 1 1 IT lily biieiLercti aim snug, 
 while Massena's army slarved outside. now fur the Monde"0 
 
 for Coimbra, Leira, and Lisbon. Massena followed fast, never doubting but that the English were making 
 for their ships. He pressed on, although his heart must have failed him as he saw the desolation around, and 
 foresaw that, unless he was soon successful in the preoccupation of Lisbon, his men must starve. " The enemy 
 
 TORRES I'EDRAS ERUM HIE NORTH-WEST. 
 
 After a Drawing by the Rev. Mr. Bradford 
 
 Tliis picture and ihe one above show the famous lines of Torres Vcdras, which were Wellington's last and 
 
 imprognable stronghold in Portugal. He had quite realised the natural strength of the position, and had, on his 
 
 own initiative, covered it with the fortifications that kept the French army at b.ay. Th- lines were threefold, based 
 
 on forts and redoubts that could only he attacked by regular operations. Here lie lay sheltered and snug, 
 
 118
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 burns and destroys 
 everything as he 
 evacuates the 
 country." This was 
 the burden of his com- 
 plaint. " We find no 
 provisions. Tiiearmy 
 is subsisted on hidian 
 corn and a few vege- 
 tables left in the 
 ground." The roads 
 were blocked with the 
 Hying peasantry, with 
 goods and chattels, 
 carts, waggons, furni- 
 ture, mules, horses, 
 a n d cattle; p o o r 
 •Admen with children 
 in their arms, ladies 
 delicateh' clad, feeble 
 I lid men, striving hard 
 HUSSAR TRUMPETERS SOUXDIXG THE CHARGE. ^'^ '^'^'^P abreast of the 
 
 From a Collection of Contemporary English Uniforms, 1810 retreating COlUmnS. 
 
 After Eusaco the cavalry were constantly employed in covering the rear. Their onl\' SafetV their 
 
 only hope for the future, was to pass through the " lines," and gain Lisbon or the far side of the Tagus. A last and most 
 startling shock was " 
 reserved for Massena. 
 It fell upon Iiim when, 
 with increasing confi- 
 dence that his English 
 enemies could not 
 escape him, he was 
 brought t') a full stop t 
 by the unexpected 
 b a r r i e 1' of Torres 
 Vedras. It was one 
 of the must dramatic 
 surprises in war. At 
 the moment when he 
 tlviught to reap a full 
 liar\-est of success his 
 prey slipped through 
 his fingers, and, safely 
 ensconced behind these 
 iitupendous works, 
 was in every way 
 unapproachable. 
 
 •'EUI^ICULUS TRIPLEX DIEl'ICII.E RUMPlTURr 
 
 After a Contemporary Print, 1810. 
 George III. entrusting sword to Lord Wellington to defend Poruigal. 
 
 11!)
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 THE SOLDIER'S RETURN. 
 
 From an Engraving by Ward, After Wheatley. 
 The war is at an cud, and the soldier returns to claim the reward of valour at the hands of beauty. Ilis sweetheart, who has wailed patiently 
 for her lover through long years of anxious suspense, coyly it may appear, but at heart cheerfully, listens to his pleadings. The old father, him.stlt 
 a veteran, adds his appeals to those of the young soldier. The girl gives a willing consent, and a joining of hands by the parent sanrtiims the union 
 of two loving; suuls. 
 
 19n
 
 Wellinorton and Waterloo. 
 
 3/JSS/tX.l Kl-ACUATES POMBAL, PORTUGAL, MARCH 10, IMl. 
 
 After a Drawing made on the spot by Major St. Clair. 
 
 Thi? was at ihe beginning of the famous retreat of the French from before the lines of Torres Vedras, where theyharl been held at bay by Wellington 
 
 for nearly six months. Massena drew off cleverly, and was not missed for several hours. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Massena holds on for six months with extraordinary tenacity before the lines of Torres Vedras, but in March, iSl I. begins his difficult retreat. 
 Ney C(>mman:Is tlie rear, and delays Wellington's pursuit with great skill and firmness. At Sabugal one brigade of the Light Division encounters a 
 whiile Krench corps and wins in the unei|ual struggle. About this time Sir Thomas Graham fights on his own account the brilliant battle of Barrosa, 
 won by the sheer daring and gallanlry of .Major, afterwards Lord, Gough. Massena, believing Wellington to be ab.sent, again advances and attacks the 
 liritish at Fuentes d'Onoro. 'Wellinglon is on the spot, but holding loo extendiid a position, is nearly defeaied. Almeida falls. Marshal Beresford, 
 who had admirably re-organised the Portuguese Army, also fights an independent battle, that of Albuera, against Soult, where he was nearly worsted, 
 I ut the victory was gained by the indomitaljle courage of the British troops. Now Wellington finils himself opposed to Marmont, who has replaced 
 Massena, and' comes to blows with him in the fierce ^combat of El Bodon. After this, Wellington runs great danger by being exposed with a small 
 force to the whole of Marmont's army at Fuente Guinaldo, but escapes 
 
 MASSEN.A was not yet an old man, but he had li\-ed his life, and this campaign in Portugal, witii its 
 disappdiiitments and defeats, was not much to his taste. His invasion had failed from the very outset, 
 although he had great means, and was expected to perform great things. Napoleon had continually 
 lashed him forward, as will be seen from an intercepted despatch, dated September, containing 
 the following : — 
 
 '«-Lord Wellington has onh- iS,ooo men. Hill no more than 6,000. It would be ridiculous to suppose that 
 25,000 English can balance 60,000, if the latter do not trifle. But fall boldly on, having well observed where the blow 
 may be given." 
 
 The first blow had not made much impression, and no second was possible e.xcept by striking against an iron 
 wall. Napoleon, when he wrote, knew nothing of Torres Vedras, an ignorance shared by many people. It was 
 almost universally declared that the embarkation of the English army was inevitable ; that the operations on the 
 frontier and tlie battle of Busaco were devised as " a decent cloak to cover the shame " of it. 
 
 121
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 So strong was the feeling 
 tliat in England the Opposition 
 openly proclaimed the with- 
 drawal from Portugal. The 
 Ministry, too, which ga\-e 
 Wellington no support, but 
 plainly told him he must rely 
 upon his own resources, antici- 
 pated it, and a letter of instruc- 
 tions, issued to an engineer 
 officer proceeding to Portugal, 
 began with the words, " As it 
 is probable the army will embark- 
 in September ." New 
 
 arrivals, landing in Lisbon about 
 this time, did not conceal their 
 surprise at finding their com- 
 rades still there. 
 
 Wellington was, never- 
 theless, " all there," and there 
 to stay. But now, once en- 
 sconced within his marvellous 
 
 COIMBRA. 
 
 After a Drawing by Major St. C'air. 
 
 An important point on the line of Massena's retreat, and a flourishing cathedral city, the seat of a 
 
 University, has an observatory and a fine old aqueduct. 
 
 lines, he had to face another enemy — the traitors inside his camp. As soon as it was realised that nothing more was 
 to be done that year, or even the next, that the war had practically become a blockade, then many self-sutflcient, 
 ignorant critics were unchained. He was assailed u ith bitter in\'ective at home, chiefly on the strength of fault- 
 finding letters from the army in Portugal, which 
 denounced this wise inaction, and inveighed 
 against the supposed incompetence of the General- 
 in-Chief. This was not the way to shake 
 Wellington from his firm purpose. He woiild not 
 be drawn into playing the enemy's game, who 
 woLild have been too pleased to see him issue fortli 
 from his safe citadel and offer battle in the open. 
 He cared little for the most scathing attacks, but 
 yet he could not pass them over entirely unnoticed. 
 In one case he traced a \-ery hostile epistle back 
 to one of his own staff. General Charles Stewart, 
 the Adjutant-General of the army. So he called 
 him up, and, having convicted him of the 
 treachery, said : " Charles Stewart, you are 
 Castlereagh's brother, and he is one of my 
 dearest friends. But unless you promise never 
 to write in this strain again, I will deprive you of 
 your appointment, and send you straight home." 
 There was no reason why the army should 
 be discontented. They were comfortably housed 
 and sufficiently fed ; there was little duty to be 
 
 GRENADIERS OF THE iflnd and 'j2,!d HIGHLANDERS. 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes, 1811-14, 
 Two of the most famous regiments of the British Army, now the Black Watch 
 and the Gordon Highlanders of Dargai repute. Both have been engaged in 
 almost all the campaigns of this century. 
 
 122
 
 WellinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 MARQUIS OF WELLESLEY. 
 
 After a Parnting by Home, circa 1806. 
 
 Lord WellesU-v in 1809 accepted a special mission to Spain, as Envoy to the Spanish Government in Cadiz. He sought to strenuously assist 
 his brother in liis (ioalings wiili these difiiL-uh allies, and afterwards, when Foreign Secretar)- in the Perceval Cabinet, and always m the House of 
 l.<irds, strongly insisted on proper support being rendered Wellington in the Peninsula. 
 
 128
 
 Wellin9;tc)n and Waterloo. 
 
 done beyond routine work, guards, and pickets, with the constant drills needed to develop military efficiency. 
 Officers had plenty of their favourite sports and amusements, both hunting and shooting, and they organised private 
 theatricals and balls. There was nothing to grumble at but the one great grievance of not being led against the enemy. 
 The condition of Massena's army meanwhile grew worse and worse. He held his ground stoutly before the 
 lines, and yet with unmeasured difficulty. He dispersed his foraging parties far and wide to beat up supplies in this 
 terribly exhausted country. His efforts were boundless, and show up fmel>' his energetic, resourceful character. 
 The bulk of the food he gathered was maize ; and he forthwith 
 had ovens built to bake the bread made by the soldier bakers he 
 hiuited up in the ranks. There was plenty of skilled labour 
 in his army, and he was able to organise artisans' shops to mend 
 his disabled carts, shoe his horses, make gun-carriages, and 
 even manufacture powder. How marvellous was the work he 
 did is shown by the existence of his troops for five months in a 
 country that could not have fed the British as many weeks. 
 What the French suffered in that terrible time, and in the 
 
 subsequent 
 retreat, 
 may be 
 gleaned 
 from the 
 story told 
 of a French 
 soldier, 
 w h o , a t 
 the first 
 S p a n i s h 
 t o w n h e 
 reached on 
 
 leaving Portugal, bought all the white bread he could lay hands 
 upon. He ate it voracious!}-, lylb. of bread, without a pause, 
 and Spanish bread is close, stodgy food besides. 
 
 Massena's splendid tenacity broke down at last. He might 
 ha\-e held out longer had Soult come up to his support ; but 
 he had no means of communicating with liis colleagues, for 
 the Spanish irregulars intercepted all despatches passing between 
 the French generals ; and for months Napoleon had no news of 
 Massena, except what he read in the English newspapers based 
 on their reports from Portugal. Soult was, as a matter of fact, 
 approaching, and could have co-operated had Massena stood firm 
 for another ten days. But now in the early days of March, 1811, 
 reinforcements had reached Wellington, and he felt strong enough to attack. His plan was to fall upon Massena in 
 front, while Beresford, crossing higher up at Abrantes, turned his left. Massena very skilfully held his ground with 
 his fighting men, as though he meant to take the offensive himself, and behind this screen sent his sick and baggage 
 to the rear. Then his divisions filed off quickly, one after the other, and, when Wellington began to move on the 
 6th of March, Massena was gone. He had drav\n off towards the Mondego, having gained four clear daj-s, his aim 
 being to reach Northern Portugal via Coimbra, and the rich unexhausted district of Oporto and the Douro. So cleverly 
 was the retreat accomplished, that the Ritles, when ordered to advance, on the morning of the 6th, were checked by 
 
 rXFAN'TRY OFFICER. PENIXSULA. 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes of the British Army, 1811-14. 
 
 This was the unilorm of regimental officers in inarching ; the 
 
 overcoat was of blue "pepper and salt" colour. 
 
 DRUM-MAJOR A.SD PIOXEER OF A.\ INFAXTRY REGIMENT 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes. 1811. 
 The drum-major heads the regiment, and was always dis- 
 tinctively and gorgeously dressed. The pioneers, now only one 
 per company, are the survival of the artificers who once 
 accompanied an army to throw up entrenchments. 
 
 124
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 tlu' biilJ stand still made by some of the French. A sharp fire was opened on tliem, and the wall held was " rushed," 
 only to find that these last defenders were literally men of straw, lay figures in uniform, stuffed and accoutred. 
 
 The retreating French moved in two columns, one direct on Coimbra, the other by Thomar on Espinhal and 
 Murcella. Ney, with his accustomed intrepidity, covered the retreat, and Wellington came up with them on the 
 night of the loth at Ponwal. Massena barely got through the narrow streets of the town with the main body, but 
 Ney formed up his rear-guard on the heights, and held the pursuers at bay till night fell and Massena could escape. 
 
 Next day Wellington, whose object was to operate continually against the inner flank, and turn the French 
 away from Portugal, came up with Ney at KeJiiiha. The Marshal was well posted, making the most of his meagre 
 foice, and he stood firm till the English developed their attack, with 30,000 men deployed in the plain. Then, firing 
 a general volley, he escaped behind the smoke, but narrowly; and the skilful handling of the British troops made 
 him more cautious in future, although it did not check his daring. As Napier says, " The country was full of strong 
 positions, every village was a defile, the weather was moderate, and Ney, with a happ\' mixture of courage and 
 sk'ili, illustrated every league of ground by some signal combination." 
 
 Again and again Massena, covered by Ney, faced Wellington. Again and again the British General briskly 
 attacked or skilfully turned every position taken up by the French ; there were many sharp fights, as at Cazal 
 Nova and Foz d'Aronce, in which the allies were always superior. Massena at last gained Moita, where he was 
 allowed a brief respite, and finally, on reaching Celorico and Guarda, he was in comparative safety. Wellington 
 
 MASSEA'A'S RETREAT, 1811. 
 
 After a Drawing by Major St. Clair. 
 
 In ll,e last phase of this retreat, Wellini;ton, anxious to dislodge the French from a strong position, threw the Light Division across the Mondego 
 
 by the fords at Celorico, and gained his object. 
 
 125
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 paused in the pursuit ; iiis 
 
 supplies iiad run short, and he 
 
 had to wait till more reached 
 
 him. This retreat through a 
 
 wasted country was one of tlie 
 
 most terrible on record. 
 
 Massena showed great miiitar\' 
 
 ability, but also a fierce and 
 
 ruthless spirit. No doubt his 
 
 starving soldiery were often 
 
 cut down and massacred by 
 
 the peasantry, but the Frencli 
 
 reprisals were horrible. Whole 
 
 villages were given to the sword 
 
 and burned to the ground ; 
 
 murder and rapine marked the 
 
 ^ S ABU GAL, ON THE CO A. 
 
 army s track. Even dumb a ter a orawirg by Majcr st, cui- 
 
 patient beasts were sacrificed This was the scene of the fine action fought by Beckwitli against trememloiis odds, in March. iSlI. 
 
 ' Through the error of a staff officer, he found himself eni^aged with a single brigade uf the Light Division 
 and at one point Massena against a whole French corps, and yet held his own. 
 
 ordered some 5,000 asses to be hamstrung, and the British, coming upon the scene of butchery, were goaded to such 
 fury that they would haw gi\-en no quarter to the enemy if they had been engaged just then. " The conduct of the 
 enem\- throughout the whole retreat," wrote Wellington, " was marked by acts of barbarity which have seldom been 
 equalled and never surpassed." The retreat put the crown, indeed, upon the cruelties practised before Torres Vedras. 
 When the French foraging parties traversed the country, if they caught a Portuguese peasant, they would seize him, 
 
 and put him to the torture till 
 he confessed where he had 
 hidden his pro\isions and goods. 
 The rule was, first to hang him 
 till he grew red in the face ; 
 if he still held out he hanged 
 till he was blue, after which, 
 C'intinued contumacy was 
 punished b\- death. 
 
 Still .Wassena's mana?u\- 
 ringwas masterly, and, in spite 
 of his hea\v losses, some 
 30,000 out of 75 ,000, he quickly 
 reco\'ered himself when once 
 across the Spanish frontier, 
 and would ha\'e resumed the 
 initiative. His design was to 
 w ork once more to the south- 
 w ard, and reach the valle\- of 
 the Tagus through Sabugal and 
 Penamacor. But he had to 
 deal now with lieutenants who 
 were mutinous ; Ney defied 
 
 19, 
 
 CAMP AT VILLA VELHA, MAY 
 
 After a Drawing by Major St. Clair, 
 There was a boat-bridge ^here, across__the Tagus, much used by Wellington in this campaign of i S 1 1 , and 
 
 the place was held always. The occupations of the troops when bivouacking are here shown.' 
 
 126
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 his orders, uther marshals and generals neglected them, the combinations that would haw carried the army to the 
 TagLis were delayed, until at length they were foiled by Wellington. The French were now posted at Sabugal, where 
 they could huth hokl on tn Pnrtugal and aim at the Tagus. This brought on an action whicli was hardly a battle, 
 for it was marred by mischance, but was yet a crowning triumph to the small portion of tlie British army engaged. 
 This was mainly the three famous regiments of the Light Division, the 43rd, 52nd, and 95th, who never behaved 
 with greater gallantr\- than at Sabugal, under 
 Beckw'ith, their intrepid brigadier. The 
 morning was thick w ith heavy rain ; and, 
 tliKiugh the mistaken zeal of a staff officer who 
 found Beckwith's brigade halted at a ford, it 
 was hurried forward to the attack prematurel_\-. 
 Beckwith came upon the enemy with barely 
 half his brigade, a regiment and a-half against 
 1 2,000 strong (Reynier's Corps), but his heart 
 was too big to quail. The Rifleman, Edward 
 Co^tello, who was present, bears witness to 
 his chief's d-meanour on that day. " No one 
 could have observed our colonel during the 
 heat of the action and not have admired his cool 
 aiikl soldier-like bearing. ' Steady, lads — show 
 no luirr\-,' was his cheering exhortation, accom- 
 panied by a smile when we were obliged to 
 retreat, the blood at the same time flowing 
 copiousK' from a wound he had received across 
 the forehead." " Never were troops more 
 judiciously or more gallantly led. Never was 
 a leader mure devotedly followed," is the 
 tribute of another Rifleman present. Captain, 
 afterwards Sir John, Kincaid. Kincaid has 
 preserved twi> curious incidents of this fight. 
 One was that a man in the action fell di-ad at 
 his feet, yet " although 1 heard a inusket-ball 
 strike him, I could neither find blood nor 
 wdund." The other is a stoi \- ot .1 little spaniel 
 belonging to one of the officers, which ran 
 about all the time barking at the balls ; and 
 says Kincaid, " I once saw him smelling at a 
 li\e shell, w hich exploded in his face without 
 hurting him." Beckwithfoughtan unequal battle 
 with such fierce resolve, making so much use 
 of the ground , that he held his own till reinforced, having inflicted enormous losses on the French. Wellington 
 ungrudgingly st\led this as " one of the most glorious actions British troops were ever engaged in." 
 
 The defeat at Sabugal, although not so decisive as it deserved to be, still obliged Massena to surrender his 
 projects and fall back upon Salamanca. Wellington, seemingly master of the situation, invested Almeida closely, 
 and, believing now that a period of inaction was certain upon this side, hurried off to give his personal aid to 
 Beresford, who was engaged upon the siege of Badajos. _ During his absence Massena, thinking to take advantage 
 of it, gathered up his strength for a fresh onslaught, and fought the battle of Fuentes d'Onoro, of which 
 
 MARSHAL NEY. DUG VELCHINGEX ASD l-RISXE OF MOSKOWA. 
 After a Painting by Rouillard, 
 Ney, son of an old soldier, threw up a small billet to enlist as an luissar. lie 
 was one' of the most intrepid and chivalrous of Napoleon's marshals, and was shot 
 as a traitor to Louis XVIII. in 1815. He was especially sirong as a leader of an 
 advance or rear guard, and admirable in the handling of large Ixidies of troops. He 
 was constantly engaged in the I'cninsula, against .Moore at Corunna and Wellington 
 later, although he' never had an independent command. He was Napoleon's most 
 active lieutenant at Waterloo. 
 
 127
 
 Wellinorton and Waterloo. 
 
 MAJOR-GEXER.IL, IXI-AXTRY. 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes, 1811. 
 
 Fiilldress uniform of a general officer in the time of the Peninsulai 
 
 War. He wears the decoration of a Knight of the Bath. 
 
 more directly. About this period another brilliant feat of arms 
 was performed by a distant detached force, that under Sir 
 Thomas Graham, wlio, on the 5tii of Marcli, had won tiie battle 
 of Barrosa, not far from Cadiz. This maritime city, now the seat 
 of Government and the headquarters of the Cortes, vvas closely 
 block-aded l-iy Marshal Victor with 20,000 men. Graham thought 
 he Could best relieve the pressure of the investment by transpcirt- 
 ing a force down the coast, and, landing at Tarifa, attack the 
 French lines in reverse. A word here as to Graham, one of the 
 most gallant niilitar\- leaders of these times, who onl\- took to 
 war late in life ; but the read\' instinct of a born soldier amply 
 replaced the want of early training and long experience. 
 There was a pretty but sad romance about his adoption of a 
 military career. His youth and manhood had been passed in 
 the Highlands; he was a Scotch laird, happily married, and 
 de\oted to field sports. At forty-five, the death of his wife, to 
 w horn he was devotedly attached, blighted his life, and he 
 turned to the Army to seek an anodyne for his grief in active 
 service. This is the Mrs. Graham of Gainsborough's immortal 
 portrait, one of the finest k'nown to the British school. She was 
 a daughter of Lord Cathcart ; a lady of the sweetest nature, 
 and of great personal charms, as will be plain from the illustra- 
 
 lions. What the bereavement meant to Graham niay be gathered from the fact that, at his wife's death he ordered 
 
 the picture of her to be bricked up in a wall of his ancestral home, from which it was not e.xtracted for many years. 
 Graham first saw ser\'ice at Toulon in 1793; then he raised a regiment of his own, the famous goth, or 
 
 Perthshire Volunteers, now the 2nd Battalion of the Cameronians, or Scotch Rifles, a regiment w hich has gi\en 
 
 two Commanders-in-Chief to the British Army— Lord 
 
 Wolseley and Lord Hill. He ser\ ed w ith it constantl_\- 
 
 in the Mediterranean and in Egypt under Abercromby ; 
 
 and, when fifty-four, he accompanied Moore to Spain as 
 
 a volunteer aide-de-camp. After Corunna he was gi\cn 
 
 substantive military rank, which had long been denied 
 
 him, but could not now be withheld, having been a dying 
 
 request of the ill-fated Sir John Moore. He was now 
 
 commanding the British garrison at Cadiz, and in 
 
 February, 1811, he carried away with him 4,310 sabres 
 
 and bayonets, all good hardy troops, their commander 
 
 " a daring old man, and of a ready temper for battle." 
 
 He was to be supported by a Spanish force, but, like 
 
 his great comrades, Moore and Wellington, was doomed 
 
 to disappointment and the narrow risk of disaster from 
 
 the shortcomings of those contemptible allies. The 
 
 Spanish general, La Pena, took the supreme command, 
 
 which had been generously conceded by Graham, 
 
 although against his instructions. It was pretty certain AIPE-DE-CAMP TO GENERAL OEFICER. 
 
 that Marshal Victor would come out of his lines to tight, '"'"'" ""^'"°" sm.th's costumes, .an. 
 
 or, I r^.-ol,„,„ „,.,^,. • i I X, , ^ ~ . ' ■^" officer of the personal staff of a general officer durint; the wai was 
 
 and Graham was vei y an.XlOUS to keep the troops fresh, always well n.oumed, so as to carry despatches qtrickly. 
 
 128
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 THOMAS GRAHAM, LORD LYNEDOCII. 
 
 After a Painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 This is a Inter portrait of Sir Tliomas Graliam, who, in 1811, was in command of the British garrison at Cadiz when invested by the French. 
 In order to create a chversioii, he transferred a force by sea to Tarifa, so as to fall upon the rear of the French blockading army. The battle of 
 liarrosa followed, brought on by the misconduct of the Spanish allies, and was turned into a glorious victory by the promptitude of the British 
 general and the reckless bravery of the British troops. At the end of the Peninsular War Graham became Lord Lynedoch. 
 
 12'J
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 unharassed by long marches, and compactly together. As they proceeded along the coast they came upun the heights 
 of Barrosa, upon which Graham was very anxious to make a firm stand. But La Pena wanlered on, and with great 
 
 want of tact peremptorily ordered Graham to 
 
 ' ■"''■' ^^ follow. Graham obeyed, but left two regiments 
 
 (in Barrosa to guard his baggage, and then 
 entering a thick wood, was altogether deserted 
 by La Pena. N(jw Victor, who was near a1 
 hand, sav\- a great opportunity ; his enemy was 
 in three separate bodies widely apart — the 
 Spaniards a long way ahead, Graham in the 
 w (lod, his baggage and its guards on the Barrosa 
 hill. The French were at once sent forward to 
 attack \-igornusl\-. The blow tlrst fell upon 
 Barrosa, and Major Brown, outnumbered but 
 defiant, sent to Graham asking what he sliould 
 do. " Fight," was the stout answer of the 
 intrepid veteran, and, facing round, Graham, 
 w ith great promptitude and determination, pre- 
 pared to do the same. Retreat at that moment, 
 although perhaps prescribed bv the strict rules 
 of the military art, would have been quite 
 ruinous. Graham's only hope was in a prompt 
 initiative. The order was to attack forthwith, 
 without waiting for regular formation; e\er\- 
 corps, every detachment, was to go straight at 
 what was in front of it. But the British troops 
 drew together in two great masses, which 
 charged in a great shock with no decisi\'e results 
 on either side. Now the 87th, led by Major 
 Hugh Gough, rushed forward in such a fierce 
 and prolonged charge, "that they overthrew 
 the tlrst line of French, drove it on to the 
 second, and the whole, being broken, went 
 off in Confusion, carr\'ing away the reserves at 
 the same time." Brown, on Barrosa, charged 
 down, and was soon backed by Dilke's column, 
 one of the tw-o above mentioned ; and there, 
 too, the French were overborne. Tlie dis- 
 comfited enemy tried hard to reform as their 
 columns con\'erged in retreat, but the tine play 
 n/J?S. GRAHAM. of the British artillery forbade it, and the battle 
 
 After a Portrait by Goinsborough, 1794, and Flameng's Etching of same. COUld Ilot be reStOred 
 Mrs. Graham (she did not live to enjoy the tiUes earned by her gallant htisbaml, _, ,■ ■ , -n i: n x 
 
 neither as Lady Graham or Lady Lynedoch) w.-is a daughter of General Earl Cathcait, ' "t' Chiet glory of BarrOSa tell. Of COUrse, on 
 
 and a lady of great personal charms. She died prematurely, and Mr. Graham, although Graham. But GoUilh and hls gallant Irishmen 
 already ol inature age, bemg inconsolable at her loss, joined the Army and served as a . ". 
 
 volunteer, to rise rapidly to great distinction, as has been stated elsewhere. At the deserve especial Credit, for they Struck III at 
 
 !!r»n7n?'VRT"'""'"' ^\ °"^"'""'^ '^'' P"u'-'" '? ""^ •'"''^''^ "P '" ^ *"" ^' ^'' the most critical moment and captured a 
 
 mansion of Balgowan, and it was not brought out for many years. It is one of the ' 
 
 most famous of Gainsborough's many fine pictures. ' French eagle, that Seen in the WDodctlt. This 
 
 130
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 was nne of the first occasions on which Hugh Gough showed those daring quilitics that raised him to so high a 
 place among Englisii soldiers. He was the same forward, intrepid leader, prodigal of his person, eager to be ever in 
 the forefront, throughout the Peninsular War, and afterwards in India when Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 He is represented on another page as he appeared at Chillianwallah. It is a familiar picture, and everyone 
 kiiiiws the famous white overcoat. There are two or more of these portraits in the mess of the 87th, now the 
 Rii\al Irish Fusiliers; and once a sergeant of the corps, whose father had fought at Barrosa with the regiment, was 
 heard explaining the portrait to a less well- 
 infcirmed ciimrade : "That's old Cjough, grand 
 old man, and that's his famous coat. After the 
 battle he took that coat off, and just shook the 
 bullets out of it." A pretty story of canine 
 attachment belongs to this battle of Barrosa. 
 Among the French killed was General Rousseau. 
 He had owned a white poodle dog, which had 
 been left in quarters when the general went 
 out to tight, but which, tlnding his master did 
 not return, wandered in search of him. He 
 found him where he lay stricken to death, and 
 remained constantly by the general's side, 
 licking his hand and moaning piteously till his 
 master died. For some time he could not be 
 persuaded to leave the body, and for three days 
 refused food After the burial he still lay there 
 up )n the grave, utterly disconsolate, until Sir 
 Thomas Graham, who was crossing the field, 
 came upon the faithful beast. The general 
 was ever a great lover of dogs, and he had 
 no doubt at command much of that subtle 
 sympathetic influence that wins at once upon 
 canine nature. The poodle took' to this other 
 general, suffered himself to be drawn away 
 
 from the grave, and presently transferred the 
 
 will lie wealth of his affectiim to Sir Thomas 
 
 (jraham, becoming his constant companion. 
 
 I:\entually the white poodle went to Perthshire, 
 
 and lived at Balgowan till he died. Massena, 
 
 as has been said, was prompt to take advantage 
 
 of Wellington's absence at Badajos, and that 
 
 the English General had gone was immediately 
 
 known, for spies came and went between the 
 
 two armies, and all important news was carried across the lines. First Ciudad Rodrigo was succoured, and then 
 
 Massena made a push to relieve Almeida. With this in view, he advanced from Salamanca in the latter days of April. 
 
 His army, so lately shattered, was now re-constituted and re-organised. He was now numerically stronger than the 
 
 allies as two to one in infantry, and three to one in cavalry. Wellington had no more than 32,000 men all told, 
 
 of whom 10,000 were Portuguese and 1,600 cavalry. At the news of Massena's approach much an.xiety prevailed 
 
 in the British lines, and all ranks were eager for Wellington's return. As Kincaid says, "we would rather see his 
 
 long nose in the fight than a reinforcement of 10,000 men any day." This is not so high an estimate as Wellington 
 
 .1/A'5. GRAHAM. 
 
 After a Portrait by Gainsborougn. 1794. 
 
 131
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 TRIUMrH UF THE BRITISH FLAG AT DARROSA. iSii. 
 
 After a Drawing by Deighton. 
 
 The vicliuy of Barrosa was gained against great odds, and was llie subject of great rejoicing in 
 
 Enijland. 
 
 made of the vaiiie of Napoleon's 
 
 presence witli an army, wliich he placed 
 
 at 40,000 men. But it is pleasant to 
 
 record how Wellington's men trusted 
 
 him. " There was a charm, not only 
 
 about himself but all connected with 
 
 him, for which no odds could compen- 
 sate," goes on Kincaid. " . . . . 
 
 I'll venture to say that there was not 
 
 a heart in the army that did not beat 
 
 more lightly when we heard the joyful 
 
 news of his arri\al the day before the 
 
 enemy's advance." 
 
 Wellington did not hold much b; 
 
 the siege of Almeida, and need not have 
 
 waited for Massena's attack. Never- 
 theless, as Napier put it, " his warlikx- 
 
 spirit would not let him go back"; 
 
 he was outnumbered, the position he 
 
 occupied at Fuentes d'Onoro was 
 
 vicious, for Massena, marching straight 
 
 from Ciudad Rodrigo, could place him- 
 self with all his strength on the weak right tlank of the English line ; he had an enemy's fortress in his rear, and 
 
 the river Coa with its rocky bed would have been difficult of passage in retreat. 
 
 There was a preliminary combat, but the real battle of Fuentes d'Onoro began on the 5th. Wellington took up 
 
 a position unduly extended for his numbers, reaching from in front of Almeida on his left, through Fuentes d'Onoro 
 
 in the centre, to the plateau of Na\a d'Aver on his far right, w hich was held bv one division, the 7th, and the 
 
 cavalry. The French struck 
 at this flank and turned it, their 
 ca\alry being so much more 
 powerful than ours, and 
 Ramsay's battery of Horse 
 Artiller}' was quite cut off. 
 This gave rise to the great 
 historical incident of Ramsay's 
 escape by his splendid charge. 
 The story has been told 
 and re-told, painted and re- 
 painted. The main body of 
 the French was suddenly seen 
 to be heaving as though torn 
 with some internal convulsion, 
 which was focussed "at a 
 pdint where a thick dust and 
 loud cries, and the sparkling 
 of blades, andflashingof pistols, 
 indicated some extraordinary' 
 
 THE LINES OF TORRES VEDRAS. 
 
 After a Drawing by L'Eveque. 
 1 lie River Tagus near Lisbon, showing a portion of the famous lines of Torres Vedias where they rested 
 
 on the river. 
 
 132
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 -^■«,r^^:: :L£i<5e >^.,- 
 
 4''^M 
 
 occurrence. Suildcnly the multitude became \ii)lently agitated, an Entrlisli shout pealed iiiiih and clear, tne mas.s 
 was rent asunder, and Norman Ramsay burst forth, sword in hand, at the head of his battery, his horses, breathing 
 fire, stretched like greyhounds along the plain, the guns bounded l^iehind 
 them lil<e things of no weight, and the mounted gunners followed close with 
 heads bent low and pointed weapons in desperate career." 't is one of 
 the finest and proudest episodes in war. 
 
 But iKiw the French were fast gaining ground , rhe British right was 
 nearly comprdmiseii ; the battle would surely be lust unless Wellingtnn 
 quickly closed in his line. He was never better than in the tactics of the 
 battle-field, and now he skilfully i.lrew back' his right, forming a new front 
 at an angle with file nld. This change was not completed a moment loo 
 soon; whil; it was in progress, the plain was covered with baggage, and 
 commissariat and broken detachments all in maddening confusion, so that 
 the fighting men could not make daylight. Had the French pressed 
 
 their ad\ antage with a 
 
 vigorous attack, the 
 
 battle would have been 
 
 lost to Wellington. 
 
 But the British got 
 
 into their new places 
 
 safely; while the delay 
 
 in Drouet's assault of 
 
 the \illage of Fuentes, 
 
 which he might have 
 
 tak'en easily enough, 
 
 would have made this 
 
 new position untenable 
 One of the com- 
 
 ba ta n t s ( K i lu a i d ) 
 
 gives a graphic picture 
 
 of this change of front. 
 
 He descrifies the mo\'e- 
 
 niriit as "a magnificent 
 
 military spectacle 
 . the plain be- 
 tween us and the right 
 
 of the army was by 
 
 this time in the posses- 
 sion of the French cavalr\-, and w hile we were retiring through 
 
 it with the order and precision of a common field da\', they kept 
 
 dancing round us, and every instant threatened a charge without 
 
 daring to execute it." Fuentes was long and fiercely contested, 
 
 for b( ith sides brought up their reserves, and the tight lasted till the 
 evening. The village was then abandoned by the defenders, and this was advanced as our claim to a victory. The 
 French also claimed it on the ground that they had turned our right, and forced Wellington to surrender three miles 
 of ground. Massena again was the victim of insubordination, " the machinery of battle did not work," his order? 
 were disregarded, or but tardily and incompletely obeyed. Indecisive as was the battle of Fuentes d'Onoro. Massen.'i 
 
 L//;{ 'T.-GEXERAL AfACDOX.l L P. 
 
 After a Drawing by Deightor. 
 A distinguished soldier, who held many sUiH 
 appoiiilmenls, and rose to be Adjulant-tjenenil 
 (j| ihc .Ami)-. He was trained Ijy Lord Calhcart, 
 Sir Thomas Graham, and Sir John Hope. He 
 was in the expeditions to Copenhagen and 'o 
 Walcheren, and was with Graham at Barrosa. 
 .\s Assistant-Adjulanl-General he served unii' t 
 Hope in the last actions in the Suiilh of Krani:r. 
 Afterwards at the Horse Guards, as .Xdjulanl- 
 General wilh the Dukes of York and Wellington 
 and Lord Hill, he had greal power and still grcril':r 
 discretion. 
 
 GEXERAL VISCOUXT GOVGH. 
 
 After a Painting by Jackson. 
 lie commanded the 87lh Regiment at Barrosa (i8i i), when 
 that fiiie regiment, under his fiery leadership, carried all before 
 Ihom, and coulrilnUed largely to the victory. After, as Com- 
 mander-in-Chief in India, he won many battles against the 
 .Sikhs, anrl became N'iscount Gough. 
 
 133
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 RO)-.lL //<V:SE ARTIIJJh). i^.ii. 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes. 
 Norman Ramsay's troop of Horsu Artillery greatly distinguished itself 
 at the battle of P'uentss d'Onoro, where, being surrounded by French 
 cavalry, ihe gunners cut their way through with their swords, dragging out 
 their guns at a gallop. 
 
 retired witlimit n-lieving Almeida. He liad, iiovvever, 
 
 communicated witii its Governor, General Brennier, 
 
 desiring liim to cut his way out if he could. Some 
 
 rumiiur that an attt-mpt of this kind wnuld he made, 
 
 and by the road to Barba del Puerco, had reached 
 
 Welliu'iton, and he had warned Brennier not to try. • 
 "1 had some intimation <if Breiinier's purpose to 
 
 blow up the place and retire," tlie Dul<e told Lord 
 
 Stanhope in 1836, "and I sent him word that, if he did, 
 
 he and every man we should catch should have no quarter. 
 
 It is contrary to the law of nations, and troops so con- 
 ducting themselves are not entitled to be considered 
 
 prisoners of war." The Duke sent orders to a Colonel 
 
 Bevan to occupy the bridge at this Barba del Puerco 
 
 and so intercept the ftigitive garrison. Bevan got these 
 
 instructions at 5 p.m., but postponed moving till next 
 
 morning, when, of cotu'se, he was too late. Brennier 
 
 blfw up his works, which had been mined, and started 
 
 at midnight. Some cavalry tried to stop him and were 
 
 beaten off, then the infantry, having got rid of their 
 
 knapsack's so as to march li^^ht, pursued and overtook 
 
 Brcnnier's meii near the bridge, where some 300 were 
 
 made prisoners, but Wellington did not execute anv of his threats upon them. General Brennier had another 
 
 strong reason for wishing to get away. He owed Wellington ^500, and feared that if taken he would have been 
 
 obliged to pay. He had been made prisoner at Vimiera, and in London, before he was exchanged, he had borrowed 
 
 this money. The aiithoiity for this is Wellington himself, who in telling the story said he had ne\er heard of or 
 
 from Brennier since. 
 
 The delay over the blow- 
 iiig up of Almeida and the 
 escape of its garrison lost 
 Wellington the chance of being 
 presentat the battleof Albuera. 
 He had fully meant to rejoin 
 Beresford and to take command 
 against Soult, who was now 
 hurrying up from Seville to 
 raise the siege of Badajos 
 "Had I been there" (at 
 AlbLiera\ Wellington said, "we 
 should ha\e made a great 
 thing of it," which Beresford 
 scarcely did, although he won 
 the battle. Wellington had 
 the highest opinion of Beresford 
 ROYAL ARTILLERY DRIVERS. nevertheless, and always 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes. • + j + u- +i \ 
 
 In early days the guns were taken about by drivers who were not soldiers ; now the drivers are soldiers, but ^ 
 
 carry no arms, lest their attention should be taken off their horses. should SUCCeed him if he became 
 
 13i
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
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 135
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 
 JIATTLE OF FL'E.X'JFS irOXORO. 
 
 From Bertram's "Campaigns of Wellington." 
 
 This batlle was closdy contested, with varying fortunes, from morning till night. Both par;ies 
 ahandoned the town of Kuentes during the night. 
 
 hors de combat. " He is the ablest man 
 
 I have yet seen with the army," was 
 
 tile Chief's opiiiiiiii as expressed to tlie 
 
 Government, "the one having the 
 
 largest views .... they tell 
 
 me that when 1 am n;it present he 
 
 wants decision, .... but 1 am 
 
 qtiite certain he is the only person 
 
 capable of ct)nducting a large concern." 
 
 Once when the qualifications of the 
 
 various generals in the Peninsula werr 
 
 openly canvassed at the dinner table, 
 
 and Wellington was asked to name the 
 
 best, his choice fell on Beresforu. 
 
 " 1 see what you mean by your looks," 
 
 he went on, noticing general surprise. 
 
 " If it was a qtiestion of h;indling troop:- , 
 
 some of you fellows might do as well, 
 
 nay, better than he, but what we want 
 
 now is someone to feed our troops, 
 
 and I k'now of n(j one titter for the 
 
 purpose than Beresford." This is rather negative praise, but Wellington e.xpressed himself more strongly on other 
 
 occasions. He never decided on any cotu'se without consulting Beresford, and often said that there was "no one like 
 
 the marshal for seeing the weak point in a plan." He also always took the marshal with him if he cotild on his 
 
 reconnaissances, for he relied greatly on Beresford's sagacity and quick eye for country, hi the early phases of the 
 
 _ war, Beresford had been very useftilly 
 t employed in building up the Portuguese 
 Army. During his previous ser\ice he 
 had captured Madeira, and while there 
 made good use of his time by master- 
 ing the Portuguese language. He had 
 already seen much ser\-ice at Toulon, 
 in hidia, with Baird in the desert march 
 from the Red Sea to the Nile, again with 
 Baird in the capture of the Cape of 
 Ciniid Hope, and he was concerned in, 
 but in no way blamed for, the defeat 
 iiiid stirrender of General Whitelocke 
 at Buenos Ay res. The wisdom of his 
 selection to command the Portuguese 
 was amply justified by the result. His 
 was a strong, firm hand, yet he used 
 large powers with great tact and judg- 
 ment. There was no honesty, no 
 spirit among the Portuguese troops; the 
 regiments were without organisation ; 
 officers were mostlv absent in ci\il 
 
 FALL OF ALMEIPA. 
 
 From Bertram's "Campaigns of Wellington." 
 rhis fortress was l)lown up by its commandant, General Brennier, who escaped with the 
 bulk of his garrison, a few htindreds only being made prisoners. Had Wellington's orders been 
 obeyed, the I'rench would have h^nw intercepted in their (bght. 
 
 13G
 
 Wellins;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 MARSHAL VI SCO U AT BERKS FORD. 
 
 Taken in after life. After a Painting by Reuben Sayes. 
 
 Beresfoid's many fine soldierly qualities made him Wellington's most trusted lieutenant, to be consulted and used on all important occasions. 
 He did a great work in the organisation of the native Portuguese Army, which he brought to a high state of efficiency. But he was not strong, 
 however, in independent command, and went near losing the battle of Albuera, which he fought against Soult. His dispositions were faulty, but 
 the situation was saved by the indomitable pluck of the British troops. 
 
 137
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 situations ; one ofificer borne on the cadre, but necessarily absent, was its patron saint, whose pay was regularly drawn 
 by tine m(.)nks of some convent. The rank and file were not without military aptitudes, but they were only 
 imperfectly drilled and greatly in want of all military necessaries — clothing, arms, equipment. 
 
 Beresford's first move was to import a number of English officers into the Portuguese service. Ever\' unit, every 
 squadron, battery, and battalion was, as far as possible, put under their command. British staff and commissariat 
 officers were also given to the army, and among these were many who rose to great distinction. Colonel Hardinge 
 in particular, to whose prompt action, as we shall see, the victory at Albuera was largely due. 
 
 Well led, and disciplined by officers they could respect, the Portuguese soon developed into excellent soldiers, men 
 v\ho took their fair share of fighting and ne\er turned from it. In the early times they had been kmiwn by our 
 soldiery as the " Vamooses," from a common catch cry, " Vamus, let us be off," which they shouted before they ran 
 away. But after Busaco, where they behaved so well, they gained a more honourable sobriquet, the " Valerosas," 
 or courageous. They hugged and cheered each other after the fight, and cried " Mucha Valerosa," to the admiration 
 and delight of all who saw them. To return to Albuera, Soult left Seville on the loth May, and on the 15th he 
 was at Santa Marta, within thirty miles of Badajos. Beresford, hearing of his near approach, raised the siege, and 
 crossing the Guadiana, concentrated at Albuera, prepared to give Soult battle there. It was the best position he could 
 
 MARSHAL BERESFORD AT ALBUERA DISARMLXG A POLISH LAXC'ER, isU. 
 
 From a Print in "Military Achievements of the British Army," 
 llie \I;ir'ih:il wa^i a ni:in of great personal strength, as well as 01 undaunted fiery courage. In this same liUlle, ^ee;ng the Spanish troops hang 
 
 back, he seized a Spanish officer and carried hini bodily to the front. 
 
 138
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 
 
 flj 
 
 0) 
 
 ^ 11 
 
 (i . - 2 
 
 -^ 3 &.- 
 
 Q 5 -a tjj 
 
 !<; s "H = 
 
 ^1 o O X 
 
 *-. °- CI. ^ 
 
 s 
 
 5M 
 
 = .y 
 
 
 139
 
 Wellino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 linJ, as he afterwards reported to Wellington, and stood directly in the 
 road between the enemy and Badajos. He was joined here, but very 
 tardily, by a Spanish arm\' under Blak'e. This dilatorv general did nut 
 move till his posts had been driven in by Soult's cavalry, and he unly 
 arrived on the ground about midnight before the battle. 
 
 The strength of the opposing armies was as follDws : — Beresford, 
 32,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry, and 38 guns ; but of these only 7,000 
 were British, and the balance, Spaniards, were very inferior troops. 
 Soult, on the otlier hand, had 40 guns, 4,000 splendid horsemen, and 
 19,000 ch.)Sen inlanti\ "■ L'f one nation and one spirit," amply con".- 
 
 pensating fdrtheir inferiority 
 in numbers by their fine 
 organisation and their 
 leader's capacity, which 
 was " immeasurably greater 
 than his adversary's." 
 The quutatiiin is from the 
 historian Napier, who was 
 always a little hard on 
 Beresford. Yet the disposi- 
 tions of the British general 
 were undoubtedly weak. 
 He held his main strength 
 about a high hill in the centre 
 which covered the road to 
 Badajos, and which he 
 deemed the kev "f the 
 position, as it was, if the 
 enemy attacked in frouu' 
 But Soult, who had closely 
 reconnoitred theground, saw 
 at once that his left might 
 be got very near the English 
 right by using a long ridge 
 that acted as a screen to hide- 
 his concentration. Beresford 
 had neglected this ridge, 
 and did nut know w hat was in progress behind it. Hence his right was 
 in imminent danger of being turned, for Soult resolved to make his 
 principal attack on this side. Success here would take the whole British 
 position in reverse, and by gaining the Badajos road Beresford would be 
 cut off entirely from his line of retreat. When the battle besan on 
 the morning of the i6th May, Soult, moving upon the bridge at Albuera, 
 made a strong feint against the British centre, but now Beresford 
 judged that the chief weight of attack would be on his right, and he 
 accordingly desired the Spaniards who were in the centre to show a front 
 to that side, while he directed his 2nd Division to reinforce it, and 
 
 ii.R.ii. ■riii: r:a.\CE of orasge. 
 
 After a Contemporary Portrait. 
 
 lleir -Vpparent to the throne of the Netherlands, 
 who joined Wellington in the Peninsula as A. DC, 
 anJ served through the latter part of the campaii:;n. 
 He was a bright, good-tempered youth, much liUed 
 Ijy his comrades, and with much mihtary talent. He 
 was killed at Waterloo ,at the head of his troops. 
 
 COLOXEL ILIRPIXGE. 
 
 After a Painting by E U. Eddis 
 A''terwards Field-Marshal Viscount llardin^v";. 
 Served with Moore in retreat on Corunna, and alter- 
 wards appointed to the s'afi'of the Portuguese .Army, 
 liecame Governor-General of India, and. last of a.l, 
 Commander-in-Chief of the Army. 
 
 GENERAL THE HON. LOW.RY COLE. 
 
 After a Painting in Apsley Hous - 
 
 General Cole was a son of the Earl of Eiini'^Villen. 
 Commanded ^th Division all throiiL^h the Peninsula 
 He saved the battle of Albuera. 
 
 140
 
 Wellintrton and Waterloo. 
 
 bringing iliitlK-r tlie cavalry, also backed it with his 4th Division. Now Blau, the Spanish general, refused to move, 
 declaring that the real attack was on the bridge. Beresford galloped over to insist in person, but the change of 
 front was still delayed, and "thus half-an-hour had sufficed to render Beresford's position nearly desperate. Two- 
 thirds of the French were in compact order of battle perpendicular to his right, and his army, composed of different 
 n;Uii)ns, was making a disoiderly change of front." Suult believed that the day was already his own. He pushed 
 his columns furward to crown the hills, while his guns swept all the approaches. Moreover, the ist Brigade of the 
 2nJ iJivisiun came up under General Stewart, who could not form line before he charged, and was, therefore, 
 discomfited ; the French cavalry swooped down and 
 captured six British guns, and in this melee a Polish 
 l.uuer was rash enough to measure swords with Beres- 
 ford himself. The marshal, who was a man of undaunted 
 courage and great personal strength, fought splendidly, 
 (iripping his adversary by the throat, he threw him out 
 of his saddle, a fine exploit, characteristic of his race 
 and name. Nor was this the marshal's only personal 
 effort. For when the Spaniards still obstinately hung 
 back', Beresford caught up an ensign bodily and carried 
 him with his colours by main force to the front. " Yet 
 t.'ie troops would not follow, and the coward ran back' 
 when released fiom the marshal's iron grip." 
 
 Fortunately at the critical moment the weather 
 became thick, and Soult did not put forth all his strength, 
 or the fight must have ended disastroush* for us. A 2nd 
 Brigade (Houghton's) of Stewart's Di\ision came up, 
 :in^\ maintained the fight. Houghton was killed (he had 
 commenced the action in plain clothes, but his servant 
 bringing up his uniform, he donned the scarlet coat in the 
 thick of the battle), his regiments were decimated, the 
 25th suffered terribly, the 57th too, gaining them their 
 immortal title of the " Die Hards " from the noble words 
 of their indomitable Colonel Inglis, who, though stricken 
 to death, still cried " Die hard, men, die hard! " 
 
 In this the darkest hour Beresford began to despond. 
 He had already contemplated retreat and was placing 
 troops to co\'er it, when Colonel Hardinge, one of his 
 staff, bolJlv apostrophised him, telling him he must now 
 choose between a peerage and a court-martial. " 1 
 will go for the peerage," cried the sturd\' Irishman, 
 
 .1/. /A'.s-//. ;/. .v.iA'j/oxr. dcc de ragcse. 
 
 After a Painting by Munneret. 
 M.iiinonl. an artillery officer, was a devoted adherent and promincni 
 soldier of Napoleon's, who was with him in Egypt as a Brigadier, and was 
 made a Marshal after VVagram. He was seiit to replace Masscna in Spain, 
 but was no more successful. Although he had oiit-manreuvred Welliiigion 
 before Salamanca, he committed a grievous blunder, w-as caught, and utterly 
 defeated in the battle of that name. He fought with the Army of Germany 
 at Lutren, Bautzen, and Dresden. He was always blamed for having been 
 a chief agent in bringing about Napoleon's abdication in 1814. 
 
 ashanied, no doubt, of his temporary weakness, and from 
 that moment fortune changed. The 4th Division (Cole's), still quite fresh, came into the battle, and with a resistless 
 purpose that nothing could stay. No wonder that Wellington in speaking of this battle considered the " action 
 one of the most glorious and honourable to the character of the troops of any that has been fought during the war." 
 It was no doubt a soldier's victory ranking with Inkerman and Rorke's Drift. The general in command earned no 
 credit except of personal intrepidity. Some say that Hardinge of his own accord gave the order that brought Cole up 
 with the 4th Division. It is on record certainly in his journal that he sent Abercromby forward, but he says nothing 
 about Cole. How bloodthirsty was the battle may be judged from the statement that after it the debris of five 
 whole regiments were formed into one provisional battalion. This was formed of one company of the 3rd Buffs, one 
 
 141
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 tsi»5ad«Srti«~ 
 
 On the sick list. 
 
 of the 66th, two of the 2gth, three of the 57th. and three 
 of tlie 31st, all under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel 
 L'Estrange of the 31st. The 29th, a grand regiment, 
 so famous for its steadiness and discipline that it was 
 k'niiwn as the "Guards of the Line," had suffered so 
 tri ribly that its wounded almostfilled the hospital at Elvas 
 "Why, I lid 2gth, 1 am sorry to see so many of you here !" 
 said Lord Wellington a few days after, when visiting the 
 hi ispital , and the touching answer he got bears witness to 
 the implicit confidence his men had in him. "Ah, my 
 l(ird, there would ha\e been fewer if vnu had only been 
 with us." As has been said, it was Wellington's most 
 ear nest 
 
 wish to be 
 there, frus- 
 trated by 
 
 MILITARY An\-ENTURES OF JOHNNY NEWCOME. 
 
 After a Caricature by Rowlandson. 
 At this |ieiio 1 the army in tlie Peninsula was exceedingly sicl;ly. 
 
 adverse luck. No decisive engagements marked the remainder of the 
 year 1811. Wellington twice again essayed to capture Badajos ; but he 
 was foiled by the enemy's superior strength. Napoleon was imt yet 
 content to let go his hold of Spain. On the C()ntrar\', he CDutinually poured 
 in fresh troops; and now, in the August of this year, the French in 
 Spain reached the tremendous tutal of 352,000 men and 52,000 horses. 
 At one time, too, it was strongly rumoured that Napoleon was coming 
 in person to direct the war, a host always in himself, and a master of the 
 science before whom even Wellington might quail. Atthistime, indeed, 
 with barely 40,000 British under his command, the thoughts of the great 
 
 Englishman once 
 
 .\lJJUK-(j/:\'. OF CAVALRY L\ lllK J h.\I.\sri.A. 
 •^rom Hamilton Smith's Costume-;. 
 A fancy portrait of a General commanding a Cavalry 
 Brigade. 
 
 LIEUT.-CBNERAI. 01 , Al\]I.Ry ,\ , ,;), PENINSVT.A. 
 
 From Hamnton Smiths Costumes. 
 
 A fancy portrait of a General commanding a Cavalry Division. 
 
 more returned tn 
 Torres Vedras and 
 a strictly defensive 
 game. Now in his 
 immediate front 
 Marmiint had re- 
 placed Massena, 
 who had been recalled in disgrace, and who never again entered 
 the field for a master who seldom forgave failure. Marmont had 
 a high reptitatiiin, especially as a tactical leadt-r, and he proved 
 it. Now, in September, he advanced with a large force, and, 
 Covered by it, he succeeded in throwing supplies into Ciudad 
 Rodrigo, on w hich fortress Wellington had ling cast covetous 
 eyes, having in Jul\- brought his battering train up the river Douro 
 as far as Larnego. Marmont's operations broughton the tight at 
 El Bodon, a fierce combat that shed imperishable renown upon the 
 British ca\-alr_\-and two fi\e-year-o!d infantry regiments, the 5th 
 Fusiliers and the 77th, under their gallant brigadier, Oilville. 
 With one regiment of Portuguese, Colville held his regiments on 
 a rough height, threaded by the main road, and was repeatedly 
 
 142
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 GEXERAL SIR STAPLETON CUTTUX, AFTERWARDS FIELD M ARi^UAL LORD COMBERMERE. 
 
 After a Painting by Mrs. C. Pearson. 
 A dashing cavalry officer, who commanded the 25th Light Dragoons at twenty-one. Gained rapid promotion, and commanded a brigade of 
 cavalry under Wellington at the Douro and Talavera ; later, all the British cavalry in the Peninsula. He was highly commended tor the gallantry 
 of his charges at Salamanca. He was an excellent officer, skilled in detail, a fine forward rider, smart in appearance, the perfection of a cavalry 
 officer. His fondness for brave apparel gained him the sobriquet in Spain of the " Lion d'Or." It was said that in Spain, when ftilly accoutred, 
 man and horse, he was worth .^500. 
 
 lia
 
 Wellintrton and Waterloo. 
 
 charged by the French cavalrv, who clambered up the slope.but were attacked, "not once, but twenty times," by tliree 
 of our r.quadrons under General Alten. The French cavalry gained ground, and captured six guns, when the gallant 
 "Fighting 5th," led forward b\' Major Ridge, a "daring man," charged, infantry against cavalry, generally a rash 
 proceeding ; but he retook the guns, while the 77th and Portuguese drove back the French horse on the other tlank. 
 But they came on in fresh masses, and Wellington, who was now on the ground, ordered a retreat. Tlie Portuguese 
 got safely to the rc-ar, but the 5th and 77th re- 
 tired more slowh' ; two battalions fornifd in une 
 square, and thus bore the brunt of the whole 
 French cavalry. But the latter could make no 
 impression against these hardy veterans, who 
 paused from time to time to tire destructive 
 volleys, and then showed the same steadfast 
 hedge of glittering bayonets. 
 
 At last, after three fruitless charges, find- 
 ing the square could not be broken, the enem\' 
 drew off. Lord Wellington w.^rmlv thanked 
 the troops for this " memorable e. ample of w hat 
 can be effected b_\- steadiness, discipline, and 
 confidence." 
 
 " It is impossible," he went on to sa\', 
 "at any time to be exposed to the attack's 
 of numbers relatively greater . . . . " ; 
 and he commended their conduct as an example 
 to be followed by officers and soldiers in al' 
 such circumstances. This occasion, or rather 
 the situation that followed it, was one in 
 which Wellington was so singularly favoured by 
 fortune that Marmont, when he heard what 
 had happened, declared that Wellington's star 
 was as much in the ascendant as Napoleon's. 
 Wellington now retired, with the troops he had 
 actually in hand, upon Fuente Guinaldo, a good 
 position nine miles to the rear. 
 
 But these troops were no more than 14,000 
 men; the rest of his army was still separated ^^^"^ CHARLES COLIILLE. 
 
 ,-,.,,,. . After a Painting by Raeburn. 
 
 from him by long distances— the left, under „ „ a -c ■ , .u 1 r 1 j • ■ j 
 
 -^ =• , ^.^i j^g ^^,j,j. gazetted hnsign at the early a^e of eleven, and joined at sixteen. 
 
 Graham, ten miles off at Nava d'Aver; the 5th He was a Brigadier in the Peninsula under Picton, who relied upon him i;reatly. 
 
 D;,,;^-;,^,, +,,.1,, „;i „ 1, „i ^ n j.i • , , His first feat of arms was in the fight at El Bodon, when he formed square with two 
 
 ivision twe ve m es back at Paoo : the richt 1 ., r a hi .u . j u r.u -c u , t,- ,,■ . -i 
 
 f ' '-"'^ "feiii- battalions, and repelled the repeated charges of the French cavalry. Wellington said 
 sixteen miles away; and it was to secure it was " an example to be followed by all officers and soldiers." 
 
 Craufurd's junction that his chief made so bold a show. Marmont, on the other hand, was close with 60,000 men, 
 all excellent troops, and 1 10 guns. He knew nothing of Wellington's weakness, who lay thus almost at his mercy for 
 some six-and-thirty hours, and was actually retreating when his scouts brought him news of the chance he had 
 lost. Wellington's firm attitude may be quoted as one of the finest evidences of his great mind. Although 
 his peril was pointed out to him, and he was begged urgently to retire, he still stood fast, meaning to extricate 
 the Light Division, which would have been jeopardised, probably lost, had the rest of the army retreated. His 
 delay at Fuente Guinaldo has been well called one of those daring impulses of fine genius which rules were 
 never madi' to control. 
 
 144
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 RETREAT OF THE FRENCH FROM ARROYO DE LOS MOLIXOS. 
 
 After a Drawing in Maxwell's " Life of Wellington." 
 
 A French division, carelessly commanded, on the south side of the Tagus was surprised by General Hill, after a rapid march through the hills, at 
 
 Arroyo de los Molinos, a mountain town. The French were mostly destroyed or dispersed. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Wellington contemplates great movements in 1S12. Hill is employed to surprise an exposed French force at Arroyo de los Molinos. Then 
 Wellington swoops down on Ciudad Rodrigo, having secretly prepared for the siege of that important fortress, which he captures almost by a. cjiip ae 
 main. He turns next on Badajos, a second and stronger place of arms, which is besieged in due form and carried by assault with great daring but 
 severe losses. He now prepares to attack Marmont ; Hill having taken Almaraz, on the Tagus, on which river the French have now no bridges. 
 Wellington crosses the Tonnes and takes Salamanca. Marmont retires and again advances. A series of masterly movements on both sides. At 
 last, when Wellington proposes to retreat finally, Marmont makes a flagrant mistake, which Wellington seizes upon, and wins the great battle of 
 Salamanca, " beating 40,000 men in forty minutes." After this victory the French withdraw behind the Ebro, and leave the road open to Madrid. 
 
 AS the year 1811 drew to its close, Wellington was still revolving great projects, but waiting for time and 
 opportunity to essay them. Meanwhile, his principal lieutenant, Hill, carried out a brilliant feat of arms 
 .. on his own account. The raid, as it may be called, upon Arroyo de los Molinos, a sudden descent upon a 
 French division carelessly commanded, redounded greatly to Hill's credit and that of the troops engaged- 
 General Rowland Hill was an especial favourite with his chief. Wellington, who liked implicit obedience— 
 to whom, indeed, anything less was intolerable— always called Hill his best subordinate, because he "always 
 did e.xacth- what he was told." From the first there was the closest confidence between them. " 1 rejoice extremely 
 at the prospect 1 have before me of serving again with you," Wellington wrote Hill when first embarking for Portugal. 
 Again, after Talavera, when Wellington constituted a second, practically independent, command for the valley of 
 the Tagus, he gave it to Hill. 
 
 " I will not make any arrangements," he wrote, "either as to the troops that are to comprise it, or as to th2 
 officer who is to command it, without offering the command to you." Hill accepted, modestly deprecating his 
 appointment, but promising to do his best, as he did on every occasion during the war. 
 
 Hill was one of four soldier brothers, who were all in the Peninsula with Wellington. He himself had been a 
 delicate, sensitive child, who fainted at the sight of blood, who could not bear to look at a prize fight, and hated 
 
 145
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 e\-ery form nf cruelty. He was greatly beloved throughout his career for his sweet, gentle disposition, and was 
 known to his men by such endearing epithets as "Father Hill," " Daddy Hill," and " Farmer Hill," the last-named 
 because of his round cheery face with its apple cheeks. He was tne verv picture of an English country gentleman, 
 and in far-off Spain spoke of home to the exiled soldiery. His thoughts were ever for his men, whom he spared on 
 every occasion ; he was generous and humane to the people of the country, kind and chivalrous to the enemy. 
 
 Hill had seen much service. He was aide-de-camp to General O'Haia at the siege of Toulon, where he worked 
 side by side with Graham ; he was in Egypt with Abercromby, and wounded at the battle of Aboukir ; he was in 
 the expedition naain-^t Copenhagen, where he was first thrown with his illustrious chief. Landing one of the first 
 
 at the Mondego, he saw all the fighting; was at 
 Roleia and Vimiera, with Sir John Moore in the retreat 
 on Corunna, again with Wellington at the passage of the 
 Douro, where the lion's share of the work was laid on 
 his shoulders. It was the same at Tala\'era, where he 
 held the key of the position ; and at Busaco he came in 
 advance of his leader's call to throw his weight into 
 the scale at a critical moment. Lastl\-, in the long 
 defence of Torres V'edras, it was Hill who held the right 
 flank, the weakest part of the wide entrenchments. 
 
 Niiw Hill was again in command south of the Tagus, 
 and as the main bodv of the French had w ithdrawn 
 further south across the Guadiana, Wellington desired 
 Hill to fall upon the few left between those rivers. This 
 was a division commanded by Girard, who, retiring 
 ^InwK', had reached the mountain village of Arroyo de 
 los Molinos on the 26th October, a place where many 
 roads met, and where Hill, marching rapidly at his heels, 
 fell Lipon him and smntc him grievously. Girard knew 
 that Hill was after him, yet took no precautions. 
 Fortunately one of his brigades had got off, but Hill 
 poured upon the rest without warning. The French 
 i;a\alry were unbridled, the intantrx' onh* gathering on 
 parade ; Girard was inside a house waiting for his horse 
 when the British advance charged down the street, the 
 guns opened fire, and ihe ca\alry cut off all retreat. 
 There seemed nothing for it but surrender, yet Girard 
 would not yield ; his men, all hardy veterans, v\-ere 
 desired to disperse and escape as best they could. They 
 took to the mountains b\' twos and threes, and in the 
 
 After a vi»it to England on sick leave he returns to Spain, and goes 
 again to the front. 
 
 lie is now an officer of the Guards, and is well received by Lord 
 Wellington, who appoints him a memher of his staff. 
 
 MILITARY ADVENTURES OF JOHXSY NEWCOME. 
 
 After Caricatures by Rowlandson. 
 
 end some 600 were saved out of 3,000. For his success at Arroyo de los Molinos, and at Wellington's earnest 
 request. General Hill was made a K.C.B. But so unpretending and modest was his nature, that it was long before 
 he could bring himself to accept his new title, and he blushed, shyly, whenever he was addressed as "Sir Rowland." 
 The year 18 12 opened with no very brilliant prospects, as it seemed. Beyond the fact, now positively known, 
 that Napoleon was about to engage in a colossal struggle with Russia, and would therefore neither come to Spain 
 nor reinforce his army there, Wellington had but little reason to rejoice. The British army was in poor case, ill- 
 fitted for any prolonged exertions. Sickness had struck down thousands, many of the regiments recently come out 
 still suffered from Walcheren fever, and could not bear even exposure to the night air. Food was scarce ; half and 
 quarter rations were often issued ; sometimes the troops were without bread for three consecutive days ; they were 
 
 MG
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 LORD HILL. 
 
 From an Engraving by Charles Turner, A.R.A., after a Painting by Henry W. Pickersgill, R.A. 
 General Sir Roivland Hill was one of Wellington's most trusted lieutenants, who liked him because he always did what he was told. He held 
 a practically independent command. The greater part of the campaign and his actions at Arroyo de los Molinos and at Almaraz proved his fitness. 
 He was greatly beloved by his men, to whom he was known as " Father Hill," " Daddy Hill," " Farmer Hill." He had a rosy-cheeked English 
 (ace, and reminded the soldiers of home. Hill bejin early, and saw service at Toulon, in Egypt, and in the I'eninsula from Koleia to Toulouse. 
 
 147
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 TAKI.WG OF CIUDAD ROIJRICO, ON i<)th JAXUARY, 1S12. 
 
 From Beftram's " Campaigns of Wellington." 
 
 The whole business did not take twenty minutes, from the starting of the forlurn-hope 10 
 
 the capiure ol the place, hut the assault cost many valuable lives. 
 
 in rags, their uniforms so putclied thnt 
 
 one regiment cotilJ not be distingtiislu-J 
 
 from another ; country boots had been 
 
 given out 10 many, and being coarse, 
 
 and worn without socl<s, only produced 
 
 sore feet. All animals were fed scantily 
 
 upon chopped straw ; horses in the 
 
 cavalry and artillery were half starsed, 
 
 and the transport mules could hardly 
 
 work. Yet Wellington, with surpris 
 
 ing astuteness, turned these drawbacks 
 
 to good account. He encouraged his 
 
 enem\' in the belief that he was too 
 
 weak to undertake any great enterprise, 
 
 and when at last he got iiis battering 
 
 train up to Almeida, through eighty 
 
 miles of rugged mountain country, it 
 
 was supposed he only meant to re-arm 
 
 that fortress. Great secrecy was also 
 
 kept in making other preparations for a 
 
 siege. For now, at the moment when 
 
 Marmont thought liim at a standstill, was his time to attack' Ciudad Rodrigo. A bold movement might gi\e l.im that 
 
 fortress before the 
 French, all greatly 
 dispersed and at great 
 distances, could collect 
 a sutificient force to 
 interrupt the siege 
 operations. 
 
 A sudden change 
 of weather had im- 
 proved the general 
 health of the army ; 
 many thousands had 
 returned to duty, and 
 Wellington could dis- 
 pose of 35,000 men, 
 including ca\alry, for 
 any enterprise. He 
 had diligently collected 
 tb.e materials for a 
 siege at places within 
 easy range of Rodrigo ; 
 his guns and ammuni- 
 tion were at Almeida, 
 where also some 8,000 
 round shot had been 
 
 JJHOMtV^x 
 
 ANOTIIER VIEW Ol' TUL SlokMl.W, ol iAC l>AH a.v.Vi/o.'. 
 
 From Maxwell's '■ Life of Wellington." 
 The news that Marmont was approaching to relieve the besieged fortress drove Wellington to hasten the atiacl;. 
 " Ciudad Rodrigo must be taken to-night," was the order he issued ; and it was done by the 3rd and Light Divisions, 
 with I'ack's Portuguese. 
 
 118
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 picked up oLit i)f the ruined fortilications. Great bodies of infantry iiad been trained in military engineering, and 
 
 tliey could turn nut fascines and gabions and all the appliances used in a siege. 
 
 Ciudad Rodrigo lies on the north-east bank of the Agueda, and th3 attack must, of course, be made on that 
 
 side ; but Wellington kept his force on the southern bank, and sent his divisions over the river daily, m turn, to 
 
 carry on the trench duties. He had construc'.ed 
 a bridge six miles lower down for the passage 
 of material, but the troops always forded the 
 river, which was often encumbered with ice. 
 The weather was \-ery wintr_\-, and snow lay 
 on the ground. Wellington, on reconnoitring 
 the place, found that it had been strengthened ; 
 guns had been placed in two large convent 
 bLiildings, and an enclosed redoubt, called Fort 
 Francisco, had been built on a long ridge known 
 as the Greater Tesson, which covered the 
 principal front of the fortifications. Wellington 
 was resolved to attack from this side, because it 
 offered him the best ground for establishing 
 batteries, and then working forward he hoped 
 to breach the main walls from the second 
 ridge, or Lesser Tesson. 
 
 It was first essential to capture Fort 
 Francisco, and this was entrusted to Colonel 
 Colborne, of the 52nd, with his own regiment, 
 and two companies from the other regiments 
 of the Light Division. The attack was made 
 with Sd much fury that "the assailants 
 appeared to be in the ditch, mounting the 
 parapets, fighting on top, and facing the gorge 
 at one and the same time." The French were 
 soon driven out, and Colborne was master of 
 the fort with a loss of only twenty-four men. 
 Now Elder's Portuguese cacadoresbrokeground, 
 and worked with such a u ill that by da\-light 
 the first parallel, 6ooyds. long, upon the Greater 
 Tesson, was completed. 
 
 This gallant exploit gave a good start, and 
 the siege was thereby advanced several days. 
 Time was the very essence of the business. 
 Wellington hadcalculatedhewould needtwent)'- 
 four days to carry out the siege ; as the result 
 proved, he captured Ciudad Rodrigo in twelve. 
 
 S//? JOHN COL/!OR.\r., 
 
 Afterwards Field-Marshal Lord Sealon. 
 
 After a Painting by Pickersgill, 
 
 Colonel of ihc 52nd Regiment, and esteemed as one of ihe best leaders in ihc 
 Peninsula. Had true genius for war, and in nianycngagemenis, by his prompt instinct, 
 saved the situation. He is said to have completed the overthrow of Napoleon's 
 guard at Waterloo by taking them in flank, on his own initiative. Afterwards he was 
 Governor-General of Can.ada and Lonl lli^h Commissioner in the Ionian Islands. 
 
 News came on the 13th January that 
 Marniiintwas on the move, and would soon succour the place. Increased acti\it_\' was therefore shown in pushing 
 on the siege, and that same day guns were placed in battery and began to break down the ramparts. There were 
 two breaches, a great and a small, and the destructive work went on rapidly, although the defenders' fire in reply 
 was very lively, and did much damage. Yet by the 19th both breaches were declared practicable, and the assault 
 
 Hy
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 was at once ordered. "Ciudad 
 Rodrigo must be stormed to- 
 night," was the stirring pre- 
 amble to Wellington's plan of 
 attack. There were three 
 columns of attack — right, 
 centre, and left ; the first 
 against the castle on the east 
 front, the second against the 
 great breach, the third against 
 the lesser breach. It will be 
 simplest to describe them in 
 turn. 
 
 ist. — This co'umn was led 
 by Colonel O' Toole, of the 
 Portuguese cafadores, closely 
 followed by the 5th and 94th 
 Regiments, while the 77th, 
 meant to be in reserve, soon 
 joined in the attack. These 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL MACKINNON. 
 
 After a Contemporary Print. 
 
 He commanded a brigade of Picton's Division in attacking 
 the great breach at Ciudad Rodrigo, and was blown up by 
 the explosion of a I-'rench magazine. 
 
 CIUDAD RODRIGO. 
 
 After a Contemporary Print. 
 
 The fighling at Ciudad Rodrigo was fierce and hand-to-hand while it lasted, and the French 
 
 were driven back, inch by inch, from the ramparts through ihe streets. 
 
 were the first to go forward, and their movement was at once 
 taken up by all the other assailants. 
 
 2nd. — The centre attack, that on the great breach, was 
 the business of Picton's Division, the " Fighting 3rd," and 
 they leapt out of the trenches, preceded by a forlorn-hope of a 
 storming party of 500 x'olunteers. Without waiting for the 
 hay-bags, which were to be thrown into tht- ditch, they jumped 
 doun, and pouring in at the great breach, got inside almost 
 simultaneously v\'ith the men of tht; first column. Here the 
 fight was very stubborn ; the French, yielding at first, presently 
 rallied, and held their assailants at baw 
 
 3rd. — But now the left column, furnished by the Light 
 Division, and under the personal direction of their intrepid 
 General, Robert Craufurd, who was unhappily soon killed, sent 
 forward its stormers, headed by Major George Napier, who had 
 refused to let his men load lest they might be tempted to forego 
 the use of their ba_\'onets. They entered the breach pell-mell, 
 with the forlorn-hope. Although Napier was laid low, he still 
 cheered on his men ; all other ofilcers rushed to the front, and 
 by a tremendous effort the breach was carried. 
 
 At this moment three French magazines exploded, spreading 
 death and confusion on both sides ; but the 3rd Division, 
 undismayed by their losses, broke into the gap thus made, 
 and won the inner retrenchments. The assailants, converging 
 from all sides, now filled the streets, and the place was soon ours. 
 • A great prize fell to Wellington in this capture. The whole 
 of Marmont's battering train, and a vast number of field guns. 
 
 150
 
 Wellinuton and Wateiioo. 
 
 GENERAL SIR GEORGE MURRAY. 
 
 After a Painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 He was Wellington's quartermaster-general throughout the Peninsular War, and was considered " the best head in the army " after his 
 renowned chief. He had served in Flanders as a captain of the Guards, and afterwards on the staff in Egypt. Became quartermasier-general to 
 the army which landed in Portugal, and saw almost all the fighting from Koleia to the Pyrenees. 
 
 151
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 9//;, OR EAST XOA'FOLA; REGIMhXT. 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes, 
 This distinguished regiment was engaged in all ihe 
 great actions of the Peninsular War, from Coruniia to ihe 
 fighting before Bayonne. It was Lord Clyde's first regiment 
 
 by those of Badajos and San Sebastian. This brilliant episode, which 
 gained Wellington an earldom, was only the first part uf the prugramme 
 he hoped to perform. His eyes were ever fixed upon Badajos, the 
 other fortress that was essential to his future operations ; and now 
 again, as with Ciudad Rodrigo, he used all his ingenuit}-, all his art, 
 to prepare for its siege. It was a much harder nut to crack, stronger 
 in every way, and held by a larger garrison — 5,000 resolute veterans 
 imder a famous go\ernor, Phillipon, one, at least, who has left a great 
 name. Pliillipon has been ever associated with the defence of Badajos 
 as its life and soul, a skilled engineer, ready-witted, resourceful, in- 
 domitable—what Todleben was at Sebastopol. But yet Phillipon's 
 ability has been denied by some of his contemporaries, and he certainly 
 did not act up to his great reputation when advanced to high command 
 in the field. By almost superhuman exertions Wellington got his 
 battering train collected at Elvas in the beginning of March— fift\- 
 guns, some of them borrowed from the fleet ; a pontoon bridge had 
 also been brought up, and great quantities of gabions and fascines. 
 The weather had improved, but rations were still scarce, and cassava 
 root was issued to the troops in place of bread. 
 
 The investment of Badajos began on the 15th March, and tlu' 
 siege was entrusted to Beresford with three divisions, the ^,rd, 4lh, 
 and Light, with a brigade of Portuguese, in all 15,000 men. At the 
 same time a covering army of 30,000 men, under Graham, watched 
 Soult in the south, for that maishal would no doubt tr\- to raise the 
 
 were taken; also great quantities of war like stores, which were greedily 
 ■-tized to re-equip our troops. In one case a regimental commanding 
 officer was able to complete his band of drummers with French brass 
 Liinms, and, indeed, found more than he wanted. 
 
 Our losses were great — two generals, the gallant Craufurd and 
 tlie brave Mackinnon, fell, and General Vandeleur was v\ounded. 
 Tlie first, by this time acknowledged as one of the most skilled and 
 daring leaders of light troops in any army, was a grievous loss. The 
 second, a fine soldier, was ever foremost in the fight ; and Napier 
 speaks of another death, deepK- felt through the arm\-, that of a 
 captain of the 45th, of whom it was said that "three generals and 
 seventy officers had fallen, \'et the soldiers fresh from the strife 
 only talked of Hardyman." 
 
 It would be w ell if the glor\' of this splendid capture had not been 
 tarnished by the disgraceful excesses of the victorious troops. But 
 those were days when a successful storm was always followed b\' 
 a sack ; and at Ciudad Rodrigo the soldiers broke loose in rapine 
 and the worst disorder. The innocent inhabitants were outraged 
 and plundered, the town was tired, men in their drunken fur\' shot 
 each other and threatened their officers; but for the merest chance 
 the chief magazine would ha\'e exploded and thousands must ha\-e 
 been killed. Nor was this the only stain upon the character of our 
 troops in Spain ; the horrors of Rodrigo were afterwards outshone 
 
 .1 r 11:1.11 o.ricv.u 01 iiii-, im\al em^i^eers. 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes. 
 This dislinguished corps helpei Wellington greatly 
 in his sieges, and in lorniing the lormidahle enlrenchmenls 
 of Torres \'edras. 
 
 152
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 siege. F(ir tliL' niniiu-iit little was feared 
 from iWarinoiU in tlie north ; he haJ 
 retired on Valladdiid, and uas \mA 
 disposed to interft-re. 
 
 It would be tedious to describe the 
 sieiie t)perations, which were pressed 
 forward with even more vijj;our than at 
 Ciudad Rodrij^o, and against a more 
 enterprising and resolute garrison. 
 Badajos proper, the main body of the 
 ft)rtress, was defended by strong out- 
 works, and the chief of these, called 
 the Picurina, was the first attacked 
 Torrents of rain retarded the work in 
 the trenches, and the defenders coii- 
 stantl\- added to the strength of their 
 works. Artifice was called in bv the X.IPOLEOX'S GC.IAD OF HO.\oi-h: 
 
 ' After a Contemporary French Print. 
 
 mgeniOUS Frenchmen, and at one point, t,,^ p^^^^j, p^^^^,,^^^ i„ ,^^ Landes (Somh of France), generally use .sul.s in walking, and 
 where cover was needed in Ston\' when Napoleon passed through their country they formed this singular guard of honour. 
 
 ground, brown cloth was hung up, ha\ ing the appearance of earth, and afforded protection that was respected. 
 The Picurina fort was attacked on the 25th March, the eighth day after the opening of the siege. It showed no 
 great strength outwardly, but it had a deep narrow ditch, and the stout ramparts were covered by thick palings, on 
 the slant, that made an escalade impossible. At last the axemen hewed a w a\' in by the gate, and the assailants 
 rushed the fort. Still the French resisted till half the garrison were killed ; of the rest, some surrendered, some 
 sought escape and were drowned in the inundation that was out on this side. 
 
 This prompt capture advanced the siege by several days. Lodgments were now made, parallels traced, 
 breaching batteries established against the eastern front, and all the guns brought into plaw Now on the 30th 
 news came that Soul*^ was on the move from Cordova, rapid!) approaching, and the bombardment v\as pressed 
 
 BADA/OS, FROM THE ALBi'QUEROLE A.VD ELl'AS ROAD. 
 
 After a Painting by Henry Smith. 
 
 This ancient place is best rememhered in connection with the sieges it endured during this war. The oily is e lered by a nia;niliceni bridge 
 
 on the ("Tuadiana, called the Puente de las Falmas, 640 yards long, dating from 1596. 
 
 153
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 forward with all energy and despatcli. T he breacl:es were nearly practicable on the 3rd April, but Soult was very close 
 and concentrated. On the 4th it was decided to hold the trenches without assault, but to give Soult battle on the 
 old ground of Albucra if he still advanced. 
 
 The French, howexer, were no nearer than Llerena on the 5th, and that da\- the breaches were reported 
 ready. But Wellington waited yet another day to complete a third breach, and then ordered the assault. Then 
 his soldiers, as Napier tells us, "eagerly made ready for a combat so fiercely fought, so terribly won, so dreadful 
 in all its circumstances that posterity can scarcely be expected to credit the tale." 
 
 The whole circuit of the fortress was included in the attacks, which were of all kinds, some feints, some 
 subsidiary, the rest principal and really determined. The v\est front w as to be assaulted by the 5th Division, the 
 eastern and castle bv the 3rd, and the 4th and Light Divisions were to be sent in full strength against the breaches 
 at the bastions Trinidad and Santa Maria ; 18,000 men in all were employed in this daring, bloodthirst\' undertaking. 
 Every column was furnished w ith scaling ladders and axes ; at the head of each went its forlorn hope and its 
 devoted band of stormers. 
 
 The attack of all was to have been simultaneous, but a fireball betrayed the 3rd Division, and they hurried 
 forward in advance of the signal. The 4tli and Light Divisions were also impelled to attack, reaching the glacis of 
 the Santa Maria almost without accident ; but there a terrible explosion caused frightful carnage among the Light 
 Division. Phillipon, the French general, said afterwards that he had thought "this would finish the business," 
 and he w as fairl_\- amazed at the courageous tenacity of the British tioops, u Iki still held on undisma\-ed. 
 
 At the great breach at Trinidad, the 4th Division also crowded forward, " cheering \ehemently," and reached 
 the top of the rampart " as if driven by a whirlwind." But here they encountered that terrible obstacle, the world- 
 famous chevaux-de-frise of sword blades fixed in ponderous beams, and all chained to the ground. This sharp-edged 
 barrier was impassable, it could not be surmounted nor remo\fd ; the men in rear would have driven those in 
 front upon the swords and made a bridge of their writhing bodies, but failed in the attempt, while defenders and 
 
 BADAJOS—OPEXJXG OF THE FIRST PARALLEL. 
 
 After a Drawing by Major St. Clair, 
 
 rnv.rrni'"''""""''"- k"*^ ^"u^^"' began on the 15th March, 1S12, and the siege was entrusted to Beresford witl, three divisions, while Graham 
 mnrh , , , rf T '"" " "Tl' "^"^ "'" °P'"'"S "f the first parallel the siege «as pressed forward with great vigour, but noerations ucre 
 much lelaided l.y heavy rams and the enterprise of the enemy. fa t. ■ 
 
 ]54
 
 Wellinstun and Waterloo. 
 
 assailants blazed into vdch titlicr at shurt ranj^e, anJ luindreds 
 fell. For two fearful hours tliis murderous conflict went on ; 
 the eager men found man)- intrepid leaders, and essayed but 
 
 vainlvtostorm 
 
 G/ X.\7:/?S, ROVAL ARTILLERY. 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes. 
 
 Descendants of the ancient Honourable Men-at-Arms, who date liack 
 to the days when artillery was fiist used. 
 
 THE DUKE OE QU EEiWSBERRY. 
 
 After a Contemporary Caricature. 
 
 He warmly espoused Picton's part when the latter 
 was tried for cruelty, and would have paid the costs, 
 his dealh he left Picton a large sum. 
 
 At 
 
 ilLLA i i:LHA, 
 After a Drawing by Major St. Clair. 
 The River Tagus is here imprisoned between two high walls of rock, the stream is rapid, and ihe only 
 means of passage was by constructing a bridge of boats. 
 
 this impreg- 
 nable breacli. 
 Even after re- 
 peated failures 
 tliey still Col- 
 lected in 
 <:;roups ready 
 for fresh 
 efforts, while 
 the French 
 plied the m 
 with fire, 
 tauntiiiL; them 
 e V e r , a n d 
 asking them 
 " w h \' they 
 did nut come 
 
 and take Badajos .' " It was now midnight ; 2,000 men had fallen. 
 This principal attack was clearly unsuccessfiil, but Wellington with 
 unshaken constancy was prepared to organise another. They came 
 to him with the details. " My Lord," said an officer, breathless, " I 
 am come from the breaches ; the troops cannot enter them. The 
 
 men are without leaders, so 
 many officers have fallen; 
 unless strong reinforcements 
 are sent the attack must be 
 ■ •tc abandoned." 
 
 Wellington's face was pale 
 and full of deep an.xiety, says 
 one who stood near him. Bu^ 
 he spoke with cool self-posses- 
 sion, and quietly ordered up 
 fresh troops to support the 
 main attack. His reward came 
 presently with better news. 
 The 3rd Division under Picton 
 had made good their entrance 
 into the castle. It had been 
 carried by escalade, but not 
 until many of the tall ladders 
 reared against its lofty walls 
 had been thrown back by the 
 desperate men on top, with all 
 
 liio
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 their livinjj; loads. At last Colonel Ridge of the 5th, and another of his officers, Ensign Canch, mounted safely, 
 followed by a number of fusiliers, and they were strong enough to beat off all opposition. 
 
 Other ladders were quickly and effectually placed, the stormers climbed up fast as best they coLild. A lieutenant 
 in the 88th Connaught Rangers, a sur\i\or who got up w ith the rest, has left an account of how he found, when he 
 
 had reached the top of his ladder, that it was too short by many feet. Someone above shouted to him, " Mr. , 
 
 is that you .■' Och, murder ! murder ! how shall we get you up at all .'* Here, Bill, hould my leg" ; and throwing 
 himself tlat on his face in the embrasure, he e.xtended an arm, caught the lieutenant by his collar, and landed him 
 " clever and clane " upon the ramparts. Five more comrades were lifted in the same manner. 
 
 By these tremendous efforts enough force was collected to drive the French hack to an open space near the 
 castle, where they stood for a time, but soon fell back, and the castle was won — at a terrible cost, for l^;e gallant 
 Ridge was killed and many more. General Picton had gone to the rear severely wounded, so had General Kempt, 
 and the division remained under the command of Colonel Campbell, who wisely determined to lie low, but to firmh- 
 repel all attempts to dislodge him from the position. 
 
 This success at the castle, \\ hich was maintained, decided the fate of Badajos. Now, too. General Leith, with 
 the 5th Di\ision, penetrated the western defences and entered the tow n. When at last the breaches were abandoned 
 
 BADAJOS-ASSAULT OF LA TRLMDAD BY THE ith AXB LIGHT DIVISIOXS. 
 
 Af'er a Contemporary Engraving. 
 
 ■\ Iks as-aiili w;.s never successful, allhough persisted in at a terrilile expense of life. The breach was held with extraordinary tenacity by the garrison, 
 
 and had not I'iclon succeeded in penetratin;; at the casUe, the French would have beaten Wellington off. 
 
 15U
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 GEXERAL (SIR THOMAS) rJCTO.X. 
 
 After a Painting by S^^ee, 
 
 Picton was in a way the hero of Badajos. The escalade of the castle by his division led to the capture of the place. I'icton was a r.uigh, 
 har-ly soldier, and a strenuous fighter. In his early service he had been arraigned before an English Court of Justice for alleged cruelty in the West 
 Indies, and his temper had been soured, for the accusation, although never proved laid heavy on him. He was implicitly fol'owed by his men, 
 and took an active part in all the battles of the war 
 
 157
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 
 
 After a Drawing by the Rev. Mr, Bradford. 
 The cily looks well, backed by its often snow-clad mountains, but it stands in a dreai\-, treeless plain. 
 
 Phillipon, who had withdrawn into Fort Christoval on tiie northern side of tlie river, surrendered ; but not before 
 lie had despatched a messenger to inform Souit of the catastrophe and to warn iiim to retire. 
 
 Wellington was glad to admit all he owed to Picton and his " Fighting 3rd" Di\isi(.)n. He wrote that 'general 
 after the capture to thank him, assuming that "the 3rd Di\ision had saved his honour and gained him Badajos." 
 Of all who shared in the triumphs, none after Ridge was more C()nspicu(ius for personal courage than Picton himself. 
 
 Picton did not come out to the Peninsula until 1810. Wellington had applied for him when looking for new 
 subordinate geneials, and he did not regret it, for Pictnn nt'\er disappointed him w hen there was stirring work to 
 be done. Yet up to the time of his arri\al in Spain he was under a cloud. Indeed, the aspersions unjustly cast 
 upon him rankled in his mind to the very last, and the charges on which he had been tried in the British Courts of 
 Justice, although dispr(.)ved, were ne\er legalh' set aside. 
 
 At one period of his military career Picton had acted as Governor of a West India Island, Trinidad, and it had 
 come before him as a matter of routine to authorise the infliction of torture — as it was called — upon an unwilling 
 female witness. A uirl w as " picketed " — raised from the ground by her arms, w hile one foot rested on the point 
 of a peg or picket. This seemingly inhuman treatment was in accordance with the insular law, and it was pro\-ed 
 that the girl suffered little, if at all. 
 
 The story, greatly exaggerated, tra\elled home, and in due course the public mind became hotlv inflamed against 
 Picton, who was subjected to a prosecution. He would no doubt ha\f bt.-en acquitted had not a local witness 
 perjured himself by swearing in open court that the law of torture was not in force at the time in Trinidad. A fresh 
 trial practically exonerated Picton, but the first finding was never actually re\'ersed. 
 
 The general found many sympathisers, chief among them the eccentric and well-know 11 I Juke of Queensberry, 
 who liberally offered to defray the w-hole of his legal expenses. " Old Q," as he was styled, called to see Picton 
 just before his departure tor the Peninsula, and begged him to write t)Ccasionally from the seat of war. " Now we 
 shall have the truth," the Duke would say when a letter arrived, so strong was his belief in Picton's straight- 
 forward character. At his death he left the general a legacy of ^,10,000. 
 
 I08
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 THE EARL OF LIVERPOOL. 
 
 After a Painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 Kohfrt Hanks Itnkins.m, a cnlleye friend of Canning's, entered the House of Commons in 1791, and as Secretary for Korciiin Affairs 
 negi>tialed the I'eace of Amiens, in 1803. Was Home Secretary in 1803. From 1808 he was Secretary at War, and as such was in coiiliruial 
 cuniinimicalion with I.oril VVelHnglon. l-'inally lie became I'reniier, in 1812, and held that orfice till 1827. 
 
 159
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 irEJ.LIXGTON AT SALA.V.LVC.4. 
 
 After a Drawing by Small. 
 This battle \va<i liiouglit on by Maniiont's rashness in extending his left flank ton h 
 instantly on the error, won a brilliant victory. 
 
 VVellin<;ton, fixinc 
 
 Many stories are tnld of 
 Pictijn. One of tlie best lias 
 become a "chestnut," and is 
 now ciaimeJ for Craufurd, but 
 on no suftk'ient autiiority. It 
 is the incident of tile ciimmissary 
 will) was negligent in bringing 
 up supplies and wliom Picton 
 (or Craufurd) tiireatened to 
 hang. The commissary, it will 
 be remembered, appealed to 
 Wellington for protection, but 
 got no more satisfaction than 
 the famous reply, "Did he 
 threaten that .' Then you may- 
 depend upon it he will be as 
 good as his word." 
 
 Picton was no doubt 
 irascible and given to strong 
 language, swearing freely on 
 every occasion, as was the 
 custom of the day. He roundiv 
 
 abused his men when they offended him, especially in marauding, but speedilv forga\-e them when they supported 
 
 him in some desperate undertaking. Badajos was won at a terrible cost ; 5,000 men and officers fell in the siege and 
 
 3, 500 during the assault, w hen 60 officers and more than 700 men were killed on the spot. Napier records that when 
 
 Wellington heard the full extent of the liax-oc, " the firmness of his nature gave way .... and the pride of 
 
 conquest yielded to a passionate burst 
 
 of grief for the loss of his gallant 
 
 soldiers." It was the same after 
 
 Waterloo, when he made the well- 
 known remark, "One thing only is 
 
 worse than losing a battle, and that is 
 
 to win one." 
 
 Again, as at Ciudad Rodrigo, the 
 
 soldier's heroism was tarnished by his 
 
 hideous excesses. The sack of Bajados 
 
 was a scene of the most desperate 
 
 wickedness, when every evil passion 
 
 was unchained. " Shameless rapacity, 
 
 brutal intemperance, savage lust, 
 
 cruelty and murder, shrieks and piteous 
 
 lamentations, groans, shouts and impre- 
 cations .... resounded for two 
 
 days and nights in the streets of 
 
 Badajos. Churches and convents, shops MOUNTALW PASS, BETWiiE.x XISA AXD I'll. LA lEl.HA. 
 
 and stores with wine and spirituous . . *"" ' '''""'"^ ^'^ '^' ""■ ^'- ^'^^^'■'*- 
 
 ,■ „ • , 1 , . This is on the I'ortnirnese frontier, and was one of Wellinyton's lateral cuminiiniLations from 
 
 hquors, private houses and palaces, had north to south of the Ta^s^ 
 
 IGO
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 all been plundtTi-i.!. The actors in Ihese excesses were attired in 
 tile liahits iif priests w iti) brnaJ-l-irininied hats of mnnUs lukI 
 nuns ; and in tiie dresses (if i^randees and soldiers of rank." 
 Many officers w ere exposed to i^reat personal danjier from the 
 licentious conduct of their men. One records tliat he found 
 three soldi. -rs in the Catliedral literallv drowned in brandy. 
 One of the vaults had been used as a spirit depot ; the casks 
 had been pierced by musket balls, the brand\' tlowin.u out and 
 formiiiii .Ui'eat pools, into which the drunkaids fell prone and 
 were suffocated. Order was at last restored by the arrival of a 
 brijiade of Portuguese under General Power, who at once set up 
 a jjallows in the principal square. The effect was maj^ical. It 
 was I n lecessary to proceed to extremities, for the rajiine and 
 disoruer suddenly ceased. 
 
 Lord Welliiiiiton had inti-nded that tlie capture of Badajus 
 should be followed b\- brinyJUL; S<iult to do battle lor the 
 possession of Andalusia. But now ominous lU'w s reached him 
 
 fro ni t h e 
 
 GENERAL ALA\ A. 
 
 After a Painting in Apsley House. 
 The Count Alava was a Spanish officer attached to 
 \Vci;i nylon's headquarters, with whom he lived on most friendly 
 inlinnle term,. Ativa was at Trafalgar on the Spanish sifle, 
 and, again, at Waterloo on ours 
 
 GEMiRAL I.E MARCHAXT. 
 
 After a Drawing in the possession of His Family, 
 
 He was killed at the head of the heavy cavalry in th,' 
 haUlc of Salamanca after a magnificent charge. Le Marchani 
 was the first lo advocate the higher education of officers, and he 
 helped lo found the niililary colleges at High Wycombe and 
 .Marlow. which were afterwards concenlrated at .Sandhurst. 
 He was a tine swordsman, and gave the Ami)' an excellen" sys'.eni 
 of sword exercise. 
 
 ninth. Ciu- 
 
 dad Rodrioo 
 
 w as in 
 
 danuer, the 
 
 fortress so 
 
 r e c e n 1 1 \' 
 
 recovered 
 
 m i H h t b e 
 
 aj:ain lost, 
 
 for t h e 
 
 Spaniards had failed to repair its shattered defences ; and a new 
 
 liatterino train, expected daily from France, would enable 
 
 Marmont to la\' fresh hands on the place. Wellington turned 
 
 northwards therefore; he had now the advantage of a wi^w 
 
 position, and happih' based on two ri\'ers, the Agueda and 
 
 the Guadiana, Ire could operate as he pleased. To attack' Mar- 
 
 niont v\'as the most urgent and the most promising line, aiid 
 
 accordingly lie adopted it. 
 
 But first it was important to isolate the army of the north. 
 To prevent ready communication between Marmont and Soult, 
 south of the Tagus, Wellington planned the surprise of Almaraz, 
 \\ here tlie French had a bridge of boats covered by strong forti- 
 lications. General Hill was conimissioned to do this, and he 
 succeeded with his customar\' promptitude and \igour. But 
 there was no surprise, for his column, checked by the rugged 
 mountain roads, arri\'ed after daslight, to be met with an army 
 alert in resistance. 
 
 Hill, nothing daunted, went straight in at the first fort 
 at Almaraz, that of Fort Napoleon ; and although his stormers 
 
 101
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 u%^ 
 
 found tlu-ir laJders too sliort, the men climbeJ on the " berni," or space 
 at the foot of the ramparts, drai^sied their ladders after them, and so i^ot 
 over the main wail. Pushing on with impetuous cliar<ie, the assailants 
 drove the garrison out and followed them across the river into the second 
 or larger fort, which they carried by sheer boldness. Many of the 
 
 French jumped into the 
 river, the rest were made 
 prisoners. Only a 
 detached fort in the 
 mountains, Mirabele, held 
 iiut ; and Hill, being left 
 in the lurch by a subor- 
 dinate, was iibliged to re- 
 treat without reducing it. 
 Wellington now held 
 the most important points 
 on the Tagus, thus inter- 
 posing a great river barrier 
 between Soult and Mar- 
 mont. Being thus able to 
 ;S';-^ deal with the latter alone, 
 he moved against him 
 with all his available 
 strength, and began the 
 famouscampaignof 
 
 Salamanca. His new opponent was another of Napoleon's famous marshals, "a man," as Napier says, "to be feared." 
 He was a practised soldier, one who as an artillery officer had studied the science of war, naturally quick-witted, 
 too, and in tiie full \igour of a healthy life ; gifted with a tine courage, great ambition ; and a noble tactician. 
 
 He had restored discipline to an army 
 that had been demoralised by Massena's 
 disastrous retreat ; and it vis now a 
 well-tried, perfected military machine, 
 asking only to be wielded by able hands 
 to accomplish great things. 
 
 The early stages of this Salamanca 
 Campaign have long been esteemed 
 as containing excellent lessons for the 
 student of military history. From the 
 day that Wellington advanced and laid 
 siege to Salamanca, driving Marmont 
 before him, to the time of his retreat, 
 u hen Marmont in his turn pursued him, 
 it was a time of continual mo\ement, 
 of rapid marches on both sides, both 
 pressing neck and neck for a common 
 goal — the allies seeking some safe rally- 
 ing point in rear, the French threatening 
 
 OFFICER OF FRESCn LIGIII L .r:\iLRY LAXCERH. 
 
 From Horace Vernet's French Uniforms. 
 
 Frequently engaged with our troops. 
 
 LEGION 1>E ^,i-^M).iR.MERIE. 
 
 From Horace Vernet's French Uniforms. 
 The dangers of the line of commimicalion, with 
 France perpetually harassed by Spanish partisans, 
 led to the formation of a special corps for escorts. 
 
 VILLA FRANCA. 
 
 After a Drawing by the Rev. Mr. Bradford. 
 This Villa Fr.jnca, one of many so-called in the Peninsula, is on the raid from Seville to 
 
 Badajos. 
 
 16a
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ever to outflank, outstrip, and forestall them. Skirmish and combat went on perpetually, the cavalry riding between 
 the opponents met often in conflicts, guns and muskets exchanged volleys, while French and English officers between 
 the words of command saluted each other, " pointing forward with their swords and waving their hands in courtesy." 
 
 In one of these daily collisions Wellington was for a moment in great danger. He had come up with Beresford as 
 the day closed in order 
 to examine the French 
 position. Sir Stapleton 
 Cotton was showing 
 in front with the 
 cavalry when a party 
 of French horse 
 swooped down in a 
 furious charge, ri^lit 
 into the fresh squad- 
 ron accompanying 
 Wellington. There 
 was a general melee ; , 
 his Lordship and Beres- 
 ford both drew swords 
 and had to fight their 
 way out to safety. 
 The French were 
 presently beaten nff 
 with great loss, after 
 showing incredible 
 audacity. 
 
 Through all this 
 the balance hung pretty 
 evenly, or, if an\thing, 
 inclined in favour of 
 the French general. 
 The two armies were 
 handled w ith consum- 
 mate skill by the first 
 professors in the game, 
 and manoeuvred within ^ 
 musket shot, often full 
 in sight of each other, 
 wary and eager for 
 the fight, yet gi\'ing nn 
 chances ; so that the 
 issue was in doubt 
 
 until the ver\' last. Then Marmont erred egregiously, and in the presence of an oppi)nent wlio would let no such 
 opportunity pass, and paid the penalty in a disastrous defeat. This great occasion came on the 21st July, 1812, 
 and brought on the battle of Salamanca. Hitherto, Marmont's generalship had been on the whole superior to 
 Wellington's. He had evaded battles when at a disadvantage, but was ready to attack when he held the trump card. 
 It was seemingly so the night before Salamanca. By clever management he had placed his army in a position to 
 
 -^^ 
 
 s/A' ST.-IP/.ETO.Y COTTON 1 LORD CO^fBERMERE) as C\: > -:s. 
 
 After a Painting by Hayter, 
 
 He was at this lime in comniand of the whole of the Kritish cavalry in ihe Peiiiiisvila, and had gained a name 
 for great daring. He was still quite young, and taken frequently for a junior stati' officer. Like Murat, he had a 
 great fondness for dress, and wore the most brilliant uniforms, despite the rigours of campaigning. In after life, 
 although having the character of a fashionable lounger, Combermere was recommended by the Duke of Wellington lo 
 command in the siege of Bhurtpore, which he ca[)tured. 
 
 163
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 strike at Wellington's line of retreat, and to make that retreat imperative on the English, lest worse should be1n! 
 them. He was in touch with other French armies ; King Joseph with the army of the centre was within easy reach 
 from Madrid, other reinforcements were coming up from the northern provinces. Wellington could only stand his 
 
 f;round at risk of being overwhelmed by greatly superior 
 numbers. Retreat was his only wise course — retreat 
 more or less humiliating after a campaign barren of all 
 decisive results ; retreat that might be impeded, and 
 secured only by facing serious danger, incurring heavy 
 losses, and that nnist probably be continued far bacl< 
 right into Portugal. But on the day of battle, the 22nd 
 July, he was happily permitted to profit by a mistake 
 of his enemy. Various changes of front had become 
 necessary through Marmont's obvious desire to force on 
 a battle ; and the march of troops, the columns of du:t 
 raised by the commissariatand baggage already prudentl\' 
 sent to the rear, seemed to indicate a general retreat. 
 /Aarmont, misled, o\-er-eager, and fearing only that tiie 
 L'nglish might escape, lunged forward, throwing a couple 
 of divisions v\ith all his light cavalr\- and fifty guns far 
 c.head to strike at the Ciudad Rodrigo road. 
 
 It u as a flagrant error, because it divided the French 
 iiito two widely distinct parts, and exposed that now 
 r.ishU' advancing to a murderous flank attack. When 
 the\' brought Wellington the news he rejoiced e.xceed- 
 inglv. It was a sudden reaction against the crushing 
 anxieties of the last few days; fortune suddenly reversed 
 the relative positions of the French and English, and 
 ]uit the advantage altogether into Wellington's hands, 
 pro\ ided only he would stretch out and take the gift. 
 
 We can see him throwing awa\' untinished the first 
 morsel of food he had tasted that day, and it was already 
 the afternoon, hurriedly mounting his horse, and gallop- 
 ing to high ground w here he could \erif\' the fact, and 
 where he soon realised what had happened. He was 
 filled with " stern contentment, for the French left 
 wing was then entirely separated from the centre ; the 
 fault was flagrant, and he fixed it w ith the stroke of a 
 thunderbolt." He issued his orders promptly and clearly, 
 setting all his divisions in motion; then as time was 
 needed for their march, as well as for the development 
 of the French attack, he quietly laid down to sleep. 
 
 No better proof is on record of Wellington's iron 
 
 J nerves, of his power to sleep at will, like his great 
 
 1 antagonist Napoleon and other great commanders, than 
 
 this Salamanca case. No doubt he was much fatigued, 
 
 for he had been in the saddle since daylight, not this day 
 
 only, but on many previous days; and his anxieties, his 
 
 XAPOLEOX. 
 
 After a Drawing by J. B. Bosto. 
 
 Ai lliis dale Napoleon was at the pinnacle of his greatness, and contem 
 
 plaung his invasion of Russia, that gigantic and disastrous mistalie. 
 
 if;4
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 feais, his icspnnsibilities, haJ been immense. But now when the die was cast, and in his favour as he saw, he could 
 
 tai<e liis much-n(.-i.\lt.'J rest. Givinji brief instructions U> his staff that lie was to be called directly the advancing 
 
 French culumns reached a particular spot which he pointed out, he wrapped himself up in his cloak, lay down 
 
 behind a bush, and was instantly sound asleep. When he was roused all was ready for attack in this the first great 
 
 Peninsular battle where Wellington was the assailant. The cautious policy hitherto imposed on him by lack of 
 
 means had persuaded the French generals he 
 
 was only good on the defensive. And even this 
 
 was untrue, for he attacked at Roleia and at 
 
 the L)iiiu(i, and at the recent capture of the two 
 
 fortresses he was ready enough to take the 
 
 initiative. Certainly he was the aggressor now, 
 
 and his own brother-in-law. General Pakenham, 
 
 temporarily in command of Picton's "Fighting 
 
 3rd " Division, was the one to open the ball. 
 
 The 3rd Division, being on the extreme 
 right of the English line, was ordered to cross 
 the march of the French columns. 
 
 " Do you see those fellows on the hill ? " 
 Wellington is reported to have said. " Throw 
 your regiments into line, Ned, attack' and beat 
 them to the devil." And, as Pakenham 
 pmrnptly gave the necessary orders, Wellington 
 turned with the complacent remark', " How 
 well the fellow knows his business." 
 
 The forward mowment of the 3rd was 
 followed by the rest of the first line, which 
 included the bulk of the caxalry, at the same 
 time, so as to co\'er the flank and occupy the 
 rest of the enemy. The English left was 
 directed to attack the centre of the French line. 
 " Mon clicr Alava, Marmont est perdu," had 
 been Wellington's confident forecast to General 
 Ala\'a, the Spanish representative, at his 
 headquarters alwax's a close friend and crony, 
 u remark uttered when the French mistake was 
 first observed. And the prophecy proved true, 
 for 40,000 men " were soundly beaten in forty 
 miiiLites," to use the words of one who took 
 part in the action. The attack took Marmont 
 altogether unawares at a critical moment, when 
 his whole army was split up into three separate 
 parts at too great a distance to support each other. Pakenham smote his advance, vigorously carrying all before 
 him, and within half-an-hour Marmont was struck dov\'n with a se\'ere wound. Two other generals had been carried 
 off the field, and the French left was in utter confusion. Now Clausel, who succeeded Marmont, sought to restore 
 the unequal fight ; the centre was coming through the woods, and a new but weak line of battle was formed. Now 
 Wellington, in his turn, launched forth all his cavalry, light and heavy, in that famous charge under its gallant leader 
 l.e Maichant, who fell at the head of his men. These splendid horsemen swept away the French infantry like 
 
 H I . l^ I - I . 
 
 1S12. 
 
 .S A I\ I d I i I ' i\ 1 i\ .til 
 
 Fac-simile of a Sketch made by Goya, the famous Spanish Painter. 
 
 Goya was a man of versatile lalenis, equally skilled wilh oil, water-colour, or 
 graver. A man of short temper, and it is said that being displeased wilh some 
 remark of Wellington's, he threw a plaster cast at the Uuke's head. 
 
 1G5
 
 Wellington and Watenoo. 
 
 BATTLE OF SALAMANCA. 
 
 From Maxwell's " Life of Wellington," 
 One of the chief incidents was the cavalry charge. The battle was so quickly decided that a French oTi-er described 
 
 it as " beating 40,000 men in forty minutes." 
 
 chaff, and "the 
 dragoons, big men on 
 big horses, rode on- 
 wards, smiting with 
 their long glittering 
 swords in uncontrol- 
 lable power." This 
 finished the French 
 left, which no longer 
 e.xisted as a militar)' 
 body- 
 
 Yet Clausel was 
 a res(jlute and capable 
 soldier, and he had 
 made a grand effort 
 intlie centre. Pack's 
 Pii r t u guese having 
 failed at a high hill, 
 one of the " Brothers, ' ' 
 the " .Arapiles," of 
 which the French held 
 one, the allies the 
 other, there was just 
 
 a chance of saving the day ; but the victory was for the general wbo had the strongest reserves at hand. This was 
 Wellington, who as ever directed the fight at the critical point ; and now he brought up the second line. 
 
 The French still fought bravely, but only to cover withdrawal. Wellington manoeuvred, constantly strengthen- 
 ing his left so as to force all the beaten masses towards the pnint called Alba de Tormes, where stood a castle 
 garrisoned as he supposed by Spaniards. But they had been withdrawn, not without leave, but without due notice 
 to Wellington, and the Castle of Alba w as pnimpth- occupied b\ the French. This fortunate accident ga\e them 
 an outlet for escape, altogether un- 
 known to the victorious general whu 
 was pressing them so hard. 
 
 When Wellington thought his 
 enemies were delivered into his hands, 
 they had for the most part disappeared. 
 
 Still Salamanca was a great and 
 glorious victory, the iiKist brilliant 
 achievement of which Wellington could 
 yet boast, and the noise of it resounded 
 through Europe. 
 
 New and great strategical com- 
 binations became necessary after 
 Salamanca for both sides. Wellington 
 saw Madrid within his grasp and a 
 chance of overwhelming the King 
 before the scattered French forces ^''^' OFFICER OF THE kO)AL IIAGGO.v TRALX. 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes, 
 might reunite. Hence he might strike Wellington, in the later years of the war, organised a Land Transport Ser\-ice of his own. 
 
 166
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 northward against a third fortress, Bureos, the possession of whicii would 
 Ljive iiini a iuav and shorter line of coiiiniiinieations witli the sea. Tliis 
 foresJiadovved and was in effect tlie essence of iiis plan so successfully 
 carried out the following year. Of the various courses open to the French, 
 King Joseph chose the worst. Soult, who was in great strength in 
 Andalusia, holding all the resources of that rich proxincr at command, 
 urgently advised the King to come south and join him. 
 
 There strongly based, with ample stores, magazines and fortresses 
 backed by 8o,000 men, the tlu'atre of war would be changed, Lisbon 
 threatened closely, and Wellington woli Id be forced to surrender Madrid and 
 come back in all speed to Portugal. Soult's argument was that the loss of 
 Andalusia would limit the French to the poor countrv north of and behind 
 the Ebro, where he would eventually be starved out. Joseph had not 
 the genius of his great lieutenant ; he could only see safety in retreat for 
 concentration, and he sent Soult peremptory orders to evacuate Andalusia 
 toithw iti) and join him south of Madiid. Mischief an.\iet\' was to reco\'er 
 bis lust capital, for Wellington had already entered it, as the first-fruits of 
 his great \'ictory of Salamanca. The pursuit of Clause! with his beaten 
 armv was somewhat slack, and the French retired behind the Douro 
 w ilhout much molestation. 
 
 But then Wellington advanced towards the Guaderama mountain 
 range, the passes of which Joseph did not attempt to defend. The King 
 was full\' occupied in clearing out of Madrid with his Court and 
 non-combatant followers, an immense convoy of helpless folk, " crowds 
 of weeping women and children, and despairing men." Horrible 
 confusion arose in thi-; hurried flight ; the bonds of discipline v\ere 
 
 wr./.Li.w/j-ox /^yr/:As M.-inkin. 
 
 From t Collection of Historical Pr nts 
 
 When Joseph fled from his capital in t5i2, Wellington occupied and held it for some months. 
 
 -S7/V JOIL\ UUKGOY.XE. 
 
 From a Miniature in the possession of the Family. 
 
 Tills distinguished Engineer officer was eni^aged in the 
 
 great sieges in Spain, and did most excellent service. 
 
 relaxed, might was 
 right, and the licentious 
 ^ = ^. s jI dier V plundered 
 
 and misused theweaker 
 sort. " Courtiers 
 o f t h e highest 
 rank were to be seen 
 in full dress desper- 
 ately struggling with 
 savage soldiers for the 
 possession of even the 
 animals on which they 
 were endeavouring 
 tosavetheir 'aniiies." 
 All these flocked 
 to the one bridge avail- 
 able ; but Wellington, 
 whose cavalry ad- 
 vance was now well 
 up, was too humane 
 to molest them. 
 
 167
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 5 -.H 
 
 
 :i 
 
 -^ o 
 
 1(58
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ■ff-iVf. 
 
 BATTLE OF VITTORIA. 
 
 After a Drawing by L'Eveque. 
 Third phase, the centre and left a.tacks combined, liringing their right shoulders forward and dislodging llie French from their last position, covering 
 
 the city of Vittoria. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Wellington enters Madrid, greeted with wild enthusiasm, but his military position there is precarious, and he resolves to attack Burgos to open 
 his road to a new base on the Kay of Biscay. He is unsuccessful at Burgos, and the French, under Joseph and Soult, having joined forces, he is 
 compelled to raise the siege and retire once more towards I'ortugal. The retreat is conducted with skill, but is very trying to the troops, who 
 sutler mucli hardship, but Wellington avoids any serious engagement with the enemy, now greatly .superior in numbers. In the winter of 1812-13 
 large reinforcements arrive, and he devotes himself to perfecting the discipline and organsation of his army. When he retakes the field it is with a 
 masterly plan, by which he turns the line of the Douro, and "by the direction of his march obliges the French to evacuate Madrid and fall back 
 toward.s France. Joseph is caught at Vittoria and defeated with immense loss. San Sebastian is now besieged, but only captured after a second 
 assault and with great outlay of men and means. 
 
 OUR trtjops made a triumphal progress through the country. They were hailed as saviours, deliverers, as the 
 best of friends. Every night at the bivouac the villagers brought out their best food and wine, and were 
 full of "light-hearted rejoicing, singing, dancing, and strumming their guitars. In the towns fetes were 
 organised for the officers, balls, banqtu'ts, and entertainments. 
 Although master of Madrid, Wellington's position was precarious. He was almost without funds, through the 
 neglect and apathy of the home Government. The pay of his troops was many months in arrear ; those quartered 
 in the capital committed many thefts and excesses ; those outside it were discontented, jealous of their luckier 
 comrades, and discipline generally was much rela.xed. Soon came disquieting news that the enemy was gathering 
 strength. Clausel had reorganised and reformed the army beaten at Salamanca ; he was once more active, and 
 liireatened the long line of English communications with Portugal and the sea. 
 
 Wellington was res.ih-ed, therefore, to change his base to some northern port upon the Biscayan shore, a plan 
 he actually carried out the following year. Now he could not hope to succeed until he had taken Burgos, a 
 stroni'h ild in the hands of the French, and w ith this view he, on September ist, concentrated at Are\-alo, north of 
 Madrid, u ith four disisions and all his ca\ alr\-. Hill was left in the valley of the Tagus to cover the capital against King 
 Joseph and Soult combined, *\\ ho were coming up to attack Madrid and raise the siege of Burgos. 
 
 Clausel made a good show before Wellington, retiring from position to position, and always evading an action. 
 But on the i8th September he was driven out of the town of Burgos, and the allies entered it amid flames and 
 confusion. The famous castle stood high on a hill abo\e the tow n, no more than a second-rate fortress, yet it was 
 able to resist all Wellington's efforts, it was held b\- a stalwart and determined garrison of 18,000 men, commanded by 
 
 169
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 SOLDIEKS OF THE RIGHT FLANK CO.l//'.^ .VV. 
 
 From Hamlllon Smith's Costumes. 
 
 The tallest men of a legiment composed the Grenadier or 
 
 rii^hl flank company. 
 
 the intrepid Dubreton, 
 an enwineer of mucii 
 skill and s.-lt-reiiance, 
 who won a well-tie 
 served success by his 
 courai^eous defence. 
 
 Wellington began 
 by the seizure of a 
 detached work on a 
 second hill ; it was 
 sti:imed and carried 
 the first night, mainl\- 
 tlirough the gallantry 
 of Major Somers Cocks, 
 who led the attack. 
 Then followed a close 
 examination i.if the 
 wiirks. The castle 
 was but feebK' forti- 
 fied, and Wellington 
 hoped much from this, 
 for he heard also that 
 it was but scantily provisioned, and that water was scarce w-ithin. H 
 but he boldly undertiiok the siege, and pushed it on with great vigour. 
 Four assaults were delivered, all without success. When the first 
 had failed, through its unfortunate leader's disobedience of orders, 
 a plan nf the siege was found on his body, and it greatl\ assisted the 
 defenders in their later operations. 
 
 The explosion of a great mine preceded the second assault, bat 
 til,- stormers missed the breach it caused in the walls, and were 
 driven back baffled. An<.ither breach was effected by the battering 
 guns, which was assaulted on the 5th October and a lodgment made, 
 but the French came down and repulsed the assailants. The attack 
 was renewed and the fight continued with varying furtunes, until at 
 last the British troops fell back discomfited. In this stubbdrn engage- 
 ment Major Somers Cocks, a most promising young soldier, lost his life. 
 Now constant rain filled the trenches, and the siege went forward 
 with difticulty. New batteries were, howe\-er, armed, fresh sup- 
 plies of ammunition came up frdin Santander, and on the i8th 
 October another practicable breach was formed. A fourtli and last 
 assault was ordered, which was no more successful than the others. 
 That Wellington would have suffered a small fortress to defy him 
 altogether is not to be suppjsed, but at this stage the pressure of other 
 serious events forced him to raise the siege. 
 
 Soult and the King had now effected tlieir junction ; the first 
 brought 46,000 men of all ranks, the second had 12,000. Thus 
 58,000 w.-r.- ^nmbined .mi the 3rd October, and could act with great 
 
 TN£ STAFF OF THE ARMV. 
 
 From Hamilton Smith's Costumes. 
 
 The Adjiitant-Gen;ral and Quartermaater-Genera!. 
 The highest appointments in the Army, next to that of the 
 Cummander-in-Chief, and part of the personal st?/* of 
 the Sovereign. 
 
 is own means of attack' were meagre enough. 
 
 stil.LUh.Ks III- nil-: lit. (,Hh:\Ali:KK, (,i ^A■,"l^. 
 From Hamilton Smith s Costumes. 
 
 The Guards were noted for their inarching powers in 
 the reninsnla. (3ne battalit)n marched 400 miles in ies.»f 
 than a month to join Hill in the valley of the Tagns, and 
 anirlher. landing at Corimna, crossed Xorth Spain to 
 ioin \Vellin;^:nn in the retreit from Burgos. 
 
 170
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 MAJOR THE HOXOURABLE CHARLES SOMERS COCKS, OF THE IG/// LIGHT DRAGOOXS. 
 
 After a Portrait by Engleheart. 
 This was one of the most ijallant and promising oftirers of WeUington's army, always so forward in attack that his squadron was known as 
 llie fighting squadron. He was killed in a sortie from Burgos, and the Duke, in reporting his death, said it was a most serious loss to the army and 
 the Service at large. Had he lived he must have risen to great distinction, for he liad a natural genius for war. 
 
 171
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 .SYA' A'OII7,.l.\7i hILL. 
 
 From Maxwell's " Life of Wellington." 
 
 in the campaign of 1S13, Hill ccinimanded the main 
 army, which advanced against the Donro, but did not 
 cross until Graham's tinning movement was com|ieted. 
 
 A IROOPER OF THE ROYAL HORSE GUARDS {BLUES). 
 From Hamilton Smith s Costumes. 
 The Household Cavalry were sent out to Spain in 
 llie winter of 1812. The Blues took p.irt in Graham's 
 arduous march through Gallicia. 
 
 effect ; they cniild at 
 
 pleasure fall upon Hill, 
 
 who still held Madrid, 
 
 or thes' Could daniier- 
 
 iiuslv Interfere with 
 
 Wellin.Liton, \c-.\ his 
 
 rear, perhaps cut nff 
 
 his retreat. 
 
 Hill rose promptly 
 
 lo the iiccasiiin, and at 
 
 once sent VVellinL;toii 
 
 news of the impendini; 
 
 cvW. His despatch 
 
 I cached Burgos 011 the 
 
 20th October, twodays 
 
 after the last disastrous 
 
 assault. Full instan- 
 taneous retreat was 
 
 inevitable. Welling- 
 ton's position before 
 
 Burgos was critical, 
 
 and he decided to withdraw the \'ery ne.xt flight. The retrograde 
 
 movement was yet perilous, for the road to the rear lay right under 
 tile guns of the fortress, and they could iiiflict terrible losses on the retreating troops if the march was betrayed. 
 By Wellington's order the wheels of the artillery were muftled, straw was laid deep in the streets, then the troops 
 defiled noiselessly across the bridge, .-^t die last moment the retreat w as discovered and the guns opened fire, but the) 
 were too inte and soon U^st 
 their range. 
 
 So rapidly and secreth- 
 was the mox'enient effected 
 that the French army of 
 observation under Souham 
 heard nothing of it until the 
 
 22ndOctober, when Wellington ,^ __, ,r 
 
 had already gained a coupl 
 days. But now his rea 
 was harassed with 
 incessant fighting, in which 
 the troops suffered much. 
 Drunkenness and rela.xed dis- 
 cipline, the usual concomitants 
 of a British retreat in tlu 
 Peninsula, arose to increase 
 the danger, and at one critical 
 point, Torquemada, 12,000 BURGOS. 
 
 British soldiers lay drunk about From a Collect.on of Spanish Pdnts. 
 
 .. P^. The home of the famous Cid Campeador, owning a cathedral, one of the finest specimens of Gothic 
 
 the Streets. Disaster, great architecture. The citv lies below the castle on the hill, which Wellington besieged. 
 
 172
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 LIEUT. -GF.XKRAL SIR THOMAS GRAHAM, K.B. (AFTERWARDS LORD LV.XEDOill). 
 
 After a Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 In Wellington's final advance into Spain Irom Ponugal, Graham was given the independent command of the great movement through the 
 mountains of Gallicia which turned the French position on the Kbro. This coimiry was deemed impracticable for wheels, but Wellington had 
 proved ihe contrary by secret surveys, and this march was the prelude to the great success of Vittoria. 
 
 173
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 and overwhelming, seemed imminent. But Wellington controlled events with a firm, strong hand ; he retired 
 behind the Carrion, and, being joined there by a reinforcement of fresh undemoralised troops, he awaited the enemy 
 with calm fortitude, having sent his baggage and hospitals to the rear. Thus he forced Souham to show his whole 
 strength, and finding, when the French were deployed, that he had to do with a superior force, he swiftly decided on 
 
 further retreat. He fell back now to 
 the Douro, and having ensured safety 
 by destroying the bridges at Valladolid, 
 Simancas, and Tordesillas, he quietly 
 awaited Hill. 
 
 That general was now coming up 
 in hot haste from Madrid. He had had 
 cartt'-bla)iclie, and it was for him to 
 choose between retreat along the valley 
 of the Tagus and an advance to 
 Wellington's support. He took the 
 latter course, the wisest and now the 
 most urgent, evacuating Madrid on the 
 30th October. The hasty departure of 
 their English friends was a great grief 
 ti> the people of Madrid, and the whole 
 city turned out to accompan\' the 
 troops some miles along the road with 
 affectionate farewells. A true and deep 
 regard had sprung up between the 
 population and the British. Many 
 romantic stories are told of friends who 
 Could not be torn asunder. In one case 
 "a beautiful girl lightly clad refused 
 to leave her lover, an English officer 
 in the Portuguese cacadores, who dis- 
 mounted and tied a silk pocket-handker- 
 chief around her neck and placed her 
 sideways on his horse. Towards 
 ex'ening the wind blew keenh', and I 
 saw her," says the narrator, 
 "enveloped in a soldier's great coat." 
 " Many females," we are told by 
 the same authority, "left their homes 
 in a similar manner with the French 
 officers, and travelled about with them 
 on horseback and astride, clad in the 
 uniform of the Polish lancers or hussars, 
 splendidly embroidered, with crimson 
 trousers made very wide, Cossack fashion. The ladies of Spain frequenfly ride astride, with pantaloons and Hessian 
 boots, with a habit buttoned up before and behind, and when they are on horseback it is unfastened, and hangs down 
 on each side to conceal their legs from view." 
 
 Hill was stopped at Arevalo by fresh orders ; he was obliged to countermarch and retreat on Salamanca, 
 
 MARSHAL SCULT, DOC DE DALMATIE. 
 
 After a Painting by Rouiilacd. 
 
 The son of a French notary, well educated and intended for the liar, he enlisted in 17S5, 
 rosfi in six years to be sergeant, and three years later general of brigade. He took part in 
 most of Napoleon's great campaigns, and in Spain conquered Andalusia. 
 
 174
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Wellinifton had Lx^n unable to hold the line of the Douro.forthe French had repaired the bridge of Toro and jeopardised 
 his left ; he had gone back to Salamanca himself with all speed, where he occupied the position of San Christobal 
 on the 6tii November, and was presently joined by Hill. 
 
 It has been said of Von Moltke, the great German strategist, that he would never allow himself to be compared 
 with Napoleon or Wellington, because, 
 unlike them, he had never commanded 
 or directed a retreat. Certainly this 
 from Burgos was enough to try a great 
 soul ; the dangers, the sufferings, the 
 privations of thr allies were terrible. 
 They had nearly lost the semblance of 
 an army. " Such a set of scare-crows 
 never was seen," is the testimony of 
 an eye-witness. " It was difficult to 
 say what they were, as the men's 
 coats were patched with grey ; some 
 had blankets over them, and most 
 were barefooted ; every step they took' 
 was up to the knees in mud ; women 
 and sick men were actually sticking 
 in it. ... A brigade of cavalry, 
 however, which was covering the rear, 
 had left Lisbon but a short time before, 
 and was in high order. The clothing 
 of the men scarcely soiled, and the 
 horses sleek and fat, made a strange 
 contrast with the others, especially the 
 company of artillery that had served 
 in the batteries before Burgos. We 
 at first took the latter for prisoners, as 
 the\' were mostly in French clothing, 
 many of them riding in the carriages 
 with the sick and wounded, drawn, 
 some by oxen, and some by mules and 
 horses. 1 never saw British Siildiers 
 in such a state." 
 
 While Wellington halted on the 
 Tonnes, the French came up with 
 three great armies — Joseph's, Soult's, 
 and Souham's — a vast force, when 
 combined, of 100,000 men. But there 
 were di\'ided counsels among them ; 
 the leaders argued and quarrelled, after 
 the custom of Napoleon's lieutenants in the Peninsula. Marshal Jourdan, who was the King's chief of staff and 
 principal adviser, was for moving up to an immediate attack ; Soult wanted to take ground to the left further up the 
 Tormes, which would ha\-e obliged Wellington to relinquish the advantages of his well chosen position on the site of 
 a previous victor)-. Soult pre\ailed, and a prolongation of the left, the same strategy as lost Marmont the battle of 
 
 k'/NG JOSEPH (BONAl'ARTE). 
 
 After a awi.i ' by \ icart. 
 The eldest of the Bonaparte family. Having studied law, and at one time intended for the 
 fhurch, he became a good diplomatist and a poor soldier. His defeat at Viitoria ended his 
 military career, but he served his great brother faithfully to the end, and would have secured 
 his escape after Waterloo. Napoleon was really attached to Joseph. 
 
 175
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 PORTUGUESE CART. 
 
 Aftir a Driwing b/ the Rev. Mr. Bradford. 
 
 The transport of supplies was one of Wellington's chief difficulties in the Peninsula, and in 1S12, when 
 advancing on Salamanca, he got together as many Portuguese carts of this description as could be met with. 
 
 Salamanca, was repeated, but on a wider scale. It was executed very slowly, and Wellington, now too weak for the 
 
 offensive, cleverly drew off his whole army under the very touch of the Frencli. With amazing boldness and no little 
 
 good fortune, for the weather 
 was so thick and misty that his 
 movement was unseen, his 
 army circled in one great mass 
 around the advancing columns 
 of the French. That night he 
 bivouacked to the rear of an 
 army which in the morning had 
 menaced him dangerously in 
 front. This delicate operation, 
 it must be remembered, was 
 performed in the presence of 
 the largest French force ever 
 collected together in one place 
 and at one time during the 
 Peninsular War. 
 
 After this the retreat was 
 continued towards Ciudad 
 Rodrigo, the French in full 
 pursuit now seeking to out- 
 march and outflank the retreating columns. The allied army was in miserable plight ; the rain fell in torrents ; the men 
 
 marched ankle deep in tenacious mud, and at night time, soaked to the skin, they were unable to light fires or cook 
 
 food, if, indeed, there had been food to cook. Sometimes the famished soldier? left their ranks to chase and kill the 
 
 herds of swine, and the battue 
 
 became so general that the 
 
 firing was taken for a French 
 
 attack. All the time the 
 
 enemy's cavalr\- was close at 
 
 their heels, or pressing hard 
 
 upon their flanks, at times 
 
 "almost mixing in our ranks," 
 
 writes one who was there ; 
 
 " near enough," says another, 
 
 "to bandy wit in the Spanish 
 
 tongue with the English 
 
 soldiers." Now and again 
 
 they charged, sweeping up 
 
 any baggage and all stragglers. 
 
 On one occasion they caught 
 
 the cavalry general, Paget ; 
 
 on another occasion Wellington 
 
 himself narrowly escaped, as 
 
 he rode constantly in among 
 
 the retreating columns and without escort. On the 20th November, after lasting just a month, this trying retreat 
 
 ended. The allied losses were terrible, amounting to some 9,000, including those in the siege of Burgos, while the 
 
 TORO. 
 
 After a Drawing by tbe Rev. Mr, Bradford. 
 
 Toro was a point on the Upper Douro where Wellington's forces combined for the general advance on the 
 Ebro. The bridge had been destroyed, but Hill forded the river with his command. 
 
 176
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 .:^^> 
 
 MRS. FJTZ HERBERT. 
 
 After a Portrait by Cosway. 
 Mrs. Fiiz IKihtit, a lady of great beamy, is generally believed to have been married to George IV. when T'rince of Wales. She lived to a great 
 
 ai;e at l!ri;;hti)n, and was iniich admired and esteemed. 
 
 177
 
 Wellino^ton and Waterloo. 
 
 OFFICER OF THE FOoJ i,iAj.i'.>. 
 
 From Ham Iton Smiti's Costumes. 
 
 In full-dress imiform, carrying ihe King's coloms on 
 home service in St. James's Parlj. In the i'eninsiila the 
 officers of the Guards were commonly called the 
 "Gentlemen's Sons." They were mostly of good family, 
 and although brave enough in aclion, ihey did iheir 
 campaigning as comfortably as possible. 
 
 was seen. Tlie regiments in tiieir cantonm^ 
 reinforcements arrived continuall;,- from hum 
 one of whicii was composed of 
 the Houseiio'.d Cavalry, the ist 
 and 2nd Life Guards, and the 
 Blues ; the second, of the loth, 
 15th, and i8th Hussars. Great 
 pains were taken to complete 
 equipment; new cooking 
 utensils were issued, blankets, 
 bill-hooks and tents ; everv 
 foot soldier was given three 
 pairs of shoes, with an extra 
 pair of soles and heels to be 
 carried in the knapsacks. Tht> 
 transport service was re- 
 organised on a military basis ; 
 the mules, well fed and cared 
 for, were properly brigaded ; The 
 
 mural discomfiture was great. For this disaster, at the close of a year 
 full of victories, Wellington was bitterly attacked. His reputation, 
 although based on many great deeds, was acrimoniously assailed. 
 He accepted all the blame of besieging Burgos. " It was entirely my 
 own act," lie said afterwards. " The Go\-ernment had nothing to 
 say to it." It was his own fault that he brought such insufficient 
 means to bear upon the siege. He had guns enough at Madrid and 
 Safitander, but transport was lacking to convey them to the trenches. 
 Again, he worked with the worst and least experienced of his troops ; 
 the 3rd, 4th, and Light Divisions he had left at Madrid with Hill. 
 
 The men he had with him soon grew dispirited, and then 
 insubordinate. They were no doubt much harassed by the mistakes 
 and negligence of the staff and commissariat. The first by wrong 
 orders often put them to much unnecessary' fatigue and useless 
 marching to and fro ; the latter was laggard and ineffecti\e ; there 
 was often great carelessness in the distribution of rations, and 
 f requenth' cowardly muleteers and conductors ran off to the rear upon 
 false alarms of the near approach of the French. 
 
 Wellington's first act when the army went into winter quarters 
 
 , was to publish a general order reproving his troops for their misconduct. 
 
 ' He declared that "discipline had deteriorated during the campaign in 
 a greater degree than he had e\'er witnessed or read of in an_\^ army," 
 and his scathing remarks were not taken in the best part, being 
 deemed exaggerated and too sweeping, it was contended that he 
 made no allowance for the pri\-ations endured, nor did he exempt from 
 his se\-ere strictures the Guards and Light Division, which ha.i 
 behaved uniformly well. 
 
 In the winter that now followed a ver\- marked impro\-ement 
 
 ■nt> reco\-ered discipline, were newly clothed and regularly fed. Fresh 
 The ca\a!ry was gr.nrtK' strengthened ; two whole brigades arrived. 
 
 BATTLE OF VITTORIA. 
 
 After a Drawing by Heath, 
 beginning of the action in the centre, where Wellington commanded in person. 
 
 17.S
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 BATTLE OF i'lTTORIA. 
 
 After a French Drawing by Martinet. 
 
 a pontoon train, completed at every 
 point, was attached to the army. 
 Wellint^ton, in siiort, laboured in- 
 cessantly to perfect his army and 
 prepare it for the new and more 
 ambitious fliijlit he contemplated in 
 iSi;. From henceforth he was to 
 meet no check in his forward progress. 
 The tide had turned and was setting 
 strongh' in hi^ fa\-our. His fine army 
 outnumbeieLl that of the French ; 
 Hnglish and Portuguese were veteran 
 troops ; the Spaniards placed under his 
 orders and generalissimo were rapidl)' 
 impro\ing in soldierly qualities. The 
 French, on the other hand, were n.ach 
 disheartened by almost continuous 
 reverses, and the growing conviction 
 that they were fighting a losing game 
 
 Wellington's masterly plan for the The second phase of the aitack in the centre. The 3rd and 7th Divisions forcing a passage 
 coming campaign entitles him to take across the bridges on the Zadorra. 
 
 ra:ik with the firstexpositors in the military art. He saw that the river Douro could not be attacked without a great and 
 costly effort ; he decided, therefore, to avoid the difficulty in front by turning the right. If operating by his own left 
 
 he could place a portion of his 
 army behind the Douro all 
 the strong places on that river 
 uiiuld be useless, the French 
 position would be taken in 
 reverse, and the whole country 
 south of the Douro, including 
 Madrid, would become un- 
 tenable. 
 
 Two things were essential 
 to the success of this bold 
 undertaking. Secrecy in the 
 first place was Indispensable, 
 and the enemy's suspicions 
 must be lulled by demonstra- 
 tions against the front. In the 
 second it would be necessary 
 to traverse the wild district of 
 the Tras os Montes with men 
 and material — a wild moun- 
 tainous region hitherto thought 
 LORD WFJJjyCTOy. ENTOURE DE SON ETAT-MAJOR. impracticable for wheels. 
 
 After a Caricature by St. Fal. y-^ r 1 , , • 
 
 Careful survevs made durmg 
 
 K fanciful picture of British military unifornis in 1813-14 as they appeared to Trench ' ^ , ,,, 
 
 eyes the winter satisfied Wellington 
 
 179
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 to the contrary, and he gradually drew his left wing towards the Douro to be ready for an advance on that side. 
 By the middle of May the cavalry and five divisions had crossed the river, and the advance began. That fine 
 old veteran, Graham, was in ind; pendent command of the left wing, and as soon as he was well forward in the 
 difficult march through the mountains, Wellington set the rest of his arm\- in motion by Salamanca towards the 
 
 Douro, reaching it at Toro and Zamora 
 on the 27th and 28th May. Graham, 
 by this date, should have crossed the 
 Esla, a northern tributary of the 
 Douro, but he was still to the rear, and 
 Wellington, uneas_\', hurried round to 
 him to direct the operation in person. 
 
 Graham had been delayed by 
 many obstacles, and he was still on the 
 wrong side of the Esla on the 30th May, 
 \\ hen Wellington joined him. But on 
 the 31st, the passage of both rivers, 
 the Esla and the Douro, was effected, 
 and the whole allied arnn- was united 
 at Zamora, north of the Douro. Here 
 Wcllingtim waited three days for the 
 Spanish army of Gallicia, a delay that 
 alone saved the French from losing 
 their line of retreat. As it was, they 
 immediately evacuated Madrid, and 
 luirried back to Valladolid, the verv 
 point indicated by Napoleon months 
 before as the proper place for the King's 
 headquarters, and where the bulk of the 
 French army should be concentrated. 
 
 NOw, with an inferior army, 
 \ alladolidwas untenable by the French, 
 and Joseph continued liis retreat on 
 Burgos, where he could be joined by 
 the armies of "Portugal'' and "the 
 North," Commanded respectively by 
 Drouet and Clause!. But even Burgos 
 he deemed unsafe, for Wellington, 
 constantly operating by his left and 
 turning Joseph's right, tlireatened the 
 French communications with the 
 HAi 1 Lh i.//- tiiioRIA. frontier and Bayonne. So Burgos was 
 
 After a Caricature by Cruikshank. blOWll Up llaStilv with a tremeudOUS 
 
 The French rout was complete, through the bad generalship of Joseph. e.xplosion, and Joseph fell back behind 
 
 the Ebro, his last line of defence. Wellington had thus gained a supreme advantage by the mere direction of his 
 march ; but he meant to do much more. He intended, in his own words, " to hustle the French out of Spain before 
 they were reinforced." By continuing his turning mo\ement through tb.e upper waters of the Ebro, he overtook 
 his enemy huddled together in the basin of Vittoria, and then smote them with a cruel and overwb.elming blow. 
 
 AFTER VITTORIA. 
 
 After a Caricature by Cruikshank. 
 
 The plunder taken from the French included many trophies, eagles, artillery, and the baton 
 of Marshal Jourdan, which in the print is being presented to WeUington. He sent it to the 
 Prince Re£;ent, who in return created him a Field->rarshal. 
 
 ISO
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 En 
 
 
 o c 
 
 in H S 
 
 O 
 
 JSl
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Although the contest was to be stubbornly prolonged, this battle practically sealed the fate of the French in Spain. 
 
 He had showri himself an admirable strategist ; his undoubted powers as a tactician were now to be seen. He 
 
 at once detected the cardinal error of 
 Joseph's position — that a great part of 
 it was parallel to the main line of French 
 retreat along the great royal road to 
 Bayonne. This mistake was em.- 
 pliasised by the excessive length of the 
 French front, some seven or eight 
 miles in all, so that neither centre nor 
 Itft could easily or quickly be brought 
 to the help of the right, which, being 
 astride of the above-mentioned royal 
 road, was the key to the whole position. 
 These faulty dispositions were the 
 more felt in the battle because this 
 line of retreat was choked and crowded 
 with baggage — with vehicles innumer- 
 able laden with the accumulated plunder 
 of years, which the French of all ranks 
 and classes, from King to conscript, 
 were trying at all hazards to carry out 
 of the country. 
 
 Some of the force being still in rear, 
 on the 2oth June the English army 
 halted to concentrate. Wellington 
 Lised that day in minute reconnaissance, 
 and thus became intimately acquainted 
 with every detail of the enemy's 
 position. It followed the course of a 
 small river, the Zadorra, and occupied 
 two fronts. Wellington, who had the 
 advantage in numbers, resolved to 
 attack' in three separate and distinct 
 ciilumns. Hill commanded that on the 
 right, Wellington in person the centre, 
 Graham the left. 
 
 The first was to deal with the 
 French posted among the rocky fast- 
 nesses of the mountain of Puebla, and 
 he was the first in collision, having a 
 stiff job in hand demanding all the 
 energies of his troops. But he gained 
 and held a forward position from which 
 he could lend a helping hand to the 
 central attack. Here Wellington met 
 with, and was much delayed by, very 
 
 HER GRACE THE DUCHESS OF RICHMOND. 
 
 After an Engraving in "La Belle Assemblee," 1807. 
 Clarlotte, Duchess of Richmond, wife of the fourth Duke, and mother of the Earl of March 
 (afterwards fifth Duke), who was on Wellington's personal stafifin the Peninsula until he rejoined 
 the 52nd, and was badly wounded at Orthez. This is the Duchess of the famous Waterloo ball. 
 
 182
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 rugged country. On reachinij the Zadorra, he found all 
 its bridges raked by well-placed artillery. Fortunately a 
 brave peasant gave information that one bridge, Tres 
 Puentes, was unguarded, and volunteered to guide a column 
 to it. He lost his life in the task, but the column crossed, 
 and the Central attack was soon developed. Now Joseph, 
 believing this the chief point of danger, withdrew from hi.> 
 right, that which he should have most jealously guarded, 
 to reinforce his left. 
 
 About this time, i p.m., guns were heard on the far 
 left of the English line, the vital tlank of the French. 
 They were Graham's. He had been earliest on the move, 
 luuing the longest road to travel. His attack drew the 
 attention of the French to his side, and they might have 
 seen the imminence of their danger ; but now Wellington 
 in the centre began a furious battle with the 3rd and 7th 
 hivisions. Their point was the village of Arinez, whicii 
 
 A SPANISH GENTLEMAN. 
 
 After a Portrait by Velasquei. 
 The whole of King Joseph's personal baggage was captured at 
 Villoria, ami with it a number of fine paintings rifled from the Madrid 
 Galleries. Wellington restored these to their rightful owner, 
 Ferdinand \'II. of Spain, who generously sent them back to the 
 victorious general, and they are now hanging in Apsley House. Two 
 of the finest, by Velasquei, are here reprnduced. 
 
 POPE IN NO CENT X. 
 
 After a Portrait by Velasquez. 
 
 ihe French held tenaciously, until at last Picton cariied it 
 it the run and with the point of the bayonet. With 
 Arinez the French lost their centre and left, and their 
 last hope was to fall back upon tlie heights immediately 
 before Vittoria. 
 
 In that city and in the plain beyond, panic reigned 
 supreme amidst a fugitive and affrighted multitude. 
 Thousands of carriages and animals, non-combatants, men, 
 \\ omen, and children, were crowding together in all the 
 madness of terror. The allied forces still pressed forward, 
 and at the close of the day, having turned the last position, 
 letreat— fTight rather — became general, and b_\- a distant 
 road. Graham's successful battle had quite cut the French 
 from the main line. He had, however, fought hard for 
 success, being faced by Reille, a capable and resolute 
 soldier, who knew the vital importance of his task. As it 
 was, Reille's stubborn resistance alone prevented Joseph's 
 forces from annihilation. Victory was to him who knew 
 
 188
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 every move in the game, the practised professional soldier, against wliom the poor amateur, who could not even 
 
 handle men, had hiit little chance. Never was army so hardly used as the French by its incompeient commander. 
 
 A rear-guard under proper leadership might at least have stayed the 
 
 British advance until the withdrawal was accomplished. The loss was 
 
 incalculable, not alone in prestige, but in gear, substance, and material. 
 
 As the Comte de Gazan, one of the generals, wrote, the French " lost 
 
 all their equipages, all their guns, all their treasure, all their stores, all 
 
 their papers, so that no man could prove how much pay was due to him. 
 
 Generals and subordinate officers alike were reduced to the clothes on 
 
 their backs, and most of them were barefooted." 
 
 One of the victors draws another picture. " The road to Pam- 
 peluna," he records, " was chok'ed up with many carriages filled with 
 
 imploring ladies, waggons 
 
 laden with specie, powder 
 
 a n d ball, w o u n d e d 
 
 soldiers, intermixed with 
 
 droves of oxen, sheep, 
 
 goats, mules, horses, and 
 
 asses, milch cows, filles 
 
 de chambre, and officers. 
 
 In fact, such a jumble 
 
 w as n e v e r witnessed 
 
 before ; it seemed as if 
 
 all the domestic animals 
 
 in the world had been 
 
 brought to this spot, v\-ith 
 
 the utensils of husbandry 
 
 and all the finery of 
 
 palaces." 
 
 Vast and hetero- 
 geneous as was the spoil, 
 
 the arm\' was little 
 
 enriched. The specie, 
 
 estimated at a b o u t 
 
 ,$5,000,000, fell into the 
 
 w r n g hands; not a 
 
 "The trophies were in- 
 
 LlEUTt.SAKT-COLONEL GOMM, AiTAT 30. 
 Alter a Miniature in the pos£e;sion of the Family. 
 
 GENERAL SIR JAMES LEITll. KB. 
 
 After a Portrait by John Wright. 
 
 General Sir James Leith commanded the 5lh Division 
 during the greater part of llie war. 
 
 fiftieth part came into the military chest, 
 numerable," says Napier. " The number of guns taken was fourteen, 
 for the French only remin-ed two. A stand of colours and ureat quantities 
 of ammunition (400 waggon loads) .... Marshal Jourdan lost his 
 baton, and Wellington sent it to the Prince Regent, who, in exchange, 
 conferred the rank of Field-Marshal on the victorious general." 
 
 King Joseph narrowly escaped, and only got off by leaving his 
 carriage and mounting the first horse he could find. Vittoria ended his 
 public career, for Napoleon promptly dismissed him from command, and 
 appointed Marshal Soult. He lost with his crown the whole of his 
 gathered loot, chief among which were many fine works of art, removed 
 
 FII./-n\t.ll;SinL sir UM. GOMM.C.C.n . .7-TATT5. 
 
 After a Family Portrait. 
 
 Tliis distinguished ofificer served on the staff 
 
 through the Peninsular War and at Waterloo, and 
 
 rose 10 he a Field-Marshal and Commander-in-Chief 
 
 in India. 
 
 184
 
 WellingLon and Waterloo. 
 
 from the Royal Gallery of Madrid. Tliey were found in rolls, having been cut out ot their frames for convenience 
 of carriage. When recovered, Wellington restored them to the rightful owner, but Ferdinand Vll., with kingly 
 generosity, would not accept them, and sent them back to Wellington. They formed the nucleus of the Apsley House 
 collection, and are, indeed, 
 among its principal treasures. 
 Two of these notable pictures 
 have been reproduced in the 
 text. 
 
 Immediately after Vittoria, 
 Wellington set himself to rediice 
 San Sebastian, the possessioi' 
 of which was of the utmost 
 importance as a new base and 
 useful seaport. The siege 
 which was now undertaken 
 was not crowned with great or 
 even moderate success, and 
 before it fell several severe 
 engagements were fought in 
 the neighbouring mountains, 
 mainlv to relieve that fortress 
 and Pampeluna. Thesevarious ^^^^ /OSEPH'S FLIGHT AFTER VITTORIA. 
 
 After a Contemporary Print. 
 Datties 1 propose to leave tor -j-he stampede was so sudden that Joseph abandoned his carriage, and mounting his horse escaped at a 
 later description, as falling gallop. He lost everything but what he stood in. 
 
 within the scope of the campaign in the Pyrenees and South of France, dealing now with the siege of San Sebastian, 
 
 from first to last, 
 although this is not 
 exactly and chrono- 
 logically correct. 
 
 As the French fell 
 back" fnini Vittoria, 
 General Rev, passing 
 San Sebastian, occu- 
 pieJ it ; being a strong, 
 resourceful soldier he 
 resolved to defend it to 
 the last gasp. It was 
 but a poor place of 
 arms at that time. Its 
 fortifications were all 
 but dismantled, many 
 guns had been removed 
 to other fortresses. 
 " It had no bombproof, 
 More, it was filled to overflowing 
 
 SAN SEBASTIAN. 
 
 After a Drawing made by an Officer on the spot. 
 
 An excellent view of the fortress which, under the gallant Rey, so long defied Wellington. The sketch shows the 
 
 fortifications and the besiegers' lines of approach. 
 
 no palisades, no outworks, and was hardly fitted to make an hour's defence. 
 
 with helpless fugitives from King Joseph's scattered Court, which doubled the ordinary population. 
 
 Rey soon drove out all useless mouths, transporting the non-combatants to France; he gathered up the means 
 
 185
 
 WellinLTton and Waterloo. 
 
 S7 OR MIX'S OF SAX SEBASTIAN. 
 
 After a Drawing made by an Officer on the spot. 
 The last an.l fin.ill^ successful a'.lack, si. owing the start from the Chofre Hills to cross the sands and assault the second or side breach. 
 
 of resistance, drew into tlie garrison all wandering detachments of 
 tn ops, and laboured hard on the fortifications. Although nominally 
 Wuckaded by one frigate and some small craft, for England, Queen of 
 the Seas, could spare no larger naval force in Wellingrton's support, 
 San Sebastian throughout the S'ege kept open its communications 
 \>. ith France. 
 
 Wellington put the siege operations under Sir Thomas Graham, 
 ::i\ ing him lo.oco men, a new battering train, and the services of 
 several excellent engineers. Sir Richard Fletcher at their head, who 
 lost his life under the walls. The siege was not a brilliant success, 
 and it is urged that the strict rules of scientific warfare were never 
 closely followed. Wellington has been blamed for this; but his 
 instructions were to take the place with all reasonable despatch, not to 
 neglect the prop.^r forms of engineering. In any case, there w as a 
 lamentable loss of life, and the first great assault failed. 
 
 The fiirtress stands on a narrow promontory jutting out.'ito the 
 sea ; on one side the river Urumea, the harbour on the other. The 
 approaches were made on two fronts — along the narrow isthmus and 
 from the sand-hills beyond the river. The capture of a ridge which 
 barred the isthmus was a preliminary to the attack on this side ; this 
 ridge (the San Bartholomew) the indefatigable Rey had crowned with 
 a new redoubt. It was at once assaulted and captured, the conduct 
 of the gth Regiment under their intrepid Colonel Cameron being very 
 conspicuous. Trenches were now opened, breaching batteries 
 
 NAPOLEONE IL GRANDE. 
 
 After an Italian Painting. 
 
 This portrait is entitled " Imperatore dei Franchesi, Rei 
 d'ltalla," and is obviou?Iy a tribute to his greatness. 
 
 186
 
 Wellinprton and Waterloo. 
 
 S/A' THOMAS GRAHAM (LORD LYXEDOCH). 
 
 After a Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 Graham, after Vittoria, was entrusted with the siege of San Sebastian, a toilsome and long, unsuccessful operation, 
 
 187
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 established, ant] Ihe usual artilKiv duel fnll.)wcd, with Uie advanta-^e 
 to the attacl<. Witliin fourteen da\s tliu dtteiices of the place seemed 
 ruined, and tne besiegers proceeded a little ton confidently to tlu- 
 assault. A cnuplc of tlmusand bra\e men went up U< the- attack', but it 
 failed, and larueh- because, despite Wcllin<j:ton's positive injunctions 
 "to use fair davliuht," it had been made at night. The l-reacb.es 
 too were approached b\- slippery rocks aloni; the shore, and throu<ih 
 deep p ols left b\' the receding tide. Lastl ', no offl.er of high rank- 
 went foiward t I lead, ani.1 the efforts made were isolatj-l under 
 
 re g i m e n t a 1 n f f i c e r s 
 ciintrnlling (inl\- their 
 iiwn men. 
 
 Nothing could be 
 liner tlian the de\-otion 
 if the tr:Mips I if all 
 r a n 1< s, and t h e 
 slaughter was tei'rible, 
 especialK' in engineer 
 iiltiJers. Sir Richard 
 Fletcher was killed, 
 s(i was Major Frazer ; 
 Harr\' Jones was one 
 'if the first in at the 
 great breach, and was 
 made pri Sillier ; 44 
 other (ifficeis and 500 
 men were killed or 
 v/iiuiided. Wellington 
 was much \exed at 
 ^hi^^ untiiward result, 
 ;;nJ haste;ied t 1 Sa;i 
 Sebastian to put th. 
 >iege on a better basis, 
 but b.e w as interrupted 
 by Snult's offensi\e 
 movement, w liich will 
 be presently de^crib.'d. 
 He left the fortress to command the army in the field, and for a time 
 the siege was suspended. It would have been impossible indeed 
 to progress, soneglectful were the Admiralt\- at h mie and the Naval 
 authorities on the spot. No sufficient supplies of aminuniti n or of 
 battering guns were sent out ; while the ineffective blockade permitted 
 the garrison to receive constant supplies of food and war material 
 from France. When at last the first instalment of a better siege train 
 arrived from England, it was found that no more shot and shell 
 had been sent out than sufficed for one day's ordinary consumption. 
 The breaching batteries were not reformed until the end of August, 
 
 6/r.\-. .S7A' HARRY JOA/iS, /?./:., (7.C./A 
 
 After a Portrait in the Royal Engineers' Mess, Chatham. 
 
 Was a yiiuni; oflicer of Engineers in Spain, s;\\v 
 service in all {he sieges, was taken prisoner at San 
 Sebastian, and livud to h.s'cge St-Ii.islopol. 
 
 Licnr Pk'. i'.i '( '.\ ^. 
 
 After a Drawing by Atkinson. 
 
 Thcl'.nglish Light ('avah-y clidfinesjrvicein the P jiiin.uiln 
 and h d ihe repu'alion ofl ein ; brave even !o ra .hncss. 
 
 COLOXEL SIR RICHARD FLETCHER, R.E. 
 
 After a Portrait in the Royal Engineers' Mess, Ci^atham. 
 Long the Chief Engineer in the Penin?iila, who 
 built the lines of Torres \'edras, but was killed in the 
 first assault of San Sebastian. 
 
 1^8
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 an 1 now the fortress was ever 
 so much stronger. Fifty iia\'s 
 had elapsed since tlir cnni- 
 nu-nct-nicnl, anJ all the time 
 tile liarrison had laboured most 
 industriously in improving; the 
 defences. The)' used such 
 siM'prisini^ diligence that w hen 
 a fres'i bomhaidnieiit was 
 begun, breaches were repaired 
 anil retrenched almost as soon 
 as the)' were made. Still the 
 brave defenders weic- being 
 gradually wasted undc-r the ASS.ICLT ON SA\ SJ-fJASTlAN. 
 
 incessant deadU' lire. Ihere .'fter a Pnnt published by T. Ryland. 
 
 was no sure hil^e of relief from •'' '■""•i*''"' iepr'-'''L'iil:Uion .•!' ihe last assiiult. .Sir James I.citli, wlm ccmiiiiaiifleil, is in ihe foregrouiKl. 
 
 oiUsiLle ; Soult had ma.le one great effort but had faik'd, and lie u as not in a position to strike afresh until the very 
 da}' on which San Sebastian was aLiain stormed ,uid linall\" capiLued. 
 
 This last successful assault was delixereJ in broad daylight and (;n two sides, one from the isthmus, tiie other 
 from the Chofre Hills across the sand.-- left in the bed of the river at low tide. Wellington, dissalistieJ w ith the 
 previous attempt, now somewhat ungraciously called for volunteers fiom the whole army, thus doing injustice to 
 tile brave 5th Uivision, which had borne all the previous toil and had onlv failed in the linal attempt through 
 
 LESACA. 
 
 After a Drawing made on the spot by Lieutenant-Colone! H. M. Scott, 6th Foot. 
 
 in ilif rvrcnces. The Clli Kegin ent is stcn cnlering the village 
 
 •n.is ua, W.Uinglun-, laad^Lia.i-.:. daiing the .arly prt of the operations : 
 
 189
 
 Wellino^ton and Waterloo. 
 
 GEORGE IV. WllEX PRIXCE OF HALES. 
 
 After a Painting by De Koster. 
 After Viltoria, and in exchange for Marshal Joiirdan's baton, captured in that baitle, the Prince Regent seal Welhngion the l)aton of l-'icid-.Marshal 
 
 in the British Armv. 
 
 I'JU
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 /■A'/i.\\ // DRAGocivs i.k'ciri.irr /o .1 check nv .1 hhiaoir i.i:.u: 
 
 A scene afler Nature near Ciudatl Rodrigo, September, iSi i. 
 After a Caricature pub'ished by H. Humphfey, i8n. 
 The superiority of ilie horsemanship o( British cavalry officers to that of the French is here 
 illiistnited. The Iraiiiing of the hunting-lceld and the speed and endurance of their mounts often saved 
 our reconnoitring ofticers when they had to gallop for it. 
 
 mis iihtTiturt'. Some 700 
 
 volantt:-i."rs at once respondeJ 
 
 to the c:ill, but Sir James l.eitl,, 
 
 wlio (."omnia iiLk'J the ^tli 1 )i\i- 
 
 sion, wotijii n it at lirst ;iive 
 
 tJleSL- oiilsiJers permission lo 
 
 join i.i tiu- attack' or iea\f tlie 
 
 trenches, storminu the main 
 
 breach with liis liw n men. 
 
 Tiiis se.dn.i assatiU was 
 
 iik'e to ha\e ais ) enJed in 
 
 faiitnv. Tlie tnst attack made 
 
 no impression, imr CouIlI tlie 
 
 volunteers, w liii w eri' now let 
 
 loose to sweep forward lils'e 
 
 a whirlwind, but it was im- 
 possible to penetrate into the 
 
 town. The other attack' across 
 
 the river was in the hands of 
 
 the PortLii;uese and the J4th 
 
 Reijiment, and was also re- 
 pulsed, onl\- the forttmate 
 
 accident of a tire among a (;reat heap of stored combustibles which led to severp! terrific explosions ruined the defence. 
 
 The French were obliged at last to give way, and, after five hours of " dreadftii battle at the walks .... the 
 
 stream of war weiit pouring; into the town." San Sebastian 
 was wiin in the fi,ir\- of the ekiiieiits, amid thunderous peals 
 and torrents of semi-tropical rain ; but Nature's worst was 
 kindlier than the storm of human passions unchained b\' 
 \ictiii\-. The honors of this sack outdid those of Citidad 
 Rodrigo and Badajos, and cast a still deeper shame upon 
 the soldierw 
 
 The \-ictorv of Mttiiiia placed Wellington on an asstired 
 pinnacle ; he could look- back- down the toilsome path he iiad 
 travelled, and contemplate with pride the good work iie had 
 done. He had won his way triumphantly, had conquered 
 e\er\-where, silenced detraction and the malevolence of 
 Ignorant critics, and risen superior to the puny backing of feeble 
 Ministries. He was now entitled to reap his reward, a 
 full meed c'' praise that now came to him unstinted and 
 >verflowing. Wellington did nuire than win victories over 
 tlie best rroops in Europe, led by some of the most skilful of 
 Napoleon's generals ; his services to his own country are but 
 \aguel\' and inadequateh' understood. Not only did he help 
 .SY/v' ST.il'L/:/ c.\ CDT'W.W to enlarge and consolidate the Great Empire which is the 
 
 Afterwards Lord Combermere. After a Portrait by Hoaphey. proud her tace of all Englishmen, but lie particularly 
 
 This distinguished cavalry olificer is here represented as emphasised in llis own person the virtueS bv W llicll it was 
 t'olonel of the 3rd Light Dragoons. lie was a fine horseman, '' ... 
 
 and was always splendidly mounted. acquired, ap.J by which assuredly it must be maintained. 
 
 19 1
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Every Englishman, taking the 
 expression in its widest sense, every 
 true son of Creator Greater Britain, 
 must learn something from the lesson 
 -0 well and so steadfastly inculcated 
 by Wellin,yton. The whole Empire 
 iiwes him a debt of gratitude, and 
 we shall thrive and prosper the more 
 closely his example is followed. 
 S^ Complete, unhesitating, the most 
 single-minded devotion to public duty 
 was the governing principle of his 
 life. With him, duty stood first and 
 before everything. The conscious- 
 ness of duty seen, sought out, and 
 Linswervingly performed, supported 
 him through every trial and in the 
 darkest liours stimulating him to 
 renewed efforts, giving him greater 
 courage, a firmer self-reliance, and increased self-respect. The seed sown by Wellington and bv his illus- 
 trious comrade in the sister Service, Nelson, has come up with an abundant harvest to be garnered as the 
 backbone of our e\er-increasing Empire. 
 
 E\TR.L\CE TO THE HARBOUR OF PASSAGES. 
 
 After a Drawing by Captain Batty. 1st Guards. 
 
 The little land-locked harbour of Passages was Wellington's principal poil of supply after leaving 
 Portugal until the fall of San Sebastian in 1S13. 
 
 FONTARABIA. 
 
 After a Drawing by Captain Batty, 1st Guards. 
 
 The river is the Bidassoa, which forms the Irontier line between Spain and Fiance. The mountains in the distance are the Jaystjuibd, in Spain. 
 
 102
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 DIXNER TO CELEBRATE PEACE, 1811. 
 
 After a Drawing by W. J. White. 
 This is a foiiliful picLiire of tlie feast given in the Market Place of Lyme Regis to celehratc the Teace in 1S14. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Souk replaces Joseph in the south, and promptly organises a new army to resist Wellington. Makes a great attack on the Britisli rig it, which 
 is in much danger till Wellington, hurrying from San' Sebastian, gathers together his strength, and defeats the French at Sauroren. Welhngion forces 
 the passage of the Bidassoa, captures the entrenchments, and prepares to invade France. Soult constructs a second defensive line on the Xivelle, 
 which is also forced ; then a third upon the Nive at Bayonne, based on which he manceuvres against Wellington's flanks, but is defeated, both 
 on the right and left. Finally, Wellington crosses the .\dour by a bridge of boats, and leaving Hope to invest Bayonne, throws his right far ahead 
 into France. Again defeats -Soult — first at Orthez, then at Toulouse, the last action in the war. Napoleon now abdicates, peace is signed, and he 
 leaves his army. Wellington's reception in Paris and at home. He proceeds to the Congress assembled at Vienna to rearrange the map of Kurope, 
 which is interrupted by the startling news of Napoleon"s return from Elba. The nations prepare for another and jirobab'y decisive war. Xapol* 
 strains every effort to get an army together, and the allies occupy Belgium. 
 
 t FTER Vittoria, the war in the Peninsula entered on its last stage. Now tne greai mountain rroniier w<tc, 
 / \ reached, and further successes must pave the way to an invasion of France. But Napoleon, altiiougn 
 JTX. sore beset, had no th(iu,L;ht of throwing up the sponge. The war was going against him in Central 
 Europe, and worse would happen if Wellington's progress was not sta\-ed. The best means of doing this 
 was to organise new armies under a leader he could trust, and he fortliwith despatched Soult to command 
 in northern Spain. "The best military head we have," was Napoleon's opinion of this general, although in 
 capacity Wellington placed Soult after Massena. At any rate, the choice was judicious, the best possible in these 
 days of Imperial decadence, when constant warfare had grievously thinned the ranks of Napoleon's adherents. 
 It is impossible to pay too high a tribute to the fine military qualities of Marshal Soult— his indefatigable energy, 
 his daring strategy, and masterly combinations ; above all, the unwearied and untlinching constancy with which he 
 maintained a losing game to the very last, is deserving of the greatest praise. 
 
 He arrived at Bayonne within a fortnight after Joseph's collapse, and set himsilt to his task with such splendid 
 spirit that he gathered together a fresh army almost by magic. On the 12th Jul\- (Vittoria was fought on the 2isl 
 June) he was at the head of 100,000 men, mostly new reinforcements, and the debris of the defeated corps, a 
 well-organised and effective force henceforth known as the " Army of Spain." 
 
 At this date the siege of San Sebastian had but just begun ; Pampeluna was also beleaguered, and Soult wa« 
 resolved to strike an immediate blow to relieve one or both of these fortresses. He assumed the offensive at once, 
 and fought the first series of the many battles and combats th-t illustrated the warfare in the Pyrenees 
 
 103
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 The msn'cments in this first ca;iipai>in are highly instructive to 
 the military student, but too intricate to be described here in detail. 
 Wellin.Liton occupied a great part nf the western Pyrenees, fri)in 
 Roncesvalles to the sea, and held his army in three principal portions, 
 each isolated and separated from the others, so that there was no 
 inter-communication or mutual support. He was, therefore, at this 
 disadvantage : that Soult, having made up his mind, could attack in 
 force on either tlank before he (Wellington) could concentrate at the 
 menaced point. In other words, Soult could bring his whole force 
 against one or other of his enemy's fractions, the great object held 
 in \iew by every astute comman.ler. Soult decided to strike at 
 
 MARSHAL SOULT, DUC DE PAL.^/ATIE. 
 
 After a Portrait by Rouillard. 
 .\rtcr Vittoria, Soult was sent to Spain by Napoleon lo supersede Kiny Iose|)h. 
 Me was given full powers, and soon organised a gallant resistance to the advancint; 
 allies. He nobly maintained a losing fight to the lasi, and although conslanlly 
 worsted, .ever yielded until peace was signed. 
 
 .> 
 
 V3 
 
 r ; 
 
 MARSHAL SOULT IX 1S5S. 
 
 After a Sketch by G. B. Campbn. 
 Souli went over 10 Louis XVIII. at Napoleon's 
 abdication in 1813, hut rejoined his old master (or 
 Waterloo. He w"ent into exile, but returned, and was 
 War Minister to Louis Philippe, and for a time French 
 Auiba^sador in London. 
 
 Wellington's e.xtreme right, tiiat nearest Pam- 
 peluna and furthest from San Sebastian. He 
 began his ad\'ance on the 21st Jul\', meeting 
 with many delays from storms and floods, but 
 by the 24th he had concentrated 60,000 men 
 with 66 guns in front of the small force holding 
 the passes of Maya and Roncesx'alles. 
 
 Wellington was thus outmaineuvred and 
 outnumbered at the critical point, and had 
 Soult's subordinate generals pushed forward 
 with more enterprise and intention, or the 
 British defence been less tenacious, the French 
 must ha\e won an eas\- and great triumph. 
 There were hotly-contested, long-protracted 
 combats at Maj'a and Ronces\'alles, and the 
 British right was presentl)' forced back. These 
 two fights took place on the same da}-, that 
 also of the first unsuccessful attack of San 
 Sebastian which had drawn Wellington thither. 
 
 191
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 The French ndvnnce hnd not been unexpected. Spies brought in news of some great movement in preparation. 
 but Wellintiton looked for Soult on his other flank. Now, iiearing the attack was on his right, he rose quickly to the 
 emergency, and acted with his customary promptitude and self-possession. He mounted his horse and rode 
 post-haste towards the threatened point ; and as he galloped on he gathered in his wake all the troops he passed, 
 and directed everyone to make for Pamoeluna. He was in hopes, but not too sanguine, that he might be in time 
 
 to succour his hardly-pressed right wing. 
 
 Meanwhile, Soult in person was driving 
 back Picton, who now commanded on this side. 
 The fiery British general could not stomach 
 continuous retreats. He faced round, Sd did 
 General Cole, the two taking up a strong 
 position on the heights of Sauroren, where the 
 French found them as they came on exultant. 
 Soult was not to be checked, and he made 
 dispositions for immediate attack, when a fresh 
 and to him mysterious incident interposed, and 
 induced him to pause. This delay was fatal to 
 his plans. 
 
 On that day, the 27th July, Wellington 
 was reaching the end of his rapid ride, and 
 approaching Sauroren just as Soult arrived in 
 front of it. He realised that a conflict was 
 imminent, and despatched the only staff-officer 
 who accompanied him to bring up all the 
 reinforcements he could find. Then he rode 
 alone along the steep hillside, and was recog- 
 nised by some Portuguese troops. The loud 
 and joyous shouts they raised were taken up 
 by the British troops, whose ringing cheers 
 were heard far and wide. 
 
 It was one of the most dramatic and at the 
 same time most critical episodes in the war. 
 For across the valley, and so near that his 
 features could be plainly distinguished, rode 
 Soult, and a spy, who passed freely between 
 the two armies, pointed him out to Wellington. 
 " Yonder," said the British leader, who by this 
 time had summed up the character of his for- 
 midable opponent, " yonder is a great but 
 cautious general ; he will delay his attack to 
 know the reason of those cheers ; that will give 
 time for my reinforcements to come up, and 1 
 shall beat him." And he did so "hand- 
 somely," to use an expression of his own, the 
 very next day, Soult having made no serious 
 move until then. 
 
 The first battle of Sauroren was a terribly 
 
 THREE VIEWS OX THE LOWER BIDASSOA. 
 
 From sketches made on the spot by Captain Batty, of the 1st (Grenadier) Guards, 
 show ing scenes and incidents in the operations in the Pyrenees and South of France. 
 
 (I) The frontier town of Irun. (2) The heights of San Marcial, held by the 
 Spaniards against Soult when he sought to relieve San Sebastian. (3) Fuentarabia, 
 a small town at the mouth of the Bidassoa River. 
 
 195
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 fierce struggle. Wellington liimself described it as " bludgeon work." The French made repeated and determined 
 attacl<s, and the)' must have succeeded had not the English reserves come up, after which they were well able to 
 hold their own. Indeed, after this day's fighting, the more serious crisis was over for Wellington. But Soult 
 
 received reinforcements, and on the 29th July 
 fought a Second battle on the same ground. He 
 again encountered defeat, and saw now that 
 there could be no safety but in retreat, for he 
 was being gradually hemmed in on all sides ; 
 thereupon, having already sent back his 
 uounded and his sick, he accepted the inevi- 
 table, and began to withdraw on the 30th, 
 believing he was strong enough to fight his 
 way round by San Sebastian, so as to regain 
 France by the Bidassoa. 
 
 Wellington, with consummate skilL 
 directed converging columns on the retreating 
 foe, and, -but for one strange, unexpected con- 
 ti'Clcinpi, Soult must have been cut off. But 
 the best m\ t.iry combinations will be marred 
 by errors in execution. At the supreme 
 moment, when the French had been caught in 
 a narrow mountain \alle_\', and were surrounded 
 hy the English army, Soult learnt the immi- 
 nence of his danger by the rash appearance 
 of three marauding red-coats wandering in 
 search of plunder. Alarmed in the nick of 
 time, the French made off tlirough one unclosed 
 issue in the mountains. Throughout this brief 
 campaign their losses had been enormous. 
 They had fought ten acti ais in nine days, at a 
 total cost of from 12,000 to 15,000 men. 
 
 Soult made a second attempt to relieve 
 San Sebastian in the latter end of September. 
 rle was now in force behind the Bidassoa, a 
 ri\er that mark's the frontier line between 
 Spain and France. He thought to take the 
 ro\'al road, and, cutting in between the sea and 
 Wellington's left, get behind the besiegers. 
 The bulk of his attack fell upon the Spaniards, 
 w ho were w-ell posted in earthworks up n the 
 hill of San Marcial, and who fought with great 
 Courage, better than on any previous occasion. 
 Three British divisions vvere near at hand, but 
 Wellington left them to do their work alone, so 
 that they might have all the credit. At ihe 
 same time, penetrating his enemy's motive to 
 hold the right in check by demonstrations 
 
 PASSAGE OF THE BIDASSOA FORCED BY WELLINGTON 
 From sketches made on ihe spot by Captain Batty, of the ist (Grenadier) Guards, 
 
 showijig scenes and incidents in the operations in the Pyrenees and Si.uth of France. 
 (4) Shows the Guards crossing the Bidassoa, a wide, rapid river forming the 
 
 frnntier between Spain and France. (5) Sliows the ford about Kndarlacha. 
 
 (6) Gives a good idea of the rugged banks of the river. 
 
 100
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 while he fell heavily on the left, Wellington 
 made a counter-move, threateninf^ Soult's com- 
 munications with Bayonne. Soult, alarmed 
 and foiled, so ju fell back. Next day San 
 Sebastian was captured, and for the rest of the 
 war the French remained on the defensive, 
 making no further attacks. 
 
 It was now strongly urged upon Wellington 
 from home that he should carry the war into 
 France. The war in Germany was going all 
 against Napoleon, and his oveithrow was 
 believed to be near at liantl. lin asion in the 
 south would surely hasten his duwnfall, and 
 Wellingtiin was promised every assistance by 
 the Royalist party, troops, risings, and the sup 
 port of the people. So many wild projects 
 were put before him that he declared in one 
 despatch he would long since h.ave got to the 
 m;on if he had done what was expected of 
 him. As f(ir France, he long hesitated to enter 
 the coi.ntiA' ; indeed, as a military operation, 
 he would haw preferred to act against Suchet 
 m Catalonia, whose presence on his flank- 
 might have jeopardised his advance. Soult, 
 too, was now stronglv entrenched, holdiiiLi 
 works b.^yond the river that were reported 
 impregnable. 
 
 At last the news of Napok-iju's fresh 
 disasters in Germany encouraged him to force 
 the passage of the Lower Bidassoa, and estab- 
 lish one part of his army in the fertile plains 
 of France, while bv throwing forward his right 
 he could occupy the mountains piercing the 
 French centre, obtaining thus a commanding 
 position on this side. The passage of the 
 Eidassoa has be'.n characterised by Napier as 
 an enterprise more daring and dangerous than 
 any undertaken by him during the war. 
 
 The enem\''s line extended from the sea 
 on their right to the left, strongly entrenched 
 upon the hill of the Great Rhune. The interval 
 was filled with entrenchments, forts, redoubts 
 armed w ith much artilk-ry, and the sw ift deep 
 river was a formidable barrier, like a wet ditch 
 to a fortification. The frontal attack of such 
 a position was certain to be attended with 
 terrible loss of Hk-, and even then might fail. 
 
 -.,'. ^'V-i^ 
 
 P.ISSACE OF THE BTOASSOA. 
 
 From skelclies matle on ihe i^a\ by Captain Bally, of the isl (Grenadier) Guards, 
 sliowiiiij scenes and incidents in the operations in the Pyrenees and South of K-vi-ice. 
 
 (7) The Spaniards, in the forcing of the Bidassoa, took the right of the Guards, 
 and are here seen marching to assail the French posted on the heights of Mandale. 
 (8) Another view of the Bidassoa, from the road to Vera, with a train of wounded 
 hi-ing carried lo the rear. (9) Represents the town of St. Jean de Luz, at the mouth 
 of ihe Nivelle River, the scene of the next series of banles. 
 
 197
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 OPERATIONS IN THE SOnil OF FRANCE. 
 
 From sketches made on the spot by Caplain H iiiy, of ihe 1st (Grenadier) Guards, 
 showing scenes and incidents in the operations in ihe [Pyrenees and South of France. ' 
 
 (•o) A small fortified harbour at the mouth of the Bay of St. Jean de \.\n. 
 (II) Bayonne was invested by Sir John Hope, but to effect this he constructed (12) a 
 magnificent bridge of boats across the mouth of the Adour— " one of the prodiuies 
 of war." 
 
 But Wellington relied up>)n secret information 
 he had received from the Spanish fishermen, 
 and meant to cross hy the sands near the 
 mouth of the river. He had heard that they 
 were passable at low tide, and yet tlie fact was 
 n >t known to Snult. Wellington based his 
 [ijan of battle upon it. 
 
 faking his dispositions from right to left, 
 from the mountains to the mouth of the river, 
 he used Giron's Spaniards with the Light and 
 7th Divisions to attack the mountains, while 
 the 6th Division made a demonstration beyond 
 their right. Next, Freyre's Spaniards were to 
 cross by fords in the centre. Lastly, the ist 
 .md 5th Divisions, with Wilson's and Aylmer's 
 independent brigades, took to the sands by the 
 passage above-mentioned. These troops, on 
 whom the success of this momentous operation 
 mainly depended, were concealed to the last 
 behind high ground near the mouth. To 
 deceive the French further, the British tents 
 were left standing; and tliey were the readier 
 deceived, because Wellington's right seemingly 
 promised to be the most suitable line for attack. 
 
 The columns for the sands started at day- 
 light on the 7th October, silently filing across. 
 When once upon the far bank, a rocket sent 
 up gave the signal to the rest, and now seven 
 more columns went forward in a general attack 
 embracing a front of five miles. 
 
 Those that had crossed first (by the sands) 
 were the first successful. Being entirely un- 
 expected, they carried all before them ; redoubt 
 after redoubt, all feebly defended, fell into their 
 hands. The whole of the French right was 
 rapidly defeated, and fell back towards the 
 second line of entrenchments on the Nivelle. 
 iNext, the centre attack made good progress, 
 and here also the French soon retreated in dis- 
 order, almost approaching a rout. Higher up 
 the river, on the right, the contlict was stiffer, 
 ;:! though the surprise Inad been as great as 
 elsewheie. The French were posted in strong 
 works built upon the slopes of stupendous 
 mountains. Much weary climbing of stiff 
 country in places inaccessible impeded the 
 attaclv, and the ascent occupied fi\e hour.s. 
 
 I'.ia
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 SIR JOHN HOPE, AFTERWARDS EARL OF HOPETOUN. 
 
 After a Portrait by Raeburn. 
 This sjallant officer, whose daring courage led Wellington to say he feared he should lose him some day, returned to the Peninsula in 1813 
 to serve under Wellington, to whom he had hitherto heen senior. Hope replaced Graham, and was given the third Army Corps in the 
 invasion of France. 
 
 199
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 The defence was stubborn, the French fire devastatinor, but the 
 assailants prexaik-d, and gained all the French strongholds but the 
 Hermitajie, on "the very sunimil of the Great Rhune. This, too, 
 Giron's Spaniards eventually secured. They long hesitated, but a 
 young English officer, Havelock, one of General Alten's aides-de- 
 camp, came up w ith a message, and stayed to give a lead. His fiery 
 impulse quickly appealed to the spirit of the Spaniards, and with 
 tumultuous shouts for "(7 c/'/co /'/j«cvj " (the fair-haired boy), they 
 charged and carried all before them. 
 
 The Spaniards had greatl_y improxed in courage, hut they were 
 still a thorn in the flesh to Wellington. The intrigues of the Spanish 
 Government were unceasing. Many of its members hated WeliinLitni 
 
 as onlv those w ho are 
 under deep obligations 
 to another can hate 
 him. They opposed 
 and thwarted hi m, 
 aspersed his charac- 
 ter, evaded their obli- 
 j.itions and distinct 
 pi'omises. They w nulJ 
 not feed their own 
 I mops, will), du'ecth' 
 ihe\' entered France, 
 began plundering and 
 marauding, so that 
 Wellington thi'eatened 
 to send them back 
 across the frontier, 
 and, indeed, U'ept only 
 a small contingent w ith 
 him during tlie closing 
 episodes of the war. 
 The Poitiiguese were little less troubleS;:)me. Foolish people 
 endeavoured now to separate the Portuguese troops from Welling- 
 ton's army and organise them in a separate command under a 
 Portuguese general. 
 
 The ostensible excuse was that, being mixed up with the 
 British, they got no indi\'idual credit; but the real ix'ason was 
 that they wished to handle the subsidies provided for the support 
 of their arm\'. 
 
 All these vexations so irritated Wellington that at one time 
 he declared he would resign and leave the countr\- for e\ er. There 
 were other grievous anxieties on his mind at this, the most triumphant 
 epoch in his career. Besides the secret hostility behind him, worse 
 indeed than iha open foe in front, there was the childish interference 
 of the British Government at home, which still scarcelv realised the 
 
 .V/A' ROWLAND HILL. 
 
 After an Early Portrat. 
 
 THE MAkQUIS OF ANGLESEA. 
 
 From a Contemporary Engraving. 
 
 SIR \niJ-IAM BERESFORD. 
 
 After an Engraving by Brown 
 
 Welliiigicii formed his army for the invasion 
 of the .South of France into three grand corps, 
 commanded respectively by Sir Rowland Hill, Sir 
 William Bercsford, and Sir Thomas Graham (Lord 
 l.yiiedoch). The last-named, l.ovvever, soon returned 
 to Kngland, and was replaced by Sir John Hope 
 (Lord llopcloun). 
 
 200
 
 Wellino^ton and Waterloo. 
 
 
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 201
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 A 
 
 nA'JlLE IX 
 
 After a Draw 
 
 nil: I'YRI:\EES. 
 
 ng by Martinet 
 
 fiill value of the work he was doing, 
 and proposed about this time to transfer 
 him to Germany. He was to join the 
 forces of tile coalition as an auxiliary, 
 not as supreme leader, and thus his 
 a;enius would have been eclipsed. With 
 his customary directness and common- 
 sense he resisted the suggestion. While 
 admitting that another general might 
 d(j quite as well as he, whether in 
 Spain or German\', few, after his long 
 experience, could enjoy the same 
 advantages in the former country, and 
 lie pointed oLit that in Germany he 
 would be n) bettz^r than anyone else. 
 
 Throughout these earl\- opt- rations 
 in the Pyrenees he was greativ ham- 
 pered by the difficulties of supply. 
 His troops were long statinneJ at high 
 
 altitudes some distance- fmni the cuast, and to get food up tn them was ah\a\s a tedious business. Tht- men 
 
 suffered great hardships and were i.ften im half rations ; but \-ft so tlnt^ was tlxir spirit, that w lun lu- appealed to 
 
 them to bear these cheerfully, all murmurs, which 'lad been lnud and trcquuit in the camp, were instai.tly luisb.cJ, 
 
 desertions ceased, and th,-' 
 
 army exhibited great self-con- 
 trol. It was to improve their 
 
 condition and simplify the 
 
 supply of food and necessaries 
 
 that Wellington had decided to 
 
 enter France. 
 
 .k curious instance of his 
 
 ready wit may be quoted here : 
 
 his boldness in adapting means 
 
 to the ends in view. Much 
 
 confusion was caused in 
 
 Southern France by the refusal 
 
 of the peasantry to accept 
 
 Hnglish gold as a circulating 
 
 medium. Wellington therefore 
 
 caused it to be made known 
 
 that if there were coiners in 
 
 the i;inks they might Come for- 
 
 \\ : lut fear of conse- 
 
 quences, as lie had use for 
 
 them. Men of all categories ^"^ EMPEROR:^ OE AL'STR/.i AXD RUSSIA AXD THE k'lXG OE ERCSSIA. 
 
 were included in the Peninsular Ke:uining th.uiks aficv I.eipsic. 
 
 arm_\-, and many who had been , *"" ' cor,terT,porary p„„t 
 
 "iven to the n 'farious nr- -t' ■ ■ ^'''P"'e'Jn never recovered after Uiis lerrllile de'e.ii, which ojcurreJ just as Wellington .'ro.ii the Scith \v.\s 
 '^ ' ' 1 ' cilce invailinij Kraiice. 
 
 202
 
 Wellington and Waterloo, 
 
 TliL- bayonet, par exrellence 
 
 BA VOXNE. 
 
 After a Drawing by J. Verr^et. 
 
 An old picune of this slionj;Iy fonified cily, which was never captured, and still bears the title " Nuntpiam Polhita. 
 
 the British weapon, was invented ni and takes its name from Kayonne. 
 
 of false niiiiK-\- mukinii were now utilised in transtormm^ HnoJish guineas intu French napoleons. It was an 
 offence, mi dmiht, against the French mint, bi;t nn fratiJ, anJ the device exacth' answered its purpose. 
 
 Soult, after the loss of the line of the Bidass.ia, had constructed a new line of entrenchments, and on a scale to 
 ri\al the famous lines of Torres Vedras, which had no dniiht suggested the idea to him. He hoped to make up thus 
 tor the inferiiirity of his troops, but overlooked the probable uijur\- to their morale by this admission. Another 
 mistake was to imagine that he could create in three months anything like what had taken Wellington a whole year 
 to perfect. Moreover, although Torres Vedras enjoyed the reputation of bein- impreenable, it must be remembered 
 that these great lines were ne\-er actually attacked as 
 weie Soull's lines t)f the Ni\elle, and in theil' weak'est 
 point. 
 
 Harly in No\einber, iSi^, Wellington again mowd 
 foiward. He had b\- this timegiwii a new organisation 
 
 to his forces, dividing tiiem into three principal bodies, 
 each \er\- much on the plan of a modern Army Corps. 
 
 The first w as commanded b\' General Sir Rowland Hill. 
 
 the second by Sir William Berestord, the third b\- Sir 
 
 John Hope. The last-named had recently rejoined the 
 
 Armv under circumstances highly creditable to himself. 
 
 He had been senior in rank to Wellington until the 
 
 latter had been promoted Field-Marslial after Vittoria. PRESENTING TROPHIES TO THE PRINCE REGENT. 
 
 Then Hope gladly offered his services to the distin- After a Cricatur. by Rowi.ndson. 
 
 guished officer \\ ho had now passed over him, and was Ttiis is the last phase in the military career of Johnny Xewcome. 
 
 203
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ADIEU MALMAISOX. 
 
 After a Picture by Isabey. 
 Napoleon in 1814 bids farewell to his favourite country seal, Malmaison, where he had resided constantly in the early days of his power, 
 
 and which became Josephine's retreat after the divorce. 
 
 204
 
 Wellineton and Waterloo. 
 
 FIELD-MARSHAL THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, 1814. 
 
 After a Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 The Duke is in full uniform, bearing the sword of Stale, as he appeared in the grand procession to the City to return thanks for peace. 
 
 205
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 BATTLE OF ORi'HEZ. 
 
 From Maxwell's " Life of Wellington." 
 Tlie splendid clinr^e of llie 7lh ifussavs at a critical moninit diiiiny; the battle. 
 
 as gladly welcomed hy Wel- 
 lington, who called him "the 
 ablest man in the Army." 
 Sir John, it will be remem- 
 bered, was with Moore in the 
 retreat on Cdrunna, and stic- 
 ceeded to the command i>n the 
 battle-field. His care that all 
 should embark' was so pains- 
 taking tliat lie is said to lia\-e 
 visited, personally, e\er_v 
 street in Cornnna, so as to 
 satisfy himself that nut one 
 British soldier was left behind. 
 After the disastrous expe- 
 dition to Walcheren, in which 
 he commanded a division, 
 Hope saw no service till he 
 lettirned to the Peninsula in 
 1S13. His gallantry was soon 
 conspicuously shown at the 
 battles of tlie Nivelle and Ni\'e, where he was wounded, causing great uneasiness to Wellington. " E\erv da\- more 
 convinces me of his (Hope's) wortli. But we shall lose him if he continues to expose himself as he did dining the 
 last three da\s. huieed, his escape was wonderful. His coat and hat were hot through in man\- places, besides 
 the wound in his leg. He places himself among the sliarpshooters without sl.eltering himsflf as the\- do." Hope, 
 as we shall see, did yeoman's service right to the end of the campaign. 
 
 Of the three corps d'armee. Hill's and Beresford's on the right and in tie centre were at first to take the more 
 
 active part in the operations on the 
 Nix'ir-lle, w hile Hope on the extreme left 
 was to hold Soult's right in check. This 
 riglit was so stronu,l\' entrenched that 
 Wellington did not care to risk an 
 attack' ; he decided rather to push in at 
 -V, a point in the centre which he deemed 
 the weakest in Soult's line of defence, 
 while a turning mo\-ement was made 
 on his far riuht. Success in the centre 
 woidd ha\ e the effect of tak'ing both 
 flank's in rewrse and rc-nderint; Soult's 
 position untenable. 
 
 The fighting that followed was 
 of the most fierce and obstinate kind, 
 lasting three whole days. The defen- 
 ders, weakest in numbers, lost confi- 
 dence at the persistent attacks of 
 greater b<idies, and yielded ground. 
 Wellington broke in as he designed at 
 
 BATTLE OF ORTHEZ, iSi^. 
 
 After > Drawing by Mirtinet. 
 Tlie last ».ct!on Imt one in the war, and the only occasion on which Wellinglon was wounded, 
 
 200
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 S;iii Pe, but having too few troops in 
 hand lie failed to compromise Soult s 
 lijilit, vvliich made good tlieir retreat, 
 but mi.uht witli better fortune have 
 been obliged to lay down their arms. 
 Yet he told a friend that of all his 
 victories he was best pleased u itii 
 that on the Nivelle, and there can be 
 nil doubt that he directed his superior 
 numbers with wonderful sk'ill. His 
 strateg\' was sound, his tactical mo\e 
 ments skilful, and he was nobly sup- 
 ported by his troops. 
 
 When Soult had lost the line of 
 the Ni\elle he fell bacl< upon the Ni\e, 
 with his right occupying the strongly 
 entrenched camp of Ba\H)nne. But hj 
 would scarcely luue held his new 
 position had Wellington been able to 
 promptly follow up his advantage. 
 The broken weather and nearly impass- 
 able roads much delawd his march. 
 
 
 BATTI.E OF TOULOUSE, 1S14. 
 
 After a Drawing by Ma'tinet. 
 
 This was the last actiun in llic camp.iii^ii, and a j^eneral belief is ciuertaiii.-il tiial it was at-lually 
 I'uught after the concUisioii of peace. 
 
 On the bye-roads the infantr\' sunk to the midleg, the cavalry above the 
 horses' knees, and even to the saddle girths in some places." A still greater obstacle to progress was the mis- 
 conduct of the Spanish troops, who broke out into marauJing and pillage. The bad e.\'.;mple was taken up by some 
 of the British and Portuguese. The French peasantrv tied terror-stricken, aiul had nut Wellington put down 
 
 excesses widi a Stern hand disaster 
 must have followed our invasion of 
 France. 
 
 The steps taken to restore order 
 were of the most sharp and summary 
 kind. All marauders tak'eii in the act 
 were incontinentl_\- hanged, and to pre- 
 vent any recurrence of misconduct lie 
 sent tb.e Spanish army, with the 
 exception of Mcrillo's division, back 
 across the frontier into Spain. The 
 effect on the French non-comtiatants 
 was e.xcellent ; they returned to their 
 homes, and i;ladl\' maintained a friendly 
 intercourse with the troops, most iisefi'.i 
 in providing supplies. 
 
 Throughout the month of No\em- 
 
 ber incessant rain kept Wellington in 
 
 his cramped position south of the Nive, 
 
 l-ia,NCII SOLDIER DURYIXC THE DEAD. ^'.liere his guns and horses, botii very 
 
 Af.er a Contemporary Picture. uumerous, werc forbidden ail freedom 
 
 A wotiiHlcil soldier is renderir.- the last Irilmie I., his fallen comranes. >'f movement. At last, Ml the first 
 
 •207
 
 Wellinoton and Waterloo. 
 
 >^'^^ 
 
 An all 
 
 ■■/,(/.'A'), riiACE, JWEXTY." 
 
 After a D a//irg by F. Rebberg. 
 gorical representation of Napoleon re^ignin^; his crown 
 and sceptre to the British Lion. 
 
 days of December, tlie weather mendeJ, a:iJ on t'.ie gtli he 
 sent Hill's corps across the river Nive at Cambo, with Beres- 
 
 ford's to follow in support, while Hope with the left occtipied 
 
 Souk, and pushed dh, if pussible, under the very walls of 
 Bayonne. But during the night of the gth Soult had drawn to 
 
 himself every available man, and had fallen furiously upon 
 
 Hope, now within three miles of Bayonne. A series of fierce 
 
 engagements followed, extending over three days ; but Hope's 
 
 men stood their ground, and Soult's repeated attacks were 
 
 always repulsed with immense loss. Then the French marshal, 
 
 with that marvellous readiness that characterised him, entirely 
 
 changed his plans, and believing Hill to be isolated upon the far 
 
 bank of the Nive, retired before Hope, and threw all his weight 
 
 upon Hill. The result was the battle of St. Pierre, fought with 
 
 extraordinary tenacity by Hill, and with terrible carnage. 
 
 Wellington said afterwards that he had never seen a field so 
 
 thickly strewn with dead ; the struggle must have been blood- 
 thirsty in which 5,0:0 men were killed and wounded in three 
 
 liours upon a space of one mile. 
 
 There was a lull now till the beginning of the year 1S14, 
 
 a period spent in winter quarters, and devoted to preparation 
 
 for a furthe' advance. In Febru_ir\-, Wellington resolved to 
 
 throw forward his right into the heart of France to help the Bourbon faction, while with his left he invested 
 
 Bayonne. To complete the circle of tlmt investment it was essential to cross the ri\er Adour, a seemingly 
 
 impossible feat. Yet the work entiusted to Sir dohn Hope, under the impulse of Wellington's daring mind, was 
 
 successfully accomplished. The great 
 bridge of boats thrown across this wide 
 r'.ver, with a current that ran seven 
 miles an hour, and banks guarded by 
 troops and earth-works and war-ships, 
 has been well styled " a stupendous 
 tindertaking which must always rank 
 among the prodigies of war." 
 
 Leaving Hope to besiege Bavonne, 
 after he had made gooil his invest- 
 ment by a series of sharp actions, 
 Wellington pushed on his right a ith 
 great vigour. In little more thai: a 
 fortnight he coxered eight\' miles, 
 passed fi\e large and several small 
 rivers, and fought the battle of Orthez, 
 another great victory, in which the 
 French would ha\e been dispersed but 
 for the wound Wellington recei\ed. 
 JUr.ILEE FAIR. He was strtick b\' a spent musl<et-ball 
 
 Altera Contemporary Engraving bv J. Pitts. . , +1 i^l ■ I 1 in 
 
 Peace wa? celehraled with i;,eat rejoicings, which in London look tl,e form of a great la>r an,] -' '''^^ '^'^'"^''^ '^'^'-' ^''"-'^ ' '"^^'' ^^ItlT'^'-ii'l 
 sham sea fight on ihe water in Hyde Park. he kept llis saddle, he rode Willi 
 
 m^^. 
 
 208
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 THE S()/J>//-:h' S A'/;/7 7v'.V. 
 
 After a Picture by George Borland. 
 
 Onu fif lliL- ninsl bcaiiliriil oi' llie many fine works of George Morland, a weak, tlninUen spendllirift, wlio painled many of ihcm williin llic walls of 
 llie King's Bench Prison. The dale of this picune is amerior by some years lo the peace of 1S14. 
 
 Jitliculty, and coulJ not maintain the N'ij^our nf tiie pursuit. Tlie result uf Orthe;; was to oblige Soult to abandon 
 Bavdniif, wliiU' it cut liini oil" altouetiier from Bordeaux. But he was still prepared to continue the struggle. 
 Althouuh he had been defeated in twenty-four enoat;ements within nine months "he fought the last as fiercely 
 as the first, and still remaining unconquered in mind." This last battle was at Toulouse, a strategic centre at the 
 junction of many roads, the chief store-house of the South of France. The French general has been accused, but 
 falsely, of fighting this battle with the full knowledge that Napoleon had abdicated and that peace was at hand. 
 The messenger bringing him the new s was detained on the road. Moreover, he was attacked b\- Wellington, and 
 \'as bound to defend himself. 
 
 While Wellington was thus driving Soult from position to position and winning repeated victories, the allied 
 forces of Austria, Prussia, and Russia had finally overcome Napoleon, and forced him to abdicate. They had not 
 succeeded easily, for at no period of his marvellous military career had the great soldier shown more complete 
 masterv of tlie science of war. It is universally admitted that Napoleon's campaign in France of 1S14 is one of the 
 
 200
 
 Welling;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 1S14. 
 
 finest examples nf strategy known. By consummate skill in handling troops and moving them on " interior lines' 
 he was able, although altogether inferior in numbers, to be constantly superior at the decisive points. No one has 
 done more honour to Napoleon's conduct of this campaign than Wellington ; and it is said that the English General 
 believed the allies might have been kept out of Paris, probably forced to retreat, before anv assistance could have 
 come from the southern invasion. " Napoleon was ruined by his own impatience." The allies, on the other hand, 
 r-~ were not unanimously keen to press him to the 
 
 last e.\tremit\'. The Empemr of Austria would 
 have come to terms on the Rhine frontier, but 
 Blucher and the Prussians were implacably 
 hostile ; they could not forget tlie humiliations 
 of Jena. Tliere is no doubt, Irowever, that 
 e\'eryone in France, including his own chief 
 supporters, was sick to death of fighting, and 
 ready to come to an\' terms. .Winmint has 
 been blamed for being the first to surrender, 
 but all tile marshals had lost heart, and all 
 opposed Napoleon's last desperate resolve of 
 retiring behind tine Seine and continuing the 
 war J I'oitiram- . 
 
 There is still some doubt wh.tlier tlie 
 battle of Toulouse ouglit to have been fought, 
 as peace had been already made. But the 
 actual despatches announcing it onl_\' reached 
 Wellington at a grand dinner fine day after the 
 battle, when he sent round champagne, and 
 gave the toast " Louis Will.," with three 
 times three. General Akua responded with 
 " The Liberator of Spain ! " and Wellington's 
 health was drunk' amid wild enthusiasm. Then 
 the whole party, wearing white cockades, went 
 on to the theatre, where a fresh ovation 
 awaited the victorious General, whose 
 appearance, wearing the Bourbon emblem, 
 was the plain announcement that the war 
 was really over. 
 
 Wellington was the hero of the hour. 
 When he arri\ed in Paris, to be present at 
 the formal entry of the Bourbon King, the 
 English General attracted more attention than 
 the retiu'iiing monarch. He had gone to Spain 
 comparatively unknown, and after his second 
 eaving it until the end of the war. The deepest 
 soldier \\'ho had earned a DLikedom and 
 
 OFFICHRS, ENGLISH ARMY, 
 
 AUer a rawing by Martinet. 
 
 r;ench c:ir caliirists maJe much capital out of the u.iiforms and characteristics of 
 
 iheir enemies. 
 
 OFFICERS, PRUSSIAN ARMY, 
 
 After a Drawing by Martinet. 
 Exaggerated and grotesque drawings. 
 
 1S14. 
 
 arrival, in 1809, had been in the Peninsula without 
 
 curiosity animated all classes to have a glimpse of the simple 
 
 the rank of Field-Marshal in five short years. As he rode through the streets of Paris, the allied Sovereigns 
 
 watching the pageants thought only of seeing Wellington ; the crowds kicked and jostled and trampled on each 
 
 other with the same frantic desire. Strangers who had the good fortune to be introduced to him bowed low, 
 
 and almost kissed the ground at his feet. An eye-witness describes him as he appeared on this exciting occasion, 
 
 210
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 NAPOLEON IN 1814. 
 
 After a Contemporary Print. 
 The Kniperoi is represenled here as ihe head of the Stare and the author of the modern French code of laws. 
 
 211
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 
 modestl)' dressed in plain 
 clotiies — a blue frock- 
 ^.oat, wiiite neckcloth, 
 and a round hat. 
 
 At home in England 
 his reward was substan- 
 i il. He received the 
 thanks of Parliament and 
 the universal plaudits of 
 the nation at large, but 
 he took his seat in the 
 House of Peers as 
 Baron, Viscount, Earl, 
 Marquis, and Duke at 
 one and the same time. 
 The City of London, 
 which once clamoured 
 for his recall, now pre- 
 sented him with a mag- 
 nificent service of plate. 
 
 l.y PARIS AFTER THE PEACE. 1S14. 
 
 Af!er a French Caricatufe. 
 
 C.iricatures of English visitors as presented on the 
 French stage. 
 
 The great sliield was emblazoneo with 
 
 designs of his victories, some of which v\ill be reproduced in the te.xt. 
 
 BRITISH GRENADIER. 
 
 After a Sketch by Drummond, R.A. 
 
 A soldier in marching order, about the p=riod of the -Tid it is preserved at Apslev House with many Other magnificent 
 iv-nmsuiar War. presentations— services of china, orders, and decorations enough to 
 
 satisfy the hungriest ambition. Very soon he was summoned to assist in the councils of Europe. The nations' 
 representatives were collected at Vienna, and w^ere on the point of coming to blows in the partition of Napoleon's 
 estate. All had been despoiled in turn, and all looked for revindication and indemnity in various parts of the 
 broken Empire. Thus Russia asked for Prussian Poland ; Prussia would have satisfied her out of Saxon terri- 
 tories, and England, with France and Au tria, strongly resisted the proptisal. The political sky became again 
 
 o\ercast ; no nation u ould proceed with tl.e 
 disbanding of troops ; Au.stria, France, and 
 England formed a triple alliance against 
 Russia and Prussia, and war seemed imminent. 
 Meanwhile the French restoration v\as 
 proving a pitiable failure. The Bourbon 
 Princes had no liold upon tbe people; they 
 were retrograde, bigoted, narrow-minded stick'- 
 lers for divine right, and, with their fast- 
 grovxing unpopularity, the ex-Emperor was 
 more and more regretted. .Already his nld 
 adherents were conspiring to bring him back ; 
 several military conspiracies were afoot under 
 his devoted generals to secure his escape from 
 Elba ; and one day he easil\- quitted his island 
 prison. 
 EXGLISH OFFICER OX HIS ROUXDS. All Europe was startled, terrified indeed. 
 
 After a Drawing by Carl Vernet •,■ -i ni i . 
 
 The field offi—r ..f ihr. ri-j,, Jo ™ f AC- .• r J with the news. Napoleon was once more at 
 
 1 ne neia om.,ar ol the day is making a round of inspection of camp guards '^ 
 
 and picquets. large. Where was he .'' What would he do .'' 
 
 212
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 TalleyranJ no doubt anxious to mislcaJ his diplomatic colL'agues at 
 Vii'iina, declared he had taken refuyie in Switzerland. Metternich was not 
 to be so deceived. The best place to look for Napoleon, he said, was on 
 the road that leads to Paris. And the fact was soon known that he had 
 landed at Antibes, near Cannes, where the small garrison fell raptur- 
 iiusly at his feet; and from thence, amid general acclamation, gaining 
 strengtli with every mile, he hurried on to his former capital, it was 
 a triumphal progress. The j^ieople cheered him, the troops went over 
 to him, they who.^liad. sworn to bring iiim back a prisoner turned to 
 lollow in his suite, and the Bourbons tied post-haste from Paris. Tliis 
 peiidd, the famous "hundred days" which now began, was perhaps 
 the most remarkable in the whole of the Napoleonic legend. They were 
 cliaracterised by incessant feverish activity, for the administrative 
 machinery, civil and military, was to be reconstituted, and an army 
 organised and placed with all despatch in the field. Already the European 
 nations had sunk' their differences to combine against their common 
 enemy. An offensive-defensive alliance was entered into by which 
 England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia agreed to give Napoleon neither 
 truce nor peace, but fight on till he was altogether overthrown. Their 
 forces were at once set in motion, huge armies of 150,000 each: the 
 Russians and Austrians towards the Upper Rhine ; the Prussians marched 
 on the Lower Rhine ; Murat, in Italy, was menaced by another Austrian 
 arm\- ; England, at the head of a mixed force of Anglo-Belgians, occu- 
 pied the Low Countries — " the cockpit of Europe." Although Hill was 
 sent on in advance to Belgium, Wellington was, of course, to command. 
 All eyes were turned upon the English Gene ral, who alone had uniformly made successful head against the French, it 
 
 is recorded that at Vienna, 
 \\ hen the news came of the 
 tlight from Elba, the Emperor 
 of Russia took Wellington by 
 the arm, and with the fullest 
 conviction said, ^' C est pour 
 vous encore sauver le monde." 
 Meanwhile Napoleon by 
 his gigantic exertions had got 
 together a tine army, many of 
 them veteran soldiers lately 
 released from the German for- 
 tresses and war prisons. He 
 was short of officers, especially 
 in the higher ranks, and he 
 missed many of his stoutest 
 and staunchest supporters in 
 the field. Berthier, his indefa 
 tigable chief of the staff, was 
 replaced by Souit, who had no 
 special training for the work ; 
 
 /.Oh'!) riT/.ROy SOMERSET. 
 
 After a Painting in Apsley House. 
 
 Lnril Filzroy Somerset was a devoted nieml;er 
 of Wellington's staff, liis military secretary all through 
 ihc Peninsula and Waterloo. He lost his arm at 
 Waterloo liy one of the last shots. 
 
 f^^f^:i 
 
 5^^ 
 
 NAPOLEOX IX Till- I' I ELD. 
 
 After an Etching by Duplessis-Bertaux. 
 This shows hin al his best period, when he wa^ young, active, and capable of prolonged fatigue. 
 
 21b
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 COXGJ^ESS OF VIENNA, 1814-15. 
 
 After a Picture by Isabey. 
 In the spring of 1S15 a Congress of diplomatists assembled at Vienna to re-settle Europe. The Duke of Wellington and Lord Casilereagh 
 
 represented the British Government, Talleyrand the French. 
 
 16 
 
 IR 13 20 
 
 >j 
 
 ■>z 
 
 ^0^ 
 
 I. — Che Duke of Wellington ..... r.n^latiU. 
 
 2.—6enhor de Lobo Portugal. 
 
 3. The Duke de SaUanha i'ortugal. 
 
 4 — Count de Lowenheim ... ... Sweden. 
 
 5.— The Prince of Hardenberg .... Prussia. 
 
 6.—M. Alexis de Noailles France. 
 
 7 —i'rime Mettemich Austria. 
 
 $.~Chevaiicr Uupin h'runce. 
 
 9. — Count Nesselrode 
 JO.— Count de Pamella . 
 /'. — Viscount Castlereagh 
 12.— Due de Dalberg . 
 13.— Baron Wessenberg . 
 J f —Prince Rasoumoffs^ky 
 15 —General Lord Stewart 
 16. — Senov Cli. Gomex Labuutor 
 
 Kussia. 17.— Lord Clancarty England. 
 
 Portugal. IS.-M. Wacken 
 
 England. 19.— M. Gerxtz 
 
 France. 20.— Baron von Humboldt Prussia. 
 
 Austria. JL— General Lord Cathcart England 
 
 Kussia. 22.— Prince de Talleyrand France. 
 
 England. 23.— Count ^tackeiberg Kussia. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 :ii
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ^ «. -a 
 
 > hi 
 
 215
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 PRESENTATIOX OF COLOURS. 
 
 After a Picture by Martinet. 
 Great ceremony on the Champ de Mars, when Napoleon presented colours to the otticers of his regiments. 
 
 TAKING THE OATH OF FWELFTY TO SAPOLEON. 
 
 After a Picture by Martinet. 
 Napoleon, during the "hundred days," organised a special parade, atVhicn the oath of fidelity was taken by all ranks. 
 
 and the story 
 goesthatwhen 
 Napoleon 
 asked him if he 
 liad ordered 
 Grouchy to 
 c m e up at 
 t li e critical 
 time during 
 Waterloo, 
 Soult replied 
 tiiat he had 
 sent a mes- 
 senger. " A 
 messenger," 
 he retorted, 
 contemptu- 
 ously ; " my 
 poor dear 
 B e r t h i e r 
 would have 
 sent half-a- 
 dozen." 
 
 210
 
 Welliniiton and Waterloo. 
 
 WKLUXGTON AXD HIS CHIEF SUPPORTERS. 
 
 After a Drawing by Cfuikshank. 
 
 Tlie Puke is in ilie centre ; nexi him, mounted, is Lord Hill, then Blucher, then Lord An^lesea : the single horseman under I'ne 
 
 tree is ihe I'rince of Uraiii^e, the rifleman on foot is the Duke of Brunswick, and General I'iclon is seated on the ground. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Waterloo a brief campaign. Position and character of the opposing armies. Napoleon moves first and gains advantage. Wins Ligny, but 
 not Quatre Bras. Wellington retires and takes up position at Waterloo. Blucher promises suppori. Napoleon's fear lest the English should escape 
 him. Ground occupied by both opponents. Numbers of armies engaged. Napoleon's plans, and Wellington'.s. Their demeanour, respectively, 
 on the field. The five phases of the battle: First, French attack on Hougomont, which fails; second, Ney's grand attack on centre and left, 
 which is repulsed ; third, the great cavalry charges, which cannot break the British squares ; fourth, renewed attack of centre and capture of 
 La Haye .Sainic, which is preceded by the arrival of the Prussians on the eastern field ; fifth, the last eftbrt, and defeat of the Imperial Guard. 
 Final rout of the French and general advatice of tie allies in pursuit. 
 
 THE campaign of Waterloo, as it is generally called, after the principal action fought, was one of the 
 briefest yet most momentous in history. 
 Early in June Napoleon's fi\'e army corps were stationed as follows : — ist and 2nd Corps, under D'Erlon 
 and Reille, v\t-re close to the Belgian frontier ; the 3rd, under Vandamme, was in the Ardennes ; the 4th, 
 under Gerard, was on the Moselle ; the 6th, under Lobau, with the Imperial Guard and the Reserve cavalry, were on 
 the march from Paris, and lapidh' approaching. On the night of the 14th June tlu' wliole were concentrated behind 
 the river Sambre. The right wing was at Solre-sur-Sambre ; the centre about Beaumont ; the left at Phillipville. The 
 direction of the whole was Charleroi, a town on the great road to Brussels, and but thirty-four miles from that 
 capital. A general ad\ance was ordered for ne.xt morning, the 15th June. Time was of the most vital consequence 
 to Napoleon ; his whole future depended upon it. It was a condition of success that he should come to blows with 
 the English and Prussians before the Austrians and Russians could bring their overwhelming numbers to the eastern 
 frontier ; and in another month they might be e.xpected to arrive. Fully as Napoleon realised this important 
 consideration at the outset of tlie campaign, there were many occasions subsequently when he neglected it to his 
 own undoing. 
 
 Taking the Prussians next. Blu(h.>rhad four army corps under his command; the ist, Ziethen, was at 
 Charleroi ; the 2nd, Pirch, at Namur ; the 3rd, Thielmann, further to the eastward at Civey ; and the 4th, 
 Buiow, far to the rear at Li^ge. 
 
 Wellington's army was mi.xed in character, and only 30,000 "'ere British troops. Many of the latter, moreover, 
 
 217
 
 WellinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 were young and inexperienced ; only 6,000 of the 30,000 
 had ever seen a siiot fired. Tiie veteran Peninsular 
 army had Lx'en broken up at the close of the late war, and 
 the bulk of it sent across the Atlantic to serve against the 
 United States. The Brunswick and Nassau contingents 
 were untrustvvortln- ; they had been in French ranks so 
 recentU', that their sympathies were witli their old com- 
 rades ; tiie Hanoverians and Dutch Belgians were largely 
 made up of recruits. There were some grounds for 
 Wellington's opinion that his was " an infamously bad 
 army"; yet his cavalry was superb, and his artillery 
 splendidly equipped and mounted. The batteries were so 
 well horsed that Blucher, after inspecting Mercier's, 
 exclaimed, "There is not one horse here not fit for a field- 
 marshal to ride." 
 
 incredible as it may sound, the General who stood at 
 the very head of his profession was so far from master of 
 liis means that he could not choose his own subordinates. 
 Some good soldiers could not be overlooked, men who 
 
 NAPOLEON DURING THE "HUNDRED DAYS:' 
 
 After a Painting by Goubaud, 
 
 The Emperor as he appeared on his throne in 1S15, during his short 
 return to power, and before Waterloo. 
 
 NAPOLEON OIERTHROIVN. 
 
 After a Painting by Delaroche. 
 
 One of the finest pictures in existence showing the Euipcrnr as he 
 returneil from battle after his final defeat. 
 
 had won their laurels in the Peninsula and who were able 
 to control family interest, such as Hill, Cole, Clinton, 
 Colville, Byng, Vandeleur, Ponsonby, and Vivian ; but 
 others, with equal claims but less popular with the powers, 
 who were denied fresh chance of distinction. This was 
 especially the case with Sir Stapleton Cotton, now Lord 
 Combermere, who was not selected for service, although 
 Wellington had made a great point of asking for him. He 
 had once given offence to an august personage, and it was 
 always remembered against him. Lord Uxbridge, who 
 as Lord Paget had commanded the rear guard in Moore's 
 retreat on Corunna, was now put at the head of Welling- 
 ton's cavalry — no bad appointment, it may be admitted, 
 for he was undeniably a good cavalry leader ; but Cotton 
 had greater claims, and was the choice of the General-in- 
 Chief. Picton, the famous fighting divisional leader, was 
 not warned for service till the eleventh hour, and he pro- 
 ceeded to Belgium in such hot haste that he went ahead 
 of his uniiorms. It is not generallv known that he 
 
 218
 
 Wellingjton and Waterloo. 
 
 commanded at Quatre Bras, 
 and tell at Waterloo, wearing 
 plain clothes. 
 
 Favouritism had also tilled 
 most (it the lesser staff appoint- 
 ments, and Wellington com- 
 plained bitterly of the men he 
 had to work with. Onl\- a few- 
 were veterans of the Peninsula, 
 such as the ill-fated Sir Wilham 
 de Lancey, the Deputy-Quar- 
 termaster-General, Sir William 
 Gomm, and Shaw Kennedy, 
 whose account of the great 
 
 battle is one of the most 
 
 graphic on record. The junior 
 
 staff-officers were often blamed 
 
 for their shortcomings ; one or 
 
 the most flagrant was the 
 
 neglect to fortify Hougnmont, 
 
 as ordered by Wellingtoii, 
 
 which became a decisive tacti- 
 cal point in the action. 
 
 For convenience in qLiarters the all 
 
 The I-jni.)jror 
 
 ed 
 
 THE MARQUIS OF AXGI.ESEA. 
 
 After a Contempofary Portrait. 
 An excellent cavalry officer, who, as Lord Pagel, 
 commanded Moire's rear guard in iSoS. and 
 Wellington's cavalry at Waterloo, where he lost a leg. 
 
 NAI'OI.EOX AT CUARLEKOI, 1S15. 
 
 After a Painting by Horace Vernet. 
 enleriiv: upon the campaign of Waterloo, the day before the liaUles of I.igny and 
 I Ki.ttre Bras, directing the forward movement of his cavalry. 
 
 army occupied widely-dispersed cantonments. They lay rather to his 
 right, tow-ards the tlank by which, whether rightly or wrongly, Welling- 
 ton alwavs expected that the enemy would advance, and which was no 
 doubt the most vital to him, as it covered his communications with 
 Ostend. The result was that he was weakest on his left, at the point 
 of junction with the Prussians, and when the time for concentration 
 arrived, there was long a dangerous gap at this the most critical point. 
 Nor was it very rapidiv filled. Wellington, to the last, w-as loth to 
 believe in the direction of the French advance. He continued till o.tiite 
 late on the I sth June to consider the mo\-ement along the Charleroi road 
 as a feint, and still looked for them on his right coming towards Mons. 
 By nightfall on that day complete rupture between Wellington and 
 Blucher was immiitent. Ney, to whom Napolet)n had entrusted the 
 advance on the left, was at Frasne, on the high road to Brussels, and 
 had in front of him only one brigade of Dutch Belgians, commanded 
 b\- Prince Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who, howe\-er, w-ith commendable 
 promptitude and true military insight, had occupied Quatre Bras. 
 
 It w-as this positive and undoubted gain in time by the French that 
 gave rise to the supposition that Wellington had been surprised. He 
 always denied the charge, and it is told of him that, in after years, 
 when sitting for his portrait, Pickersgill, the painter, was bold enough 
 to ask if .the story was true. "1 never was surprised— until this 
 moment," vvas the Duke's testy retort. 
 
 Napoleon did not, however, benefit fully by the advantage secured 
 
 219
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 by this rapid advance. He wasted many precious liours during tlie early morning of the i6th June, and was 
 so strangely inactive that it can only be explained by failing health ; he was no doubt already suffering from the 
 malady that caused his death. Not till 9 a.m., having lost five hours' daylight, did he decide to operate upon two 
 lines, dividing his whole army into two wings, the right commanded by Grouchy, the left by Ney. The first was to 
 deal with the Prussians, who were at Ligny, but in no great strength it was thought, yet Blucher was there with 
 
 every Prussian corps but one ; the second was 
 to push back whatever he found in front of 
 him, then wheel round and support. Napoleon 
 does not seem to have had any notion that the 
 English and their allies would be in position at 
 Quatre Bras. 
 
 Napoleon's new dispositions were not 
 made until 2 p.m. By this time, however, 
 Perponcher had reinforced Prince Bernard of 
 Saxe-Weimar, and the 5th Division under 
 Picton was approaching Quatre Bras from 
 Brussels, Wellington himself reached this 
 critical point about 10 a.m., having ridden out 
 at da\iight ; but finding all quiet, he had gone 
 across to Ligny, eight miles distant, to confer 
 with Blucher. It was settled between the two 
 ciimmanJers that the English should support 
 the Prussians in the battle that seemed immi- 
 nent. Wellington promised to come, provided 
 he was not attacked himself. He was not 
 pleased with Blucher's position, and predicted 
 the Prussian defeat ; their reserves were so 
 badly posted upon a sloping hill as to be 
 exposed t(j a destructive artillery tire. 
 
 Returning to Quatre Bras about 2 p.m., 
 Wellingt()n was soon seriously engaged. Our 
 men fought w ith their customary dogged cour- 
 age, and, although Ney attacked repeatedly, he 
 made no impression. The French ca\alry 
 charged our squares with great determination, 
 luit could ni)t break them. Ney, moreo\-er, 
 had lost the services of D'Erlon's corps, which 
 b\' a series of unfortunate blunders had 
 marched and counter-marched, taU'ing part in 
 neither action. But f(ir this the French victory 
 at Ligny, which was already assured, would 
 have ended in the complete annihilation of the 
 Prussians. 
 
 At the end of this first day's fighting the situation was as follows : The British were still firm at Quatre Bras ; the 
 Prussians routed at Ligny, and in full retreat. Now, again. Napoleon ruined his chances by wasting valuable time. 
 He did not wake till late next morning, and no one dared disturb him. When he appeared, he gossiped, reviewed 
 his +rocps, but gave no orders to put them in movement till al:out midday. Then he sent Grouchy with 33,000 
 
 WELLINGTON /.V THE FIELD. 
 
 After a Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 This was Wellington's favourite ca.npaigning costume. The froc1<-cnat was 
 dark blue, the cloal< grey lined with while. The telescope lie carried all through 
 Spain and lifl^kini and afterwards gave to Lord Stanhope. 
 
 l2D
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 men to pursue tlie Prussians and keep in close touch with them, 
 espociall)' noting the direction of their retreat, which lie presently 
 iieard, and probably expected, was towards Namur, and away from 
 Wellinjiton. Tliis was a mistake, for the Prussian generals had 
 decided to abandon their real line of communication, and, bent only 
 on keeping up connection with their allies, had retreated on Wavre. 
 
 Having sent off Grouchy on a mission which was destined to 
 have very fatal results. Napoleon turned next on the British, think- 
 ing to crush them easily and inarch on Brussels in triumph. Ney 
 was to attack Quatre Bras with all his strength ; but he was too late. 
 Welhngton had disappeared. As soon as the news reached him of 
 Blucher's defeat, he had gone back, withdrawing his whole force 
 quietly but steadih', and in excellent order, making for Mont St. 
 Jean, the position in front of the forest of Soignies, which he had 
 already chosen as his battle-ground for the defence of Brussels. So 
 little was he in a hurry that he let his men cook and eat their 
 breakfasts before they marched, and in consequence his rear guard 
 was overtaken by the French horse. A sharp fight occurred, in 
 which Lord Uxbridge's cavalry was rather sharply handled. 
 
 Wellington's resolve to face round at Waterloo was contingent 
 on Blucher's support. This is expressly stated by Muffling, the 
 Prussian attache to the British headquarters, whom Wellington 
 assured that he was ready to fight if he had the assistance of only 
 one Prussian corps. There was seemingly some doubt of this. The 
 Germans were not all of them cordial. Gneisenau distrusted 
 
 MARSHAL BLUCHER-S PERIL AT LIGSY. 
 
 After a Drawing by Captain George Jones. 
 
 The great Prussian general was thrown in a cavalry charge, and so seriously injured that he 
 
 was hors de combat for a couple of days, but he turned out, slill suffering, for Waterloo. 
 
 GENERAL LORD HILL. 
 
 After a Painting in Apsley House. 
 Lord Hill was really second in comm.indat Waterloo, 
 and would have succeeded had anything happened to 
 Wellington. 
 
 Wellington, and, so it is said, scarcely 
 believed that he meant to hold his 
 . ground. Blucher, on the other hand, 
 was staunch and loyal, a devoted 
 friend and admirer of Wellington's. 
 But he had been wounded at Ligny, 
 and it was possible that he might not 
 be able to take the field in person, 
 and that in his absence other counsels 
 might prevail. This gives some colour 
 to the story, not fully substantiated, 
 that Wellington paid Blucher a visit 
 late on the night of the 17th in order 
 to get a promise of support from his 
 own lips. This story is told on the 
 Duke's own authority, but only in 
 later years, v\hen his memory was 
 beginning to fail ; and it is hardly 
 credible that, with such tremendous 
 issues at stake, he would have gone, 
 practically alone — as the story runs — 
 fourteen miles across country in the 
 
 221
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ^"- .-■.*■ 
 
 ■^H 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 THE MARCHIOXESS OF JJLWTLhi. 
 
 After a Drawing by "I, B," 
 A daughter of the Marquis of Conyngham, who as Lady Elizabeth Couyngham was present at the Waterloo ball. The Conynghams were the 
 
 most intimate friends and companions of George IV. in his later life. 
 
 222
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 dead of ni^ilit. The risk he ran is furtlier siiown, 
 if we are to belie\e tlie story, l\v the accident 
 that befell him on the road, when he fell into a 
 deep dyl<e and was pulled out with difticLilty by 
 his orderl)'. 
 
 That he got some promise, however, one way 
 or another is pretty certain, for without it he 
 would not have fought, strongly as he v.ns im- 
 pressed with the necessity for a battle. To ha\e 
 continued to retreat liefore Napoleon would have 
 been mischievous, arguing weakness, and greatly 
 encouraging the partisans of Napoleon. As for 
 the Emperor, his iinl\- fear was lest his enemy 
 should escape him. He spent an anxious, restless 
 night on the eve of Waterloii. At one in the 
 morning lie rode out to the outposts, accompanied 
 by a single aide-de-camp, and was but half re- 
 assured 
 at the 
 sight 
 o f t h e 
 allied 
 watc h- 
 fires, 
 w hie h 
 b u 1 n t 
 badly 
 u n d e r 
 the in 
 cessant 
 
 I.Si: 
 
 THE DUKE OF RICHMOND 
 
 As Colonel Lennox, M.P. 
 
 After a Caricature by Kay. 
 
 This is a caricature portrait of the Duke of 
 Richmond at the time he fought his due) with 
 H.R.H. the Duke of York, in 17S9. 
 
 THE DUKE OF RICHMOXD, 
 
 After a Portrait by Hoppner. 
 This is the Duke of tlu- Waterloo ball. lie was Maslev-Gencral of the Ordnance. 
 
 rain. When at daybreak he received the morning reports to the effect 
 that the English were still there he rejoiced exceedingly. " 1 never 
 was so pleased," he said afterwards at St. Helena, "as when 1 saw that 
 
 Wellington intended to fight I had not a doubt but that I 
 
 should annihilate his army When I found he was giving me 
 
 battle single-handed, I felt confident 1 should destroy him," 
 
 A picture has been preserved of him at his breakfast-lable, surrounded 
 by his marshals and staff-ofificers. Ney came up with fresh news : " They 
 are retreating." " It is too late," exultingly cried Napoleon. " They 
 cannot escape now." "Ah! sire," said General Foy, deprecatingly, 
 " Lcs Anglais en duel sont le diable" (" These English face to face are the 
 very mischief"). Foy had fought through the Peninsular War, and had 
 learnt to respect the British troops in the field. When Soult added a few 
 cautious words, the Emperor turned on him brutally, saying, "You think 
 the English invincible because you have always been beaten by them." 
 
 The night had been wet, the ground was still soft and slippery— too 
 much so for the free movement of artillery, in which arm the French 
 
 223
 
 WellinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 were strong— and Napoleon would not begin the action, as he 
 feared, prematurely. The same fatal dilatoriness told against 
 him ; for with the time gained in an eurl\- attack' he might have 
 won a .ictory before the Prussians cnuld come upon the ground. 
 To emphasise the error, he ordered his troops to move into their 
 places with all possible pageantry : bands playing and colours 
 flying, as though for a birthday parade ; while he look'ed on witli 
 a soldier's delighted appreciation. " The earth seemed proud," as 
 he put it, "to bear so many brave men." As soon as they had 
 all taken their stations he passed down the lines, reviewing his 
 regiments on^ by one ; and at the end, with gladsome exultation, 
 he stretched forth his arms towards his enemy, crying, " La 
 Anglais ! En fin je ces liens." 
 
 By this time Wellington's troops were also in position. The 
 great leader was in the saddle at daybreak, riding his famous 
 charger, Copenhagen, which carried him without distress throuLih 
 the entire day. As it was this horse that Wellington is said to 
 have ridden on the disputed expedition to Wavre the previuui 
 
 L.-U), .iHjL:iJA BAIilNG. 
 
 After a Portrait by Chaoo. 
 This was a daughter or the beautiful Countess of Cardigan, 
 the Warer'oo hall, and afterwards married Mr. Uarin" 
 
 She was at 
 M.P. 
 
 IIIGHLAXD SOLDIERS. 
 
 After a French Drawing. 
 
 A fancy hut faithful picture of the Scotch uniform as 
 seen tiirough French eyes. A covert sneer at our soldiers' 
 tastes is conveyed by the bottle and basket. 
 
 niglit, imt many hours before, and twent}'-eight miles, 
 this point must surely be talcen as discrediting the 
 story. Yet he was a horse of great mettle and endu- 
 rance, for, according to another story, he lashed out 
 when the Dul-:e had dismounted and was seeing him 
 fed at the end of this tremendously fatiguing da\', and 
 nearly killed the conqueror. 
 
 The modern visitor to the field of Waterloo is at 
 some difficulty in making out the positions occupied. 
 Thiere are now no very marked features, and the gentle 
 slopes that once defined the battle-ground have been 
 shaved down to provide eartli for the memorial monu- 
 ment. But we know that the allied army was astride 
 the high road from Charleroi to Brussels, occupying 
 a low ridge of hills that ran east and west. On the 
 Hat narrow top was the road to Wavre ; at each end 
 the hills were slightly salient, in the centre they 
 trended inward, forming a re-entering curve. In front 
 of this, the main line, were three foreposts, advanced 
 puints that played an important part in the battle. 
 These were the chateau and garden of Hougomont, the 
 farm of La Haye Sainte, and the homesteads of Pape- 
 lotte and La Haye. The whole position was to be 
 
 221
 
 Wellinnton and Waterloo. 
 
 i' 't^ 
 
 / / 
 
 .-.xflR'- 
 
 .(•• 
 
 y 
 
 LADY BURGHERSn A.\D HER SISTERS. 
 
 After a Drawing by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 
 I-atly Hiirghersh, afterwards Countess of Westmorland, is the cenlrni figure. She was a niece of Wellington's, and the daughtir o( a line painter. 
 
 Her o.vn portrait of Wellington at the lime of Waterloo is given on page 239, and that of the Countess of Moniingion, by l.cr also, on page 2. 
 
 225
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 TLIE FOREST OF SOIGNIES. 
 
 After a Drawing by Rouse. 
 This great woorJ was immediately in rear of Wellington's position at Waterloo, which it was 
 
 thought to have imperilled. 
 
 commended as fulfilling the best con- 
 ditions : a slope in front, a slope to the 
 rear, concealing strength of reserves 
 and general movements, free and com- 
 plete communication with all parts. 
 Tlie right flank was strongly posted ; 
 if the left was less so, that was the 
 side on which the Prussians were 
 e.xpectcd. This position being bisected 
 by the Brussels high road, the army 
 occupying it was divided, naturally, 
 into a right and left w ing. Lord Hil! 
 had general charge of the right, v\hich 
 was made up of (taking them from 
 right to left) Clinton's 2nd Division, 
 Cook'e's 1st (Guards) and Alten's 
 3rd Division. Mitchell's brigade of 
 Colville's Division was in rear of the 
 Guards, and a portion of the latter 
 held Hougomont, with a mi.xed detach- 
 ment of Nassauers and Brunswickers, 
 1,500 in all. On the other side of the 
 liitrh road there were Cole's 6th 
 
 Division and Picton's 5th Division, with Bylandt's Dutch brigade a little in advance, 
 garrison of La Haye Sainte, and Per- 
 poncher in La Haye. The reserves 
 were in a second line. The Bruns- 
 wickers, cavalry and infantry, were 
 behind the right, also the cavalry of 
 the King's German Legion ; a Dutch- 
 Belgian division was in the centre 
 across the high road, and here were 
 Somerset's brigade of Household 
 Cavalry, and Ponsonby's Union 
 Brigade, Royal Dragoons, Scots Greys, 
 and Enniskillens. The e.xtreme left 
 was filled in with Vandeleur's and 
 Vivian's brigades of Light Cavalry. 
 
 The total of the allied troops upon 
 the ground was 68,000 men — a very 
 mixed force, and distinctly inferior in 
 numbers, and a part of it in quality, to 
 Napoleon's army. Yet far away to 
 the right, ten miles from the battle 
 field, 18,000 more men, under General 
 Colville, were kept idle, for reasons 
 that have never been fully explained. 
 
 Baring commanded the 
 
 '?f^^^'- 
 
 ^ '^ 
 
 ^^^.l^'iH 
 
 ■ ■ JfuJanrj ^'T^ear 
 
 THE FOREST OF SOIGNIES. 
 
 4fter a Drawing by Rousei 
 The Slime wood, showing the paved ro.id by which the troops arrived from Brussels. 
 
 220
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Wellington, no doubt, was ever anxious for his right flunk, ano 
 this must have betn his best line of retreat if defeated ; but he 
 has been sharply criticised for depriving himself of so consider- 
 able a reinforcement on the day of battle. He had plenty of 
 time — if he had thought fit — after Napoleon's attack was clearly 
 developed, to bring Colvilli's Division over to Waterloo, where 
 it would have b.^en of inestimable value before the day was 
 done. Another reason given, and on e.xcelleiit authority, was 
 that the Dutch troops under Colvilie were untrustworthy, and 
 that his British regiments hourly expected to have to fire 
 upon them. 
 
 Napoleon had 72,000 men on the ground, and 240 guns. 
 Grouchy, at a greater distance fmm Waterloo than Blucher, 
 had 3^,000 mure ; but they never came into action, a failure 
 for which he was primarily responsible, although his defence 
 is that he was strictly obeying his orders, in any case, he 
 was misled in following a will-o'-the-wisp, and neglected the 
 well-k'nown axiom, "Work towards the guns." The noise of 
 the conflict was distin'ctly heard and its direction known by him 
 at a time when he miglit still have rendered assistance. Being 
 
 resolved 
 
 GEORGE TV. AS COLONEL OF loth HUSSARS. 
 
 After a Portrait by G. Harlowe 
 
 The King was much attached to this crack corps, wore its 
 
 uniform, and often attended its parades. 
 
 GEORGE IV. 
 
 After the Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 The Kiiit; in his later days was persuaded that lie had been 
 present at the battle of Waterloo, and would appeal to Welhns- 
 ton in confirmation. " I have often heard your Majesty say 
 so," was the Duke's ini;enious reply. 
 
 u p n a 
 vigorous 
 
 offensive, Napoleon disposed his forces in three lines on slopes 
 towards his enemy, ha\-ing his right flank at Frischermont, his 
 centre at La Belle Alliance, his left on the Nivelles-Louvain road. 
 D'Erlon's corps, 20,000 men, was on the right of the first line, 
 and Reilie's corps on the left, 18,000 strong; a cavalry 
 .lixision, about 1,800 sabres, was on each extreme flank. The 
 second line was of cavalry on each flank— Milhaud's corps, 
 ^,300, on the right; Kellerman's, about the same strength, on 
 liie left; with l.obau's infantry corps, 7,000, in the centre. 
 The third line was the reserve, and formed of the far-famed 
 Imperial Guard, three divisions— the old, middle, and young 
 guard— the whole under Drouot, and 12,000 strong. 
 
 His plan of battle was to throw his chief weigiit on the 
 enemy's inner flank, Wellington's left and left centre, arguing 
 that success here would drive the allies more and more widely 
 apart; the English would be rolled back towards the sea, and 
 the road to Brussels exposed. With this in view he ordered 
 D'Erlon's corps forward, preluding the movement with a 
 determined attack upon Hougomont to distract Wellington's 
 attention. From that time forth Napoleon remained hi one 
 spot— a knoll named Rosomme, on the main road about a mile 
 to the rear of La Belle Alliance, where he received reports, 
 and whence he issued orders by his aides and messengers, 
 leavincr it onlv once in the afternoon to visit the eastern field 
 
 227
 
 Wellincton and Waterloo. 
 
 ^i£«L!#i<,a7**fe.- , sasMk, 
 
 FIELD-MARSHAL THE nUI<:E OF UELL/XGTOX. 
 
 After a Portrait by Dawe. 
 
 rainled when the Dulie was in the prime of life. 
 
 228
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 i^ 
 
 ^\'hen the Prussinn ndvnnce 
 began to tt-ll. He left the 
 executi\'e work- entirel)' tn liis 
 lieutenants, and never per- 
 sonally supervised or con 
 trolled movements. 
 
 Wellington, on the other 
 hand, was here, there, and 
 everyv\'here during the (iuht. 
 He was never better than on 
 a battle-field, pnmipt and re- 
 sourceful, galloping hither and 
 thither as fortune varied, and 
 making fresh dispositions witli 
 a quick eye for country and 
 read)' skill in handling troops. 
 "Wherever there was a turn- 
 ing point in the battle there Wellington directed in person, judging for himself, and met the storm." He took no 
 thought of danger, and was in the thick of the fight, freely adventuring his person, if it was needed. When the 
 enemy's fire became hot and the shot came rather too near, he was heard to say to his staff: " Better separate, 
 gentlemen ; we are a little too thick here." 
 
 " it is hardly possible," writes one of his aides-de-camp, Lord William Lennox, "to describe the calm manner 
 in which the hero gave his orders and watched the movements and attacks of the enemy. In the midst of danger, 
 bullets whistling close about him, round shot ploughing the ground he occupied, and men and horses falling on every 
 side, he sat upon his favnurite charger, Copenhagen, as collectedly as if he had been reviewing the Household 
 Troops in Hyde Park." No doubt he was at times recognised, and came under fire especially aimed at him and his 
 
 IMMUNlTiON WAGGON ON l-'IRE. 
 
 From Kelly's "Waterloo." 
 An incident in Ihe liatlle when .1 shell exploded an ammunilion waggon and the horsci bolted. 
 
 rSe-^R^^T^ ■" 
 
 WATERLOO. 
 
 Afte' a Painting by G. Jones, R.A. 
 A general view ..f the liallle about the third phase. This piiclvire is in the possession of the United SerWce Club. 
 
 223
 
 \A^ellington and Waterloo. 
 
 staff. He was more chivalrous himself, and would not 
 allow an artillery officer, who had made out Napoleon 
 distinctly, to open fire upon the French Emperor. " No ! 
 no! on no account," was his remark. "It is not the 
 business of commanders to fire at each other." 
 
 Another story illustrating his fine character is told 
 of him. At the close of the day, wlien the battle was 
 practically won, but the French fnt had not quite ceased, 
 
 IIOUGOMONT, 1815. 
 
 After a Drawing by Cruikshank. 
 Outside the farm and cliaieau of Hougomont, which, ly'"? '" frf't 
 of WelUngton's right, was firsi afiml .-I, nml Kfcame a most imporlant 
 tactical point. 
 
 INTERIOR OF IIOUGOMONT, 1S15. 
 
 After a Drav.:fiJ by CruiKsnar^k. 
 
 The hitterness of the struggle for the possession of this outpost is seen 
 in its ruined condition after the fight. 
 
 he \entureJ too far and nearly lost his life. When one 
 3f his staff protested, he quietly answered : " What does 
 it matter nu>\ t JWy life is of no consequence, for th.e 
 
 LA HAVE SAINTE, 1S15. 
 
 After a Drawing by Rouse. 
 Another outpost about the centre of Wellingion's position, 
 constantly attacked, but stoutly held by Colonel Baring until late in the 
 afternoon, when it was taken by the French. 
 
 work is done." No one worked harder than the great 
 leader in this "battle of giants," as he called it himself; 
 a battle won, according to his opinion, in the playing fields 
 
 HOUGOMONT TO-DAY. 
 
 Fronn a Modern Photograph. 
 
 The farm still stands much as it was in 1815. The great gateway is 
 shown, and the well in the foreground. 
 
 of Eton, when tire young officers " ran as they did at 
 cricket," and the men sturdily "pounded " on and on, 
 till they "pounded" the hardest. He was in the saddle 
 for si.xteen or seventeen hours, riding the same horse, 
 thus increasing the fatigue ; in his ubiquitous movements 
 lie often distanced his staff and was seen alone on the 
 field. Sometimes he had no one at hand to carry his 
 orders, and took the first passer-by. Once it was a person 
 in plain clothes, whom he had already met and advised 
 to leave the field — a commercial traveller who, finding 
 
 2 JO
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 himself at Brussels on the moniin^i of the i8th June, and 
 being of an adventurous spirit, iiad hired a horse and 
 ridden out to see tiie fun. The Duke had chided him for 
 iiis rashness and bade him begone, buj: by-and-bye, 
 coming upon him again, and being for the moment 
 unattended, lie used him as an impromitu "galloper." 
 
 The actual liour at which the tattle began has been 
 much disputed, but it must have been soon after midday. 
 An old Peninsular veteran, standing with his company, 
 took out iiis watch, as he tells us, at the first gun, and 
 
 AI'I'ROACIf TO il/.LAGE OF WATERLOO, iyi5. 
 
 After a Drawing by Reuse. 
 
 Waterloo was two miles in rear of the field of battle, which has been 
 so named because Wellington dated his despatch from the village. 
 
 said to a comrade, " That opens the bull." It was then 
 1 1. 20 a.m. Soon after this began the attack on Hotiizo 
 mont and the otiier villages, the prelude to the main 
 
 LA HAVE SALXTE. 
 
 After a Drawing by Rouse. 
 Tlie day after the battle, burying the dead 
 
 advance of D'Erlon. It will be convenient for a better 
 i:nderstanding of the great struggle to follow the method 
 of General Shaw Kennedy, 
 
 divides the da\- into five 
 
 MONT ST. JEAN. 
 
 After a Drawing by Rouse. 
 
 Wellington's headquarters during the fight. The French long named 
 the battle Mont St. Jean. 
 
 principal episodes, each containing a distinct, separatel}' 
 delivered attack. Napoleon made no general or combined 
 movements ; each attack was an isolated, clearly-marked 
 effort. These attacks, briefly stated, were — ist, Reille's 
 unsuccessful assault of Hougomont ; 2nd, D'Hrlon's grand 
 attack of the allied centre and left, repulsed and followed 
 by a counter-charge of allied cax'alry ; 3rd, a grand cavalry 
 
 LA HAVE SAINTE TO-DAY. 
 
 From a Moderrt Photograph. 
 
 There is little left to recall the severe fighting for the possession of this 
 point, the only one taken by the French. 
 
 231
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 attacl\, w hich tailed U> break' the British 
 squares; 4th, renewed altai:l< of tlie 
 centre, ending in the capture uf I. a 
 Have Sainte ; and stli, the final niau 
 niticeiit attempt (it the hnperial Guard, 
 nobly \vitlist(/i)d by the Britisli Guards. 
 During the tliird episode, and after 
 vsards, l.obau's corps was tltiiTting 
 an independent battle at Planchenoit 
 against the steadily ad\ancing 
 PrLissians. 
 
 ist. Reille ad\'anced wiUioLit first 
 shaking the buildings of Hougomoii: 
 witli artilery fire, and although hi> 
 men went forward w itli great gallantr\- 
 and in great numbers, they could 
 make no permanent impression. They 
 gained a footing in the gardens and 
 orchard, but were presently driven 
 out, and they never entered the 
 
 chateau. One of the finest incidents despatch from fiL-re, and here Sir Atexander Gordon died. 
 
 of the day was the struggle at the great gate, which was closed by a stalwart Guardsman in the very teeth of the 
 invading Frenchmen. Wellington had been near by when the attack on Hougomont was imminent, and he had had 
 
 irELlJXGTO.y-S IIliADOl ARUlRS on WATERLOO. 
 
 After a Lithograph by Gerard of Brussels. 
 
 In this house the Duke slept the night before and the night of the battle. lie also wrote his 
 
 time to send in support;. ; he continued to reinforce it during the day 
 
 CHARGE OF SCOTS GREYS AT WATERLOO. 
 
 After an Original Drawing by Sir Robert Ker Porter, 
 The splendid charge of the Union Brig.ade, the Royal Dragoons, Scots Greys, and Enniskillens, was 
 decisive in the second phase of the liattle. Napoleon, seeing the havoc made by the Scots Greys, was 
 heard to exclaim, " Ces terribles chevaux gris ! " 
 
 but never to the extent of weakening 
 his centre, as Napoleon had 
 intended, and the real effect of 
 the attack was to lock up 
 Reille's corps in a desultory 
 combat that was injurious to 
 the general result. 
 
 2nd. Ney — " bravest of 
 the brave" — had been put at 
 the head of the main attack, 
 and he formed D'Erion's corps 
 in columns of attack tinder 
 cover of a tremendous battery 
 of guns, and back'ed by 
 Milhaud's and Kellerman's 
 heavy ca\alry. The French 
 aim was to break' through our 
 line in the centre and gain 
 Mont St. Jean to the rear, 
 thus severing all connection 
 with the Prussians, and oblig- 
 ing Wellington to show a new 
 front, with his left thrown back 
 to cover his communications 
 
 232
 
 Wellin2;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 w ith the sea. The attack was met by Picton, 
 
 whose most advanced brigade, Bykmdt's 
 
 Dutchmen, broke and fell back. Then Picton 
 
 brought up Kempt's and Pack's Brigade at the 
 
 run — 3,000 men in a deployed line — to fall 
 
 upon Donzelet's Frenchmen, who were all but 
 
 masters of La Haye Sainte. A fierce combat 
 
 ensued, in which the British bayonet told, and 
 
 tile French were discomfited ; but the intrepid 
 
 Picton was slain. Further to the right, Quiot 
 
 and Marcognet's Frencnmen had been more 
 
 successful ; but now Wellington arrived- at a 
 
 hand-gallop from Hougomont, and with great 
 
 promptitude ordered up the cavalry in support. 
 
 Tliese were the only near and available 
 
 reserve for his left wing. 
 
 The charges made by th.e Household and 
 
 Union Brigades were as splendid as anything 
 COLOXFJ. GOA'POy MORTALLY WOUNDED. j , r , , ■ 4., 1 
 
 recorded of cavalry encounters in the annals 
 
 From Kelly's "Waterloo." 
 Gonion, brother of ,l,e Earl of Aberdeen, was a favoL.rile aide-de-ca.np, -.ind his of war. The ShOCk waS tremendous, bLlt the 
 
 death caused WeiHnyton the most poignant grief. British ovcrbore the French, and the whole 
 
 mass swept down into the \alley, pell-mell, a confused body of fighting men. Numberless desperate hand-to-hand 
 combats took place, and many glorious deeds of heroism were performed. It was now that Shaw the Life Guardsman, 
 a horseman of colossal strength who had once been a pugilist, 
 slashed the life out of several opponents before he was himself 
 killed ; now Ewartof the Scots Greys won the Eagle of the Frencli 
 " Invincibles," a regiment proud of its great achievements at 
 Aiisterlitz, Jc-na, Wagram, Hylau, and Friedland. Napoleon, who 
 was watching the fight with breathless interest, was moved to 
 admiration o; the Scots Greys — " Cf.s" t-rrihles chevMix gris!" 
 
 Now bodies of fresh French cavalry came up and checked the 
 progress of our impetuous dragoons, and who might otherwise have 
 been cut to pieces. They had already suffered terribly. Barely 
 half of the Union Brigade regained the British lines ; the Life 
 Guards and Blues were nearly decimated. But on the French side 
 D'Erlon's corps was shattered, and the whole fell back to reform. 
 This second great attack, like that on Hougomont, had also 
 signally failed. 
 
 3rd. There was a lull now for a brief space while Ney was 
 organising a new attack to be made by cavalry alone ; by the 
 corps of Milhaud and LefSbvre Desnouettes and the Light Cavalry 
 of the Guard — 12,020 magnificent horsemen, cuirassiers, lancers, 
 and chasseurs, in every variety of splendid uniform, filling all the 
 space between Hougomont and the Charleroi road. As they 
 advanced with deafening cries of " yive I'Empereur !" the British 
 infantry quietly formed squares to receive their terrible foes 
 
 COL. JOHN CAMERON, 92//;/ HIGHLANDERS. 
 
 After a Portrait by C. Turner. 
 
 This fine soldier was killed at Waterloo at the hc.id 
 of his regiment. He will be known to English readers as 
 
 small compact bodies awaiting with calm fortitude the cavalry the Fassifeur of Gram's novel, "The Romance of War." 
 
 233
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 attack'. Tliey were charg;eJ lepeateJK-, and with an impetuous 
 gallantry that won the unquaUtied praise of Wellington, wlio said 
 he had never seen anything finer than the courage of the French 
 horsemen. We may accord still higlier praise to the British 
 infantry which sustained these attacks for nearly two hours, 
 during which not a single square was broken. The withering fire 
 of these " living fortress js " emptied saddles and sliook the con- 
 stancy of the assailant.-. Three times Ney led on his cavalry; 
 
 5/y? IWBERT GARDINER. 
 
 After a Portrait by Wildrrian. 
 This ciislinguisheil arlilleiy officer commanded a hciise baUeiy lliroiigh 
 the Peninsular War and Waterloo. He rose to the highest rani;, was 
 Master-General of the Ordnance, and Governor of Gibraltar. 
 
 supports continually came up — Guyot's Grenadiers, the Dragoons 
 of the Guard, Kellerman's Cavalry Corps ; the whole of Napoleon's 
 horse, Pire alone excepted, was now engaged. It was an heroic 
 effort, but it failed against our Indomitable infantry. The French 
 rode up to the squares again and again, cut at the bristling 
 bayonets, thrust over them with their long lances, but they could 
 not charge home, and at last acknowledged defeat. Only a small 
 remnant survived, and these, spent and disorganised, rode back, 
 
 A GENERAL OFFICER. 
 
 Aftfrr a Contemporary Caricature- 
 
 Abont this time many fancifid pictures appeared in the 
 cheap printsellers' shops piirponing to illustrate the military 
 men of tlie period 
 
 COLONEL SIR W1LLL4M DE LANCEY. 
 
 From a Picture in ttie possession of His Family, 
 An excellent staff-officer, who was Deputy Quartermaster 
 General at Waterloo, whe^e he was mortally wounded. 
 
 234
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 
 
 f> 
 
 
 
 
 235
 
 Wel!inQ;ton and Waterloo, 
 
 v^ 
 
 s 
 
 .J* 
 
 at'- 
 
 \ - 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 4^^ 
 
 C.-irALRY COMIIATS AT WATERLOO. 
 
 From Kelly's " Waterloo.' 
 
 tlie hopeless victims of a grave military mistak'e. This 
 attack by cavalry alone, at this early stage of the action, 
 is condemned by critics. It was directed against infantry 
 still unshaken, it Aas unsupported by infantry, and 
 Napoleon is blamed for having permitted it. Some say 
 he yielded to the urgent solicitations of Ney, who had a 
 strong belief in the prowess of cavalry, and especially 
 of such cavalry as this. Some say that Napoleon was 
 too much occupied at the time with the significant news 
 that had reached him that the Prussians were near at 
 hand. An intercepted despatch had stated that they 
 were approaching in strength 30,000, and he had desired 
 Grouchy to deal them a crushing blow. But the 
 message had not reached Grouchy in time, and now 
 the Prussians, pressing steadily forward, were threat- 
 ening to ruin his chances at Waterloo. The very 
 direction of their march struck' at a vital point; 
 his right flank was imperilled, and to meet the 
 danger it was imperative to show another front 
 on that side. He sent first some of his reserve 
 
 cavalry to ward off this unexpected peril ; but as the a dismounted Life Guardsman in a hand-to-hand fight engages a French 
 increasing noise of battle showed the vigour of the cuirassier, whom he kills, and then rides ofl' on his horse. 
 
 Prussians' attack, he went to Planchenoit in person, and in due course moved thither the whole of Lobau's corps. 
 4th. It was while he was thus absent on the eastern field that Ney's earnest appeal reached him for troops to 
 
 renew t!ie attack on Wellington. Ney asked now for more infantry. "Infantry.?" retorted Napoleon angrily 
 
 to Ney's messenger. "Where 
 am 1 to get them ? Does he 
 think 1 can manufacture 
 them } " But Ne\- was not yet 
 disheartened. The day was 
 drawing on, true, but it was 
 as yet bareU' 5 p.m. ; there 
 were nearly four hours of day- 
 light. Ney got together a 
 sifficient force — a division of 
 Reille's corps, the reformed 
 commands of Q.iiot, Mar- 
 cognet, and Donzelet, to make 
 a new attack upon the allied 
 centre ; this was the only effort 
 that almiist met with success. 
 Had he been backed by proper 
 reserves at this critical period, 
 the fate of the da_\- might ha\-e 
 been changed. La HayeSainte 
 was captured, and there was 
 
 SHAW, Tim LIFE GO'ARDS.UAX. 
 
 From Kelly's "Waterloo." 
 
 The personal prowess of this intrepid soldier, who attacked and slew two French cuirassiers before he 
 
 lost his own life, is still remembered. He had been a prize fighter. 
 
 a dangerous gap in tlie British 
 
 236
 
 Welliniiton and Waterloo.
 
 Wellino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 line. Shaw Kennedysa\s that he pointed this out to Wellington, 
 who appeared upon tlie scene at precisely the right moment, 
 and was directed to gather up what detachments he could to 
 fill it, while the chief brought up Kilmansegge's Hanoverians. 
 From henceforth Wellington was sanguine of success. It 
 was asserted afterwards that there were one or two periods in 
 the battle when he was inclined to despair. Tliis he denied to 
 Croker, declaring that lie was never seriously alarmed for the 
 result. Mr. Croker adds that those among the Duke's entourage 
 whom he asked were unanimous in saying that tlie Duke's 
 confidence was never in the least shaken. As against 
 this, we have the evidence of General Adam, to whom he 
 
 remarked as the da\- drew on : " B\- G , AJum, 1 belie\-e we 
 
 sliall beat 
 themx'et!'' 
 There 
 must, then, 
 have been 
 some doubt 
 in his mind 
 previous to 
 this and his 
 anxittv is 
 alsi) sli iwn 
 b >■ li i s 
 constantly 
 consulting 
 liis watcli. 
 His \\ n 
 SLibsequent 
 e X p 1 a n a- 
 tion of this 
 was that he 
 knew the 
 result d e- 
 He must win 
 
 H.R.H. THE PRIXCE OF ORAXGE. 
 
 From Kelly's " Waler'oo." 
 This gallant Prince was on Wcltini^ton's personal staff 
 Ihioiigh a grL-at part of ihe Peninsular War and at Waerloo. 
 He survived to be King of the Netherlands. 
 
 GF-XERAI- SIR WILLIAM POXSOXBY. 
 
 After a Porrrait by G. Maille. 
 Al Wnii'il o he led the Union Brigade in its great charge. 
 
 pended upon the " staying power " ot his troops 
 if they could onl\- hold out till dark. The st(.)ry, however, that 
 he prayed aloud "for nigiit or Blucher" is altogether apocr\-phal. 
 5th. Napoleon no doubt saw, equalh' plainly, that he must 
 finish with his obstinate foe now, if at all. Although he never 
 thought that the Prussians were more than a single corps, 
 Bulow's, he was uneasy at their persistent attack. Besides, he 
 had the last reserve in hand, the Imperial Guard. There were 
 ten battalions of them, and these he organised in two lines, 
 four in the first, six in the second, and they were to be sent against the allied right. A Imt artiller\- fire from guns 
 pushed well to the front preceded the attack. Cavalry followed close to maintain the adxantage. Wellington 
 prepared with considerable confidence to meet this last great effort. No longer concerned for his left tlank, through 
 
 H.S.H. THE DUKE OF BRIXSMLCK. 
 
 From Kelly's "Waterloo " 
 
 Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick, killed at Waterlno. 
 
 238
 
 WellinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 ]VELLL\-GTO.\ AT WATERLOO. 
 
 After a Portrait by Lady Burghersh. 
 Tl,e painter's !<lca wns tn represent the victorious General inditing his despatch. In the background is the sick bed of his favourite aide-dc- 
 
 camp, Alexander Gordon. 
 
 239
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 the Prussian advance, he 
 drew all his force towards 
 the right, and massed his 
 guns to play upon the 
 approaching columns of 
 the Imperial Guard. 
 Besides other forces, he 
 held Maitland's Brigade 
 of Guards unseen behind 
 the slope, and a brigade 
 of light troops, including 
 the 52nd, under that 
 practised soldier, Col- 
 borne, prolonged the line 
 on his right. The right 
 column of ttie French, 
 although swept and torn 
 by our artillery tire, bore 
 A'AFOLEOX-S FLIGHT FROM WATERLOO. duectly towards the spot 
 
 After a Picture by John Gilbert. OCCUpied by the COUCealed 
 
 After ihe iJiscomfitiire of the Imperial Guard, Napoleon rode away at full speed to Charleroi, en rotiti for Paris. Guards. NeV dismounted 
 
 and led on foot ; but as they crowned the ridge, Wellington, who was, of course, there, gave the order, " Up, 
 Guards, and make ready." They sprang up, tired a volley, which told direfullv on the dense column and halted it, 
 paralysed. Then a voice cried ' Now'sthe time, boys," and the Guards charged home, driving the enemy headlong 
 before them. The second column of the Imperial Guard fared no better. While one brigade stopped them in front, 
 Adam caught them in tlank, and Colborne, with the 52nd, happily inspired, wheeled his regiment to the left in line 
 and poured in a destructive fire upon the doomed column. From this moment the attack was over and the battle 
 practically ended. Napoleon, who had been active in these encounters, essayed to rally his guard on the west ot 
 La Belle Alliance ; but they could not show any front against the victorious foe. There was a brict combat 
 between the remnant of the 
 French cavalry and that of 
 
 Wellington, but the former t^ 
 
 were soon included in the rout. 
 The troops of Lobau also held 
 their ground about Planchenoit 
 for some time, but being at 
 length outflanked and alto- 
 gether outnumbered by the 
 Prussians, they took to flight. 
 The Emperor himself 
 escaped on horseback, but 
 presently picked up a travel 
 ling carriage, in which he 
 continued his journey with 
 
 out pause, and reached ^^^ ^^^^^. „^^^^,^_ WATERLOO. 
 
 Pans on the third day after , », . ^^ . 
 
 ■^ From a Modern Photograph. 
 
 'lis Cleteat. The creation of this trophy rolbed the surrounding country of so much earth as to change its featuic:- 
 
 .-j& 
 
 2i0
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 THE ALLIES ENTER PARIS, 1815. 
 
 After a Drawing by Martinet, 
 "•"he allied commanders, Wellington and Blucher, at the head of a brilliant staff, are crossing the great Square or Place dii Carrousel, Paris. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 After Waterloo. Friction between English and Prussians. Disposal of Napoleon. Ill-feeling of French in Paris. Wellington returns to 
 Kngland in 1818. Appointed Master-General of the Ordnance, and later Commander-in-Chief. Prime Minister, 1S2S. Political intrigues. 
 Difficulties with the Kin:,''s brother. Catholic emancipation. The Duke's duel with Lord Winchelsea. The Reform Bill, the Duke's slrenHOUs 
 opposition and consequent unpopularity. His windows broken at Apsley House. His life in danger. Surrenders on Reform question. Again in 
 office, and for a lime sole dictator. Accession of (jucen \'ictoria. 
 
 THE occupation of Paris by tiie allied armies brought new and very ve.xatious an.xieties upon Wellington. His 
 chief trouble at first was the irrepressible rancour of the Prussians towards the French, and their keenness 
 to avenge former defeats. Old Marshal Blucher had set his mind on two desires : the payment of an 
 indemnity of a hundred million of francs by the City of Paris, and the demolition of the bridge of Jena, 
 acros;. the Seine. To both of these Wellington was firmly and consistently opposed. He altogether refused the 
 contribution on his own behalf, and he saw no reason, he said, why the Prussians should benefit alone, even if the 
 principle was conceded, which it was not. As to the destruction of the bridge, it was a proposal highly offensive to 
 the French Bourbon King and the body of the French people, with whom the allies had no quarrel ; it was not in the 
 least necessary as a military measure, and was onl\' demanded on sentimental grounds as perpetuating defeat — 
 :iii objecticin that disappeared when the French offered to change the name of the bridge. 
 
 The Prussians were not to be easily shaken from their purpose, insisting, it is recorded, in a tone little less 
 offensive to the English than to the French. Although they actually ruined two piers of the bridge, it was clumsily 
 done, their engineers being litlle practised in the work ; and Wellington at last secured the postponement of this cruel 
 retaliatory measure until the arrival of the allied Sovereigns, among whom was the King of Prussia ; but to make all 
 safe he stationed a British sentry on the bridge at all hours. The Duke was heard to say that the Prussians might 
 have been bold enough to blow up the bridge, but they would not have dared to take the life of a British sentinel. 
 riieir conduct in France was all of a piece ; they were a terror to the peasantry, on whom tiie>- retaliated the cruelties 
 perpetrated b_\- Napoleon's army when it ra\-aged Prussia. 
 
 2^1
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ENGLISH UNIFORMS. 
 
 After a Drawing in " Le Bon Genre." 
 Cavalry officer, Highlander, and staff officer in great-coat for 
 the chief group. 
 
 Another difference between the allied commanders might 
 have bred still more serious trouble. This was as to the disposal 
 of Napoleon when captured. He had been declared an outlaw 
 by the Congress of Vienna //^''s la hi, beyond the pale of civil 
 and social rights; it was decreed that he had forfeited them by 
 leaving Elba, and was amenable to public justice. Wellington 
 had signed this decree, and was much blamed for doing so, but 
 he strenuously resisted the interpretation Blucher would have 
 put upon the word " justice." The old Field-Marshal would have 
 shot Napoleon out of hand had he caught him on the flight from 
 Waterloo. Afterwards he was for shooting him in the ditch of 
 Vincennes, on the very spot where the Due d'Enghien had 
 been executed. The Duke of Wellington, while admitting 
 Napoleon's culpability, would not tolerate any such summary 
 proceeding. Public justice could not mean assassination. 
 
 The Prussians still pressed their point, and Gneisenau 
 wrote suggesting that as the English shrank from these stern 
 proposals, Napoleon should be handed over to the Prussians, 
 who claimed to be "the tools of Providence, who has given us 
 such a victory for the ends of eternal justice." But Wellington 
 promptly and plainly spoke his mind. He would not be a party 
 to the transaction, and reminded Blucher that since winning so 
 important a battle they had become conspicuous personages in 
 
 the eyes of Europe. "Such an act would hand down our names to history stained by a crime, and posterity 
 
 would say of us that we did 
 
 not deserve to be the con- 
 querors of Napoleon, the more 
 
 so as such a deed is now quite 
 
 useless, and can have no 
 
 object." 
 
 Nor were Wellington's 
 
 vexations limited to combat- 
 ing the savage views of his 
 
 friends. He had foes still in 
 
 France — those who wished 
 
 Napoleon well, although 
 
 secretly. Talleyrand and 
 
 Fouche would have gladly seen 
 
 him escape to America, for 
 
 which, being at Rochefort, he 
 
 was well situated. A con- 
 spiracy was, indeed, planned 
 
 for the purpose, but foiled by 
 
 the vigilance of the English 
 
 cruisers. Had the ex-Emperor 
 
 gone at large he might have 
 
 revived disturbance ; there OfHcers of lancers, hussars, heavy dragoons, and a rifle oflicer, wiih the ladies in the latest Parisian feshion. 
 
 FRE.\ < 
 
 After a Drai 
 
 .i\D ENGLISH iC .^//•('A.r/.^. 
 ing in " Le Bon Genre.' 
 
 242
 
 Wellino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 was no safety if lie again became an independent agent ; none, 
 indeed, while he remained on French soil. His sympathisers 
 were still numerous, and one held on to the Castle of Vincennes, 
 in the environs of Paris. 
 
 It had been agreed by the Convention tliat all fortresses 
 north of the Loire should be handed over to the allies, but 
 Vincennes w as not given up, althougli its governor had hoisted 
 tile white flag. Wellington told Fouche, whom he suspected of 
 complicity, that he would wait no longer. " But what can 1 
 do .'' " protested the wily policeman. " It's not m\- bus'ness 
 to tell you, but 1 can tell you wiiat 1 shall do, and that is 
 capture the fortress by force of arms. Do you understand ? " 
 Fouche still hummed and hawed, hoping that the matter might 
 soon be settled amicably. The Duke, with whose iron will he 
 had hardl\- \et come in contact, was not to be put off any 
 lunger. " 1 have said my last word, and," he repeated, "either 
 the fortress shall be surrendered to-morrow at lO a.m., or it 
 will he tal<en at 12." 
 
 To show how clearly his mind was made up, it may be 
 added that he in\ited his friend Croker, then in Paris, to be 
 prest-nt at the assault. " You have never been at a fight, 
 Croker," he said ; " come and breakfast with me at g a.m. 
 to-morrow, and 1 will give you a mount to see me take 
 Vincennes." There were French Ministers present who pro 
 tested, and begged Lord Castlereagh to interfe-e. But his old 
 
 fJirOCAC OF rRiSSfAXS I.\ PARfS. 
 
 After a Cantemporary French Caricature 
 Some of the Prussian iroops in 1815 wcne qii.irleied in the gardens of llie Luxemlimirg. 
 
 ENGLISH OFFICERS. 
 
 After a Drawing by Carl Vernet. 
 A li^lit cavalry officer and a Highlander. 
 
 friend knew Wellington, and 
 that he meant what he said. 
 "It is a military question, 
 of which the Duke is sole 
 judge." The orders were 
 actually issued for the attack, 
 but the necessity was avoided 
 by the hasty surrender of 
 Vincennes. 
 
 Wellington was also sub- 
 jected to many slights from 
 ■<ome of Napoleon's old officers, 
 especially the marshals, who 
 had turned their coats and 
 were serving Louis XVlll. On 
 one occasion in particular he 
 was treated with so much 
 rudeness at the Tuileries by a 
 marshal of France, that the 
 King apologised. "Don't 
 mention it, sire," quietly 
 replied the victor of so many 
 
 243
 
 Wellington and Waterloo, 
 
 NAPOLEON GOING ON BOARD H.M.S. '' BELLEROPHONr IN 1815. 
 
 After a Picture by Dangeau. 
 Napoleon, having been foiled in his desire to escape to the United States, took a small craft from Bordeaux and 
 
 encounters. "It is 
 their custom to sItow 
 me their backs." 
 
 The ill-feeling 
 exhibiteu by the 
 French officers was 
 very general, and not 
 to be wondered at. 
 It was enough to rouse 
 their bitterness to see 
 Paris invaded by 
 foreign uniforms, and 
 for the second time 
 within twelve months 
 to meet English, 
 Russians, Prussians, 
 and Austrians parad- 
 ing the streets and 
 public places, in the 
 cafes and gambling 
 saloons, holding their 
 heads high with an 
 air that was galling, 
 although not neces- 
 sarily meant to offend. 
 
 voluntarily surrendered to the English. 
 
 The French are not a patient nation, and they retaliated according to their means : the military used their weapons ; 
 
 duels were incessant, the result of open 
 
 insult or any trifling provocation ; tlie 
 
 civil community took their revenge in the 
 
 ridicule that, with all the exuberance of 
 
 French wit, was heaped on e\'erything 
 
 foreign. 
 
 Yet France at large had reason to 
 bless Wellington. It was by his exertions 
 mainly that the country escaped partition 
 or serious mutilation. The policy of the 
 Vienna Congress was revived, and "all 
 Gaul" would have been once again 
 "divided into three parts," or more, but 
 for Wellington. But the permanent 
 humbling of France by loss of territory 
 would have been a mud, short-sighted 
 policy, and certain to entail new wars. 
 
 The Duke of Wellington remained 
 in France for three years as generalissimo 
 of the allied army of occupation. When 
 
 that country was finally evacuated in 
 
 NAPOLEON ON THE DECK OF H..V.S. •' BELLEROPHON." 
 
 After an Original Drawing by L. M. Skene, 
 This is an authentic water-colour sketch, made from life by Dr. Skene, the assistant surgeon 
 
 of the ship. 
 
 Ui
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 NAPOLEON AT THE GANGWAY OF H.M.S. '^ BELLEROPHON." 
 
 After > Painting by Eastlake. 
 
 The fallen Emperor gave himself up with these words :— " The fortune of war has put me at the mercy of my worst enemies, 
 
 but I rely on their good faith. " He stands here hopeless, but resigned to his fate. 
 
 24§
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 1818, he returned linme, and never again drew his sword. His 
 wars were over, but lie was still the serxant of iiis Sovereign 
 and country, ever ready to act in any capacit}-. E\en in liis 
 extreme old age he was prepared to take the field, and it will 
 always he remembered how, when pressing Sir Charles Napier 
 to take the command in India after Chillianwullah, he said, 
 "If you don't go, I must." But his services during the 
 remaining years of his long life were mainly political, and 
 although he was ever upright and straightforward in dealing 
 with public affairs, his reputation as a statesman was far below 
 that as a soldier. He held office and directed the Government 
 in a troubled epoch, when party passion ran high, and burning 
 questions distracted the country. He bc-came identified with 
 unpopular measures, resisted others on which the nation was 
 bent, and if he yielded at length, it was only because he 
 thought concession a lesser e\'il than revolution. 
 
 In the earlier years, howe\er, he took no more prominent 
 place than as Master-General of the Ordnance, which gave 
 him ex-officio a seat in the Cabinet. The post, one of great 
 antiquity and importance, was in this way superior to that of 
 
 Comma n- 
 
 EyCLISR OFFICERS [N THE STREET. 
 
 After a Drawing by Carl Vernet. 
 
 The French »rlist is merciless in portraying the most grolesque 
 characteristics of his subject. 
 
 THE AMIABLE PRUSSIAX. 
 
 After a Drawing by Finart. 
 
 An officer of Prussian lancers is attracted by a passing Parisian 
 
 beauty. 
 
 d e r - i n - 
 Chief, and 
 
 quite independent of it. The Master-General controlled, alone 
 and entirely, the two scientific corps, the artillery and engi- 
 neers, which enjoyed a distinct e.xistence from the rest of the 
 Army — one of those curious and anomaluis conditions that 
 complicated our military administration till the days of the 
 Crimea. Until then, it must be remembered, four several and 
 separate departments were concerned with Army matters. 
 There was no Secretary of State for War with general control 
 as nowadays. A secretary " j/ war and for the colonies" 
 dealt with the military Estimates in Parliament, and during 
 active operations v\'as the channel of communication with the 
 .ueneral in the field. The Home Office managed the Militia, 
 the commissariat was under the Treasury, and the distinct 
 functions of the Board of Ordnance were as stated above. As 
 Master-General, the Duke was chietl\- engaged in matters of 
 promotion and patronage. He maintained the privileges of the 
 two corps, although he never heartily approved the s\'stem. 
 
 It was not until the death of the Duke of York that 
 Wellington took' his proper place as head of the Army, and 
 held for a time the two offices of Commander-in-Chief and 
 Master-General of the Ordnance combined. He used the word 
 " proper place " himself, " the place for w hich he was destined 
 by his trade," as he told Croker. " 1 am a soldier, and my 
 place is at the head of the Army, as tlie Chancellor, who is a 
 
 •246
 
 Wellinojton and Waterloo. 
 
 \ 
 
 ^5 ; 
 
 
 :i7
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ENGLISH OFFICERS OFF DUTY. 
 
 Afte' a Drawing by Carl Vernet. 
 
 Another caricauire ridiculing the dress of Enghsh officers. 
 
 unpolitical. But without a full apology from Cannin 
 was only ended b\- the Minister's sudden 
 death. Then the King reminded Wellington 
 that the post of Commander-in-Chief was still 
 open, and "if you choose to recall that resig- 
 nation, which," as he said, " it grieved me so 
 much to receive, you may have my sincere 
 permission to do so." This second tenure of 
 the command was but brief, however. A few 
 months later he again resigned on being 
 entrusted with the formation of a Cabinet; 
 for although he had thought of holding it in 
 conjunction with the Premiership, the Opposi- 
 tion, indeed many of his own colleagues, dis- 
 approved. Lord Hill now succeeded as General 
 Commander-in-Chief, and held the post until 
 his death in 1842, and the Duke finally went 
 to the Horse Guards for the rest of his life. 
 
 It has been urged that the Duke of Wel- 
 lington did very little for the British Army ; he 
 has been much and often blamed for his want 
 of sympatliy with his old comrades in arms, 
 
 lawyer, is in his on the Woolsack. We each of us nave a trade, 
 and are in the proper position v\-hen exercising it." 
 
 He gladly accepted the offer which was made him by 
 George IV. in the most complimentary terms. The King wrote : 
 "I must tell you that I feel a pride .... in showing n t 
 only the affection 1 have for you, but the gratitude which this 
 country owes you. The glory of my reign is so identified with 
 xou that the one cannot be separated from the other." The 
 King's language to the Duke was generally couched in this 
 same tone of somewhat extravagant eulogy. He began his 
 letters always, " My dear friend," and ended them with, 
 " Ever your sincere friend." In the differences with the Duk'e 
 of Clarence, brought on b\' the latter's unconstitutional desire 
 to run the Board of Admiralt\- as his own pri\'ate concern, tiie 
 King took Wellington's side. But he was much vexed witii 
 his "dear friend "when the Duke took umbrage at Mr. 
 Canning's treatment and insisted on resigning his offices when 
 that statesman formed a new Administration. Canning had 
 Seen tit to rebuke him in an unpro\"ol<ed fashion, to which 
 Wellington would not submit. 
 
 The King was \-er_\' anxious that he should withdraw these 
 resignations, which had aroused a strong feeling in the cour.tr\-, 
 but the Duke was firm. There was, indeed, no rea-^on wlu' he 
 should not retain the oftke of Commander-in-Chief, which, 
 unlik'e that of Master-General (if the Ordnance, was entirely 
 he would not return to the Horse Guards and the deadljck 
 
 ;5s:-4i*Y^:^^ 
 
 AN ENGLISH "GALLOPER." 
 
 After a Drawing by Carl Vernet. 
 
 An aide-de-camp carrying a message on the field. The intention to caricature is 
 
 obvious, yet there is little fault to be found with the rider's seat and horse's action. 
 
 318
 
 WellinQ;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 for sufferinfi tlic strength of furces to be sadly diminislicd, and for failing to secure adequate rewards for the gallant 
 
 services of those who had won him his great renown. As a matter of fact, the periods for which he held the chief 
 
 command between Waterloo and his 
 
 death were really brief, and although 
 
 as head of the Government he might 
 
 lia\e done more for the Army, he no 
 
 doubt felt tiiat it was beyond his 
 
 province lo interfere. As to the 
 
 reductions in numbers he was nearly 
 
 p:)werless, but he protested, and at 
 
 last devised tile plan of keeping th;^ 
 
 troops as much as possible out of sight, 
 
 lest they should still further irritate 
 
 economists. This led to that utter 
 
 want of training of mixed or large 
 
 bodies that tendeil to diminish the 
 
 1%'nowledge and usefulness of officers. 
 
 In the matter of rewards the Duke 
 
 was old-fashioned ; he took' what was 
 
 given him because it was given, not 
 
 because he asked for it, and he 
 
 stronglv reprobated self-seeking in any 
 
 shape or form. 
 
 The King's fondness for Welling- 
 ton was equalled by the confidence he 
 
 reposed in him, which prompted him to 
 
 send for the Duke at the fall of the 
 
 Gooderich Ministry, in 1828. This 
 
 was Wellington's entry into the arena 
 
 of party politics, anJ he hesitated to 
 
 undertake the formation of a Govern- 
 ment, which presented many diffi- 
 culties. He took council, however, 
 
 with I 'eel, and got together a good 
 
 work'ing team which held office for a 
 
 couple of vears. It had to deal with 
 
 many intricate questions : a war 
 
 between Russia and Turkey was at 
 
 one time imminent ; the agitation to 
 
 abolish the slave trade came to a 
 
 head ; the desire for Parliamentary 
 
 reform was growing rapidly through- 
 out the country ; the unsatisfied 
 
 claims of the Roman Catholics for 
 
 emancipation w_-re thres+ening serious 
 
 disturbance in Ireland ; and Daniel 
 
 O'Connell's recent election to a Stat in Tliis unsparing c.-i 
 
 READING THE NEWS. 
 
 After a Caricature by "H. B." 
 The caricatures of "H. B.," the pseudonym of Richard Doyle, were very caustic and severe 
 during these long years of political strife. This represents George IV., wif' 
 inliniates, privately receiving a statement from the Duke of Wellington, 
 
 vith his chosen 
 
 %^ 
 
 iS-2; 
 
 A HORSE MARINE. 
 
 After a Caricature by " H. B." 
 ricature ridicules the deficient horsemanship of the sailor King, William IV. 
 
 SJ49
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 ii 
 
 tlie House of Commons. The Duke did not really enter the arena of political strife until 1828, when on the 
 collapse of the Gooderich Cabinet the King sent for "his dear friend" anil entrusted him with the formation of 
 a Ministr}-. The intimacy continued nearly to the last, but the relations were at times much strained. The pleasure- 
 loving monarch was now a poor broken creature without judgment or insight, and he clung obstinately to views 
 
 quite unsuited to the times. He was 
 in the hands of a silly, self-seeking 
 entourage who encouraged him in his 
 resistance to measures that had become 
 inevitable, thus greatl\- embarrassing 
 the position of the responsible Ministers 
 of the Crown. 
 
 Man}' burning questions occupied 
 the public mind and increased the 
 difficulties of Government. The Duke 
 and his colleagues, a good working 
 team not easily got together, had to 
 deal with the strained relations between 
 Russia and Turkey, and the imminence 
 of war ; intrigues, vast and vexatious, 
 were afoot in England to support 
 Russia, and centring in a female 
 Russian agent, the clever and attrac- 
 tive Madame de Lie\en, whu hated 
 the Duke and got the ear of the King. 
 Closely mixed up with this was 
 the improper attitude taken by the 
 King's brother, the Duke of Cumber- 
 and, who misused his power of access 
 the King and was intolerably meddle- 
 some. These irresponsible agitators 
 ?ent all their efforts to upset the 
 Vvinistry, because it was patriotic in 
 regard to foreign affairs, and the\- hoped 
 much from any other Administration. 
 
 Then there was the question of 
 the slave trade, the opposition to which 
 had been accentuated by disturbances 
 in Demerara, and the abolitionists 
 were more than ever active in denounc- 
 ing the traffic. The Government was 
 willing to legislate, but its action 
 was hampered b\' the attitude of 
 France, which was not actually a\-erse 
 to the trade. French politics were an 
 W DIS-OKDERLY. ever-present cause of trouble, and, as 
 
 After a Caricature by "H. B." in/-- n; ,i , 
 
 Sir llusscy Vivian. ..s Masler-General of ihe Ordnance, had dissented frnn, iho vic^s ..f the '"''^ '''^^" ='*^*^' George IV. would have 
 
 Cabinet, of which he was ex-offuio a member. sliown his sympathy with the retrograde 
 
 REPOSE. 
 
 After a Caricature by "H. B." 
 The Diilce, as Prenier, depicted as neglectfid of and asleep over his work. 
 
 250
 
 Wellinizton and Waterloo. 
 
 party, and seriously compromised tiie Duke's Government by paying a secret visit to Paris. Tiie most pressing 
 and disturbing question of ail was tbe state of Ireland and tlie increasing clamour for the emancipation of the 
 Riinian Catiiolics. Some measure of relief was inevitable. The agitation and insecurity of the country was perhaps 
 greater than at any period 
 bi-fiiri' nr since. Danir! 
 CV(;;(innrll had now been 
 retuiiu'd til Parliament, 
 anJ tiu' movement to 
 secure the repeal of dis- 
 abilities was organisi'd 
 on wide lines. Ci\il war 
 was within measurable 
 distance, but yet the 
 King was inclined to 
 concede nothing. Wel- 
 lington wrote him, 
 strongly urging that any 
 Alinister must see the 
 paramount necessity for 
 relief, and got at first a 
 sullen permission to pro 
 ceed with a Bill. But 
 the King was not yet in 
 earnest ; he sought only 
 to gain time, and at last, 
 after a long and angry- 
 discussion, accepted the 
 
 resignation of the 
 
 Ministry sooner tiian 
 
 yield. 
 
 The scene at Wind 
 
 sor was both pitiable and 
 
 painful. Lord Ellen- 
 borough, w h o w a s 
 
 present as Cliancellor, 
 
 has left a record. " Tlie 
 
 King," he writes in his 
 
 diar\', "talked for six 
 
 liours He was 
 
 evidently insane. Had 
 
 taken brandy and water 
 
 before he joined us, and 
 
 sent for some more, 
 
 which he drank during 
 
 the conference He objected to every part of the Bill 
 
 THE COUXTLLSS OF MORNINGTON. 
 
 After a Water-coluur Drawing in Apsley House. 
 The DviUe's mottier, a woman of high intelhsjencc and great strength of character, lived long e-oiigh to be proud 
 
 of the son whom she rather snubbed and neglected in his yuuth. 
 
 Knighton (his medical adviser) said 
 afterwards, " The King was in a deplorable state, and declared that he had not a friend in the world." At the end 
 of the affair Lord Elleiiborough writes: "It is impossible not to feel the most perfect contempt for the King's 
 
 251
 
 Wellintzton and Waterloo. 
 
 conduct. We should be justiticd in declaring we will have no furtlier intercourse with one w ho has not treated us 
 like a gentleman." 
 
 The Duke was firm throuohdut, being satisfied that the measure must pass as proposed, believing, too, that the 
 Kine must give wav. The latter did in effect change his tone, but not until he found that it was impossible to form 
 aniith.-r Administratinii. The Duke of Cumberland, who had been mischie\ously acti\e, and Lord Eldon, the King's 
 secret adviser, were unable to get a Cabinet together, and on the \ery evening of the storm George IV. wrote to the 
 Duke "my dear friend," and said he had decided to yield. The country must have a Government, and therefore he 
 approved of the Duke proceeding as he wished. " God knows what it costs me to write these words," adds the 
 wretched Sovereign in his abject despair. 
 
 Difliculties beset Wellington on every side. A whole crop of them grew up around the occupant of the Lord 
 Lieutenancy. Lord Ai g esea, who was then Viceroy, was favouring the Irish Catholics a little openly and prema- 
 turely. The King was greatly incensed with him, and pressed for his recall, but Wellington defended him, 
 attributing his rash acts to an undue desire for popularit\-. The Duke felt bound, howe\-er, to take him to task, and 
 some sharp letters passed. In one Lord Anglesea told Wellington that although he had marked his communication 
 private, he (the Duke) had the power of making it public, and that he should assume the same right. This was 
 
 APSLEY HOUSE, PICCADILLY. 
 
 From a Modern Photog'aph. 
 Apslcy House was built for Lord Chancellor Apsley at the end of the i8th century, and called after him. The Duke bought it from his brother, 
 
 the Marquis of Wellesley, and laid out a large sum in improving; it. 
 
 252
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 MADAME BE LI EVEN. 
 
 After 3 Drawin; by Sir Thomas Lawrence 
 
 The wife of llic Riissi;ui Amlussailor lo ihc Cuuil of St. James, a centre of political intrigue, and a coiisiant thorn i;i the flesh 
 
 to Welliniilon 
 
 853
 
 Wel!ino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
 iiKiro tliaii the Dul<e would bear. "1 
 telt tliat 1 could no longer correspond 
 confidentially with Lord Anglesea, and 
 that if this sort of relation was to 
 continue he or I must go out." The 
 IJuke waited a month, feeling strongly 
 the inconvenience of removing him, 
 and hoping that time and reflection 
 xvould have made him consciou^ 
 of the unreasonableness of his con 
 duct. But at last it was deemed 
 impossible to leave him in Dublin, and 
 the necessarx' recommendation was 
 made to the King. 
 
 This is the same man who, a;. 
 Lord Oxbridge, lost his leg by the 
 Duke's side at Waterloo, a gallant com- 
 rade and old friend, although they fell 
 out over political affairs. Wellin'_;ton 
 at this same period was in\ol\ed in 
 
 A HIST TO DUELLISTS. 
 
 After a Caricature by " H. B." 
 
 The Duke of Wellingion's duel with the Earl of Winchelsea was severelv criticised. 
 would have arraisrned him for a £rros5 breach of the law. 
 
 Some 
 
 THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON. 
 
 Alter 3 Picture by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 
 his onlv affair of honour — that w ith Lord Winchelsea, 
 the last political duel fought in England. The great 
 soldier had never been "out," as the phrase went, 
 alt! lough he had been often enough under the enem)''s 
 fire. Yet he had ever been readyto give "satisfaction," 
 as we know on the authority of Captain Gronow, who 
 tells in his inimitable reminiscences how the great Field- 
 Marshal was willing to " meet " a simple subaltern of 
 the Guards who felt himself aggrieved b_\- some supposed 
 injury done him by the Duke. Now the Prime iMinister, 
 jealous of his own honour, called a political opponent to 
 strict account for an unguarded expression, for which 
 Lord Winchelsea would not apologise. 
 
 Liird Winchelsea gave dire offence by accusing the 
 Duke in a public print of a secret understanding with 
 the Catholics, and that in defending religion and 
 morality he meant it as a blind to the Protestant and 
 High Church party. This the Duke construed as 
 imputing to him disgraceful and criminal motives, and 
 in no measured terms, and sent a friend. Sir Henry 
 (afterwards Lord) Hardinge, to Lord Winchelsea, but 
 as the latter refused to withdraw the offensi\'e expres- 
 sions without further explanation from the Duke, there 
 seemed no way out of it but a hostile meeting. The 
 Duke declined to admit that because a gentleman 
 happened to be a King's Minister, he need submit to 
 be insulted by another, and declared that Lord 
 
 254
 
 Wellinojton and Waterloo. 
 
 Winchelsea was "alone responsible for the consequences." " 1 now call upon your Lordship," wrote Wellington 
 
 " to give me that satisfaction for your conduct which a gentleman has a right to require and which a gentleman 
 
 never refuses to give." From the earliest days to the last the Duke's highest idea of conduct was that of an English 
 
 gentleman, and he acted up to it consistently. The due! was fought on Putney Heath on the 21st November, 1829. 
 
 Lord Winchelsea would make 
 
 no retractation, although 
 
 strongly urged to do so by his 
 
 own second. Lord Falmouth. 
 
 But he wrote him that he did 
 
 not mean to tire at the Duke, 
 
 and after the first shot was 
 
 ready to express his regret for 
 
 what he had said. A final 
 
 effort at arrangement was 
 
 made upon the ground, but 
 
 without result. When the 
 
 opponents met and the signal 
 
 was given, the Duke paused, 
 
 seeing that Lord Winchelsea 
 
 did not aim, but after a moment 
 
 fired ; then his antagonist 
 
 raised his pistol above his head 
 
 and fired deliberately into the 
 
 air, and coming forward, 
 
 immediately apologised, " in 
 
 the most extensive, in every 
 
 sense of the word," as his 
 
 second afterwards said. 
 
 Sir Henry Hardinge now 
 sharply lectured both for 
 luuing so nearly jeopardised 
 a valuable life, and after a 
 few words the Duke touched 
 the brim of his hat with two 
 fingers in his well-k'nown brief 
 salute and said " Good morn- 
 ing, my Lord Winchelsea, good 
 morning, my Lord Falmouth." 
 Then he mounted his horse 
 and rode away. 
 
 The Duke's attitude was 
 much criticised at the time, 
 and the well-known Jeremy 
 Bentham, now advanced in years, addressed him a letter beginning " ill-advised man," and reminding him of the 
 confusion into which the whole fabric of Government would have been thrown if he had been killed, or had his trial 
 for murder come before the House of Lords instead of the Emancipation Bill. The Duke defended his action as 
 indispensable. He was living in an atmosphere of calumny, he declared, and nothing less could clear the air. He 
 
 l-IELn-M.lkSllAI. IJSCOUXT IIARDIXGE. 
 
 After a Portrait by Sir Francis Grant, P.R.A. 
 
 He was second to the Duke in the duel with Lord Winchelsea. 
 
 255
 
 Wellinston and Waterloo. 
 
 hmiBmi'i'hrsrrm 
 
 n,^ 
 
 DA IRACA'S, DUBLI.X. 
 
 After Malton's Views. 
 
 Ireland, during the Vice-rovally of Lord Anglesea, was full c disaffection, and a strong military force had to be maintained in the country. These 
 
 are the Royal Barracks, which still stand out a prominent feature in Dublin. 
 
 considered tine di:el w:i<; as much a part of the Catholic question, and as necessary to carry- it throuoli, as any other 
 
 step taken to attain tiie object in \ie\\ . \Vh .te\'er we ma_\' say 
 of duelling in politics, there can be no doubt that it had the 
 effect Wellington anticipated. " 1 am afraid that the event itself 
 shocked many good men," wrote the Duke, " but 1 am certain 
 that the public interests at the moment required that I sliould do 
 what 1 did." 
 
 The Roman Catholic Relief Bill was duh' passed, and by a 
 large majorit\', but it was thought that the King would have 
 refused his assent. He raged furiously and talked of preferring 
 abdication ; and had not the Duke insisted peremptorily, it might 
 still have been delayed. The King's temper grew more and more 
 trying after tliis, causing Wellington infinite \-e\ation. They were 
 widely at variance, the Sovereign and his subject, on matters of 
 policy, patronage, and conduct. How heavy was the burthen laid 
 upon Wellington may be gathered from one of his despatches of 
 the period. "If I had known in January, 1828, one tithe of what 
 1 do now, and of what I discovered one month after 1 was in office, 
 1 should never have been the King's Minister, and so have avoided 
 loads of misery. Howe\er, I trust God Almighty will soon deter- 
 mine that 1 have been sufficiently punished f\)r my sins and will 
 relieve me from the unlucky lot which has befallen me. I believe 
 there never v\'as a man who suffered so much for so little purpose." 
 
 The King was full of prejudices, of likes and dislikes, and 
 under the influence of a lady whom he often pleased b}- pei\erting 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 6(1 
 
 TAKING AN AIRING IN HYDE PARK. 
 
 After a Caricature by "H. B." 
 
 The excited mob during the Reform agitation recklessly 
 
 demolished the windows of Apsley House. 
 
 25G
 
 Wellino;ton and Waterloo. 
 
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 257
 
 Wellinf^ton and Waterloo. 
 
 APSLI-.y HOUSE. 
 
 After an Engraving by Campion, 
 Siiows llie west angle of tlie house and the principal win lows (first Coor 
 b.mqueting-room and picture gallery. 
 
 house in France. Although the revolution of 1830 was near 
 siding with the Bourbons a way of damaging 
 Wt-llin^tDn and his lihi.'ral vit-ws. 
 
 It would be tetlious and out of place to 
 follow out at any Itngtli the great Reform 
 agitation, which all but landed England in revo 
 lution and was one of the must serious crises in 
 liur latter-day political history. It was the 
 darkest period, too, in Wellington's whole life, 
 when his conscientious but mistaken opposition , - , 
 
 to a necessary measure suddenU- shipwrecked 
 his popularity ; when his great services were 
 forgotten and the national hero became the 
 finger-post of the national scorn. That im 
 movable constancy which had gained him his 
 military renown appeared now in an obstinate 
 determination to resist reform. He could not 
 see, as he said openly, the least necessity for 
 it ; he at least was satisfied with Parliamentary 
 representation as it was ; he had been brought 
 up t(j believe in pocket boroughs and rotten 
 boroughs, and saw no reason for change. His 
 fear, his unconcealed hatred, of the democracy 
 caused this, and he steadily refused to admit T 
 
 justice or intt-rfcring w ith its procedure. He 
 mitigated the death sentence in the case of 
 an Irish gentleman who had committed forgery 
 and perjury ; he would not receive Denman, 
 wlio had defended Queen Camline, although in 
 his official capacity, as representing the Recor- 
 der, he should have presented the "Report" of 
 capital sentences, and the course of laws was 
 impeded. He wis!ied to have a baronetcy 
 conferred upon his architect, although the man 
 was under a cloud, and pressed it when the 
 Duke demurred. He wrote to " his dear 
 friend" insisting that the honour should be 
 given, " not onl\- as an act of justice to him, 
 but to my own dignit\-. .... For if those 
 who ha\e gone throiigji the furnace for me and 
 for m\' service are not protected, the favour 
 of the Sovereign becomes worse than nuga- 
 tory." But the King's favourite di.' not get 
 the baronetcy. 
 
 The proposed visit of the King to Paris no 
 
 I of the Joubt originated with the Duke of Cumberland, 
 who hijped to curry favour with the reigning 
 
 at hanJ, tlie English Ro\-alties could onl_\- see in thus 
 
 WALMER CASTLE. 
 
 After an Engraving by Camp. on. 
 he west front of the castle, \\iih Deal in ihe background.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 VISCO UNT CA S TLEREA GH. 
 
 After B Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 This great stalesman and early friend of Wellington in the prime of life. He became Marquis of Lomiondcrry, and committed 
 
 suicide on I2th August, 1S22 
 
 859
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 that the timi.- had come for increasing the electorate, for .u;i\ing votes and 
 members to the new centres of population still sluit out from Parliament. 
 He declined, being Premier at the time, to introduce any measure of reform 
 in 1830 when it was demanded by Earl Grey, and declared that he should 
 "always feel it his duty to resist such measures when prop ised by others." 
 
 This peremptory defiance was fatal to his reputation. A wave of 
 indignation swept through the country, fanned by the invective of stump 
 orators and the diatribes of the Press. Other things helped to increase 
 the storm. The creation of the new Metropolitan Police at that very 
 juncture was denounced as an attempt on the Duke's part to ride 
 roughshod over the liberties of the people. Again, when, in deference to 
 dread rumours of outrage, the King's intention to make a ro\'al procession 
 to the City to open the new London Bridge was abandoned, the Duke 
 was blamed fiercely. If the Sovereign was no longer safe in his streets 
 it was because this martinet Minister had roused the worst passions of 
 the people. The immediate result was disastrous. Panic prevailed in 
 the city. The funds fell, trade stagnated, failures and bankruptcies 
 followed. Abuse was poured out upon the Lindismayed but wmng- 
 headed Duke, he was bitterly assailed in both Houses of Parliament ; 
 and seeing that his supporters dwindled away, and that public 
 opinion was against him, he resolved to resign office, and did so in 
 Noxember, 1830. 
 
 The new Ministry included Earl Grev and Lord John Russell, who 
 in the spring of 1831 brought forward a scheme of reform so e.xtensive, 
 so revolutionary, that it was received by astonished enthusiasm on the one 
 the other. The struggle was fou:_;ht out strenuousK- both in Parliament ant 
 
 
 v:i 
 
 37/£ CHANCELLOR OF OXFORD AND HIS SUPPORTERS. 
 
 After a Caricature by " H. B.*' 
 The Duke heads the procession, and he is followed by his chief comrades in arms. 
 
 ■ !«..„,■„ 
 
 '^ REFORM." 
 
 After a Caricature by " H. B." 
 
 Wellingion and Peel discomfited at the 
 base of the pillar surmounted by Eavl Grey, to 
 whom the country owed Parliamentar_\' reform. 
 
 side, by indignation, almost terror, on 
 .1 beyond, not quite with judgment by 
 the opposition headed by the Duke, 
 with disgraceful excesses by the irri- 
 tated people at large. Excited mobs 
 collected in the streets to cheer or 
 hoot ptiblic personagesas they passed, 
 according as they were' friendly or 
 hostile to the measure, and the more 
 law less in the crowd took' to a larger 
 exhibition of spite in smashing the 
 windows of those obnoxioij^ to them. 
 Apsley House was mark'ed" down and 
 attacked with great volleys, of stones. 
 This distardly act was perpetrated at 
 a moment of deep domestic affliction, 
 when the Duke.jVVas sincerely and 
 regretfully moii-FTiing the wife from 
 whom he had been half estranged 
 dtning life. The Duchess of Wel- 
 lington actually lay dead in the house 
 at the time of the outrage. It was 
 after this that the Duke put up the 
 
 aeo
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 A GREAT DOCTOR OF CANNON LAW. 
 
 After a Caricature by " H. B." 
 
 The Duke in his robes as Chancellor of the University 
 
 of Oxford. 
 
 iron shutters to whicli he would p tint sardonically, when in later 
 years the tickle pupulace, having; once more taken him into favour, 
 would follow him with approving cheers. 
 
 A new Parliament was now summoned to deal with the 
 Reform Bill, and the cuuntry sent an overwhelming majority to 
 support it in the Commons. In the Lords the attitude of defiance 
 was unchanged, and after a magnificent exhibition of eloquence 
 on both sides, the Bill was finally rejected amidst a storm of 
 indignation. The u hole k'ingdom was convulsed ; the entire 
 nation lapsed into anarchy. There were ritjts in Bristol and 
 Nottingham, in Edinburgh and Glasgow, with scenes of the 
 grossest violence. The noble Lords who had voted against the 
 Bill were hunted through the streets ; before the new iron 
 shutters could be closed, the windows of Apsley House were 
 again wrecked ; the hatred of the Duke of Wellington was so 
 intense that he went in danger of his life. A plan was laid to 
 intercept the Duke on his journey to Walmer, and although the 
 gallant old soldier carried arms and resolved to fight as he was 
 always ready to fight, his safety was really assured by a party of 
 chi\'alrous gentlemen who met his carriage and escorted it within 
 the gates of his castle. 
 
 But it was the voice of the nation that was speaking, even 
 with this illegitimate and indefensible language, although the 
 
 Duke of Wellington would not consent to listen to it. Parliament reassembled, but he would not yield an inch. 
 
 He still honestly believed that the Reform Bill, if passed, would destroy the constitution of the country. He had 
 
 no doubt a good backing in the 
 
 learned profession, the universities, 
 
 among leading merchants, clergy, and 
 
 landed proprietors, and it was long 
 
 before he admitted that an\' Parlia- 
 mentary reform must be conceded. 
 
 When this was forced upon his mind 
 
 he bent e\'er\- energy to mak'e the 
 
 change as little sub\-ersive and gradual 
 
 as possible, by modifying the pro- 
 visions of the Bill. The (jovernment 
 
 resented this, and claimini; to pass it 
 
 unmutilated, called up in the King to 
 
 create Peers to gi\e them a majority' 
 
 in the House of Lords. .Another 
 
 anxious period fullnwed, dLiring which 
 
 the Duke tried in \ain to form an 
 
 Administration and was more than 
 
 ever unp ipiilar. His life was con 
 
 staiilU- threatened ; he was actually 
 
 mobbed in the City on Tower Hill, and 
 
 only escaped by his own fearlessness 
 
 UNIVERSITY DISCIPLINE. 
 
 After a Caricature by "H. B." 
 The Duke, as Chancellor, is seen drilling the heads of colleges in their duties. 
 
 261
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 A C.UUXET COC.VC/L. 
 
 After a Caricature by " H. B.". 
 
 The Duke, in the ahsence of Sir Robert Peel abroad, taltes iipon himself the whole duty ol 
 
 Government, and fills all the great offices liiinself. 
 
 HE/? MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. 
 
 After a Contemporary Sketch, 1839, 
 Military costume worn by the t^ueen at her first review. 
 
 anJ with tlie active assistance of two 
 bystanders, one of whom was after- 
 wards Lord St. Leonards. At last the 
 opposition ;o far gave way tiiat tiie 
 dissidents withdrew in a body from 
 tiie House of Lords and abstained from 
 voting. They would do no violence 
 to their consciences, but yet saw that 
 further resistance would ruin their 
 order by swamping the body of the 
 Peers. Then the Reform Bill became 
 law, and the Duke lived to see that 
 he liad been wrong and its promoters 
 ri-ht. 
 
 Within a year or two the public 
 mind regained its balance, and the 
 great soldier was gradually reinstated 
 in popular esteem. The old cry was 
 soon revived as the Duke passed, 
 " There he goes, God bless him." 
 People saluted him again respectfully. 
 " 1 am getting up in the market," he 
 \\(nild sav with seeming contempt, but yet touched by the plain 
 proof of his revival of popularity. Within a couple of years he 
 was again at the head of affairs, only temporarily, it is true, but 
 under circumstances that were highly complimentary. A change 
 in parties led to the necessity for a new Ministry, and the Duke 
 was summoned by the King. He refused to form a Cabinet 
 himself, and recommended Sir Robert Peel, who was unfortunately 
 at a distance, in Rome. Whereupon the Duk'e took upon himself 
 the entire business of Government until Peel could return, and 
 held in his own person, for the first and so far the last time in 
 histor\', all the great offices of State. He was First Lord of 
 the Treasury, Home Secretary, Foreign and Colonial Secretary, 
 and Secretary at War. He was thus for nearl\- a month sole 
 Minister and almost absolute dictator in England. Perhaps 
 no greater tribute could be paid to his unimpeachable 
 honest\' and trustworthiness as the ser^'ant of the Sovereign 
 and the people. 
 
 Yet another great honour was in store for him. The Univer- 
 sity of Oxford, contrary to all precedent, offered him the post 
 of Chancellor, preferring a strong, sensible head who could do 
 battle for its interests to any distinguished scholar. The Duke's 
 installation at Oxford was one of his greatest triumphs. His 
 reception was a scene of the wildest enthusiasm ; the under- 
 graduates cheered him to the echo and with a boisterous 
 enthusiasm that made a great impression on the Duke. "Let 
 
 2G2
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 QUEEN VICTORIA. 
 
 After a Portrait by Fowler, 
 Her Majesty was at this time no more than twenty-one years of age. 
 
 263
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 
 ON A nA'OXG SCEXT. 
 
 After a Caricature by 'H. B." 
 
 /■•^ 
 
 
 /•.>._,:,•> 
 
 
 1,1 ^^ 
 
 \y' 
 
 bi» '■fc£^""<^i 
 
 OPPOSITION 'BUSES. 
 
 After a Car:cature by " H. B." 
 John Bull is being " touted for " by the Duke of Wellington. 
 
 thus.e bo_\-s loose in the 
 state in which 1 saw 
 them," he said after 
 wards, "and give them 
 a political object to carry, 
 and they would revo- 
 lutionise any nation 
 under the sun." 
 
 Now sojn the Duke 
 came under tlie rule 
 of our present Most 
 Gracious Sovereign, to 
 whom he ever rendered 
 the most loyal and 
 devoted allegiance, 
 which was heartily 
 icpaid so long as he 
 lived. The young 
 Queen gave him her 
 fullest confidence, and 
 treated him with the 
 v\armest respect. He 
 was on the best terms 
 with her responsible 
 advisers, but still spoke 
 out his mind. He 
 entered too, in fact, 
 upon the last phase of 
 his political and public 
 life, that of general 
 arbitrator and adviser, 
 one altogether superior 
 to party, who was ready 
 to support every measure 
 t:iat he thought deserved 
 it, and this indepen- 
 dently of the side from 
 which it came. He 
 had more than e\er 
 at heart, strengthened 
 and emphasised, the 
 honiiur of the Crown 
 and the welfare of the 
 country. This end he 
 strove constantlv to 
 secure by his counsels 
 and his criticism.
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 >VA TERL O O CHA MBER. 
 
 From a Modern Photograph . 
 
 The great dining-hall in which the Waterloo banquet was given yearly by the Duke of Wellington. It is also the principal 
 
 picture gallery in Apsley House. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Closing days of Wellington's life. His widespread populaiity. Latest public services. General adviser to Crown and Government. His 
 attitude towards the Corn Laws. Last services as a soldier. Ready to take the field in India. His letter on the defenceless state of the country. His 
 fine preparations to meet the Chartists. Last hours and peaceful death. His character and distinctive personal traits. " Duty " the mainspring of 
 his conduct. His true kindliness and charitableness. Simphcity of his daily life. 
 
 WELLINGTON now entered the last phase of his great and useful career, secure in the gratitude and 
 goodwill of all classes of his countrymen. Except for the one disgraceful episode when his transcen- 
 dent services were forgotten in a fierce outburst of popular disfa\-our, he was e\-er appreciated as he 
 deserved, and never more than in the closing days of his life. He was the centre of interest at e\'er\- 
 public celebration. When, as Lord High Constable of England, he carried the Sword of State at the Coronation, 
 the veteran warrior shared the honours of the occasion \\ itii the girl Queen. When, a few months before his 
 death, he walked arm-in-arm with his old comrade and former political antagonist. Lord Anglesea, at the opening 
 of the Great Exhibition of 1851, he was vociferously cheered. The man who had spent his manhood in fighting 
 his country's battles now gave his willing sanction to what was vainly deemed the dawning of an epoch of perpetual 
 peace among men. Whenever the Duke went abroad in these latter days, he was attended by an admiring crowd. 
 A little kniit of spectators watched him leave Apsley House for the Horse Guards, and were again in waiting as he 
 crossed from Whitehall to the House of Lords; others were there to see him home. Country cousins, Colonial 
 visitors, the rising generation, all collected to get one glimpse of the grand old soldier ; and there are some of us 
 left who remember, as a hallowed tradition, the slight, straight figure, the strongly-marked profile, and the two 
 fingers raised in courteous recognition of the universal greetings. 
 
 265
 
 Wellinojton and Waterloo. 
 
 APSLEV HOUSE, HYDE PARK CORXER. 
 
 From a Modern Photograph. 
 Namca after Lord Chancellor Apslcy, and built at the end of the iSth century. The Duke bought it in 1S20, and spent ^'130,000 in improvements. 
 
 His public life was by no means ended after the Queen's 
 accession, although he was raised above the strife of parties, and 
 filled a position unique in our political history. He was actively 
 engaged on neither side, but spoke out clearly and independently, 
 according to his own judgment, on measures proposed. Disputes 
 and differences were constantly referred to him, and his decision 
 was generally respected as that of one absolutely disinterested, 
 the faithful servant of his Queen and countr\-, who had no thought 
 but to staunchly support the one and wisely befriend the other. 
 We have seen how, in the crisis after Lord Melbourne's death, he 
 stepped in alone to fill the gap until Sir Robert Peel's return to 
 England. Again, on the question of the Corn Laws, when Sir 
 Robert Peel announced that he could not carry on the business tjf 
 the country imless they were repealed, and became an a\-owed 
 Free Trader, the Duke wisely cast in his lot with him. Wellington 
 might have successfully resisted the Bill, for, although it had passed 
 the House of Commons, he had commanding influence at this 
 time in the House of Lords. But the Duke had not forgotten the 
 Reform agitation, and was nowise prepared to again oppose the 
 sovereign will of the people. He gave his support to Peel, there- 
 fore, and Protection was doomed. 
 
 A last political service rendered by the Duke was on the 
 resignation of Lord John Russell in 185 1. The Queen sent for 
 
 BOEHM'S EQUESIRIAN STATUE. 
 
 From a Modern Photograph. 
 The Duke is on the charger he rode at Waterloo. 
 
 200
 
 Wellinizton and Waterloo. 
 
 S/A ROBERT PEkL. 
 
 Af*er a Portrait by Sir Triornas Lawrence. 
 The great statesman was at this time Home Secretary and in the very prime of life. 
 
 2(J7
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 Lord Stanley, who was unable, 
 however, to form an Adminis- 
 tration, and there seemed no 
 remedy but to dissolve Parlia- 
 ment. The Queen was loth 
 to commit the country to a 
 general election on the verv 
 eve of the Great Exhibition, 
 and the Duke's advice was 
 sought. He gave it with 
 characteristic force and 
 brevity. The Sovereign 
 should lay her commands upon 
 Lord John Russell and his 
 colleagues to retain office until 
 a more convenient season, 
 and the result was an armed 
 truce between parties, the 
 weakest still holding the reins 
 of Government until the Exhi- 
 bition was over. 
 
 Wellington's military ser- 
 vices were not yet ended. In 
 1842, on the resignation of his 
 old friend and comrade. Lord 
 Hill, he resumed his place as 
 Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Army, and held it till his 
 death ten \^ears later. It has 
 been often stated, in the 
 Duke's disparagement, that he 
 did little for the Service or 
 for his brethren-in-arms, that 
 he suffered the Army to be 
 reduced nearly to extinction, 
 and that there was no strong 
 bond of sympathy between 
 him and his old officers. We 
 now understand that he kept 
 the Army in the background 
 advisedly, as the only means 
 of saving it from the root and 
 branch economists, who would 
 no doubt have dangerously 
 weakened it. It was hidden 
 away in the Colonies and 
 at out-stations to escape 
 
 THE DUKE'S BEDROOM AT APSLEY HOUSE. 
 
 After a Contemporary Drawing. 
 This represents the interior as in the Duke's lifetime The room is on the ground floor. 
 
 LIBRARY IN APSLEY HOUSE. 
 
 From a Modern Photograph. 
 The Duke's bedroom communicated with this library, where he worked with his secretaries. 
 
 208
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 LAny JULIA PEEL. 
 
 After a Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 Wife of Sir Robert I'eel. 
 
 269
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 The bdsts nri <::irh side o 
 
 THE HALL. APSLEY HOUSE. 
 
 From a Modern Pnotograph 
 f the dinr avc of the Dike himself and the ^r;^rqai-. of Welleslev. 
 
 THE ATUSEUM. APSLEY HOUSE. 
 
 From a Modern Photograph. 
 In the various cases are preserved the various orders, decorations, and insiijnia conferred on Wellington. 
 
 observation, and it the result 
 was tlnat troops were never 
 assembled for mancEuvres in 
 large bodies, so that all ranks 
 missed necessary training, the 
 blame does not quite rest with 
 the Duke. As for his neglect 
 of the men who had helped 
 him to win his victories, liis 
 refusal to issue a Peninsula 
 medal, his coldness towards 
 his fiirmer supporters — these 
 are all charges that rest on 
 some foundation, but have 
 ne\'er been positively made 
 out. The Duke was on the 
 surface a cold, hard, undemon- 
 strative man, little inclined to 
 show enthusiasm, imbued with 
 so strong a sense of duty, 
 that the strictest performance 
 of it called, as he thought, for 
 no especial reward. He was 
 not himself greedy for honours 
 and distinctions, although they 
 were ne\er more freely 
 la\-ished on anyone, and he 
 could not understand why 
 otliers craved for them. 
 
 That he did nut associate 
 more freely with military men, 
 and had few close intimate 
 friends among them, is to be 
 explained, if not justified, by 
 the fact that he belonged by 
 birth and predilection to 
 another set — to the aristocratic 
 caste, not then represented 
 largely in the .Army. He 
 began as a sprig of nobility, 
 he ended as one of the heads 
 of the order, and throughout 
 his favourites and companions 
 were the "curled darlings" 
 of Society. This was very 
 apparent in his campaigning 
 days, when he surrounded 
 
 270
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 w 
 
 / 
 
 HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. 
 
 After a Portrait by Drummond. 
 A hL'iimiful pcir'rait of Her Majesty in the fashion of the period. 
 
 271
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 himself with two distinct classes of staff officers. There were the men who did his \vori<, ana the men with whom, 
 so to speak, he played. The first were stern soldiers, who had given good earnest of military efficiency ; the 
 latter were princes and lordlings, whom Wellington called by their Christian names and gossiped with about home. 
 Gallant gentlemen all of them, brave as lions and unsparing of effort, but chosen as members of the personal staff 
 for the reason above given. 
 
 Wellington to the last was like an old war-horse, ever eager to re-enter the fray, it was in his seventy-eighth 
 year that he seriously proposed to take the field in India when Sir Charles Napier at first declined to accept the 
 command in supersession of Lord Cough. The Duke was as usual consulted by the Government, and asked to 
 submit three names from which a choice might be made. He gave as thi first nam; th.it of Sir Charles Napier, as 
 the second the same name, and again as 
 the third. He had no doubt whatever as 
 to the narrow limits of selection, for 
 when Sir Charles hesitated, as has been 
 said, the Duke declared with characteristic 
 directness, " Very well ! If he won't go, 
 1 must." There is no reason to suppose 
 that he would not have carried out his 
 intentions, still less that he would ha\i- 
 failed. Not long afterwards the veteran 
 Austrian, Marshal Radetzky, won the 
 battle of Novara, in his eightieth year. 
 The fact is worth recalling in these days, 
 when the worship of mere youthfulness 
 is carried to an absurd extreme, and great 
 age is counted an absolute disqualification 
 for command. 
 
 The Duke's ardent patriotism was 
 
 evoked about this time by the occurrence 
 
 of one of those threats of invasion that 
 
 periodically disturb the public mind. The 
 
 vapourings of the Prince de Joinville, who 
 
 had demonstrated the ease with which a 
 
 French descent might be made, brought 
 
 out his celebrated letter to Sir John 
 
 Burgoyne on the defenceless state of the 
 
 country. Alarm was general, but no 
 
 sufficient steps were tal\en to build fortifi- 
 cations, which even now, fifty years No. 2. — Wellington's hndmg in ronug.^l and the hmile of Vimier.i. 
 
 later, are not completed. The Duke, it may be added, held strong views as to the necessity of Naval stations and 
 harbours of refuge, and it was on his initiative that those of Holyhead and Portland were uii<lertak-en. The 
 harbour now in process of construction at Dover was also recommended by the Duke, and, in his capacity of 
 Warden of the Cinque Ports, he gave close attention to all that concerned the southern coast of Kent. 
 
 His consummate skill in handling troops was once more and finally called into play when the Chartist agitation 
 threatened London with riot and bloodshed. At this moment revolutions were rife all over the Continent, and the 
 English Government was gravely alarmed. But it was resolved to meet force with force, and that Lomlon should 
 be fully garrisoned and protected. The Duke of Wellington was consulted and put in chief command, altliougli the 
 Government, nervous and fussy, was disposed to interfere. His arrangements were compreheasi\e and masterly. 
 
 No. I {of shiel<l). — The taking of Seringapalam ana battles in India. 
 
 272
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 No. 3. — The assault and capluie of Ciudad Rodngo and B.idajos. 
 
 No. 4. — 'Ilii 
 
 I \ illoiia and in tlie Pyrenees 
 
 No. 5. — Wellington's tiuniphant reception after the peace. 
 
 Various portions of the great gold shield presented to the UiiUe after Waterloo by the City 
 
 and Corporation of London. 
 
 From a Modern Priotogfapft 
 
 Cartftilly avoiding the irritation that 
 must follow any public display of soldiers 
 in the streets, he kept them out of sight, 
 within enclosures and buildings, such as 
 the palaces, banks, and Millbank Prison. 
 Not a single point was left unguarded, 
 and the whole plan was so contrived that 
 masses could appear in a moment wher- 
 e\ cr nidst reqtiired. As is well known, 
 there was happily no collision, and the 
 Chartists were dispersed by a iiandfiil of 
 police. 
 
 The Duke's end was peaceful ; his 
 mind was clear, his faculties unimpaired 
 to the last. He had suffered from a sligiit 
 Ciikl, but did not keep his room. On the 
 morning of the i4tiT September, 1852, he 
 was called as usual soon after 6 a.m. He 
 answered, but woke with difficult)- and 
 did not rise. An hour or two later his 
 breathing became hea\y, medical advice 
 was summoned, but life was failing fast. 
 The Duke lingered till after noon, then 
 passed quietly away. The news of his 
 ^ death was received far and wide with 
 profound sorrow. All classes in this and 
 many neighbouring countries paid a 
 tribute of sad respect to the man who 
 had played so great a part in the world's 
 history. His funeral was a great public 
 pageant, and the departed soldier was 
 laid with all honourable pomp in St. 
 Paul's side by side with our great Na\al 
 hero, Nelson. 
 
 It remains onl\- to take a general 
 survey of Wellington's character, based 
 upon his performances and his personal 
 traits. The first have been described in 
 the preceding pages, but not the qualities 
 that made them uniformly successful. 
 We have seen him winning victory after 
 victory without realising, perhaps, why 
 he must take such high rank among the 
 masters of the art of war. Wellington 
 was a great soldier, because he made 
 circumstance subserve his purpose ; he 
 could be bold or cautious, firm or yielding,
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 CENTRE OF THE GREAT SHIELD. 
 
 From a Modern Photograph, 
 The Duke being crowned with a laurel wreath as he rides down his fallen foes. 
 
 !74
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 according to the end he had in view. He dared all in his assaults on Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajos because all 
 depended on their capture. He cowered behind tlie lines of Torres Vedras, despite calumny and derision, till the 
 time was ripe to expel Massena from 
 Portugal. He triumphed (j\-er lukewarm 
 supporters at home, faithless allies, and 
 an often incompetent staff by a mixture 
 of concession and strength. His opera- 
 tions in the field were planned astutely, 
 and executed with vigour and decision. 
 He was a strategist of the highest order, 
 and, as a tactician controlling the events 
 of the battle-field, he was unrivalled by 
 any of his contemporaries. Even more 
 marked than his power to strike was his 
 patience to prepare. The foresight, fer- 
 tility of resource, the unwearied industry 
 with which he met shortcomings and 
 overcame transcendent difficulties, 
 scarcity of means, supineness of agents, 
 physical obstacles, are beyond all praise. 
 
 If we add to these marked characteristics 
 
 an un\'arying steadfastness of aim, extra- 
 ordinary breadth of view, and a quick 
 
 unerring grasp of men and things, we see 
 
 combined in him the chief qualifications 
 
 of success. His reputation is now firmly 
 
 fixed on an enduring basis. The story 
 
 goes that someone, once addressing Lord 
 
 Palmerston, began, " The great Duke of 
 
 Wellington " " Ah ! but was he a 
 
 great man ? " interrupted Lord Palmer- 
 ston. If th.e great statesman thus 
 
 hazarded an ungenerous doubt, history 
 
 has decided in favour of the great 
 
 soldier. 
 
 The mainspring of Wellington's con 
 
 duct through life was his stern sense of 
 
 duty. The point cannot be too strongly 
 
 emphasised, nor his example too often 
 
 held up for imitation. Nothing was too 
 
 small, nothing too tedious for his attention, 
 
 nothing too great or too arduous to face 
 
 where duty called. No man work'ed 
 
 harder than Wellington, however he might 
 
 be placed, whatever might be expected 
 
 of him. His despatches, that extraordinary monument to his knowledge, his industry, his intellectual powers, 
 
 show the infinite pains he brought to bear on every subject, every branch of business. He exacted the same 
 
 THE COUNTESS OF JERSEY. 
 
 After a Portr«i1 by Chalon, 
 
 A well-known leader of Society, wife of the 5th Earl of Jersey, and an intimate friend of 
 
 the Duke's. 
 
 275
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 THE DUKE UE WELLLXGTOX. 
 
 After a Portrait by Count D'Orsay 
 This is the picture painted in old age, which the Duke always preferred, declaring that D'Orsay made him loolc like a 
 
 gentleman. 
 
 276
 
 Wellinojton and Waterloo. 
 
 ^mr^m 
 
 mmfuw^m 
 
 ii?ji--8 pr ^ yniiiife 
 
 STRATH FIELDSA YE. 
 
 From a Modern Photograph 
 
 A full view ot" Ihe house which was the "ift of the nation to Wellinizton after Waterloo. 
 
 1 
 
 WALMER CASTLE. 
 
 From a Modern Photograph, 
 The Duke's residence as Warden of the Cinque Torts. 
 
 277
 
 Wellino-ton and Waterloo. 
 
 unfligging energy from all his 
 .subordinates. When clerks 
 in the Treasury protested 
 against the labour in\(il\ed in 
 carrying out some of his views, 
 he quieth' told them he would 
 (".all in half-a-dozen pay-ser- 
 geants to do what he wanted. 
 We owe to the DuU'e the 
 famous apothegm that to get a 
 thing well done you must do 
 it yourself. He devoted the 
 same punctilious care t<i all his 
 private affairs. He audited his 
 own house accounts, super- 
 vised his e.state of Strathfield- 
 saye, and chose and controlled 
 his own servants. He con- 
 ducted much of his corre- 
 spondence w ith his own hand, 
 and his laconic replies to 
 
 iVELLINGTON\S DEATH CHAMBER. 
 
 After a Contemporary Print, 
 
 The nioni in Walmer Castle in which the Duke died. The simple furniture and sniUI be 1 were what he 
 
 always preferred. 
 
 fussy critics of his policy, to bores seeking autographs, and to the thousands of applicants, for charity are still 
 remembered as models of their surf. 
 
 Wellington had really a kindly heart under a cold e.xterior. He was warmly attached to his personal friends. 
 When any member of his staff was taken off suddenly, he mourned his loss sincereK'. .Authentic stories 
 are told of his bitter grief at the loss of Sir Ale.xander Gordon, long one of his devoted supporters. He showed 
 infinite tact when Lord Fitzroy lost his arm at Waterloo, and gave the acting appointment to Colonel Felton 
 
 Harvey, who was maimed in the same 
 way. The Dulce was singularly fond 
 of children. He was a noted admirer 
 of the beau scxe. He loved a joke, 
 and would laugh loud and long at 
 the dinner-table. His language, as 
 Seen in his despatches, took often a 
 quaint turn that showed anything 
 but a gloomy spirit. "If 1 had done 
 half what had been e.vpected of me, 
 I should have been long before this 
 in the moon." "God help me if 1 
 fail, for no one else will." 
 
 The Duke aspired first and before 
 aii to be deemed an English gentle- 
 man, and was ever ready, according 
 to the code of the day, to defend his 
 honour at the risk of his life. He 
 THE DEAD FIELD-MARSHAVS HORSE. fousrht onlv one duel, that with Lord 
 
 After a Sketch by Herring 
 The empty boots reversed are a special feature at a mililaiy funeral. Wilicllelsea, but he offered tO " gO 
 
 278
 
 Wellini^ton and Waterloo, 
 
 JSl^^^ 
 
 THE DUKES FUNERAL. 
 
 After a Drawing by Louis Haghe. 
 The interior of St. Paul's during the funeral service. 
 
 279
 
 Wellington and Waterloo. 
 
 out" with Captain Gronow in Paris in 1815, when that young officer felt aggrieved at some fancied injustice 
 from the Duke. Although given to abrupt speech at times, the result of years of commanding authority, he was 
 scrupulously polite to all comers, and would talk freely with all classes. He was easy of access, but had an 
 inconvenient habit of appointing early hours for interviews, and would be at home to visitors at 8 and even 7 a.m. 
 There was nothing sordid or mean about his character ; he cared little for money, and was very generous and 
 free-handed. His purse was open to his friends ; he offered to lend money to Lord Hill when in trouble ; he 
 welcomed Alava, his Spanish attache, when in exile, and gave him carte blanche at tlie bankers. His charities were 
 unostentatious but unceasing. He was generally his own almoner, and kept a quantity of notes and cash upon his 
 desk ready to meet the numerous appeals that reached him, and which he always answered himself. Designing 
 people constantly preyed upon him ; he could never resist a tale of distress. " What could I do .' " he would ask 
 when tackled ; " I thought the fellow might starve." 
 
 His habits and ways of life were singularly simple and unpretentious. From first to last he disdained the 
 services of a valet ; he slept for choice on a narrow camp bed, and was so little of a sluggard that he invented 
 another famous phrase, "When it is time to turn over it is time to turn out of bed." He was temperate and 
 abstemious to a high degree, and this in an age when drunkenness was no more than a gentlemanly failing, and, 
 till his strength began to fail, he found his reward in unvarying good health. Only latterly he carried his 
 asceticism too far, and nearly lost his life by refusing all sustenance and stimulant and treating himself with 
 frequent cold baths. He had no extravagant tastes, if we except an amiable liking for collecting watches and 
 clocks ; for all his life he was a rigid obser\'er of punctualit\', and could ne\-er tolerate a bad time-keeper. He dearly 
 loved a good horse too, and, although never a fine rider, was an ardent sportsman who kept his own pack of hounds 
 in the Peninsula, " The Peer's," as it was known in the Army, and who, till quite late in life, hunted regularly with 
 the hounds in his neighbourhood, and rode very straight. 
 
 He was seen at his best in English country life at Strathfieldsaye, at Walmer, or the houses of his friends. 
 He was much given to hospitality of a quiet kind. Except when he assembled all survivors at the annual Waterloo 
 banquet in the great gallery of Apsley House, his circle was small, made up of intimates with whom he could talk 
 unreservedly on current topics, and more rarely on the scenes and people of the great past, discussing then the 
 comparative merits of the men opposed to him, the narrowness of some of his victories, the qualities of his own and 
 Jiis enemies' troops. As to Waterloo he long showed great reticence, and it was not till thirty years or more after 
 the event that he spoke at all freely of his intentions and movements at the battle. By that time memory was 
 failing, and it is to be feared that he did not dispose entirely of the many problems and conjectures that were and 
 still are, some of them, afloat as to that " battle of giants." 
 
 280 
 
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