LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS ^' cy. s ■■* -Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/buildersguideestOOhodgrich BROOKS, SHOOBRIDGE & CO., PORTLAND CEMENT. NEW YORK OFFICE, - . - 7 BOWLING GREEN. CHENEY & HEWLETT, ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORKS. A^ronglit and Cast Iron Work for Bnilding [PLn^poses. Si, Cheney, ? C. Hewlett, 5 OFFICE : < New "Vork. WORKS: GREEN POINT, L, I, Deafening. MINERAL WOOL Insulating. is a building material made from the slag of blast furnaces. There is na organic matter in it, hence there is nothing that can burn, rot, or help to generate insects. It is used dry, and requires no additional carpenter work. In the walls, floors and i)artitions of dwellings, flats, hospitals, etc., it is of permanent value in lessening the cost of heating; reducing the danger from fire (and thereby lowering insurance rates); in deaden- ing all sounds and doing away with rats and mice. Approximate cost at dock in New York City of 100 square feet of filling one inch thick, in small lots, $2.50 ; in lots of 40,000 lbs., $1.96 ; in lots of 100,000 lbs., $1.76 Prices subject to change without notice. Sample and Circulai* Free by mail. U. S. MINERAL WOOL COMPANY, FIRE PROOFING. 22 Cortlandt Street, NEW YORK. VERMIN PROOFING. N. H. EGLESTON, JR., 59 Murray Street, 263 Fifth Ave. N^EA\^ YORK CITY. MANUFACTURER OF Stained (Leaded) Glass Windows FOR chujrche:^, puifi^ic Bi;ii^i>i]^C}S, AN1> Rl!:^Il>£.>CC]i$. MEMORIAL WINDOWS, VESTIBULE DOOR- LIGHTS, TRANSOMS, SKY-LIGHTS. In Antique, Opa,le scent €rla>ss, and •fei^vels. ESTIMATES AND DESIGNS FURNISHED PROMPTLY. BAII^El'S PATE]\T ADJUSX'ABL.S PL.AWES. Thirty Different Styles. Smooth Planes, Jack Planes, Fore 'iPlanes, Jointer Planes, Block Planes, Rabbet Planes, Circular Planes. 250,000 Already in Use. Carpenters, Cabinet Makers, Car Builders, Carriage Makers, Mill- wrights, Wheelwrights, all use them. MANUFACTURED BY STANLEY RULE AND LEVEL CO., i New Britain, Conn. Warerooms, 29 Chambers Street, New York. FOR SALE BY ALL. HARDWARE DEALERS. The Carpenter's Steel Square AND ITS USES. SECOND JtJJOITION, GREATLY ENLARGED, NEARLY THRIY ADDITIONAL AND NEW ILLUSTRATIONS. CLOTH G^ILT, - - ^l.OO. Sent by Mail on Receipt of Price. INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY, 49 Maiden Lant\^ New York. JESTABJLISnEn 184,';. W. k L. E. GURPY, Troy, N. Y., F. S. A., MA^UFACTUEERS OF Civil EBiineers' aal Surveyors' iDStrnmeits. Will 8eiul an Illustrated Price List on application, or will mail their Manual ot Civil Enijineers' and Surveyors' Instruments, a book of more than 300 pages, on receipt of 50c. THE IMPROVED ARCHITECTS' LEVEL PRICE, $45. The fijnire represents the level introduced by us nine years ago, and which has since been very largely used by architects, builders, and mill- wrights in all sections of the coiuitry. It has a telescojie of II inches, mounted in. wyes as usual ; furnished with the accessories of the larger instruments, and adjusted in the same manner. The leveling-head has the ordinary screws and a clamp to the spindle, but no tamrent movement ; it has "also a horizontal circle of 3 inches diameter, fitted to the upi)er end of the socket and turning readily upon it ; the circle is graduated to degrees, figured from to 90 each way, and is read to five minutes by a vernier which is fixed to the spindle. The telescope is directed to any object by hand, the spindle turning readily in its socket, but can be clamped in any position by the clamp- screw' shown under the circle. The instrument is placed either upon a light tripod as in the flgiu'e, or a small trianirular plate termed a "trivet." having three sharp iron points by which it is firmly set upon any surface of wood or stone ; both tripod aiid trivet are furnished with the' level. A short piece of tube called a shade is also supplied, to be put on over the object-glass to protect it from the glare of the sun when the telescope is directed towards it. JOSEPH R. GOGGTN, CARPENTER AND BUILDER, 35 EAST 12th ST., NEW YORK. Residence, 83 East lOtU St. JOBBING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES ATTENDED TO. Estimates and Plans furnished for all hinds of Buildings, WM. ROBERTS' Designing and Engraving Office, 36 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK. H. H. ^V^HITE, F»roprietor. ESTABLISHED 1838. ENGRA VING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. Catalogues f Views of Buildings 9 Portraits Plans^ Shipping and Machinery, Show Cards, etc. All kinds of Inventions Illustrated. SEND TO ME FOR YOUR ESTIMATE. THE PRICE OF THE Builder and Wood-Worker —IS— ONE DOLLAR A YEAR, STHICTL.Y IIV ADVANCE. The **BuiiiDEK AND Wood-Workeb" is an old established journal, and has been held in great favor by the building fraternity for more than fifteen years. It is a purely practical journal. It is the best building journal published. It contains eight full page illustrations. It is published on the first of every month. No better journal exists for operative workmen in bricks, stone, mortar, paint, or wood. All enterprising builders take it. Architects keep it on file, and consult it regularly. Why? Because it is artistic, reliable, thorough, full of good i)ractical matter, and up to the times in everything relating to the ** Building Trades.'' The best business firms in America advertise their goods in it, ;and get ample returns for their investments. ADDRESS ^^ BUILDER AND WOOD-WORKER," Broailway^ ^ew York, ^. Y. FRE1>. A. H01>OS0.1f, manager. ^P Sample Copies Hent K'ree. AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY.. Devoted to all branches of the Wood-Working and Building* Trades.. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: Postpaid to any address in this Country or Dominion o/ Canada. One Year, - -$ioo Six Months, ----.--- 50 Three Months, ------- 25 Single Numbers, ------ 10 cents. lu paper, printing and engraving, Carpentrir mid Building is first-class, and in all i espects a handsome publication, at a price so low as to- put it within the reach of all. It is eminently practical, treating only of those subjects which interest the trades ad- dressed, and giving information which every one connected with the building industries can- make useful in his dail3^ work. The subjects discussed include Carpentry and Joinery, Framing and Construction, Masonry, Plastering, Roofs and Cornices, Heating and Ventilation, Plumbing, Cabinet Work Paint ing and Decoration, Architectural Design an^ Drafting. Its Department of Correspondence being i convenient means of communication between mechanics in different sections of the country^ and- presenting a record of experience of the ablest mechanics, has become a leading feature of the publication, and one of the greatest us«- fulness and interest. This department, as well as the paper throughout, is amply illustrated. Its illustrations, which are line engravings^ are everywhere admired for their clearness and beauty, and are certainly better suited to the purpose than any ever before given to the Car- pentry and Building trades. DAVID WTLI^IAMS, Publisher, 83 Reade St., New York. Ji RANCH OFFICES z PHILADKLPHIA, 220 South Fourth Street. PITTSBURGH, - - 77 Fourth Avenue. CHICAGO, - 36 and 38 Clark St., cor. Lake CINCINNATI, - - Builders' Exchange. CHATTANOOGA, Eighth and Market Streets THE BUILDER'S GUIDE, A3!fD Estimator's Price Book. BEINO A COMPILATION OF CURRENT PRICES OF LUMBER, HARDWARE, GLASS, PLUMBERS' SUP- PLIES, PAINTS, SLATES, STONES, LIMES, CEMENTS, BRICKS, TIN, AND OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS ; ALSO, PRICES OF LABOR, AND COST OF PERFORMING THE SEVERAL KINDS OF WORK REQUIRED IN BUILDING. Together with prices of Doors, Frames, Sashes, Stairs, Mouldings, Newels^ and other Machine Work. To which is appended a large number of Building Rules, Data, Tables and Useful Memoranda, wttli a Glossary of Architectural and Building Terms. BT ! FRED. T. HODGSON. EDITOB OF "THE BUILDEB AND WOOD-WOBKEB." NEW YORK: THE INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY. 1882. Copyright Secured^ 1882, by John Phin LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS PREFAO 10. This work is chiefly intended to assist the Builder and Contractor, in making estimates of the cost of work they may be competing for. A great deal of information often required by contractors cannot be obtained without trouble and serious loss of time, consequently their estimates are frequently guessed at, and their tenders for construction are either absurdly too high, or ridiculously low. This little book is intended in a measure to remedy this defect in estimating, by bringing before the estimator the details to be estimated as far as possible, and their approximate cost. It is im- possible, however, to quote prices that will suit every locality or all time, but we have provided for this by leaving a blank column where prices may be entered in pencil, to suit locality and time. The prices given in this book are only intended to form a basis upon which the contractor can place a percentage; they are ap- proximately correct, but in all cases we advise a comparison with the prices current. Besides the hints and aids to the estimator, we have embodied in the book a number of valuable tables and memoranda of a useful and scientific kind. These are taken from standard works by Nicholson, Barlowe, Tredgold, Rankine, Fairbairn, Hodgkinson, Trautwine, and others, as well as a large amount of building in- formation, rules, and recipes, that must prove of value to all interested in the construction, repairs, or decoration of buildings. We have also included a glossary of terms used in architecture and building. Although many things in this work have never appeared in book form before, we make no claim to originality beyond that of bring- ing before the builders, contractors, and artisans of America, in a condensed form, a greater amount of practical information than is to be found in any similar work. Real estate owners and insurance valuators, we think, will find this little work of great service in their every-day transactions. HINTS AND AIDS IN ESTIMATING. The rules known to architects, builders, and contractors, for obtaining an approximate estimate of buildings by cubing the quantities, are of little service to beginners, unless they possess an intimate knowledge of the different classes of build-^ ings and their values, and can make the proper allowances for extra charges to be added for costly material and enrich^ ment, all of which have to be taken into account. It is always the safer way to take trouble and time in fully prepar- ing a statement in brief of details, both of work and material^ when making an estimate, then omissions will likely be noticed and adjusted. It must always be borne in mind that it is not the mere wall, rough carpentry, plastering and roofing that makes the great bulk of the cost of a building, unless one of a very plain description. It is the decorative part and interior finish and numerous small, but expensive items, that swell the bilL In the first place, there should be a design of the building,, elevations, plans and details; and no proprietor, builder, or contractor should begin work until these are supplied ; for building without a plan is like sailing a ship without a rud- der, and is sure to end in trouble and disappointment, both to contractor and owner. After a plan is agreed upon, and S THE BUILDER S GUIDE, the contract signed, no deviation should be made, as very often what may appear a trifling matter to the owner, may involve so many changes in other parts of the building, as to be more costly than serviceable. After the quantities are taken out, and written down in the form herein given, and the prices current for material and labor in each particular added ; the prices being for the com- pleted work, as, for instance, the price of a door should mean the cost of the door, frame, casiings, architraves, lock, hinges, mouldings, fixing and hanging complete, including the paint- ing. By adopting this system the estimator will know that €ach item is complete, and it will almost be impossible to err in the final result. When all the items are written up, and everything is known to be entered, the totals should be made up, and 20 per cent, added to cover contingencies. It IS a convenient practice to those unaccustomed to taking out quantities, to note down on the plan of each room the quantity of plastering, cornice, flooring, wainscoating, windows, doors, bHnds, etc., contained therein, and abstract afterwards the different items under their proper headings- The following is a good form for an estimate. Use fools- cap paper, and rule same as this : -Quan- tities. 300 40 84 :3000 Description of Work. Yards, cubic, excavating for foundation walls, drains, posts, etc., etc., and removing stuff. . . Toises rubble masonry in foundation walls, including all materials set in mortar, pointed, including moving rubbish Thousand bricks laid in mortar, in walls and partitions, joints struck, including setting of all walls, plates, boards and other timber .... Feet, lineal, of flooring joists, 10x3, fixed complete, with all trimming pieces, etc Price. $ cts. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 16 18 12 12 10 12 80 1006 7 2 2 20 Squares of IJ inch matched flooring, laid com- plete, including nails Doors, 3x7 feet, 2 in. thick, in four panels, moulded on both sides with 7i inch moulded architraves, casings, frame and threshold com- plete, including 3-inch butts and lock worth not less than 80 cts. ; hung and trimmed com- plete Windows and frames, sashes 6 ft. x 3 ft., 4 in., in four lights. Frames to be prepared lor weights, sashes to be double hung and fur- nished with proper window locks. Glass to be brand and well glazed Pairs of inside shutters or blinds, to open in two flaps on each side, moulded soffit, sills, etc., hung complete Double windows, etc Summer blinds, etc Yards of stucco cornice Yards of plastering, three coats, hard finish, including lathing and all materials Centre pieces Stucco brackets in hall Flights of stairs, including rails, newels, balus- ters, brackets, and all complete Squares of slating, including all materials The foregoing description will be a guide for all other items. After making use of these forms, they should be care- fully laid aside for future reference. General Memoranda of Items for Estimates. Excavations^ per cubic yard; ascertain the quantity of earth to be excavated for foundation walls, drains, fence posts, etc. Foundation JVa//s, per cubic foot, 87 ft. English, to the toise of masonry. Find the number of cubic feet in walls and footing courses, deducting all openings over 9 feet in width.. JO THE BUILDERS GUIDE, Tile Drains. Calculate the number of lengths, bends and junctions required, add cost of laying and connecting, in- cluding covering in, etc. Galvanized Iron and Lead Pipes, State the length and •diameters of all galvanized iron pipes necessary, and the weight of lead pipes per yard lineal, together with all traps, overflow pipes, and cocks necessary. Water Closets, If water closets are to be provided, stat( how to be fitted up, and cost. Bath. State description of bath, if of galvanized iron or other metal, including fixing in frame and casing. Brick Walls per foot cube. 20 bricks (of 8 ins. X2^) are generally allowed to a cubic foot. Find the number of cubic feet in the walls, division walls and chimneys, deduct all openings. Measure all chimneys as solid. Carpentry. Under this head commence with the heav}^ timbers, such as flooring joists, roofing, wall plates, lintels, bond timber, wood-bricks, insertions for cornices, projections for galleries, studding for partitions, furring for ceilings, skirt- ing, trimmers, etc. Framing for stables, fencing and posts. yoine} 's Work. This will include all floors, doors, windows, blinds, shutters, casings, base, and fittings of every descrip- tion in wood work, all the diflerent sized doors and windows must be kept separate. Stove Pipe Rings. State number. Mantel Pieces and Grates. Number mantel pieces and grates, and state price, provide for hearth stones and fixings all complete. Closets. State quantity of shelving required, cloak nails, hooks, etc., omit not to calculate for plastering and skirt- ings. Pantry. Describe the fitting up of pantry whether with cupboards or open shelves and state if with sinks, and cost. AIvID estimator's PRICE BOOK. H Kitchen, State how to be fitted up with shelves, pantry, closets, etc. Bell Hanging. State number of bells, fixed complete. Gas Pipes, State number of lights in each room, etc. Staircases, Describe the different stairs and their length, width and thickness; state the kind of balusters and their number, also newels, give the dimensions of hand rail. Roof, Describe the kind of roof, whether metal, and what kind. If slate, number of piles of felt under it, gravel — do. Gutters and Conductors, State the width of gutters and how to be lined, and also length and direction of gutters. Outside Porches, Provide for all double doors, and con- struction of porches as described in s})ecifications, as well as all steps leading thereto. Fences, State the different kinds of fences and take a price at per lineal foot, including gates and everything necessary to complete them. Of course there will be many other items than these de- scribed in a specification, but sufficient has been stated to enable the builder to calculate as to the value of the building he contemplates erecting, before giving in a tender for the work. If the building is to be all of timber, a balloon frame, the following hints as to material and labor will be found very useful. The cost of a building can closely be calculated, when the price of material and wages per day are known. Mark on the plan figures showing dimensions and measure- ments of every thing in the building on which you are to estimate. Get the linear measurement of all the sills, and from their size estimate the number of feet, board measure. Retain the linear measurement, as from that the labor amount is esti- mated. The labor on sills is confined to three kinds, ist. 12 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, Framing without gains for joists or mortises, for studding as in common building when the studding is spiked to the sills and the joists rest on their top. 2d. With mortises for stud- ding, gains for joists, or studding without mortises. 3d. With both mortises and gains. Sills, 6x8, framed and placed in the building by the ist, 2d and 3d processes, will cost for labor about 2, 4 and 6 cents per lineal foot. Sills, 12 x 16, double above prices. The in- termediate sizes can be approximated from the above figures. Joists are ordinarily placed 16 inches from centre to centre, and when so placed the number of joists on a given floor can be found by taking ^ of the length of the building and adding one joist where they are placed on top of the sill, and deduct one where the end sills are used m place of joist. First floor joists usually are 2x8 to 2x14. Second floor 2x8 to 2 X 12. Ceiling joists, where no floor rests thereon, are 2x6 to 2x8. Two men will frame and place in a wood building, not ex- ceeding three stories, 700 Hneal feet of joists, in size from 2x6 to 2x14 stuff", in one day. In brick buildings not exceeding three stories, including anchoring and leveling up, 500 feet. Fourth story work, 400, and fifth story 300 lineal feet. The cost per lineal foot can be had from the above figures. When joists are doubled under chimneys or partitions, the number of joists so used must be added to the result above named. In balloon frames no braces are used. In timber frames they are made as follows : I St. Cut off" plain, spiked in, or " flat foot." 2nd. With short tenons, and 3d, with long tenons ant pinned. Braces vary in size from 4 x 4 to 6 x 6. The cos<^ ^^ labor will not vary on account of difference in size. The first AND ESTIMATOR'S PRICE BOOK. I3 pieces will cost lyi cents, the second 3 cents, and the third 4 cents per lineal foot, framed and placed in the building. The plates in a balloon frame are made of scantUng of the same size as the studding, and are worth to get out and spike to the frame i cent per lineal foot. In timber frames the labor on plates is: i, framing with- out braces or gains for rafters; 2, framing with braces and no gains for rafters ; 3, framing with both braces and gains. An average price for labor on plates in sizes from 4x6 to 6x10 would be: 1st process, 2 cents; 2d process, 4 cents; 3d pro- cess, 6 cents per lineal foot. From 8x12 to 12x1 6, respec- tively 3, 5 and 8 cents per lineal foot. This includes placing them in the^building. Plates laid on walls are worth the same as plates spiked on the joists. Posts in balloon frames are merely double-studding. The cost of placing them in position is the same as for studding. Posts for timber frames are framed, first, with tenon top and bottom. Second, the same, with one set of braces with girt or beam mortises ; and third, the same, with two sets of girt or beam mortises. By the first process posts from 4x6 to 8x10 would cost 3^ cents. Second process, 51^, and the third process, 8^ cents per lineal foot to frame and place in the building. Studding for balloon frames is usually placed 16 inches from centre to centre. They vary in size from 2 X4 to 2 x 6. Occasionally odd sizes are used, as 2^ x 4, 2 x 5, or 3 x 4. In an ordinary size frame building two men will lay out and raise 800 lineal feet of 2 x 4 studding per day, or 750 feet of 2x6, At $2 per day the first would cost 50 cents per hundred lineal feet. The latter 531^ cents. The labor of spiking of joists and plates being considered under their respective heads ; the work on studding is simply confined to tenoning and studding on end, or spiking them to the sills. 14 THE BUILDER'S GUIDE, A short rule for getting the number of pieces of outside studding, induding plates, and allowing for doubling at all corners, and for windows and doors, is simply had by allowing one piece of studding for every foot of outside measurement. This rule for buildings having many angles, w^here studding must be doubled approximates very closely to the true result. In smaller buildings, without any angles, it will somewhat overrun. The exact number of pieces of studding on the outside of a building may be found by taking three-fourths of the number of feet in the outside measurement of the building; add one stud for each corner and angle, and one for each door and window. To this add for plate and gai)le studding. Three-fourths of the number of lineal feet of all partitions will give the number of pieces required. Their length, of course, depends upon the height of the rooms. The cost of labor is the same as for outside studding. It frequently happens that the studding is not double for doors and windows, and occasionally the extra stud for the corners is omitted. Ribs for studding are usually made from i \o i}^ inch stuff, and will cost to lay out and nail to the studding about three-fourths of a cent per lineal foot. The purpose for these is to support the upper joist. Three-fourths of the width of the building, less one, gives the number of pieces required for gable ; the average length of each piece is the distance from the plate to the ridge of the roof, or what is termed the rise of the rafter. Rafters are designated as main or principal rafters, hip, jack, and valley rafters, and plain rafters. The long rafters of a hip roof are called the main or prin- cipal rafters. The shorter ones are called jack rafters. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 1 5 A plain rafter is the ordinary rafter used in straight gable roofs. The projection of a rafter is the distance it extends beyond the plate — or the length of the look-outs. The rise of a rafter is the height on a perpendicular line from the plate to the ridge of the roof. Tlie gai7i of a rafter is the difference between the run and its length. The run of a rafter is the distance from the outer edge of the plate to a point immediately under the ridge of the roof, or one-half the width of the building. For a common rafter, to the square of the rise, add the square of the run. The square root of their sum is the length of the rafter from the outer edge of the plate to the ridge of the roof. The rise of a rafter is found by multiplying the number of inches rise required by the run by one-half the width of the building. The rise in y^ pitch is y^ the width of the building. In a y-i pitch, Yi the width of the building. In a y^ pitch, ^ the width of the building, etc. A common rafter can also be found as follows : If the roof is ^ pitch, to the square of ]/^ of the width of the build- ing add the square of J^ the width of the building. The square root of the sum will be the length of rafter required. If a roof is ^ pitch square, y^ *of the width of the build- ing. If y^ pitch square, y^ the width, etc., and then proceed with the balance of the rule. Required the length of rafters for a building 24 feet wide, gable roof, and y^ pitch. One fourth of 24 equals 6 — ^^ of 24 is 12. Squaring both gives 36 and 144, or 180 — the square root of which is 13*4^6 feet, or length of rafter requu-ed. l6 THE builder's GUIDE, Rule for estimating the length of rafters for hip roofs where they are of equal lengths : Get the length of the main rafter by using the rule for com- mon rafters. Then divide the length of the main rafter into one more space than the number of rafters required. The length of the space is the length of the shortest jack rafter, and the length of each studding rafter is simply the space added to the length of the preceding one. Example, — Main rafter 24 feet. No. of jack rafters re- quired, 7. Hence the number oi spaces would be 7 + i, or 8. Dividing 24 by 8 gives 3 ft. as the length of the shortest rafter. The next would be 6 ft., then 9 ft., 12 ft., 15 ft., 18 ft., 21 ft.-, and then comes 24, or the main rafter Cotmnofi rafters on shingle roof are placed from 16 to 24 inches from centre to centre, according to the length and weight of roof required ; generally two feet is the distance. The number of rafters in a plain gable roof is found by di- viding the length of the building by the distance the rafters are apart from centre to centre, to which add one ; the result is the number of pairs of rafters. Cost of framing rafters. — Tv^o men in one day will frame and place in the building 600 lineal feet of 2x4 or 2x6 rafters — roof, plain gable. In a hip roof, including framing for deck, if any, 250 feet is a fair day's work. At $2.10 per day the former would cost 662/3 cents per lineal 100 feet, and the latter $1.60 per hundred Hneal feet. The contract price for framing one and a half, two, and two and a half story houses, in many of the Western States, averages sixty-five cents per 100 lineal feet of all the bill timber. In all the framing labor thus considered, reference is ha ^2 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. I7 to soft wood only. If hard wood is used a fair addition to the prices would be 30 per cent. If any of the work is circular segment or octagonal, an ad- dition must also be made varying from two to four times the prices herein charged. Lookouts for Hip Roofs, — An average length would be 20 inches. These are made of inch stuff and nailed to the rafters. They are worth, to get out, furnish material and place in position, 15 cents each. The siding to a building is either drop siding, lap siding, dressed barn boards, or rough barn boards. I'he number of feet of drop or lap siding is found by multi- plying the outside measurement of the building by the height of the posts, to which add for gables ; if roof is a gable roof, the product of the width of the building by the height from the plate to the ridge of the roof. This gives the number of surface feet, to which add one-fifth for lapping, and you have the number of feet board measure. Two men will put on 800 feet in one day of drop siding when the window-casings and corner-boards are placed over the siding. Where joints are made against casings and corner-boards, 400 to 500 feet is a day's work. Of lap siding 650 feet. This includes putting up staging. At $2 per day the following is the prices per square: Drop siding by the first method, 50 cents; second method, 75 cents to $1. Lap siding, 62 cents. Two men wtII put on 2000 feeet of rough barn boards, or 1500 feet of surfaced barn boards in one day, and will put on 2000 feet of dressed battens, or 3000 of rough battens. Hence the i)rice would be: rough barn boards, 20 cents per 100 feet or one square; surface barn boards, 26^ cents per 100 feet or one square. Dressed battens, 20 cents per 100 lineal feet. Rough battens, 13 cents per 100 lineal feet. 1 8 THE builder's GUIDE, Roofs. The area of a plain gable roof is had by multipU - ing the entire length of the rafters by the length of the build- ing, including the projection of the cornice. This gives one side ; doubling it gives the total square feet of roof Hip Roof. Get the entire outside measurement of the building, including the projections of the cornice. Multiply this by the length of the principal rafter and take one half; the result is the area of the roof. Hip Roof with Deck. To the outside measurement of the deck, add the outside measurement of the building as above. Multiply this by the length of the principal rafter, and take one half for the area of the roof. Roof boards for plain gable roofs are worth 30 cents per square to put on the building, and for hip roofs 45 cents per square. If roof boards are matched stuff for tin or slate roof, charge 70 cents per square for gable and $1 per square for hip roofs. Shingles. The average width of a shingle is 4 inches. Hence when shingles are laid 4 inches to the weather, each shingle averages 16 square inches; and 900 are required for a square of roofing. If 4^ inches to one another, 800 will cover a square. " 51 " " 655 This is for common gable roofs. In hip roofs, where the shingles are cut more or less to fit the roof, add 5 per cent. to above figures. A carpenter will carry up and lay on the roof from 1500 to 2000 shingles per day, or 2 to 2| squares of plain gable roof- ing, so that an average price per square for simply laying the shingles would be 95 cents. Add 30 cents for laying the $6 oo I so I 50 2 70 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. IQy rooi .^oards, and tlie labor account on a common shingle roof would be $1.25 per square. Ti/i Roofs. A sheet of roofing-tin is 14 x 20 inches, and a box of tin contains 112 sheets. Allowing the usual amount for side ribs and top and bot- tom laps, a box of tin will cover 182 square feet, and is worth about $6 per box. i C. charcoal. Laying a box of tin will cost as follows : I box I C. charcoal tin, - - - - 10 lbs. solder, 15c., - - - - Preparing tin for roof, - .' - - Laying tin, i 1-5 days at $2.25, - Total, $11 70 This makes the actual cost of laying one square of tin $6.43. Valleys. Tin valleys for shingle roofs are generally 14 inches, and for slate roofs 20 inches wide. An average price put on the roof including material, would be 9 cents per square foot. One man will lay \\ squares per day of valleys, in plain work ; when roof is steep or valleys cut up, i square is a day's work. Flashings. Tin flashings for chimneys and where one part of a building joins another are worth, put on, 10 cents per square foot. Gutters and Spouts. Gutters, 4-inch, are worth, put up, 10 cents per lin. foot. "5 " " 12^ " '* Down spouts, 2 -inch, are worth, put up, 8 cents per Hn. foot U ^ U U jQ u u u 4 " " 12', " " a 6 " '' 2r^ " ^' 20 THE builder's GUIDE, Slate Roofs. The prices per square for slate roofs can had of slaters in any of our towns and cities. They will vary from $7 to $10 or $12 per square. Cornices, An ordinary plain cornice has three members, viz.: frieze, soffit, and facia. The frieze is the part nailed or fastened to the side of the building. The soffit is the part attached to the under side of the projection of rafter, or lookout. The facia is the part attached to the end of the rafters or lookout. Crown moulding is the moulding on the facia. Bed moulding is the moulding in the angle where the frieze and soffit join. In estimating the amount of material in a given cornice for a square roof, multiply the entire outside measurement of the building by the sum of the width of the soffit, frieze, and facia ; the result is the number of feet, board measure. For gable roofs, to the lengths of the two sides of the build- ing add the end projections and length of end rafters and multiply as before. Table of labor account on cornice w^ork. Number of feet two men will put on per day and price per foot : Frieze. —Width IN Inches. — Soffit. Facia. No. Feet. Cost per Foot. 9 10 4 80 SC- 10 12 4 75 Si , 12 16 4 60 6^3 14 20 5 48 8/3 The above is for gable roofs and includes cost of scaffold- ing. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 21 Hip Roofs. Frieze. 18-inch. 22 " 28 - 32 " 34 - Soffit 16-inch. 20 - 24 *' 28 " 32 " Facia. 4-inch. f :: No. Feet. 75 64 52 40 32 Cost per Foot 5^c. 6i 7| 10 12i Cornice Mouldings. Crown moulding, flat 2-inch. •♦ ** spring 4 " n n n 5 (( - 6 " *' 7 - - 8 " 800 feet per day, or 50c. per 100 feet. 500 445 365 300 250 80 90 $1.10 1.33 1.60 The cost of cornice moulding is ordinarily ^ a cent per lineal foot less than the number of inches in work — 2 inch moulding, ij cents; 3-inch, 2| cents, etc. Bed moulding, flat, i^-inch, 800 feet per day, or 50c. per 100 feet. Bed moulding, flat, 2 -inch, 750 feet per day, or 54c. per 100 feet. Bed moulding, flat, 3-inch, 700 feet per day, or 58c. per 100 feet. Bed moulding, flat, 4-inch, 500 feet per day, or 80c. per 100 feet. Cornice Brackets. Price per bracket, soft wood, all well worked — cost to put on building: Perpendicular. Horizontal. Thickness. Cost Plain Moulded. Plain Moulded 5ize, 16-inch. 12-inch. 2i-inch. 25c. 32c. 8c. 12c. - 20 - 16 - 3 - 50 60 10 15 - 24 - 20 - 4 " 70 85 14 20 " 28 " 24 - 5 - 90 $1.06 16 25 «* 30 " 28 " 6 " $1.25 1.45 20 30 Plain panel moulding, two men will put on 300 ft. per day. Foot moulding, " " 400 " FLOOES. Cost per square. Soft wood, 6 in. wide, without bridging, per joist, 800 sq. feet, 50c. 6 4 4 3^ with without with without with 650 " 6U 600 " 661 500 *♦ 80 400 - $1.00 300 - 1.33J 22 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, Two men will dress six squares of flooring after laying per day, or at a cost of 66^/^ cents per square. If flooring is of hard wood, estimate per day two-thirds of above. The number of feet, board measure, in a given floor is had by multiplying its length by its width and adding one-fifth for lapping. For flooring not matched omit the lapping. Two men will lay 1333 feet of plank flooring per day, or 30 cents per square, or will lay 2000 feet of common rough flooring,, one inch stuff, or 20 cents per square. Outside ceiling for wood buildings, average wddth, includ- ing beading and scaffolding, is worth, to put up, 80 cents per square. An average day's work for two men is five squares. Two men will dress, after laying the ceiling, five squares per day, or 80 cents per square. Ceiling over head is generally of wider stuff than outside ceiling ; as there is no beading, and the workmanship is not so particular, two men will put up the same amount as of outside ceiling, including putting up and taking down scaflblding, or five squares at 80 cents per square. Wainscoati?ig. Wainscoating 2^ to 3 feet high, beaded, with ordinary capping, including dressing after putting up, is worth $2 per square. Two squares is a day's work for two men. The same, 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, is worth, to put up, $1,331/^ per square. The same, with shoe and heavy caps, is worth $2.16 per square. The capping to wainscoating is ordinary moulding from i\ in. by % to 2 in. by i}i in. Panel wainscoating, mill worked, ready to put up, including capping, shoe or base, is worth, for labor, $2 per square. Hand-worked panel wainscoating is of so various a kind that definite prices of labor cannot be given without specifica- AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 23. tions. In a general way, the price per square for getting out and putting up will vary from $2 to $16 per square. The above prices are for soft wood. For hard wood add 50 per cent. Base-board. Plain base, 6 to 10 inches wide, put up before plastering, is worth i cent per lineal foot for labor. Two hundred feet is a good day's work for a man with mill-dressed lumber. The same, put on after plastering, including putting on grounds, is worth i\ cents per lineal foot. Plain base, after plastering, with moulding, leveling, or capping by hand — mill-dressed stuff — is w^orth 2 cents per lineal foot to get out and place in the building. Stairs. The wall string is the board with which the ends of the steps are fixed next to the wall. The face-string is the board that carries the outer end of the steps and risers. The tread is the horizontal board of the step. The riser is the upright board of the step. The 7iewell post is the upright post at the lower step to re- ceive the hand-rail. The hand-rail is the rail supported by balusters. Balusters are small columns or pillars to support the rail. The number of risers is found by dividing the distance from floor to floor by the height of the rise. The height of each rise is found by dividing the distance from floor to floor by the height of the rise. The number of treads is one less than the number of risers. The width of each tread is found by dividing the risers by the number of treads and adding the projection. Risers vary in height from 4 to 8 inches. Treads run from 8 to 14 inches. It will be impracticable to give detail prices for all variety 24 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, of Stair-work on account of the diversity of designs. We simply give a few as an illustration. The labor on rough, open stairs, for cellars or stables, when no risers are used, is worth 1 2 J cents per tread. Straight stairs between partitions, 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 6 inches long, with 6 inch to 9 inch tread, and 7 inch to 8 inch risers, are worth 25 cents per riser. Winding stairs, same dimensions, 40 cents per riser. Open straight stairs, risers 6| to 8 inches, treads 6 to 11 inches. Housed in wall string, mitred to face string ; moulded nosing, including putting up turned balusters, and plain round or oval rail, with 6 inch to 8 inch turned newell post, are worth for labor 90 cents to $1 per riser. The same stairs, winding, charge $2 per riser for the wind- ing steps, and $1 for straight steps. Putting on brackets out- side of stringer is worth from 3 to 8 cents per bracket. The following is a list of the approximate prices of stair material : Neivell Posts. A turned newell post of cherry or black walnut, 5 inches in diameter, with cap, is worth $2.50; 6 inches, $3 ; and 8 inches, $3.50. Octagon newell posts, walnut, oak, or cherry, with orna- mental cap, 8 inches, $6; 9 inches, $6.50; and 12 inches, $8.50. Newell posts veneered with fancy woods, with carving on plinth and cap, and moulded sunk panels, will vary from $15 to $50 each. Balusters. Turned balusters, walnut or cherry, from 2 feet 4 inches to 3 feet, are worth, \\ inches, 7 cents; 2 inches, 12 cents; and 2\ inches, 16 cents each. Oak and ash twenty per cent. less. Fluted or octagon balusters, walnut or cherry, 2 inches, 16 cents; 2\ inches, 20 cents; 2^ inches, 25 cents each. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 25 Fancy balusters lor high-priced stairs may run from 30 to 50 cents each. Rails. Walnut or cherry. 3^ inches, \2\ cents; 4 inch, 15 cents; 4| inch, 16 cents; and 5 inch, 18 cents per lineal foot. Raised back rails, walnut or cherry, 4 inch, 22 cents; 5 inch, 27 cents; 5 J inch, 32 cents; and 6 inch, 34 cents per lineal foot. Fancy raised back rails from 6 to 7 inches will vary from 40 to 60 cents per foot. Doors, The price of doors may be had from any dealer's catalogue. The labor account is as follows : A fair day's work for one man is setting 5 door frames a day, and putting on ordinary casing. He will also hang and finish 5 doors per day, or 80 cents a door complete. The above is for 6 feet to 7 feet 6 inch doors, and i^ inch thick. From 7 feet 6 inch to 9 feet doors and i ^ inch thick — a day's work of set- ting and casing 3 frames per day, or hanging and finishing 3 doors per day — $1.33^ per door complete. Moulding Door Casings, For 6 feet to 7 feet 6 inch doors, and 3 inch mouldings — one man will mould 6 door casings, two sides per day, or 2t2>}i cents per door; with 4^ inch mouldings, 5 doors per day, or 40 cents per door. Mould- ings with two members about one- half above number, 7 feet 6 inches to 9 feet doors, single moulding two sides, 5 open- ings per day. The same, with double members to moulding, 2^ openings per day. Door frames when had from factory are cased both sides for inside doors and one side for outside doors. Sliding Doors. The frames for a pair of sliding doors with double joint, including casings each side, are worth from $2.50 to $3 per frame. The same, with segment top, will vary from $5 to $7.50; setting either one of the above frames, putting down the track, and lining the pocket is worth from $2.50 to $3 for 26 THE builder's GUIDE, labor. Setting, hanging, and trimming a pair of sliding doors will take a man about i^ days, or $2.50 per door. Foldifig Doors. The frame for a pair of folding doors with opening 5 feet by 8 feet 6 inches, with single joints, including casing each side, is worth from $2.25 to $3 per opening. Segment top, same size opening, $5 to $7. Setting the frame for a pair of folding doors will take a man three-quar- ters of a day, or $1.50 per frame. Fitting, hanging, and trimming a pair of folding doors will take one man a day and a quarter, or $2.50 per door. Moulding, sliding and folding door casings, square top opening 5 feet by 8 feet 6 inches on both sides, single mem- ber; a day's work is 4 openings per day, or 50 cents per door. If moulding is double member, two openings per day, or $1 per door. Segment top with same size of swing, the moulding will cost $2 per opening. Over the face of a square top, one man will put on the moulding with a single member in one-half a day, or $1 per opening. Double mem- ber one day, or $2 per opening. Setting door frames in brick buildings will cost the same as for frame buildings. Common Door Frames. Outside frames, wdth casings on one side for cloors, from 2 feet 6 inches x 6 feet 6 inches to 2 feet 8 inches X 6 feet 8 inches, are worth from $1.75 to $2.50 each. The same for inside doors, with casing on both sides, are worth from $2 to $2.75.. Door Trimmmgs. Butts ^^2> inches, for cheap trimmings, are worth 6^^ cents per pair, and a common mortise or rim lock, with brown knob, 24 cents each ; 3 x 3^ butts, 7 cents, and 2>}4, ^3}4, 10 cents each; 4x4, 13 cents. A good mor- tise lock, with brown or white knobs, brass key, face, and bolt, is worth 45 cents. Outside door locks vary from ^S cents to $1 a pair; average price would be 50 cents. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 27 Sliding door locks 4x5, brass key and face, $1 each. Iron track for door 3 cents per foot, brass track, 1 6 cents. A very good rabbited lock, without night works, $1.15; with night works, $2 to $3.50 each. Screws for putting on above trimmings, 15 cents a gross. The labor account for trimming doors will be found under the head of doors. Windoivs. The price of the sash, including glass and glazing for all sizes of windows, may be had from the dealers' catalogues. Window frames, factory made, simply have out- side casings and jambs. One man will cut the openings and set five frames per day, of an average size, say 2 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft., in a frame building, and can set the same number in a brick building, or 40 cents j:>er opening. As the brick-work goes up the carpenter must plumb up the frames occasionally, so that a fair estimate would be both alike. In larger openings, setting from two to four frames per day would be fair work, or from 50c. to $1 per window. One man will case 1 2 windows per day of windows 2 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft., or one cent per lineal foot of the casing. Moulding window casings, same price per foot as door casing. For wood buildings, plain rail sash, 8 or 12 lights, wi;h out- side casings, an average price would be as follows : 8x10, $1; 10x12, $1.35; 10x14, $1.65; 10x16, $2. With check-rail sash outside, casings: 8 x 10, $1.65 ; 10x12, $1.80; 10x14, $2; 10x16, $2.20; 10x18, $2.40. Plain windows frames for brick buildings: 8x lo^ $2; J0XI2, $2. to; iox]4, $2.35; 10x16, $2.05: 12 X 24, $3-50- Box window frames: 8x10, $2.65; 10x12, $2.80; .0x14, $3; 10x16, $3.25; 12x24, $4. 28 THE builder's GUIDE, The same frames, with segment outside and square inside, are worth 40 cents more. Pantrys and Closets. In ordinary work of this kind one man will get out and put up 50 to 75 Hneal feet of shelving 12 inches wide per day, or will make and put up five drawers 15 in. wide by 18 in. deep, including racks and fitting. If the drawers are dovetailed, four is a day's work. Strips and hooks. One man can put 50 to 80 lineal feet of strips, and put on closet hooks, about 12 inches apart, in one day. Porches. These differ so widely in design that prices per foot linear cannot be given Avithout specifications, as they will vary from $1 a foot upwards. In an ordinary porch figure the sills and joists as in framing; also roof, labor, ceiling, and cornice the same as in other parts of the building, and charge for whatever extra work the design may call for. Blinds. These are made and sold by the foot, measuring height of the window on one side only ; 50 to 60 cents per lineal foot, including trimming and hanging, is a fair price. Inside blinds, O. G. panel or rolling slats, ordinary width, are worth $1 per foot, complete in the building. If inside blinds are of hard wood, they are worth from one and a half to double the price of pine. Plastering. The number of yards is simply the area of all the walls and ceilings. One hundred yards of plastering will require 1400 laths, 4jf^ bushels ofHme, 18 bushels of sand, 9 pounds of hair, and 5 pounds of nails for two-coat work. Three men and one helper will put on 450 yards, in a day's work, of two-coat work, and will put on a hard finish for 300 yards. Retail cost of three-coat work for 100 yards of plastering : AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 29 Seven bushels of lime at 30 cents $2 10 Four-fifths of a load of sand at $1.25 1 00 Nine pounds of hair at 65 cents 3 15 Five pounds of nails at 4^ cents 22 Lathing, 100 yards at 2\ cents 2 25 Plastering, 2 coats, 1 man f of a day 2 00 Helper, 1-5 of a day 33 Hard finished, 1 day's work 3 00 Making mortar and scaffolding 1 50 Total cost $16 00 Or, sixteen cents per yard. Pamting, Painting is done by the yard, and at the present prices of lead and oil, house painting in plain colors will cost on an average : For one coat, 7 cents per yard ; two coats, 14 cents per yard ; three coats, 2 1 cents per yard. One coat, or priming, will take for 100 yards of painting 20 pounds of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Two-coat work, 40 pounds of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Three-coat, the same quantity as two coats; so that a fair estimate for 100 yards of three-coat work would be 100 pounds of lead and 16 gallons of oil. A day's work on outside of a building is 100 yards of first coat, and 80 yards of either second or third coat. An ordin- ary door, including casings, will on both sides make 8 yards to 10 yards of painting, or 5ay, 5 yards to a door without the casings. An ordinary window 2^4 to 3 yards. Fifty yards of common graining is a day's work for a grainer and one man to rub in. In measuring up outside work, use the rule for plain sur- faces. In common painting run your tape-line over all the mouldings in and out, and this, with the width of the cornice multiplied by its length, will give the area. It is customary to add from one-third to one-half for the bracket painting. In painting bUnds of ordinary size 12 is a fair day's work fo: 30 THE builder's GUIDE, one coat, and 9 pounds of lead and i gallon of oil will paint them. In measuring up inside base, it is customary to reckon 9 inches in width and upwards to i foot as 1 2 inches. Nails. One thousand feet of inch stuff will require 10 pounds of lo-penny nails, i square of siding or ceiling, 2^ l)ounds 8-penny, and the same for a square of roof boards or sheathing, and 1000 shingles will take 6 pounds of shingle nails. Brick and Stotie Work. A day's work in excavating and filling into cart or wheelbarrow is 1 1 or 1 2 cubic yards of common earth, or 7 to 8 yards of clay or coarse gravel, or 12^ to 14 cents per yard. In limestone or sandstone a day's work in quarrying will range from one-half to one cord of stone. Stone Work. A perch is i6i feet long, i\ feet wide, and I foot high, and contains 241^ cubic feet. In estimates 25 cubic feet is figured as a perch. A perch in the wall contains about 22 cubic feet of stone and 3 cubic feet of mortar. The waste ordinarily allowed in laying stone walls from the rock measurement is one- fifth. A cubic yard of rubble masonary laid in the wall contains I 1-5 cubic yards of undressed stone and one-fourth of a cubic yard of mortar. Four perches or 100 cubic feet of wall will contain ordin- arily I cord of stone or 128 cubic feet, i barrel of lime, or say ^yi bushels, and 5 barrels of sand. A day's work for a mason's helper is moving 4 to 5 perches of stone, and mix and carry to the mason sufficient mortar to lay them. A man will lay in one day from 4 to 5 perches of rubble masonry in sandstone, or 3 perches in limestone. In many locations sandstone is delivered for $1 per perch, and the AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 3 1 labor for laying in ordinary walls, including lime and sand, from 75 cents to $i per perch. Stone Ashlers, These are ordinarily 3 feet to 5 feet long, I foot high, and 4 to 6 inches thick. The price of the rough stone will vary according to locality. The labor on ashlers, including setting, is per square foot as follows : Fine posts, hammerwork, limestone, 28 cts. ; sandstone, 21 cts. Medium '' '♦ 22 " '* 17 *' Rough ♦♦ '* 15 '* *• 12J '« Freestone ashlers, sawed, are furnished at the mills for 20 to 30 cents per square foot, and caps and sills for ordinary windows and doors from $1.15 to $1.50 each. Brick-7vork, The labor and material of brick-work are estimated by the 1000 brick. In measuring up brick walls it is not customary to deduct for openings. To ascertain the number of bricks in a wall: First obtain the number of super- ficial feet, and multiply this by seven for a 4-inch wall — by 14 for an 8-inch wall — 21 for a 12-inch wall — and 28 for a 16-inch wall. If thicker than 16 inches, for each additional 4 inches in thickness add 7 bricks per square foot. One thousand five hundred brick is an average day's work for outside and inside walls, and we take three-quarters of a barrel of lime and 9 bushels of sand to make the mortar. The number of brick a mason will lay in a day on a plain wall depends largely upon its thickness. On 8-inch work 1200 to, 1400; on 12-inch work, 1500 to 2000, and on 16-inch work, 2000 to 2500; veneered work or single-back walls attached to wood-work is much slower, froom 400 to 600 brick is regarded a day's work ; this includes tying the brick with nails to the framework, or sheathing. The following is given as an illustration of the cost of fur- nishing and laying 1500 brick, or one day's work. 32 THE builder's GUIDE, 1500 brick at $6 per M $9 00 f barrel of lime at $1 75 y bushels of sand at 5 cents 45 1 day's work for mason 2 00 1 day's work for helper 1 25 Total $13 45 Or $8.96 per M. Chimiieys. Common flues and ordinary chimneys are wordi from 40 to 75 cents per running foot, including labor and material. In large chimneys with fire-places, get the number of brick, charge for lime and sand the same as in brick walls, and estimate the labor at double the price of l)lain walls of same thickness. Plu7nbing, In plumbing for bath-rooms and closets 13^-inch pipe is used for water, ^-inch for supply, and 4 -inch iron pipes for soil-pipe. An average price would be for ma- terial and putting in the building: ii^-inch pipe, lead 2^7y2> cents per foot ; ^-inch pipe, lead, 28 cents per foot, and soil-pipe 30 cents per foot. Bath-tubs will vary in i)rice from $10 to $15; double bath-cocks, $10 to $12.50; single, $1.50 to $2.75; wash- bowl cocks, from $1.75 to $2.50. A fair price for a cornice wash-bowl, marble, with stop- cocks and enclosed with casings, including connections with pipes, will vary from $9 to $15 ; water-closet basins and connections, $4 to $6. It must be understood that the foregoing prices are only approximately correct. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 33 SCHEDULE OF BUILDERS' PRICES. The prices given in this schedule are as nearly as possible correct at the time of compilation; but as prices are contin- ually fluctuating they are not to be relied upon as absolutely correct. One column is left blank, so that correct prices can be inserted in pencil and changed to suit fluctuation at any time. By the above arrangement the prices can be made correct for any locality at any time. The prices given include Buildet^s Profit. EXCAVATORS WOKK. Approxi- mate Price. Correct Pnce. Including all necessary plank and tools required for carrying on the work, shoring, etc., bracing where required, and keeping the excavation clear of all surface water caused by rain until the earth, etc., has been removed to the depth required. Mccavating for hasemejits and large areas, and throw- ing out to a height of five feet, and filling into har- rows, carts, or other vehicles. Vegetable earth per cubic yard Loam (sand and clay mixed) Clay : Earth mixed with gravel Work requiring blasting Mud in a slush state Bemoviyig 30 yards with wheelbarrows or carts, de- positing and. returning. Soft earth or loam per cubic yard, extra Clay, gravel or mud per cTibic yard Leveling earth, etc, from carts or harrows, without throwing. Soft earth per cubic yard Clay or gravel '* ♦• Fding at hacks of walls and ramming. Softearth ** ** Olay or gravel " ' * 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.30 1.10 1.35 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.05 0.12 0.18 34 THE builder's GUIDE, excavators' work {Continued). Leveling and trimmming slopes, etc. Soft earth. per cubic yard Clay or gravel '* " Bamming loose earth. Soft earth in layers ' * " Clay, gravel, etc ** " Clay puddle. Tempering and spreading 9 in. thick " *' .. 12 Removing a distance of 225 yards lineal, and return- ing after depositing the load. Soft earth per cubic yard Clay, sand, or gravel *• *' For each additional 225 yards, add MASONb WOBK. Rubble masonry i7i foundations. Built dry in courses to foundations etc., cubic foot '• with mortar to •* " ** a <« (( above " *• " ** when beds are horizontal ♦• •' All work should be measured by the foot cube, and the price regulated according to the thick- ness of the wall. Superior rubble. Built with large-sized stone, with beds horizontal and joints vertical, or oblique, fitting close, without spawls in face, rough finished, and fair and neatly pointed per cubic foot Add to the above, if executed to rough arches, as to tanks, vaults, tunnels, etc., with radiating joints, finished fair per cubic foot Superior face work to be measured and paid for extra. Face work to rubble masonary, per super, foot. Kough hammer dressed, punched, or pricked face, straight, or curved above 10 feet radius. Clear, do. do. neatly hammer dressed, punched or pricked AND p;stimator's price book. 35 masons' work (^Continued). Rough rock face work with pitched joints, straight or curved, above 10 ft. radius Add to any of the above items for waste of stone, for oblique or battered face, or curved work under 10 ft. radius Sinking reveals for window or door frames, or similar work, actual sinking only 2 or 3 inches Approxi- mate Price. Repairs, cubic foot, including all materials required and removing all rubbish arising from the work. Taking down old rubble masonry, cleaning the stone and rebuilding, under 40 cubic feet, in any quantity Taking up old rubble masonry in foundations, culverts, etc. Cleaning, moving, and piling the stone not exceeding 30 yards distant, and removing rubbish Taking down rubble masonry of any kind in sy.pertstructure — i.e., not exceeding 30 yards distant , Rebuilding masonry in superstructure, furnish ing labor and mortar only Cutting openings in walls of rubble masonry ol any kind for doors, windows, ventilators, etc where the quantity does not exceed 50 cubic feet Making good to jambs, sills, and arches of open- ings of any kind with old stone, labor and mortar Ashler work, per cubic foot. Ashler faced work, straight or curved, above 10 feet radius to rubble or brick walling, in level courses from 10 to 16 inches high, 6 inches on beds, vertical joints and beds roughly punched or pricked, bedded flush, and joints neatly pointed and cleaned down Add to above if beds and joints are to be neatly punched or axed three inches back from face. . Add for curved work under 10 feet radius, labor only Add, if executed in chimney shafts, vaults, and similar work, with radiating joints Stone from qua^iry, carted a distance of 3 miles. Common rubble per 1000 lbs. Selected bed stoTie«« 0.45 0.15 0.45 0.20 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.05 0.12 0.65 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.55 0.80 Correct Price. 36 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, masons' work {Continued). Suitable for plain ashler, not over 6 inches thick, per cubic foot do. do. 12 inches thick, per cubic foot Above these sizes, from to The following are for prices of labor only, for straight or curved work over 10 feet radius, including setting and cleaning down, per foot superficial. ( limestone Plain work to beds and joints ) sandstone ( granite I limestone Plain work, rubbed or combed face. J sandstone ( granite ( limestone Plain work, sunk 1 J inches deep ....-) sandstone I granite Eough or rock pitched face-work J limestone and horizontal joints { sandstone Kough or ruck pitched face-work, ] limestone drafted on face | sandstone i limestone sandstone granite limestone A xjuo ^KJLLXK.i±^^L v^x j^x ivixvc^ xciv^o N sandstonc ( granite ( limestone Plainly chiseled, or single axed face. J sandstone ( granite ( limestone Finely chiseled, or double-axed face . } sandstone ( granite Note.— (t). When the work in a specification differs in de- scription to the work described in any of the above items, the necessary allowances must be made for the difference in cost. The ashler facing described is the ordinary plain facing;. ( !.) In measuring ashler facing the aveiage width of the beds of the stretches is only to be taken for ashler, and the excess paid for as rubble backing. In ashler facing, if required to be backed by brickwork, the back joints of headers and stretchers are to be roughly punched fair and square, and to be paid for as rough hammer-dressed work. (3). Arches or lintels over openings in ashler facing, to be paid for as stone in block, adding the work thereon. The re- turns of jambs and reveals to openings, where no specific dress- in es are provided, are to be measmed for plain and sunk work, 0.30 0.48 1.00 2.25 0.22 0.27 0.55 0.35 0.35 0.62 0.62 0.50 1.04 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.22 0.18 0.12 0.44 0.32 0.30 0.65 0.42 0.38 0.80 Correct Price. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 37 masons' work {Continued). Approxi- mate Price. Workmanship in cutting {per foot lineal) in either limestone or sandstone. Beading, single quirk up to 4 inches J straight girth "j circular Chamfering or weathering, from 2 in. ] straight up to 3 inches j circular Chiseled drafted margins, from f inch ] straight to 1 inch wide ] circular Fluting or reeding, not exceeding 3 ( straight inches wide ] circular Grooving, covering fluting or reeding i straight less than 3 inches girth | circular Mouldings less than 4 inches girth Nosings 3 inches or less girth Throating, angular, semicircular or arris cut Sunk rebate, not exceeding 3 inches j straight girth "j circular f straight founded corners or angles in stone, | or not exceeding 3 inches thick, 6 -j sq. edge inches radius and under | circ'r or [ rounded Note. — The prices to the above items include all returned angles, stoppings, and all mitres, internal or external, etc, whenever they occur. Letting in with lead, fixing, etc., each including all materials. Letting in balusters or other work, ( with holes 1 inch or less in diameter, i molten lead and from 2 to 3 inches in depth ( with cement Letting in as above described, f m. i -, bases of columns, standards, J "^^^*^^ ^^^^ etc., 2 to 4 inches diam. and 4 ' . inches deep [ ^^^^^"* Letting in as last described, holes \ molten lead from 4 to 6 inches in diameter. . } cement Letting in as before described, j molten lead holes from 6 to 9 inches in diam. | cement Same, holes from 9 to 12 inches in J molten lead diameter "j cement Letting in clamps of any kind from j with lead 1 to 1 J inches section, per lin. in. j cement Letting in door scrapers, lamp [ with lead irons, locks, latches, staples, or^ similar work, each j cement 0.12 0.18 0.26 0.32 0.18 0.22 0.22 0.28 0.22 0.28 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.38 0.55 0.12 0-04 0.55 0-07 0.70 0.12 0.80 0.14 0.95 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.25 0.10 38 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, masons' wokk {Continued). Sinking mortises or housings to receive ends ol door posts, or sockets, or similar work, per lin. inch Boring rail pipe, or bolt holes up to 1 J inches diam., and 6 inches deep, labor only Letters or figures neatly and deeply cut, per lin. inch Boor sills and steps, square, of limestone or sand- stone not exceeding 6 ft. in length, per foot lineal. Labor and materials. Rough punched top of sill, front and back joints squared, 3 inches in depth, bed and rough ends Rough punched tread and riser, bed and back joints squared, 13 inches, back and ends rough Rough punched all round, including the ends , . . Plain chiseled tread and riser, joints, etc., as above cleanly punched Plain chiseled tread and riser and end, the bed and back riser cleanly punched Window sills, not exceeding 6 feet in length, pe^* lin. foot. Labor and mateiials. Neatly and finely punched, sunk, weath- (12x6 ered, throated and back rebated, and \ 16x7 finished complete ( 20 x 8 Plain chiseled, tooled or single axed, as j i g ^ t? ^^o^e ( 20x8 Neatly chiseled, tooled, or double axed. J ^^g^? do. do. as above ( 20 x 8 Foundations for pavi^yj, etc., per superficial yard. Forming foundations for paving or for roads, with stone clippings, coarse gravel, or other suitable material, including spreading and level- ing surface to the average depth of 12 inches. . . do. do. do. 9 " do. do. do. 6 " Concrete foundations. Concrete foundations for any purpose, filled or shot in, raked, bevelled, and rammed, in layers not exceeding 12 inches in depth, per cub. y'd. As above, and not exceeding 9 inches in depth, per yard superficial do. do. 6 inches deep, per yard super. Correct Price. 0.22 0.09 0.07 0.65 0.75 0.80 0.95 1.05 0.78 1.05 1.30 0.82 1.09 1.40 0.95 1.15 1.40 0.28 0.23 0.18 2.70 3.10 3.70 AND KSTIMATORS PRICE P.OOK. 39 masons' work {Continued). m«te Price. Flag pavements or hearths. Of the best quality, not exceeding twenty-five feet superficial in one flag* per yd. super. Rough, self.faced or sJrab- ( ^Ji^-tl^i^k or under bled, and roughly sq'red. "^ ^ Smooth, self-faced, or scrab- bled, and roughly faced . Neatly punched squared , face and Plain chiseled, tdoled, or single axed, squared | 4 to 4 4to4J '* 2^ in. "thick or undei 3to3i ♦' 4to4J ** 2 J in. thick or under 3to3J •♦ 4to4J " 2 J in. thick or undei 3to3i " SUNDRIES. r date, Stone as sold in New York at cargo rates, at thi 1882. Amherst freestone, in rough, No. 1. .per cub. fool •♦ No. 2.. No. 1, light drab Berlin freestone, in rough Berea freestone, in rough Brown stone, Portland, Ct Brown stone, Belleville, N. J Granite, rough Canaan marble Carlisle, (Corsehill) Scotch per foot. Dorchester, N. B., stone, rough '* Bay of Fundy, Wood Point, brown ** Mary's " ** '* •♦ olive Native stone. Common building stone per load Base stone, 2 J feet in length per lin. foot '* 3 I' 6 1.80 2.40 2.90 2.10 2.60 3.10 3.05 3.30 4.30 3.60 4.10 4.60 1.00 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.35 1.35 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.25 1.50 3.00 *NorE. — Add to the above, if rubbed fair and smooth to order, according to the hard- ness of the stone and work to be done. The flags to be of a uniform thickness, bedded flush, and solid throughout the whole area ; the joints set close, flushed (with cement or mortar) from bottom to top and neatly pointed, and the top surface properly dressed off. 40 THE BUILDER'S GUIDE, MASONS* WORK (Continued). Limes per barrel, cargo rates. Lath, cargo rate per M Rockland, common Kockland, finishing State, common, cargo rate per bbl. State, finishing Ground Add 25c. to above figures for yard rates. Cements per barrel, cargo rates. Eosendale per bbl. Portland, Saylor's American Portland (English) Portland Lafarge '. Portland K. B. & S Portland Biirham Lime of Teil Lime of Teil per ton Roman per bbl. Keene's & Martin's coarse Keene's & Martin's fine BKICKLAYEKS WORK, Materials to be of the best quality, the Contractor to provide all labor in hoisting and setting, and all i-mplements necessary to carry on the work. Basis of calculation. Bricks, per 1000, best quality, full size, per 1000 Wages of a bricklayer per day Wages of a laborer " Brickwork in walls as usually laid J per 1000 in good work \ per ft. cube do. do. laid in American j per 1000 cement ( per ft. cube Brickwork, etc., to covering of arches ( per 1000 including all cutting, etc., in lime } mortar ( per ft. cube do. do. to ovens and coppers do. " " Add if elliptical " " AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 41 bricklayers' work {Continued). Approxi- mate Price. Correct Price. Gauged arches, rubbed only do. cut and set in putty Paving with bricks laid flat in sand.. per ft. super, do. do. on edge in mortar *' '* do. do. flat in cement ... . ** ** do. do. on edge in mortar " *• DKAIN PIPES. Mccavating 4: feet deep and filling in — labor only. 4 inch drain pipes, laying and jointing in] cement per y'd lin. | 6 inch do. do. do. do. ** " |- 9 inch do. do. do. do. " '* | 12 inch do. do. do. do. ** " J SUNDRIES. Terra coita chimney tops. r 2 ft. high Set in cement 1 o .« c •^* a 2 '* D in. ** 1.3 " Ornamental, Elizabethian, and Gothic Chimney tops charged extra. Terra cotta wall coping per ft. do. cresting •* do. mouldings ♦♦ do. diaper tiles each Pointing. Flat joints, in ash mortar or cement, per ft. super. do. to chimney shafts ** " Stopping and tuck pointing to old fr'nts " '* Brickwork colored and drawn •' '* Tuck pointing new work before the scaffolding is removed IJ inch wide hoop iron, tarred and sanded, laid in walls at per yard running for every dress . . . Cutting to rakes or ramp in brickwork . . ft. super. do. to 4 inch splays per ft. running Birds' mouth splays ** '* (Sash, doors ancl frames, bedded and pointed, each do. do. do. do. large size Taking down old brickwork, cleaning and piling the bricks within a distance of 75 yards, and removing rubbish 50 or 75 feet per ft. cubic 0.16 0.32 0.52 1.05 0.78 1.55 0.80 to 1.10 3.00 3.25 3.50 7.00 0.60 0.45 1.75 1.50 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.30 0.45 0.04 42 THE builder's GUIDE, bricklayers' work (Continued). Approxi- mate Price. Hebuilding brickwork from old bricks, mortar and workmanship only per cub. ft. Firebricks per 1000 Wages. Laborer. , . Bricklayer. . per M. Brick — cargo afloat. Pale Jerseys Long Island Up-Rivers Haverstraw Bay, 2ds Haverstraw Bay, Ists Favorite brands Hollow fire clay bricks. , , , , , , Fronts. Croton and croton points — brown per M. do. do. — dark do. do. — red Philadelpeia '. Trenton Baltimore Clark's Ottawa "White Yard prices 50c. per. M higher, or, with delivery added, $2 per M for hard and $3 per M for front brick. For delivery add $5 on Philadel- phia, Tranton and Ottawa, and $6 on Baltimore. Fire brick. Welsh English Silica, Lee-Moor Silica, Dinas White enameled, English size per M do. do. domestic size Warm buff facing, domestic size American, No. 1 American, No. 2 These prices are wholesale and for large quanti- ties. Builder's profits to be added. 0.10 35.00 to 50.00 2.25 3.50 5.00 9.00 9.25 9.37i 9.50 9.25 11.25 13.25 13.25 35.00 35.00 45.00 25.00 40.00 45.00 40.00 65.00 100.00 85.00 55.00 40.00 35.00 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 43 bricklayers' work {Continued). Schedule of prices of plain, molded, ornamental and colored bricks, manufactured by the Peer- less Brick Company, Philadelphia, per 100. Isnrpihers, Those marked thus (*) have Returns. 1*, 2*, 6*, 7*, 20, 31, 40, 41, 42, 55, 57*, J 58*, 58, 59, 63*, 90 ^ 3, 4, 11, 16, 17, 49, 50, 56*, 72*, 91. . . . 5\ 12, 15, 18, 19, 20a, 22*, 23*, 24*, 29, 30. 60, 62*, 73*, 92, 94, 95, 96*. (Peb- bled) 8, 9, 206, 21, 25, 26, 35*, 39, 47, 68*, 74 10, 13*, 14*, 27, 28, 38, 61, 66, 70, 93, 32, 36, 37*, 202* 3G, 37, with black bevels 67 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 200, 201, 203, 264, 265, 266, 272 86, 270, 271 269*, 273, complete. «V, »» -j 'Rdurns, 8X8X4 inches each \ 8X8X2 *' " ] 8 X "^ X 2 " No extra charge. Colored and plain. Buff, plain Brown *• , Drab •• Gray ** White " Black *' The above are all colored throughout. red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored red colored . colored Approxi- mate Price. 4.00 5.50 4.50 6.00 5.00 6.50 5.50 7.00 6.00 7.50 7.00 8.50 9.00 10.50 7.50 9.00 10.00 15.00 40.00 50.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 65.00 0.25 0.35 0.17 0.20 4.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 44 THE BUILIJER.S GUIDE, bricklayers' work {^Continued). Black — on face colored " on face and head ♦ ' ** on two heads ** " on face and two heads •' ♦' on face and flat *' •' on face, heads and flat, *' Sage, olive, etc., on colored body " Red pressed, 10 inches long Red, extra fine pressed, standard size per M Red voussoirs, 1, 1 J, 2, 2|, 3, 3J, and 6 feet radius, plain or bonded " ". Red voussoirs for flat arch, 10 in. deep, 3 ft. opening, radius, 3 J ft Red voussoirs No. 60, with skew ■! ^qI^j.^^! Bricks for carving j ^^^^^^^ Hexagonal, 8X8 (red and brown j colored Approxi- mate Price. 3.00 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.00 5.00 6.50 3.00 4.00 10.00 7.50 9.00 4.00 6.50 4.00 6.00 Correct Price. 7^" The numbers refer to an illustrated catalogue. Ornamental Bricks —Blacked or tinted on the relief or inti pa rts— to order. See Nos. 36, 37 and 272. PIASTEBEBS' WORK. Includlmj all labor, scaffolding, materials, tools, etc. Lathing only per yard super. Lath and plaster, one coat " ** do. do. and set with fine stuff * * * do. do. two coats and float do. •* *' Add, if work is gauged in plaster-of-Paris Rendering on brick wall one coat, per yard super, do. do. floating and set, *' " do. do. two coats and set with fine stuff per yard super. do. do. with American cement one coat per yard super. do. do. one part cement and one part sand per yard super. do. do. two parts sand and one part cement per yard super. Correct Price. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 45 plasterers' work {Contuiued). Rough-casting. Kough-casting on brick or stone, one coat with lime and fine gravel per yard super. do. do. " two coats with lime and fine gravel per yard super. Cornices, mouldingSi etc. *Plain cornices and mouldings, per inch girth, and foot running Quirks run in plaster to wood bead, per inch girth and per foot running Enrichments in plaster. Members cast solid and trimmed, per inch girth do. undercut, per inch girth Enriched soffits " do. very rich and full Wreaths of laurel leaves do. oak leaves and arrows Cast flowers, or pater es. According to size per inch diam. Pointing round winter sashes or doors with lime and putty, plaster-of-Paris each Coloring. Stone, bufi", or salmon color, once done, yd. super. do. do. twice done, '* French grey, blue or lemon color, once done " do. do. twice done ** Limewhite and whitewashing, per square of 100 super- ficial feet. Limewhite, once done do. twice done Whiting, with whiting and size, once done do. do. twice done Scraping off old whitewash and stopping old walls to receive new whitewash Approxi- mate Price. 0.12 0.18 0.2J 0.2J 0.04 0.04 0.10 to 0.30 0.40 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.15 * This price also includes the dubbing out and putting up of rough brackets whenever these are necessary, and the extra lathing. All mitres over four in number, are to be charged each at the price of a foot running of moulding, except in halls, or small rooms under 14x16, then all the mitres should be paid for extra. t The prices vary according to the quantity and depth of enrichment, and the nature of designs. 46 THE builder's GUIDE, plasterers' work {Continued). Per running foot. Whiting, with whiting and size, plain cornices, once done do. do. do. twice done Each. Stopping holes in walls under 3 inches square, including drawing nails Stopping holes in colored walls, including color- ing to match Bepairing plastering on walls and ceilings in patches not exceeding 2 feet superficial, includ- ing hacking off old do. on walls, including coloring to match.. Add extra for gauging with plaster-of-Paris Hair. Cattle per bushel of 7 lb. Goat Per yard superficial. Taking down old lathing and plastering walls and ceilings and removing rubbish Taking down old rendering or rough-casting and removing rubbish, including wetting, dubbing out, etc., to receive new plastering Taking down old plastering on lathed walls or ceilings without renewing the lathing, includ- ing renailing the laths where necessary, and removing rubbish Materials and day work— working day 10 hours. Plasterer per day Laborer * * Boy " Pine laths per bundle Hair mortar per foot cube Fine stuff * * Plaster-of-Paris per barrel Whiting per lb. Hair dried and thrashed " Size. . . per gallon Blue black per lb. Yellow ochre • * Venetian red " Indigo ' ' English umber " Prussian blue •• Approxi- mate Price. Correct Price. 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.15 0.18 0.03 0.18 0.28 0.06 0.06 0.05 4.00 2.25 1.25 0.30 0.35 0.60 2.00 0.03 0.06 0.20 0.10 0.04 0.05 1.00 0.25 1.20 ^ AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 47 plasterers' work {^Continued). Approxi- mate Price. Correct Price. Plaster-of-Paris — wholesale. Duty— 20 per cent. ad. val. on calcined; lump free. Nova Scotia, white per ton Nova Scotia, blue Calcined, Eastern and city per bbl, Calcined, city casting Calcined, city superfine 3.50 3.25 1.75 1.90 2.25 Plastering is generally measured by the yard superficial. Openings of less extent than seven yards are not deducted. Returns of chimney breasts, pilasters, or angles less than 1 2 inches wide, measure 1 2 inches. Baseboards, 6 or less inches wide, are not deducted. In closets, add one-half to the measurement. Circular or elliptical work, charge two prices, and for domes or groined ceilings, three prices. For each 1 2 feet in height above the first 12 feet add 6 per cent, extra. Cornices and centre-pieces in buildings more than 18 feet high in the first story, should have five per cent, added to cover scaffolding etc. Centre-pieces, panelling, and extra stucco work will be charged as may be agreed upon. CABPENTERS' AND JOINERS' WORK. Average wages in th© United States and Canada in 1882 per day Wages in New York ** Price of Lumhe7\ Prices for yard delivery, average run of stock. Allowance must be made on one side for special contracts, and on the other for extra selections. Pine, very choice and ex. dry per M. ft. *• good ** shipping box Correct Pnce. 48 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, carpenters' and joiners' work {Continued). Approxi- mate Price. Pine, common box " common box, | '* tally plank, IJ, lOin., dressed each ' ' tally plank, \\ 2d quality '* tally planks, IJ, culls " tally boards, dressed, good '* tally boards, dressed, common '* strip boards, culls, dressed ... ' * strip boards, merchantable '* strip boards, clear " strip plank, dressed clear Spruce boards, dressed * * plank, 1\ inch each *• plank, 2 inch each •* plank, 1\ in., dressed ** plank, 2 in., dressed '* wall strips •* timber per M ft. Hemlock boards each ** joist, 2Jx4: " joist, 3x4 " joist, 4x6 Ash, good per M ft. Oak Maple, cull •' good Chestnut Cypress, 1, 1 J, 2 and 2J in Black walnut, good to choice I *' selected and seasoned ** counters per ft. 6x5 6x6 7x7 8x8 Cherry, wide per M ft. ' * ordinary Whitewood, inch " I inch ' * I panels Shingles, extra shaved pine, 18 in per M * * extra shaved pine, 16 in " extra sawed pine, 18 in " clear sawed pine, 16 in 20.00 18.00 0.50 0.38 0.30 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.20 0.26 0.35 0.25 0.26 0.40 0.30 0.45 0.16 25.00 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.44 55.00 65.00 30.00 50.00 52.00 40.00 125.00 100.00 175.00 0.28 160.00 160.00 180.00 180.00 120.00 80.00 50.00 40.00 50.00 6.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 49 carpenters' and joiners' work {Continued), Shingles, cypress, 24 x 6 * * cypress, 20 x 6 Yellow pine dressed flooring per M ft. Yellow pine girders Locust posts, 8 feet . . per foot ' * posts, 10 feet ' • posts, 12 feet Chestnut posts 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 »P6r ft- Cargo rates 10 per cent. oflf. rOKEIGN WOODS — DUTY FREE. Cedar. Cuba and Mexican small per super, ft. ♦ ' • * medium ** " large Florida per cubic foot Mahogany. Cuba, small *' medium * * large ' • shaded or figured St. Domingo, crotches, ordinary to good, per superficial foot St. Domingo, crotches, fine " logs, small " logs, large Mexican, large " medium * ' small Honduras Eosewood, ordinary to good per lb. ' * good to fine Honduras per ton Satinwood per superficial foot Tulipwood per lb. Lignumvitae, 8 and 11 inch per ton " other sizes .,,,,,.... DOORS, WINDOWS AND BLINDS. Doors, raised iMnels, two sides. 2.0 X 6.0 n inch 2.6x6.6 1} " 2.6x6.8 ij ♦' 2.8x 6.8 ■: Ij: '* 20.00 12.00 40.00 40.00 0.20 0.25 0.34 0.03i 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.08 0.14 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.12 J 0.04^ 0.08" 20.00 0.75 0.07 50.00 25.00 1.04 1.38 1.44 1.50 50 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, carpenters' and joiners' work (^Continued). DoorSf moulded, 2.0 X 6.0 11 inch 2.0x6.6 \ H 2.6x6.8.. 2.6x6.10. 2.6x7.0. 2.8x6.8. 2.8x7.0. 2.10x6.10. 1^ li ij li li it li If li l| . l| Outside blinds. Per lineal foot, up to 2.10 wide Per lineal foot, up to 3.1 wide Per lineal foot, up to 3.4 wide Inside blinds. Per lineal foot, 4 folds, pine , Per lineal foot, 4 folds, ash or chestnut Per lineal foot, 4 folds, cherry or butternut . Per lineal foot, 4 folds, black walnut 3.0x7.0. Approxi- mate Price. 1.70 1.79 2.24 2.07 2.62 2.11 2.68 2.27 2.71 2.16 2.75 3.84 2.35 2.83 3.99 2.28 2.92 4.00 2.54 3.09 4.39 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.60 0.96 1.28 1.36 Correct Price. The foregoing prices are wholesale quotations; the following, unless otherwise specified, are manufacturers' prices. A liberal discount is always allowed to contractors. It is usual in estimating, to charge retail prices, and then add contractor's percentage on whole amount. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 5' DOORS, SASHES AND BLINDS. The following are Factory jDrices, and will be found approximately correct for any part of the tjnited States or Canada : Prices and Sizes of Windows. — Plain Bail Sash. Eight Lighted Windows. Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Price per Window, Glazed. S ize of Window, ij^inch Bar. Inches. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. Ft. In. Ft. In. 8x12 13-16 .36 .95 8J x 4 6 8x14 .41 1.10 8^ X 5 2 8x16 .48 1.30 8i x 5 10 9x12 .36 1.05 10^ X 4 6 9x14 .41 1.20 lOJ X 5 2 9x16 .48 1.45 lOj X 5 10 9x18 .56 1.60 1 lOJ X 6 6 10x12 .36 1.10 2 OJ X 4 6 10 X 14 .41 1.30 2 OA X 5 2 10x16 .48 1.55 2 0,1 X 5 10 10x18 .56 1.75 2 OJ X 6 6 10x20 .64 1.95 2 Oi X 7 2 8x12 13-8 .43 1.05 8i X 4 6 8x14 .51 1.20 8J X 5 2 8x16 .57 1.35 8A X 5 10 9x12 .43 1.10 lOi X 4 6 9x14 .51 1.30 lOj X 5 2 9x16 .67 1.50 10| X 5 10 9x18 .63 1.60 lOJ X 6 6 10x12 .43 1.20 2 OJ X 4 6 10x14 .51 1.40 2 OJ X 5 2 10x16 .57 1.65 2 Oi X 5 10 10x18 .63 1.80 2 Oi X 6 6 10x20 .73 2.05 2 0.V X 7 3 Twelve Lighted Windows. Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Price per Window, Glazed. Size of Window. Inches. 7x 9 8x10 8x12 8x14 8x16 Inches. 1 3-16 $ cts. .25 .25 .36 .40 .47 $ cts. •80 •90 120 1.35 1.60 Ft. In. Ft. In. 2 1x3 4J 2 4x3 9| 2 4x4 6 2 4x5 2 2 4 X 5 10 THE builder's GUIDE, Twelve Lighted Windows (Continued). Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Price per Window, Glazed. Size of Window. Inches. Inches. $ CIS. $ cts. Ft. In. Ft. In. 9x12 1 3-16 .36 1.30 2 7x4 6 9x13 .40 1.40 2 7x4 10 9x14 .40 1.50 2 7x5 2 9x15 .47 1.65 2 7x5 6 9x16 .47 1.80 2 7x5 10 9x18 .51 1.90 2 7x6 6 10x12 .36 1.40 2 10 X 4 6 10x14 .40 1.60 2 10 X 5 2 10x15 .47 1.75 2 10 X 5 6 10x16 .47 1.95 2 10 X 5 10 10x18 .51 2.15 2 10 X 6 6 8x10 l\ ]-S .32 1.00 2 4x3 10 8x12 .45 1.30 2 4x4 6 8x14 .51 1.50 2 4x5 9. 8x16 .57 1.60 2 4x5 10 9x12 .45 1.40 2 7x4 6 9x13 .51 1.45 2 7x4 10 9x14 .51 1.65 2 7x5 2 9x15 .57 1.80 2 7x5 6 9x16 .57 1.95 2 7x5 10 9x18 .63 2.05 2 7 X 6 6 10x12 < .45 1.50 2 10 x 4 6 10x14 . •51 1.75 2 10 X 5 2 10x15 * .57 1.90 2 10 X 5 6 10x16 .57 2.05 2 10 X 5 10 10x18 .63 2.30 2 10 X 6 6 10x20 .73 2.60 2 10 X 7 2 10x22 .83 2.90 2 10 X 7 10 10x24 .95 3.15 2 10 X 8 6 12x14 .64 2.15 3 4x5 2 12x16 •70 2.40 3 4x5 10 12x18 •83 2.80 3 4x6 6 12x20 •95 3.15 3 4x7 2 12x22 1.05 3.45 3 4x7 10 12x24 1.20 4.00 3 4x8 6 AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. S3 Check Bail or Lip Sash. Four Lighted Windows. Price per Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Window, Glazed and Bedded. Size of Window. lys Inch Bar. Inches. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. Ft. In. Ft. In. 12 X 20 1 3-8 .46 1.35 2 5 X 3 10 12 X 22 .52 1.55 2 5x4 2 12 X 24 .57 1.65 2 5x4 6 12 X 26 .64 1.80 2 5 X 4 10 12 X 28 .67 1.95 2 5x5 2 12 X 30 .70 2.10 2 5x5 6 12 X 32 .75 2.30 2 5 X 5 10 12 X 34 .80 2.35 2 5x6 2 12 X 36 .85 2.50 2 5x6 6 12 X 38 .90 2.65 2 5 x 6 10 14 X 24 .81 2.10 2 9x4 6 14 X 26 .84 2.20 2 9 x 4 10 14 X 28 .87 2.40 2 9x5 2 14 X 30 .90 2.55 2 9x5 6 14 X 32 .92 2.65 2 9 X 5 10 14 X 34 .95 2.80 2 9x6 2 14 X 36 .98 2.95 2 9x6 6 14 X 38 1.00 3.10 2 9 X 6 10 14 X 40 1.05 3.30 2 9x7 2 16 X 36 1.05 3.30 3 1x6 6 16 X 38 1.10 3.35 3 1 X 6 10 16 X 40 1.15 3.75 3 1x7 2 16 X 42 1.20 3.80 3 1x7 6 16 X 44 1.25 4.10 3 1 X 7 10 12 X 30 1 3-4 .82 2.40 2 5x5 6 12 X 32 .85 2.55 2 5 X 5 10 12 X 34 .90 2.65 2 5x6 2 12 X 36 .95 2.80 2 5x6 6 12 X 38 1.00 2.90 2 5 X 6 10 12 X 40 1.05 3.10 2 5x7 2 14 X 30 1.00 2.80 2 9x5 6 14 X 32 1.00 2.90 2 9x5 10 14 X 34 1.05 3.05 2 9x6 2 14 X 36 1.10 3.25 2 9x6 6 14 X 38 1.10 3.40 2 9 X 6 10 14 X 40 1.15 3.60 2 9x7 2 14 X 42 1.20 3.80 2 9x7 6 14 X 44 1.25 3.85 2 9 X 7 10 14 X 46 1.30 4.10 2 9x8 2 14 X 48 3.35 4.50 2 9x8 6 54 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, Four Lighted Windows {Continue^l). Price per Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Window, Glazed and Bedded. Size of Window. ij/s Inch Bar. Inches. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. Ft. In. Ft. In. 16 X 36 13-4 1.20 3.65 3 1x6 6 16 X 38 1.25 3.75 3 1 X 6 10 16 X 40 1.30 4.05 3 1x7 2 16 X 42 1.30 4.10 3 1x7 6 16 X 44 1.35 4.35 3 1 X 7 10 16 X 46 1.40 4.90 3 1x8 2 16 X 48 1.45 5.50 3 1x8 6 Segment Face, i^ thick, add 30c.; i^ thick, add 40c. Half Circle Face, 1} add 75c.; I ^ thick, add $1.00. Price same as Common Bar. Eight Lighted Windows. Price per Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Window. Glazed and Size of Window. iH Inch Bar. Bedded. Inches. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. Ft. In. Ft. In. 9 X 12 13-8 .52 1.25 1 11 X 4 6 9 X 14 .62 1.50 1 11 X 5 2 9 X 16 .66 1.70 1 11 X 5 10 9 X 18 .72 1.80 1 11 X 6 6 10 X 12 .52 1.30 2 1x4 6 10 X 14 .62 1.55 2 1x5 2 10 X 16 .66 1.75 2 1 X 5 10 10 X 18 .72 1.95 2 1x6 6 10 X 20 .85 2.25 2 1x7 2 12 X 14 .68 1.80 2 5x5 2 12 X 16 .73 2.00 2 5 X 5 10 12 X 18 .85 2.30 2 5x6 6 12 X 20 .95 2.55 2 5x7 2 14 X 16 .80 2.30 2 9 X 5 10 14 X 18 .95 2.60 2 9x6 6 14 X 20 1.10 2.90 2 9x7 2 14 X 22 1.25 3.40 2 9 X 7 10 14 X 24 1.45 3.80 2 9x8 6 10 X 16 13-4 .84 2.10 2 1 X 5 10 10 X 18 .88 2.30 2 1x6 6 10 X 20 .98 2.55 2 1x7 2 12 X 14 .82 2.15 2 5x5 2 12 X 16 .88 2.30 2 5 X 5 10 12 X 18 .98 2.60 2 5x6 6 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 55 Eight Lighted Windows {Continued), Price per Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Window, Glazed and Size of Window, ij^ Inch Bar. Bedded. Inches Inches. $ cts. $ cts. Ft. In. Ft. In. 12 X 20 1 3-4 1.10 2.90 2 5x7 2 12 X 22 1.25 3.20 2 5 X 7 10 12 X 24 1.40 3.70 2 5x8 6 U X 16 .95 2.60 2 9 X 5 10 U X 18 1.10 2.90 2 9x6 6 14 X 20 1.25 3.25 2 9x7 2 14 X 22 1.40 3.75 2 9 X 7 10 14 X 24 1.60 4.15 2 9x8 6 Segment Face, i^ thick, add 30c.; 1% thick, add 40c. Half Circle Face, 1% thick, add 75c.;' i^ thick, add $1.0 Sizes not given above, extra price. Twelve Lighted Windows. Price per Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Window, G!azeci and Bedded. s ze of Window Inches. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. Ft. In. Ft. In. 8 X 10 1 3-8 .43 1.20 2 4J X 3 10 8 X 12 .54 1.45 2 4A X 4 6 8 X 14 .58 1.60 2 4i X 5 2 8 X 16 .67 1.85 2 4J X 5 10 9 X 12 .54 1.55 2 7i X 4 6 9 X 13 .58 1.70 2 7^ X 4 10 9 X 14 .58 1.80 2 7A X 5 2 9 X 15 .58 1.85 2 7A^ X 5 6 9 X 16 .67 2.10 2 7i X 5 10 9 X 18 .72 2.20 2 7J X 6 6 10 X 12 .54 1.60 2 10^ X 4 6 10 X 14 .58 1.85 2 lOJ X 5 2 10 X 15 .67 2.05 2 lOJ X 5 6 10 X 16 .67 2.25 2 lOj X 5 10 10 X 18 " .80 2.60 2 10^ X 6 6 10 X 20 «« .85 2.85 2 102^ X 7 2 10 X 22 ♦* .92 3.10 2 102^ X 7 10 10 X 24 «« 1.00 3.30 2 10^ X 8 6 12 X 14 «♦ .68 2.30 3 4j X 5 2 4^ X 5 10 12 X 16 '• .80 2.60 3 12 X 18 1 .93 3.00 3 4j X 6 6 12 X 20 1 .98 3.25 3 4^ X 7 2 56 THE builder's GUIDE, Twelve Lighted Windows {Continued). Price per Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Window, Glazed and Size of Window. Bedded. Inches. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. Ft. In. Ft. In. 12 X 22 13-8 1.05 3.55 3 4i X 7 10 12 X 24 *« 1.10 4.00 3 4J X 8 6 9 X 12 13-4 .69 1.90 2 7J X 4 6 9 X 13 .73 2.00 2 7i X 4 10 9 X 14 .73 2.10 2 7i X 5 2 9 X 15 .78 2.25 2 7J X 5 6 9 X 16 .84 2.50 2 7J X 5 10 9 X 18 .89 2.65 2 7J X 6 6 10 X 12 .70 1.95 2 10^ X 4 6 10 X 14 .73 2.25 2 10| X 5 2 10 X 15 .84 2.40 2 lOj X 5 6 10 X 16 .84 2.60 2 lOJ X 5 10 10 X 18 .89 2.85 2 10^ X 6 6 10 X 20 1.00 3.15 2 10^ X 7 2 10 X 22 1.10 3.45 2 10^ X 7 10 10 X 24 1.20 3.70 2 10| X 8 6 12 X 14 .85 2.65 3 4j X 5 2 12 X 16 .89 2.90 3 4^ X 5 10 12 X 18 1.00 3.30 3 41x6 6 12 X 20 1.20 3.65 3 4^ X 7 2 12 X 22 1.30 4.00 3 4^ X 7 10 12 X 24 1.35 4.50 3 4J X 8 6 Transom Sash. Two Lights. Size of Glass. Thickness. Price. Price, Glazed. Size of Window. Inches Inches. $ cts. $ cts. Ft. In. In. 8 X 13 1 3-8 .25 .55 2 6 X 12 10 X 13 .25 .60 2 6 X 14 12 X 13 .25 .65 2 6 X 16 8 X 14 .32 .65 2 8 X 12 10 X 14 .32 .75 2 8 X 14 12 X 14 .32 .75 2 8 X 16 10 X 15 .32 .75 2 10 X 14 12 X 15 .32 .80 2 10 X 16 14 X 15 .32 .95 2 10 X 18 10 X 16 .32 .80 3 X 14 12 X 16 .32 .85 3 X 16 14 X 16 .32 .95 3 X 18 16 X 16 .38 1.05 3 X 20 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 57 Paiitr-y Check Rail or Lip Sash. Four Lighted Windows, one light wide. Price per Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Window. Window, Glazed and Bedded. Size of Window. Inches. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. Ft. In. Ft. In. 9 X 12 1 3-8 .50 1.00 11x4 6 9 X 14 «< .55 1.25 11x5 2 9 X 16 «♦ .60 1.50 1 1 X 5 10 Fifteen and Eightetn Light Windows. For 15 Light Windows, add to price of 12 Light Windows \. " 18 '' " " '* 12 ♦♦ '♦ J. Segment Transom Sash. One Light for Double Doors. Size of Sash. Thickness. Price. Price, Glazed. Ft. In. In. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. 4 X 18 1 3-4 1.10 2.40 4 4 X 20 1.25 3.10 4 6 X 18 1.30 3.00 4 6 X 20 1.35 3.25 4 6 X 24 1.40 3.75 5 X 22 1.50 4.00 6 X 24 1.60 4.50 Hot Bed Sash. Made for 6 or 7 inch Glass. Odd sizes extra price. Size of Sash. Thickness. Price, each Sash. Price, each Sash, Glazed. Ft. In. Ft. In. 3 0x60 3 0x60 Inches. 1 3-8 1 3-4 $ cts. 1.00 1.30 $ cts. 2.25 2.75 Four Light Bam Sash. Size of Glass. Thickness. Price per Sash. Price, per Sash Glazed. Inches. 8 X 10 9 X 12 9 X 14 9 X 16 Inches. 13-16 $ cts. .25 .30 .35 .35 $ cts. .65 .75 .95 1.05 58 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, Cellar Sash. Three Lights. Size of Glass. Inches. 7x 9 8x10 9x12 9x13 9xU 9x15 9x16 10x12 10x14 10x15 10x16 12x12 12x14 12x16 12x18 Thick- Price, Price, Price. Single Double Glazed. Glazed. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. 13-8 .16 .40 .50 .20 .45 .60 .22 .55 .80 .22 .60 .85 .25 .65 .90 .25 .70 1.00 .30 .75 1.10 .25 .60 .85 .25 .70 1.00 .25 .75 1.10 .30 .80 1.15 .25 .70 1.05 .30 .80 1.20 .32 .95 1.40 .35 1.05 1.60 Size of Sash. Ft. In. Ft. In. 8 10 0. G. Four Panel Doors. Eaised Panels both sides. Size. Thickness. Price, First Quality. Price, Second Quality. Ft. In. Ft. In. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. 2 0x6 13-16 1.50 1.30 2 4x6 4 1.70 1.45 2 0x6 6 1.70 1.45 2 2x6 6 < 1.70 1.45 2 4x6 6 1.70 1.45 2 6x6 6 1.70 1.45 2 0x6 8 1.85 1.60 2 2x6 8 1.85 1.60 2 4x6 8 1.85 1.60 2 6x6 8 1.85 1.6C 2 8x6 8 1.85 1.6( 2 0x6 10 2.00 i.r 2 2x6 10 2.00 1.7f' 2 4x6 10 2.00 l.li 2 6x6 10 2.00 1.75 2 8x6 10 2.00 1.75 2 10 X 6 10 << 2.00 1.75 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 59 Raised Panels both sides {Continued) Price, Price, Size. Thickness. First Quality. Second Quality. Ft. In. Ft. In. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. 3 0x7 13-16 2.15 3.90 2 4x6 4 13-8 1.85 1.50 2 0x6 6 1.85 1.50 2 2x6 6 1.85 1.50 2 4x6 6 1.85 1.50 2 6x6 6 1.85 1.50 2 0x6 8 2.00 1.65 2 2x6 8 2.00 1.65 2 4x6 8 2.00 1.65 2 6x6 8 2.00 1.65 2 8x6 8 2.00 1.65 2 0x6 10 2.15 1.80 2 2x6 10 2.15 1.80 2 4x6 10 2.15 1.80 2 6 X 6 10 2.15 1.80 2 8x6 10 2.15 1.80 2 10x6 10 * 2.15 1.80 2 0x7 2.30 2.00 2 2x7 2.30 2.00 2 4x7 i 2.30 2.00 2 6x7 2.30 2.00 2 8x7 2.30 2.00 2 10x7 2.30 2.00 3 0x7 2.30 2.00 2 4x7 6 2.50 2.20 2 6x7 6 2.50 2.20 2 8x7 6 < 2.50 2.20 2 10x7 6 2.50 2.20 3 0x7 6 2.50 2.20 3 0x8 2.65 2.30 2 8x6 8 1 , 3-4 3.00 2.55 2 10 X 6 10 I 3.40 2.85 2 6x7 3.50 3.00 2 8x7 3.50 3.00 2 10x7 3.50 3.00 3 0x7 3.^0 3.00 2 8x7 6 3.75 3.20 2 10x7 6 3.75 3.20 3 0x7 6 3.75 3.20 2 8x8 4.00 3.35 2 10 X 8 4.00 3.35 3 0x8 4.00 3.35 3 0x8 6 4.50 3.80 3 0x9 4.75 4.20 6o THE builder's GUIDE, The prices on the preceding page are for Wedged-up Doors. Sizes not given, extra price. No deductions for Doors not Wedged. Sash Doors. Same price as Four Panel Doors, same size and thickness. Four Panel Moulded Doors. Flush or Sunk Moulding. Price, Price, Size. Thickness. Moulded i side. Moulded 2 sides. Ft. In. Ft. In. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. 2 4x6 4 13-8 2.80 3.25 2 0x6 6 2.80 3.25 2 2x6 6 2.80 3.25 2 4x6 6 2.80 3.25 2 6x6 6 2.80 3.25 2 0x6 8 3.00 3.50 2 2x6 8 3.00 3.50 2 4x6 8 3.00 3.50 2 6x6 8 3.00 3.50 2 8x6 8 3.00 3.50 2 0x6 10 3.20 3.70 2 2x6 10 3.20 3.70 2 4x6 10 3.20 3.70 2 6x6 10 3.20 3.70 2 8x6 10 3.20 3.70 2 10 X 6 10 3.20 3.70 2 0x7 3.40 3.90 2 2x7 3.40 3.90 2 4x7 3.40 3.90 2 6x7 3.40 3.90 2 8x7 3.40 3.90 2 10 X 7 3.40 3.90 3 0x7 3.40 3.90 2 4x7 6 3.60 4.10 2 6x7 6 3.60 4.10 2 8x7 6 3.60 4.10 2 10 X 7 6 , 3.60 4.10 3 0x7 6 3.60 4.10 3 0x8 3.80 4.30 3 0x8 6 4.00 4.50 2 8x6 8 1 3-4 3.80 4.40 2 10 X 6 10 4.20 4.80 2 6x7 4.40 5.00 2 8x7 4.40 5.00 2 10 X 7 4.40 5.00 3 0x7 4.40 5.00 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 6£ Flush or Sunk Moulding ( Continued). Size. Thickness. Price, Moulded i side. Price, Moulded 2 sides. Ft. In. Ft In. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. 2 8x7 6 13-4 4.60 5.20 2 10 X 7 6 4.60 5.20 3 0x7 6 4.60 5.20 2 8x8 4.80 5.40 2 10 X 8 4.80 5.40 3 0x8 4.80 5.40 3 0x8 6 5.25 5.85 3 0x9 5.65 6.25 Add to price of Moulded Dours for Circle Top Panels or Segment, $1.00 for each side. Sizes not given above, extra price. Kaised Moulding. Price, Price, Size. Thickness. Moulded i side. Moulded 2 sides. Ft. In. Ft. In. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. 2 4x6 4 13-8 3.25 4.25 2 0x6 6 3.25 4.25 2 2x6 6 3.25 4.25 2 4x6 6 3.25 4.25 2 6x6 6 3.25 4.25 2 0x6 8 3.50 4.45 2 2x6 8 3.50 4.45 2 4x6 8 3.50 4.45 2 6x6 8 3.50 4.45 2 8x6 8 3.50 4.45 2 0x6 10 3.70 4.65 2 2x6 10 3.70 4.65 2 4x6 10 3.70 4.65 2 6x6 10 3.70 4.65 2 8x6 10 3.70 4.65 2 10 X 6 10 3.70 4.65 2 0x7 3.90 4.85 2 2x7 3.90 4.85 2 4x7 3.90 4.85 2 6x7 3.90 4.85 2 8x7 3.90 4.85 2 10 X 7 3.90 4.85 3 0x7 3.90 4.85 2 4x7 6 4.10 5.05 2 6x7 6 4.10 5.05 2 8x7 6 4.10 5.05 2 10 X 7 6 4.10 5.05 C2 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, -Raised Moulding (Continued). Price, Price, S ize. Thickness. Moulded I side. Moulded 2 sides. Ft. In. Ft. In. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. 3 0x7 6 1 3-8 4.10 5.05 3 0x8 " 4.30 5.25 3 0x8 6 ♦* 4.60 5.55 2 8x6 8 13-4 4.40 5.60 2 10 X 6 10 «« 4.80 6.00 2 6x7 «* 5.00 6.20 2 8x7 '< 5.00 6.20 2 10 X 7 (( 5.00 6.20 3 0x7 tt 5.00 6.20 2 8x7 6 '< 5.20 6.40 2 10 X 7 6 <( 5.20 6.40 3 0x7 6 <' 5.20 6.40 2 8x8 ** 5.40 6.60 2 10 X 8 (( 5.40 6.60 3 0x8 (( 5.40 6.60 3 0x8 6 (( 5.85 7.05 3 0x9 " 6.25 7.45 Add to price of Moulded Doors for Circle Top Panels or Segment, $1.00 for each side. Sizes not given above, extra price. Inch Doors. Four Panel O G. Kaised Panels both sides. Price, Price, Size. First Quality. Second Quality. Ft. In. Ft. In. $ cts. $ cts. 2 0x6 1.05 .90 2 0x6 4 1.05 .90 ^4x6 4 1.20 1.05 2 0x6 6 1.20 1.05 2 2x6 6 1.20 1.05 2 4x6 6 1.20 1.05 2 6x6 6 1.35 1.15 2 0x6 8 1.20 1.05 2 2x6 8 1.20 1.05 2 4x6 8 1.35 1.15 2 6x6 8 1.50 1.30 2 8x6 8 1.50 1.30 Inch Doors are made out ot inch lumber, and finish up full % inch thick. These paces a e for Wedged-up Doors. No deductions made for Doors not Wedged. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 63 Store Doors. Heavy Raised Mouldings Outside. With Sash With Shutters Size. Thickness. Rabatted on fur Shutters. fitted and trimmed. Inches. Inches. $ cts. $ cts. 4 6x7 13-8 7.20 10.40 5 0x7 (( 8.00 11.20 5 0x7 6 *< 8.80 12.00 5 0x8 ({ 9.60 12.80 5 0x7 13-4 8.80 12.00 5 0x7 6 ♦' 9.60 12.80 5 0x8 " 10.40 13.60 5 0x8 6 ** 11.20 14.40 5 0x9 " 12.00 15.20 6 0x9 " 12.80 16.00 Double thick, add 50 to 100 per cent All heavy raised, moulded on one side. Double Front Doors. Heavy Baised Moulding Outside, Circle Top Panels. Size. Thickness. Price per pair. Ft. In. Ft. In. Inches. $ cts. 4 0x7 13-4 12.00 4 4x7 12.00 4 6x7 12.80 4 6x7 6 13.60 4 6x8 14.40 5 0x7 6 14.40 5 0x8 15.20 Outside Blinds. Twelve Light Windows. Size. Thickness. Price, Stationary Rolling Slats. Slats. Inches. Inches. $ cts 8 X 10 13-16 1.00 8 X 12 «« 1.25 «iS 8 X 14 '« 1.40 .OC/} 9 X 12 *« 1.25 p. ^ 9 X 13 «• 1.40 1*9 9 X 14 «« 1.40 wp^ 9 X 15 " 1.50 c« 64 THE builder's GUIDE, Twelve Light Windows {Continued). Size, Thickness. Price, Rolling Slats. Stationary Slats. Inches. 9 X 16 9 X X X X 18 12 14 15 16 18 20 Inches. 13-16 $ CIS. 1.50 1.70 1.25 1.40 1.50 1.50 1.70 1.60 Eight Light Windows. Size. Thickness. Price, Stationary Rolling Slats. Slats Inches. Inches. $ cts. 9 X 12 13-16 1.25 9 X 14 1.40 i2 9 X 16 1.50 m 9 X 18 1.70 b« 10 X 12 1.25 a 10 X 14 1.40 Pi 10 X 16 1.50 10 X 18 1.70 P. 10 X 20 1.90 'S. 12 X 14 1.40 V 12 X 16 1.50 12 X 18 1.70 w 12 X 20 1.90 Four Light Windows. Size. Inclic. 12 X 20 X X X X X X 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 24 26 28 30 32 Thickness. Inches. 1 3-16 Price, Rolling Slats. $ cts. 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.40 1.40 1.50 1.50 Stationary. Slats. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 6s Four Light Windows {Continued). Size. Thickness. Price, Rolling Slats. Stationary Slats. Inches. 12 X 34 12 X 36 12 X 38 Inches. 13-16 $ cts. 1.70 1.70 1.90 Same price as Rolling Slats. i}i thick, add to price of i 3-16, per window, 25c. Segment Head Blinds, add 35 to 40 cents. Half Circular Head Blinds, add 75c. to $1.00. Size of Blinds measure same as Check Rail Window, with the addition of one inch to the bottom Rail, for Sub sill Window Frames. Inside Blinds, O G Panel or Rolling Slats, four fold, measuring height of window, ordinary width, per foot 70 cents. Thickness, IJ inch. The above prices are for Pine. If hard wood, such as Cherry, Ash, Maple or Black Walnut, charge about double the price of Pine. Window Frames for Wood Buildings. For Plain Rail Sash, with Outside Casings. Size. Price. Size. Price. I nches. $ cts. Inches. $ cts. 8 X 10 1.00 9 X 15 1.80 9 X 12 1.35 9 X 16 1.80 10 X 12 1.35 10 X 15 2.00 9 X 14 1.65 10 X 16 2.00 10 X 14 1.65 Frames for Check Rail Sash, with Outside Casings. Size. Price. Size. Price. Inches. 8 X 10 9 X 12 10 X 12 9 X 14 10 X 14 9 X 15 $ cts. 1.65 1.80 1.80 2.00 2.00 2.00 Inches. 10 X 15 9 X 16 10 X 16 9 X 18 10 X 18 10 X 20 $ cts. 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.40 2.40 2.40 Frames with Pulleys for Weights, add 60c. Segment Frames, add 35c. Frames with Mouldings, add 60c 66 THE builder's guide, Plain Door Frames for Frame Buildings. Price. .$2.50 S'ze. 2 ft 8x 6 ft' 8 1 0"'s''i« Frames, Casing 1 side 2ft:8x6ft:8|-I°«>*l« " " '^^'des 2.25 Window Frames for Brick Buildings. Plain Window Frames. Made for either Plain or Check Rail, same price. Size. Price. Size. Price. Inches. $ cts. Inches. $ Cts. 8 X 10 2.00 10 X 16 2.65 9 X 12 2.10 9 X 18 3.00 10 X 12 2.10 10 X 18 3.00 9 X 14 2.35 10 X 20 3.25 10 X 14 2.35 10 X 22 3.50 9 X 15 2.35 10 X 24 3.50 10 X 15 2.65 12 X 22 3.50 9 X 16 2.65 12 X 24 3.50 Box Window Frames. Size. Price. Size. Price. Inches. $ cts. Inches. $ cts. 8 X 10 2.65 10 X 16 3.25 9 X 12 2.80 9 X 18 3.25 10 X 12 2.80 10 X 18 3.25 9 X 14 3.00 10 X 20 3.65 10 X 14 3.00 12 X 20 4.00 9 X 15 3.25 12 X 22 4.00 10 X 15 3.25 12 X 24 4.00 9 X 16 3.25 Segment outside, Square inside, add 40 cts. Boped, Bihhon, Spiral and Beaded Mouldings. Price List — Net Prices. *PINE OR WHITE WOOD. per ft. (lineal). |, J and f inch 5c 1 inch 6c 7c 8c 10c per ft. (lineal). 2^ inch 15c 3*^ " 18c 3ir " 25c 4" " 30c 5 " 40c AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 67 *\VALNUT OR HARD WOOD. per ft. (lineal). |, J and I inch 8c 1 inch 10c IJ " 12c IJ " Uc 2 '* 18c per ft. (lme;il)_ 2J inch 25c; 3 '* 30? Sh " 35'? 4" " 45(? 5 " 60(j *Circles from three to four times the price of straight; cut right and left. Prices not subject to regular discount. Approximate Weights. Weight of Doors. Weight of 8 Light Windows. 4 panel, 2-6x6-6 4 " 2-8x6-8 4 "2-10x6-10 4 " 3x7 1 3-16 1 3 32 lbs. 34 " 36 - 38 - Size. 35 lbs. 38 " 42 " 48 " Add 12 lbs. for 1% thick, to i^inch. 4 panel 2-6 x 6-6, inch. 26 lbs. weight of Weight of Blinds. 8x10 13-16 14 lbs. 9x12 17 •♦ 10x14 20 " 10x16 10x18 22 " 24 " 10x20 27 - Thick- Glazed. ness. 1 3-8 17 lbs. «« 19 - '« 22 - '< 23 - «« 24 - «< 27 - •« 32 - Un- glazed. 8 lbs. 11 •* 12 ♦* 11 '• 12 " 13 •* 14 ♦* Weight of 12 Light Windows. Size. Thick- ntss. Glazed. 8 X 10 13-16 14 lbs. 9 X 12 *' 18 " 9 X 12 13-8 21 - 10 X 14 " 26 " 10 X 16 " 27 - 10 X 18 " 33 " Un- glazed. 6 lbs. 8 •• 9 11 12 13 Weight of Mouldings. 1 inch X 1 inch, 108 feet lineal, 15 lbs. Weight of Lumber, etc., Dry. Flooring, Dressed and Matched, per 1,000 feet 1,800 pounds. Siding, Dressed, " *' 800 Ceiling, | inch thick, '* ♦' 800 "J " ♦' " 900 Boards, Dressed 1 side, " " 2,100 " and Dimension, Bough, •* ** 2,500 Shingles, " '* 275 Lath, " pieces 500 Pickets, Dressed, " '• 1,800 Bough, " " 2,500 6S THE builder's CJUIDE, inate Price. Correct J'rice. STAIRCASES. Stair builders generally furnish their prices at so much per step, including rails, balusters, newels, etc., all complete and fixed in accord- ance with plans and specification furnished to them by Architects. The following are approximate prices: Plain staircases of pine, 3 feet wide, with returned nosings and scroll brackets, hard wood rail, turned newel and balusters at per step It is found impossible, however, to give in a work of this kind prices for the various kinds of carpenter's work, which vary in dimensions, material and finish; enough information, how- ever, it is hoped, has been furnished to be of service in making out approximate estimates. 3.50 Fancy Turned Balusters. Prices for Fancy Turned Cherry or Black Walnut Balusters: 1^ inch balusters 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 1| - " 2' - - :::::;:::;::.:;;;:::;::;:;;.. 21 ♦' - 2I - - With neck moulding, add 2 cents each. Prices for Oak or Ash Balusters: 1^ inch balusters 06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 2 " " 21 " " 2I - " ..: Fancy Turned Newel Posts. Prices for Black Walnut or Cherry: 5 inch newel posts, with cap, each. . . . 2.00 2.50 3.25 4.00 () " «' «' '* «' 7 ** " *• " " walnut only. . . 8 " " - " " " '' ... Fluted or Octagon Balusters. Prices for Fluted or Octagon Cherry Walnut Balusters: 1 J inch fluted or octagon 2 " ** " or Black each 0.16 0.18 0.20 2-1 " ♦' " " AND ESTIiMATORS PRICE BOOK. 69 Approxi- mate I 'rice. Correct Price. 2| inch fluted or octagon . . each 0.22 0.24 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 1.00 2.00 i.25 1.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 2.50 3.50 4.00 1.50 Mahogany costs about double price. Prices for Oak or Ash Balusters: If inch fluted or octagon, ... 2 '* '♦ '' . . each 2^ '* " '* ... " 2^ " " '' " 2| - - - - P/ai?i Octagon Staved Xewel Posts. Prices for Plain Octagon Staved Newel Black Walnut, Cherry, Oak or Ash. 8 inch octagon newel posts, with cap Posts, 9 " " '« '* ** 10 " " " " " 11 " " - " " 12 - ** ♦* «' " For mahogany posts, add $3.00 each; for raised G panel, add $1.25 each. Octagon i^unk Panel Newel Posts. Prices for Sunk Panel Newel Posts, Fancy Moulded, Black Walnut, Cherry or Oak: 8 inch sunk panel posts, with cap 9 - " " " ♦• 10 " " " •' " 11 " " " " " 12 " - '« " *' For circle top panel * ' mahogany ** circle top panel ...add * ' full veneered ' ■ Sunk Panel Newel Posts, Panels Veneered. Prices for Sunk Panel Newel Posts, Black Walnut, Cherry or Oak, with Panels Fancy Moulded, and Veneered with Mahogany, Rosewood oi Bird's-eye Maple: 8 inch posts, with cap 9 " *♦ " 10 ♦« «« ♦* 11 " " " 12 " " ** Full veneered " • * with French burl ...add " •• •' " extra •' ** •* " double extra . . . *' Note. — The above are wholesale factory prices ; add profits. ^o THE builder's GUIDE, TABLE FOR DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF 1 0.6" 0. 6%" 0. e%" 0. 6^" 0. 7" 0. 7K" 0. 7/' 0. 7^" 0. 7M" 0. im' 3 I.O I. 0)4 I. I I. iK I. 2 I. 2^ I. 21^ I. 2^ I. 3 I- 3^ 3 1.6 I. eyi '. 7K I. 8)^ 1. 9 1.9% I. 9K i.io/s i.ioK 1.10% 4 2.0 2. X 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 4M 2. 5 2. 55^ 2. 6 2. 6^ 5 2.6 2. 7K 2. 8K 2. 9^ 2. 1 1 2.11^8 3. oy^ 3. 0% 3. iK 3- 2/8 6 3-0 3- 1^ 3- 3 ■ 3. 4K 3. 6 3. Wx 3. 7K 3- 8^ 3- 9 3. 9% 7 3.6 3 7% 3. 9^ 3.IIK 4. I 4. iK 4. 23/^ 4- 3/8 4. ^y^ 4. 5^ 8 40 4. 2 4. 4 4. 6 4. 8 4. 9 4.10 4.11 5- 5- I }♦ 4.6 4. 8X 4io>^ 5. oK 5. 3 5. 4/8 5. 5X 5. 6^ 5- 7M 5. 8^ 10 50 5. 2K 5- 5 5. I'A 5.10 5.11^ 6. 014 6. I3/^ 6. 3 6. 4K 11 5.6 5. 834 5.11M 6. 1% 6. 5 6. 6% 6. 7K 9. 9^ 6.10^ 6.11^ 12 6.0 6. 3 6. 6 6. 9 7. 7. iM 7- 3 7. 4M 7 6 7- 7M 13 6 6 6. 9J< 7. oi^ 7- 3K 7- 7 7. 8^8 7.10^ 7.11/8 8. iK 8. 3H 14 7.0 7. 3^ 7- 7 7.10^ 8. 2 8. 8% 8. 5/ 8. 1% 8. 9 8.10^ 15 l^ 7- 9^ ?• i^ 8. sK 8. 9 8.10K 9. 034 9. 2f^ 9- 4^ 9- 6^ 16 8.0 8. 4 8. 8 9. 9. 4 9. 6 9. 8 9.10 10. 10. 2 17 8.6 8.105^ 9. 2^ 9. 63/^ 9. 1 1 10. 1/8 lo- 3K .0. 53/^ 10. 7K 10. 9^ 18 9.0 9- 4K Q. 9 10. iM 10. 6 10. 8K 10. 10 14 11. 0% II. 3 II. 5^ 19 9.6 9.10X lo- 3K 10. 8K II. I IT. 3% II- 5K II. 8/8 II. 10^ 12. 0% *^0 10. 10. 5 10.10 I'. 3 II. 8 ii.ioK 12. I >2. 3K 12. 6 12 8M 31 10 6 lo.iiK II. 4M ir. 9K 12. 3 t2. 5^8 12. 8X 12.10^ 13. iK 13. 4H 22 1 1.0 'I- 5K II. II 12. 4'/^ 12.10 13- 0^ 13- 3K 13. 6K '3- 9 f3."K 14- 7^ 23 II. 6 11 iiK '2. sK .2.11^ 13- 5 13. 7/8 13.10^ M. 1/8 14- 4K 24 12.0 12. 6 13. 13. 6 14. 14. 3 14. 6 14. 9 15- •5. 3 25 12.6 13. oK 13- 6K 14. oK 14. 7 i4.io>^ 15- iK 15. 4% 15- iVz 15 "^ 26 13.0 •3- 6^ 14. I 14. 1% 15- 2 15. 5/ 15. 81^ 1511^ 16. 3 16. 6J^ 27 13-6 M. oK M- 7K 15. 2K 15 9 16. 0|/8 16. 3K 16. 7/8 16.10^ 17- iji 28 14.0 14. 7 15. 2 15- 9 .6. 4 16. 7K i6.ii 17. 2K 17. 6 17- 9M 29 14.6 15- iK 15. 8K 16. 3K i6.it 16. 2^ 17. 6i< 17- 9% 18. iK 18. sH 30 150 15. 7M 16. 3 i6.ioi^ .7. 6 17- 9K 18. iK 18. 5K 18. 9 19. 0^ Explanation. —In column, beginning with rise of step column of Risers, will be the No. In column of Treads, the column beginning with width of tread desired, will be the AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 7^ TREADS AND RISERS FOR GIVEN HEIGHTS AND RUNS. o. 7K" 0. 7K" 8" 0. 8X" 0. zy^" 0.9' 0. 9%" 0. 10" 0.101^" O.Il" 0.13" 0. 14" "i w H 1 ». 1% I. 3^ I 4 I. 4H ^- 5 , 1.6 ^' 7 , I. 8 I. 9 I 10 2. 2 2. 4 » i.iij< I.Xl^ 2 2. oK 2. iK 2.3 2. 4K 2. 6 2. 7M 2. 9 3- 3 3- ^ 3 2. 7 2. 7M 2 8 2. 9 2.10 30 3- 2 3- 4 3. 6 3. 8 4. 4 4. 8 4 3- 2^ 3. 3^8 3 4 3. sK 3. 6K 3-9 3."M 4. 2 4. 4K 4. 7 5- 5 5.10 5 3-ioM 3-"K 4 4. i>^ 4- 3 4.6 4. 9 5. 5- 3 5- 6 6. 6 7. 6 4- 6K 4. 7/8 4 8 4. 9K 4.T1K 5-3 5. 6K 5.10 6. iM 6. 5 7- 7 8. 2 7 5- 2 5- 3 5 4 5. 6 5- ^ , 6.0 6. 4 6. 8 7. 7- 4 8. 8 9- 4 8 5. 9-% 5-»o% 6 6. 2^ 6. 4K 6.9 7. iM 7. 6 7.10K 8. 3 9. 9 10. 6 i» 6. SK 6. 63^ 6 8 6.10K 7- I 7.6 7. II 8. 4 8. 9 9 2 IO.IO 11. 8 10 7- ^K 7- 2^ 7 4 7. 6K 7. 9K 8.3 8. 8K 9. 2 9. 1% 10. I II. II 12.10 11 7- 9 7iof^ 8 8. 3 8. 6 9.0 9. 6 10. 10. 6 II. 13. 14. 12 8. 4K 8. 6^8 8 8 S.iiH 9. 2K 9.9 »o. 3^ iO.IO II. 4K II. 11 14. I 15- 2 13 9- o>^ 9- 2^ 9 4 9- 1% 9.11 10.6 It. I 11. 8 12. 3 12.10 15. 2 16. 4 14 9- 8^ g.ioYs 10 IO- 3^ ro. 7K '1-3 ii.ioK 12. 6 13. iM •3- 9 16. 3 17. 6 15 lo, 4 10. 6 10 8 II. II. 4 12.0 12. 8 13- 4 14. 14. 8 17. 4 18. 8 16 io.ii% .1. Ij^s II 4 II. %y^ 12. 0%. 12.9 13. sK 14. 2 .4.10K 15- 7 18. 5 19.10 17 11- 1% II. 9K 12 12. 4K 12. 9 .3.6 M- 3 , 15. k;. 9 16. 6 19. 6 21. 18 12- sK 12. 5^ 12 8 13. oK 13- sV^ M-3 15- oK «5 10 16. 7^ »7- 5 20. 7 22. 2 19 12.11 13. iK 13 4 13. 9 , 14. 2 15-0 15.10 16. 8 17. 6 18. 4 21. 8 23- 4 30 13. 63^ 13. 9^ 14 14. 5J< 1410K 15-9 16. 7K 17. 6 18. 4K '9- 3 22. 9 24 6 31 14. 2^ H- 5K 14 8 15. 1^ ^5- 7 16.6 »7. 5 18. 4 19- 3 20. 2 23. IC 25. 8 33 i4.ioK '5- 1/8 '5 4 15. 9K .6. sK 17.3 18. 2^ 19. 2 20. iK 21. I 24.11 26.10 33 ,5. 6 15- 9 16 16. 6 17. 18.0 19. 20. 2T. 22. 26. 28. 34 16. l3/< 16. 4% 16 8 X7. 2K 17. 8>^ 18.9 19. 9K 20.10 2I.I0K 22.11 27. I 29. 2 35 16. 9^ 17- oK »7 4 17.10K 18. 5 19. 6 20. 7 21. 8 22. 9 23.10 28. 2 30- 4 36 17. 5J< 17. 85/8 18 18. 63/ 19. xYt. 20.3 21. 4H 22. 6 23. 7^ 24. 9 29- 3 31. 6 37 18. I 18. 4K 18 8 '9- 3 19 10 21. 22. 2 23- 4 24. 6 25. 8 30- 4 32. 8 38 18. 8^ T9. oH ^9 4 TQ.II^^ 20. 6^ 21 9 22.11^ 24. 2 25- 4K 26. 7 31- 5 33.10 39 io 4^ T9 81/ 20 20. 7^/^ 2T. 3 22 6 23. q 25 26. ^ 27. 6 ■^2. 6 35 30 desired, find height of story, top to top. On a line with this, in No. is one less than the No. of Risers. On a line with this, in length of run. 72 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, Nails, per keg. Common fence and sheathing nails. 8dand 9d 6d and 7d, common 4d and 5d, common 3d. and4d., light 3d., fine 2d Cut spike, all sizes Floor casing and box 75c. aboTe the same sizes of common. Finishing, $1 above, and fine finishing $1.25 above. Clinch Nails, per keg. If inch to 1^ inch 2 - 2f " 2J " 2| - 3 inch and longer Door Butts. Size, 42 X 42 5 X 5. Japanned acorn per doz. pairs Plain bronzed iron per pair Ornamental bronzed iron ** Ornamental bronzed metal *• Sash Weights per lb. Sash Line. Best Hemp per lb. Best linen ' * Silver Lake " Mortise Locks — brass face and b^dt, easy spring. 3 J to 4 J inch per doz. Do., for front doors. Factory make, plain front each Factory make, bronze front ** Boston make, plain front ** Door Knobs. Solid glass per set Silvered glass • ' Cut glass * ' Nickel plated " Bronze metal * ' Sashfasts. Plain brass per doz. Plain brass, self-locking " Approxi- mate J Vice 2.30 2.45 2.70 2.95 3.70 4.45 4.45 2.30 5.00 4.50 4.25 4.00 4.15 1.00 1.38 2.75 o.ii 0.30 0.62 0.65 20.00 2.50 4.50 8.00 0.50 1.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 2.50 7.50 AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 73 Nickel plated, self-locking per doz. Bronze metal, self-locking " Screws. Round head, nickel plated, for window J 1^ in. beads per gross ( IJ '• Store Door Handles — with mortise latch. Lacquered brass per set Bronze metal ' * Lead. Lead pipe per lb. Sheet lead *♦ Block tin pipe " Iron. Wrought iron I beams, 4 to 10 J in per lb. Wrought iron I beams, 12 in •* Wrought iron I beams, 15 in " Wrought iron channel beams, 4 to 12 in. .. . *' Wrought angle iron « Wrought T iron «< Wrought girder plates " Wrought girder rivets ** Hyatt light per ft. Sheet Iron. Common Russia iron American planished A B Galvanized iron Coppe7'. Sheathing copper Sheet Zinc. Full casks Loose 4.50 12.00 1.25 1.50 3.50 7.00 0.7^ 0.08 0.35 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.3^ 0.04 0.04 0.05 4.00 0.5J 0.13 O.IOJ 0.9^ 0.13 0.28 0.08 0.8^ PAINTING AND GLAZING. Approxi- mate Price. Correct Price. Including labor and materials of the best quality, and finding all ladders, scaffolding, and other appliances necessary for carrying on the work. 74 THE builder's GUIDE, PAINTING AND GLAZING {Continued). Painting on flat surfaces any common color coat Per Yar'd Superficial. 1 coat 2 '* 3 '• [4 - Add for extra colors, to be added to the price of common colors. Drabs, French gray, salmon, fawn, 3 cts. ; Bruns- wick green, 4 cts.; peach blossom and lilac, 12 cts.; patent greens, yellow and blue ver diter, 15 cts.; Chinese vermilion or lake, 50 cts. ; Chinese or lake, twice done on a scarlet ground, 75 cts. Flatted work also charged extra. Painting common color on sashes, for each side do. do. cornices, facias and^ soffits of projecting roofs, or similar work do. do. common color in iron railings, gates, etc., with plain or spiked tops, including details, mea- sured net do. do. common color, on window guards or other wire work, both sides Painting common color, on jalousie or f 1 Venetian shutters, including frames, I 2 measured from out to out, without 1 3 measuring laths [4 r 1 do in green. do. do. do. -I do. in common colors, on sash frames -j « lilNEAL WOEK. In common colors, except where expressed other- Per Lineal Yard. Bars, iron or other kind, plain work. • • • ] o coat 0.08 0.12J 0.17 0.20 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.16 0.20 0.16 0.19 0.24 0.27 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.28 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.03 0.04 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 75 PAINTING AND GLAZING (Cotltimted). Chains, any medium size j q Chain rail or siirbase, bandrnils or pin- j o rails, exclusive of pin, or bands 1 « Eave gutters and rain water conduc- i 2 tors, including heads, shoes, brackets, } 3 bands and holdfasts (4 Oas or iron water pipes 2 Mouldings under 3 inches girth, where ( 2 detached from painted work, or when -J 3 painted a different color (4 Ladders, including rungs 2 Skirtings, square or moulded, under 9 \ 2 inches wide "j 3 Hand rails, plain or moulded 2 coat String course, or edge of coping - o Reveals of doors or \ 4J inches wide \ 2 windows ] 9 •' " "12 Letters or figures, black or white, i ^„„ • ^i, painted in oil.... ■ j per mcb NUMERICAL WORK. Balusters, wood or iron per doz. . .2 coats Brackets or cantilevers, wood or iron, each, 2 " Chimney pots, iron or other do. 2 ** Chimney pieces of any plain kind, each \ o Door scrajjers or knockers do. . . 2 Hinges, hook and eye strap, and similar j n work under 12 inches in length, .each \ Hinges, hook and eye strap, and similar j n work, above 12 inches in length . . each \ Hooks, pins, staples, knobs, buttons, I bolts, nuts, holdfasts, butt hinges, or -! 2 similar work per dozen ( Lamps, street— mineral green each 2 do. bronzed do. 2 Lamp irons do. 2 Lamp-posts, including lamp frames, heel i posts, saddle, brackets and other fit--| 2 ments each ( Locks of any kind, including staples, ] « etc each \ Approxi- mate Price. 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.07 0.03} 0.36 0.07 0.24 0.25 0.30 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.25 0.40 0.12 0.40 0.05 70 THE BUILDER S GUIDE. PAINTING AND GLAZING {Continued). 2 C0at8 Mangers of any kind, including rings j and bolts each \ Newels, plain each 1 coat Running bolts, any size above 12 inches ( in length, including hasps and sta- \ pies each ( Stay bars to chimney shafts, or similar S work each \ Ventilators, including frames for each side, painted each Gratings, do. do. do. Window sills do. KEPAIRS TO OLD WORK, ETC. Painting in common colors in repairs to { patches, not exceeding one foot super- i ficial each ( Painting in common colors in repairs to patches, exceeding one foot, and not exceeding half a yard superficial, each Painting in common colors in repairs to I h patches, exceeding half a j^ard, and not \ o exceeding six yards superficial . . . each ( Add 25 per cent to the above if in superior colors. MISCELLANEOUS WORK. Fer Yard Superficial. Painting with mineral or anti-corrosive paint coat 1 with fire-proof paint \ a or paying over with best vege- table tar mixed with ochre or Spanish brown and pitch in such proportions as may be directed, and thoroughly mixed and boiled together with coal tar, mixed with 1 lb. ^ pitch, and 1 lb. rosin to 6 gallons coal tar, boiled to- gether Sanding in imitation of stone, or splashed in imitation of granite, add to common painting. . do. do. do. 1^ 1 0.10 0.10 0.30 0.04 0.05 0.60 0.05 0.07 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.10 Correct Price. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOO" 77 i-AiNTiNG AND GLAZING (^Continued). Approxi- mate Price. GBAINING AND VABNISHING. Fev Yard Superficial. Common graining, in oil or water colors, as may be ordered, in imitation of oak, maple, rose wood, walnut, or mahogany, including glazing Superior do. do. do. Per Foot Lineal. Graining, in imitation of any wood on hand rails or similar work NUMEBICAL WORK. Graining in imitation of any wood on plain newels or similar work each Graining in imitation of any wood on balusters, plain or turned, or similar work each VARNISHING. Per Yard Superficial. Varnishing with best copal on new or j 1 coal old painted, or grain work 1 2 '* Varnishing on hard wood, including] 1 *• sandpapering and oiling (2 •• Per Foot Lineal. Varnishing with best copal on hand-rails J 1 " or similar work ( 2 ** NUMERICAL WORK. Varnishing with best copal on newels, j 1 ** plain or turned, or similar work j 2 '* Varnishing with best copal on balusters, J 1 " plain or turned, or similar work | 2 ** Glazier's work varies in prices so much that it is considered best not to quote any price. As a general rule, the painter takes the contract to perform all the work in this department, along with the painting, but it is much better to let the contract of glazing and furnishing glass, independently, and prices for the work can be obtained in any locality from resident painters. 0.12 0.22 0.08 0.15 0.04 0.08 0.15 0.10 0.18 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.08 78 THE BUILDER'S GUIDE 'Window Glass, Prices Curreyit per box of 6 feet. Single. Sizes. I St. 2d. 3d. 4th. 6x 8—10x15 $8.00 $6.75 $6.25 $5.00 11x14-16x24 8.75 0.00 7.50 7.00 11x22—20x30 11.25 10.50 9.75 8.00 15x36—24x30 12.75 11.50 10.00 26x28—24x36.... 13.50 12.25 11.25 26x36—26x44 14.75 13.75 11.75 26x46—30x50.... 16.25 15.00 13.00 30x52—30x54 17.25 16.00 13.50 30x56—34x56 18.75 16.75 15.00 34x58—34x60 19.50 18.00 16.00 36x60—40x60 21.00 19.50 18.00 Double. Sizes. I St. 2d. 3d. 4th. 6x 8-10x15 $12.00 $11.00 $10.00 $ 9.25 11x14-16x24 14.75 13.75 12.75 11.75 18x22—20x30... . 19.00 17.75 16.00 15x36—24x30 21.50 19.25 16.50 16x28—24x36 23.00 20.75 18.25 26x36-26x44 25.00 23.00 19.25 26x46-30x50 27.00 25.00 21.25 30x52—30x54 28.50 26.00 22.25 30x56-34x56 30.00 . 27.75 24.75 32x58-34x60 .... 31.75 30.00 27.00 34x60-40x60.. . 35.50 32.50 30.25 Sizes above — $10 per box extra for every five inches. An additional 10 per cent, will be charged for all glass more than 40 inches wide. All sizes above 52 inches in length, and not making more than 81 inches will be charged in the 84 united inches' bracket. Per square foot, net cash. Greenhouse, Skylight, and Floor Glass, J Kough plate 30@35 I Rough plate 60@65 I Rough plate 70@75 1 Rough plate 80@85 1} Rough plate 1.3001.35 i Fluted plate 18@20 1-16 Fluted plate 20@22 \ Fluted plate 25@27 i Rough plate 22@24 I Rough plate AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 79 PAINTING AND GLAZING {Continued). Wholesale Prices of Paints and Oil in New York. Chalk block per ton Chalk in bbls per 100 lb. China clay. per ton Whiting, gilders, etc per 100 lb. Whiting, common •♦ Paris white, Eng ... •* Paris white, American Lead, white, American, dry Lead, white, American, in oil pure Lead, English, B.B., in oil Lead, red, American Litharge, American Litharge, English Ochre, French, dry Venetian red, American Venetian red, English Tuscan red, English Turkey red, English Indian red Vermilion, Am. lead Vermilion, English Carmine, American, No. 40 Chrome yellow, in oil Orange mineral Paris green Sienna, raw (American) Sienna, Italian lump Sienna, Italian powdered Umber, American raw and powdered Umber, Turkey, lump Umber, Turkey, powdered Drop black, English Drop black, American Prussian blue Ultramarine blue Chrome green Oxide zinc, American Oxide zinc, French, V M G S Oxide zinc, French, V M R S Approxi- mate Price. 3.50 0.40 22.00 0.75 0.55 2.00 1.00 0.06J 0.07i 0.09 0.064 0.06| 0.09J O.OIA O.OIJ O.OIJ 0.18 0.15 0.07 0.12 0.52 4.25 0.20 0.10 0.18 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.02J O.OIJ 0.05 0.15 0.14 0.60 0.25 0.16 0.04f 0.09 0.07i Correct Price. 8o THE builder's GUIDE, BELIi HANGEK. Materials to he of Vie very best description. Bell hanger per day Assistant •' Bell, house per lb. i Single .each Cranks, flat, mortise \ Double (Treble Cranks, brass, including brass i Single , headed nails or screws, all } Double .... complete ( Treble Cranks, brass, plain, driving any kind Bell pulls, brass or bronzed, including / plate and screws, all complete j" do. do. with sunk plate Strong brass slide pull. , Bell springs, steel, with carriages j Single . . complete, including screws .... \ Double . Bell staples, strong wire, any size per doz. Bell wire, copper, any gauge per lb. Hanging bells, complete, labor only, ( First floor including fixing wire, check springs -| Second *' and staples ( Third * ' Church and turret bells per lb. Correct Price. EOOFING MATERIALS, INCLUDING LAYING, LABOR, AND ALL NECESSARY SCAFFOLDING. Price per Square of 100 feet Super. Slating, not less than three inches cover, with annealed wrought iron nails Interlining between slating and boarding with plies of felt Bedding slates in lime and hair mortar Covering with best IC tin, laid and nailed com- plete, with tinned nails Extras for cutting, fixing and securing to gables, chimney shafts, hips, valleys and ridges, round dormers, skylights and similar work. per ft. lin. Allow extra for standing groove, flat or soldered. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 8l KOOFING MATERIALS {Continued). Covered with best galvanized iron, laid and nailed complete, with galvanized iron nails, and painted under and over with one coat of anti-corrosive paint Extra for cutting, fitting and making fast to gables, etc per foot lineal Shingles, well laid, 4 J inches to the weather. . . do. do. if laid in mortar Covering to Flat Roofs with Felt. Composition and Gravel^per 100 feet Superficial, Laid complete in the best manner, and ~1 2 plies with the best materials; in any situa- [ 3 •' ion, and not less than 10 gallons of [ 4 * composition to the square J 5 • Extra to be allowed for buildings over four stories in height Stripping oflf old gravel, repairing with felt and coating anew with composition and gravel Plastic Slate Boofing. Laid complete in the best manner, and ] 3 plies with the best materials, in any situa- 1-4 " tion ) 5 ** Note. — If work is under 500 feet superficial the prices for roofing must be increased. Sundries. Kepairing round chimneys, dormers, skylights, or against gables, with new fillets, felt and ccya^position per yard lineal Prepared felt per lb. Composition for Coating per bbl. do. do. per gal. Gravel, fine clear grit per bush. Boofer and laborer included per day Eaves, (gutters and Conductors — all materials and fixed complete. Per Foot Lineal. Eaves gutters, semi-circular, of best^ tin (26 oz. per foot super.), with 3 in. diam. rollor wired edges, soldered joints, ,4 ** " stopped ends, nozzled junctions ( 5 '* '• for conductors, etc,, above 500 6 " ** feet lineal J Approxi- mate Price. Correct Price. 12.00 0.07 4.00 5.00 4.00 4.75 5.25 6.00 4.00 4.25 5.00 5.50 0.25 0.03 3.00 0.20 0.50 3.75 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.30 82 THE builder's GUIDE, ROOFING MATERIALS {Continued). Approxi- mate Price. Correct Price. Eaves, gutters, semi-circular, of best ' American galvanized plate iron, executed as above, including gal- vanized iron brackets Rain water conductors of best tin '' (26 oz. per foot super. ) with lapped and soldered joints, including tack bands, bends, elbows, shoes and galvanized iron fastenings ... Rain water conductors of cast iron, including bends, elbows, shoes, wrought iron hold fasts, etc Stripping off and taking down olc clearing out old nails, and removin the stuff within a distance of 2( 100 feet super 6 in. diam. 7 " '* ■8 - - 9 - - 3 " " .f: :: 5 - - 6 ♦♦ - 3 * * bore 4 *♦ '* 5 - - 6 - - . coverings, g and piling ) yards, per 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.85 1.00 6.75 7.50 11.7^ 4.50 0.25 6.50 5.75 8.50 6.50 8.50 5. 62 J 5.25 5.75 0.07i 6.75 8.75 6.75 WHOLESALE PRICES OF SOME ROOFING MATERTiU:.S. Slate— Delivered in New York. Purple roofing slate per sq. Green slate Red slate Black slate, Penn. (Jersey City) Tiles, 1\ in. rubbed , , , , . .per SQ. ft. Tin Plates— Duty 1 1-lOc. per lb, I. C. charcoal, 10x14 I. C. coke, 10 X 14 per box I. X. charcoal, 10 x 14 ^ I. C. charcoal, 14x20 I. X. charcoal, 14 x 20 I. C. coke, 14 X 20 • I. C. coke, terne, 14 x 20 I. C. charcoal, terne, 14 x 20 . , , Zinc— Duty, Sheet, 2^0. per lb. Sheet r)er lb. Tinners' Stock. Tin plate, I. C, 10 x 14, charcoal Tin plate, I. X., 10 x 14, " Tin plate, T. C , 12x12, " AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 83 ROOFING MATERIALS {Continued). Approxi- mate Price. Correct Price. Tin plate, I. X., 12 x 12, charcoal. Tin plate, I. C, 14 x 20, " Tin plate, I. X., 14x20, '« Tin plate, I. XX., 14 x 20, '« I. C. roofing, 14 x 20, charcoal I. X. rooting, 14 X 20, " I. C. roofing, 20x 28, " I. X. roofing, 20 X 28, ♦' 10 X 20 coke (for gutters), 250 sheets. , , , , , Lead. Pig, SJc. ; bar, 6Jc. ; lead pipe, 6|c. Roofing Felt. No. 1 tarred roofing felt per lb. No. 2 " '' •' •' Rosin sized sheathing " Common dry *• " Carpet felt " Roofing pitch per gall. Extra heavy tarred roofing or sheathing felt, per 100 square feet Anchor brand ••natural asphalt" sheathing felt per roll of 320 sq. feet. Extra heavy Anchor brand sheathing, per 100 square feet Miscellaneous. .per lb. Roofing nails, wrought iron, clout plain. do. do. do. galvanized - • do. do. do. tinned *' Sheet iron, any gauge, for roofing per 100 lbs. do. do. galvanized •• do. do. corrugated. ... ** 8.75 6.75 8.75 10.75 6.25 8.25 13.00 17.00 9.50 0.02 O.Olf 0.03| O.O2I 0.03| 0.06 0.75 1.75 1.10 0.17 0.20 0.30 5 50 6.00 8.00 Sa THE builder's GUIDE, Prices of Miscellaneous Sundries Required about Buildings. STANDAED WROUGHT IRON LAP WELDED STEAM AND GAS PIPE. Inside Plain Enameled or Outside Weiglit per Foot. Diameter Price per Ft. Galvanized, Price Diameter Inches. per Foot. Inche.. $0.08 .40 .24 08 $0.11 .54 .42 1 09 12 .67 .56 1 11 15 .84 .85 1 13| 19 1.05 1.13 1 19 28 1.31 1.67 1} 27 40 1.66 2.2(5 h 33 47 1.90 . 2.6Q 2' 46 64 2.37 3.60 2J 75 1.00 2.87 5.77 3 95 1.30 3.50 7.55 ^ 1.25 1.70 4.00 9.05 i 1.50 2.05 4.50 10.73 ^\ 1.75 2.40 5.00 12.49 5 2.25 3.00 5.56 14.56 6 2.75 4 00 6.62 18.76 7 3.75 7.62 23.00 8 4.75 8.62 28.00 9 6.50 9.68 34.40 10 8.00 10.75 40.64 12 12.00 54.65 CORRUGATED SHEET IRON. Wire gauge 16 to 20 Black, per lb 5| Galvanized, per lb 8| 2^os. 16 to 20, liist, 12 GALVANIZED JUNIATA IRON. 22 and 24, 25 and 26, 13 14 Discount, 30 per cent. 22 6 9i 24 6 9i 27 15 26 9^ 28 16 RUSSIA IRON. Perfect, in full packs, 8 and 9 13 10 •••• 13 11 Vl\ 12 and 13 12V Less than full packs, add ^c. vND ESTliMATUR S PRICb: BOOK. 85 PATENT PLANISHED IRON. ' A " Wood's i^at., planished, Nos. 24 to 27 'B" " " ♦* - 24 to 27 Broken packs, i}c. per lb. extra. .10} Extras in following list are to show the difference in cost of different sizes, and should be added to the rates quoted, or price of lOd. to 60d. lOd., to 60d. nails, fence and brads per keg Above lOd. Xails. Approxi- mate Price. and 9d. nails add to each keg and 7d " 8d ca 4d. and 5d 3d. 2d. 4d 3d. " " 2d. " '♦ Clinch, all sizes Cut spikes, 3 to 8 inch Lining nails, ^ inch. . . fine Barrel Above Common Nails of same Size. Cut boat spikes Tobacco, 6d. to lOd Casing and box, 4d. to 20d Finishing, 4d. to 20d Slating, 2d. to 5d Each half keg, 10 cents extra. 3.50 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.50 2.75 1.75 3.00 3.75 1.75 0.35 4.50 G.OO 0.75 1.00 1.50 1.75 2.50 3.00 4.00 0.75 0.50 0.75 1.25 0.25 Correct Price. S6 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, VERTICAL WHEEL. HOT AIR REGISTERS AND VENTILATORS. Size of Opening. No. I Best Black Register. Ventilator White or Black fur Cords. Register Without Valves. Register Face Japanned. Iron Border Frames. 4x10 $2.00 $2.25 $1.20 $0.60 6x 8 2.10 2.35 1.20 0.75 $1.05 6x10 2.40 2.65 1.50 0.85 1.20 8x10 2.90 3.15 2.10 1.20 1.50 9x12 3.85 4.10 2.40 1.40 1.55 10x14 4.80 5.05 3.30 2.10 1.90 12x15 6.00 6.25 3.70 2.35 2.10 14x22 9.60 9.90 6.00 3.80 3.15 Intermediate sizes at intermediate prices. ANTI-FRICTION SLIDE CENTRE ROUND REGISTERS. Size of Opening. No. I Best Black Register, Ventilator White or Black for Cords. Register without Valves. Register Face Japanned. Iron Border Frames. 8 iE 10 12 14 16 18 ich. $2.00 2.95 3.85 4.75 6.35 7.65 $2.30 3.25 4.15 5.05 6.65 8.00 $1.32 1.70 2.30 3.00 4.15 4.95 $0.75 1.15 1.45 1.75 2.65 3.30 $1.00 1.30 1.55 1.95 2.35 3.15 Round ventilators or Registers for side walls, 7 inch. . .each $1.45 Smoke pipe, 7 inch hole '♦ 3.00 Cast iron stove pipe thimbles, variety of sizes per lb. 0.04J SQUARE KITCHEN SINKS. Sizes. Plain. Galvanized. Enameled. 16i X 12i 5 in deep 18 X 12 6 " $0.C0 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.25 1.30 1.40 $2.00 2.30 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.15 2.80 2.90 3.30 $4.50 4.75 16 X 16 6 '♦ 5.25 22 X 14 6 '* 5.75 23 X 15 6 " 6.25 25^ X 151 6 .« 6.50 20" X 12j 6 " 5.25 20 X 14" 6 '* 6.25 24 X 14 6 " 6.50 AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 87 SQUARE KITCHEN SINKS (Continued). Sizes. Plain. Galvanized. Enameled. 24^ X 16 6 in. deep $1.50 1.60 1.60 1.65 2.00 1.90 2.00 1.90 2.10 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.60 3.00 3.30 3.50 4.30 4.50 2.25 4.00 5.75 6.00 9.00 13.50 14.00 17.00 20.00 25.00 28.00 $3.50 3.75 3.75 3.75 4.50 4.25 4.70 4.25 4.70 5.60 5.60 6.20 6.00 6.80 7.00 8.00 9.75 10.50 4.75 9.50 13.00 14.00 18.50 28.00 31.00 33.00 42.00 50.00 $6 75 24" X 18 6 " 7 00 25^ X 17i 6 " 7 50 27 X 15 6 •♦ 7 75 24 X 20 6 '♦ 8 00 28 X 17 6 *♦ 8 00 28 X 20 6 " 8 50 30 X 16 6 ** 8.50 30 X 18 6 '' 8.75 30 X 20 6 '' 9.50 32J X 18 6 " 9.50 32^ X 21 6 «* 10.00 se'' X 18 6 " 10.00 36 X 2U 6 ** 11.00 38 X 20 6 ♦* 11.50 42 X 22 6 '• 12.50 48 X 20 6 '' 14 00 48 X 23 6 •* 15 00 24 X 14 8 " 8 00 30 X 24 8 " 13 00 50 X 24 6J " 18 00 50 X 26 6J ** 20.00 62 X 22 8 " 26 00 76 X 22 7 " 32.00 56 X 32 9 '* 32.00 60 X 28 10 " 35.00 78 X 28 10 '* 45.00 94 X 24 10 •* 120x22 6 •' SOAP STONE TUBS. Appioxi- mate Price. Correct Pnce. 2 parts, 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 " 3 '« 3 '' 4 '' length 4 feet; width 2 feet; " 4 '• 6 in. " 2 " - 5 " - 2 - - 6 - - 2 - 6 " 6 in. " 2 '* - 7 " •* 2 - " 7 *• 6 in. *♦ 2 - - 8 - - 2 - depth 16 in. - 16 - - 16 ♦• - 16 " - 16 " " 16 •' - 16 " " 16 " 26.00 29.00 32.00 40.00 43.50 47.00 55.00 65.00 88 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, BATH TUBS. Length 5 feet; width 2 feet; depth 18 in - 6 *' "2 " " 20 " 2 feet long; 18 in. wide; 7 in deep 2 " 6 in. long; 19 in. wide; 7 in. deep 3 .. M 20 " *' 7 ♦* " 3 " 6 ♦* 22 " " 7 *' •* 4 ,; .« 24 " " 7 " " Approxi- mate Price. 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 16.00 Correct Price STANDARD HOISTINCi ROPES FOR ELEVATORS WITH 19 WIRES TO THE STRAND. 9 10 10* 10| Circum- ference Inche; Weight per foot in ,bs. of rope with 'lemp Cen 7.80 6.02 5.08 4.10 3.10 2.44 1.95 1.50 1.14 0.83 0.65 0.44 0.35 Breaking strain in tons of 2, GOO pounds. 74 65 54 44 35 27 20 16 111 8.64 5.13 4.27 3.48 Proper working load in tons of 2,ooo lbs. 15 13 11 9 7 I' 3 2i If H i i Circumfer- Min. ence of size of bemp rope drum or of equal sheave strength. in feet. 15i 14i 8 7 13 6* 12 5 lOf H n 4 8 3* 7 3 6 2i 5 ^ H 2 4 If H H Price per foot, 98 76 60 50 41 33 27 22 19 15 13 12 10 Tiller rope f inch diameter, 16 cents per foot. ' J " " 12 - AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 89 CAST STEEL. d 12; -a Circum ference Weight per foot in lbs. of rope Breaking strain in tons ot Proper working load in Circumfer- ence of hemp rope Min. size of drum or Price per foot. 2 inches. .2 viih 2 000 tons of of equal sheave ' ^ H p Hemp Cen pounds. 107 2,000 lbs. strength. in feet. cents. 1 6| 2t 7.80 22 9 165 2 6 2 6.02 97 20 8 128 3 ^ ja 5.08 78 17 15| 7h 100 4 5 4.10 64 13 14^ 6" 83 5 41 I9 3.10 52 11 13' 5i 66 6 4 2.44 39 8 Hi 5- 57 7 ^1 ■* s 1.95 30 6 10 4;^ 42 8 1.50 24 5 n 4- 34 9 2f 1 1.14 20 4 8 3f 28 10 2i t 0.83 13 3 6^ H 23 m 2 0.65 2 51 3 20 lOi If 9-1 C 0.44 H n 4f 2f 17 lOf IJ i 0.35 ^ 1 4^ 2 15 Bessemer and Siemens — Martin steel rop es at same price as iron ropes. JVofe. — The prices given are for Hemp Centre Ropes. When made with Wire Centre, the price per foot is 10 per cent, extra. 'I'he weight of Wire Centre Ropes is 10 per cent, more than that of Ropes with Hemp Centres. ^ Notes on the Uses of Wire Rope. — Two kinds of wire rope are manufactured. The most pliable variety contains wires in the strand, and is generally used for hoisting and running rope. The ropes with 12 wires and 7 wires in the strand are stiffer, and are better adapted for standing rope, guys and rigging. Orders should state the use of the rope, and advice will be given. Ropes are made up to 3 inches in diameter, both of iron and steel, upon special application. For safe working load, allow one-fifth to one-seventh of the ultimate strength, according to speed, so as to get good wear from the rope. When substituting wire rope for hemp rope, it is good economy to allow for the former the' same weight per foot which experience has approved for the latter. 90 THE builder's GUIDE, Wire rope is as pliable as new hemp rope of the same strength ; the former will therefore run over the same sized sheaves and pulleys as the latter. But the greater the di- ameter of the sheaves, pulleys or drums, the longer wire rope will last. In the construction of machinery for wire rope, it will be found good economy to makes the drums and sheaves as large as possible. The minimum size of drum is given in a column in the preceding table. Experience has demonstrated that the wear increases with the speed. It is therefore better to increase the load than the speed. Wire rope is manufactured either with a wire or a hemp centre. The latter is more pliable than the former, and will wear better where there is short bending. Orders should specify what kind of centre is wanted. Wire rope nmst not be coiled or uncoiled like hemp rope. When mounted on a reel, the latter should be mounted on a spindle or flat turn-table to pay off the rope. When for- warded in a small coil without reel, roll it over the groun^ like a wheel, and run off the rope in that way. All untwist- ing or kinking must be avoided. To preserve wire rope, apply raw linseed oil with a piece of sheepskin, wool inside; or mix the oil with equal parts of Spanish brown or lamp-black. To preserve wire rope under water or under ground, take mineral or vegetable tar, and add i bushel of fresh slaked lime to I barrel of tar, which will neutralize the acid. Boil it well, and saturate the rope with the hot tar. To give the mixture body, add some sawdust. In no case should galvanized rope be used for running rope. One day's use scrapes off the coating of zinc, and rusting proceeds with twice the rapidity. The grooves of cast iron pulleys and sheaves should be AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 91 filled with well seasoned blocks of hard wood set on end, to be renewed when worn out. This end wood will save wear and increase adhesion. The smaller pulleys or rollers which support the ropes on inclined planes, should be constructed on the same plan. When large sheaves run with great velocity, the grooves should be lined with leather, set on end, or with India rubber. This is done in the case of all sheaves used in the transmission of power between distant points by means of rope, which frequently run at the rate of 4,000 feet l^er minute. Full information may be obtained on the size of rope and the size and speed of sheaves to be used for trans- mitting power, where the ropes are made. Steel ropes are, to a certain extent, taking the place of iron ropes, where it is a special object to combine lightness with strength. But in substituting a steel rope for an iron running rope, the object in view should be to gain an increased wear from the rope rather than to reduce the size. STEAM PRESSED VITRIFIED DOUBLE GLAZED DRAIN PIPES. Bends Branches. I'T' Pipe, per r oot. and Elbows. Each. Single. Double . .nd v. Each. 2 inch, $ .13 $ .40 $ .48 $ ^ It $1.00 3 .16 .50 .61 *:""pu 1.25 4 .20 .65 .75 1.30 JS 1.75 5 .25 .85 .90 1.55 2.50 6 .30 1.15 1.05 1.80 --Si 3.50 7 .35 1.50 1.20 2.05 5.00 8 .45 2.00 1.45 2.45 &^ 6.00 9 .55 2.50 1,70 2.85 I2 7.00 10 .70 3.00 2.00 3.30 11 8.00 12 15 .80 1.25 3.75 5.00 2.52 ' 4.24 ^ 10.00 18 1.60 7.50 House Branches per lineal ft. Sewer Branches, per lineal ft. 15x6 $1.75 15 in. $2.^£> 18x6 2.50 18 ' 3.00 92 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, Reducers and Increasers — Price of Bends measured at largest opening. Syphons — Price of Bend and one foot of Pipe added. Offsets — One-half the price of Traps. Slants — Price of one and one-half feet of Pipe. Collared Pipe, in lengths of 2 feet, from 2 to 12 inches inclusive. Pipe with Rings, in lengths of 3 feet, from 10 inches upwards. DESCRIPTION. Iron Cistern Pitche?' Spout Pump. Suitable for Iron or Lead. Boxes from 2 J to 4 J in. Suitable for 1 to IJ in. pipe each Iron Close Cistern Pump. Boxes from 2 to 3 in., suitable for 1 to IJ in. pipe each Douglass Cistern Pump. Boxes from 2 to 3 in., suitable for 1 to IJ in. pipe each New Style Side Cistern. Boxes from 2 to 3 in., suitable for 1 to 1^ in. j pipe each 1 Cistern and Well Pump. From 2J to 4 inch cylinders, bored and pol- j ished each ) Tight Top Cistern and Well Pump. With Cast Iron Set Lengths. From 2J to 3J inch cylinders, bored and pol- ished each Extra long sets each Braced Deep Well Pump, From 2J to 3J in. cylinders, bored and pol- ished each Approxi- mate Price. 4.00 to 6.00 3.50 to 5.50 3.50 to 5.50 3.50 to 5.50 10.00 to 15.00 12.00 to 13.50 0.50 20.00 to 28.00 Correct Price. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. PUMPS (Continued). DESCRIPTION Engine Well Pump. With Cast Iron Set Length. From 2J to 4 inch cylinders, bored and pol- ished each Engine Well Pump. With Gas Pipe Set Length From 2J to 4 inch cylinder, bored and pol- ished each Double Acting Force Pump. For Pailroads, Dis- tilleries, itc. For Hand and Power. From 4 to 8 inch cylinder. Stroke 8, Gallons per minute, 40 to 80 each Hydraulic Rams. Four Sizes. From 2 to 14 gallons per minute, drive 25 to J 50 feet where desired etc each 1 C7^een House Engines. For garden use each For green house, including pail, 3 ft. hose and discharge pipe each Less pail each Base Force Pumps. Bored and Polished. No. 1 from 2J to j Iron cylinder each 4 in. bore. 1 Brass Approxi- mate Price. 93 Correct Price. 22.00 to 27.00 21.00 to 26.00 75.00 to 135.00 9.00 to 20.00 25.00 10.00 8.00 $9 to 14 14 to 28 94 I'HE BUILDERS GUIDE, REMARKS. It must be understood that the foregoing prices are only approximately correct, and are subject to market fluctuations and local demand. They are only given as a guide to the estimator where the actual current market prices are not ob- tainable. The most successful contractors are those who ^' figure " close, not overlooking a single item, and then adding from 15 to 30 per cent, to the aggregate for profits and contin- gencies. The amount of percentage added, depends in a great measure on circumstances. Sometimes a contractor may be so full of work that he does not care to take more unless he gets an extra good price for it; then he will add on his esti- mate a large percentage. Again, it may be that he has little to do and will be compelled to take work at the lowest pos- sible paying prices. In these days of keen competition men are often led to accept contracts much lower than the work can possibly be comjDleted for; then they will endeavor to make up the dif- ference by either overworking their employees, reducing their wages, or " scamping " the work. The adoption of either of these expedients will surely end in ruin and de- struction to the contractor ; better not take the work at all, if a good paying price cannot be obtained for it. Builder's Bookkeeping. — Builders^ generally should habituate themselves to reduce their buWiless to a reliable system of accounts, and accustom themselves to regard their operations from the standpoint of close and careful calcula- tion. The simplest phase of the building business is. that in AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 95 which the master builder acts merely as an overseer or super- intendent of the work, and does not undertake to perform in person any specific task. Where all the different items of work, including mason's and carpenter's work, are given out in contracts, the arrangement of these items of detailed cost in a consolidated result is a simple matter of arithmetic. The work becomes more complicated where either the ma- son or carpenter work, or both, is undertaken in person by the master builder operating through foremen and employed mechanics. To make the cost of such works tally with the other items of cost, it becomes necessary to keep a very close watch over expenditures, or there will be many and large discrepencies. Some builders undertake to perform with their own hired mechanics a great variety of work connected with house building, such as the painting, plastering, brick and stone work, and carpenter work. In these cases the accounts be- come very voluminous and complicated, and the employ- ment of a skilled book-keeper becomes imperative. The items of work which are given out in separate con- tracts present little difficulty, as these may be readily for- mulated. A strict record should be kept of payments made to the several sub-contractors on account of their contracts. An ordinary memorandum book, such as may be purchased on the streets or at the stationer's, will suffice for this pur- pose. One page in such a book should be devoted to each individual contract, and should be headed with the name of the sub-contractor. On such a page should be entered the date and amount of each partial payment of the contract price. This will enable the builder to see at a glance how mych has been paid and how much is due upon a given contract. We may add, that such an account faithfully kept will constitute acceptable evidence in any court of law. 96 THE builder's GUIDE, The accounts of mason and carpenter work call for greater minutiae and particularity. Separate and accurate pay-rolls should be kept for each job, whether the work performed may be done on the premises where the improvement is being made, or away from them. In carpenter work, especially, the pay-roll of all shop work should be properly apportioned and distributed among the several jobs, and each sub-divi- sion charged under its appropriate head in the book of each job. The rule should be rigidly enforced of requiring all material men to furnish separate itemized bills for material sent to any particular job, or intended to be used for a spe- cific job. As these bills are received their totals s;hould be entered on the account book under the appropriate heading, whether for carpenter or mason work. A page in the memorandum book should be devoted to all the incidental expenses not appertaining to the mechanical portion of the work, such as interest, taxes, legal and archi- tectural fees, brokerages, etc. Such a system of accounts really embraces all that is necessary to furnish a builder with an intelligible view of the cost of his work as it progresses. It would be well to devote a page in this book to a record of any notes which may be given out, indicating their dates of maturity and amounts. The only further suggestion to make is that a monthly balance sheet should be taken off in a form which we will indicate. This balance sheet will consist of an enumeration of the headings of all these accounts. Three parallel columns will be required to display the needful data. In the first column, opposite its appropriate heading, may be stated the total amount of each contract as made, or the assumed cost of the item of work. In the second column may be given the amount paid on account of each item. In the third column may be stated the difference between the respective AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 97 amounts in the second and first columns — which will be the amounts unpaid and due on each item of work, and the total of these differences will be the whole amount unpaid on the job. This balance sheet will enable the builder to perceive at a glance the precise financial position of his job, and will constitute besides a faithful monitor of the accruing costs and their distribution. We submit this form of balance sheet without any further explanation, believing that it will commend itself to the ap- proval of painstaking builders, and as here presented will be self-explanatory. BUILDER S BALANCE SHET. Heads of Accounts. Brown stone work Bells and tubes Blinds, inside and outside Blue stone work Carpenter work, including — Hardware Labor Timbers Trimmings Dumb waiters Framing Sash and sylights Glass, plate— sheet and fancy. Doors — hardwood and pine. . . Hardwood mantels Mirror frames and cornices . . . Wainscoating Iron work, Plasterer's work Boofer's work Furnace work Stair work Gasfitting work Plumbing work Marble work Grate work Amounts ot Contracts md estimated cost. Amounts paid on Account. Balances due. 98 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, builder's balance sheet (Continued) . Heads of Accounts. Amounts of Contracts and estimated cost. Amounts paid on Account. Range work Painting $ $ Mason work, including — Excavating Bricks. . . . Labor Building stone Lime and cement Interest account Taxes (if any) Surveyor's fee Architect's fee Counsel's fee Insurance Coal Permits Watching Brokerage Totals Balances due. It will be seen by the foregoing lists that the prices given are not always the same for the same class of work or ma- terials ; this is accounted for by the fact that the first figures given are gathered from Southern and Western sources, while the latter are taken from Eastern and Middle State price lists ; but the estimator should in no case rely on these rates alone if he can possibly obtain the local current prices. We now enter in another department, and one that should be thoroughly understood by the estimator and contractor, to enable him to arrive at something like correct quantities. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 99 Measurement of Artificers' Work. We lay down certain general rules for the measurement of Artificers' work as generally practiced by experienced sur- veyors. There are, however, certain local customs which prevail in different places which have always been found diffi- cult to overcome. No doubt but that measurement simply by the cubic, superficial, or lineal foot is the fairest way — irre- spective of customs to the contrary — and if architects would commence the practice of inserting in their specifications and contracts that the work should be thus measured and paid for, it would soon become a recognized custom. All sur- veyors do not take their measurements in the same order, or keep their books in the same form. The following rules, however, will be convenient to observe : Take the several parts of the work in the order most con- venient, observing always to enter the length first, next the width, and lastly the depth or thickness. Describe the nature of the material and workmanship, and the exact situation of the work. A strict observance of these rules will facilitate the future identification of the dimensions with the work from which they have been taken, should a reference be required to them in case of dispute. excavators' work. At per cubic yard. If paid for according to the schedule, keep the work under the different items separate. Trenches are usually kept separate. drains, including pipes, etc. At per yard rnnmiig. State the depth and size of pipe or drain. lOO THE builder's GUIDE, ALLOWANCE FOR SLOPES. Where the sides of an excavation will not stand vertically, allow 3 inches on each side for every foot in depth. For pipes take the bottom of the trench about 9 inches wider than the diameter of the pipe. SHORING AND STRUTTING, ETC. It is better that when shoring or strutting becomes neces- sary, the contractor should provide for this in his estimate. PUMPING. When necessary, to be paid for per day labor. CLAY PUDDLE OVER VAULTS AND ARCHES. At per yard superficial. State height. of arches, and thickness of puddle required. PILE DRIVING. Number the piles, scantling, and length of feet to be driven, number the ringing, pointing, shoeing, and state the weight of the rings and shoes. CONCRETE. In thickness of 12 inches and o\qv, per yard cubic, under pavings or hearths, or less than 1 2 inches thick, per yard superficial. When concrete is lifted above ground, state the height. MASON AND STONE CUTTER'S WORK. Walls built of rubble stone are sometimes measured by the toise (French), which contains 87.16 cubic feet English; some measurers only allow 84 feet. Sometimes it is mea- sured by the cord, 128 feet, sometimes by the perch, and again by the cubic foot. Walls under i foot 6 inches in width measured as i foot 6 inches work. Walls over i foot 6 inches, and not 2 feet 6 inches, are taken as 2 feet 6 inches in work. Footing courses are measured extra. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. lOI Face Work of a superior kind on rubble masonry is measured separately and described. Quoin Stones of selected stones are allowed as block stone, and other dressings in a similar manner. Walling of Block Stone is charged at per cubic foot, according to description, similar to ashlar prepared and set, including all beds and joints, but the face is charged extra at l)er foot superficial, according to the way it may be dressed. ASHLAR WORK. Defiiiitiofi of terms for the labor on stone. Plain Work is the even surface produced without sinking more than necessary to remove the mere irregularities of the stone. Sunk Work is the cutting or chiseling below the plain surface, as in rebating, or the weatherings of string courses, copings, and cornices. Circular Work is that required to form convex or con cave surfaces, as to the shafts of columns, arch stones, or cir- cular curbs. Circular, Circular Work, is that required to form a sphere or a niche head. Moulded Work, straight, is that to cornices, etc. Moulded Work, circular, is that to the necking or capital of columns. LABOR in general. It is the practice of most surveyors to take only one bed and one joint to each stone, and two if not sawn. It is best, liowever, to measure, and to state that such has been done, allow the largest dimensions for the cubic contents. One joint only to be allowed to every 3 feet in length when the work is continuous, as in strings, copings, etc. Take plain work rubbed to all faces and returned ends unless otherwise worked. 102 TJIE builder's GUIDE, Girth the sunk work, moulded work, circular plain, and circular moulded work as it appears. Take splayed and fair edges, under 6 inches wide, back joint, throating, grooving, sunk rebates, mitres to sinkings, chamfers, reeds, flutings, haunches, joggle and iron tongued joints, cutting and pinning to landings, etc., by the foot 7'tm, Number fair ends to steps, pipe holes, cramps, plugs, dowels, mortise holes for door posts, rounded corners, notch- ings, letting in coal plates, air traps, sink stones, cutting and priming ends of steps, stopped and level ends to sinkings, mitres to mouldings, external and internal (according to girth) returned and mitred ends to copings, neckings to chimney pieces, etc. REGULATIONS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF MASONRY. Cube Stone. If square measure net size when worked, when not square measure the size of a square stone of the extent required. When the stones are of scantling 6 feet and upwards, measure separately. Drafted Backs. The back of stones where drafted to be measured according to actual work shown. Plain and Sunk Beds. One plain bed only to be taken for each stone, except to mullions of windows, for which two beds are to be taken to each stone. Ordinary arch stones to be considered as having one plain bed and one sunk bed. Plain and Sunk Joints. Not more than one plain joint to be taken for each stone, having one or more plain joints. All plain joints to be taken as they occur. Chiseled or Rubbed Faces. To be measured to the size actually shown on the external surface. Rough Sunk. , To be taken when a large quantity of stone has to be removed, as in stop mouldings to sills, window heads, and other similar work. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. IO3 Sunk, Chiseled or Rubbed Faces. To be measured on the surface actually worked, adding the depth of the sink- ing. Stopped Sinking. To be measured in such situations as do not permit the work to be carried straight through the stone, as in the stop mouldings to sills, window-heads, and other similar work. Preparatory Labor or Plain Face or Bed. To be taken wherever it is necessary to produce a face for the pur- pose of setting out under- work, as in tracery heads, and other similar works. This is also intended to apply to mullions of windows, one side and one edge of which are to be taken as plain bed. Mouldings. To be girthed, the surface actually shown, the top bed, if weathered, only to be measured as sunk face. Mouldings to Paneling. To be girthed, including the back panel. Circular Face to Soffit of Cusps. To be measured the whole thickness of the stone from back to front. Sunk Faces to Soffit of Cusps in Paneling. To be measured net on the face, adding the depth of the sinking from the external face. Sunk Face in Margins for Eyes. To be measured the extreme length and width. Circular Sunk to Rebated Soffit of Cusps. To be measured from the external surface, adding the depth of the rebate. Mouldings in Tracery. The extreme length of the straight mouldings in the tracery of the window heads to be measured through the mitres and junctions with other mould- ings. Throat. To be measured per foot running. Groove for Cement. do. do. I04 THE builder's GUIDE, Groove for Sashes. To be measured per foot running. Rebate not Exceeding 3 Inches in Girth. To be measured jDer foot running. Mitres to Sinkings. To be numbered according to width. Mitres and Returns to Sinkings. To be numbered ac- cording to width of the sinking and length of the return. Mitres to Mouldings. To be numbered according to the girth of moukhng. Mitres and Returns to Mouldings. To be numbered according to the girth of the moulding, and length of the return. Stopped End of Mouldings. To be numbered accord- ing to girth of moulding, and length of return. Stopped Ends of Mouldings of Splayed Sills ANr> Sills of Panels. To be numbered according to the girth of the moulding and extreme length from top of sill to point of intersection. Rough Sinkings for Cusped Window Heads and similar Sinkings. To be numbered, taking the average area of the sinking and the full thicknesss of the stone. Carved Stone Work is sometimes paid for by the piece or by the foot superficial. See pages 34, 35, 36, 37, ^S, 39, and 40. brick work. This is measured generally by the one thousand bricks, laid in the wall. Sometimes, however, it is measured by the perch, and sometimes by the foot cubic, but not often. The following rule shows how the number of bricks may be found in walls of any thickness : A 4 J in. wall requires for each foot superficial, 7 bricks. A 9 in. " " " " 14 " A 13 in. " " " " 21 " A 18 in. " '' " " 28 " AND ESTIMATOR'S PRICE BOOK. IO5 A 22 in. wall requires for each foot superficial, 35 bricks. Add seven bricks for every half brick additional added to the thickness. Deduct all openings for doors, archways, windows, gate- ways, or other large openings. Flues, ends of joists, girders, sills, lintels and boxes of sash frames, are generally counted solid, as the wastage of material and time in working around these places more than makes up the difference. Rubbed brickwork and ornamental work must be measured separately and charged extra, unless otherwise provided for. Tuck-pointing, drains, cisterns, wells, and paving, are done by the lineal, superficial or cubic foot, as may be agreed upon. See pages 40, 41, 42, 43 and 44. PLASTERING. All plain work is measured by the yard superficial. All mouldings, beads, cornices, and panel work is measured by the running foot, if one foot or less in girt. If more than one foot girt, charge by superficial foot. See pages 44, 45,, 46 and 47. CARPENTERS AND JOINERS' WORK. As SO much of this work is now done by machinery, no general rules can be laid downi. The following memoranda^ however, may be found useful : Labor on timber is classified " Fixed only,'' " Framed,'' or * ^ Framed and Fixed. ' ' Timber fixed, includes the labor in "nailing, spiking, halving,, dovetailing or notching. Timber framed, includes mortising and tenoning. Reduce all timber to board measurement. BOND TIMBER. Take bond timbers, wall plates, pole plates, templates, and Untels under this head. Io6 THE builder's GUIDE, FLOORS NAKED. Take all joists and sleepers which have not been actually framed as " fixed " only. Keep ground joists and sleepers distinct fi^om those to upper floors. Girders, binders, trimmers, and trimming joists to be taken as fi-amed. Girders sawn down the middle, reversed and bolted, or trussed are to be kept separate. Setting in screw-bolts, plates, etc., are to be numbered as extras. Take strutting between the joists by the foot running, state the scantlmg, and it herring bone or otherwise. WOOD BRICKS, ETC. Number the wood bricks and similar insertions into wall. ROOFS. Take king posts, queen posts, principal rafters, and the beams, etc., as " framed in trusses." Allow in length for each tenon. Take common rafters, purlins, diagonal ties, dragon pieces, and gutter plates, except where actually framed as ^' fixed in rafters," etc. Add to all iron work extra for fixing. Take ridge, hips and valley pieces as framed — or otherwise measure boarding by tlie square of loo feet superficial. Hip and ridge rolls measure per foot running — state the diameter, and if spiked or otherwise. PARTITIONS. Take the head, sills, braces, studs, door heads, etc., as framed and trussed in partitions or otherwise, as the case mav be. AND estimators' PRICE BOOK. I07 Deduct for doorways. Studs tenoned with the head and sill and spiked, are to be considered as framed. Iron work and fixing extra. ROUGH BOARDING. Measure by the square of loo feet superficial. If waste, allow for the same. BRACKETING, ETC. Take the actual measurements and allow for waste. Number the pieces. DOOR FRAMES. See mill prices — (included with doors). WROUGHT, FRAMED, AND ROUGH TIMBERS IN GENERAL. Measured by the foot cube. FLOORING. Per square of loo feet super. Take the length by the width, add pieces filled in to windows, door openings, recesses, etc. Deduct slabs, chimney breasts, and other projections. Extras, — Take the glued and mitred border to slabs by the foot running. SKIRTINGS. Per foot running. Take the round of the room, and add for the passing at angles. State thickness and width — if moulded or otherwise, and if backings are included. NARROW GROUNDS. Take the length as described for the skirting. Io8 THE builder's GUIDE, State the thickness and width, and if chamfered, plugged to wall or otherwise. SASKES AND SKYLIGHTS AND FRAMES. See mill prices for sashes, including frames. Extras, — Take the beads, stops, and linings by the foot run- ning, according to thickness and width — and labor upon them. State if sill is of oak, tamarac or pine — weathered or throated. State mode of hanging sashes, quality of lines, pullies^ weight, etc. SASHES, CIRCULAR HEADS. Provided for under mill work. Extras. — The same as for square sashes. WINDOW LININGS AND WINDOW BOARDS. Take the length by the width in each case — allow for the passings — state thickness of linings. For window boards and bearers, state thickness, also, if tongued to the sill and rounded on edge. Extras. — Labor to grooves at per foot run. FRAMED GROUNDS AND ARCHITRAVES. Architraves supplied at the mill. State the number of feet of groundings. Count the number of mitres. SHUTTERS AND BACKFLAPS. Shutters and backflaps furnished at mill. Describe how made, panels, etc. Extras. — Hinges, shutter bar or bolts, knobs, etc. WINDOW BACKS, ELBOWS AND SOFFITS. Part supplied at mill. Describe that part done by hand labor. AND ESTIMATOR'S PRICE BOOK. IO9 BACK LININGS. To the height for the shutters add 2 inches, for that of the back lining, by the width. State thickness and how worked. BOXING. Take the height, by the width, including the framings. State the thickness, and if wrought, framed, rebated, beaded or splayed ; if they are termed " proper boxings." SLIDING SHUTTERS. Shutters provided at mill. State size of pulley pieces and beads, quality of line weights and pulleys. Boxings, grounds, etc. — to be taken as for window fronts. Take the fastenings, and flush rings to the shutters anr* hinges to flaps. OUTSIDE SHUTTERS. Provided at mill. Extras^ scribing and fixings. DOOR-FRAMES, ARCHITRAVES. All kinds of doors, frames and architraves being made by mill work, it is only necessary to state the sizes and thick- ness, etc. Extras — such as sills (state if oak) — hanging — fixing archi- traves — hinges — locks, etc. STAIRCASES. It is customary for the contractor to take staircases at so much per step, which includes every thing complete — accord- ing to a specification. The following is the rule for measuring them : Take the extreme length of the head, including the hous- 110 THE builder's GUIDE, ings into the strings, by the collected widths and heights oi the heads and risers, measured from the front of the risers to the nose of the tread for the other. State thickness of the treads and risers with the number and sizes of the carriages (if any). State if the steps are wrought, glued, or blocked, if with moulded or rounded nosing, if cut and mitred to string, or housed to string, at one or both ends, as the case may be. Extras. Take the bottom step separately, if longer, or with curtail end. Take grooving and tongueing by the foot running— also take run of nosing on the floor to form the upper steps. Take housings to the steps and risers. Dovetailed sinkings for balusters. Number of returned brackets according to description. Take all fascias apron linings, by the foot superficial, accord- ing to description. Staircase ( Winders). Take the whole space occupied by winders. Collect the lengths of risers by height, plus i inch for each nosing on winders. State the thickness, etc., as pointed out for the flyers. Extra. Take the grooving and tongueing by the foot running. Number the housings to the winders, and keep them separ- ate from those of the flyers, also the returned circular nosings to the steps, and the number of circular cut brackets. STRING BOARDS. Take the extreme length, including the framings, etc., by the width, keep the parts that are wreathed separate. State the thickness of strings, if framed, rebated and beaded, if sunk or double sunk, if moulded, if cut and mitred to risers ; AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. Ill also, if solid wreathed, or wreathed m thickness, or cylindrical mould with proper backings. State if circular parts are under 6 inch railings. Extras, Number of ramps (Extra to the measurement), " tongued angles. " housings. " splayed ends. HANDRAILS. Take the length along the middle of the rail — keep separate the parts that are straight, ramped, wreathed and circular. State the thickness, if moulded or otherwise, and if the cir- cular or wreathed parts are to well holes of less than 1 2 inches opening, it must be stated. Extras. Sinking for iron covers, straight or circular, at per foot running. Number of handrail screws and fixing. Number of scroll ends or moulded caps to newels. Screw nut and joint to cap. NEWELS. Take the height including tenons. State the size, and if turned-octagon, or otherwise. Extras. Number of turned pendants. Iron screw bolt and fixing. BALUSTERS. State size — square, turned, carved or otherwise, if screwed or dovetailed, etc. Extras. Iron balusters if used inside of wood, screws and fixing. WATER CLOSETS. Per foot superficial. Describe separately seat, flap, frame, skirting, thickness of woods, etc. 112 THE builder's GUIDE, Take hinges according to description. Holes for handle, hole for pan, and if properly dished. CISTERN. Describe frame work, casing, etc. SMITH AND founder's WORK. Iron work is usually charged by weight ; it does not matter in what form the measurements are taken provided the sur- veyor obtains the correct quantity in feet or inches. Keep each article separate, according to description. Cast-iron. Take a pattern for each description of cast- iron. Take chipping, filing and fitting extra. Wrought-iron. Measure by the foot superficial, and re- duce to weight. Take the number of holes drilled for bolts, rivets or other- wise, according to the thickness of the iron. Number the bolts when small, and the rivets according to size. plumber's work. In measuring lead the dimensions should be carefully taken, the material being heavy and expensive, and small errors in the superficial dimensions become serious when reduced to weight. Lead, including the labor of laying gutters, fiats and flash- ings, is usually charged by the cut — and under one head. Lead work to cesspools, cisterns, sinks, etc., in the same manner as for gutters, etc., but separate. Soldering to joints, angles, etc., and nailing, at per foot running. Take pipes at per foot running according to the diameter and weight, take the joints extra. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. I 13 Number all cocks and fixing according to size. Give an accurate description of each. Take plugs, washers and wastes, air-traps, gratings, screw or driving ferrules, etc., and fixing, according to description and size. Give an accurate description of each water closet, the traps and mode of fixing, etc. Take making good to soil and other pipes extra. Pumps and fixings at so much each. Take the suction and supply pipes, and making good, the same to the pumps — also, wall hooks and fixing extra. painters', glaziers' and paperhangers' work. Painter. The rule observed in measuring is wherever the brush goes — and to charge by the superficial yard, except where it becomes necessary to work to a line, as in the case of skirtings, to prevent the floor or wall from being soiled, technically termed " cut on both edges." In describing painters' work, state the number of oils, if knotted or stopped, flatted or otherwise, if in common or ornamental colors. If the latter, give the name of each. Note, Common colors are red lead, Venetian red, umber, Spanish brown or any of the common ochres mixed with white lead and oil. Ornamental colors are prussian blue, indigo, mineral green, the rich reds, pinks and yellow. Take hand rail, iron bar, rain-water pipes, edges to shelves, edges of coping, stone strings, cornices, by the foot running. Note, Strings, cornices or other work, when done from a ladder or scafibld, should be kept separate. Number the sash panes (the outside only). Sash squares (each side) per dozen. Window sills, chimney pieces, newels, balusters, heads and J 14 ' THE builder's GUIDE, shoes to rain-water pipes, door scrapers, brackets, shutter bars, bolts, etc., at each. Note. Take the inside of the sash frames, with the hnings at per foot superficial. Work difficult to be measured, such as the capitals to columns and other ornamental work, should be numbered and described, giving as clear an idea of the amount of labor upon them as possible. Letters or figures are numbered according to the height of each in inches, and described as plain or ornamental. GLAZIER. In measuring glass take the dimensions from rebate to rebate each way, when the panes are square, if irregular or circular take the extreme dimensions as if they were square — keep large squares separate. Describe the glass according to quality. Plate glass is generally paid at a price agreed upon — with or without a guarantee against breakage. PAPERHANGING. Is paid for by the number of pieces. Odd yards charged as one piece. Take as extra, pumicing and preparing walls, lining paper and hanging same. Take borders and hanging at per dozen yards running, ROOFING SLATE OR METAL. Measure slating to roofs by the square of 100 ft. super- ficial, give the size and usual denomination of slates, their gauge and description of nails used. State if circular or up- right, but make no allowance for circular work in the measure- ment as the additional labor should be paid for in price. The dimensions in slating are usually taken along the eaves AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. II5 in from and rear, to the extreme ends by the width from the eaves to the ridge, whether the roof is hipped or valleyed. Deduct all openings, such as chimney shafts or dormers but allow the run of the edge along the same by 6 inches for cutting and waste. Add for all raking edges and irregular angles the length by 6 inches, and for hips and valleys the length by 6 inches on each side. It is usual to allow for the undercourse to eaves and gutters, the length by the gauge of the bottom course, on the supposition that an extra length of slate is used. Run all filleting, and state if in mortar or cement. Slate Skirtings and Covers to hips and ridges are taken at per foot running according to thickness of the slate, state if bedded in putty or red lead. State the weight of lead in gutters, flats and flushings, which should be carefully done, as small errors in superficial dimensions, on account of the expensive material, become serious when reduced to weight. Note, The same method of measuring applies to all metal roofing. It is usual for architects to receive tenders for roof cover- ings, gutters, etc., at a fixed price, which includes all extras, such as nails, holes to slates, etc., etc. The above method, as adopted in England, is given as a guide in case of disputes when no fixed price or mode of measurement has been stipu- lated by the architect. GRAVEL roofing. Me^ure gravel roofing by the square of loo feet. State tiie number of plies of tarred felt, and quantity of pitch and gravel used to the square. Make no deductions for traps in roof under nine superficial feet. Il6 THE builder's GUIDE, GAS FITTERS WORK. Take gas pipes, including fitting and fixing, by the foot running, according to size. Take the number of elbows, crosses, T pieces, reducing sockets, outlets, etc., extra. Take the meter, governors, syphon traps, pendants, etc., and fixing according to description. Holes broken through walls and floors, and made good, are numbered according to the thickness of the wall. Elements of the Mechanics of Architecture. In works of this kind it is customary to introduce a number of rules and tables for obtaining the strength of materials, stability of structures, etc., etc. The custom is a good one, and it is proposed to follow it ; and with this view the follow- ing short treatise on the above-named subjects, which has been carefully collated and corrected by F. E. Kidder, B.C.E., and who has kindly permitted the author to embody it in this work, is ^iven along with other useful tables and memoranda. It is proposed first to give such definitions as will enable the reader to easily comprehend what is to follow, and then to take up the subjects of the strength of materials and the stability of structures. DEFINITIONS. Force is that which produces or retards motion, or which tends to produce or retard motion. Equilibrium is that condition of a body in which the forces acting upon it balance or neutralize each other. Such a body is at rest. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. II7 Structures are artificial constructions in which all the parts arc intended to be in equilibrium. Mechanics is that branch of Physics which treats of force as producing motion or equilibrium in bodies. It is divided into I. Dynamics^ which treats of force as producing motion, and therefore of machines. II. Statics, which treats of the laws of equilibrium, and is subdivided into a. Statics of rigid bodies. b. Hydrostatics. In building we have to deal only with structures, which are treated of under the head of statics of rigid, or solid, bodies. A structure consists of two or more solid bodies called Pieces, which are connected at portions of their surfaces called joints. There are three conditions of equilibrium in a structure, viz. : , I. The forces exerted on each piece must balance each other. These forces are : a. The weight of the piece. b. The load it carries. £. The resistance of its joints. II. The forces exerted on the whole structure must balance each other. These forces are : a. The weight of the structure. b. The load it carries. c. The supporting pressures, or resistance of the fouuda- tions, called external forces. III. The forces exerted on each of the parts into which any j)iece may be supposed to be divided must balance each other. Il8 THE builder's GUIDE, Stability consists in the fulfilment of conditions I. and II., that is the ability of the structure to resist displacement of its parts. Strength consists in the fulfilment of condition III., that is, the ability of a piece to resist breaking. Stiffness consists in the abiUty of a piece to resist bending. The theory of structures is divided into two parts, viz. : 1. That which treats of strength and stiffness, dealing only with single pieces, and generally known as " Strength of Materials." 2. That which treats of stability dealing with structures.* PART I. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. In order that we may proceed intelligently, it will be neces- sary to define a few more terms. These definitions are of great importance, for the terms they define are constantly occurring in all works on strength of materials. Strain. When a load or combination of external forces is applied to a piece of a structure, it produces a strain, or alteration of the volume and figure of the whole piece, and of each of its particles. Stress is that combination of forces which the particles of the piece exert in resisting the tendency of the load to pro- duce disfigurement and fracture. That is, strain tends to fracture a piece, and the stress exerted by the particles of that piece, tends to resist fracture. The Ultimate Strength, or Breaking Load of a body, is the load required to produce fracture in some specified way. The Safe Load is the load that the body can support with- out impairing its strength. Factors of Safety, When not otherwise specified, d, factor *These definitions are taken from a sheet prepared by Prof. Babcock, for the architectural students at Cornell University. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. II9 of safety means the ratio in which the breaking load exceeds the safe load. In designing a piece of material to sustain a certain load it is required that it shall be perfectly safe under all circumstances, and hence it is necessary to make an allow- ance for any defects in the material, and for poor workman- ship, etc. It is obvious that for materials of different compo- sition, different factors of safety would be required. Thus iron being more homogeneous than wood, and less liable to defects, it does not require so great a factor of safety. And, again, different kinds of strains require different factors of safety. Thus a long wooden column or strut requires a greater factor of safety than a wooden beam. As the factors thus vary for different kinds of strains and materials, we will give the proper factors of safety for the different strains, when we are considering the resistance of the material to those strains. DISTINCTION BETWEEN DEAD AND LIVE LOAD. The term dead load, as used in mechanics, means a steady, quiescent load, as the weight of the material itself, or a load of stone or some immovable body. A live load, means a moving load, as a crowd of persons, animals, boxes Hable to frequent moving, etc. Now, it has been found by experience that the effect of a live load on a beam, or other piece of material, is twice as severe as that of a dead load of the same weight, and hence a piece of material designed to carry a live load, should have a factor of safety twice as large as eae designed to carry a dead load. ELASTICITY OF BODIES, AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY. All bodies may be extended and compressed ; and when the strain does not exceed a certair limit, they will recover I20 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, their original volume and figure when the force producing the extension or compression is removed. Within this limit, called the limit of perfect elasticity^ the extension or compression has been found by experiment to be directly as the force producing it. This is sensibly true of all sohds, even for those so plastic as moistened clay.* When the limit of elasticity is exceeded, the alteration of the volume and figure of the body is no longer proportional to the force producing it, but increases as the ultimate strength of the material is approached, a permanent change takes place, and when the force is removed the body will not quite assume its former volume and figure ; ' this is called a set. These principles are of great importance in considering the subject of the stiffness of beams. To illustrate the above by a common example, if we should take a perfect timber beam, lo feet long, and supported at both ends, and place upon it, at the centre, a weight that would cause a deflection of yi of an inch, we would find that to produce a deflection of y^ of an inch, we should require a weight twice as large and, up to a certain point, the deflec- tions would be directly proportional to the weight ; but after a time we would reach a point where the deflections would increase faster than the weights, and the beam would be found to be a little bent, or to have a set. Beams should never be loaded sufficiently to produce a set. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY. That there may be a standard by which to compare the elasticity of different materials, engineers have taken as the unit of elasticity the number of pounds that would be required to stretch or shorten a bar, one unit square, by an amount equal to its original length, provided that the law of perfect *Raiikine'8 " Applied Mechanics," p. 272. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. X2r elasticity would hold good for so great a range. This unit is called the Modulus of Elasticity, and is often denoted by E. It is determined by either extending or compressing a piece of the given material, noting the extension or compression produced, and substituting it in a formula, for E, deduced by the aid of the higher mathematics. The Modulus of Elasticity of the differentt woods and of iron, is required to determine the stiffness of beams and the strength of long columns. Table I. gives the average values for the woods in common use and also for iron. TABLE I. — VALUES OF E, OR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN POUNDS, PrIR SQUARE INCH. Lbs. Cast-iron 15,960,000 Wrought-iron 24,000,000 Steel 31,000,000 White ash 1,080,000 Locust 2,046,000 Lbs. White oak 1,620,000 Yellow pine 1,800,000* White pine 1,388,000* Spruce 1,600,000 ^Determined by experiments made by the writer. MANNER IN WHICH PIECES MAY BE STRAINED. The laws of die resistance of materials depend on the man- ner in which the pieces are strained, and in building construc- tion may be divided into five kinds. First, When the force tends to pull the piece asunder in the direction of its length, or the resistance to tension. Second, When the force tends to make one part slide on the other (like a pair of shears), either longitudinally or trans- versely, or the resistance to shearing. Third, When the force tends to compress the body in the direction of its length, or the resistance to compression, Fotirth, When the force tends to break the piece across, or the resistance to cross-breaking. 122 THE builder's GUIDE, Fifth, When the force tends to bend the piece, but is not sufficient to break it, or the resistance to deflection. We will consider the ability of materials to resist these dif- ferent kinds of strains in the above order. TENACITY, OR RESISTANCE TO TENSION. By the tenacity oi a body is meant its strength to resist tension in the direction of its length. It is evident that the strength of a piece to resist tension, depends upon the tenacity of its fibres, and hence must be proportional to the number of those fibres, or to the area of cross section. This is also shown to be true by experiments. The tenacity of bodies per square inch of cross section, has been found by suspending vertically a piece of known dimen- sions, and hanging weights to the lower end until it breaks, and from the data thus obtained find what the tenacity was per square inch of the area pulled apart. Table II. gives the average values for iron and the woods used in construction, as determined by the most reliable ex- periments. TABLE n. — EESISTANCE OF MATERIALS TO TENSION. Kind of Material. Tenacity in lbs. per square inch. T. Kind of Material. Tenacity in lbs. per square inch. T. •Cast iron 16,000 60,000 88,000 17,207 14,600 15,000 11,400 10,500 13,240 12,000 Hemlock 12,000 Wrought iron Steel Hickory 20,700 Maple 15,400 Ash Oak, white Georgia pine Norway pine White pine Spruce 18,000 Beech 16,000 Birch 7,300 Cedar ; 12,280 Chestnut 18.000 Elm Walnut 8,130 Fir....' Knowing the tenacity of one square inch of the material all we have to do to determine the tenacity of a piece of any AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 1 23 size is to multiply the area of its cross-section, in square inches, by the number in the table opposite the name of the material. But this would give the weight that would just break the piece, and as what we wish is the safe load, we must divide the result by a factor of safety. Most engineers advise using a factor of safety of five for a dead load, although the New York City and also the Boston Building Laws require a factor of six. Then we have, as a rule, For a rectangular bar — Safe load -^^^^^^^_XdepthxT, ^ ^ ^^^ 5 For a round bar — R.fe1oad^-73 54Xdiamet^ -squaredXT. ^ ^^^ 5 T== tenacity of material per square inv.J. Example: What is the safe load for a tie bar of White Pine 6x6 inches ? 6X6X12,280 __ ^ ., Safe load= ;^_ = 88,416 lbs. 5 If the size of the bar is desired, we have — the breadth = ^j!.^_i clepthXT; (3) diameter squared = _r ■7854XT; (4) Example : It is desired to suspend 20,000 lbs. from a round rod of wrought-iron, what shall be the diameter of the rod, to carry the weight in safety ? . ,. -, '^ X 20,000 Ans. diameter squared — i . = 2.12. .7854X60,000 124 THE builder's GUIDE, i^ inches nearly. There- The square root of this is 1.5, or ij fore, the diameter of the rod should be i^ inches. Table III. gives the safe loads for wrought-iron rods, using a factor of safety of 6, as required by the New York Building Laws. TABLE in. — TABLE OF THE SATE TENSILE STRENGTHS OP BOUND WKOUGHT- IRON RODS, J TO 4 INCHES IN DIAMETER, AND THE WEIGHTS PER FOOT. THE SAFE STRENGTH BEING TAKEN AT 10,000 LBS. PER SQUARE INCH. IJJ Diameter in Inches. f ¥ 1 f 2^ Weights per foot. .041 .165 .373 .663 1.04 1.49 2.03 2.05 3.36 4.17 5.02 5.97 7.01 8.13 9.33 10.62 Safe Strengths in lbs. 123 491 1,104 1,963 3,068 4,418 6,013 7,854 9,940 12,227 14,840 17,670 20,730 24.050 27,610 31,410 Diameter in Inches. Weights per foot. 11.99 13.44 14.98 16.69 18.29 20.08 21.94 23.89 25.93 28.04 30.24 32.512 34.89 37.33 39.86 42.46 Safe Strengths in lbs. 35,460 39,760 44,300 49,080 54,110 59,390 64,910 79,680 76,690 82,950 89,460 96,210 103,200 110,440 117,930 125,660 Rods of wrought-iron are generally used in construction, with screws at the ends for nuts. When this is the case, the rod should be enlarged at the ends, so that the threads of the screws may be cut without lessening the diameter of the rod. If this is not done, and the screw is cut into the rod without enlarging the end, one quarter should be subtracted from the strength found in the table. Wrought-iron is about three times as strong to resist tensile strains as cast-iron ; and as cast iron is liable to air holes, AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 125 internal strains from unequal contraction in cooling, and other concealed defects, reducing its effective area for tension, wrought-iron should therefore be used for tensile strains, whenever practicable. RESISTANCE TO SHEARING. By shearing is meant the pushing of one part of a piece by the other, as the two parts of a pair of shears move on each other. The resistance of a piece to shearing, like its resistance to tension, is directly proportional to the area sheared. Hence, using 5 as a factor of safety, we have the rule for the safe weight, or force — area to be sheared X S W. .(5) S being the resistance of one square inch of the material to shearing. A piece of timber may be sheared either longi- TABLE IV. -SHOWING THE RESISTANCE OP MATERIALS TO SHEARING; BOTH LONGITUDINALLY AND TRANSVERSELY ; OR, THE VALUES OF S. Values of 8. Longitudinally. Transversely. Cast-iron lbs. *5i6 1,180 780 490 510 470 lbs. 27 700 Wrought-iron 50,000 63,746 1,400 5,200 5,600 2,700 7,000 4 400 Steel White ash Beech Birch Hemlock Locust White oak White pine 2,750 Yellow pine 5,700 Spruce 4,000 Black walnut 2,000 126 THE builder's GUIDE, tudinally or transversely, and as the resistance is not the same in both cases, the value of S will be different ; and hence, in substituting values for S, we must distinguish whether the force tends to shear the piece longitudinally (lengthwise), or transversely (across). Table IV. gives the values of S for the most common ma- terials employed in architectural construction. There are but few cases in architectural construction in which the resistance to shearing has to be provided for. The one most frequently met with is at the end of a tie-beam, as in Fig. I. Fig. 1. The rafter R exerts a thrust which tends to push or shear off the piece, A B C D, and the area of the section at C D should offer enough resistance to keep the rafter in place. This area is equal to C D times the breadth of the tie-beam, and as the breadth is fixed, we have to determine the length, C D. If we let H denote the horizontal thrust of the rafter, then, by a simple deduction from Rule 5, we have the rule — Length of C D in inches = ^^^ (6) breadth of beam X S, S, in this case, being the resistance to shearing longitudinally. Example : The horizontal thrust of a rafter is 20,000 lbs. the tie-beam is of yellow pine, and is ten inches wide, how far should the beam extend beyond the point D ? AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 127 Answer : In this case H = 20,000 lbs., and from Table IV, we find that S = 510, 1 ^ -r^ '^ X 20,000 , . , then C D == i 1 or nearly 20 inches. 10X510 Practically, a large part of the thrust is generally taken up by an dron bolt or strap, passed through or over the foot of the rafter and tie-beam, as at A. When this is done, the rod or strap should be as obliquely inclined to the beam as is possible, and whenever it can be done, a strap should be used in preference to a rod, as the rod cuts into the wood, and thus weakens it. Another common case, in which the resistance to shearing has to be provided for, is in the case of iron pins and wooden tree-nails. If we have three bars fastened together by a pin, and each }uilling in the direction indicated by the arrows in Fig. 2, they will tend to shear off the pin at the sections "^ " " a'' ^^m^ "ii!ii!fj|t^... .Miiiffl ¥B- '■ I'a'M, iiiniiiHUt " ; n'fliir I ] I B /Si>»X>| ■' y Fig. 2. If the pull exerted by the tie, B, be denoted by H, then each section of the pin will have to resist one-half H, as there are two sections to resist the whole. Then from Rule 5 we deduct the following — r28 THE builder's guide, Diameter of wooden pin in inches = a square root of 5XH (7) 1.5708 XS Diameter of wrought iron pin in inches = a square root of H .(8) 15708 In Rule 7, S is the resistance to shearing transversely. Example : Suppose the bar, B, is pulling with a force of 141,372 lbs., what should be the diameter of an iron pin to resist it ? Answer: Diameter of square root of \ = 1S.70S square root of 9 = 3 inches. These are about the only two cases in which rupture by shearing is liable to take place in architectural constructions, and as any other cases that are liable to occur can be calcu- lated by Rule 5, we will not consider the subject further. The ultimate resistance to compression of any given ma- terial is found by crushing small blocks, whose heights are not more than four times their least thickness, of the given material. Table V. gives the ultimate crushing loads of the materials in building. The strength of the materials given in the following table may vary as much as one-third part more or less than the average value given. The stones in the table are supposed to be on bed, and the height to be not more than four times the least side. Of the strength of rubble masonry. Professor Rankine states that " the resistance of s'ood coursed rubble AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 129 masonry to crushing is about four tenths of that of single blocks of the stone it is built with. The resistance of common rubble to crushing is not much greater than that of the mortar which it contains."* TABLE V. — SHOWING THE AVERAGE ULTIMATE CRUSHING LOADS, IN LBS. PER SQUARE INCH, FOR BUILDING MATERIALS. Materials. STONES, ETC. Bricks Brickwork, common. Concrete (1 part Hme, 3 parts gravel, 3 weeks old) Granites and syenites Limestones and mar- bles Mortar, common .... Portland cement Sandstones, fit for building METALS. Cast-iron Crushing Weight in lbs. per square inch = C. 500 to 6,000 500 to 800 600 11,000 10,000 120 to 240 1,000 to 5,900 5,400 G0,000 Materials Wrought-iron . Steel WOODS. White ash Beech Birch Cedar Hemlock Locust White oak Georgia pine.. . White pine. . . . Pitch pine Spruce Black walnut. . Crushing Weight in lbs., per square inch 36,000 114,000 8,200 8,500 11,600 5,860 5,400 9,000 6,660 8,000 5,000 6,800 6,820 5,690 Stones generally commence to crack or split under about one half of their crushing load. In practice, stone nor brick- work should be trusted with more than one-sixth to one- tenth of the crushing load, varying between these two limits with the quality of the stone and work. CRUSHING HEIGHT OF BRICK AND STONE. If we assume the weight of brickwork to be 112 pounds per cubic foot, and that it would crush under 72,000 pounds per square foot, then a vertical uniform column 640 feet high would crush at its base under its own weight. *•♦ Civil Engineeriog," p. 387. ^'^o THE builder's guide, Average sandstones at 145 pounds per cubic foot would require a column 5,362 feet high to crush it; and average granite at 165 pounds per cubic foot would require a column 9,600 feet high. The Merchants' shot-tower at Baltimore is 246 feet high ; and its base sustains six and a half tons (of 2,240 pounds) per square foot. The base of the granite pier of Saltash Bridge (by Brunei) of solid masonry to the height of 96 feet, and supporting the ends of two iron spans of 455 feet each, sustains nine and a half tons per square foot. The highest pier of Rocquefavour stone aqueduct, Marseilles, is 305 feet, and sustains a pressure at the base of thirteen and a half tons per square foot.* The woods for which the values are given are supposed to be perfect, well-seasoned pieces of timber. Wet timber is only about one-half as strong to resist compression as dry timber, and this fact should be taken into account when using green timber. The values obtained for the crushing strength per square inch of cast-iron vary greatly with the kind and make of the iron. The crushing strength of thin castings, according to Mn Hodgkinson, is greater than that of thick castings. STRENGTH OF PILLARS AND COLUMNS. The figures given in Table V. are the crushing loads per square inch of small blocks of the given material, but it is not in small blocks that the pieces subject to a compressive force are generally found in buildings and structures. Hence we must find a method of calculating the crushing loads of long pieces, or of finding the strength of pillars and columns. It has been found from experiments that the crushing load per square inch of a post of any given material decreases as the ratio of the length to the least thickness increases. It is, * Trautwine's "Engineers' Pocket-Book," p. 175. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. I3I therefjre, found necessary to divide columns and pillars into different classes, according to the manner in which they break. PILLARS AND COLUMNS DIVIDED INTO THREE CLASSES, ACCORDING TO LENGTH. The greater part of our knowledge of the laws of the resis- tance of columns of different length, in proportion to their diameter, is derived from the able experiments of Mr. Eaton Hodgkinson, aided by the liberality of Sir William Fairbairn, the late Mr. Stephenson, and the Royal Society of England. From these experiments, Mr. Hodgkinson found that the manner in which columns fail depends very largely upon their length, and he therefore divided them into three classes, ac- cording to their length, and these classes have since been adopted by nearly, if not all, engineers and architects. These classes are : I St. Short Hilars, \\\\o?>t length, compared with their di- ameter, is so small that they fail by actual crushing of the material, and not by flexure. 2d. Lo?ig Columns, whose length is so great that they fail by bending, like beams subject to a transverse strain, and whose breaking weight is very much less than that required to crush small blocks of the same material. 3d. Mediiivi Colurmis, whose length is such that although they deflect, yet the breaking weight is a very considerable part of that required to crush small blocks. This class in-r eludes all columns which are intermediate in length between those of the first two classes, and they may be said to fail partly by bending and partly by crushing.* SHORT COLUMNS, which include columns and pillars of cast-iron, whose lengths do not exceed 7^2^^ times their least thickness; columns and *St<)uey'8 ** Theory of Strains," j). 249. 132 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, pillars of wrought-iron and luood, whose lengths do not exceed eight times their least thickness or diameter ; stone pillars and blocks of ordinary dimensions. It has been found that for columns and pillars within the above limits, the crushing load per square inch is the same as that for small blocks. Hence the crushing load is directly as the area of cross-section, and the rule for finding the safe load is similar to that for tension, i,e. : c r ^ T r ^ ^^ca of cross-scction X C Safe load for wood = (9) r^ r ^ ^ r i • ^.rea of cross-section X C , , Safe load for wrought-iron = . . (10) 4 r. r 1 ^ r • ^^ea of cross-scction X C , . Safe load for cast-iron = (11) 6 The letter C stands for the crushing loads per square inch of the given material, and its values are given in Table V. The numbers m the denominator are factors of safety. Example : What is the safe load of a pillar of white pine, whose length is five feet, and which is ten inches square ? Answer: Here the ratio of length to breadth is 60 : 10 or 6:1, hence it is a short pillar. Then, safe load = 1 = 100,000 lbs. If it is required to find the dimensions of a pillar or column to sustain a given load, wx have the rules : For solid rectangular or square pillars — factor of safety X ^^^^ . x Breadth = r__ (12) depth X C AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. I33 For solid cylindrical columns — T^. , factor of safety X load , , Diameter squared = . (13) .7854 XC For hollow cylindrical columns — T^ , J. , factor of safety X load External diameter squared = L -f- .7854 XC internal diameter squared (14) And for any form of cross-section — factor of safety X load , , Area of cross-section = . (15) C It will be remembered that the factors of safety are — 5 for ;vood, 6 for cast-iron, and 4 for wrought-iron, for pillars and columns of this class. N.B. — Where the word breadth or depth is used, it is always supposed to be in inches. Example : What should be the external diameter of a hollow cylindrical column of cast-iron, three feet six inches long, to safely support a load of 400,000 lbs. ? Answer : As the column is so short and the load quite considerable, it will probably be a short column, and hence we will calculate it by means of formula 14. Then — , ^. ^ 6X400,000 , (internal External diameter squared = + <^ diameter •7^54 XC (squared == 38.32 + internal diameter squared. If the columns were solid, the external diameter would be the square root of 38.32, or about 6.2; but as the column is to ]je hollow, the diameter will be much larger, and we will assume 5 for the internal diameter; then — 134 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, External diameter squared == 38.32 + 25 = 63.32 ; external diameter = 8 inches nearly. This would give the thickness of the metal = j^ of 8-5 = ly^ inches. If we had taken the internal diameter at 6, we should have had the external diameter = S.6 inches, which would give a thickness of metal of 1.3 inches. Taking the external diameter at 8 and the internal at 5, we should have the area of cross-section = .7854 (8^ — 5^) — 30.6 square inches. LONG COLUMNS, which include columns and pillars of tuood whose lengths exceed thirty times their diameter ; columns and pillars of cast-iron, whose lengths exceed thirty-five times their diame- ter; columns and pillars of wrought-iro7i, whose lengths exceed sixty times their diameter, and columns and pillars of steel whose lengths exceed eighty times their diameter. When a load is applied to the top of a long pillar or column, if the resultant of that load should not exactly tra- verse the axis of the column (which is rarely the case), the column will bend, and if the load is sufficiently great, it will cause the pillar, or column, to bend until it breaks, just as a beam breaks. But unlike a beam, the column has a force pushing on the ends, instead of at the middle, and hence its strength must be calculated by a different method. Of course, in a column we do not wish to put on load enough to cause the column to bend, and the problem is, therefore, to find the load that will just begin to bend the column, and then by using a factor of safety we can make the column as strong as we please. The problem to determine the actual strain which would just begin to bend the column is quite a difficult one. It has, however, been investigated by Euler, Dr. Young, M. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 1 35 Girod, and many others, but with contradictory results, and a complete theory is yet wanting. The numerous formulas that we now^ have on the subject may be divided into two classes, viz., those derived from mathematical investigation, and depending only indirectly upon experiments ; and that class which are derived almost entirely from experimental data. Unfortunately, neither of these classes furnish a correct solution of the problem. Theoretical Formulas. — The following formulas deduced from the theoretical formulas of Weisbach, DeVolson, Wood, and others, are probably as reliable as any theoretical for- mulas that we have at the present time : For solid square or rectangular pillars — ^, ^ , , E X breadth cubed X depth . ., Safe load = (lo) 1 7 50 X length squared For hollow square or rectangular pillars — Safe load = ^^(^^^_^) (x;) 1 750 X length squared (B = external breadth of pillar; D external depth of pillar; b internal breadth of pillar ; d internal depth of pillar, all in inches). For solid cylindrical columns — ^ . , , Ex<^iameter* . .. Safe load = . JJ (i8) 2970 X length squared For hollow cylindrical columns — Safe load =_£^J^':^) (19) 2970 X length squared ^D = external diameter; ^ internal diameter). 136 THE builder's GUIDE, It will be remembered that the letter E stands for the Modulus of Elasticity^ and its value for any material can be found from Table I. The lengths in the above formulas are to be taken in feet. N.B. — The factor of safety used is 10 for all materials. Example : What is the greatest load that a wrought-iron cylindrical column, whose diameter is five inches, and whose length thirty feet, will bear with safety ? Answer : For wrought-iron E = 24,000,000, and substi- tuting in formula 18, we have — Safe W,1-^4,°o o,°ooX5X5X5X5 _g,„ i^s. 2970X30X30 The above formulas apply to pillars and columns of any material, and are, perhaps, as reliable as any. Practical Formulas, derived from data obtained by experi- mental research. From the data obtained from his experiments, Mr. Hodg- kinson deduced the following formulas for the strength of long cast-iron cylindrical columns : For solid columns with flat ends — ^ , , , q8qo X D^-^ Safe load = ^_1 (20) For hollow columns with flat ends — Safe load = ll___J^ 1 (21) in which D = the external diameter ; d the internal diameter, and L the length rn feet. The diameter and length can be raised to the required power by obtaining the logarithm of the diameter or length, AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 1 37 multiplying it by the respective power, and then seeking the number corresponding to the logarithm ; or it may be found by means of tables calculated for that purpose, such as those given by Mr. Trautwine in his " Pocket-Book for Engineers." But these formulas are, at the best, in a very inconvenient form for use. Mr. Hodgkinson, Mr. Tredgold, Dr. Young, and several others have given us formulas for long timber pillars, but as they all give different results, and as it is im- possible to decide which one is correct, or if all are wrongs we have not deemed it best to give either of them, but if any reader has a long timber column he wishes to calculate, he can find the safe load by formula 16 or 18. If it is desired to find the breaking load of any long column or pillar, multiply the safe load by 10, as that is the factor of safety employed in all the formulas for long columns. hodgkinsgn's conclusions on the strength of long PILLARS. The following are some of the principal conclusions drawn by Mr. Hodgkinson from his experiments on the strength of ^ong pillars : 1. In all long pillars of the same dimensions, the resistance to flexure of those with fixed (or flat) ends, is about three times that of pillars with rounded ends. 2. The strength of pillars with one end round and one flat, is a mean between the strength of a pillar with both ends flat, and of one with both ends round. 3. The strength of a long pillar wnth flat ends, is equal to that of a pillar of half the length, with the round ends. 4. The preceding properties exist in pillars of either cast or wrought-iron, steel, or wood, and apply only to pillars whose length is so great in propordon to their diameter, or least lateral dimension, that the breaking weight of the pillar 138 THE builder's GUIDE, is only a very small part of the crushing weight of the ma- terial. 5. Disks on the ends of cast-iron pillars add but little to the strength of flat-ended pillars. 6. The strength of solid cast-iron pillars is increased from one-eighth to one-seventh, by enlarging the diameter at the middle of the pillar. 7. Long pillars irregularly fixed, so that the pressure does not act in the direction of the axis, lose from two-thirds to four-fifths of their strength. Mr. Hodgkinson also states that " of rectangular pillars of timber^ it was proved experimentally that the pillar of greatest strength, where the length and quantity of material are the same, is a square." Of solid round, square, and triangular cast-iron pillars, the triangular pillar appears to be the strongest, and the cylin- drical one next to it. But since the shape of the triangular pillar will generally prohibit its use, it would appear that the round pillar is the most economical form of solid cast-iron pillar. MEDIUM COLUMNS include all those pillars and columns in which the ratio of the length to the diameter, .or least thickness, is between that of the two classes already considered. Most of the pillars and columns in common use come under this head. Before proceeding further, we would caution the reader not to get the absolute length mixed up with the relative length. Thus, a pillar 30 feet long and 4 inches diameter, is longer in comparison with its diameter than a column 40 feet long and ID inches in diameter. In the former case the ratio of length to diameter is as AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. I39 360 : 4, or 90 : 1. In the latter case the ratio is as 480 : 10, or 48 : I. In medium pillars it is considered that part of the load tends to deflect or bend the pillar, and that the remaining part acts directly to crush the pillar. The form of the formulas in this class has been derived from theoretical investigation, but each formula involves at least two constants, derived from experimental research. Timber Pillars. — Tredgold's formula for the strength of medium timber pillars has for a long time been considered the most reliable of any known rule ; but a few years ago Mr. Charles Shaler Smith, C.E., of Baltimore, prepared a formula for the breaking loads of white and yellow pine rec- tangular pillars, differing only from Mr. Tredgold's in the value of a constant, which appears to agree more nearly with the results of the few experiments that have been made on this class of pillars. And as this formula has been adopted by many eminent engineers, we have decided to adopt it in the place of Mr. Tredgold's formula. This formula is : For square or rectangular timber pillars — ^ ^ , , . ,, C X ^rea of cross section Safe loads m lbs. = ^\~ >.-■ 6l i+(-i — _'X.oo4) I L Vsq. of breadth in in. J A (22) By the ^' breadth " is meant either side of a square, or the least side of a rectangle. C represents the crushing force per square inch, and is given for different materials in Table V. Mr. Smith's constant of .004, in the denominator, is based on experiments made by himself on pillars of white and yellow •pine, but if the constant is true for those woods, it should also be true for any woods. 140 THE builder's GUIDE, Example. - What is the safe load of a white pine pillar, 12 X 14 inches, and 30 feet, or 360 inches, long ? Ans.: Safe load = 5,°°oXi68 -= 30^434 lbs. For medium iron columns the formulas most generally adopted are those derived by Mr. Lewis Gordon from Mr. Hodgkinson's experiments. For the more common cases these formulas are as follows : For solid cylindrical columns of cast-iron — Safe load = Metal area X 80, 000 sq. of length in ins. ^266 X sq. of diam. in ins., For solid cylindrical columns of wrought iron — Metal area X 36,000 '■" . y^ sq. of length in ins. x-| , , i ' + ( • -■— ) I •-••(23) l_ V266X sq. of diam. mms.y J Safe load =_ (sq. of length- in ins. x . x I + L ^ :_ )..(24) 3,000 X sq. of diam in ins. ^ For hollow cylindrical columns of cast-iron — Metal area X 80,000 Safe load = . ^/^ sq. of length in ins. x , . 6( 1 + Z Z __ ) . . .(25) V 400 X sq. of diam. in ins. ^ For hollow cylindrical columns of wrought-iron — Metal area X 36,000 Safe load = (sq. of length in ins. x / /- 1+ 2 1 _- )-.(26 4,c;ooXsq. of diam. in ins. ^ (sq. of length in ins. x , «v I + ^- ° ).(28) 3,000 X SQ. of least side in ins.y AND ESTLMATOR's PRICE i:<)()K. I4I For hollow or solid rectangular pillars of cast-iron — ^^ J ,_ Metal area X 80,000 ^/ sq. of length in ins. x 6( 1+ 5 )-(27) V 500 X sq. of least side in ins. ^ For solid rectangular pillars of wrought-iron — Safe load = ^MetaUrea><36,oo^ sq. of length in ins. 3,000 X sq. of least side For hollow rectangular pillars of wrought-iron — Safe load = Metal area X 36,000 V 6,000 X sq. of least side in ins. J For I-shaped section of wrought-iron — r. r 1 1 A V 36,000 Safe load = lli__! (30) V 3,000 B^ ^ y where 1 = length of strut in inches : B = breadth of flange in inches ; a, area of both flanges, and /^ area of web. In formulas 22-30 inclusive, the number outside the paren- thesis in the denominator, is the factor of safety, and should be omitted when the breaking weight is desired. These factors are those used by the engineer of the Union Iron Mills, Pittsburg, Pa., in calculating the strength of their columns, and are the ones adopted by our best engineers. Where the diameter is mentioned, the external diameter is always meant, unless expressly stated to be otherwise. 142 THE builder's GUIDE, Examples. — To make the application of the above for- mulas perfectly clear, we will now give a few examples. I. What load will a hollow cylindrical column of cast-iron, 6 inches external diameter, lo feet long, and i inch thick, support with safety ? Answer: Formula 25 is the formula that is to be used in this case, and substituting the given dimensions, we have — Safe load =__L51.>L'^°^ 6(1 + ^Id^^ = 104,666 lbs. II. What would be the maximum safe load of a hollow rectangular wrought-iron pillar, 6X12 inches, i inch thick, and I o feet long ? Answer: In this case we must use Formula 29, which gives — Safe load = _i!2i^^°!^_ 4^1 + _i±ll°_^ = 269,984 lbs. V 6,000X36 J III. What would be the safe compressive strain for a '' Union Mills " light I-beam 10 feet long, used as a strut ? Answer : in this case we must use Formula 30, and for the values of ^, b, and B, we must look in a hand-book published by the company. Looking in the " Book of Sections," we find ^=5.8 square inches, ^ = 3.2 square inches, and Br=4.3 inches, /, of course, := 120 inches. Substituting these values in Formula 30, we have — 9X36^00 Safe load = . (14,400 X I + I ^,000 y 1 8.49 5:^ ^ 3,000x18.49. ^^ 5-8 + 3-2 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. I43 324,000 4A+J±1!.°) = 57,857 lbs. There are several other forms of iron struts, such as angle irons, channel irons, T-irons, etc., but these are so seldom used in buildings, that we have not felt warranted to give them here. Comparative Value of Cast and Wrought-Iron for Pillars. — When iron was first introduced into building construction, cast-iron was the only kind used, but with the improvements for rolling wrought-iron, and thereby lessening the cost of wrought-iron beams, columns, etc., wrought-iron has been more and more introduced, until now it is very extensively used. Owing to the more fibrous, compact, and homo- geneous character of wrought-iron, it can be more safely relied upon, and thus we need not use as large a factor of safety for wrought as for cast-iron. For columns under 15 diameters height, and not subjected to any vibration, cast- iron, on account of its cheapness, is perhaps preferable to wrought-iron, but in almost all other cases wrought-iron is to be preferred, and especially where the columns have to support a load which causes them to vibrate. In railway bridges and iron roofs, wrought-iron is now taking the place of cast-iron almost altogether. Hollow ColunmSy calculated by the above formulas, should not be cast with heavy projecting mouldings round the top or bottom. It is obvious that these are weak, and would break off under a much less load than would be required to crush the column. When such projecting ornaments are deemed necessary, they should be cast separately, and be attached to a prolon- gation of the shaft by iron pins or rivets. Ordinarily, it is 144 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, better to adopt a more simple base and cap which can be cast in one piece with the pillar, without weakening it. TABLES. By an inspection of the formulas for medium columns, it will be seen that, all other things being the same, the strength per square inch of cross-section of any column depends only upon the ratio of the length to the diameter or least thickness. Thus, a column 15 feet long and 10 inches diameter, would carry the same load per square inch as a similar column 9 feet long and 6 inches diameter, both having the ratio of length to diameter, as 18 to i. Owing to this fact, tables can be prepared giving the safe load per square inch for columns having their ratio of length to diameter, within the given limits for medium columns. Working on this principle, the writer has calculated Tables VI., VII., and VIII. , giving the loads per square inch for wooden pillars, and hollow wrought and cast-iron pillars and columns. These tables have been calculated with the utmost care and carefully compared with others of a similar nature, so that we feel safe in saying that they can be perfectly relied upon. To show the application of these tables we will take two examples. I. What is the safe load for a pitch-pine pillar 10 inches square and 1 5 feet long ? A?is. Here the length divided by breadth = 18. Looking opposite 18, and in the column for pitch-pine, in Table VI., we find the safe load to be 494 lbs. per square inch of cross- section. Multiplying this by area of cross-section, 100, we have 49,400 as the safe load for the pillar. • II. What is the safe load of a hollow rectangular wrought- iron pillar 10 X 12 inches, i inch thick, and 20 feet long? AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 145 A?is. Here the ratio of length to least breadth is 24, and looking opposite 24, and in the fifth column of Table VIII., we find the safe load per square inch of cross-section to be 3,2 11 lbs. The total area of cross-section is 10X12 — 8x10 = 40 square inches. Hence the safe load for the pillar is 40 X ^,2 1 1 lbs. =z 328,440. TABLE VI. — STRENGTH OF RECTANGULAR TIMBER PILIiABS. {Calculated by Formula 22.) Length Divided Breadth. Safe Load in Pounds, per Square Inch. (Calculated with a Factor of Safety of 6.) B White Pine. Pitch Pine. White Oak. Spruce. 8 663 902 884 905 9 629 856 838 858 10 595 809 793 812 11 562 764 748 766 12 529 718 704 721 13 497 676 662 678 14 467 635 622 637 15 438 596 584 598 16 411 560 548 561 17 386 526 515 527 18 363 494 483 495 19 841 464 454 465 20 320 436 427 437 21 301 410 401 411 22 284 386 377 387 23 267 363 356 364 24 252 343 335 344 25 238 324 317 324 m 226 306 299 306 %1 213 289 283 290 28 201 274 268 274 29 191 260 254 260 30 181 246 241 247 31 172 234 229 234 . 32 163 222 217 223 33 155 211 207 212 34 148 201 197 202 35 141 191 188 192 \^6 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, TABLE Vn.* — STRENGTH OF HOLLOW CYLINDRICAL OR RECTANGULAR CAST-IRON PILLARS. ( Calculated by Formulas 25 and 27. ) Breaking Weight in Pounds, Safe Load in Pounds. Length Divided by per Squz ire Inch. per Square Inch. External Breadth or Diameter. Cylindrical. Rectangular. Cylindrical. Rectangular. 5' 75,294 76,190 12,549 12,698 6 73,395 74,627 12,232 12,438 7 71,269 72,859 11,878 12,143 8 68,965 70,922 11,494 11,820 9 66,528 68,846 11,088 11,474 10 64,000 66,666 10,666 11,111 11 61,420 64,412 10,236 10,735 12 58,823 62,111 9,804 10.352 13 56,239 59,790 9,373 9,965 14 53,859 57,471 8,976 9,578 15 51,200 55,172 8,533 9,195 16 48,780 52,910 8,130 8,817 17 46,444 50,697 7,741 8,449 18 44,198 48,543 7,366 8,090 19 42,050 46,457 7,008 7,743 20 40,000 U,U4: 6,666 7,407 21 38,050 42,508 6,341 7,085 22 36,200 40,650 6,033 6,775 23 34,455 38,872 5,742 6,479 24 32,787 37,174 5,464 6,195 25 31,219 35,555 5,203 5,926 26 29,741 34,014 4,957 5,669 27 28,343 32,547 4,724 5,423 28 27,027 31,152 4,504 5,192 29 25,785 29,828 4,297 4,971 30 24,615 25,571 4,102 4,761 31 23,512 27,310 3,918 4,818 32 22,472 26,246 3,745 4,374 33 21,491 25,172 3,581 4,195 34 20,565 24,154 3,427 4,026 35 19,692 23,188 3,282 3,864 *Tab!es VII. and VIII. were first published in the American Architect for Dft cember 13, 1879. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 147 TABLE VIII. — STRENGTH OF HOLLOW CYDINDRICAL OR RECTANGULAR WROUGHT-IRON PILLARS. ( Calculated hy Fonmdas 26 and 29). Breaking Wei ght in Pounds. Safe Load in Pounds, Length per Square Inch. per Square Inch. Divided by External Breadth or Diameter. Cyhndrical. Rectangular. Cylindrical. Rectangular. 8 35,495 35,620 8,874 8,905 9 35,369 35,520 8,842 8,880 10 35,217 35,410 8,804 8,852 11 35,057 35.288 8,764 8,822 12 34,883 35,156 8,721 8,789 13 ' 34,697 35,013 8,674 8,753 14 34,497 34,861 8,624 8,715 15 34,286 34,698 8,571 8,674 16 34,062 34,527 8,515 8,632 17 33,827 34,346 8,457 8,586 18 33,582 34,155 8,395 8,539 19 33,327 33,957 8,332 8,489 20 33,061 33,750 8,265 8,437 21 32,787 33,535 8,197 8,384 22 32,504 33,313 8,126 8,328 23 32,213 33,083 8,053 8,271 24 31,915 32,846 7,979 8,211 25 31,610 32,604 7,902 8,151 26 31,298 32,354 7,824 8,088 27 30,981 32,100 7,770 8,025 28 30,659 31,840 7,665 7,960 29 30,331 31,574 7,583 7,893 30 30,000 31,304 7,500 7,826 31 29,665 31,030 7.416 7,757 32 29,326 30,758 7,331 7,689 33 28,985 30,469 7,246 7,677 34 28,642 30,184 7,160 7,546 35 28,297 29,896 7,077 7,476 36 27,950 29,605 6,987 7,401 37 27,603 29,312 6,901 7,328 38 27,254 29,017 6,813 7,254 39 26,906 28,719 6,726 7,179 40 26,557 28,421 6,639 7,105 41 26,209 28,121 6,552 7,030 42 26,862 27,821 6,465 6,955 43 25,515 27.511 6,378 6.877 44 25.171 27,218 0,293 6,804 45 24,827 26,91() 6.206 r>,720 148 THE builder's GUIDE, TABLE VIII. {Continued). Breaking Weight in Pounds. Safe Load in Pounds, Length per Square Inch. per Square Inch. Divided by External Breadth or Diameter. Cylimlrical. Rectangular. Cylindrical. Rectangular. 46 24,486 26,614 6,121 6,553 47 24,146 26,312 6,036 6,578 48 23,809 26,011 5,952 6,503 49 23,475 25,711 5,869 6,428 60 23,143 25,412 5,786 6,353 51 22,814 25,113 5,703 6,278 52 22,488 24,816 5,622 6,204 53 22,164 24,520 5,541 6,130 54 21,845 24,226 5,461 6,056 55 21,528 .23,934 5,382 5,983 56 21,215 23,642 5,304 5,910 57 20,906 23,354 5,226 5,838 58 20,600 23,067 5,150 5,767 59 20,298 22,782 5,074 5,695 60 20,000 22,500 5,000 5,625 STRENGTH OF BEAMS. The fourth kind of resistance which we have to discuss is the resistance to transverse strain or cross-breaking. Pieces of wood, or other materials, which have to resist transverse strain, are called beams, and as the amount of resistance they offer depends upon their strength, the real subject which we have to discuss is the strength of beams. In almost all works on the strength of materials, this subject is considered mathe- matically ; that is, the rules and formulas are derived by mathematical investigation. This method is a very pretty one, and is not difficult for those who are familiar with the higher mathematics ; but the writer believes that the greater part of the rules can be derived solely from a consideration of the results of experiments that have been made on the strength of beams of different spans and dimensions; and he I)roposes to endeavor to derive them in this way. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. . 1 49 Fortunately, theory and experiment agree perfectly on this subject, so that as long as we work upon correct principles the final results should be the same in either case. We shall drst take up the subject of beams with a rectangular or square cross-section, and afterward those of other forms of cross- section. Formulas for Rectangular Beains. Before proceeding fur- ther, we will define a few terms which we shall be obliged to use. When we say that the end of a beam is supported^ we mean that it is just laid on top of a pier or other support, and not fastened in any manner. When it is said to be fixed, it is supposed to be fastened so that it cannot spring up — the end of a beam is generally fixed when it is securely imbedded in a wall. By the breadth of a beam we mean the width of the top or bottom side. By the depth is meant the height of the beam as it rests on its supports. The span of a beam means the distance between supports, and the term length is often used to denote the same thing, unless otherwise stated. Derivation of Formulas, The first step in this process is to determine the weight, which applied at the centre of a beam of the given material, one inch square^ supported at both ends, and having a span of one foot, will just break the beam. This v^uantity is frequently called the co-efficient of cefitre breakifig loads, and often the cojistant for beams. In this article we shall denote this value by A. Table IX. gives the values of A, as derived by taking an average of the values given by many different authorities. It has been found, from experiments, that if the beam were two inches wide instead of one, it would hold just twice as much ; and if three inches wide, it would hold three times as much, and so on. That is, the strength is directly as the breadth. Then if the breaking weight of a beam one inch square and one foot long be equal to A, the breaking weight 150 THE builder's GUIDE, of any other beam of the same material, one inch deep ami one foot long, would = breadth X A. It has also been found that if the breadth and span remain the same, but the depth be changed to two inches instead of one, it will hold four tifiies as much; and if it be three inches it will hold nine times as much. Or, the strength increases directly as the square of the depth. Then if the breaking weight of a beam one foot span and one inch deep = breadth X A, the breaking centre weight of a beam one foot span, but of any breadth and depth = breadth X square of depth X A. Furthermore, if the breadth and depth of the unit beam remam unchanged, but the length be doubled, the breaking load will be decreased one-half; if it be increased to three feet the breaking weight will be one- third, and if to four feet the breaking weight will be one- fourth, and so on. Or, the strength of a beam is inversely as the length. Then we have the formula for a rectangular beam, supported at both ends and loaded at the centre as follows : ^ , . . , breadth X square of depth X A , , Breaking weight = 1_^ ! 12_ (3 1 ) length in feet. From experiments on beams, it has been found that when the load on a beam is equally distributed over its length, the beam will hold just twice as much as it would if the load were concentrated and applied at one point at the centre. Hence, to obtain the breaking weight of a beam supported at bodi ends, and loaded with a uniformly distributed load, we should multiply the last member of equation, 31, by 2. It has further been found, from experiments, that a beam supported at both ends and loaded with a concentrated load at the centre, will sustain ]\x'^ifoiir times as much weight as a beam of the same length having one end firmly fixed in a wall, and the load applied at the extreme end. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 151 From these known facts, and from equation 31, we have the following formulas for rectangular beams : BEAMS SUPPORTED AT BOTH ENDS. For concentrated load at the centre : ^ ^ , , breadth X square of depth V A , . Safe load = .2J1 t 1_ (32) span in feet X S. S X load X span in feet , v or breadth ==__ IJ-J (33) square of depth X A. For uniformly distributed load : ^ r ^ 1 2 X breadth X square of depth X A , . Safe load = _- 1 (34) span in feet X S. , , S X span in feet X load , ^ or breadth = ^ (35) 2 X square of depth X A. For load applied at a point other than the centre, m and ;^ being the segments into which the beam is divided : ^ r 1 1 breadth X square of depth X span X A , ^. Safe load = z t t - . . (36) u J 1 4 X S X load y^my^n , . or breadth = ^^ - ^ 1^ (37) square of depth X span X A, BEAMS FIXED AT ONE END. For concentrated load at extreme end : Safe I0.H =. '^■•^'^'^^'^ X ^q"^*"^ °^ ^"P^^ X ^ (38) 4 X length in feet X S. u A.x. 4 X S X load X length in feet , . or breadth = ^ & (^^^ square of depth X A. 152 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, For a uniformly distributed load : breadth X square of depth X A Safe load = . or breadth = 2 X length in feet X S. SX load X length in feet X 2 square of depth X A. .(40) •(41) In the above formulas S represents iht factor of safety ^ and its value in different cases is as follows : For ordinary cases 8 = 5 for wooden beams, 3 for wrought-iron beams, and 4 for cast-iron beams. For wooden beams in roofs, S = 6 ; for wooden beams in floors of theatres, lecture-halls, etc., 8 ; in floors of stores, 6. The values of the constant A are given in Table IX. TABLE IX. — VALUES OF A, THE COEFFICIENT OF CENTRE-BREAKING LOADS. Materials. Value of A in lbs. Materials. Values of A in lbs. Cast-iron 1,850 2,700 4,500 590 580 534 255 340 367 380 560 American white oak . . "■ white pine.. ** yellow pine ♦• spruce Blue stone flagging, Hudson Eiver Granite, average Limestone, ** Marble, '* Sandstone, " Slate, " . ... 580 Wrought-iron Steel American ash " red beech. . yellow birch •* white cedar. * ' elm :New England fir Hemlock 460 725 548 125 100 90 ^ 100 50 American red oak 300 Example I. What is the greatest load that a yellow pine beam 8x 10 inches, supported on two piers 15 feet apart, will carry with safety, if the load is uniformly distributed } Answer : Formula 34 is the one that covers this case, and, substituting the known values for the terms, we have : AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 1 53 2X8X100X725 ^/: lu Safe load= Lj:=^ 15,466 lbs. 5X15 Example II. What shall be the dimensions of a spruce beam, having a clear span of 10 feet, that shall be able to support a concentrated load of 12,000 lbs., suspended from the beam at a point 4 feet from one end ? Answer: In this case Formula t,6 is the one to use, and m and ;/ equal 4 and 6. In order to obtain the breadth we must assume the depth, which we will take at 12 inches. Then the breadth = t^SX}^oo>Uy^ ^ ^^ . ^^^^^^^ 144 X -0x548 Example III. A beam of white pine 10 inches square has one end securely fixed in a wall, and the other projects out from the wall 6 feet. What is the greatest load that can with safety be suspended from the extreme end ? Answer : This is the case of a beam fixed at one end and loaded at the extreme end, and is to be solved by means of Formula 2,^. Then safe load = ^^^^^^1^ = z,^z^ lbs. 4X6X5 From an inspection of Formulas 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40, we see that the relative strength of rectangular beams in different cases is as follows : Beam supported at both ends, and loaded with a uni- formly distributed load i Beam supported at both ends and loaded at the centre . ^ Beam fixed at one end, and loaded with a uniformly distributed load. }{. Beam fixed at one end, and loaded at the other ^ 154 i^HE builder's guide, Also the following can be shown to be true : Beam firmly fixed at both ends, and loaded at the centre i Beam fixed at both ends, and loaded with distributed load i^ These facts are also true of a uniform beam of any form of cross-section. Wheji a square beam is supported on its edge, instead of on its side — that is, has its diagonal vertical — it will bear about 7-10 as great a breaking load. A Cylindrical Beam is only 1-1.7 as strong as a square beam, whose side is equal to the diameter of the circle. Hence, to find the load for a cylindrical beam, first find the proper load for the corresponding square beam, and then divide it by 1.7. Strength of Inclined Beams. For inclined beams the same formulas apply as for horizontal beams, except that the length is the horizontal projection of the beam, or the horizontal dis- tance from the foot of the beam to a plumb line dropped from its upper end. Example : What is the safe load for a beam of white pine 3 inches broad, 6 inches deep, and 10 feet long, uniformly loaded, and having ojie end 6 feet above the other ? Answer : In this case the horizontal length is 8 feet, and the safe load = ±_Ji__ = 2,484 lbs. 5X8 Weight of the Beam Itself to be take?i ifito Account. — The formulas we have given for the strength of beams, do not take into account the weight of the beam itself, and hence the safe load of the formulas includes both the external load and the weight of the material in the beam. In small wooden beams, AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 155 the weight of the beam is generally so small, compared with the external load, that it need not be taken into account. But in larger wooden beams, and in metal and stone beams, the weight of the beam should be subtracted from the safe load, if the load is distributed, and if the load is applied at the centre one-half the weight of the beam should be sub- tracted. To obtain the weight of the beam, it is necessary to know the weight of one cubic foot of the material. Table X. gives the weight of one cubic foot of the most common kinds of wood and stone, and also of iron and steel. It is made up from a table given by Mr. R. G. Hatfield, in his excellent work on "Transverse Strains." TABLE X. — SHOWING THE WEIGHT IN POUNDS OF ONE CUBIC FOOT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF BUILDING MATERIALS. Material. Weight per Cubic Foot. Material. Weight per Cubic Foot STONES. Bath stone lbs. 139 129 160 165 169 170 144 159 454 480 489 WOODS. Ash Beech Birch. . . lbs. 49 Beton coignet Blue stone 46 42 Granite, average Limestone, ** ... . Cedar Elm 31 46 Marble, - ... . Sandstone, ** ..... Hemlock Oak, red 26 51 Slate METALS. Cast-iron Oak, white Pine, white Pine, yellow Spruce 50 28 33 30 Wrought-iron Steel Rule for Fhidhig the Weight of a Rectangular Beam.^' Weight in pounds = breadth X depth in inches X length in feet X weight per cubic foot -i- 144 (42) 156 THE builder's GUIDE, Tables Showing the Strength of Bea?ns one inch wide and of different depths and spans can be easily calculated, so that by the aid of one of these tables all we have to do to find the strength of any beam, is to take from the table for beams of that material the safe load for a beam of the same depth and span, and then multiply this load by the breadth of the given beam. In this article space will not permit us to give such a table for more than one material, and we have choosen white pine as the material most used in construction. This table can be used, however, for yellow pine and spruce beams by adding to the members in the table one-half for yellow pine and one-fifth for spruce. Example. What is the safe load of a white pine beam 2yy^(> inches, supported at both ends, and loaded uniformly over its whole length, the clear span being 1 2 feet ? Answer: From Table XI. we find the safe load of a beam 1x6 inches, and span of 12 feet, loaded at the centre, to be— 276 pounds. Multiplying this by the breadth of the beam, 3, we have the safe load = 828 pounds, if it were loaded at the centre, but as it is loaded with a distributed load it will be twice as strong, and hence the safe load will be 1656 pounds. The Bearing of the ends of a beam on a wall beyond a certain amount does not strengthen the beam any. In general, a beam should have a bearing of 4 inches, though if the beam be very short the bearing may be less. Continuous Beams, When a long beam is laid over several points of support, a very common occurrence in building, the strength of the intermediate parts is nearly doubled, or twice as much as when cut into small lengths, hence the ad- vantage of using long timbers for girders.* *Tredgold's " Carpentry, ' by Hurst, pp. 66. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 157 TABLE XI. — SHOWING THE SAFE LOAD IN ROUNDS OF WHITE PINE BEAMS, LOADED AT THE CENTRE, ONE INCH WIDE, AND FOR DEPTHS AND SPANS VARYING FROM 2 TO 16 INCHES, AND FROM 4 TO 29 FEET. ( Calculated with a Factor of Safety of 5). Span in Feet Depth in Inches. 4 6 8 lO 12 2 92 61 46 37 30 3 207 136 103 82 69 4 368 245 184 147 122 5 575 383 287 230 191 6 828 552 414 331 276 7 1,127 751 563 450 375 8 1,472 981 736 591 491 9 1,863 1,242 931 745 621 10 2,300 1,533 1,150 920 766 11 2,783 1,855 1,391 1,113 927 12 3,312 2,208 1,656 1,325 1,104 13 3,887 2,591 1,943 1,555 1,295 14 4,508 3,005 2,254 1,803 1,503 15 5,175 3,450 2,587 2,070 1,725 16 5,888 3,925 2,944 5,889 1,962 Span in Feet Depth in Inches. 14 16 18 20 22 2 26 23 20 18 16 3 59 51 45 41 38 4 105 92 81 73 67 5 164 143 127 115 104 6 236 207 184 165 150 7 322 282 250 225 205 8 420 368 327 295 268 9 532 466 414 372 339 10 657 575 511 460 418 11 795 695 618 556 506 12 946 828 736 662 602 13 1,110 971 863 777 707 14 1,288 1,127 1,002 901 820 15 1,478 1,294 1,150 1,035 941 16 1,682 1.472 1,308 2,944 1,070 158 THE builder's GUIDE, STRENGTH OF IRON BEAMS. When it is required to support very heavy loads, it is often found to be cheaper and better to use iron beams instead of wood. Formerly cast-iron beams were the only iron beams used; but since the improvements in the process of rolling iron, wrought-iron beams have almost wholly superseded those of cast-iron. Still, as cast-iron beams are sometimes used, it is well to know how to calculate their strength. Cast-iron Beams. Most of our knowledge of the strength of cast-iron beams is derived from the experiments of Mr. Eaton Hodgkinson. From these experiments he found that the form of ^.loss-section of a beam which will resist the greatest transverse strain is that in which the bottom flange contains six times as much metal as the top flange. (Perhaps it would be well to say that the usual form of iron beams is that of the letter I. The top and bottom parts are called \\\t flanges^ and the vertical part the web). When cast-iron beams are subjected to very light strains, the areas of the two flanges ought to be nearly equal. As in practice it is usual to submit beams to strains less than the ultimate load, and yet beyond a sHght strain, it is found that when the flanges are as i to 4 we have a proportion which approximates very nearly the requirements of practice. The thickness of the three parts — web, top flange and bottom flange — may, with advantage, be made in proportion as 5, 6, and 8. If made in this proportion, the width of the top flange will be equal to one-third of that of the bottom flange. As the result of his experiments, Mr. Hodgkinson gives the following rule for the breaking weight at the centre for a cast-iron beam of the above form : AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. I59 ^ _ , , Area of bot. flange^/ depth .. , . Breaking load . X j^ ins. X 2.166. . .(43) in tons = in sq. ins. clear span in feet. Cast-iron beams should always be tested by a load equal to that which they are designed to carry. ROLLED-IRON BEAMS. Owing to the deceptive character of cast-iron, and the much greater resistance offered to transverse strain by wrought iron, compound wrought-iron plate beams and girders were formerly used to support very heavy loads. These beams became so popular that, to supply the demand, iron manufacturers made rolls similar to those for making railroad iron, by which they were enabled to furnish beams rolled out in one piece with all the best features of the plate beam, and which could be much more readily and cheaply made. Owing to the large cost of the rolls, only a very few sizes were at first made, but as the demand increased new sizes were added, until now we have them in great variety — from 3 to 15 inches high. Rolled-iron beams are of the shape of the letter I, and have their top and bottom flanges of the same size. The vertical part is the web, and is generally considered to resist the tendency of the load to shear the beam. Formulas. We cannot deduce a rule for rolled-iron beams in the manner in which we derived the formulas for wooden beams, both on account of lack of experiments and the pe- culiar shape of the beam. The formulas for this class of beams must be derived by mathematical demonstration, re- quiring a considerable degree of proficiency in the higher mathematics. While not attempting to give the precise method by which the formulas are derived, we will, however. l6o THE builder's GUIDE, undertake to indicate it sufficiently, so that the method can be compared with those given by more advanced works on the subject. The fundamental formula, from which all others must be derived, is obtained by placing the bending moment equal to the moment of resistance^ and may be expressed by the ^ 1 M-RI ^ ^ formula : (44) y y in beams of regular cross-section being equal to one-half of the depth. The letter M denotes the bending moment, the letter R the modulus of rupture, obtained from experiments, and the letter I the moment of inertia. The values of the letters I and y vary only with the size of the beam ; while the value of the letter M varies only with the span, the mode of support, and the manner of loading. The value of R is generally taken at 42,000 lbs. for a break- ing load, and for a safe load yi of this, or 14,000 lbs. per square inch. Substituting the correct values of the letters in Formula 44, we have the formula for safe load of rolled-iron beam, loaded at the centre and supported at both ends : Safe load = _J.^'L. X (b X d^— bi X di^) (45) 9LXd in which L = span in feet, d = the whole depth of beam, b = width of flange, bi = the width of flange minus average thick- ness of the web, and di the whole depth minus twice the average thickness of the flange. The value of I, employed in Formula 45, is obtained by considering the flanges to be perfect rectangles, with square corners ; but there is a value of I, obtained by considering the area of the flange as concentrated on a horizontal line AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. l6t passing throngh its centre of gravity, which is very much easier of appHcation. Substituting this latter value of I in place of the former value, and we have the safe load, for the case above described, as follows : Safe load at centre = '^^^^ xC-+^X^^.... (46) 3 X L V6 d' J in which d = whole depth of beam, L = span of beam in feet, ai = area of the web, a = area of one flange, and di = effec- tive depth in inches between centres of gravity of flanges. If we put this into a rule, it would read as follows : Rule. — Multiply the square of the effective depth by the area of one flange, and divide by the square qf the whole depth of the beam ; to this quotient add one-sixth of the area of the web, and multiply the sum by 14,000, multiplied by the whole depth, and divided by 3 times the span in feet. Formula 46 is the one employed by the Union Iron Mills Co. for calculating the strength of their beams. For a dis- tributed load, multiply the safe load at the centre by two. In using iron beams, of course it is a great deal cheaper to use a pattern already manufactured, rather than to have a special beam made to order. There are three prominent companies which manufacture iron beams, and each of these companies have handbooks containing full information con- cerning the different forms of iron beams and bars which they manufacture. These companies are the A^ew Jersey Steel and Iron Co., of Trenton, N. J., who manufacture the Trenton beams; Carnegie Brothers df Co., of Pittsburgh, Pa., who manufacture the U7iion Iron Mills beams ; and the Phoenix Iroft Co., of Philadelphia, who manufacture the Phoenix beams. The handbooks issued by these companies contain the moment of 1 62 THE builder's GUIDE, inertia of each beam, and when we have this value we can substitute it directly in the formula : Safe load at ) = 28,000 X moment of inertia ^^^^ centre in lbs. ) 3 x span in ft. X depth of beam N. B. — In formulas 45, 46, 47, a factor of safety of 3 has been adopted. We will now compare the results of these three formulas, by calculating the strength of a rolled-iron beam by each method: Example. What is the largest load that a heavy lo-inch I-beam, of the Union Iron Mills pattern, will bear with safety at the centre, the distance between supports being 10 feet? We will first solve it by Formula 45. In this case L= 10, d = 10, b = 4.5, bi = 4, and di = 8.38. The values of the last three quantities are obtained from the book of sections published by Carnegie Bros. & Co. Substituting these values in equation 45, we have ; Safe load at centre = X 9X 10 X 10 (4.5 X 1000 — 4 X 588.5) ^ 16,690 lbs. We will now solve it by Formula 46. From the same book of sections we find ai = 5.i, a = 3.15, di=:9.i9 inches. Substituting these values with those of d and L in equation 46, we have : r. r ^ J 14,000 X iO . . bafe load at centre = X 3X10 ^5;i_^3^5_X9.i9\^,6^38oibs. V 6 100 ^ We also find from the same source the value of the mo- AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 163 nient of inertia of this beam to be 175.5. Substituting this value in Equation 47, we have: r. r 1 1 28,000X175.5 ^ o It- Safe load at centre = [ 1_ = 16,380 lbs. 3X10X10 Comparing results, we find that : By Formula 45, safe load = 16,690 lbs. " " 46, " " = 16,380 " 47, " " =16,380 " Formulas 46 and 47 give the same result, because they have the same moment of inertia. These results do not differ much from that of Formula 45, and what error there is, is on the safe side. For the benefit of those w^ho have not the handbooks mentioned, we give Tables XII. and XIII., which are made up from tables published by the Union Iron Mills Co., and those published by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Co. The number designatmg the size of the beam is its depth in inches. Thus a lo-inch beam is 10 inches deep. The values for the safe distributed load given in column II. are for one foot of span, and to get the load for any span it is only necessary to divide the load for a span oi 07ie foot by the given span in feet. To get the safe load if applied at the centre of the beam, divide the safe distributed load by 2. In designing an iron beam, the weight of the beam itself should be subtracted from the calculated load, to give the true work- ing load, if the load is distributed ; and if applied at the centre, one-half of the weight of the beam should be sub- tracted from the safe load. Iron beams should have at least four inches bearing on a wall, pier, or other support. We will illustrate the applica- tion of Tables XII. and XIII. by two examples. 164 THE builder's GUIDE, TABLE Xn. — SHOWING THE STRENGTH, WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS OF UNION IRON MILLS ROLLED I-BEAMS SIGNATION I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. De OF Beam. Weight yard in Safe dis- tributed load for i fnr>t nf cnan Mo- ment of Width of flanjts Areas in sq. ins. Effect- ive of one of depth lbs. in lbs. Inertia. in Inches. flange, a. Web, a,. in ins, 15 inch Heavy. 201 848,000 682 5.5 5.175 9.75 13.91 15 ' ' Light. . 150 658,000 528.7 5.0 4.2 6.60 14.06 12 ' * Heavy . 180 582,000 373.7 5.15 4.32 9.36 11.00 12 * ' Light. . 126 416,000 267 4.5 4.18 6.24 11.19 lOJ ' * Heavy . 105 308,000 173.8 4.63 2.625 5.25 9.84 lOJ ' • Light. . 94.5 276,000 154.9 4.53 2.58 4.30 9.84 10 ' ' Heavy . 114 328,000 175.5 4.5 3.15 5.10 9.19 10 ' ' Light. 90 278,000 149.0 4.3 2.90 3.20 9.25 9 ' • Heavy . 90 246,000 118.7 4.34 2.925 3.15 8.25 9 • ' Light,. 71i 206,000 100 4.06 2.395 2.34 8.34 8 ' ' Heavy . 81 198,000 84.8 4. 2.61 2.88 7.28 8 ♦ ♦ Light. . 66 164,000 70.4 3.75 2.185 2.24 7.37 7 ' ' Heavy . 60 132,000 49.2 3.63 2.09 1.82 6.37 7 ♦ • Light. . 54 124,000 47.0 3.56 2.075 1.26 6.37 6 • * Heavy . 48 90,400 29.2 3.38 1.685 1.44 5.44 6 ' ' Light. . 40.5 76,600 24.7 3.22 1.425 1.20 5.50 5 • • Heavy . 36 51,400 13.8 2.88 0.925 1.75 4.62 5 ' Light. . 30 43,800 11.8 2.75 0.925 1.15 4.62 4 ' • Heavy . 30 32,600 7.0 2.63 0.72 1.56 3.67 4 ' ' Light. . 24 28,000 6.0 2.50 0.72 .96 3.67 3 ♦ ' Heavy . 24 19,600 3.2 2.34 0.695 1.01 2.66 3 • ' Light. . 21 18,200 2.9 2.25 0.69 .72 2.66 Example i. It is proposed to support the floor of a lec- ture hall by means of rolled-iron I-beams, resting upon piers 1 5 feet apart ; what size beam will be required ? Ans. : If the beams are 15 feet span and 12 feet "on centres," they will each have to support a floor area of 180 square feet. The average weight of a wooden floor, including joists, etc., is about . o lbs. per square foot. The load that is to come upon the floor should be taken at 120 lbs. per square foot, making the weight of the floor and its load 130 lbs. per souare foot, giving a total load on each beam of 23,400 lbs. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. i6s Now, in Older to find from the table the size of beam re- quired to carry this load, we must multiply the total load by the span, which is the same thing as dividing the values in column II. by the span. 23,400 X 15 — 351,006; and look- ing in column II. of Tables XII. and XIII. , we find that the beam carrying a safe load next above this is the r 2-inch light '''Union" beam, or the loi^-inch heavy Trenton beam. Therefore these must be the sizes required. The weight of the 12-inch beam will be 126X5 = 630 lbs., and of the 10^ -inch beam 135 X 5 = 675 lbs. TABLE Xm. — SHOWING THE STRENGTH, WEIGHT, AND DIMENSIONS OF TRENTON ROLLED I-BEAMS. ESIGNATION I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. D] ^ OF Safe dis- Width Areas in sq. ins. Effect- Beam. Weight tributed Mo- ment of Inertia of ^7- ya'd in lbs. load in lbs., for I foot of span. flanges in inches. of one flange, a. 5.48 of web, a,. ive depth in ins. 15 inch Heavy. 200 748,000 701.1 5i 9.Q7 13.9 15 ♦♦ Light.. 150 551,000 523.5 5 3.73 7.59 14.0 121 ** Heavy. 170 511,000 391.2 5J 4.69 7.39 11.1 121 " Light.. 125 377,000 288.0 48 3.29 5.75 11.2 lOJ ♦• Heavy. 135 360,000 233.7 5 4.22 4.93 9.7 101 " Light. 105 286,000 185.6 ^ 3.26 3.93 9.84 9^ " Extra.. 125 268,000 150.8 ^ 3.60 5.13 8.2 9 " Heavy. 85 189,000 106.5 4 2.43 3.46 8.25 9 *♦ Light. 70 152,000 85.6 3^ 1.92 2.70 8.34 8 ' ' Heavy . 80 168,000 83.9 H 2.53 2.96 7.28 8 " Light. 65 135,000 67.4 4 1.99 2.40 7.37 7 55 lbs. 55 101,000 44.3 3f L70 2.10 6.40 6 " 120 *' 120 172,000 64.9 5 4.04 3.75 5.00 6 - 90 - 90 132,000 49.8 5 2.85 3.00 5.00 6 ** Heavy. 50 76,800 29.0 ^ 1.56 1.80 5.44 6 '♦ Light. 40 62,600 23.5 3 1.26 1.50 5.5 .5 " Heavy. 40 49,100 15.4 3 1.17 1.56 4.62 5 " Light. . 30 38,700 12.1 2J 0.89 1.20 4.62 4 • ' Heavy . 37 36,800 9.2 3 1.21 1.25 3.67 4 " Light. 30 30,100 7.5 2| 0.96 1.00 3.67 4 "ex. Light 18 18,000 4.5 2 0.51 0.75 3.70 \6e THE builder's GUIDE, TABLE XrV. — SHOWING THE STBENGTH AND WEIGHT OP TEENTON ANI> UNION IRON MILLS EOLLED CHANNEL BAES. Union Iron Mills. Trenton. )esignation I. II. Designation III. IV. I OF Bar. Weight Safe dis- tributed OF Bar. Weight Safe dis- tributed - per yard 111 lbs. load in lbs., for span of I foot. per yard m lbs. load in lbs. lor span of I foot. 12 inch Heavy. . 150 388,000 15 inch Heavy. 190 625,000 12 " Medium 90 276,000 15 *♦ Light.. 120 401,000 10 ** Heavy . 105 244.000 121 '♦ Heavy. 140 381,000 10 '• Medium 69 186,000 121 *' Light.. 85 238,000 9 ' ' Heavy 90 185,600 lO.i " Light.. 60 134,750 9 *' Medium 54 136,000 9^ '* Heavy. 70 146,000 8 " Heavy . 75 140,000 9 " Light.. 50 104,000 8 * ' Medium 48 106,400 8 *' Light. 45 88,950 7 ' ' Heavy . 60 102,000 7 " Light.. 36 62,000 7 * ' Medium 42 83,600 6 " Heavy. 45 58,300 6 ♦* Heavy . 33 52,000 6 " Light.. 33 45,700 5 " Heavy . 30 38,200 5 •• ex. Light 19 22,800 4 ** ex. Light 16} 15,700 3 " ex. Light 15 10,500 Example 2. It is required to support a 16-inch brick wall, 30 feet high and 15 feet wide, containing six windows, three feet by six feet, by two rolled-iron I-beams; what must be their size ? Ans. : It is first necessary to find the cubic contents of the Avail. If the wall were solid, with no windows, it would contain i J^ X 15X30, or 600 cubic feet of brick. But the six windows will contain 6 X 1^X3X6, or 144 cubic feet; so that the total contents of the wall is 600 — 144, or 456 cubic feet of brick. A cubic foot of brickwork weighs, on the average, 110 lbs., hence the weight of the wall will be 456 X no lbs., or 50,160 lbs. The load on each beam will therefore be 25,080 lbs. Multiplying this weight by the AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 167 span, we have 376,200 lbs., and looking in column II. of Tables XII. and XIII., we find that we shall need a 12-inch light "Union" beam, or a 121.^-inch light "Trenton" beam^ to carry this load, and it will require two of these beams to support the wall. The weight of the 12-inch beam will be 5 X 126, or 630 lbs., and of the 12 i^-inch beam, 125 X 5, or 625 lbs. There are several other forms of iron bars that are occa- sionally used as beams, such as channel bars, deck beams,, angle irofis, etc., but these are not enough used in buildings to warrant us in taking the room to discuss them here. Table XIV. gives the safe loads of the " Union " and "Trenton" channel bars, as given in the handbooks pub> lished by their respective companies. From the foregoing tables the strength of materials may be calculated for structures of considerable importance, and the results may be relied upon as nearly correct as it is possible to get them. Mr. Kidder has been very careful in calcula- ting, arranging, and compiling these tables, and adapting them to American conditions. Bricks and Brick Piers. It has been thought that the following tests of the strength of bricks and brick piers, recently made by Mr. Kidder for the Massachusetts Mechanics' Association, would be of good service where brick work has to be provided for. The bricks tested were as follows : *Three Philadelphia face-bricks. Four New England pressed bricks. Four ordinary Cam- bridge (Mass.) bricks. *Froiii '* American Architect and Building News." 168 THE builder's guide, Three bricks from Boston Terra-Cotta Company. •One brick of selenitic cement and coke. One porous terra-cotta brick. Two bricks of Selenitic cement and sand. The specimens were tested in the government testing- machine at Watertown, Mass., and great care was exercised to make the tests as perfect as possible. As the parallel plates between which the bricks were crushed are fixed in one position, it is necessary that the specimen tested should have perfectly parallel faces. The bricks which were tested were rubbed on a revolving bed until the top and bottom faces were perfectly true and parallel, or as nearly so as it was pos- sible to make them. The preparation of the bricks in this way required a great deal of time and expense, the latter amounting to two or three dollars for a single brick, in many cases. Philadelphia Face-Brick : These bricks were furnished by Waldo Brothers, 57 Kilby St., Boston. They were very per- fect in form, but quite soft, being the softest clay brick tested. First brick measured 8.23" x 4.1" x 2.32" thick. It was <:rushed flatwise, as were all of the bricks. The brick was first subjected to a pressure of 50,000 lbs., which was grad- ually increased. The brick commenced to crack under a pressure of 145,000 lbs., or 4,303 lbs. to the square inch. The cracks first appeared on one edge, and then the other edges soon cracked. Before the brick was finally crushed it was cracked badly, and several pieces had fallen from the out- side. The brick failed tinder 204,300 Ibs.^ or 6,062 lbs. per square inch. Second brick mesLSured 8.3" x 2.3" thick. This brick com- menced to crack under 113,000 lbs., or 3,400 lbs. to the square inch, and failed under 193,600 Ibs.^ or 5,831 lbs. pef square inch. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 169 Third brick measured 4.1" x 8.3" x 2.25 " thick. It com- menced to crack under 98,000 lbs. pressure (2,879 ^t)S. per square inch), and was badly cracked under 154,000 lbs. pres- sure. Net stre7igth 199,500 Ibs.^ or 5,860 lbs. to the square i?ich. Common Brick (from Mr. M. W. Sand's brick-yard, Cam- bridge, Mass.) : These bricks represent good Eastern brick, and were very hard, containing considerable flint. It was so difficult to rub down the faces of these bricks to parallel sur- faces that only one whole brick was prepared, and the re- maining specimens were half bricks. First brick measured 7.88" x 3.27" x 1.97" thick; cracked slightly under a pressure of 150,000 lbs., but the cracking did not increase until after the pressure had reached 200,000 lbs. The net strength of the brick was 333,500 Ibs.^ or 12,940^ lbs, per square inch. First half-brick measured 3.25" x 3.35" x 2.02" thick- Commenced to crack under 40,000 lbs. pressure (3,670 lbs. per square inch). Net strength 107,000 Ibs.^ or g,S2^ lbs. to' the square inch. The brick cracked most on the sides which had been the outside edges of the whole brick. Seco?id half brick measured 3.25" x 3.9" x 2.1" thick. Cracks first appeared under 43,000 lbs. pressure (3,393 lbs. per square inch). Net strength 148,000 lbs., or 11,681 lbs. ta the square inch. Third half brick measured 3.4" x 3.95" x 2.05" thick. This, brick did not fit between the plates of the machine very per- fectly. Commenced to crack under 51,000 lbs. pressure (3,797 lbs. per square inch). Net stre?igth 192,000 lbs., or 14,296 lbs. to the square inch. New England Pressed Brick, made in Danvers, Mass.:: These samples were selected from a lot of brick exhibited at the recent fair of the Association by the New England Pressed Brick Company. 170 THE builder's GUIDE, These bricks being made under hydraulic pressure are ex- tremely hard (so* hard that it was almost impossible to cut them with stone-cutters' chisels), and are very regular in shape. All the specimens of this kind of bricks were half- bricks cut from whole ones. First brick measured 3.5" x 3.7" x 1.98" thick. Cracks were iirst observed while the brick was under a pressure of 50,000 lbs. (3,862 lbs. per square inch). Net strength 133,000 Ibs.^ or 10,270 lbs. per square ijich. It was observed, while testing this brick, that while the €dge face of the brick that had been the end of the whole Lrick cracked and fell off in pieces, the face which had been at the centre of the brick remained intact. Second brick m eas ured 3 . 7 5 " x 3 . 5 2 " x 2 . i " t h ick . First crack appeared when the brick was under a pressure of 108,000 lbs., or 8,180 lbs. per square inch. Ultimate strength 178,600 lbs., being 13,530 lbs. to the square inch. This brick did not crack very badly. Third brick measured 3.5" X3.8" x 1.9 1" thick. First crack appeared when the pressure reached 33,000 lbs. (2,480 lbs. per square inch), and the brick failed under 174,000 Ibs.^ or 13,082 lbs. to the squafe inch. Very much of the outside of the brick scaled off before the brick was crushed. Fourth brick measured -t^.'^" x 3.54" x 2.12" thick. It com- menced to crack under 61,000 lbs. pressure (4,535 lbs. per square inch), and was crushed under a pressure of 176,000 Ibs.^ or 13,085 lbs. per square inch. Brick Manufactured by the Boston Terra-Cgtta Co. (Messrs. Lewis & Lane, Proprietors) : These bricks are made from finer clay than the common brick tested, and were more uniform in quality. First brick. This brick was nearly in the form of a square, with one corner cut off; the brick measured 3.82" x 3.78" on AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. I7I the long sides, and was 1.36" thick. The area of the com- pressed surface was only 11.46 square inches. The brick did not fit between the plates of the machine very perfectly, so that it was necessary to use very thin brass packing. The brick cracked a litde at one corner, under a pressure of 40,000 lbs., but this was owing to imperfectly fitting the ma- chine, and the crack did not increase until the pressure reached 132,000 lbs., 11,518 lbs. per square inch. Net stre?tgth of the brick, 158,400 lbs., or i^^^^ic^ lbs. per square inch. Second brick. This brick was shaped like an ordinary brick with one corner cut off, except that it had a slight de- pression in one face. This depression was filled with plaster- of- Paris, that being the best material at hand ; the depression was not more than one-tenth of an inch. The brick had an area on its face of 25.6 square inches, and was 1.86" thick. It commenced to crack when under a pressure of 220,000 lbs. (8,593 lbs. per square inch), and was crushed under 272,000 lbs., or 11,406 lbs. to the square inch. Third brick. This brick was of the same shape as the pre- vious brick, and the depression in its face was filled in the same way. It is very probable that the strength of these two bricks was lowered by the depression filled with plaster- of- Paris. The area of the face of the brick was 28.88 square inches, and it was 1.9" thick. The brick commenced to crack while under a pressure of 3,530 lbs. per square inch. Net strength 253,000 lbs., or 9,766 lbs. to the square inch. The tensile strength of brick of this manufacture was de- termined, by testing 4 briquets of the usual form, to be about 520 lbs. to the square inch, being equal to that of the best Portland cement a year old. Brick of Selenitic Cement and Sand : These bricks (furnished by the Patent Selenitic Cement Co., of Boston), 172 THE BUILDER^S GUIDE, were exhibited at the recent fair of the Association. These brick are only dried, not baked, and are not very hard. First brick measured 8.5" x 4.3" x 2.05" thick, and weighed 5I lbs. Owing to imperfect fitting it was necessary to use brass packing at two corners. The brick commenced to crack under a pressure of 656 lbs. per square inch, a?id failed U7ide7 56,600 Ibs.^ or 1,548 lbs. per square inch. Second bjick measured 4.35" x 8.54" x 2.2" thick ; com- menced to crack under a pressure of 1,284 lbs. per square inch, and was crushed under 55,900 lbs., or 1,504 lbs. pei square inch. Both of these bricks were so disintegrated by being crushed that they could be crumbled into a powder between the fingers. Brick of Selenitic Cement and Coke: This is a fire- proof brick manufactured for the Patent Selenitic Cement Co. This brick measured 4.35" x 8.5" x 2.15" thick, and weighed 4 lbs., being both soft and light. It commenced to crack when under a pressure of 24,000 lbs. (650 lbs. per square inch), and failed under 47,700 lbs., or 1,290 lbs. to the square inch, Brick of Porous Terra-Cotta (manufactured for fire- proofing, for Mr. E. S. Loring, under his patents) : This brick is of a low grade of fire-clay, mixed with sawdust and burnt. The sawdust burning out leaves the brick very porous. The specimen tested measured 3.7" x 7.85" x 2.25" thick. It cracked at 9,000 lbs., and would stand no more pressure ; hence, its 7iet strength was 9,000 lbs., or 309 lbs. to the square inch. The following table shows the strength of each brick tested, with the area of the face to which the pressure was applied, and the average strength of the different makes of bricks. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 173 Name of Brick. Area of Face in sq. ins. Commenced to crack under lbs. per sq. in. Net strength sq. in. Philadelphia Face Brick (« (i i< Average, 33.7 32.2 34.03 4,303 3,400 2,879 3,527 6,062 5,831 5,862 5,918 Cambridge Brick (Eastern) (( (1 n Average, 25.77 10.89 12.67 13.43 7,760 3,670 3,393 3,797 4,655 12,941 9,825 11,681 14,296 12,186 New England Pressed Brick Average, 12.95 13.2 13.30 13.45 3,862 8,180 2,480 4,535 4,764 10,270 13,530 13,082 13,085 12,490 Boston Terra-Cotta Co. 's Brick. Average, 11.46 25.60 28.88 11,518 8,593 3,530 7,880 13,839 11,406 9,766 11,670 Selenitic Cement and Sand Av€ra 7&8 22ife2i> ^ 36 5 33 6 28 7 24 8&9 21&18 5 33 6 28 7 24 8 21 9&10 18&16 5 33 6 28 7 24 8 21 9&10 18&1S 6 28 8 21 10 16 12 14 14 12 10 17 i84 THE builder's GUIDE, LEAD PIPE {(Continued). Calibre. IJ inch light medium . . . strong extra strong If inch light medium strong. extra strong 2 inch extra light. . light medium . . . strong extra strong. 2J inch light medium .... strong extra strong 3 inch light medium .... strong Weight per yard. Lbs. 11 12 14 16&18 14 16 18 20 16 18 20 22 24 20 24 27 30&32 27 30 34 Average lengths. Yards. 15 1 20 17&16 20 17 15 14 17 15 14 ) 12 [ 11 31 12 to 14 ft. THE THICKNESS OF L^AJ>. Weight in lbs., per ft. superficial. Thickness in inches. Weight in lbs., per ft. superficial. Thickness in inches. 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.10 7 8 9 10 11 12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.20 For roofs and gutters use 7 lbs. lead. For ships and ridges use 6 lbs. lead. For flushings use 5 lbs. lead. Gutters should have a fall of at least i inch in 10 feet. No sheet of lead should be laid in greater lengths than 10 or 12 feet without a drip to allow of expansion. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 185 A pig of lead is about 3 feet long, and weighs from i ^ ta i}4 cwt. Spanish pigs are about i cwt. Joints to lead pipes require 1 lb. 01 solder for every inch diam.. SOLDERS. For lead. — Tin, i part ; lead, 2 parts. For tin. — Pewter, 4 parts; tin, i ; bismuth, i. For pewter. — Bismuth, 2 parts; lead, i part; tin, 2. For brass. — Brass, 2 parts ; zinc, i . For gold. — Gold, 12 parts; silver, 2 ; copper, 4. For silver. — Silver, 5 parts ; brass, 6 ; zinc, 2. Hard solder. — Copper, 2 parts; zinc, i. Soft solder. — Tin, 2 parts ; lead, i . FLUXES FOR SOLDERING. Tinned iron. — Resin or chloride of zinc. Copper and brass. — Sal ammoniac or chloride of zinc Zinc. — Chloride of zinc. Lead. — Resin. THE WEIGHT A CAST-IRON COLUMN WILL SUSTAIN WITH SAFETY. Length or Height in feet. 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Diameter. 11 V 11 2^ inches. 91 77 65 55 47 40 34 29 25 3-^ - 145 128 111 97 84 73 64 56 49 H '' 214 191 172 156 135 119 106 94 8a 4 - 288 266 242 220 198 178 160 144 130 U '' 379 354 327 301 275 251 229 208 18^ 5 479 452 427 394 365 337 310 285 262 C) 573 550 525 497 469 440 413 386 360 7 989 959 924 887 848 808 765 725 686 8 1289 1259 1224 1185 1142 1097 1052 1005 959 9 1672 1640 1603 1561 1515 1467 1416 1364 1311 10 2077 2045 2007 1964 1916 1865 1811 1755 1697 11 2520 2490 2450 2410 2358 2305 2248 2189 2127 12 3020 2970 2930 2900 2830 2780 2730 2670 2600 i86 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, STBENGTH OP MATEBIAIjS. Resistance to Extension and Compression, in pounds per Square Inch Section of some materials. Name of the Resistance Resistance Tensile Strength Comp. Strength Material. to Extension. to Compression. in Practice. in Practice. White pine. . . 10,000 6,000 2,000 1.200 White oak. . . . 15,000 7,500 3,000 1,500 Rock elm 16,000 8,011 3,200 1,602 Wrought iron. 60,000 50,000 12,000 10,000 Cast iron 20,000 100,000 4,000 20,000 In practice, from one-fifth to one-sixth of the strength is all that should be depended upon. NAILS. For 1000 shingles allow 3| to 5 lbs. 4d. nails; or 3 to 3^ lbs. 3d. nails. For 1000 laths, allow about 6 lbs. 3d. fine nails. " 1000 feet clapboards, about 18 lbs. 6d. box. ^' 1000 ^' boarding boards, 20 " 8d. com. '' 1000 " " 25 " lod. " " 1000 " Top floors, sq. edge, ^S " lod. floor. " 1000 " " " 41 " i2d. " '' 1000 " " match'd blind nailed 35 " lod. " '' 1000 " '' " " 42 " i2d. " " 10 " partition studs or studding, i " lod. com. " 1000 " furring, 1x3, 45 " lod. " " 1000 " furring, 1x2, 65 " lod. *^ '^ 1000 ** pine finish, about 30 " 8d. finish 2od. nails. 3 ^ inches long, 36 nails to a pound. 3od. " 4 " 24 4od. " 4}4 " 18 5od. '' s}i " 13 '' " 6od. "6 " 9 " " 7od. "7 " 6 " " Nails made by different firms vary a little, but not enough to make any change in the foregoing table desirable. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 187 TABLE OF FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Reduced to the Standard of the United States. FRANCE. Metre 3.28 feet. Decimetre (l-lOth metre) 3.94 inches. Velt 2.00 galls. Hectolitre 26.42 galls. Decalitre 2.64 galls. Litre 2.11 pints. Kilolitre 35.32 feet. Hectolitre 2.84 bush. Decalitre 9.08 quarts. Millier 2.205 lbs. Quintal 220.54 lbs. Kilogramme 2.21 lbs. AMSTERDAM. 100 lbs. 1 centner.. 108. 93 lbs. Last of grain 85.25 bush. Ahm of "svine 41.00 galls. Amsterdam foot . . 0.93 foot. Antwerp foot Ehineland foot. . . Amsterdam ell. . . . Ell of the Hague.. Ell of the Brabant. 0.94 foot. 1.03 feet. 2.26 feet. 2.28 feet. 2.30 feet. NETHERIiANDS. Ell 3.28 feet. Mudde of Zak. . . . 2.84 bush. Vat hectolitre 26.42 galls. Kan litre 2.11 pints. Pond kilogramme. 2.21 lbs. HAMBURG. Last of grain 89.64 bush. Ahm of wine 38.25 galls. Hamburg foot .... 0.96 foot. Ell.... 1.92 feet. PRUSSIA. 100 lbs. of 2 Col- ogne marks each.. 103. 11 lbs. Quintal, 110 lbs. ..113.42 lbs. Sheffel of grain. . . 1.56 bush. Eimar of wine .... 18.14 galls. Ell of cloth 2.19 feet. Foot 1.03 feet. DENMARK. 100 lbs. 1 centner.. 110.28 lbs.. Barrel or toende of corn 3.95 bush. Viertel of wine 2.04 galls. Copenhagen or Ehineland foot . 1.03 feet. SWEDEN. 100 lbs. or 5 lis- punds 73.76 lbs. Kan of Corn 7.42 bush. Last 75.00 bu«h. Cann of wine 69.09 galls. Ell of cloth 1.95 feet. RUSSIA. idO lbs. of 32 laths each 90.26 lbs. Chertwert of grain 5.95 bush. Vedro of wine. . . . 3.25 galls. Petersburgh foot. . 1.18 feet. Moscow foot 1.10 feet. Pood 36.00 lbs. SPAIN. Quintal, or 4 arro- bas 101.44 lbs. Arroba 25.36 lbs. Arroba of wine. ... 4.43 galls. Fanega of grain. . . 1.60 bush. PORTUGAL. 100 lbs 101.19 lbs. 22 lbs. (1 arroba). 22.26 lbs. 4 arrobasof 22 lbs. (1 quintal) 89.05 lbs. Alquiere 4.75 bush. Mojo of grain 23.03 bush. Last of salt. 70.00 bush. Almtide of wine. . . 4.37 galls. SICILY. Cantar ogroso 192.50 lbs. Cantaro sottile. .. .175.00 lbs. 100 lbs 70.00 lbs. Salma grossa of grain 9.77 bush. Salma generale... 7.85 bush. Salma of wine .... 23.06 galls. NAPLES. Cantaro groso. . . .196.50 lbs. Cantaro picolo. . . .106.00 lbs. Carro of grain 52.24 bush. Carro of wine 264.00 galls. 1 88 THE builder's GUIDE, FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES {Continued). ROME. Rubbio of grain. . . 8.36 bush. Barih of wine 15.31 galls. GENOA. 100 lbs. or peso groso 76.87 lbs. 100 lbs. or peso sottile 69.89 lbs. Mina of grain 3.43 bush. Mezzarola of wine. 39.22 galls. FJX)RENCE AND LEGHORN. 100 lbs. or 1 can- taro 74.86 lbs. Moggio of grain. . . 16.59 bush. Barile of wine 12.04 galls. VENICE. 100 lbs. peso groso 105.18 lbs. 100 lbs. peso sot- tile 64.04 lbs. Moggio of grain . . 9.08 bush. Anifora of wine. . .137.00 galls. TRIESTE. 100 lbs 123.60 lbs. Stajo of grain 2.34 bush, Orna or eimer of wine 14.94 galls. Ell for woolens. . . 2.22 feet. Ell for silk 2.10 feet. MALTA. 100 lbs. 1 cantar. .174.50 lbs. Salma of grain .... 8.22 bush. Foot 0.85 foot. SMYRNA. 100 lbs. (1 quin- tal) 129.48 lbs. Oke 2.83 lbs. . Quillot of grain. . . 1.46 bush. Quillot of wine. . . 13.50 galls. CHINA. Tail 1.33 oz. 16 tails 1 catty.... 1.33 lbs. 100 catties 1 picul.133.25 lbs. FORCE OF THE WIND. Miles per Hour. Feet per Minute. Feet per Second. Force ii Pounds I Square Fc jgj. Description, ot. 1 88 1.47 .005 Hardly perceptible. 2 3 176 264 2.93 4.4 .020 .044 Just perceptible. 4 352 5.87 .079 Gentle breeze. 5 440 7.33 0.123 10 880 14.67 0.492 )- Pleasant breeze. 15 1,320 22. 1.107 20 1,760 29.3 1.970 Brisk gale. 25 2,200 26.6 3.067 30 2,640 44.0 4.429 High wind. 35 3,080 51.3 6.027 40 45 3,520 3,960 58.6 66.0 7.870 9.900 Very high wind. 50 4,400 73.3 12.304 Storm. 60 70 5,280 6,160 88.0 102.7 17.733 24.153 Great storm. 80 7,040 117.3 31.490 Hurricane. 100 8,800 146.6 49.200 EQUIVALENTS. Rods. Links. 320 = 8,000 4 = 100 25 1 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 1 89 RELATIVE STRENGTH OF BODIES TO RESIST TORSION, LEAD BEING 1. Tin 1.4 I Swedish iron 9.5 Copper 4.3 | English iron 10.1 Yellow brass 4.6 1 Blistered steel Ifi.6 Gun metal 5.0 Shear steel 17.0 Cast iron 9.0 | SURVEYOB's LONG MEASURE FOR MEASURING DISTANCES, BOUNDARIES, AREAS, RAILWAYS, ETC, 7 92-100 inches 1 link. I 4 rods 1 chain. 25 links 1 rod. 80 chains 1 mile. Mile. Chains. Rods. Links. Inches. 1 = 80 = 320 = 8,000 = 63,360 1 = 4 r= 100 = 792 198 7.92 Surveyor's long measure, scale of units, 7.92, 25, 4, 80. TABLE OF MISCELLANEOUS LINEAR MEASURE. 3 inches 1 palm. 4 inches 1 hand ^ ^^ed in measuring the height of horses * 3 at the shoulder. 9 inches 1 span. 3 feet 1 pace or step. 3.28 feet 1 metre. 6 feet 1 fathom. ) 880 fathoms 1 mile. j" ^^^^ ^" measuring depths at sea. 3 geographical miles 1 league. 60 *• •* I . ^p„„p^ C Of latitude. 69i statute ** | "^gree. ^ of longitude on me equator. surveyor's square measure, for measuring the CONTENTS OP FARMS, FIELDS, ETC. 625 square links {sq. I.) 1 pole, P. 16 poles 1 square chain, sq. ch. 10 square chains 1 acre, A. 640 acres 1 square mile, sq. mi. 36 square miles (6 miles square) 1 township, Tp. EQUIVALENTS. Tp. Sq. Mi. A. Sq. Ch. P. Sq. Links. 1 =r 36 = 2304 = 230,400 =: 3,686,400 = 2,304,000,000 1 = 640 = 6,400 =: 102,400 = 64,000,000 10 = 160 = 10,000 1 = 16 = 1,000 1 = 625 Surveyor's square measure, scale of units, 625, 16, 10, 640, 36. 190 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, An Acre is the unit of land measure, and is 10 square chains (10,000 links), or a piece of land 3 chains 161^ links (or about 69^ yds.), on each of the four sides, or, if of a dif- ferent shape, as much land as is embraced in that compass. A Rood is a quarter of an acre, or 40 perches, and con- tains 25,000 square links; if square, it should measure i chain and 58 links, or about 34^ yds. on each side. A Perch (sometimes called a pole or rod) is the i6oth of an acre, and contains 30 1^ square yards, or 625 square links, and embraces ^}4 yds., or 25 running links of the chain, on each of the four sides. ARITHMETICAIi SIGNS AND THEIR SIGNIFICATION. = Sign of Equality, and signifies as 4 -|- 12 = 16. + '* Addition, — ** Subtraction * X ** Multiplication ' -i- " Division * ^ *' Square root * Koot. 62 Sign of to be Squared ' 73 *• to be cubed • Powers. as 8 -j-- 8 = 16 the sum. as 12 — 4 = 8 the remainder. as 12 X 3 = 36 the product. as 24 -:- 3 = 8 or 24-3 = 8. Evolution or Extraction of Square thus 82 =r 64 Involution, or thus 33 = 27 the Kaising of EFFECTS OF HEAT ON VARIOUS BODIES. Fine gold melts 2590° " silver '* 1250 Copper melts 2548 Wrought-iron melts 3980 Cast " " 3479 Bright red " in the dark. . 752 Eedhot '♦ in twilight.. 884 Glass melts 2377 Common fire 790 Brass melts 1900 Air furnace 3300 Antimony melts . . 951 Bismuth '• 476 Cadmium 600 Steel 2500 Lead 504 Tin 421 Heat, cherrry red 1500^ •* bright *• 1860 " red visible by day. . 1077 * * white 2900 Mercury boils 662 " volatilizes 680 Platinum melts 3080 Zinc melts 740 Highest natural tempera- ture (Egypt) 117 Greatest natural cold (be- low zero) 56 " artificial *' *♦ 106 Heat of human blood 98 Snow and salt, equal parts. Ice melts 32 Water in vacuo boils 98 Furnace under steam boiler 1100 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 191 TVEIGHT OF CAST-IEON PIPES OF DIFFERENT THICKNESSES, FROM 1 INCH TO 22 INCHES IN DIAMETER. 1 FOOT IN LENGTH. Thick- ness. Weight. Lbs. 3.06 5.05 3.67 6. 6.89 9.8 7.8 11.04 8.74 12.23 9.65 13.48 10.57 14.66 19.05 11.54 15.91 20.59 12.28 17.15 22.15 27.56 18.4 23.72 29.64 19.66 25.27 31.2 20.9 26.83 33.07 22.05 28.28 34.94 23.35 29.85 36.73 24.49 31.4 38.58 25.7 32.91 40.43 Diam. Ins. 5. 5. J 6. 6. A 7-i 8.J 9.^ Thick- ness. Ins. Weight. Lbs. 26.94 34.34 42.28 29.4 37.44 45.94 31.82 40.56 49.6 58.96 34.32 43.68 53.3 63.18 36.66 46.8 56.96 67.6 78.39 39.22 49.92 60.48 71.76 83.28 41.64 52.68 64.27 76.12 88.2 44.11 56.16 68. 80.5 93.28 46.5 59.92 71.7 84.7 97.98 48.98 62.02 75.32 88.98 Diam. Ins. 10. 10.} 11. ll-i 12. 12.i 13. 13.} 14. Thick- ness. Ins. 1. 192 THE builder's GUIDE, WEIGHT OF CAST-IRON PIPES {Gontmuea, 14.: 15. I5.J 16. Thick- ness. ins. 3. Weight. Lbs. 108.46 127.6 147.03 73.72 92.66 112.1 131.86 151.92 75.96 95.72 115.78 136.15 156.82 78.4 98.78 119.49 140.4 161.82 80.87 Diam. Ins. 16.J 17. 17.i Thick- ness. Ins. Weight Lbs. 101.82 123.14 144.76 166.6 83.3 104.82 126.79 149.02 171.6 85.73 107.96 130.48 153.3 176.58 88.23 111.06 134.16 157.59 181.33 Dia.i Ins. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Thick- ness. Ins. •f a Weight. Lbs. 114.1 137.84 161.9 186.24 120.24 145.2 170.47 195.92 126.33 152.53 179.02 205.8 132.5 159.84 187.6 215.52 138.6 167.24 196.46 TIME IN WHICH A SUM WTLL. DOUBLE. Rate per cent. Simple Interest. Compound Interest. 2 50 years. 35 years 1 day. ^ 40 years. 28 years 26 days. 3 33 years 4 months. 23 years 164 days. 3i 28 years 208 days. 20 years 54 days. 4 25 years. 17 years 246 days. 4i 22 years 81 days. 15 years 273 days. 5 20 years. 15 years 75 days. 6 16 years 8 months. 14 years 327 days. 7 14 years 104 days. 10 years 89 days. 8 12J years. 9 years 2 days. 9 11 years 40 days. 8 years 16 days. 10 10 years. 7 years 100 days. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 193 NAMES AND DIMENSIONS OF VARIOUS SIZES OF PAPER. PRINT. Medium 19 x 24 itoyal (20 x 24) 20 x 25 Super Koyal 22 Imperial 22 Medium and a half 24 Small Double Medium. . .24 Double Medium 24 Double Koyal 26 Double Super Royal 28 Double Super Royal 29 x 43 Broad Twelves 23 x 41 Double imperial 32 x 46 FOLDED. Billet Note 6x8 Octavo Note 7 x 9 Commercial Note 8 x 10 Packet Note 9 x 11 Bath Note 8^ x 14 Letter 10 x 16 Commercial Letter 11 x 17 Packet Post 11^ x 18 Foolscap 12J X 16 FLAT. Legal Cap 13 x 16 Flat Cap 14 x 17 Crown 15 x 19 Double Flat Letter. . . .16 x 20 Demy 16 x 21 Folio Post 17 X 22 Check Folio 17 x 24 Double Cap 17 x 28 Extra Size Folio 19 x 23 Medium 18 x 23 Royal 19 x 24 Super Royal 20 x 28 Imperial 22 x 30 Double Demy 21 x 31 Elephant 22^ x 27f Columbier 23 x 31^ Atlas 26 X 33 Double Elephant 26 x 40 EXPLOSIVE FORCE OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES USED FOR BLASTING, ETC. Blasting powder Artillery " Sporting " Powder, nitrate of soda for its base. Powder, chlorate of pot. for its base Gun cotton Picric acid Picrate potash Gun cotton mixed with chl. potash . Picric acid " •* *' " Picrate " " " •' Nitro-glycerin Heat. 509 608 641 764 972 590 687 578 1420 1424 1422 1320 Voluire of Gas. 0.173 litre. 0.225 0.216 0.248 0.318 0.801 0.780 0.585 0.484 0.408 0.337 0.710 Estimated Explosive Force. 88 137 139 190 309 472 536 680 680 582 478 939 The above instructive table is by the celebrated M. Ber- thelot, who further describes nitro-glycerin " as really the ideal of portable force. It burns completely without residue ; in fact, gives an excess of oxygen ; it develops twice as much heat as powder, three and a half times more gas, and has 194 THE builder's GUIDE, seven times the explosive force, weight for weight, and, taken volume for volume, it possesses twelve times more energy." From the extreme danger of the work, none but a competent chemist should attempt to manufacture it. A TABLE OF DAILY SAVINGS AT COMPOUND INTEREST. Cents per Day. 2| 27i 55 1.10 1.37 Per ^'ear. . . $10... . . 20... . . 40... .. 100... . . 200... . . 400 .. . . 500... In Ten Years. Fifty Years. . .. $130 $2,900 . .. 260 5,800 . .. 520 11,600 . .. 1,300 29,000 . .. 2,600 58,000 . . 5,200 116,000 . .. 6,500 145,000 TABLE TO FIND THE NUMBER OF BRICK REQUIRED TO CONSTRUCT ANY BUILDING, EMBRACING WALLS, FROM 4 INCHES TO 20 INCHES THICK, RECKONING 7 BRICKS TO EACH SUPERFICIAL FOOT. Mcample. — Required the number of bricks in 100 superficial feet of wall 12 inches thick. Under 12 inch, and opposite 100. j ou will find the answer, 2250, the number of bricks required. iU Number of Bricks to Thickness of. ^-A tC o 4-inch. 8-inch. 1 2-inch. i6-inch. 2o-inch. 24- inch. 1 7 15 23 30 38 45 2 15 30 45 60 75 90 3 23 45 68 90 113 135 4 30 60 90 120 150 180 5 38 75 113 150 188 225 6 45 90 135 180 225 270 7 53 105 158 210 263 315 8 60 120 180 240 300 360 9 68 135 203 270 338 405 10 75 150 225 300 375 450 20 150 300 450 600 750 900 30 225 450 675 900 1125 1350 40 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 50 375 750 1125 1500 1875 2250 60 450 900 1350 1800 2250 2700 70 525 1050 1575 2100 2625 3150 80 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 90 675 1350 2025 2700 3375 4050 100 750 1500 2250 3000 3750 4500 AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. I95 TABLE TO FIND THE NUMBER OF BRICK, ETC. {Continued). Number of Bricks to Thickness of. ^S'^ 4-inch. 8-inch. 12-inch. 16-inch. 20-inch. 24-inch. 200 1500 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000 300 2250 4500 6750 9000 11250 13500 400 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 500 3750 7500 11250 15000 18750 22500 600 4500 9000 13500 18000 22500 27000 700 5250 10500 15750 21000 26250 31500 800 6000 12000 18000 24000 30000 36000 900 6750 13500 20250 27000 33750 45000 1000 7500 15000 22500 30000 37500 45000 1000 Shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 sq. ft. of surface, and 5 lbs. of shingle nails will fasten them on. One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number of sq. feet, of surface to be covered, because of the lap in the siding and matching. 1000 Laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 11 lbs. of lath nails will nail them on. 8 bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand, and i bushel of hair, will make enough good mortar to plaster 100 sq. yds. A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard of sand, will lay 100 cubic ft. of wall. 5 coui:3es of brick will lay 1 ft. in height on a chimney, 16 bricks in a course will make a flue 4 ins. wide and 12 ins. long, and 24 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 ins. wide and 16 ins. long. Cement, i bush., and sand, 2 bush., will cover ;^)4 sq. yds. I in. thick, 4^ sq. yds. ^ inch thick, and 6^ sq. yds. ^ inch thick, i bush, cement and i of sand will cover 2 i^ sq. yds. i in thick, 3 sq. yds. ^ inch thick, and 4j4 sq. yds. 196 THE builder's GUIDE, 8 lbs. of Asphalte Flooring composition will cover i super- ficial ft. y^ inch thick. 308 pounds of finely-ground cement will make from 3.7 to t^.^ cubic feet of stiff paste, i cwt. of mastic and i gal. of oil will cover \\ yds. at ^, or 2\ at \ inch in thickness. Pointing Mortar consists, by weight, of finely-ground cement, 1 part to from 3 to 3^ parts of fine silicious sand, mix under cover, in small quantities at a time. I bundle of 16-inch shingles will cover 30 square ft.; .1 bundle of 18-inch shingles will lay 2iZ square ft., when laid 5 J ins. to the weather; 6 lbs. 4d. nails will lay 1000 split pine shingles. 130 yards of lath, lay and set, require i load of laths, 10,000 nails, 2\ cwt. of lime, \\ double load of sand, and 7 bushels of hair ; plasterer, laborer and boy, 6 days each. Render and Set. 100 yards require i\ cwt. of lime, i double load of sand, and 4 bushels of hair; plasterer, la- borer and boy, 3 days each. Setting. 375 yards require i\ cwt. of lime and 5 bushels of hair. In lathing, i bundle of laths and 384 nails will cover 5 yards. In rendering, 187^ yards require ij cwt. of lime, 2 double loads of sand, and 5 bushels of hair. Floating re- quires more labor, but only half as much material as render- ing. 1000 bricks, closely stacked, occupy 56 cubic feet; 1000 old bricks, cleaned and loosely stacked, occupy 72 cubic ft. I rod of brickwork requires 126 gals, water to slack the lime and mix the mortar. Bricks absorb 1-15 of their weight in water. No. of bricks in cubic yard, 384. A bricklayer's hod will hold 20 bricks, or 2/3 cubic ft. of mortar, or | bushel, nearly. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 197 TABLE SHOWING DIAMETER AND HEIGHT OF CHIMNEY FOR ANY BOIUEK. II. P. cf .Alt. of Chimney Interior Diam- H. P. of Alt cf Chimney Interior Diam- Boiler in Feet. eter at Top Boiler. in Feet. eter at '1 op. 10 60 14 inches. 70 120 30 inches. 12 75 14 90 120 34 '♦ 16 90 16 " 120 135 38 - 20 99 17 " 160 150 43 - 30 105 21 200 165 47 *♦ 50 120 26 - j 250 180 52 - 60 120 27 " 1 380 195 57 *' Slating. The pitch of a slated roof should be about i in height to 4 in length ; the usual lap is about 3 ins., but it is sometimes 4. Each slate should be fastened by 2 nails, cither of copper or zinc. A square of slate is 1 00 superficial feet, allowances being made for the trouble of cutting the slates at the hips, eaves, round chimneys, etc. The sides and bottom edges of the slates should be trimmed, and the nail holes punched as near the head as possible ; they should be sorted in sizes, when they are not all of one size, and the smallest size placed near the ridge. The thickness of slates varies from 3-16 to 5-16 of an inch, and their weight from ^.6 to 4.53 lbs. per square foot. The following table of sizes, etc., of roofing slates, is very useful : Description. Size. Average gauge in inches. No. of squares 1200 will cover. Weight per 120:) ill tons. No. re- quired to cover one square. No. of nails re- quired Len gth. Bre'th. to one square. Doubles . . ft. 1 in. 1 ft. in. 6 5i- 2 , 480 480 Ladies .... 1 4 8 7 U Ij 280 280 Oount'sses 1 8 10 9 7 2 176 352 Duchesses 2 1 10^ 10 3 127 1 254 Imperials. Rags and 2 3 6 2 2 J-a ton will cover 2J to 2^ squares. Queens ) W e s t - morel 'ds of vari- ous sizes 198 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, The next table exhibits the comparative weight of various roof coverings. Weight. Least Slope. Plain tiles, per square of 100 sup'l feet . Pantiles . 8 to 18 cwt. 9J cwt. 7 to 9 cwt. 6.V cwt. 3 "cwt. 560 to 672 lbs. 2J cwt. 5 cwt. 35 cwt. 26J to 30^ Slating, an average 25^ to 30^ Lead, 7 lbs. per sup'l feet 4°" Corrugated iron 4° Copper, or zinc, 16 ozs per sup'l feet. . . Timber framing for slated or tiled roofs.. Boarding, # in. thick 4° 25° Boarding, 1^ in. tliick 25° Additional load for pressure of wind . . . Gothic roofs, steepest angle 60° Width of Tread. 6 inches 8^^ inches. 7 " 8" 8 " 7J *' 9 *' 7 Height of Width of Riser. Tread. STAXR-CASES. Height of Riser. 10 inches ^ inches. 11 '* 6 12 - 5J - 13 *' 5 PAINTING. I gal. priming color will cover 50 superficial yards. a white zinc a so a white paint lead color u 4.4. li a so a black paint a SO n stone color iC 44 it yellow paint u 44 u blue color it 45 a green paint C( 4S a bright emer. green " 25 a bronze green a 45 One pound of paint will cover about 4 superficial yards the first coat, and about 6 yards each additional coat. One pound of putty for stopping every 20 yards. One gallon of AND ESTIMATOR'S PRICE BOOK. I99 tar, and i lb. pitch, will cover 1 2 yds. superficial the first coat, and 17 yds. each additional coat. MEASUREMENT OF STONE OR BRICK WORK. 1. Perch, Masons' or Qaarrymen's Measure, 16J feet long ) ( 16 inches wide J- = -< 22 cubic feet. To be measured in wall. 12 - high) ( 16J feet long ) ( 18 inches wide V = J 24.75 cubic feet. To be measured in pile. 12 - high) ( I cubic yard = 3 feet X 3 feet X 3 feet =27 cubic feet. The cubic yard has become the standard for all contract work of late years. Stone walls less than 1 6 inches thick count as if 16 inches thick to masons; over 16 inches thick, each additional inch is counted. NUMBER OF BRICK REQUIRED IN WALL PER SQUARE FOOT FACE OF WALL. Thickness Thickness of wall. of wall. 4 inches 7J 8 '* 15 12 " 22J 16 '* 30 20 *' 37i 24 inches 46 28 " 52J 32 «' 60 36 " 67i 42 '♦ 75 Cubic yard = 600 bricks in wall. Perch (22 cubic feet) ==500 bricks in wall. To pave i sq. yard on flat requires 48 bricks. " I " edge '' 6S " STRENGTH OF WOODS. The following tabulated form shows the results of Mr. Hodgkinson's experiments on the crushing strengths of dif- ferent woods per square inch of section. The samples crushed were short cylinders i inch diameter, aixl 2 inches long, flat at the ends. The results given in the first column are those obtained when the wood was moderately dry. The samples noted in the second column were kept seasoning 2 -200 THE builder's GUIDE, months longer than the first. The third column is appended by the author, to illustrate the resilience or toughness of certain woods. Kind of Wood. Crushing Strength per Square Inch of Section. Length in Feet of a Rod i Inch Square that would Break by its own Weight. Alder 6831 to 6960 Ash 8683 to 9363 42,080 Bav 7518 to 7518 Box 10300 3eecli 7733 to 7363 38,940 Birch 10300 English Birch 3297 to 6402 €edar 5674 to 5863 Deal, Christiana. 55,500 Red Deal 5748 to 6586 6781 to 7299 White Deal Hornbeam 7300 Elder 7451 to 9973 Elm 7451 to 10331 39,050 Eir (Meniel) Eir (Spruce) 40,500 6499 to 6819 Earch 42,160 Mahogany 8198 to 8198 Lignum Vitse 9900 Oak (Quebec) 4231 to 5982 Oak (English) .... 6484 to 10058 32,900 Pine (Pitch) 6790 to 6790 Pine (Red) 5395 to 7518 Poplar 3107 to 5142 Plum (Dry) 8241 to 10493 Sycamore 35,800 Teak 8241 to 12101 36,049 Walnut 6063 to 7227 Willow 2898 to 6128 PERMANENT LOADS ON BRIDGES, ETC. For rough calculations the weight of the bridge itself may be assumed to be (in wrought-iron bridges) : For 30 feet spans, single line 560 lbs. per foot run. - 60 - '' 672 "100 ♦' " 1,008 - 150 " - 1,344 -* 200 " '' 1.680 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 20 1 Dense crowds average 120 lbs. per square foot. For flooring, 168 to 224 lbs. per square foot, exclusive of the weight of the flooring, is generally allowed. In storehouses, from 224 to 450 lbs. per square foot. Beams of timber, when laid with their concentric layers- vertical, are stronger than when laid horizontal, in the pro- portion of 8 to 7. Mercury freezes at 40° below zero, and melts at 39°. Ether freezes at 47° below zero; wine freezes at 20°; sea. water freezes at 28^3. Alcohol has been exposed to 110° and 120° below zero without freezing. Granite decomposes at a red heat. The second's pendulum, of 39.139 ins., is lengthened by 30° of temperature 128th of an inch, or 8 vibrations in 24 hours. SAJ^ LOAD IN STRUCTURES, INCLUDING WEIGHT OF STRUCTURE. In cast-iron columns \ breaking weight, Wrougbt-iron structures \ In cast-iron girders for tanks {- In cast-iron for bridges and tanks 1-6 In timber 1-10 Stone and bricks i WEIGHT OF LUMBER PER ' rnOUSAND (M. ) FEET BOARD MEASURE. Dry. Partly Seasoned. Green. Pine and hemlock 2,500 lbs. 3,000 " 4,000 «' 3,500 ♦' 2,700 lbs. 4,000 *♦ 5,000 '« 4,000 - 3 000 lbs Norway and yellow pine . . . Oak and walnut 5,000 «* Ash and maple. WEIGHTS OP CORDWOOD. Car- lbs, bon. 1 cord of hickory 4468 100 | hard maple.. 2864 58 beech 3234 64 ash 3449 79 birch 2368 49 pitch pine. .. 1903 43 Car- lbs. bon. 1 cord of Canada pine . . 1870 42 yellow oak 2920 61 white oak 1870 81^ " Lombardy pop- lar 1775 41 red oak 3255 70 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, TENSILE STRENGTH OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF WOOD, SHOWING THE WEIGHT OR POWER REQUIRED TO TEAR ASUNDER 1 SQUARE INCH. Lbs. Lance 23,000 Locust 25,000 Mahogany 21,000 Box 20,000 African Oak 14,500 Bay 14,500 Teak 14,000 Cedar 14,000 Ash 14,000 Oak, seasoned 13,600 Elm 13,400 Sycamore 13,000 Willow 13,000 Christiana Deal 12,400 Spanish Mahogany 12,000 Lbs. Pitch Pine 12,000 White Pine (American). . . 11,800 White Oak •' ...11,500 Lignum vitae 11,800 Beech 11,500 Chestnut, sweet 10,500 Maple 10,500 White Spruce 10,290 English Oak 10,000 Pear 9,800 Larch 9,500 Mahogany, Spanish 8,000 Walnut 7,800 Poplar 7,000 Cypress 6,000 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AND WEIGHTS OF METALS, WOODS, LIQUIDS, ETC. Engineers' and Contractors' Pocket Book. Names. Platina Pure gold . . . . Mercury Lead Pure silver. . . Bismuth Copper, cast. . ** sheet Brass, cast . . . ** sheet . . Iron, cast ' * bar Steel, soft. . . . ** hard. . . Tin cast Zinc, cast. . . . P 19500 19258 13560 11352 10474 9823 8788 8910 7824 8396 7264 7700 7833 7816 7291 7190 r6 1.417 1.435 2.038 2.435 2.638 2.814 3.146 3.103 3.533 3.293 3.806 3.592 3.530 3.537 3.790 3.845 ^4 .7053 .6965 .4904 .4105 .3788 .3552 .3178 .3225 .3036 .3037 .263 .279 .2833 .2827 .2636 .26 STONES, EARTHS, ETC. Names. Marble, aver'g*^ Granite ** Purbeck stone. Portland * ' Bristol Millstone " Paving ** Craigleith " Grindstone. . . . Chalk, British. Brick Coal, Scotch . " Newc'stle " Staffords'e " Cannel... r?^ .»§ tbc 'CCi 2720 170.00 2651 165.68 2601 162.56 2570 160.62 2554 159.62 2484 155.25 2415 150.93 2362 147.62 2143 133.93 2781 173.81 2000 125.00 1300 81.15 1270 79.37 1240 77.50 1238 77.37 V a His AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES, ETC., {Continued). 203 Names. Xjgnum vitae. . . Eox, French. . . '• Dutch... Ebony, Indian. ** Americ'ij Oak, just felled ** seasoned.. BogoakoflrelM Mahog'ny Sp'sh " bay wood Medlar tree .... Logwood Olive tree Beech Ash Alder Apple-tree Plum-tree Maple Teak Cherry-tree. . . . Elm Walnut Red pine Yellow " Pear-tree Syc'm're, chest- nut, and lime- tree, each .... Willow Popl'r, white Sp " common Oedar White pine .... Larch Cork 1331 1328 912 1209 1331 1113 743 1046 1063 637 944 913 927 852 845 800 793 755 752 750 715 673 671 657 652 650 604 585 529 383 561 551 530 240 83.31 83.00 58.00 75.56 83.18 69.50 46.43 65.37 66.43 39.81 59.00 57.06 57.93 53.25 52.81 50.00 49.56 47.18 47.00 46.87 44.68 42.06 41.93 47.06 40.70 40.62 37.75 36.50 33.00 23.93 35.00 34.43 33.02 15.00 Name: Acid, sulphuric ** nitric. . . ** muriatic ** fluoric . " citric, . . ** acetic... Water from Bal- tic ' * from the Dead Sea '* from the Mediter'n " from the Irish Ch'l " ice *' distilled Oils, expresed linseed. . sw't alm'd whale . . . hempseed olive .... Oils, essential . cinnamon lavender . turp'ntine amber. . . Alcohol of com- merce, at 60^ Fahrenheit . . Alcohol, abso- lute . Ether, nitric . . . " muriatic Proof spirit. . . . Tar Vinegar, dist'ld 1850 1271 1200 1060 1034 1062 1015 1240 1029 1028 1001 1000 940 932 923 926 915 1043 894 870 868 825 797 908 729 922 1015 1009 204 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, NUMBER OF FEET IN LENGTH OF THE FOLLOWING DIMENSIONS OF TIMBER REQUIRED TO MAKE 1000 FEET OF BOARD AND CUBIC MEASURE RE- SPECTIVELY. No. of feet in No. of feet in No. of feet in Size. length to make looo ft. Size. length to make i coo ft. Size. length to u.ake looo ft. cubic m. board m. board m. 5x5 5,760 2 X 6 1,000 6 X 10 200 5x6 4,800 2 X 7 857.2 6 X 11 181.10 5x7 4,114.3 2 X 8 750 6 X 12 166.8 5x8 3,600 2 X 9 666.8 7x7 244.11 5x9 3,200 2 X 10 600 7x8 214.3 5 X 10 2,880 2 X 11 545.6 7x9 190.6 5 x 11 2,618.2 2 X 12 500 7 x 10 171.5 5 X 12 2,400 2J X 5 960 7 X 11 155.10 6x6 4,000 ^ X 6 800 7 X 12 142.10 6x7 3,428.7 ^ X 7 685.9 8x8 187.6 6x8 3,000 2i X 8 600 8x9 166.8 6x9 2,666.8 2i X 9 533.4 8 X 10 150 6 X 10 2,400 ^ X 10 480 8 X 11 136.4 6 X 11 2,181.8 3 X 5 800 8 X 12 125 6 X 12 2,000 3 X 6 666.8 9x9 148.2 7x7 2,938.9 3 X 7 571.5 9 X 10 133.4 7x8 2,571.4 3 X 8 500 9 X 11 121.3 7x9 2,285.8 3 X 9 444.4 9 X 12 111.2 7 X 10 2,057.3 3 X 10 400 10 X 10 120 7 X 11 1,870.1 3 X 11 363.7 10 X 11 109.1 7 X 12 1,714.3 3 X 12 333.4 10 X 12 100 8x8 2,550 4 X 5 600 11 X 11 99.2 8x9 2,000 4 X 6 500 11 X 12 90.9 8 x 10 1,800 4 X 7 428.7 12 X 12 83.4 8 X 11 1,636.4 4 X 8 375 12 X 14 71.5 8 X 12 1,500 4 X 9 333.4 12 X 16 62.5 9x9 1,777.9 4 X 10 300 12 X 18 55.6 10 X 10 1,600 4 X 11 272.8 12 X 20 50 9 X 11 1,455.5 4 X 12 250 16 X 18 41.8 9 X 12 1,333.4 5 X 6 400 20 X 20 30 10 X 10 1,440 5 X 7 342.10 20 X 24 25 10 X 12 1,200 5 X 8 300 22 X 24 22.8 11 X 11 1,190 5 X 9 266.8 18 X 24 27.10 11 X 12 1,091 5 X 10 540 18 X 20 33.4 12 X 12 1,000 5 X 11 218.2 14 X 16 53.7 U X 16 642.10 5 X 12 200 15 X 18 44.5 16 X 18 500 6 X 6 333.4 16 X 20 37.6 18 X 20 400 6 X 7 285.8 13 X 14 66.11 20 X 22 327.3 6 X 8 250 30 X 40 10 22 X 24 272.8 6 X 9 222.2 36 X 36 9.3 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 205 NUMBER OF CUBIC FEET OF TIMBER IN A TON (AVOIRDUPOIS), TOGETHER WITH THE WEIGHT IN LBS. PER CUBIC FOOT. Woods. Alder, dry. Ash ** . Apple •* Bay " dry Beech '• dry Birch, common. . " Am'can black Box Bullet-wood Butternut, dry. . . . Cedar, *• .... Cork, " .... Cherry, *' ... Chestnut, " .... Ebony, mean of 2 sets Elm, dry j Fir, white Fir, New Eng., dry Fir, Norw'y spruce, dry Fir, Riga Gum, blue, dry. . Hackmatack, " . . . Hazel, " . . . Hemlock, *' . . . Hickory, pig nut. . '♦ shell bark Holly, dry Juniper, " Lance wood, dry . . Lbs. per Cubic Foot. 50. 52.812 43.125 49.562 43.601 51.375 43.8 53.25 43.8 46.9 62.5 58. 23.5 35.62 15. 44.687 38.125 79.4 41.937 35.625 35.57 34,4 32. 46.9 52.687 37.10 53.75 23. 49.5 43.125 47.5 35.375 45. Cubic Feet per Ton. 44.80 42.414 45.18 43.601 39.40 63.866 149.333 53.25 62.97 60.37 45.252 51.942 Woods. Larch, dry j Lignum vitce Logwood Mahogany V Maple, dry Oak, Canadian .... English live, seasoned " green . . white upland dry Pear, Plum, Poplar Pine, pitch, dry . . . *• red "... '* white, "... " well seasoned " yellow " dry:.. Poplar, mean, 2 sorts Rosewood, dry Satinwood, ** .... Spruce, " Tamarack, *' .... Teak, African oak. Walnut, dry black, dry. Willow, dry Lbs. per Cubic Foot. 34. 35. 83.312 57.062 35. 66.437 46.876 54.5 58.25 66.75 78.75 43. 41.312 49.062 26.31 41.25 36.875 34.625 29.562 33.812 28.812 .5 45.5 55.312 31.25 23.937 46.9 41.9 31.25 36.56! 30.37n Cubic Feet per Ton. 65.8 26.866 39.225 64. 33.714 47.66 41.101 38.455 33.558 52.09 47.47 54.303 60.745 64.693 75.773 66.248 71.68 53.42 71.68 61.265 73.744 COMPARATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT WOODS, EXHIBITING THEIR CRUSHING STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS. Teak. English oak. . Ash... Elm 6555 4074 3571 3468 Beech 3079 Quebec oak 2927 Mahogany 2571 Spruce 2522 Walnut 2374 Yellow pine.... 2193 Sycamore 1833 Cedar 700 2o6 THE builder's GUIDE, RELATIVE HARDNESS OF WOODS. Taking shell bark hickory as the highest standarcl of our forest trees, and calling that loo, other trees will compare with it for hardness as follows : Skellb'rkhick'ry..lOO Pignut hickory ... 96 White oak 84 White ash 77 Dogwood 75 Scrub oak 73 White hazel 72 Apple tree 70 Ked oak 69 White beech 65 Black walnut 65 Black birch 62 Yellow oak 60 Hard maple 56 White Elm 58 Red cedar 56 Wild cherry 55 Yellow pine 54 Chestnut 52 Yellow poplar 51 Butternut 43 White birch 43 White pine 30 COMPARATIVE WEIGHT OF DIFFERENT WOODS IN GREEN AND SEASONED STATES IN POUNDS AND OUNCES PER CUB. FT. Ash, green, 58.3; do., seasoned, 50. Beech, green, 60; do., seasoned, 50. American pine, green, 44. 1 2 ; do., sea- soned, 30.11. Cedar, green, 32; do., seasoned, 28.4. English oak, green, 71.10; do., seasoned, 43.8. Riga fir, green, 48.12^ do., seasoned, 35.8. SHRINKAGE IN DIMENSIONS OF TIMBER BY SEASONING. Woods. Pitch pine, South.. Spruce White pine, Am. . . Yellow pine Ins. 18| to 18^ H to 8f 12 to ll| 18 to 17^ Woods. Cedar, Canada . Elm Oak, English. . . Pitch pine Ins. 14 to 13^ 11 to lOf 12 to 11| [9J 10 X 10 to 9| X PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN DIFFERENT WOODS. Alder 41.6 Ash 28.7 Birch 30.8 Elm 44.5 Horse Chestnut. 38.2 Larch 48.6 Mountain ash. . . 28.3 Oak 34.7 Pine 39.7 Red beech 39.7 Red pine 45.2 White oak 36.2 White pine 37.1 White poplar... 50.6 Willow 26.0 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 207 TBANSVEESE STRENGTH OF WOODS, SHOWING THEIR BREAKING WEIGHT FOR A THICKNESS OF ONE INCH SQUARE AND ONE FOOT IN LENGTH, WITH WEIGHT SUSPENDED FROM ONE END. IjOCUSt Hickory Oak, live, Americ'n ^* white •* * * African Teak Maple Oak, English, best. Ash Pine, American. . . . Birch Chestnut Break- Value ing Weight; for Use. Lbs. 295 80 250 55 245 55 230 50 208 50 206 60 202 188 45 168 55 60 50 160 40 160 53 Oak, Canadian *♦ live, Americ'n *' English Deal Christiana . . . Pine, pitch Beech Pine, white, Am. . . Elm Pine, Norway Oak, Dantzic White wood Riga fir Pine, white iJreak- Value WeTght. for Use. Lbs. 146 36 245 55 140 35 137 45 136 45 130 32 130 45 125 30 123 40 122 30 116 38 94 30 92 30 COHESIVE STRENGTH OF TIE-BARS, SUSPENSION RODS, ETC. Breaking weight in tons, equal area of section of rod in square inches, multiplied by cohesive force per square inch in tons. Tons. Cohesive strength of steel = 50 «« << wrought iron 23 ** ** cast iron 7 J '* <« wrought copper 15 ** ** cast brass 8 " lead 0.75 " " boxwood 10 Tons. Cohesive strength of Ash = 8 ** ** beech 5.5 '* " oak 5.5 ** " seasoned 6 ** " pitch pine 6 ** " chestnut 5 fir 5.5 In use take J of the above as breaking weight. BREAKING AND CRUSHING STRAINS OP IRON AND STEEL. CALCULATIONS. AVEBAGE Breaking strain of wrought iron = 23 tons per sq. inch of section. Crushing ** «* = 17 ** << «« Breaking strain of cast iron = 7J Crushing " «♦ =50 Breaking strain of steel bars = 50 Crushing " " =166 208 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, The following table shows weight in tons required to tear asunder bars 1 inch square of the following materials. Oak 5J tons Fir 5J ♦ Cast iron 7J * • Wrought iron 10 * * Wrought copper 15 tons English bar iron 25 " American iron 37 J " Blistered steel 59 J *' WEIGHT or SQUARE AND ROUND CAST IRON. Square per Foot. Size. Inches Square. 1 H H If if If 1* 2 n 2f 2} 2- 2J 3 ^ O I 31 ^} 3; Weight. Pounds. .78 1.22 1.75 2.39 3.12 3.95 4.88 5.90 7.03 8.25 9.57 10.98 12.50 14.11 15.81 17.62 19.53 21.53 23.63 25.83 28.12 30.51 33. 35.59 38.28 41.06 43.94 46.92 Inches Square. Weight. Pounds. 50. 53.14 56.44 59.81 63.28 66.84 70.50 74.26 78.12 82.08 86.13 90.28 94.53 98.87 103.32 107.86 112.50 122.08 132.03 142.38 153.12 164.25 175.78 187.68 200.12 212.56 225.78 239.25 253.12 Round per Foot. Size. Inches Diam. Weight. Pounds. .61 .95 1.38 1.87 2.45 3.10 3.83 4.64 5.52 6.48 7.51 8.62 9.81 11.08 12.42 13.84 15.33 16.91 18.56 20.28 22.18 23.96 25.92 27.95 30.16 32.25 34.51 36.85 39.27 Size. Inches Diam. Weight. Pounds. 41.76 44.27 46.97 49.70 52.50 55.37 58.32 61.35 64.46 67.64 70.09 74.24 77.65 91.14 84.71 88.35 95.87 103.69 111.82 120.26 129. 138.05 147.41 157.08 167.05 177.19 187.91 198.79 210. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 209 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OP BODIES. The following table exhibits the linear dilatation of various bodies from 32° to 212°, according to Laplace, Smeaton, Koy, etc. 9 C/3 3 1 1. 1 Flint glass 1-1232 1-1000 1-1200 to 1-923 1-1161 Glass (barometer tubes) . . * * solid rod 1-1289 1-1237 *' cast prism of 1-901 Platinum, per Borda Palladium, per Wollaston Gold (French standard) . . Silver (French standard . . Copper 8 parts, tin 1 M167 1-1000 1-661 1-524 1-1131 1-1008 1-480 1-550 1-588 1-486 1-524 1-517 1-533 1-399 1-719 1-517 1-795 1-816 1-438 1-349 1-340 Copper 1-584 1-521 Copper 2, zinc 1 Brass 16, tin 1 Brass wire Brass cast 1-535 1-528 Solder, tin 1, lead 2 Bismuth Speculum metal Iron . . 1-819 1-807 1-460 1-351 1-846 Steel (yellow temper) Tin, Falmouth . . . 1-840 1-874 Lead Zinc Mercury, in volume Water 100-5550 1-23 1-9 100-287 Alcohol All the gases SHKINKAGE OF CASTINGS. Iron, small cylinders = 1-16 inch per foot. " pipes =i ** *' ** girders, beams, etc = | in. in 15 inches. ** large cylinders, the contraction of diameter at top = 1-16 per foot. " do. do. at bottom.. ..= 1-12 •* '* '* do. do. in length = J in 16 inches. Brass, thin = J in 9 ** •* thick = I in 2IO THE BUILDERS GUIDE, Zinc = 5-16 in a foot. Lead =5-16 ** " Copper =3-16 '♦ " Bismuth = 5-32 " •* Green sand iron castings are 6 per cent, stronger than dry, and 30 per cent, stronger than chilled, but when the castings are chilled and annealed, a gain of 115 per cent, is attained over those made in green sand. Chilling the under side of cast iron very materially increases its strength. LINEAL EXPANSION OF METALS. Produced by raising their temperature from 32° to 212° Fahrenheit. Zinc Platinum Tin (pure) Tin (impure). Silver Copper Brass Falmouth tin English brass rod . . Brass wire Blistered steel 1 part in 322 351 403 500 524 581 584 462 528 517 870 Gold Bismuth Iron Antimony Palladium Platinum Flint glass Soft rolled iron. . . Prism of cast iron. Beflector metal. . . . Eefined silver 1 part in 682 719 812 923 1000 1100 1248 819 901 517 528 TENSILE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, SHOWING THE STRENGTH OR FORCE REQUIRED TO TEAR ASUNDER 1 SQUARE INCH. Lbs. Iron wire, wrought 103,000 Swedish bar iron 72,000 Russian " " 59,500 Mean of English iron. . . . 53,900 Gun metal, mean of iron 37,232 Clyde, No. 1, ♦♦ 16,125 ♦* 2, *' 23,468 Stirling, mean of *' 25,764 American, mean of *' 45,970 Low Moor, No. 2, cast " 14,076 Crankshaft " 44,750 American boiler plates, J 48,000 iron j 62,000 English plates mean 51,000 ♦♦ lengthwise 53,800 ** " crosswise . 48,800 German piano steel wire. 268,800 Lbs. Cast steel, maximum 142,000 " ♦' mean 88,000 Steel 100,000 to 130,000 Chrome steel, mean. . . . 170,980 Shear *' 124,000 American Tool Co 179,980 Blistered steel, soft | 104 000 Razor " 15^000 Steel plates, lengthwise. 96,300 ** " crosswise.. 93,700 Yellow metal 48,700 Cast copper 19,000 American copper 24,250 Brass wire 50,000 Copper bolts 38,000 wire 60,000 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. TENSILE BTEENGTH OF MATERIALS, ETC. {Continued). Lbs Wire rope 37,000 Whalebone 7,600 Leather belting 333 Gutta-percha 3,500 Slate 12,000 Well-burned brick 750 Inferior « ....100 to 290 Portland stone 857 to 1,000 Crown glass 42,346 Limestone 670 to 2,800 Hydraulic lime 140 •• cement 234 Portland •♦ 6 mos. . . 414 Plaster-of-Paris 72 Lbs. Brass 42,000 Gold. .. 20,490 Gold, 5 pts., copper, 1 pt. 50,000 Silver cast 40,997 Bronze 17,698 to 56,788 Tin cast, block 5,000 '♦ banca 2,122 Platinum wire 5,300 Zinc 7,000 Sheet lead 3,000 Antimony 1,060 Bismuth, cast 3,120 Ivory 16,070 Manilla rope 9,300 Tarred hemp rope 15,000 Remarks. — Owing to the damage inflicted by the hot tar, tarred ropes are 25 per cent, weaker than white ropes. Hemp rope is stronger than Manilla, but tarred hemp and Manilla are nearly of equal strength. Manilla ropes are from 25 to 30 per cent, weaker than white ropes. Twisted hempen cords will sustain the follow- ing weights per square inch of their section: \ inch to 1 inch thick, 8,746 lbs.; 1 to 3 ins. thick, 6,860 lbs.; 3 to 5 ins. thick, 5,342 lbs.; 5 to 7 ins. thick, 4,860 lbs. Ropes of four strands, up to 8 ins., are about 17 per cent, stronger than those having but three strands. Mensuration of Superficies. TO FIND THE AREA OF A SQUARE. /^u/e. — Multiply the side by itself, or in other words, the base by the perpendicular. Example. — To find the area of a square whose side is 17 feet. 17X17 = 289, the area of the square in feet. To find the side of a square, the area being given, extract the square root of the area. TO FIND THE AREA OF A RECTANGLE. Rule. — Multiply the length by the breadth, and the product will be the area. Example. — To find the area of the rectangle. 212 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, ft. in. 10.7 its length. 7.3 breadth. 74.1 2.7.9 Feet, 76.8.9 TO FIND THE AREA OF A RHOMBUS OR RHOMBOIDli. Rule. — Multiply the base by the perpendicular height and half the product will be the area. Multiply the length by the perpendicular breadth, and the product will be the area. Let the side be 1 7 feet, and the perpendicular 1 5 feet, then 17X15 =255, the area required. TO FIND THE AREA OF A TRIANGLE. Rule. — Multiply the base by the perpendicular height, and half the product will be the area. Let the base of the tri- angle be 14 feet and the perpendicular height 9 feet, then 14 )< 9 = 126 -i- 2 = 63 feet the area of the triangle. Another Rule. — Add the three sides together, and from half the sum subtract each side separately ; then multiply the half sum and the three sides together, and the square root of the product will the area required. Let the sides of a triangle be 30, 40, and 50 ft. respectively. 30 + 40+50 120 2 ~~ ~~ 60, half the sum of the sides. 60 — 50 = 10, first remainder. 60 — 40 = 20, second remainder. 60 — 30 = 30, third remainder. Then 60 X 10 X 20, X 30 = 360,000. And the square root of 360,000 is equal to 600, the area in ft. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 213 ANY TWO SIDES OF A RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE BEING GIVEN, TO FIND THE THIRD SIDE. 1. When the base and perpendicular are given. Rule. — To the square of the base add the square of the perpendicular, and the square root of the sum will give the hypothenuse. Let the base of the right-angled triangle be 24, and the perpendicular 18, to find the hypothenuse or third side. 576 square of the base. 324 square of the perpendicular. 576 -f 324 = 900. And the square root of 900 is equal to 30 feet, the length of the third side. 2. When the hypothenuse and one side is given. Rule, — Multiply the sum of the hypothenuse and one side by their difference ; the square root of the product will give the other side. If the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle be 30, and the perpendicular 18, what will be the base? 30 f 18 = 48 sum of the two sides. 30 — 18= 12 difference of the two sides. 48X12 = 576. TO FIND THE AREA OF A TRAPEZIUM. Rule. — Divide the trapezium into two triangles by a diag- onal drawn from one angle of the figure to another. The areas of the triangles may be found by the rules already given, and the sum will give the area of the trapezium. It is^ unnecessary to give an example of this problem, as it would only be a repetition of what has been already illlustrated. IRREGULAR POLYGONS, OR MANY-SIDED FIGURES. Tt is only necessary to reduce them into triangles and 2 14 THE builder's GUIDE, parallelograms, and, calculating these severally, to add their? together ; the sum will give the area of the figure. In this manner the land-surveyor estimates the quantity of acres, roods and perches contained within certain boundaries, and it may be done with considerable accuracy by subdivid- ing the space until the whole area is contained within a number of single figures. The architectural surveyor, how- ever, has seldom a necessity for this mode of proceeding, for it is customary, in all those cases where a surface has a vari- able height, to take the medium between the two extremes, and consider the superficies as a parallelogram. But, as the builder is sometimes required by circumstances to measure the ground which is chosen as the site of a building, it is necessary that he should be able to do so when required. TO FIND THE DIAMETER OR CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE, THE DIAMETER OR CIRCUMFERENCE BEING GIVEN. 1. To find the circumference, the diameter being given. Rule. — As 7 is to 22, so is the diameter to the circum- ference. Example. — If the diameter of a circle be 84.5 inches, what is the circumference ? As 7 is to 22.0, so is 84.5 to 265,751 the circumference required. 2. To find the diameter, the circumference being given. Rule, — As 22 is to 7, so is the circumference to the di- ameter. TO FIND THE AREA OF A CIRCLE. 1. When the diameter and circumference are both given. Rule. — Multiply half the circumference by half the diam- eter, and the product will be the area. 2. When the diameter is given. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 21$ Rule, — Multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, and the product will be the area, or the diameter by the circum-^ ference and divide by 4. 3. When the circumference is given. Rule, — Multiply the square of the circumference by .07958^ and the product will be the area. TO FIND THE AREA OF A SECTOR OF A CIRCLE. Rule, — Multiply the radius of the circle by one-half of the arc of the sector. TO FIND THE AREA OF THE SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE. Rule, — Find the area of a circle having the same arc, and deduct the triangle formed between the two radii and the chord of the arc. PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCLE. Diameter X 3. 141 59 = circumference. Diameter X .8862 = side of an equal square. Diameter X -7071 = side of an inscribed square^ Radius squared X .314159 = area of circle. Radius X 6.28318 = circumference. Circumference -7-3.14159 = diameter. Measurements of Solids. TO FIND THE SOLIDITY OF A CUBE. A cube is a solid enclosed by six equal square surfaces. Rule. — Multiply the side of the square by itself and that product by the side of the square. Example, — The side being 9 feet. ^ X9= 81 then. 81 X 9 = 729 = the sohdity required. 2l6 THE builder's GUIDE, TO FIND THE SOLIDITY OF A PARALLELOPIPEDON. A parallelopipedon is a solid having six sides. Every op- posite two being equal and parallel to each other. Rule. — Multiply the length by the breadth, and the product hy the depth, and it will give the solidity required. Example, — Length 82 inches, breadth 54, depth 10 inches. 82 X 54 = 4428, then 4428 X 10 = 44280, the solidity required. TO FIND THE SOLIDITY OF A PRISM. A prism is a solid, the ends of which are parallel, equal, and of the same figure. Specific names are given to them, -according to the form of their bases or ends. Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by the perpendicular height, and the product will be the solidity required. To find the solidity of a rectangular prism whose base is ^o inches, and height 53. 30 X 53 = 1590? the solidity in inches. TO FIND THE SOLIDITY OF A CYLINDER. A cylinder is a round prism, having circles for its ends, and is formed by the revolution of a right line about the cir- cumference of two equal circles parallel to each other. Rule, — Multiply the area of the base by the perpendicular height of the cyhnder, and it will give the solidity. TO FIND THE SOLIDITY OF A SPHERE. A sphere is a solid formed by the revolution of a serai- ■circle round a fixed diameter. Rule. — Multiply the cube of the diameter by .5236, and the product will be the solidity. FOR THE AREA OF A SPHERE. Multiply the square of the diameter by 3.1416. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 217 FOR THE CIRCUMFERENCE. Multiply the diameter by 3'. 416. The surface of a spherical segmefit or zone may be found by multiplying the diameter by the height, and then by 3'! 41 6. The solidity of a spherical segment or zone may be found thus — to 3 times the square of the radius (or half of the di- ameter) add the square of the height, then multiply the sum by the height and the product by .5236. BEOULAR POLYGONS. 10 11 Name. Triangle . . . Square Pentagon.. . Hexagon . . . Heptagon. . Octagon . . , Nonagon . . Decagon dndecagon rt i: ^1 J3 3 c i5 •53 "^•O 1- .^ii-S 11^ ^ \\ "1^ ■m "11 II a^ ./:U3JS ^ •« OS V- > = c ^ rt G c n D ^ ■'S <-) "^ li < ;3| Pi 1.299 0.433 3.464 0.289 .577 1.000 1.000 2.000 0.500 .707 .908 1.720 1.453 0.688 .851 .866 2.508 1.555 0.866 1.000 .843 3.634 .963 1.039 1.152 .828 4.828 .828 1.207 1.307 .819 6.182 .728 1.374 1.462 .812 7.694 .650 1.539 1.618 807 9.366 .587 -.St) 1.732 1.414 1.176 1.000 .868 .765 .684 .618 AREA OF POLYGONS. Rule, — Multiply the square of the side by the figures in column 2. Trigon 3 sides 0.4330 Pentagon 5 sides 1.720a Hexagon 6 sides 2.5981 Heptagon 7 sides 3.6339 Octagon 8 sides 4.8284 Nonagon 9 sides 6.1818 Decagon 10 sides 7.6942 Undecagon 11 sides 9.3656 Dodecagon 12 sides 11.1962 2l8 THE builder's GUIDE, SURFACES AND SOLIDITIES OF REGULAR BODIES. Rule. — For the " surface " multiply the square of the length of one of the edges by column 2, and for the solidity multiply the cube of the length by column 3. Surface. Solidity. Tetraedron 4 faces 1.7321 0.1178 Hexaedron 6 " 6.0000 1.0000 Octaedron 8 " 3.4641 0.4714 Dodecaedron 12 " 20. 6458 7. 6631 Icasaedron 20 " 8.6603 2.1817 NUMBER FOR CALCULATING AREAS. Circum. of circle = Diam. X 3.1416, or by 3 i-yth. Length of arc of circle = Take span from 8 times the chord of half the arc and one-third remainder = length of arc re- quired. Ditto when arc contains 120° = Span X 1.2092. Area of circle = Square of diam. X .7854. Area of segment of circle = To twice square root of span flus square of rise add chord of half arc, the result multiplied by 4-15 of rise equals area. Area when it contains 120^ = Square of span X. 20473. Area of sector of circle = Radius X half the length of arc. Area of ellipse = Product of the two diameters X .7834. Area egg-shaped sewer = Square of transverse diameter X Solidity of a cone = Area of base X one-third perpendicular height. Solidity of globe = Cube of diameter X .5236. Prismoidal formula = Sum of end areas plus 4 times middle area multiplied by one-sixth of length. Note. — The prismoidal formula applies to earthworks, casks, and truncated cones. ' GUNTER's CHAIN. Generally adopted in land surveying, is 22 yards in length, AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 219 or 100 links of 7.92 inches long. The length was fixed at 22 yards because the square whose side is 22 contains exactly i-ioth of an acre — or i chain in width and 10 in length con- tains an acre ; 80 chains make i mile, and a square mile is the square of 80, or 640 acres. TABLE OF SPHEBICAL CONTENTS. Diameters 1 2 3 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 Surfaces. 3.141 12.567 28.274 50.265 78.540 314.159 706.9 1256.6 1963.5 2827. 5026. Capacities. .523 4.188 14.137 33.51 65.45 523.6 1767.1 4189. 8181. 14137. 33510. SQUABES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS. Number. Square. Cube. Number. Square. Cube. 1 1 1 23 529 12167 2 4 8 24 576 13824 3 9 27 25 625 15625 4 16 64 26 676 17576 5 25 125 27 729 19683 6 36 216 28 784 21952 7 49 343 29 841 24389 8 64 512 30 900 27000 9 81 769 31 961 29791 10 100 1000 32 1024 32768 11 121 1331 33 1089 35937 12 144 1728 34 1156 39304 13 169 2197 35 1225 42875 14 196 2744 36 1296 46656 15 225 3375 37 1369 50653 16 256 4096 38 1444 54872 17 289 4913 39 1521 59319 18 324 5832 40 1600 64000 19 361 6859 41 1681 68921 20 400 8000 42 1764 74088 21 441 9261 43 1849 79507 22 484 10648 44 1936 85184 THE builder's GUIDE, SQtjA.ilES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS {ConiuiUed). Number. Square. 2025 Cube. Number. Square. Cube. 45 91125 90 8100 729000 46 2116 97336 91 8281 753571 47 2209 103823 92 8464 778688 48 2304 110592 93 8649 804357 49 2401 117649 94 8836 830584 50 2500 125000 95 9025 857375 51 2601 132651 96 9216 884736 52 2704 140608 97 9409 91267a 53 2809 148877 98 9604 941192 54 2916 157464 99 9801 970299 55 3025 166375 100 10000 1000000 56 3136 175616 101 10201 1030301 57 3249 185193 102 10404 1061208 58 3364 195112 103 10609 1092727 59 3481 205379 104 10816 1124864 60 3600 216000 105 11025 1157625 61 3721 226981 106 11236 1191016 62 3844 238328 107 11449 1225043 63 3969 250047 108 11664 1259712 64 4096 262144 109 11881 1295029 65 4225 274625 110 12100 1331000 66 4356 287490 111 12321 1367631 67 4489 300763 112 12544 1404928 68 4624 314432 113 12769 1442897 69 4761 328509 114 12996 1481544 70 4900 343000 115 13225 1520875 71 5041 357911 116 13456 1560896 72 5184 373248 117 13689 1601613 73 5329 389017 118 13924 1643032 74 5476 405224 119 14161 1685159 75 5625 421875 120 14400 1728000 76 5776 438976 121 14641 1771561 77 5929 456533 122 14884 1815848 78 6084 474552 123 15129 1860867 79 6241 493039 124 15376 1906624 80 6400 512000 125 15625 1953125 81 6561 531441 126 15876 2000376 » 82 6724 551368 127 16129 2048383 83 6389 571787 128 16384 2097152 84 7056 592704 129 16641 2146689 85 7225 614125 130 16900 2197000 86 7396 636056 131 17161 ' 2248091 87 7569 658503 132 17424 2299968 88 7744 681472 133 17689 2352637 89 7921 704969 134 17956 2406104 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS {Continued). 221 Numbtr. Square. Cube. Number. 180 Square. Cube. 135 18225 2460375 32400 5832000 136 18496 2515456 181 32761 5929741 137 18769 2571353 182 33124 6028568 138 19044 2628072 183 33489 6128487 139 19321 2685619 184 33856 6229504 140 19600 2744000 185 34225 6331625 141 19881 2803221 186 34596 6434856 142 20164 2863288 187 34969 6539203 143 20449 2924207 188 35344 6644672 144 20736 2985984 189 35721 6751269 145 21025 3048625 190 36100 6859000. 14G 21316 3112136 191 36481 6967871 147 21609 3176523 192 36864 7077888 •. 148 21904 3241792 i 193 37249 7189057 149 22201 3307949 194 37636 7301384 150 22500 3375000 195 38025 7414875 151 22801 3442951 196 38416 7529536 152 23104 3511808 197 38809 7645373 153 23409 3581577 198 39204 7762392 154 23716 3652264 199 39601 7880599 155 24025 3723875 200 40000 8000000 156 24336 3796416 201 40401 8120601 157 24649 3869893 202 40804 8242408 158 24964 3944312 203 41209 8365427 159 25281 4019679 204 41616 8489664 160 25600 4096000 205 42025 8615125 161 25921 4173281 206 42436 8741816 162 26244 4251528 207 42849 8869743 163 26569 4330747 208 43264 8998912 164 26896 4410944 209 43681 9129329 165 26225 4492125 210 44100 9261000 166 27556 4574296 211 44521 9393931 167 27889 4657463 212 44944 9528128 168 28224 4741632 213 45369 9663597 169 28561 4826809 214 45796 9800344 170 28900 4913000 215 46225 9938375 171 29241 5000211 216 46656 10077696 172 29584 5088448 217 47089 10218313 173 29929 5177717 218 47524 10360232 174 30276 5268024 219 47961 10503459 175 30625 5359375 220 48400 10648000 176 30976 5451776 221 48841 10793861 177 31^29 5545233 222 49284 10941048 178 31684 5639752 223 49729 11089567 179 32041 5735339 224 50176 11239424 222 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS {Continued). Number. Square. Cube. 11390625 Number. Square. Cube. 225 50625 270 72900 19683000 226 51076 11543176 271 73441 19902511 227 51529 11697083 272 73984 20123648 228 51984 11852352 273 74529 20346417 229 52441 12008989 274 75076 20570824 230 52900 12167000 275 75625 20796875 231 53361 12326391 276 76176 21024576 232 53824 12487168 277 76729 21253933 233 54289 12649337 278 77284 21484952 234 54756 12812904 279 77841 21717639 235 55225 12977875 280 78400 21952000 236 55696 13144256 281 78961 22188041 237 56169 13312053 282 79524 22425768 238 56644 13481272 283 80089 22665187 239 57121 13651919 284 80656 22906304 240 57600 13824000 285 81225 23149125 241 58081 13994521 286 81796 23393656 242 58564 14172488 287 82369 23639903 243 59049 14348907 288 82944 23887872 244 59536 14526784 289 83521 24137569 245 60025 14706125 290 84100 24389000 246 60516 14886936 291 84681 24642171 247 61009 15069223 292 85264 24897088 248 61504 15252992 293 85849 25153757 249 62001 15438249 294 86436 25412184 250 62500 15625000 295 87025 25672375 251 63001 15813251 296 87616 25934336 252 63504 16003008 297 88209 26198073 253 64009 16194277 298 88804 26463592 254 64516 16387064 299 89401 26730899 255 65025 16581375 300 90000 27000000 256 65536 16777216 301 90601 27270901 257 66049 16974593 302 91204 27543608 258 66564 17173512 303 91809 27818127 259 67081 17373979 304 92416 28094464 260 67600 17576000 305 93025 28372625 261 68121 17779581 306 93636 28652616 262 68644 17984728 307 94249 28934443 263 69169 18191447 308 94864 29218112 264 G9696 18399744 309 95481 29503629 265 70225 18609625 310 96100 29791000 266 70756 18821096 311 96721 30080231 267 71289 19034163 312 97344 30371328 268 71824 19248832 313 97969 30664297 269 72361 19465109 314 98596 30959144 AND ESTIMATOR'S PRICE BOOK. SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS (Continued). 223 Number. Square. Cube. Number. Square. Cube. 315 99225 31255875 360 129600 46656000 316 99856 31554496 361 130321 47045881 317 100489 31855013 362 131044 47437928 318 101124 32157432 363 131769 47832147 319 101761 32461759 364 132496 48228544 320 102400 32768000 365 133225 18627125 321 103041 33076161 366 133956 49027896 322 103684 33386248 367 134689 49430863 323 104329 33698267 368 135424 49836032 324 104976 34012224 369 136161 50243409 325 105625 34328125 370 136900 50653000 326 106276 34645976 371 137641 51064811 327 106929 34965783 372 138384 51478848 328 107584 35287552 373 139129 51895117 329 108241 35611289 374 139876 52313624 330 108900 35937000 375 140625 52734375 331 109561 36264691 376 141376 53157376 332 110224 36594368 377 142129 53582633 333 110889 36926037 378 142884 54010152 334 111556 37259704 379 143641 54439939 335 112225 37595375 380 144400 54872000 336 112896 37933056 381 145161 55306341 337 113569 38272753 382 145924 55742968 338 114244 38614472 383 146689 56181887 339 114921 38958219 384 147456 56623104 340 115600 39304000 385 148225 57066625 341 116281 39651821 386 148996 57512456 342 116964 40001688 387 149769 57960603 343 117649 40353607 388 150544 58411072 344 118336 40707584 389 151321 58863869 345 119025 41063625 390 152100 59319000 346 119716 41421736 391 152881 59776471 347 12U409 41781923 392 153664 60236288 348 121104 42144192 393 154449 60698457 349 121801 42508549 394 155236 61162984 350 122500 42875000 395 156025 61629875 351 123201 43243551 396 156816 62099136 352 123904 43614208 397 157609 62570773 353 124609 43986977 398 158404 63044792 354 125316 44361864 399 159201 63521199 355 126025 44738875 400 160000 64000000 356 126736 45118016 401 160801 64481201 357 127449 45499293 402 161604 64964808 358 128164 45882712 403 162409 65450827 359 128881 46268279 404 163216 65939264 224 THE builder's GUIDE, SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS {Continued). Number. Square. Cube. Number, Square. 202500 Cube. 405 164025 66430125 450 91125000 406 164836 66923416 451 203401 91733851 407 165649 67419143 452 204304 92345408 408 166464 67917312 453 205209 92959677 409 167281 68417929 454 206116 93576664 410 168100 68921000 455 207025 94196375 411 168921 69426531 456 207936 94818816 412 169744 69934528 1 457 208849 95443993 413 170569 70444997 1 458 209764 96071912 414 171396 70951944 459 210681 96702579 415 172225 71473375 460 211600 97336000 416 173056 71991296 461 212521 97972181 417 173889 72511713 462 213444 98611128. 418 174724 73034632 463 214369 99252847 419 175561 73560059 464 215296 99897344 420 176400 74088000 465 216225 100544625 421 177241 74618461 466 217156 101194696 422 178084 75151448 467 218089 101847563 423 178929 75686967 468 219024 102503232 424 179776 76225024 469 219961 103161709 425 180625 76765625 470 220900 103823000 426 181476 77308776 471 221841 104487111 427 182329 77854483 472 222784 105154048 428 183184 78402752 473 223729 105823817 429 184041 78953589 474 224676 106496424 430 184900 79507000 475 225625 107171875 431 185761 80062991 476 226576 107850176 432 186624 80621568 477 227529 108531333 433 187489 81182737 478 228484 109215352 434 188356 81746504 479 229441 109902239 435 189225 82312875 480 230400 110592000 436 190096 82881856 481 231361 111284641 437 190969 83453453 482 232324 111980168 438 191844 84027672 483 233289 112678587 439 192721 84604519 484 234256 113379904 440 193600 85184000 485 235225 114084125 441 194481 85766121 486 236196 114791256 442 195364 86350888 487 237169 115501303 443 196249 86938307 488 238144 116214272 444 197136 87528384 489 239121 116930169 445 198025 88121125 490 240100 117649000 446 198916 88716536 491 241081 118370771 447 199809 89314623 492 242064 119095488 448 200704 89915392 493 243049 119823157 449 201601 90518849 494 244036 120553784 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. SQT'ARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS {C07ltinued). 225 Numbvr. Square. Cube. Number. Square. Cube. 495 245025 121287375 540 291600 157464000 496 246016 122023936 541 292681 158340421 497 247009 122763473 542 293764 159220088 498 248004 123505992 543 294849 160103007 499 249001 124251499 544 295936 160989184 500 250000 125000000 545 297025 161878625 501 251001 125751501 540 298116 162771336 502 252004 126506008 547 299209 163667323 503 253009 127263527 548 300304 164566592 •504 254016 128024064 549 301401 165469149 ^05 255025 128787625 550 302500 166375000 506 256038 129554216 551 303601 167284151 507 257049 130323843 552 304704 168196608 508 258064 131096512 553 305809 169112377 •509 259081 131872229 554 306916 170031464 510 260100 132651000 555 308025 170953875 511 261121 133432831 556 309136 171879616 512 262144 134217728 557 310249 172808693 513 263169 135005697 558 311364 173741112 514 264196 135796744 559 312481 174676879 515 265225 136590875 560 313600 175616000 516 266256 137388096 561 314721 176558481 517 267289 138188413 562 315844 177504328 518 268324 138991832 563 316969 178453547 519 269361 139798359 564 318096 179406144 520 270400 140608000 565 319225 180362125 521 271441 141420761 566 320356 181321496 522 272484 142236648 567 321489 182284263 523 273529 143055667 568 322624 183250432 524 274576 U3877824 569 323761 184220009 525 275625 144703125 570 324900 185193000 526 276676 145531576 571 326041 186169411 527 277729 146363183 572 327184 187149248 •528 278784 147197952 573 328329 188132517 529 279841 148035889 574 329476 189119224 530 280900 148877000 575 330625 190109375 531 281961 140721291 576 331776 191102976 532 283024 1505687(58 577 332929 192100033 533 284089 151419437 578 334084 193100552 534 285156 152273304 579 335241 194104539 535 286225 153130375 580 336400 195112000 536 287296 153990656 581 337561 196122941 537 288369 154854153 582 338724 197137368 538 289444 155720872 583 339889 198155287 539 290521 156590819 584 341056 199176704 226 THE builder's GUIDE, SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS {Continued). Number. Square. Cube. Number. Square. Cube. 585 342225 200201625 630 396900 250047000 586 343396 201230056 631 398161 251239591 587 344569 202262003 632 399424 252435968 588 345744 203297472 633 400689 253636137 589 346921 204336469 634 401956 254840104 590 348100 205379000 635 403225 256047875 591 349281 206425071 636 404490 257259456 592 350464 207474688 637 405769 258474853 593 351649 208527857 638 407044 259694072 594 352836 209584584 G39 408321 260917119 595 354025 210644875 640 409600 262144000 596 355216 211708736 641 410881 263374721 597 356409 212776173 642 412164 264609288 598 357604 213847192 643 413449 265847707 599 358801 214921799 644 414736 267089984 600 360000 216000000 645 416025 268336125 601 361201 217081801 646 417316 269586136 602 362404 218167208 647 418609 270840023 603 363609 219256227 648 419904 272097792 604 364816 220348864 649 421201 273359449 605 366025 221445125 650 422500 274625000 606 367236 222545016 651 423801 275894451 607 368449 223648543 652 425104 277167808 608 369664 224755712 653 426409 278445077 609 370881 225866529 654 427716 279726264 610 372100 226981000 655 429025 281011375 611 373321 228099131 656 430336 2823004ie 612 374544 229220928 657 431649 283593393 613 375769 230346397 658 432964 284890312 614 376996 231475544 659 434281 286191179 615 378225 232608375 660 435600 287496000. 616 379456 233744896 661 436921 288804781 617 380689 234885113 662 438244 290117528 618 381924 236029032 663 439569 291434247 619 383161 237176659 664 440896 292754944 620 384400 238328000 665 442225 294079625 621 385641 239483061 me 443556 29540829^ 622 386884 240641848 667 444889 29674096a 623 388129 241804367 668 446224 293077632 624 389376 242970624 669 447561 29941830^ 625 390625 244140625 670 448900 300763000 626 391876 245314376 671 450241 302111711 627 393129 246491883 672 451584 303464448 628 394384 247673152 673 452929 304821217 629 395641 248858189 674 454276 306182024 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS {Continued). 227 Number. Square. 455625 Cube. Number. Square. Cube. 675 307546875 720 518400 373248000 676 456976 308915776 721 519841 374805361 677 458329 310288733 722 521284 376367048 678 459684 311665752 723 522729 377933067 679 461041 313046839 724 524176 379503424 680 462400 314432000 725 525625 381078125 681 463761 315821241 726 527076 382657176 682 465124 317214568 727 528529 384240583 683 466489 318611987 728 529984 385828352 684 467856 320013504 729 531441 387420489 685 469225 321419125 730 532900 389017000 686 470596 322828856 731 534361 390617891 687 471969 324242703 732 535824 392223168 688 473344 325660672 733 537289 393832837 689 474721 327082769 734 538756 395446904 690 476100 328509000 735 540225 397065375 691 477481 329939371 736 541696 398688256 692 478864 331373888 737 543169 400315553 693 480249 332812557 738 544644 401947272 694 481636 334255384 739 546121 403583419 695 483025 335702375 740 547600 405224000 696 484416 337153536 741 549081 406869021 697 485809 338608873 742 550564 408518488 698 487204 340068392 743 552049 410172407 699 488601 341532099 744 553536 411830784 700 490000 343000000 745 555025 413493625 701 491401 314472101 746 556516 415160936 702 492804 345948408 747 558009 416832723 703 494209 347428927 748 559504 418508992 704 495616 348913664 749 561001 420189749 705 497025 350402625 750 562500 421875000 706 498436 351895816 751 564001 423564751 707 499849 353393243 752 565504 425259008 708 501264 • 354894912 753 567009 426957777 709 502681 356400829 754 568516 428661064 710 504100 357911000 755 570025 430368875 711 505521 359425431 756 571536 432081216 712 506944 360944128 757 573049 433798093 713 508369 362467097 758 574564 435519512 714 509796 363994344 759 576081 437245479 715 511225 365525875 760 577600 438976000 716 512656 367061696 761 579121 440711081 717 514089 368601813 762 580644 442450728 718 515524 370146232 763 582169 444194947 719 516961 371694059 764 583C06 445913744 328 THE builder's GUIDE, SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS {Continued). Number. Square. Cube. Number. Square. Cube. 765 585225 447697125 810 656100 531441000 766 586756 449455096 811 657721 533411731 767 588289 451217663 812 659344 535387328 768 589824 452984832 813 660969 537367797 769 591361 454756609 814 662596 539353144 770 592900 456533000 815 664225 541343375 771 594441 458314011 816 665856 543338496 772 595984 460099648 817 667489 545338513 773 597529 461889917 818 669124 547343432 774 599076 463684824 819 670761 549353259 775 6U0625 465484375 820 672400 551368000 776 602176 467288576 821 674041 553387661 111 603729 469097433 822 675684 555412248 lis 605284 470910952 823 677329 557441767 779 606841 472729139 824 678976 559476224 780 608400 474552000 825 680625 561515625 781 609961 476379541 826 682276 563559976 782 611524 478211768 827 683929 565609283 783 613089 480048687 828 685584 567663552 784 614656 481890304 829 687241 569722789 785 616225 483736625 830 688900 571787000 786 617796 485587656 831 690561 573856191 787 619369 487443403 832 692224 575930368 788 620944 489303872 833 693889 578009537 789 622521 491169069 834 695556 580093704 790 624100 493039000 835 697225 582182875 791 625681 494913671 836 698896 584277056 792 627264 496793088 837 700569 586376253 793 628849 498677257 838 702244 588480472 794 630436 500566184 839 703921 590589719 795 632025 502459875 840 705600 592704000 796 633616 504358336 841 707281 594823321 797 635209 506261573 842 708964 596947688 798 636804 508169592 843 716649 599077107 799 638401 510082399 844 712336 601211584 800 640000 512000000 845 714025 603351125 801 641601 513922401 846 715716 605495736 802 643204 515849608 847 717409 607645423 803 644809 517781627 848 719104 609800192 804 646416 519718464 849 720801 611960049 805 648025 521660125 850 722500 614125000 806 649636 523606616 851 724201 616295051 807 651249 525557943 852 725904 618470208 808 052864 527514112 853 727609 620650477 809 654481 529475129 854 729316 62283e5864 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS (Coulinned). 229 Number. Square. Cube. Number. Square. Cube. 855 731025 625026375 900 810000 729000000 856 732736 627222016 901 811801 731432701 857 734449 629422793 902 813604 733870808 858 736164 631628712 903 815409 736314327 859 737881 633839779 904 817216 738763264 860 739600 636056000 905 819025 741217625 861 741321 638277381 906 820836 743677416 862 743044 640503928 907 822649 746142643 863 744769 642735647 908 824464 748613312 864 746496 644972544 909 826281 751089429 865 748225 647214625 910 828100 753571000 866 749956 649461896 911 829921 756058031 867 751689 651714363 912 831744 758550528 868 753424 653972032 913 833569 761048497 869 755161 656234909 914 835396 763551944 870 756900 658503000 915 837225 766060875 871 758641 660776311 916 839056 768575296 872 760384 663054848 917 840889 771995213 873 762129 665338617 918 842724 773620632 874 763876 667627624 919 844561 776151559 875 765625 669921875 920 846400 778688000 876 767376 672221376 921 848241 781229961 877 769129 674526133 922 850084 783777448 878 770884 676836152 923 851929 786330467 879 772641 679151439 924 853776 788889024 880 774400 681472000 925 855625 791453125 881 770161 683797841 926 857476 794022776 ^82 777924 686128968 927 859329 796597983 883 779689 688465387 928 861184 799178752 884 781456 690807104 929 863041 801765089 885 783225 693154125 930 864900 804357000 ■886 784996 695506456 931 866761 806954491 887 786769 697864103 932 868624 809557568 888 788544 700227072 933 870489 812166237 889 790321 702595369 934 872356 814780504 890 792100 704969000 935 874225 817400375 891 793881 707347971 936 876096 820025856 892 795664 709732288 937 877969 822656953 893 797449 712121957 938 879844 825293672 894 799236 714516984 939 881721 827936019 895 801025 716917375 940 883600 830584000 896 802816 719323136 941 885481 833237621 897 804609 721734273 942 887364 835896888 898 806404 724150792 943 889249 838561807 899 808201 726572699 944 891136 841232384 230 THE builder's GUIDE, SQUABES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS {Contifmed). Number. Square. Cube. Number. Square. Cube. 945 893025 843908625 973 946729 921167317 946 894916 846590536 974 948676 924010424 947 896809 849278123 975 950625 926859375 948 898704 851971392 976 952576 929714176 949 900601 854670349 977 954529 932574833 950 902500 857375000 978 956484 935441352 951 904401 860085351 979 958441 938313739 952 906304 862801408 980 960400 941192000 953 908209 865523177 981 962361 944076141 954 910116 868250664 982 964324 946966168 955 912025 870983875 983 966289 949862087 956 913936 873722816 984 968256 952763904 957 915849 876467493 985 970225 955671625 958 917764 879217912 986 972196 958585256 959 919681 881974079 987 974169 961504803 960 921600 884736000 988 976144 964430272 961 923521 887503681 989 978121 967361669 962 925444 890277128 990 980100 970299000 963 927369 893056347 991 982081 973242271 964 929296 895841344 992 984064 976191488 965 931225 898632125 993 986049 979146657 966 933156 901428696 994 988036 982107784 967 935089 904231063 995 990025 985074875 968 937024 907039232 996 992016 988047936 969 938961 909853209 997 994009 991026973 970 940900 912673000 998 996004 994011992 971 942841 915498611 999 998001 997002999 972 944784 918330048 1000 1000000 1000000000 AND estimator's PRICE ROOK. 231 DIAMETEBS, CIRCUMFEBENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. Example. — Required the circumference of a circle, hoop, or ring,, the diameter being 3 ft. 4 in. In the column of circumferences, opposite the indicated diameter, stands 10 ft. 5| in., the circumfer- ence required. Circum. in inch. .196 .392 .589 .785 .981 178 374 570 767 963 159 350 552 748 945 if 3^ M 4 5 Area in sq. inch. .0030 .0122 .0276 .0490 .0767 .1104 .1503 .1963 .2485 .3068 .3712 .4417 .5185 .6013 .6903 .7854 .9940 1.227 484 767 074 405 761 141 546 976 430 4.908 5.412 5.939 6.491 7.068 7.669 8.295 8.946 9.621 10.320 11.044 11 . 793 Side of = sq. .0554 .1107 .1661 .2115 .3223 .3771 .4331 .4995 .5438 .6093 .6646 .7200 .7754 .8308 i I & 3-32 lin. Dia. in inch. 4 in. '4 4| 4|- 5 in. 5i 5i 5| 5i 5| n^ 5^ 6 in. H ^ 6| 6| 7 in. 74 n Cir. in ft. in. Area in sq. inch. 12.566 13.364 14.186 15.033 15.904 16.800 17.720 18.665 19.635 20.629 21.647 22.690 23 . 758 21.850 25.967 27.108 28.274 29.464 30.679 31.911) 33 183 34.471 35 . 781 37. 122 38.484 39.871 41.282 42.718 44. 178 45.663 47.173 48 . 707 50- 265 51.848 53.456 55.088 56.745 58.426 60.132 Area ir sq. ft. ^32 THE BUILDER'S GUIDL, DIAMETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES, ETC., (Oontinued). Dia. ill. Cir . ia Area in Area in Dia . in Cir . in Area in Area in ft. in. ft. in. sq. inch. sq. ft. ft. in. ^ ft. in. sq. inch. sq. ft. 81 2 3| 61.862 .4330 3 H 162.295 1.1360 9' 2 ^ 63.617 .4453 2 3 n 165.130 1.1569 n 2 4| 65.396 4577 2| 3 9| 167.989 1.1749 9] 2 5 67.200 .4704 24 2| 3 10| 170.873 1 1961 9| 2 5f 69.029 .4832 3 10 173.782 1 2164 9J 2 5| 70.882 .4961 3 3 Hi 176.715 1.2370 91 2 H 72.759 .5093 H 3 111 Hi 179.672 1 2577 P 2 4 74.662 .5226 3i 3- 3 182.654 1 2785 2 7 76.588 .5361 4 185.661 1 2996 10 2 7^ 78.540 .5497 3 4 188.692 1.3208 lOJ 2 n 80.515 .5636 31 4 1 191.748 1 3422 101 2 H 82.516 .5776 3| 4 If 194.828 1 3637 10| 2 Sh 84.540 .5917 H 4 l| 197.933 1.3855 10.^ 2 8j 86.590 .6061 4 4 24 ^ 201.062 1.4074 10| 2 9I 88.664 .6206 H 4 204.216 1.4295 103 2 9| 10^ 90.762 .6353 ^ 4 3 207.394 1.4517 io| 2 92.855 .6499 ^ 4 3| 210.597 1.4741 11 2 IO2 io„- 95.033 .6652 4A 4 3J 213.825 1.4967 11^ 2 97.205 .6874 4 4J- 217.077 1.5195 111 2 II4 99.402 .6958 4f 4 4i 220 303 1.5424 111 2 llf 101.623 .7143 4 5 223.654 1.5655 llA 3 103.869 .7290 5 4 5f 226.980 1.5888 111 3 Oi 106.139 .7429 5i 4 5| 230.330 1.6123 llf 3 0^ 108.434 .7590 5? 4 H 233.705 1.6359 Hi 3 1} 110.753 .7752 5^ 4 ^ 237.104 1.6597 1 3 ll 113.097 .7916 ^2 4 ^ 240.528 1.6836 1 i 3 2 115.466 .8082 55 4 ^ 243.977 1.7078 1 1 3 2^ 2| 117.859 .8250 51 51 4 7f 247.450 1.7321 3 120.276 8419 4 8i 250.947 1.7566 1 1 3 3- ^ 122.718 .8590 6 4 8i 8i 254.469 1.7812 1 1 3 125 185 .8762 H 4 258.016 1.8061 1 ^ 3 4' 127.676 .8937 6J 4 9} 9| 261.587 1.8311 ■*• 8 3 4% 130 192 .9113 H 4 265 182 1.8562 3 4f 132.732 .9291 6a 4 m 268.803 1.8816 3 5: 135.297 .9470 4 10^ 272.447 1.9071 3 ^ 137.886 .9642 61 4 lOj 276.117 1.9328 1 1 3 6' 140.500 .9835 4 111^ 279.811 1.9586 1 1 3 6-3 143.139 1 0019 7 4 111 283.5291 1.9847 3 6| 145.802 1.0206 7^ 5 287.272 1.9941 1 If 3 148.489 1.0294 7i 5 ^ 291.039 2.0371 1 1| 3 7i 151.201 1.0584 7| 5 01 294.831 2.0637 1 2 3 7| 153.938 1.0775 n 5 i| 298 648 2.0904 1 2i 3 156.699 1.0968 71 5 302.489 2.1172 l_ii 3 sf 159.485 1.1193 71 5 2 306.355 2.1443 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. DIAMETERS, ciKcuMFEBENCES, ETC., [Continued). ^3S' Dia. ill Cii • .'" Area in Area in Dia. iu Cir. in Area in Area in ft. in. ft. in. sq. inch. sq. ft. ft in. ft in. sq. inch. sq. ft. 1 n 5 2| 310.245 2.1716 2 2? 7 562.002 3.9642 1 8 5 2I 314. IGO 2.1990 2 3 7 Of 572.556 3.9761 1 8J 5 3} 318.099 2.2265 2 ^ 7 583.208 4.0500 1 8} 5 3| 322. 0G3 2.2543 2 4 7 2| 593.958 4.1241 1 8| 5 4 326.051 2.2922 2 H 7 34 604.807 4.2000 1 8^ 5 4| 330.064 2.3103 2 4 7 h 615.753 4.2760 1 8§ 5 44 5i 334.101 2.3386 1 2 4] 7 4 626.798 4.3521 1 8| ] 8i 5 338.163 2.3670 1 2 4 7 4 637.941 4.4302 5 5^ 5^ 342.250 2.3956 ! 2 4f 7 649.182 4.5083 1 9 5 346.361 2.4244 2 5 7 7 660.521 4.5861 1 9J 5 6| 350.497 2.4533 2 ^4 7 n 671.958 4.6665 1 9i 5 7i 354.657 2.4824 2 H 7 8| 683.494 4.7467 1 9^ 5 358.841 2.5117 2 H 7 9^ 695.128 4.8274 1 9| 5 7^ 363.051 2.5412 2 6 7 lOi 706.860 4.9081 1 9§ 5 7^ 367.284 2.5708 2 H 7 11" 718.690 4.9901 1 9 5 8- 371.543 2.6007 2 4 7 m 730.618 5.0731 1 9| 5 H H 375.826 2.6306 2 6| 8 of 742.644 5.1573 1 10 5 380.133 2.6608 2 7 8 If 754.769 5.2278. 1 lOj 5 9? 384.465 2.6691 2 7i 8 2| 766.992 5.3264 1 10 5 9^ 388.822 2.7016 2 7^ 8 2J 779.313 5.4112 1 10- 5 101: 393.203 2.7224 2 7f 8 3f 791.732 5.4982 1 10. 5 10| 397.608 2.7632 2 8 8 ^7 804.249 5.5850 1 lol 5 11' 402.038 2.7980 2 8] 8 5f 4 816.865 5.6729 1 10^^ 5 m 406.493 2.8051 2 ^ 8 829.578 5.7601 1 10| 5 Hi 410.972 2.8658 2 8 8 71 842.390 5.8491 1 11 6 o| 415.476 2.8903 2 9 8 855.300 5.9398 1 Hi 6 0I 420.004 2.9100 2 9i 8 4 868.308 6.0291 1 1P4 6 1 424.557 2.9518 2 92 8 4 881.415 6.1201 1 111 6 If 429.135 2.9937 2 9| 8 10 894.619 6.2129 1 11^ 6 If 433.737 3.0129 2 10 8 lOf 907.922 6.3051 1 111 6 24 438.363 3.0261 2 m 8 Hi Of H 921.323 6.3981 1 n'i 6 2^ 443.014 3.0722 2 10^ 9 934.822 6.4911 1 in 6 3 447.690 3.1081 2 loi 9 948.419 6.5863 2 6 452.390 3.1418 2 W 9 1-8- 962.115 6.6815 2 0\ 6 461.864 3.2075 2 111 9 2| 975.908 6.7772 2 ().' G 4| 471.436 3.2731 2 111 9 3i 989.800 6.8738 2 u!| G 5| 481.106 3.3410 2 Hi 9 4|- 1003.79 6.9701 2 1 6 6J 490.875 3.4081 3 9 5 1017.87 7.0688- 2 11 (J 500.741 3.4775 3 OJ 9 51 1032.06 7.1671 2 li 2 1:? G ^ 510.706 3.5468 3 OA 9 ^ 1046.35 7.2664 G 4 520.769 3.6101 3 Of 9 7? 1060.73 7.3662 2 2 6 4 530.930 3.6870 3 1 9 8i 1075.21 7.4661 2 2i 6 101 541.189 3.7583 3 li 9 9 1089.79 7.5681 2 21 6 Hi 551.547 3.8302 3 H 9 91- 1104.46 7.6691 234 THE BUILDER'S GUIDE, DIAMETERS CIRCUMFERENCES, ETC., (CoYlU'nued). Dia in Cir. . *" Area in Area in Dia . in Cir. in Area in Area in ft. in. ft. in. sq. inch. sq. ft. ft. in. ft. in. sq inch. sq.fL 3 13 9 lOr 1119.24 7.7791 4 Of 12 9i 1866.55 12.962 3 2' 9 llg 1134.12 7.8681 4 1 12 95 12 105 1885.74 13.095 3 24 10 1149.09 7.9791 4 11 1905.03 13.229 3 2o 10 1164.16 8.0846 4 ll 12 11.^ 1924.42 13.364 3 2i 10 H 1179.32 8.1891 4 H 13 01 1943.91 13.499 3 3 lu 2I 1194.59 8.2951 4 2 13 1' 1963.50 13.635 .3 3] 10 3] 1209.95 8.4026 4 21 13 1^ 1983.18 13.772 43 'SI 10 4 1225.42 8.5091 4 4 13 2^ 2002.90 13.909 S 3f 10 H 1240.98 8.6171 4 2f 13 31 2022.84 14.047 3 4 10 n J 256.64 8.7269 4 3 13 41 2042.82 14.186 3 41 10 H 1272.39 8.8361 4 31 13 5 2002.90 14.325 S 4. 10 n 1288.25 8.9462 4 4 13 5f 2083.07 14.465 3 ^ 10 8 1304.20 9.0561 4 ^ 13 62 13 71 2103.35 14.606 s 5 10 8f 1320.25 9.1686 4 4 2123.72 14748 s 53 10 9A 101 1336.40 9.2112 4 41 13 88 2144.19 14890 43 5. 10 1352.65 9.3961 4 4 4 13 8| 2164.75 15.033 3 5'i 10 111 1369.00 9.5061 4 13 9| 2185.42 15.176 S 6 10 111 1385.44 9.6212 4 5' 13 10| 2206.18 15.320 S i\l 11 Of 1401.98 9.7364 4 H 13 11} 2227.05 15.465 43 60 11. 1 1418.62 9.8518 4 5^ 14 2248.01 15.611 3 6f 11 4 1435.36 9.9671 4 5| 14 Oi 2269.06 15.757 3 7 11 3 1452.20 10.084 4 6 14 If 2290.22 15.904 3 7i 11 3i 1469.14 10.202 4 61 14 2| 2311.48 16.051 3 75 11 H 1486.17 10.320 4 ei 14 3} 2332.83 16.200 3 7f 11 H 1503.30 10.439 4 6| 14 4 2354.28 16.349 ■3 8 11 61 1530.53 10.559 4 7 14 4| 2357.83 19.498 ^ 8i 11 7 1537.86 10.679 4 71 14 5i 2397.48 16.649 •3 82 11 n 1555.28 10.800 4 7.^ 14 6| 2419.22 16.800 -3 S'i 11 8. 1572.81 10.922 4 7| 14 7J 2441.07 16.951 3 9 11 9; 1590.43 11.044 4 8 14 7i 2463.01 17.104 3 9i 11 lol 1608.15 11.167 4 81 14 8l 2485.05 17.227 3 9^ 11 101 1625.76 11.291 4 8.^ 14 9| 2507.19 17.411 S 9| 11 II4 1643.89 11.415 4 8| 14 10} 2529.42 17.565 3 10 12 0^ 1661.90 11.534 4 9 14 11 2551.76 17.720 3 lOi 12 1| 1608.02 11.666 4 91 14 11| 2574.19 17.876 .3 lOi 12 2 1698.23 11.793 4 ^ 15 0| 2596.72 18.033 3 lOf 12 3^ 1716.54 11.920 4 9f 15 If 2619.35 18.189 3 11 12 31 1734.94 12.048 4 10 15 2, 2642.08 18.347 3 11} 12 4| 1753.45 12.176 4 101 15 2^ 2664.91 18.506 3 11. 3 llf 12 5} 1772.05 12.305 4 10^ 15 33 2687.83 18.665 12 6 1790.76 12.435 4 lOf 15 4i 2710.85 18.825 4 12 6| 1809.56 12.566 4 11 15 5; 2733.97 18.995 4 Oi 12 7. S 1828.46 12.697 4 111 15 6r 2757.19 19.147 4 Oi 12 1847.45 12.829 4 iH 15 6^ 2780.51 19.309 AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 23s DIAMETERS, CIKCUMFERENCE8, ETC., {Conilniied}. Dia. in Cir. in Area in Area in Dij I. in Cir. in Area in Area in ft. in. ft. in. sq. inch. sq. ft. ft in. ft. 11. sq. inch. sq. ft. 4 m 15 7i 2803.92 19.471 5 9 18 Of 3739.28 25.964 5 15 si 2827.44 19.635 5 9| 18 ll 3766.43 26.155 n 0] 15 'H 2851.05 19.798 5 9^ 18 2J 3793.67 26.344 5 01 5 0^^ 15 10 2874.76 19.963 5 n 18 4 3821.02 26.534 15 105 2898.56 20.128 5 10 18 H 3848. 4() 26.725 5 1 15 2922.47 20.294 5 10] 18 4 3875.99 26.916 5 11 16 0- 2946.47 20.461 5 10^ 18 5| 3903.63 27.108 5 l| 16 I4 2970.57 20.629 5 10| 18 H 3931.36 27.301 5 If 16 1 2994.77 20.797 5 11 18 7 3959.20 27.494 5 2 16 2f 3019.07 20.965 5 11] 18 7| 4 3987.13 27.688 5 24 16 3^ 3043.47 20.135 5 II2 18 4015.16 27.883 5 2^ 16 4J 3067.96 20.305 5 n\ 18 9| lOl 4043.28 28.078 5 2^ 16 5J 3092.56 21.476 6 18 4071.51 28.274 5 3 16 5i 3117.25 21.647 6 03 18 10| 4099.83 28.471 5 3J 16 4 3142.04 21.819 6 02 18 11§ 4128.25 28.663 5 3. 16 7J 3166.92 21.992 6 o'i 19 0. ij 4156.77 28.866 5 3| 16 HI 3191.91 22.166 6 1 19 4185.39 29.065 5 4 16 1) 3216.99 22.333 6 U 19 2i 2| 4214.11 29.264 5 4[ 16 Of 10§ 3242.17 22.515 6 1^ 19 4242.92 29.466 5 4^ 16 3267.46 22.621 6 11 19 31 4271.83 29.665 5 4| 16 11| 3292.83 22.866 6 2 19 H 4300.85 29.867 5 5 17 3318.31 23.043 6 2] 19 5| 4329.95 30.069 5 5J 17 3343.88 23.221 6 2^ 19 6 4359.16 30.271 5A 17 ^ 3369.56 23.330 6 2^ 19 6i 4388.47 30.475 5 5| 17 2^ 3395.33 23.578 6 3 19 ^i 4417.87 30.679 5 6 17 3| 3421.20 23.758 6 3i 19 4 4447.37 30.884 5 6i 17 H 3447.16 23.938 6 32 19 9l 4476.97 30.090 5 6i 5 65 17 H 3473.23 24.119 6 3^ 19 n 4506.67 31.296 17 51 3499.39 24.301 6 4 19 103 4536.47 31.503 5 7 17 (^ 3525.26 24.483 6 4] 19 111 4566.36 31.710 5 7J 17 n 3552.01 24.666 6 4^ 20 o| 4596.35 31.919 5 7, 17 8 3578.47 24.850 6 4i 20 1 4626.44 32.144 5 7| 17 8? 3605.03 25.034 6 5 '20 il 4656.63 32.337 5 8 17 ^i 3631.68 25.220 6 53 20 21 4686.92 32.548 5 8J 17 10^ 3658.44 25.405 6 5^ 20 3| 4717.30 32.755 5 8^ 17 111 3685.29 25.502 6 5| 20 ^ 4747.79 32.970 5 8| 17 Hi 3712.24 25.779 236 THE builder's GUIDE, DIAM., ETC., OF CIRCLES, CONTENTS IN GALS., AREA IN FEET Diam. 1 I Circ. Area in ft. Gallons. Diam. Ft. In. Circ. Area in ft. Gallons. Ft. In. Ft. 111. I ft. in dpth. Ft. In. I ft. in dpth- 1 3 1| .7854 5.8735 4 8 14 7| 17.1041 127.9112 1 1 3 4| .9217 6.8928 4 9 14 11' 17.7205 132.5200 1 2 3 8 1.0690 7.9944 4 10 15 2} 18.3476 137.2105^ 1 3 3 11 1.2271 9.1765 4 11 15 51 18.9858 142.0582 1 4 4 2J 1.3962 10.4413 5 15 8.1 15 111 19.6350 146.8384 1 5 4 5| 1.5761 11.7866 5 1 20.2947 151.7718 1 6 4 8A 4 ll| 1.7671 13.2150 5 2 16 2f 20.9656 156.7891 1 7 1.9689 14.7241 5 3 16 5 J 21.6475 161.8886 1 8 5 2f 5 5| 2.1816 16.3148 5 4 16 9 22.3400 167.0674 1 9 2.4052 17.9870 5 5 17 OJ 23.0437 172.3300 1 10 5 9 2.6398 19.7414 5 6 17 3} 23.7583 177.6740 1 11 6 21 2.8852 21.4830 5 7 17 6| 24.4835 183.0973 2 6 33 3.1416 23.4940 1 '^ 8 17 9^ 25.2199 188.6045 2 1 6 6A 6 9| 3.4087 25.4916 5 9 18 0| 25.9672 194.1930 2 2 3.6869 27.5720 5 10 18 3;; 26.7251 199.8610 2 3 7 Of 3.9760 29.7340 i 5 11 18 7J 27.4943 205.6133 2 4 7 3^ 4.2760 32.6976 1 6 2 19 4^ 29.0867 223.9472 2 5 7 7 4.5869 34.3027 6 3 19 7A 30.679(1 229.4342 2 G 7 lOi 4.9087 36.7092 () 6 20 4- 33.1831 248.1564 2 7 8 l| 5.2413 39.1964 6 9 21 2g 21 111 35.7847 267.6122 2 8 8 U 8 7| 5.5850 41.7668 7 38.4846 287.8032 2 9 5.9395 44.4179 7 3 22 9J 41.2825 308.7270 2 10 vn 6.3049 47.1505 7 6 23 (q 24 4J 44.1787 330.3859 2 11 6.6813 49.9654 7 9 47.1730 352.7665 3 9 5 7.0686 52.8618 8 25 Ij 50.2656 375.9062 3 1 9 8| 7.4666 55.8382 8 3 25 11 53.4562 399.7668 3 2 9 11| 7.8757 58.8976 8 6 26 83 56.7451 424.3625 3 3 10 2I 8.2957 62.0386 8 9 27 5| 60.1321 449.2118 3 4 10 d 8.7265 65.2602 9 28 3J 63.6174 475.7563 3 5 10 8| 9.1683 68.5193 9 3 29 05 67.2007 502.5.536 3 6 10 111 9.6211 73.1504 9 6 29 lOJ 70.8823 530.0861 3 7 11 3 10.0846 75.4166 9 9 30 7i 74.6620 558.3522 3 8 11 6J 10.5591 76.9652 10 31 5 78.5400 587.3534 3 9 11 9| 11.0446 82.5959 10 3 32 2| 32 llf 82.5160 617.0876 3 10 12 5' 12 3- 11.5409 86.3074 10 6 86.5903 647.5568 3 11 12.0481 90.1004 10 9 33 91 90.7627 678.2797 4 12 6| 12.5664 93.9754 11 34 6| 35 4J 95.0334 710.6977 4 1 12 9- 13.0952 97.9310 11 3 99.4021 743.3686 4 2 13 1' 13.6353 101.9701 11 6 36 11 36 lOJ 103.8691 776.774a 4 3 13 ^ 14.1862 103.0300 11 9 108.4342 810.9143 4 4 13 7I 14.7479 110.2907 12 37 8| 113.0976 848.1890 4 5 13 m 14 l| 15.3206 114.5735 12 3 38 5f 117.8590 881.396(> 4 6 15.9043 118.9386 12 6 39 31 40 0| 122.7187 917.7395 4 7 14 4| 16.4986 123.3830 12 9 127.6765 954.81.59 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. DiAM., ETf\, OF CIRCLES ( Continued) . ^37 Diam. Circ. Area i n ft. Gallons. I Diam. Circ. Area in ft Gallons. Ft. In. Ft. I:-.. 1 ft in dpth. Ft. In. Ft. In. I ft. in dpth. 13 40 10 132.7326 992.6274 16 50 3i 201.0624 1503.6250 13 3 41 7^ 137.8867 1031.1719 16 3 51 o;^ 207.3946 1550.9797 13 6 42 4; 143.1391 1070.4514 16 6 51 10' 213.8251 1599.0696 13 9 43 2\ 148.4896 1108.0645 16 9 52 7f 220.3537 1647.8930 U 43 in 153-9384 1151.2129 17 53 4^ 226.9806 1697.4516 U 3 44 9| 159.4852 1192.6940 17 3 54 2;i 233.7055 1747.7431 14 6 45 65 165.1303 1234.9104 17 6 54 11^ 240.5287 1798.7698 14 9 46 4 170.8735 1277.8615 17 9 55 ^ 247.4500 1850.5301 15 47 n 176.7150 1321.5454 18 56 6^ 254.4696 1903.0254 15 3 47 lOJ 182.6545 1365.9634 18 3 57 4 261.5872 1956.2537 15 6 48 8J: 188.6923 1407.5165 18 6 58 If 268.8031 2010.2171 15 9 49 5| 194.8282 1457.0032 18 9 58 10| 276.1171 2064.9140 TABLE OF BOARD MEASURE. Exfplanation. — The length of the board is given in feet in the left- hand column ; the width is given in inches in the upper row of figures, and the contents are given under the width and opposite the length. Thus the contents of a board 13 feet long and 7 inches wide will be found under 7 and opposite 13, and is 7 feet 7 inches. •5s 6 in. 7 in. 8 in. 9 in. ID in. II in. 12 in. 13 in. 14 in. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. 1 0-6 0-7 0-8 0-9 0-10 0-11 1 1-1 1-2 2 1 1-2 1-4 1-6 1-8 1-10 2 2-2 2-A 3 1-6 1-9 2 2-3 2-6 2-9 3 3-3 3-6 4 2 2-4 2-8 3 3-4 3-8 4 4-4 4-8 5 2-6 2-11 3-4 3-9 4-2 4-7 5 5-5 5-10 6 3 3-6 4 4-6 5 5-6 6 6-6 7 7 3 6 4-1 4-8 5-3 5-10 6 5 7 7-7 8-2 8 4 4-8 5-4 6 6-8 7-4 8 8-8 9-4 9 4-6 5-3 6 6-9 7-6 8-3 9 9-9 10-6 10 5 5-10 6-8 7-6 8-4 9-2 10 10-10 11-8 11 5-6 6 5 7-4 8-3 9-2 10-1 11 11-11 12-10 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 13 6-6 7-7 8-8 9-9 10-10 11-11 13 14-1 15-2 14 7 8-2 9-4 10-6 11-8 12-10 14 15-2 16-4 15 7-6 8-9 10 11-3 12-6 13-9 15 16-3 17-6 16 8 9-4 10-8 12 13-4 14-8 16 17-4 18-8 17 8-6 9-11 11-4 12-9 14-2 15-7 17 18-5 19-10 18 9 10-6 12 13-6 15 16-6 18 19-6 21 238 THE builder's GUIDE, TABLE OP BOARD MEASUEE { Gj7ltinued) . ti 6 in. 7 in. 8 in. 9 in. loin. It in. 12 in. 13 in. 14 in. r' wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. 19 9-6 11-1 12-8 14-3 15-10 17-5 19 20-7 22-2 20 10 11-8 13-4 15 16-8 18-4 20 21-8 23-4 21 10-6 12-3 14 15-9 17-6 19-3 21 22-9 24-6 22 11 12-10 14-8 16-6 18-4 20-2 22 23-10 25-8 23 11-6 13-5 15-4 17-3 19-2 21-1 23 24-11 26-10 24 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 25 12-6 14-7 16-8 18-9 20-10 22-11 25 27-1 29 2 26 13 15-2 17-4 19-6 21-8 23-10 26 28-2 30-4 27 13-6 15-9 18 20-3 22-6 24-9 27 29-3 31-6 28 14 16^4 18-8 21 23-4 25-8 28 30-4 32-8 29 14-6 16-11 19-4 21-9 24-2 26-7 29 31-5 33-10 30 15 17-6 20 22-6 25 27-6 30 32-G 35 31 15-6 18-1 20-8 23-3 25-10 28-5 31 33-7 36-2 IS in. 16 in. 17 in. i8in. iQin. 20 in. 21 in. 22 in 23 in wide. wide. wide. 1-5 wide. 1-6 wide. 1-7 wide. wide. wide. wide. 1 1-3 1-4 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 2 2-6 2-8 2-10 3 3-2 3-4 3-6 3-8 3-10 3 3-9 4 4-3 4-6 4-9 5 5-3 5-6 5-9 4 5 5-4 5-8 6 6-4 6-8 7 7-4 7-8 5 6-3 6-8 7-1 7-6 7-11 8-4 8-9 9-2 9-7 6 7-6 8 8-6 9 9-6 10 10-6 11 11-6 7 8-9 9-4 9-11 10-6 11-1 11-8 12-3 12-10 13-5 8 10 10-8 11-4 12 12-8 13-4 14 14-8 15-4 9 11-3 12 12-9 13-6 14-3 15 15-9 16-6 17-3 10 12-6 13-4 14-2 15 15-10 16-8 17-6 18-4 19-2 11 13-9 14-8 15-7 16-6 17-5 18-4 19-3 20-2 21-1 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 13 16-3 17-4 18-5 19-6 20-7 21-8 22-9 23-10 24-11 14 17-6 18-8 19-10 21 22-2 23-4 24-6 25-8 26-10 15 18-9 20 21-3 22-6 23-9 25 26-3 27-6 28-9 16 20 21-4 22-8 24 25-4 26-8 28 29 4 30-8 17 21-3 22-8 24-1 25-6 26-11 28-4 29-9 31-2 32-7 18 22-6 24 25-6 27 28-6 30 31-6 33 34-6 19 23-9 25-4 26-11 28-6 30-1 31-8 33-3 34-10 36-5 20 25 26-8 28-4 30 31-8 33-4 35 36-8 38-4 21 26 3 28 29-9 31-6 33-3 35 36-9 38-6 40-3 22 27-6 29-4 31-2 33 34-10 36-8 38-6 40-4 42-2 23 28-9 30-8 32 7 34-6 36-5 38-4 40-3 42-2 44-1 24 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. TABLE OF BOARD MEASURE. ( G07ltlr)Ued) . 15 in. i6in. 17 in. i8in. igin. 20 in. 21 in. 22 in. •wide. wide. wide. wide. 37-6 wide. wide. 41-8 wide. wide. 31-3 33-4 35-5 39-7 43-9 45-10 32-6 34-8 36-10 39 41-2 43-4 45-6 47-8 33-9 36 38-3 40-6 42-9 45 47-3 49-6 35 37-4 39-8 42 44-4 46-8 49 51-4 36-3 38-8 41-1 43-6 45-11 48-4 50-9 53-2 37-6 40 42-6 45 47-6 50 52-6 55 38-9 41-4 43-11 46-6 49-1 51-8 54-3 56-10 239 2^in. wide. 47-11 49-10 51-9 53-8 55-7 67-6 59-5 24 in. wide. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 25 in. 26 in. 27 in. 28 in. 29 in. wide. wide. wide. wide. wide. 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-^ 4-2 4-4 4r-6 4-8 4:-10 6-3 6-Q 6-9 7 7-3 8-4 8-8 9 9-4 9-8 10-6 10-10 11-3 11-8 12-1 12-6 13 13-6 14 14-6 14-7 15-2 15-9 1&-4 16-11 16-8 17-4 18 18-8 19-4 18-9 19-6 20-3 21 21-9 20-10 21-8 22-6 23-4 24-2 22-11 23-10 24-9 25-8 26-7 25 26 27 28 29 27-1 28-2 29-3 30-4 31-5 29-2 30-4 31-6 32-8 33-10 31-3 32-6 33-9 35 36-3 33-4 34-8 36 37-4 38-8 35-5 36 10 38-3 39-8 41-1 37-6 39 40-6 42 43-6 39-7 41-2 42-9 44-4 45-11 41-8 43-4 45 46-8 48-4 43-9 45-6 47-3 49 60-9 45-10 47-8 49-6 61-4 53-2 47-11 49-10 51-9 63-8 65-7 50 52 64 66 58 52-1 54-2 56-3 58-4 60-5 64-2 56-4 68-6 60-8 62-10 66-3 58-6 60-9 63 65-3 58-4 60-8 63 66-4 67-8 60-5 62-10 65-3 67-8 70-1 62-6 65 67-6 70 72-6 64-7 67-2 69-9 72-4 74-11 30 in. wide. 2-6 5 '7-6 10 12-6 16 17-6 20 22-6 26 27-6 30 32-6 36 37-6 40 42-6 45 47-6 50 62-6 55 67-6 60 62-6 65 67-6 70 72-6 76 77-6 240 THE builder's GUIDE, SCANTLINGS REDUCED TO BOARD MEASURE. Explanation of Table. — At the left hand of the page will be found the length of each scantling in feet. At the head of each of the re- maining columns will be found the sizes; being the width and thickness in inches, and opposite the given length of each will be found the contents of each scantling. ^ 1x2 2x2 2x3 2x4 2x5 2x6. 2x7 2xa £ in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 1 Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P Feet. P. Feet. P. 2 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8 3 0.9 1.0 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.6 4.0 4 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.8 5.4 5 1.3 1.8 2.6 3.4 4.2 5.0 5.10 6.8 6 1.6 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 7 1.9 2.4 3.6 4.8 5.10 7.0 8.2 9.4 8 2.0 2.8 4.0 5.4 6.8 8.0 9.4 10.8 9 2.3 3.0 4.6 6.0 . 7.6 9.0 10.6 12.0 10 2.6 3.4 5.0 6.8 8.4 10.0 11.8 13.4 11 2.9 3.8 5.6 7.4 9.2 11.0 12.10 14.8 12 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 13 3.3 4.4 Q.G 8.8 10.10 13.0 15.2 17.4 14 3.6 4.8 7.0 9.4 11.8 14.0 16.4 18.8 15 3.9 5.0 7.6 10.0 12.6 15.0 17.6 20.0 16 4.0 5.4 8.0 10.8 13.4 16.0 18.8 21.4 17 4.3 5.8 8.6 11.4 14.2 17.0 19.10 22.8 18 4.6 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 19 4.9 6.4 9.6 12.8 15.10 19.0 22.2 25.4 20 5.0 6.8 10.0 13.4 16.8 20.0 23.4 26.8 21 5.3 7.0 10.6 14.0 17.6 21.0 24.6 28.0 22 5.6 7.4 11.0 14.8 18.4 22.0 25.8 29.4 23 5.9 7.8 11.6 15.4 19.2 23.0 26.10 30.8 24 6.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 25 6.3 8.4 12.6 16.8 20.10 25.0 29.2 33.4 26 6.6 8.8 13.0 17.4 21.8 26.0 30.4 34.8 27 6.9 9.0 13.6 18.0 22.6 27.0 31.6 36.0 28 7.0 9.4 14.0 18.8 23.4 28.0 32.8 37.4 29 7.3 9.8 14.6 19.4 24.2 29.0 33.10 38.8 30 7.6 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 31 7.9 10.4 15.6 20.8 25.10 31.0 36.2 41.4 32 8.0 10.8 16.0 21.4 26.8 32.0 37.4 42.8 « AND ESTIMATOR'S PRICE BOOK. SCANTLINGS REDUCED, ETC. (Continued). 241 2x9 2X 10 2x11 2^X5 2J^X6 2^x7 2>^X8 aj^x9 0^ in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. s Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet P. 2 3.0 3.4 3.8 2.1 2.6 2.11 3.4 3.9 3 4.6 5,0 5.6 3.2 3.9 4.5 5.0 5.8 4 6.0 6.8 7.4 4.2 5.0 5.10 6.8 7.6 5 7.6 8.4 9.2 5.3 6.3 7.4 8.4 9.5 6 9.0 10.0 11.0 6.3 7.6 8.9 10.0 11.3 7 10.6 11.8 12.10 7.4 8.9 10.3 11.8 13.2 8 12.0 13.4 14.8 8.4 10.0 11.8 13.4 15.0 9 13.6 15.0 16.6 9.5 11.3 13.2 15.0 16.11 15.0 16.8 18.4 10.5 12.6 14.7 16.8 18.9 1 16.6 18.4 20.2 11.6 13.9 16.1 18.4 20.8 2 18.0 20.0 22.0 12.6 15.0 17.6 20.0 22.6 3 15.6 21.8 23.10 13.7 16.3 19.0 21.8 24.5 4 21.0 23.4 25.8 14.7 17.6 20.5 23.4 26.3 5 22.6 25.0 27.6 15.8 18.9 21.11 25.0 28.2 6 24.0 26.8 29.4 16.8 20.0 23.4 26.8 30.0 7 25.6 28.4 31.2 17.9 21.3 24.10 28.4 31.11 8 27.0 30.0 33.0 18.9 22.6 26.3 30.0 33.9 9 28.6 31.8 34.10 19.10 23.9 27.9 31.8 35.8 30.0 33.4 36.8 20.10 25.0 29.2 33.4 37.6 31.6 35.0 38.6 21.11 26.3 30.8 35.0 39.5 33.0 36.8 40.4 22.11 27.6 32.1 36.8 41.3 34.6 38.4 42.2 24.0 28.9 33.7 38.4 43.2 36.0 40.0 44.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 5 37.6 41.8 45.10 26.1 31.3 36.6 41.8 46.11 6 39.0 43.4 47.8 27.1 32.6 37.11 43.4 4S.9 7 40.6 45.0 49.6 28.2 33.9 39.5 45.0 50.8 8 42.0 46.8 51.4 29.2. 35.0 40.10 46.8 52.6 9 43.6 48.4 53.2 30.3 36.3 42.4 48.4 54.5 45.0 50.0 55.0 31.3 37.6 43.9 50.0 56.3 1 46.6 51.8 56.10 32.4 38.9 45.2 51.8 58.2 2 48.0 53.4 58.8 33 4 41.0 46.7 53.4 60.1 2%-KlO 25^x11 aj^xi2 3x3 3x4 3.x 5 3x6 3.^7 in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet P. Feet P. 4.2 4.7 5.0 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.6 6.3 6.11 7."B 2.3 3.0 3.9 4.6 5.3 8.4 9.2 10.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 10.5 11.6 12.6 3.9 5.0 6.3 7.6 8.9 12.6 13.9 15.0 4.6 6.0 7.6 9.0 10.6 14.7 16.1 17.6 5.3 7.0 8.9 10.6 12.3 242 THE BUILDER'S GUIDE, SCANTLINGS REDUCED, ETC. ( (JontlnueCl , . to G 2^ X 10 2j^X II 2%X 12 3X 3 3x4 3x5 3.x 6 1 3x7 ^ in. in. in. in. in. m. in. in. 1 Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet P Feet. P. Feet P. Feet. P. Feet. P. 8 16.8 18.4 20.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 9 18.9 20.8 22.6 6.9 9.0 11.3 13.6 15.9 10 20.10 22.11 25.0 7.6 10.0 12.6 15.0 17.6 11 22.11 25.3 27.6 8.3 11.0 13.9 16.6 19.3 12 25.0 27.6 30.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 13 27.1 29.10 32.6 9.9 13.0 16.3 19.6 22.9 14 29.2 32.1 35.0 10.6 14.0 17.6 21.0 24.6 15 31.3 34.4 37.6 11.3 15.0 18.9 22.6 26.3 16 33.4 36.8 40.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 17 35.5 39.0 42.6 12.9 17.0 21.3 25.6 29.9 18 37.6 41.3 45.0 13.6 18.0 22.6 27.0 31.6 19 39.7 43.7 47.6 14.3 19.0 23.9 28.6 33.3 20 41.8 45.10 50.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 21 43.9 48.2 52.6 15.1) 21.0 26.3 31.6 36.9 22 45.10 50.5 55.0 16.6 22.0 27.6 33.0 38.6 23 47.11 52.9 57.6 17.3 23.0 28.9 34.6 40.3 24 50.0 55.0 60.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 25 52.1 57.4 62.6 18.9 25.0 31.3 37.6 43.9 26 54.2 59.7 65.0 19.6 26.0 32.6 39.0 45.6 27 56.3 61.11 67.6 20.3 27.0 33.9 40.6 47.3 28 58.4 64.2 70.0 21.0 28.0 35.0 42.0 49.0 29 60.5 66.6 72.6 21.9 29.0 36.3 43.6 50.9 30 62.6 68.9 75.0 22.6 30.0 37.6 45.0 52.6 31 64.7 71.1 77.6 23.3 31.0 38.9 46.6 54.3 32 66.8 73.5 80.0 24.0 32.0 40.0 48.0 56.0 3x8 3x9 3x10 3x11 3x12 4x4 4x7 4x6 in. m. m. in. in. in. in. in. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. F-et. P. Feet. P. 2 4.0 4.6 5.0 5.6 6.0 2.8 3.4 4.0 3 6.0 6.9 7.6 8.3 9.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 4 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 5.4 6.8 8.0 5 10.0 11 3 12.6 13.9 15.0 6.8 8.4 10.0 6 12.0 13.6 15.0 16.6 18.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 7 14.0 15.9 17.6 19.3 21.0 9.4 11.8 14. e 8 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 ao.8 13.4 16.0 9 18.0 20.3 22.6 24.9 27.0 12.0 15.b 18.0 10 20.0 22.6 25.0 27.6 30.0 13.4 16.8 20.0 11 22.0 24.9 27.6 30.3 33.0 14.8 18.4 22.0 12 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 36.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 13 26.0 29 3 32.6 35.9 39.0 17.4 21.8 26.0 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. SCANTLINGS REDUCED, ETC. ( GonHjlUed) . 243 c 3x8 3.x 9 3x10 3x11 3 X 12 4x4 4x5 4x6 ^ 11). in. in. in. in. in. in. i:i. 1 Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. 14 28.0 31.6 35.0 38.6 42.0 18.8 23.4 28.0 15 30.0 33.9 37.6 41.3 45.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 16 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 21.4 26.8 32.0 17 34.0 38.3 42.6 46.9 51.0 22.8 28.4 34.0 18 36.0 40.6 45.0 49.6 54.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 19 38.0 42.9 47.6 52.3 57.0 25.4 31.8 38.0 20 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 26.8 33.4 40.0 21 42.0 47.3 52.6 57.9 63.0 28.0 35.0 42.0 22 44.0 49.6 55.0 60.6 66.0 29.4 36.8 44.0 23 46.0 51.9 57.6 63.3 69.0 30.8 38.4 46.0- 24 48.0 54.0 60.0 66.0 72.0 32.0 40.0 48.0 25 50.0 56.3 62.6 68.9 75.0 33.4 41.8 50.0 26 52.0 58.6 65.0 71.6 78.0 34.8 43.4 52.0 27 54.0 60.9 67.6 74.3 81.0 36.0 45.0 54.0 28 56.0 03.0 70.0 77.0 84.0 37.4 46.8 56.0 29 58.0 65.3 72.6 79.9 87.0 38.8 48.4 58.0 30 60.0 67.6 75.0 82.6 90.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 31 62.0 69.9 77.6 85.3 93.0 41.4 51.8 62.0 32 64.0 72.0 80.0 88.0 96.0 42.8 53.4 64.0 4x7 4X 8 4x9 4 X 10 4Xir 4X 12 5x5 4x6 in. in. in. in. m. in. in. in. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. 2 4.8 5.4 6.0 6.8 7.4 8.0 4.2 5.0 3 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 6.3 7.6 4 9.4 10.8 12.0 13.4 14.8 16.0 8.4 10.0 5 11.8 13.4 15.0 16.8 18.4 20.0 10.5 12.6 6 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 12.6 15.0 7 16.4 18.8 21.0 23.4 25.8 28.0 14.7 17.6 8 18.8 21.4 24.0 26.8 29.4 32.0 16.8 20.0 9 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 36.0 18.9 22.6 10 23.4 26.8 30.0 33.4 36.8 40.0 20.10 25.0 11 25.8 29.4 33.0 36.8 40.4 44.0 22.11 27.6 12 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 25.00 30.0 13 30.4 34.8 39.0 43.4 47.8 52.0 27.1 32.6 14 32.8 37.4 42.0 46.8 51.4 56.0 29.2 35.0 15 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 31.3 37.6 16 37.4 42.8 47.0 53.4 58.8 64.0 33.4 40.0 17 39.8 45.4 51.0 56.8 62.4 68.0 35.5 42.6 18 42.0 48.0 54.0 60.0 66.0 72.0 37.6 45 19 44.4 50.8 57.0 63 4 69.8 7^0 39.7 47.6 244 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, SCANTLINGS REDUCED, ETC. ( Continued). be c 4x7 4x8 4x9 4X 10 4x11 4 XI2 5x5 5x6 in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 1 Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. 20 46.8 53.4 60.0 66.8 73.4 80.0 41.8 50.0 21 49.0 56.0 63.0 70.0 77.0 84.0 43.9 52.6 22 51.4 58.8 66.0 73.4 80.8 88.0 45.10 55.0 23 53.8 61.4 69.0 76.8> 84.4 92.0 47.11 57.6 24 56.0 64.0 72.0 80.0 88.0 96.0 50 60.0 25 58.4 66.8 75.0 83.4 91.8 100.0 52 1 62.6 26 60.8 69.4 78.0 86.8 95.4 104.0 54.2 65.0 27 63.0 72.0 81.0 90.0 99.0 108.0 56.3 67.6 28 65.4 74.8 84.0 93.4 102.8 112.0 58.4 70.0 29 67.8 77.4 87.0 96.8 106.4 116.0 60.5 72.6 30 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 62.6 75.0 31 72.4 82.8 93.0 103.4 113.8 124.0 64.7 77.6 32 74.8 85.4 96.0 106.8 116.4 128.0 66.8 80.0 5x7 5x8 5.x 9 5 X 10 6x6 6x7 6x8 7.x 7 in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 111. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. 2 5.10 6.8 7.6 8.4 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.2 3 8.9 10.0 11.3 12.6 9.0 10.6 12.0 12.3 4 11.8 13.4 15.0 16.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 16.4 5 14.7 16.8 18.9 20.10 15.0 17.6 20.0 20.5 6 17.6 20.0 22.6 25.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 24.6 7 20.5 23.4 26.3 29.2 21.0 24.6 28.0 28.7 8 23.4 26.8 30.0 33.4 24.0 28.0 32.0 32.8 9 26.3 30.0 33.9 37.6 27.0 31.6 36.0 36.9 10 29.2 33.4 37.6 41.8 30.0 35.0 40.0 40.10 11 32.1 36.8 41.3 45.10 33.0 38.6 44.0 44.11 12 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 49.0 13 37.11 43.4 48.9 54.2 39.0 45.6 52.0 53.1 14 40.10 46.8 52.6 58.4 42.0 49.0 56.0 57.2 15 43.9 50.0 56.3 62.6 45.0 52.6 60.0 61.3 16 46.8 53.4 60.0 66.8 48.0 56.0 64.0 65.4 17 49.7 56.8 63.9 70.10 51.0 59.6 68.0 69.5 18 52.6 60.0 67.6 75.0 54.0 63.0 72.0 73.6 19 55.5 63.4 71.3 79.2 57.0 66.6 76.0 77.7 20 58.4 66.8 75.0 83.4 60.0 70.0 80.0 81.8 21 61.3 70 78.9 87.6 63.0 73.6 84.0 85.9 22 64. 2 73.4 82.6 91.8 66.0 77.0 88.0 89.10 23 67.1 76.8 86.3 95.10 69.0 80.6 92.0 93.11 24 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 72.0 84.0 96.0 98.0 25 72.11 83.4 93.9 104.2 75.0 87.6 100.0 102.1 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. SCANTLINGS REDUCED, ETC. (Continued). 245 tfc 5 ^ 7 5x8 5>^9 5x10 6x6 6x7 6x8 7x7 ^ U). Feet. P. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 1 Feet. P. 86.8 Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P Feet. P. Feet. P. 26 75.10 97.6 108.4 78.0 91.0 104.0 106.2 27 78.9 90.0 101.3 112.6 81.0 94.6 108.0 110.3 28 81.8 93.4 105.0 116.8 84.0 98.0 112.0 114.4 29 84.7 96.8 108.9 120.10 87.0 101.6 116.0 118.5 30 87.6 100.0 112.6 125.0 90.0 105.0 120.0 122.6 31 90.5 103.4 116.3 129.2 93.0 108.6 124.0 126.7 32 93.4 106.8 120.0 133.4 96.0 112.0 128.0 130.8 7x8 7x9 8x8 8x9 8x10 9x9 gx 10 9x11 in. in. in. in. in. m. in. in. Feet. P. 9.4 Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. 12.0 Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. Feet. P. 2 10.6 10.8 13.4 13.6 10.0 16.6 3 14.0 15.9 16.0 18.0 20.0 20.3 22.6 24.9 4 18.8 21.0 21.4 24.0 26.8 27.0 30.0 33.0 5 23.4 26.3 26.8 30.0 33.4 33.9 37.6 41.3 6 28.0 31.6 32.0 36.0 40.0 40.6 45.0 49.6 7 32.8 36.9 37 4 42.0 46.8 47.3 52.6 57.9 8 37.4 42.0 42-8 48.0 53.4 54.0 60.0 66.0 9 42.0 47.3 48.0 54.0 60.0 00.9 67.6 74.3 10 46.8 52.6 53.4 60.0 66.8 67.6 75.0 82.6 11 51.4 57.9 58.8 66.0 73.4 74.3 82.6 90.9 12 56.0 63.0 64.0 72.0 80.0 81.0 90.0 99.0 13 60.8 68.3 69.4 78.0 86.8 87.9 97.6 107.3 14 65.4 73.6 74.8 84.0 93.4 94.6 105.0 115.6 15 70.0 78.9 80.0 90.0 100.0 101.3 112.6 123.9 16 74.8 84.0 85.4 96.0 106.8 108.0 120.0 132.0 17 79.4 89.3 90.8 102.0 113.4 114.9 127.6 140.3 18 84.0 94.6 96.0 108.0 120.0 121.6 135.0 148.6 19 88.8 99.9 101.4 114.0 126.8 128.3 142.6 156.9 20 93.4 105.0 106.8 120.0 133.4 135.0 150.0 165.0 21 98.0 110.3 112.0 126.0 140.0 141.9 157.6 173.3 22 102.8 115.6 117.4 132.0 146.8 148.6 165.0 181.6 23 107.4 120.9 122.8 138.0 153.4 155.3 172.6 189.9 24 112.0 126.0 128.0 144.0 160.0 162.0 180.0 198.0 25 116.8 131.3 133.4 150.0 166.8 168.9 187.6 206.3 26 121.4 136.6 138.8 156.0 173.4 175.6 195.0 214.6 27 126.0 141.9 144.0 162.0 180.0 182.3 202.6 222.9 28 130.8 147.0 149.4 168.0 186.8 189.0 210.0 231.0 29 135.4 152.3 154.8 174.0 193.4 195.9 217.6 239.3 30 140.0 157.6 160.0 180.0 200.0 202.6 225.0 247.6 31 144.8 162.9 165.4 186.0 206.8 209.3 232.6 255.9 32 149.4 168.0 170.8 192.0 213.4 216.0 240.0 264.0 246 THE builder's GUIDE, PLANK MEASURE. Board measure is the basis of plank measure; that is, a plank two inches thick, and 13 feet long, and 10 inches wide, contains evidently twice as many square feet as if only one inch thick; there- fore, in estimating the contents of any plank, we first find the con^ tents of the surface, taken one inch thick; and then, if the plank be IJ inches thick, we add one quarter of the contents to itstlft which gives the contents (in board measure) of this plank. Contents of Planks in Board Measure. Thickness 1\ inches. a 28 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 52 55 58 29 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 30 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 62 31 19 23 26 29 32 36 39 42 45 48 52 55 58 61 65 32 20 23 27 30 33 37 40 43 47 50 53 57 60 63 67 33 21 24 27 31 34 38 41 45 48 52 55 58 62 65 6^J 34 21 25 28 32 35 39 42 46 50 53 57 60 64 67 71 35 22 26 29 33 36 40 44 47 51 55 58 62 66 69 73 AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 247 PLANK MEASURE {Continued). (Jonteiiis of Flanks in Board Measure. Thickness 1\ inches. J «' • aj J 05 S V S s5 c« -: a; c« c » c *i e ji c ji C 4? = «J 1 £2 ^1 00 ^ .=2 0^ 2I ^ ? 2I 'ii r^ '0 2? si '0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 10 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 24 25 11 8 10 IJ 12 14 15 16 18 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 12 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 22 24 25 27 28 30 13 10 11 13 15 16 18 19 21 23 24 26 28 29 31 33 U 11 12 14 16 17 19 21 23 24 26 28 30 31 33 35 15 11 13 15 17 19 21 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 1() 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 17 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 28 30 32 34 36 38 41 43 18 14 16 18 20 22 25 27 29 31 34 36 38 40 43 45 19 14 17 19 21 24 26 28 31 33 36 38 40 42 46 48 20 15 17 20 22 25 27 30 32 35 38 40 42 45 48 50 21 16 18 21 24 26 29 31 34 37 40 42 44 47 50 53 22 16 19 22 25 27 30 33 35 38 42 44 46 49 53 55 23 17 20 23 26 29 32 34 37 40 44 46 48 51 55 58 24 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60^ 25 19 22 25 28 31 35 37 40 44 47 50 53 56 60 63 26 20 23 26 29 32 36 39 42 45 49 52 55 58 62 65 27 20 24 27 30 34 38 40 43 47 51 54 57 60 64 68 28 21 24 28 31 35 39 42 45 49 53 56 59 63 67 70- 29 22 25 29 33 36 40 43 47 50 55 58 61 65 69 n 30 22 26 30 34 37 42 45 48 52 57 60 63 67 72 75 31 23 27 31 35 39 43 46 50 54 59 62 65 69 74 78 32 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 33 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 02 66 70 74 78 83 34 26 30 34 38 42 47 51 55 59 64 68 72 76 81 85 35 26 31 35 39 44 48 52 56 61 m 70 74 78 83 88 Contents of Planks in Board Measure. Thick ness 2 inchey. ' • 95 •e ^- • 22 25 29 33 36 41 45 50 54 58 62 Q^Q 70 74 78 8a 23 26 30 35 38 43 47 52 56 60 65 69 73 78 82 8a 24 27 32 36 40 45 50 54 59 63 68 72 77 81 86 9a 25 28 33 38 41 47 52 56 61 &(S 70 75 80 84 89 94 26 29 34 39 43 49 54 59 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98. 27 30 35 41 45 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 28 31 37 42 46 53 58 63 68 74 79 84 89 95 100 105- 29 33 38 44 48 54 60 65 71 76 82 87 92 98 103 10^ 30 34 41 45 49 56 62 68 73 79 84 90 96 101 107 iia 31 35 4i 47 51 58 64 70 76 81 87 93 99 105 110 116 32 36 42 48 53 60 m 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 33 37 43 50 54 62 68 74 80 87 93 99 105 111 118 124 34 38 45 51 56 64 70 77 83 89 96 102 108 115 121 128 35 39 46 53 58 66 72 79 85 92 98 105 112 118 125 131 Contents of Planks in Board Measure Thickr less 'Ih inches. 1 si .=2 005 M d^ b4 11 10 'g •s| II li It 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 12 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 1^ 42: 11 14 16 18 21 23 25 27 30 32 34 37 39 41 44 47 12 15 18 20 23 25 28 30 33 35 38 40 43 45 48 50 13 16 19 22 24 27 30 33 35 38 41 43 46 49 51 54 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 53 55 58 15 19 22 25 28 31 34 38 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 63 16 20 23 27 30 33 37 40 43 47 50 53 57 60 63 67 17 21 25 28 32 35 39 43 46 50 53 57 60 64 67 71 18 22 26 30 34 38 41 45 49 53 56 60 64 68 71 75 19 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 20 25 29 33 38 42 46 50 54 58 63 67 71 75 79 8a 21 26 31 35 39 44 48 53 57 61 66 70 74 79 83 88 22 27 32 37 41 46 50 55 60 64 69 73 78 83 87 92 23 29 34 38 43 48 53 58 62 67 72 77 81 86 91 96 24 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 250 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, PLANK MEASURE {Continued). Contents of Planks in Board Measure. Thickness 2 J inches. J is CD? £1 00 > .b4 2"^ 2'^ .5^ 2'^ .^4 00 J 2^ li ■^ 1 1 1 1 .2 1 1 4J i 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 31 36 42 47 52 57 63 68 73 78 83 89 94 99 104 26 32 38 43 49 54 60 65 70 76 81 87 92 98 103 108 27 34 39 45 51 56 62 68 73 79 84 90 96 iOl 107 113 28 25 41 47 53 58 64 70 76 82 88 93 99 105 HI 117 29 36 42 48 54 60 66 73 79 85 91 97 103 109 115 121 ^0 37 44 50 56 63 G9 75 81 88 94 100 106 113 119 125 ^1 39 45 52 58 65 71 78 84 90 97 103 110 116 123 129 32 40 47 53 CO 67 73 80 87 93 100 107 113 120 127 133 m 41 48 55 62 69 76 83 89 96 103 110 117 124 131 138 34 42 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106 113 120 128 '35 142 35 44 51 58 66 73 80 88 95 102 109 117 124 J 31 39 146 Contents of Planks in Board Measure . Thickness 3 inches. 05? sl 21 b4 a4 J a; 1^ 2* II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 t ^ 1 i 10 15 17 20 22 25 27 30 32 35 37 40 42 45 47 50 11 16 19 22 25 27 30 33 36 38 41 44 47 49 52 55 12 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 13 20 23 26 29 33 36 39 42 46 49 52 55 59 62 65 14 21 25 28 32 35 39 42 46 49 53 56 60 63 67 70 15 22 26 30 34 38 41 45 49 53 56 60 64 68 71 75 16 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 17 25 30 34 38 43 47 51 55 60 64 68 72 77 81 85 18 27 32 36 41 45 50 54 59 63 68 72 77 81 86 90 19 29 33 38 43 48 52 57 62 67 71 76 81 86 90 95 20 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 21 31 37 42 47 53 58 63 68 74 79 84 89 95 100 105 22 33 39 44 50 55 61 66 72 77 83 88 94 99 105 110 23 34 40 46 52 58 63 69 75 81 86 92 98 :04 109 115 24 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 25 37 44 50 56 63 69 75 81 88 94 100 106 113 119 125 26 39 46 52 59 65 72 78 85 91 98 104 111 117 124 130 27 40 .47 54 61 68 74 81 88 95 101 108 115 122 128 135 28 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 29 43 51 58 65 73 80 87 94 102 109 116 123 131 138 145 30 45 53 60 68 75 83 90 98 105 113 120 128 135 143 150 AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 25* PLANK MEASURE (Continued). Oontents of Planks in Board Measure. Thwkness 3 inches. t ^.4 «'5 5"^ .=2 11 H ;:!* a .=4 2* II 12^ .5 -a .5^ si i1 II t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 46 54 62 70 78 85 93 101 109 116 124 132 140 147 155 32 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 33 49 58 66 74 83 91 99 107 116 124 132 140 149 157 165 34 50 60 68 77 85 94 102 111 119 128 136 145 153 162 170 35 52 61 70 79 88 96 105 114 123 131 140 149 158 166 175 Contents of Planks in Board Measure . Thickness 3 J inches. i i4 n 1^ 2 jf .5 "^ i4 a4 J2> 1^ 2* .i4 ■$ "1 til 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 % ^ 1 10 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 52 55 58 11 19 22 24 29 32 35 38 41 45 47 51 54 57 61 64 12 20 25 28 32 35 39 42 46 49 53 56 60 63 67 70 13 23 27 30 34 38 42 46 49 53 57 61 64 68 72 76 14 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 74 78 82 15 26 31 35 39 44 48 53 57 61 %& 70 74 79 83 88 16 28 33 37 42 47 51 56 61 65 70 75 79 84 89 93 17 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 18 32 37 42 47 53 58 63 68 74 79 84 89 95 100 105 19 33 39 44 50 55 61 67 72 78 83 89 94 100 105 111 20 35 41 47 53 58 64 70 76 82 88 93 99 105 111 117 21 37 43 49 55 61 67 74 80 86 92 98 104 110 116 123 22 38 45 51 58 64 71 77 83 90 96 103 109 116 !22 i28 23 40 47 54 60 67 74 81 87 94 101 107 114 121 127 134 24 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 25 44 51 58 Q>{S 73 80 88 95 102 109 117 124 131 139 146 2Q 45 53 61 68 76 83 91 99 106 114 121 129 137 144 152 27 47 55 63 71 79 87 95 102 110 118 126 134 142 150 158 28 49 57 65 74 82 90 98 106 114 123 131 139 147 155 163 ^9 51 59 68 76 85 93 102 110 118 127 135 144 152 161 169 30 52 61 70 79 88 96 105 114 123 131 140 149 158 166 175 31 54 63 72 81 90 99 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 32 56 65 75 84 93 103 112 121 131 140 149 159 168 177 187 33 58 67 77 87 96 106 116 125 13^ 144 154 164 173 183 193 34 59 69 79 89 99 109 119 129 139 149 159 169 179 188 198 35 61 71 82 92 102 112 123 133 143 153 163 174 184 194 204 252 THE BUILDER'S GUIDE, PLANK MEASURE (Continued). Contents of Planks in Board Measure. Thickness 4 inchei, -• 43 .!k ■!^ ^ *i ■M *5 . . ^ +J . j -»i *i 43 ^ *s ^ ^ *i ■t^ . p^ i Si i i i i i 1 k 1 10 22 26 30 34 37 41 45 49 52 56 60 64 67 71 75 11 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 12 27 32 36 41 45 50 54 59 63 68 72 77 81 86 90 13 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98 14 31 37 42 47 53 58 63 68 74 79 84 89 95 100 105 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 253 PLANK MEASURE {Continued). Contents of Flanks in Board Measure. Thickness 4J inches. 1 di «? si 00^ 05^ 1? 'Si i'^ b,'^ I1 £l U 2^ SI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i ^ i 1 i i 1 15 34 39 45 51 56 62 68 73 79 84 90 96 101 107 113 1() 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 17 38 45 51 57 64 70 77 83 89 96 102 108 115 121 128 18 40 47 54 61 68 74 81 88 95 101 108 115 122 128 135 19 43 50 57 64 71 78 86 93 100 107 114 121 128 135 143 20 45 53 60 68 75 83 90 98 105 113 120 128 135 143 150 21 47 55 63 71 79 87 95 102 110 118 126 134 142 150 158 22 49 58 66 74 83 91 99 107 116 124 132 140 149 157 165 23 52 60 69 78 86 95 104 112 121 129 138 147 155 164 173 24 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 25 56 66 75 84 94 103 113 122 131 141 150 159 169 178 188 26 59 68 78 88 98 107 117 127 137 146 156 166 176 185 195 27 61 71 81 91 101 111 122 132 142 152 162 172 182 192 205 28 63 74 84 95 105 116 126 137 147 158 168 179 189 200 210 29 65 76 87 98 109 120 131 141 152 163 174 185 196 207 218 30 67 79 90 101 113 124 135 146 158 169 180 191 203 214 225 31 70 81 93 105 116 128 140 151 163 174 186 198 209 221 233 32 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 33 74 87 99 HI 124 136 149 161 173 186 198 210 223 23r 248 34 76 89 102 115 128 140 153 166 17!? 191 204 217 230 24':^ 255 35 79 92 105 118 131 144 158 171 184 197 210 223 236 24S 263 WAGES TABLE. Salaries and Wages hy the Year, Month, Week or Day. Per Year. Per Month Per Week. Per Day Per Year. Per Month Per Week Per Day $ $ c. $ c. $ c. $ $ c. $ c. $ c. 20 is 1.67 .38 .05 65 is 5.42 1.25 .18 25 2.08 .48 .07 70 5.83 1.34 .19 30 2.50 .58 .08 75 6.25 1.44 .21 35 2.92 .67 .10 80 6.67 1.53 .22 40 3.33 .77 .11 85 7.08 1.63 .23 45 3.75 .86 .12 90 7.50 1.73 .25 50 4.17 .96 .14 95 7.92 1.82 .26 55 4.58 1.06 .15 100 8.33 1.92 .27 60 5.00 1.15 .16 105 8.75 2.01 .29 254 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, WAGES TABLE {Continued). Salaries and Wages hy the Year, Month, Week or Day. Per Year. Per Month $ c. Per Week. Per Day Per Year. Per Month Per Week. Per Day $ $ c. $ c. $ $ c. $ c. $ c. llOis 9.17 2.11 .30 340 is 28.33 6.52 .93 115 9.58 2.21 .32 350 29.17 6.71 .96 120 10.00 2.30 .33 360 30.00 6.90 .99 125 10.42 2.40 .34 370 30.83 7.10 1.01 130 10.83 2.49 .36 375 31.25 7.19 1.03 135 11.25 2.59 .37 380 31.67 7.29 1.04 140 11.67 2.69 .38 390 32.50 7.48 1.07 145 12.08 2.78 .40 400 33.33 7.67 1.10 150 12.50 2.88 .41 425 35.42 8.15 1.16 155 12.92 2.97 .42 450 37.50 8.63 1.23 160 13.33 3.07 .44 475 39.58 9.11 1.30 165 13.75 3.16 .45 500 41.67 9.59 1.37 170 14.17 3.26 .47 525 43.75 10.07 1.44 175 14.58 3.36 .48 550 45.83 10.55 1.51 180 15.00 3.45 .49 575 47.92 11.03 1.58 185 15.42 3.55 .51 600 50.00 11.51 1.64 190 15.83 3.64 .52 625 52.08 11.99 1.71 195 16.25 3.74 .53 650 54.17 12.47 1.78 200 16.57 3.84 .55 675 56.25 12.95 1.85 205 17.08 3.93 .56 700 58.33 13.42 1.92 210 17.50 4.03 .58 725 60.42 13.90 1.99 215 17.92 4.12 .59 750 62.50 14.38 2.05 220 18.33 4.22 .60 775 64.58 14.86 2.12 225 18.75 4.31 .62 800 66.67 15.34 2.19 230 19.17 4.41 .63 825 68.75 15.82 2.26 235 19.58 4.51 .64 850 70.83 16.30 2.33 240 20.00 4.60 .66 875 72.92 16.78 2.40 245 20.42 4.70 .67 900 75.00 17.26 2.47 250 20.83 4.79 .69 925 77.08 17.74 2.53 255 21.25 4.89 .70 950 79.17 18.22 2.60 260 21.67 4.99 .71 975 81.25 18.70 2.67 265 22.08 5.08 .73 1000 83.33 19.18 2.74 270 22.50 5.18 .74 1050 87.50 20.14 2.88 275 22.92 5.27 .75 1100 91.67 21.10 3.01 280 23.33 5.37 .77 1150 95.83 22.06 3.15 285 23.75 5.47 .78 1200 100.00 23.01 3.29 290 24.17 5.56 .79 1250 104.17 23.29 3.42 295 24.58 5.66 .81 1300 108.33 24.93 3.56 300 25.00 5.75 .82 1350 112.50 25.89 3.70 310 25.83 5.95 .85 1400 116.67 26.85 3.84 320 26.67 6.14 .88 1450 120.84 27.80 3.98 325 27.08 6.23 .89 1500 125.00 28.77 4.11 330 27.50 6.33 .90 1600 133.34 30.68 4.38 AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 255 WAGES TABLE. Calculated on a Scale of Ten Hours Labor per day. The Time, in Hours and Days, is noted in the Left-hand Column, and the Amount of Wages under the respective headings as noted below. Days. ON'/T -^ W M M Hours. OOVJ OvO\ .*^ W M - J^ O^Ul -t>. W M M ji *^ W M M b M w tn On 00 MM MM WW WW ^ t VO OOVJ OvOi 4>. W M vj 0\ ONOi -^ W M M r V r r r •? M W ONW M W vj -J, Jk. w M M ^ M to 00 ON 8 U. On W On WW WW OOvj 01 *. W M -n w M 00 ONtn W MM MM M WW OJ w w - M to '0 8 -n M b ;^ OI M Ui 'O tn Oi M Q OOvl OvCa W M 10 M M M 00 ON'Ji J>. M M M M w w ON 00 8 S;':^ 8 §^w MM 10 M o'j OJ W W N3 vO 00 ONO» *. M OvOJ OvOJ ON MM to M N WW W OJ w vj On-U W m 888^8^ j\ oo» Ooi Got Qoi^ to 8 00 OnOj W _m OJ OnO W ON MM MM OJ W W 00 01 W M b "00 ONOJ W OW OnOw OnOoj On 00 W 00 .0 8 -. vO vj 01 W M M M M M OOVO ■yi- 8 - W OJ ON 00 J Onw ONW MM MM WW WW ON-f. M M VO ^ Ol W JX OnOOO MWOl ON to M MM (j3 00 00 00 W OJ M OOON^i. M 388888 M 8 ^E't^S^^t 8 s W 00 Ov*. M "^ o> w b "00 On^. ^ W M 00 OvOl W M M M M W OJ OJ oJ M - 8 i: ; vp ON.^ M O^OJ \0 ONW ONW VO ONW M >? V w www ^ ■yi- *- 8 - OOON*. -O^-f- ti OvOJ ONW ONOJ to M to M to M WW WW OJ M -n M ^ tn M 8 ^ 8 'S 8 ^ (0 M F< M M M 8 rOO^OiMQ^^ OiOOiOOiOOtO M M M Days. ONtn 4^ w M M Hours. n n VO OOvj ONCa 4^ W M mkR OJ OnO OJ On WW WW wH W M bo ONtn W H M H to M to M to OJ W W OJ W OJ 8. 01 tn Ui MO^tnMO«»JtnMM M M M to to ^ ONW ONW ,0 M to M WW OJ w ONOJ ONOJ OnOJ m to M to M » "T" w OJ 00 OJ to 00 OJ w 8 M ,0 M ,0 WW OJ w W W M M M H H . • V) w VO Oi M On M 00*. M M OJ M 00 lb OJ ON W M M M M 8^8^58^ i. i. OJ OJ M lo M M . . UiOO»0'..nOOiOtnM to 8 On M to M M -n vb w vj n tn M w ta ON 00 to M MM 00 OJ OJ OJ M ONMtnvOWv) M ONW r v V r r ? M W ONOJ M W 4^ W M M M 8i8^8i^8^ WW OJ w ONOl J>. i. w io M - . • Ooj onow onOoj onw r •? r •? r •? r WW WW W W M 8 ^ W OJ M M On ONCn -J>- W W M M . . ^OMOT-^OMOTVJM M M to to to .^. (Jl 4^ W M M _ Q M OJ 01 On 00 Onw ONW vj ONOi 61 i>^ W M M . . OI ONOOO MWtn ON 00.^ W 00 00 00 W 00 10 0? 8 Oi OI Onvj OOvO 00 ONOl W M M to M to W 00 OJ 00 00^1 ONOi .k W M M . . M W 4^ Oi ON ^ OOVO .fr. lOWOv OOIOOJOVIO ONtn 4» w M M 888888 8 "o o'o 8" ^ <^ If the desired number of days or amount of wages is not in the table, double or treble any suitable number of days or amount of money, as the case maybe, until you obtain the desired number of days and the wages to correspond. 2s6 THE builder's GUIDE, TABLE FOR COMPUTING WAGES, EENT, BOARD, ETC. The sum will be found heading the columns, and the days and weeks o?* the extreme left hand c lumn. If the desired snm is not in the tabUy double or treble two or three suitable number's. Time. $2.50 $2.75 $3.00 $3-25 $350 $3-75 $4.00 $4.25 $4.50 $4-75 I .36 •39 •43 .46 .50 •53 •57 .61 .64 .63 ^•2 .72 .78 .86 •93 1. 00 1.07 I 14 I. 21 1.28 1.36 ?^3 1.08 1.17 1.29 I 39 1.50 1.61 1. 71 1.82 1-93 2.03 fl4 1.44 1.56 1.71 1.86 2.00 2.14 2.28 2.43 2.57 2.71 5 1.80 1-95 2.14 2.32 2.50 2.68 2.86 303 3.21 3-39 6 2.15 2.34 2.57 2.78 3.00 3.21 3-43 3-64 3.86 4.07 I 2 50 2.75 3.00 325 3- 50 3-75 4.00 4-25 4-50 4-75 It 5 00 5-50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7-50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9- 50 7.50 8.25 9.00 9-75 10.50 11.25 12.00 12.75 13-50 14-25 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 1 7.00 18.00 19 o:> 12.50 13-75 15 00 t6 25 17. 18.75 20.00 2r.2^ 2->. en 9T, 7- Time. $5oc ^5.25 $5.50 $5-75 $6.00 $6.25 $6.50 $6.73 $7.00 $3.00 I •71 '75 •79 82 .86 .89 •93 .96 1.00 I. 14 ,:2 1-43 1.50 i.5« 1.64 1.72 1.78 1.86 1 92 2.0D 2.28 c^-^ 2.14 2.25 2-37 2.46 2.28 2.67 2.79 2 88 3- 00 3-52 n4 2.86 3.00 3-15 3-28 3-44 3.56 3-72 3 84 4.00 4.26 5 3-57 3-75 3-94 4.10 4 30 4-45 465 4 80 500 5-72 6 4.28 4-50 4-73 4.92 5.16 5.34 5 5« 5 76 6.00 6.86 I 5-00 5-25 5- 50 5-75 6.00 b.25 6.50 b 75 7.00 8.00 I3 10.00 10.50 IT. 00 11.50 12.00 12.50 T3.00 13 50 1400 16.00 15.00 15-75 16.50 17-25 1800 18.75 19.50 20 25 21.00 24.00 ^t 20.00 21. 00 22.00 23.00 24 00 25.00 26.00 27 oo 28.00 32.00 25.00 26.25 27.50 28.75 30 00 31-25 32 50 33 50 35.00 40 GO SIZES AND CAPACITIES OF CRIBS AND BOXES. Crib 6J ft. long, 3| ft. broad, 3} deep, 63 J bush. J peck. Box 4 ft. long, 3 ft. 5 in. wide, 2 ft. 8 in deep, 36 J c. ft., 1 ton of coal. Stone or Box 4^ ft. long, 2 J ft wide, 2 ft. deep, 22J cubic feet. Box 2 ft. long,"! foot 4 in. wide, 2 ft. 8 in deep, 10,722 cub. in. 1 barrel. Box 2 ft. long, 1 foot 2 in. wide, 1 foot 2 in. deep, 5,376 cub. in. J barrel. Box 1 foot 2 in. long by 16 8-10 in. wide and 8 in. deep, 1 bushel. Box 12x11 2-10 in., 8 in. deep, 1.075 2-10 in. or J bushel. Box 8x8 4-10 in. and 8 in. deep, 537 6-10 cub. in. or 1 peck. Box 8x8 in. and 4 2-10 in. deep, 268 8-10 cub. in. or J peck. Box 7x4 in. and 4 8-10 in. deep, 134 4-10 cub. in. J gallon. Box 4 x4 in. and 4 2-10 in deep, 67 2-10 cub. in, 1 quart. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 257 LIEN LAWS. The following will give an idea of the workings of the lien laws of the various states. ALABAMA,— By act, approved March 19th, 1875, a lien is given to laborers and employees (except officers) of railroads in this State, for work and labor done by them as such. Such extends to all the property, rights, effects and credits of every description of such railroad companies. A lien is also given to all contractors, me- chanics, builders, bricklayers, plasterers, painters, and every other person whatever in the State of Alabama, for work and labor done by them as such, and for materials furnished; and such lien ex- tends to all the rights, title and interest of the person or persons for whom the work is done, or the materials furnished, in the property upon which such work is done and for which such ma- terials are furnished, including the land upon which such property may be situated. Provided that all the liens given under this act shall all be held to be waived, unless proceedings are commenced within six months after the completion of such work, to enforce same. Such liens are enforced by process of attachment. ARKANSAS, — Mechanics, material men and laborers have a lien on land and improvements to the extent of their labor. The original contractor must file his lien within three months after all the things shall have been done or furnished. Sub-contractors must give notice to owner, proprietor, agent or trustee, before or at the time he furnishes any of the things or performs services. These liave precedence over all other subsequent incumbrances. CONNECTICUT.— Material men and mechanics have a lien on land and buildings for the amount of their claim, provided the same exceeds $25. To render the lien valid, the claimant must file a certificate of the claim, verified by oath, with the town clerk within 60 days from the time when he commenced to furnish ma- terials or render services. Where the claimant is a sub-contractor he must, unless his contract with the original contractor is in writ- ing, assented to by the proprietor, give notice in writing to the proprietor within 60 days of the time he commences to furnish materials or render services that he intends to claim a lien, other- >vise he can have none. This ]ien takes precedence of all subse- quent incumbrances. CALIFORNIA. — Mechanics and material men have a lien for labor and materials on the land and improvements to the extent of their claims. The original contractor must file his claim within 60 days, and the laborers within 30 days, after the debt accrued. This lien attaches from the commencement of the work, and has precedence over any subsequent or previous unrecorded encumbrance. 2^t THE builder's GUIDE, COLORADO. — Persons who perform work or furnish materials to the amount of more than $25 for the construction or repairing of any building, may have a lien thereon. Principal contractors must hie their lien within 40, and sub-contractors within 20 days after last work done or material furnished. Action thereof must be commenced within 6 months from date of filing lien. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.— Any person who, by virtue of any contract with owner of any building or his agent, performs labor or furnishes materials for construction or repair of such building, shall, upon filing in office of clerk of the Supreme Court of the District, at any time after commencement of the building, and within three months after completion of such building or repairs, a notice of his intention to hold a lien upon the property for the amount due or to become due to him, si)ecifically setting forth the amount claimed, have a lien upon such building and lot of ground upon which the same is situated, for such labor done or materials furnished when amount exceeds $20. Any sub-contractor, journey- man or laborer employed in construction or repair of any building, or in furnishing any materials or machinery for same, may give, at any time, owner thereof notice in writing, particularly setting forth amount of his claim and services rendered for which his employer is indebted to him, and that he holds the owner responsible, and the owner of the building shall be liable for the claims but not to exceed the amount due from him to employer at time of notice, or subsequently, which may be recovered in an action. DELAWARE. — Mechanics, builders, artisans, laborers or other persons, having performed or furnished work and labor or ma- terials or both, to an amount exceeding $25, in or for the erection, alteration or repair of any house, building or structure, in pursuance of any contract express or implied, with the owner or agent of such building or structure, may at any time within six months from the completion of said work and labor, or the furnishing of such mate- rials, file in the office of the prothonotary of the county in which said building is situate a bill of particulars of his claim, with an affi- davit setting forth that the defendant is justly indebted to the plaintiff in a sum of $25, and has refused or neglected to pay or secured to be paid to the said plaintiff the amount due on hi? claim. The affidavit must identify the i^roperty and give the names of the parties claimant, and the owner or reputed owner of said building. Judgment obtained shall be a lien on said building or structure and the real estate attached thereto upon which the same is erected, and shall relate back to the day upon which the work or labor, or furnishing of materials was commenced, and shuU like priority according. Where several contractors are employed, in pursuance of any contract with the owner or agent, there shall be no priority of lien, but all be paid pro rata. FLORIDA. — Mechanics and other persons performing labor oi furnishing materials for the construction or repair of any building, or who may have furnished any engine or other machinery for any AND ES'lIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 259 mill, distillery or manufactory, may have a lien on such building, mill or distillery, etc., for the same to the extent of the interest of the tenant cr contractor. Sub-contractors, journeymen and laborers have also lien, ujjon their giving notice in writing to the owner that they hold him responsible for whatever may be due them. GEORGIA.— Laborers shall have a general lien upon the pro- perty of their emploj'ers liable to levy and sale for their labor, which is suj^erior to all other liens, except liens for taxes, the special liens of landlords on yearly crops, and such other liens as are declared by law superior to them. Laborers shall also have a special lien on the products of their labor superior to all other liens, except liens for- taxes, and special liens of landlords on yearly crops, to which they shall be inferior. All mechanics of every sort, who have taken no personal security therefor, shall, for work done and material furnished in building, repairing or im- proving any real estate of their employers, all contractors, material men and persons furnishing material for the improvement of real estate, all contractors for building factories, furnishing material for the same, and all machinists and manufacturers of machinery n 'lading corporations engaged in such business, who may fur- nisn or put up in any county of this State any steam mills or other machinery, or who may repair the same, and all contractors to build railroads shall each have a special lien on such real estate, factories and railroads. INDIANA. — Material men and mechanics have lien for labor and material on the laud and improvements to the extent of their claims. The original contractor must tile his claim within two months, laborers within CO days, and all other persons claiming a lien within two months after the debt accrued. This lien has precedence over all other liens or encumbrances placed on the pro- perty subsequent to the commencement of the building or improve- ments. Must be foreclosed in 12 months. IOWA. — Every mechanic or other person doing any labor, or furnishing any material, machinery or fixtures for the erection or im- provement of any building, by virtue of any contract with the owner, agent, trustee, contractor or sub-contractor, shall have a mechanics' lien on the buildings, fixtures and real estate. Railways are liable in the same way as other property for construction and improve- ments. No person who takes collateral security on the same con- tract is entitled to a lien. The lien must be filed in ninety days after the labor to affect purchases or encumbrances without notice; as between the original parties, it can be filed any time in five years. ILLINOIS.— Any person, by contract, express or implied, or both, with the owner of any lot or piece of ground, furnishing labor or materials in building, altering, repairing or ornamenting any house or building on such lot has a lien upon such lot or building for the amount due him for such labor or material. To the extent that the furnishing such labor or materials has increased the value 26o THE builder's GUIDE, of such property, such lien takes precedence over i)rior encum- brances. Proceedings to enforce a mechanics' lien must be com- menced by the original contractor within six months from the time when the last payment for labor, or materials becomes due, in order to enforce such lien against other creditors or encum- brances. KANSAS. — Material men and mechanics have lien for labor and materi 1 on the land and improvements to the extent of their claims. The original contractor must file his claim within four months; all other persons claiming a lien, within two months after the debt accrued. This lien has precedence over all other liens or encumbrances placed on the property subsequent to the commence- . nient of the building or improvements. KENTUCKY, — There is a general law for the State (not applying to Jefferson county, which has a special act in some respects dif- ferent) giving mechanics and material men liens upon the im- provements and interest of the employer in the land for work done and material furnished. Sub-contractors and laborers may acquire a lien, by giving the employer written notice of their claim, and that they look to the land and improvements for compensation. Liens must be filed in sixty days and suit brought in six months, to en- lorce claims, or they are lost. LOUISIANA. — The contractor has a lien for the payment of his labor on the building or other work which he may have constructed. Workmen employed immediately by the owner in the construction or repair of any building have the same privilege. If the contractor be paid by the employer, actions for work and supplies furnished the former will not lie against the latter, but moneys due the con- tractor by the employer may be seized and applied towards pay- ment. No agreement for work exceeding $500, unless reduced to writing and registered with the recorder of mortgages, shall be privileged as above. For amounts less than $500, this formality is dispensed with, but the privilege is limited to 6 months from the time of completed work. Workmen employed on vessels or boats have a lien on the same, and are not, in any case, bound to reduce their contracts to writing, but their privilege closes if they allow the vessels to depart without exercising their right. MAINE. — Mechanics have a lien on buildings for labor and ma- terials furnished for erecting or repairing same, which may be en- forced by attachment in ninety days after same are furnished or labor done, and against vessels for four lays after same is launched. MASSACHUSETTS.— Any person furnishing labor or materials for the erection, alteration or repairs of any building, shall have a lien on the same, but no lien for the materials shall attach unless he shall notify the owner, in case he is not the i^urchaser, in writing, that he intends to claim a lien for the same before they are fur- nished. Where the contract for furnishing labor and materials is AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 261 for an entire sum, a lien will attach for tlie labor, if its value can bo ascertained separate from the materials, but not beyond such entire sum. Notice in writing from the owner of such building, that he will not be responsible for the labor and materials to be furnished to the party furnishing or performing the same, will prevent the lien from attaching. MARYLAND, — Every building erected, and every building re- paired, rebuilt or improved to the extent of one-fourth of its value, shall be subject to a lien for the payment of all debts contracted for work done or material furnished for or about the same; also vessels, boats or machines constructed or repaired within this State are subject to mechanics' lien. The lien must be filed in the record office within six months after the work has been finished or ma- terials furnished. If the contract shall have been made with an architect or builder, or any person other than the owner of the ground on which the building is erected, or his agent, notice of intention to claim a lien must be given to the owner within sixty days. The mechanics' lien has priority over all other liens or en- cumbrances placed on the property after the commencement of the building, and over mortgages to secure future advances, where the loan or advance is not actually made until after the commence* inent of the building. MISSISSIPPI.— Judgments when enrolled, are liens on allpro* perty in the county where rendered ; may be made liens in any county having abstract enrolled there. Mortgages and deeds in trust are also liens. They must be acknowledged and recorded in the same manner as ordinary deeds of conveyance. Mechanics have a lien for labor done and materials furnished in the erection and repair of buildings, but suits to enforce a mechanic's lien must be commenced in six months. MICHICxAN. — Any person who shall, by contract with the owner, part owner or lessee of any piece of land, furnish labor or materials for constructing or repairing any building, wharf, or appurtenances on such land, has a lien therefor upon said building, wharf, ma- chineiy, appurtenances, the entire interest of said owner, part owner or lessee in and to said land not exceeding one-quarter section; ovii in the limits of an incorporated village or city, in the lot or lots on which said building, wharf, machinery or appurtenances are situ- ated, to the extent of his claim. He must tile a verified certificate with the register of deeds, containing a coj^y of the contract, if in writing, or if not a statement of its terms, with a description of the land, and a statement of the amount due and to become due, with all credits to which the owner may be entitled. The owner, part owner or lessee must be notified of the filing of the certificate. In order to have the benefit of the lien, proceed- ings to foreclose must be taken within six months after the last in- stallment shall become due. A sub-contractor has a lien to the ex- tent of the interest of the original contractor, upon complying with substantially the same provisions as in case of an original con- 262 THE builder's GUIDE, tractor. Mechanics, workmen, and other persons, also have a lien in certain cases, for performing labor or furnishing materials in "building, altering, repairing, beautifying or ornamenting any house or other building, machinery or appurtenances to any house or building. MISSOURI. — Material men and mechanics have lien for labor and material on the land and improvements to the extent of their claims. The original contractor must file his claim within six months, laborers within thirty days, and all other persons claim- ing a lien within four months after the debt accrued. This lien has precedence over all other liens or encumbrances placed on the property subsequent to the commencement of the building or im- provements. NEW JERSEY, — Persons who perform labor or furnish materials for the erection and construction of buildings, have a lien on the same for such labor and materials, including the lot on which such buildings are erected; provided, the lien is filed in one year after the labor is performed or materials furnished, and the summons issued in the year. NEVADA. — Persons who i)erform labor or furnish materials for the erection or improvement of any building has a lien on the same for- such work and materials for all amounts over $25. And so have all laborers on all work done by them on any railroad, toll- road, canal, water-ditch, mine or mining-shaft, or tunnel, or build- ing lot in a city or town; provided, the original contractor shall file his lien in sixty da3^s, and the sub-contractor or laborer in thirty days after the work is completed, and suit commenced in six months. NEBRASKA. — Any person who shall have performed any labor, or furnished any material or machinery for the erection, reparation or removal of any house or other building or iDurtenances, by virtue of a contract, expressed or implied, with the owner thereof, or his- agent, shall have a lien thereon to secure the payment for such labor iDerformed or materials furnished. Said lien shall be ob- tained by filing, in the office of the county clerk for record, an ac- count, in writing, of the items, and making oath thereto, within four months after furnishing such materials, or work and labor. The lien shall operate from the date of the first item till two years from the date of the last item. NEW HAMPSHIRE. — Laborers and persons furnishing materials have a lien on the building and on the land on which it is put, to the amount of $15, and for the space of sixty days after the labor was performed or materials furnished. NORTH CAROLINA. — All laborers, material men and mechanics have liens on the houses built, improved or repaired by them, and on the lots on which they are built, to the extent of the in- terest of the party who had the improvements or repairs done. But they must take the necessary steps to enforce this lien, by AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 265 tiling same and bringing suit within ninety days after the work is finished. NEW YORK.— The laws on this subject are not uniform through- out the State. Material men and mechanics have lien for labor and materials on land improvements to the extent of their claims. The claim must be filed within thirty days after completion of labor and furnishing of materials; and in the county of New York, and some other counties, within three months. The lien continues for one year. OREGrON, — Contractors for material or labor on any building: have, from the time work is commenced thereon, a lien on the building and the ground on which it is situated, prior to all other liens on the same premises placed thereon after the commence- ment of work on the building. Suits must be brought within six months after payments are due under the contract, but no credit given on payments can extend the lien beyond two years from the completion of the work. The lien extends in favor of the workmen to the extent of the contract price; if before payments are due, they give written notice of their intention to hold the owner. And no- payments made to the contractor before they are due under the contract, can defeat this lien. OHIO. — Material men and mechanics, whether they be contrac-^ tors, sub-contractors or laborers, may have a lien upon the build- ings erected, and the land on which the buildings are erected, if within four months of the completion of the labor or furnishing of the materials they file an account, under oath, of their claim, in the county recorder's office. This account must be itemized. If the work be done or materials furnished under a written contract, such contract, or a copy thereof, must be filed with the account. The lien thus obtained dates back to the commencement of the labor or the furnishing of materials, and extends to two years after the com- pletion of the labor or the furnishing of materials. PEMSYLYANIA.— These bind houses and lands from the date of the commencement of work on the building (usually the cellar dig- ging); for all work done and materials furnished toward the erection and construction of the building; provided, a lien for the same be filed within six months after the work has been done or the mate- rials furnished. Liens may also be filed for alterations or repairs; they bind the property from the date of filing. The debts of a deceased person are a lien on his real estate for 5 years after his death; the lien may be continued by suit brought within that time. The lien of judgments operates for 5 years from date of entry, when they must be revived by scire facias. The lien of a mortgage for purchase money is good from date of mort- gage if rendered within 60 days; other mortgages from date of record. RHODE ISLAND.— Mechanics have a lien for labor, or labor combined with materials furnished, which, in the case of aa 264. THE builder's GUIDE, original contractor, must be prosecuted within six months, and in -case of a sub-contractor or day laborer, within thirty days after commencing the work; but no landlord is bound for the improve- ments made by the tenant, nor a married woman, under any cir- •cumstances, unless the contract is in writing, assented to by them, iind is clearly intended to bind them. SOUTH CAROLINA. — All persons who furnish materials or per- form labor in the erection, improvement or repairing of buildings, Jiave a statutory lien on the same, to the extent of the interest of the party who had the buildings erected or improvements done; provideclj that within ninety days after he ceases to labor a proper account be filed with the clerk of the court and suit thereon be be- gun in six months. TEXAS. — Any person or firm who may labor, furnish material, machinery, fixtures and tools to erect any house, improvement, or any improvement whatever, shall have a lien on such article, house, building, fixtures or improvement, and also on the lot or lots or land necessarily connected therewith, to secure payment for labor done, material and fixtures furnished for construction or repairs. Such person or firm shall, within six months after such debt be- come due, file his contract in the ofl&ce of the district clerk of the •county in which the property is situated, and have the same re- corded in a book kept for that purpose by the clerk. If the con- tract, order or agreement be verbal, a duplicate copy of the bill of particulars must be made under oath, one to be filed and recorded by the clerk as provided for written contracts, the other to be served on the party owing the debt. When the contract or account is filed and recorded, they must be accompanied by a description of the property against which the lien is claimed. The filing and recording fixes a lien from the day it is filed. The lien, if against land in the country upon which said improvements have been made, shall extend to and include fifty acres; if in a city, town or village, it extends to and includes such lot or lots upon which said improvements are situated. The lien may be enforced against the land and improvements, or the improvements alone. The pur- chaser having a reasonable time to remove the same. The sale to be upon judgment and order of sale. This lien extends as well to homesteads as to other property; also, to all boats navigating the waters of this State. All actions to enforce liens must be brought within two years. TENNESSEE. — Material men, contractors and mechanics who furnish work or materials to aid in the construction or repair of any building or buildings, shall have a lien on the same for one year after the work is done, provided notice in writing of said lien be first given to the owner, or his agent at the time said work is b^gun, or materials furnished. All debts incurred for repairing, fitting, building, navigating, or furnishing steam or keel boats, shall be a lien on such vessels provided suit be commenced within three months from the time the debt is incurred. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 265 VERMONT, — Material men and mechanics have a lien for labor and material in building, repairing, fitting or furnishing any ves- sel until eight months alter such vessel is completed. It may be secured by attachment, and has precedence of all other claims. They also have lien upon a building, and the lot on which it stands, for erecting or repairing such building. The lien continues three months after payment comes due, but does not attach until the person claiming it has filed and caused to be recorded, in the town clerk's office, a written memorandum, by him signed, assert^ ing such claim. YIRCxIMA. — All artisans, builders, mechanics, lumber dealers and others performing labor or furnishing materials for the con- struction, repair or improvement of any building or other property, are allowed a lien upon such property for the work done and ma- terials furnished. It must be asserted by suit within sir months from the time the lien is secured. WEST VIRGINIA. — A mechanic or workman or any person who shall perform any labor upon or furnish material to erect, repair, alter or improve any building, has a lien on the same, which can be enforced by suit in chancery in six months; provided, he filed his account under oath with the clerk of the county court in thirty days after the work was done or material furnished. WISCONSIN, — AH persons who perform labor upon or furnish materials for the building, improving or repairing of buildings, have a lien thereon for the same, which must be enforced by filing a petition for the lien in six months in the circuit court and an ac- tion to foreclose in one year. ONTARIO. — Mechanics, laborers and material men have a lien on buildings and on the land on which said buildings are situate, for work or materials furnished for erecting or repairing same. Lien can be secured by filing statement of the claim in the registrar's office within 30 days after the completion of the work. It will cease to hold good after the expiration of 90 days. There is no lien law proper in any of the othe/ Provinces of Canada. ^66 THE builder's guide, Schedule of Architects' Charges, AS ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ABCHITECTS, NEW YOEK. For full professional services (including superintendence), 5 per cent, on the cost of the work. Partial service as follows : For preliminary studies, 1 per cent. For preliminary studies, general drawings and specifications, 2J per cent. For preliminary studies, general drawings, details and specie fications, 3J per cent. For stores, 3 per cent, upon the cost, divided in the above ratio. For works that cost less than $5,000, or for monumental and decor- ative work, and designs for furniture — a special rate in excess of the above. For alteration and additions — an additional charge to be made for surveys and measurements. Necessary travelling expenses to be paid by the client. The architect's payments are successively due as his work is com- pleted, in the order of the above classifications. XFntil an actual estimate is received, the charges are based upon the proposed cost of the works, and the payments are received as instalments of the entire fee, which is based upon the actual cost. Drawings, as instruments of service, are the property of the architect. SCALE OF PEOFESSIONALi CHARGES GENERALLY ADOPTED BY ARCHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURAL SUR\'EYORS IN GREAT BRITAIN. Commission on the Cost. Public buildings and private residences 5 per cent. Block of 2 houses of similar design 4 ' * * ' Block of 3, 4 or 5 houses of similar design 3 " '* Block of 6 or more houses of similar design 2 J *' " Stores and warehouses 4 * ' " Block of 2 or more stores or warehouses, of similar de- sign 3 ** ** Block of 3 or more stores or warehouses of similar de- sign 2J - - Detailed drawings 1 ** *' General superintendence (exclusive of clerk of the works) examining and passing the accounts (exclusive of measuring and making out extras and omissions. . 1 J ** ** AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 267 N. B. — The following subdivision of charges to apply proportion- ately to stores, warehouses, etc. For the work in the alterations of premises, the remuneration lo be increased according to the time, skill and trouble involved: Taking out quantities from plans for detailed estimate..!} percent. Measuring and valuing artificers work done for any amount under $1,000 2 " Over $1,000 and under $4 000 1^ '* '« Over $4,000 l|- *' *' Por services by time, per day $10 N. B. — Travelling expenses extra. No charge to be made for a rough estimate obtained by cubing out its contents. If a detailed estimate be requested by the proprietor a charge therefor is to be made as above. An architect is bound under the full percentage charge to provide one set of drawings and one set of tracings, with duplicate speci- fications; it being understood that the architect is paid for the use only of the drawings and specifications and that these, in the event of his carrying out the works to completion, are to remain his property. 1. Preliminary sketches and designs complete, including survey of site, etc 1 J per cent. 2. General drawings, plans, elevations and sections, specification and approximate estimate IJ ** ** 3. Working and detail drawing IJ " " 4. Personal supervision and superintendence (exclusive of clerk of works) 1 J « * * * Total charge, 5 " ** Note. The above charge of 5 per cent, is to be estimated on the value of the work executed including such materials and labor as maybe supplied by the owner; omitted work is to be paid under items 1, 2 and 3, according to the stage of the proceedings at which the alteration was determined upon. Procuring and examining tenders for the work, .... J per cent, in addition to the foregoing: Arranging with artists, tradesmen and others for sculp-] ^i r>prct ture, stained glass and works of a similar class, ', ^ ^-u ' for which the architect does not furnish the de- | ^^, ® signs; but to which he gives a general supervision, J ^^ ^®" Alterations in the design, extra labor in attending com- ) *i f; oo mittee meetings, arranging disputes wath adjoin- h ^ ing owners, etc ) ^^^ ^^' Travelling and incidental expenses extra. 268 THE builder's GUIDE, Measuring up works, and certifying the builder's accounts for extras and omissions, from 2 J to IJ per cent., according to the de- scription of building. An architect is bound under the 5 per cent, charge to provide one set of drawings and one set of tracings, with duplicate speci- fications; it being understood that the architect is paid for the use only of the drawings and specifications, and that they remain his property at the completion of the work. Payment on account, at the rate of 5 per cent., to be made on the instalments paid to the builders, or otherwise to half the com- mission on signing of the contract, and the remainder by instal- ments as above. DISTEICT SUKVEYOES FEES WHEN ATTACHED TO A CORPORATION. For New Buildings. For every building not exceeding 400 square feet in area, and not more than two stories in height $7.50 For every additional story 1.25 For every additional square of 100 feet or fraction of such square 75 But no fee shall exceed 50.00 Fees for Alterations and Additions. For every addition made to any building after the roof thereof has been covered in, the fee shall be half of the fee charged in the case of a new building. For inspecting the arches or stone doors over or under public ways $2.50 For inspecting the formation of openings in party walls 2.50 For inspecting dangerous structures by direction of the com- missioners of police or sewers 5.00 Architectural Surveyors Fees. The charge for measuring in small new buildings, and in repairs, including a bill of the particulars is 2 J per cent. In large new works of a plain character the usual charge is IJ " *' When the works are of elaborate construction the charge will vary from IJ per cent, upwards, according to the additional trouble entailed in measuring. For works of very small value the charge is by the day. Estimating quantities from plans and specifications and preparing the '* bill of quantities " for very small or difficult works the charge is 2J percent. Ditto, for ordinary works of $50,000 value, or under IJ ** Ditto, above $50,000, the first $50, 000 being charged under the last item 1 ' * AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 269 Lithographing and traveling expenses are charged extra. In important works, where the quantities are taken out con- jointly, by two different surveyors, half of the above rates are due to each surveyor. In large works of very plain character, especially when many simple repetitions occur, lower rates than the foregoing are sometimes considered sufficient. Scales of Charges for Valuations as adopted by eminent London Firms. On the first $500 5 per cent. " second $500 2} " " " third to tenth $500 1 " " Above $5,000 ^ " '* The first thousand being charged at the rate of IJ " '* Minimum rate charged by architects and architectural surveyors when paid by the day $15 FORM OF CONTRACT FOR BUILDING. Made the day of , one thousand eight hundred and , by and between , of the second part, in these words; the said part of the second part covenant^ and agree to and with the said party of the first part, to make, erect, build, and finish, in a good substantial, and workmanlike manner, on the agreeable to the draft, plan, and explanation hereto annexed, of good and substantial material, by the • day of next. And the party of the first part covenants and agrees to pay unto the said part of the second part, for the same, the sum of , lawful money of the United States, as follows: The sum of , and for the true and faithful performance of all and every of the covenants and agreements above mentioned, the parties to these presents bind themselves each unto the other, in the penal sum of dollars, as affixed and settled damages to be paid by the failing party. In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seals, the day and year above written. Sealed and delivered in the presence of . 270 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, Leading Architectural and Building Journals. The Amebican Architect and Building News. Published weekly by James K. Osgood & Co., 211 Tremont St., Boston. Price, $7.50 per year, or $6.00 if paid in advance. The Builder and Wood-Worker. Published monthly by Chas. D. Lakey, 176 Broadway, New York. Price, $1.00 per year. C/rpentry and Building. Published monthly by David Wil- liams, 83 Reade Street, New York. Price, $1.00 per year. The California Architect and Buildino News. Published monthly by Messrs. J. & G. Wolfe, 240 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, California. Price, $2.00 per year. Building. Published monthly by Wm. T. Comstock, 6 Astor Place, New York. Price, $1.00 per year. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 27 1 A GLOSSARY OF ARCHITECTURAL TERMS. Aaron'S-Rod. — An ornamental figure representing a rod with a serpent twined about it. It is sometimes confounded with the Caducens of Mercury, The distinction between the Caduceus and the Aaron's-Rod is that the former has two serpents twined in op- posite directions, while the latter has but one. Abaci. — Supposed by Vitruvius to mean panels in the stucco of walls and used as a decoration above the dado. Abaciscus,— A square compartment enclosing a part, or the entire pattern or design of mosaic pavements. Abacot. — In decoration. A coronet or cap of state. Abacus, — The upper member of the capital of a column. It is sometimes square and sometimes curved, forming on the plan seg- ments of a circle, called the Arch of the Abacus and is commonly decorated with a rose or other ornament in the centre— having the angles, called horns of the Abacus cut off in the direction of the radius or curve. In the Tuscan or Doric, it is a square tablet; in the Ionic, the edges are moulded; in the Corinthian, its sides are concave and frequently enriched with carving. In Gothic pillars, it has a great variety of forms. Abutuieut. — That part of a pier from which the arch springs. Sand pi €7^— sometimes the facing of masonry of this pier. Abuttals,— The boundings of a piece of land on other land, street, river, etc. Abreuvoir, is the joint between two stones, or the interstices left to be filled up with cement. Abraxes. — In decoration. The name of small gems or statues having figures of beetles, serpents, etc., with human heads, etc. Acautlius, — A plant whose leaves are carved on the Corinthian and Composite capital. They are differently disposed, according to circumstances; and the leaves of the laurel and parsley are some- times employed in their place. Acanthines,— /n decoration. A border or fillet ornamented with leaves of the acanthus. 272 THE builder's GUIDE, Accessories. — Those parts or ornaments in architectural com- position, whether designed or accidental, which are not apparently essential either to the use or character of a building. Accident, — An effect or combination in architectural composition which was not foreseen, a deviation from regularity or symmetry not foreseen —often taken advantage of by the architect to improve the composition of his designs. Accoiiipauimeut. — Buildings or ornaments having a necessary connection or dependence, and which serve to make a design more or less complete. Accoiiplement. — Among carpenters. A tie or trace. Accerra, — In decoration. Yases made like a box in which the ancients put perfume and incense. Acroterium, — A pedestal on the angle or apex of a pediment, in- tended as a base for sculpture. Adit. — The approach to a building, a doorway — also an air shaft. Admeasurement. — Adjustment of proportions; technically an estimate of the quantity of materials and labor of any kind used in building. Advanced work. — In military architecture. A work constructed beyond the covered way or glacis of a fortress, Advanced-Fosse. — In 7nilitia architecture. A ditch thrown across the esplanade; a glacis to prevent a surprise by besiegers. Adytum. — A retired or sacred place in ancient temples which only the priest was allowed to enter. -Udes. — In ancient Roman architecture. A small temple dedicated to worship. JGdicula. — A diminutive temple dedicated to a deity. -Dgis. — In decoration. A breastplate or shield. -Egricanes. — Sculptured representations of the heads and skulls of rams, which are used as decorations on alters, friezes, etc. iEg'ypteria. — In decoration. A species of Egyptian ornaments having a light blue figure or device on a dark ground. ^lamoth. — A vestibule. -Ulurus. — In Egyptian ornaments. The god cat. jEtoma. — A pediment; the tympanum of the pediment. Affection. — In architectural composition. An unnatural or over- strained imitation or artifice. Agalma. — The ornaments upon a statue or within the temple. Ag-g-er. — In ancient military architecture. A military road formed into a ridge. Agger. — A wall or dike erected against a sea or river to keep it within bounds— a dam. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 273 Ag'g'er. — A mound or funeral burrow raised upon graves -a tumulus. Agora, — An ancient market or forum. Aile, Aisle, — The wings, inward side porticos of a church, the inward lateral corridors which enclose the choir, the presbytery, and the body of the church along its sides. Air trap, — An opening for the escape of air from drains. A la Grecqiie, — One of the varieties of the fret ornament. Alabastrites, — A box or base used by the ancients for holding perfumes. Albarum opus, — A sort of plastering composed of pure lime used by the ancients for incrusting baths and making cornices. Alcove, — A recess in a bedroom in which a bei is placed — a recess fitted up with seats — an ornamental garden building for shade or rest. Alipterion, — In ancient Roman architecture. A room used by bathers for anointing themselves. Alley. — An aisle of the church — a narrow walk. Almelirabll, — In Arabian architecture. A niche in a mosque mark- ing the direction of the temple at Mecca. Aliiioiiryj Aliuery, — A cupboard closet or recess for setting aside broken victuals for the poor — a stone house near a church from which alms were distributed. Altar, — In ancient Roman architecture. A place on which offerings or sacrifices were made to the Gods. Altar of incense, — A small table covered with plates of gold on which was i)laced the smoking censer in the temple at Jerusalem. Altar, — Among Romish Christians, a square table placed at the east end of the church for the celebration of mass. Altar-piece, — The entire decorations of an altar, a painting placed behind an altar. Altar-screen, — The back of the altar from which the canopy was suspended, and separating the choir from the lady chapel and presbytery. The altar-screen was generally of stone, and composed of the richest tabernacle work of niches, finials and pedestals, supporting statues of the tutelary saints. Alto-relievo, — High relief— a sculpture, the figures of which pro- ject from the surface on which they are carved. Ambitus, — A space around every tomb which was considered to be sacred. Ambo, — A raised platform, a pulpit, a reading desk, a marble pulpit — an oblong enclosure in ancient churches, resembling in its uses and positions the modern choir. Ambry, — A cupboard or closet, frequently found near the altar in ancient churches to hold sacred utensils. 274 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, Ambulatory.— An alley— a gallery — a cloister. Amphiprostylos. — A Grecian temple which has a columned portico on both ends. Amphitheatre. — A double theatre, employed by the ancients for public amusements, generally of an elliptical form, such as the Colosseum. In landscape gardening an elevated terrace, having steps descending to a series of terraces formed on the sloping sides of a hill. Amphithete. — In decoration. A drinking cup of a large size, often seen in Greek sculptures. Amphora. — A Grecian vase with two handles, often seen on medals. Anchor. — An ornament like an arrow-head, used in all orders of architecture, but particularly in the ovolo echinus, where it forms a combination with the egg. Andron. — A Grecian hall for men onlv to dine in. Ancones, or Trusses. — Ornaments in the cornices of an Ionic door-way, resembling medallions placed vertically. Ang'els. — hi mediaeval architecture. Brackets or corbels with the figures or heads of angels. Angle-Bar, — In joinery. An upright bar at the angles of poly> gonal windows, a mullion. See hay window. Angle-Brace. — Apiece of timber fixed on two sides of a quad- rangular frame, forming the area of the frame into an octagonal opening. Angle-Bracket. — A bracket placed in the vertex of the angle,, and not at right angles with the sides. Angle-Head.— «Se« angle staff. Angle-Capital. — in Greek architecture. Those Ionic capitals placed on the flank columns of a portico, which have one of their volutes placed horizontally at an angle of a hundred and thirty-five degrees^ with the plane of the frieze. Angle-Modillion.— in ancient Roman architecture. A modillion placed in a direction parallel to a diagonal drawn through the mitre of the cornice. Angle-Rafter. — In caijtentty. A piece of timber, of a carved form, placed between those parts of an arched ceiling where the planes, if continued, would form an angle, and corresponding with the common ribs when they are placed in a vertical direction, or to receive and support them when they are in a horizontal direction. Angle-Staff, Angle-Bead.— A piece of wood placed vertically,, and fixed upon the exterior or salient angles of apartments. Angle-Tie.— />i carpentry. Dragon piece. Angular Capital. — The modern Ionic capital, having the four AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 275 sides alike, and showing the volute, placed at an angle of one hundred and thirty-five degrees in all the faces. Aiiiiiilated Colunms. — Columns clustered together by rings or bands; much used in English architecture. Annular Vault. — A vault rising from two circular walls — the vault of a corridor. Annulet. — A small square moulding used to separate others. The fillet which separates the flutings of Ionic capitals is some- times known by this term. Anta^ Antae.— Properly the jams of doors, or square i)osts sup- porting the lintel. Small pillars attached to walls forming the entrance of edifices in general. They have capitals differing from those of the columns to which they are attached. Also, an insulated square pillar without base or capital or any other moulding. Ante-chaniber. — An apartment preceded by a vestibule and from which is approached another room. Ante-chapel. — That part of the chapel through which the passage is to the choir. Antefragmenta. — The three pieces constituting the frame of a doorway. Antependium. — An awning or veil, which was suspended over and before the altar in mediaeval churches. Anterides. — In ancient architecture. Buttresses or counterforts supporting a wall. Ante-sig'ma. — In Roman furniture. A semicircular table bed, which when joined to another formed a round table. Ante-temple.— What is now called the nave of a church. Antics.— I/i architecture. Fancies having no foundation in nature, as sphinxs, centaurs, etc., different flowers growing on one stem. Grotesque ornaments of all kinds. Ante-flcae. — Upright blocks ornamented on the face and placed at regular intervals on the crowning member of a cornice. Antiquarium.— A room or cabinet where ancient books and vases were kept. Apodyterium.— Aroom at the entrance of ancient baths, where persons dressed or undressed for the bath, or practiced gymnastic ,^xercise. Apateichismus. — In ancient military architecture. A double wall or rampart of earth raised by the besiegers close to the place in- vested. Apotheca. — A cabinet, cupboard, cellar, etc., in which the ancient Romans kept oils, wines, etc. Apothesis. — A place on ihe south side of the chancel in ancient churches, fitted up with shelves for books, vestments, etc. 276 THE builder's GUIDE, Apopliorata, — A movable stage or bar to carry relics. Apoplyge-Apotliesis. —A concave quadrantal moulding, joining the shaft of a column to the base, and connects the top of the shaft to the fillet under the astragal. The small fascia or bend at the top and base of the shaft of columns. Apsis. — The bowel or arched roof of a house, room, or oven— the canopy of a throne — the inner part of ancient churches where the clergy were seated and where the altar was placed. Apron-piece. — hi carpentry. A horizontal piece of timber in a wooden double-flighted stair supporting the carriage pieces and joistings in the half spaces of landings. Apron-Lining'. — In joinery. The facing of the apron-piece. Apostoleuni. — A church called by the name of an apostle. Apteral. — A temple which is built without columns at the sides. Arabesque. — A building after the manner of the Arabs. Orna- ments used by the same people in which no human or animal figures appear* Arabesque is sometimes improperly used to denote a species of ornaments composed of capricious fantastics and imaginary representations of animals and foliage so much employed by the Romans in the decorations of walls and ceilings. Arabian Arcliitectnre. — A style of architecture, the rudiments of which appear to have been taken from surrounding nations, the Egyptians, Syrians, Chaldeans, and Persians. The best preserved specimens partake chiefly of the Grteco-Roman, Byzantine, and Egyptian. It is supposed that they constructed many of their finest buildings from the ruins of ancient cities. Araignee. — In military architecture. A branch return, or gallery of a mine. Araiostyle. — That style of building in which the columns are dis- tant from one another from four to five diameters. Strictly speak- ing, the term should be limited to inter columniation of four dia- meters, which is only suited to the Tuscan order. Arbores.— Large bronze candelabra, in the shape of a tree, placed on the floor of ancient churches, so as to appear growing out of it. Area Custodiae.— I/i Roman Architecture. A kind of cage or cell, with bars of oak, for confining criminals. Arcade. —A series of apertures or recesses with arched ceilings or soffets. A series of arched openings round public squares, mar- kets, courts, etc. Arcse.— I^i Roman Architecture. The gutters of the Cavedium. Area? Arculai. — In square sarcophagi, sides expanding, and rest- ing upon feet resembling a lion. Arc-Boutant. — An arched buttress formed of a flat arch or part of an arch, abutting against the feet or sides of another arch to sup- port them. They are sometimes called flying buttresses. AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 277 Arcella, — In mediceval Architecture. A clieese-room. Arch. — i« building. A mechanical arrangement of buildiog iiia- teritils arranged in the form of a curve, which preserve a given form when resisting pressure, and enables them, supported by piers or abutments, to carry weights and resist pressure. Arch- buttress. — Sometimes called a flying buttress; an arch springing from a buttress or pier. Architecture. — The art of building — it is divided into three classes, civil, military, and naval. Architraye. — That part of an entablature which rests upon the capital of a column, and is beneath the frieze. Architrave of a door. — A collection of members surrounding the aperture — the upper part of the lintel is called the traverse and the sides the jambs. Architrave Cornice. — An entablature consisting of an archi- trave and cornice, without the intervention of the frieze, some- times introduced when inconvenient to give the entablature the usual height. Archives. — A repository or closet for the preservation of writ- ings or records. Archivolt. — A collection of members forming the inner contour of an arch, or a band or frame adorned with mouldings running over the faces or the arch-stones, and bearing upon the imposts. Arcs-Doubleaux.— The soffits of arches. Arcuature. — The bending or curvature of an arch. The intrados. Arcus. — The avenue or area in front of the ancient Basilicae. Arcus Ecclesiae. — /n mediaeval Architec'ure. The arch by which the name of the church was divided from the choir or chancel. Area.— The superficial contents of any figure — an open space or court within a building. Arena. — The plain space in the middle of the Amphitheatre or other place of public resort. Arena. — In Architecture. The middle or body of a temple. Arriere-boussure. — A rear vault — an arch placed within the opening of a window or door and of a different form to increase the light. Arris. — The meeting of two surfaces producing an angle. Arris fillet. — A. triangular section of timber used in raising slates against shafts of cbimneys, and similar work. Arsenal. — A public storehouse for arms and ammunition. Artificer or Artizan. — A j^erson who works with his hands, and manufactures any commodity in iron, brass, wood, etc. Arx. — In Ancient Military Art. A fort or castle, for the defence of a place. 278 THE builder's GUIDE, Asarotum,— A kind of painted pavement used by the Romans before the invention of Mosaic work. Ashlar, or asliler.— Common, or free stones as they are brought from the quarry, generally from 9 to 12 inches thick, but of dif- ferent superficial dimensions. When the facing of the stones is quite smooth, and exhibit no marks of the tools by which they were cut, it is called plane Ashler. When wrought in a regular manner so that the surface has the appearance of parallel flutes, placed ver- tically it is called ^00/ecZ Ashler. When the surfaces of the stones are cut with a broad tool without care or regularity, it is said to be random tooled. When wrought with a narrow tool, chiselled or boasted. When cut with very narrow tools it is said to be pointed, and when the stones project from the joints with either smooth or broken surfaces, the ashlar is said to be rusticated. Neither pointed, chiselled nor random tooled ashlar can be admitted in good work. The act of setting an ashlar facing is called ashlanng. Ashlaring.— In carpenti^ The fixing of short upright quarter- ings in garrets about two feet and a half or three feet high, between the rafters and the floor, cutting off the acute angles at the bottom. Asphaltum.~A kind of bituminous stone, principally found in the province of Neufchatel. Mixed with stone it forms an excellent cement incorruptible by air and impenetrable by water. Assemblage. — The uniting of things together as by mortice and tenon, dovetailing, etc. Assemblage, or association of the orders, the placing of the columns one upon another so that their axes may be in the same straight line. Astel. — A board or plank used for partitioning over head in tunnelling. Astragal. — A small semicircular moulding, sometimes plain and sometimes ornamented. Asymptote,— A straight line which continually approaches to a curve without touching it. Attached Columns. — Those which project three-fourths of their diameter from the wall. Atlases or Atlantides. — Statues of men which supported en- tablatures with mutules. Atrium.— A court surrounded by pictures in the interior di- vision of Roman houses. Attic. — A low story erected over an order of architecture to finish the upper part of the building, chiefly used to conceal the roof. Attic, or Atticurgic Base, consists of an upper and lower torus, a scotia, and fillets between them. — A small height of panelling above the cornice. Attic Order.— A term used to denote the low pilasters employed in the decoration of an attic story. AND ES'lIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 279 Attributes, — In pahiibig and sculpture. Symbols given Iq figures- and statues to indicate tlieir office and character. Auditory. — hi ancient churches. That part of the church where the people usually stood to be instructed in the gospel, now called the nave. Aviary, — A large apartment for breeding birds. Aula,— A court or hall in ancient Roman houses. Axis. — The spindle or centre of any rotative motion. In a sphere- an imaginary line through the centre. Back, — When a piece of timber is placed in position, the upper side is called the back and the lower the breast. Back-flllet,— >S'ee Annulet. Back Shutters,— The part folded behind; the division that is visible is called the front. Back of a window.— That piece of wainscoting which is betweett the bottom of the sash frame and the floor. Backiu^ of a Rafter or Rib. — The forming of an upper or outer surface, that it may range with the edges of the ribs or rafters on either side. Backing: of a Wall. — The rough inner face of a wall. Earth deposited behind a retaining wall, etc. Badi^eon. — A mixture of plaster and free-stone, well sifted and ground together, used by statuaries to fill up small holes and repair defects. Bagfuio, — An Italian term for a bath. Bag:uette, — A small astragal moulding, sometimes carved and enriched with pearls, ribands, and laurels. Ball-flower, — Gothic, an ornament resembling a ball enclosed in a circular flower — one of the characteristics of the decorated style. Balaneia,— A Greek term for a bath. Balcony, — A projection from the face of a wall supported by columns or consoles, and usually surrounded by a balustrade. Baldachin, — A building in the form of a canopy, supported witlt columns, and serving as a crown or covering to an altar. BaJks, — Large pieces of timber. Balloon, — A round ball or globe placed at the top of a pillar or si)ire by way of a crowning. Baluster, — A small pillar or column, supporting a rail, of various forms — used in balustrades. Baluster, — The lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. Balustrade, — A series of balusters connected by a rail. Band, — A flat or square member or moulding, smaller than the facia. 28o THE builder's GUIDE, Banded Column. — A column encircled with bands, or annular rustics. Bandelet. — Any little band, or flat moulding, that encompasses ii column like a ring. Banker. — A stone bench on which masons cut and square their work. Banquet. — The footway of a bridge, raised above the carriageway. Bars of a sash.— Light pieces of wood or metal which divide the window-sash into compartments for panes. Bar-Posts. — Posts driven into the ground to form the sides of a field gate. They are mortised to admit of horizontal bars being put in or taken out at pleasure. Barbacan. — A long narrow canal or opening left in walls of a liuilding erected on a place liable to be overflowed with water, to allow it to flow through. In ancient fortificatioii, an outer defence to a fortiiication. Barg'e Board. — Boards nailed against the outer face of a wall, along the slopes of a gable end of a house to hide the rafter, etc., -and to make a neat finish. Barg-e-Course. — That part of the tiling which projects over the gable of a building and is made up below with mortar. Bas-relief. — See hasso-rdievo. Basalt. — A stratified rock very useful in building, paving, etc. Base Mouldings.— The mouldings immediately above the plinth of a wall, pillar or pedestal. Base of a Column. — That part which is between the shaft and the pedestal, or if there be no pedestal, between the shaft and the plinth. The Grecian Doric had no base, and the Tuscan has only a single torus or a plinth. Basement. — The lower part of a building. Basil. — A word used by carpenters to denote the angle to which Ihe edges of iron tools should be ground. Basilica. — A kind of public hall or court of justice — when appliec" to a church it conveys an idea of great magnificence. Basin. — A small reservatory of water, as in fountains — a dock. Basket. — A kind of vase in the form of a basket filled with flowers or fruits, serving to terminate some deeoration. Basse-Cour. — A court separated from the principal one and •destined for stables, etc. Basso-Relievo or Bas-Relief.— The representations of figures projected from a back ground without being detached from it. It is divided into three j^arts, alto-relievo, when the figure jirojects more than one-half, mezzo-relievo, that in which the figure projects AND estimator's PRICE ROOK. 28 T )ne-balf; and hasso-rellevo, when the projection of the figures is less *han one-half, as in coins. Bat. — A part of a brick. Batten. — Small scantlings used in the boarding of floors and on walls for lathing on. Batten-door. — A ledged door, or barred door. Batter. — When a wall is built in a direction that is not per- pendicular to its base, it is said to batter. Battlements. — Indentations on the top of a parapet or wall, first used in fortifications, and afterwards applied to churches and other buildings for ornaments. Battifolinm. — A kind of tower of defence mentioned by Latin historians. Baulk. — A piece of timber from 4 to 10 inches square. Bay. — Any kind of an opening in a building, as a door, window or chimney. Bay of Joists. — The joisting between two binding joists, or between two girders, when there are no binding joists. Bay of roofing. — The small rafters and purlins between the principal rafters. Bay window. — See how window. Bazar. — A kind of Eastern mart, of Arabic origin. Bead. — A circular moulding. When several are joined, it is called reeding ; when flush with the surface, it is called quirk-head^ and when raised, cock-head. Bead and Butt Work. — A piece of framing in which the panels are flush, having beads run or stuck on both edges, having the grain of the wood in their direction. Bead, Bntt and Square Work.— Framing with bead and butt on one side, and square on the other. Bead and Flush Work. — A piece of framed work with beads run on each edge of the included i)anel. Bead, Flush, and Square Work.— Framing with bead and flush ou one side, and square on the other. Bead and Quirk. — A bead stuck on the edge of a piece of stuff", flush with its surface, with only one quirk, or without being re- turned on the other surface. Beak.— A small fillet in the under edge of a projecting cornice, intended to prevent the rain from passing between the cornice and fascia. Beam-Fillinff. — The building of masonry or brickwork, between rafters and wall plates, etc., to fill up spaces. Bearer. — Anything which supports a body in its place, as a wall, post, strut, etc. ; a vertical support. 2S2 THE builder's GUIDE, Bearing of a piece of timber.— That part of a piece of timber Avhich is unsupported, or is between two or more props. Bearing:. — The length between bearers or walls; thus, if a bearer Tests on walls twenty feet apart, the bearing is said to be twenty feet. Bearing" Wallj or partition. — A wall which is built upon the solid, and made to support another wall or partition, either in the same or a transverse position. When the supported wall is built in the same direction as the wall it supports, it is said to have a solid bearing, but when built in a transverse direction, or not supported throughout its length, a false bearing. Beanfet, or Bnffet. — A small cupboard, or cabinet, to contain ■china. Beds of a Stone. — The horizonital courses of a wall of masonry; that under any particular stone, is called the underbid. Bed-nioulding'S. — Ornamental mouldings on the lower face of a projecting cornice. Belection Mouldings. — Mouldings which project around the panels of a framing; seldom used, except in external decorations to very grand houses. Bell-g:able. — Gothic. In small churches and chapels, a kind of turret placed on the apex of a gable at the west end, and carrying a l)ell. Belfry. — That part of a steeple in which the bells are hung. Bell. — Of the Corinthian and Composite Orders. It is used to de- note the body of the Capital by reason of its shape to an inverted bell. Bell-Roof. — Somewhat similar in its curves to a bell. Belt. — A course of stones projecting from a brick or stone wall, generally placed in a line with the sills of the first floor window, it is either moulded fluted, plane or enriched with patras at regular intervals. Sometimes called stone string. Belvedere or Look out. — A turret or lantern raised above the roof of an observatory for the purpose of enjoying a fine prospect. Benda. — ISee Fascia. Bevel ang'le. —A term used by workmen to denote any angle be- sides those of 90 or 45 degrees. Billet moulding.— -See Moulding. Binding joists. — Beams arranged on a floor at from 3 to 4 feet apart to support transversely the bridgings above and the ceiling joists below. Binding rafters.— ^ee Purlins. Birds mouth. — An interior angle, made in the upper end of a piece of timber to shore up bressummers. Bitumen. — See Asphaltum. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 283 Blank-door, -A false door placed in an apartment opposite to the real door for the sake cf uniformity. Blank windows. —Used similarly as a blank-door. Blinds. —There are different blinds in use. The improved Vene- ilan worked on rollers are very suitable for rooms. Blocking" or blocking'-conrse. — In Masonry. A course of stones placed on the top of a cornice crowning the walls. Blockings. — hiJolnet-y. Small pieces of wood fitted and glued to the interior angle of two boards or other pieces with a view to strengthen the board. Boarding: joists. — Joists in naked flooring to which the boards are fixed. Boarding Lnfler. — See Luffer hoards and Lever hoards. Boasting'-tool. — See Tools hy Masons. Boasting:, -i^i stone cutting. The paring of a stone with a broad chisel and mallet. Bolcction nionldiug. — Mouldings in frfimed work which pro- ject beyond the surface of the framing. Bolsters of the Ionic capital —See Baluster. Bond. — The disposition of stones or bricks in a building. The crossing of another stone or brick over the vertical joint of one be- neath it. Bond-timbers. — Timbers placed in a horizontal direction in the walls of a building in tiers, and in which the battens, laths, etc., are secured. In rubble work, walls are better plugged for this purpose. Bonds. — This general term includes the whole of the timbers that are disposed in a wall as bond-timbers, wall plates, lintels and templates. Bond-heart. — When two stones placed in a horizontal position extend the exact thickness of wall and another is put over the joint in the centre of the wall; this is called heart-bond. Bond-stones.— Stones used in uncoursed rubble- walling having their length placed in the thickness of the wall; when inserted the whole thickness of the wall they are called perpend-stones. Boning. — The act of lining out with pickets, a street or wall, or making a plane surface by the art of the eye. Border. — Useful ornamental pieces of wood round the edge of anything. Boss. — A Y)rojection in shape of a segment of a sphere, or some- what so whether for use or ornament, often carved or cast. Bonltive. — A convex moulding, an ovolo. Boutant.— An arch boutant is an arch or buttress, serving to sus- 284 THE builder's GUIDE, tain a vault, and which is itself sustained by a strong wall or pile. A pillar hmdant is a pile of stone to support a wall or vault. Bow. — Any projecting part of a building in the form of an arc of a circle. A bow, however, is sometimes, polygonal. Bow- Window.— A window placed in the bow of a building. Bowtel. — The shaft of a clustered pillar, or any plain, round moulding. Boxings of a Window.— The cases in which shutters are folded. Pulley Boxes, the boxes in which the window pulleys are suspended. Brace. — A piece of timber placed in an inclined position, and used in partitions or roofs. See Trmss and angle braces. Bracket. — A support for shelves, or pieces under the ends, steps of stairs for ornament only. Branched Work.— The carved and sculptured ornaments in panels, friezes, etc., composed of leaves and branches. Brandering". — Covering the underside of joists with small bat- tens to nail the laths to for plastering. Break. —A projecting part of the front of large buildings. Break-joint. — One stone placed on the joint of two stones in the course below to form a perfect bond. Breast of a Window. — The masonry forming the back of the re- cess and the parapet under the window sill. Breeze. — Small ashes and cinders, made use of instead of coals for the burning of bricks. Bressunimer. — A lintel, beam, or iron tie, intended to carry an external wall and itself supported by by-piers or posts; used prin- cipally over shop windows. Brick. — Brickwork between quarterings. Bridge-board. — A board into which the ends of wooden stej^s are fastened. Bridge-over. — A piece of timber fixed over several parallel Eieces in a transverse direction. The common rafters, for example, ridge over the purlins; and in naked flooring the upper joists to which the flooring-boards are nailed, are called the flooring-joists. Bridge-Stone. — A stone laid in a horizontal direction over an area extending from the pavement to the entrance door of a house and not supported by an arch. Bridge-Grtttters. — Gutters made with boards, supported beneath with bearers and covered above with metal. Bridging-Floors.— >See naked flooring. Bridging-Joists. — Pieces of timber, or joists in naked flooring, extending in a direction parallel with the girder and supported by bearers called binding joists which lie in a transverse direction. AND estimator's PRICE HOOK. 285 Bridges, or Bridgillgr-Pieees.— *^^^ straining-pieces and str-uUlng- pieces. Bridge up or carryiug up.— A term analogous to building up; i.e., building up a wall so many feet. Brooch. — A painting all in one color. Bulwark. — In ancient fortification. Nearly the same as bastion in modern. Buudle-Pillar, — Gothic. A column consisting of a number of small pillars round its circumference. Burca.—A Turkish term for the rich covering of the door of the house of Mecca. Burgward.— The same as bulwark. Bursa.— In Middle Age Writers. A little college or hall in a uni- versity for the residence of students. Burse or Bourse. — A public edifice for the assembly of mer- chant traders, —an Exchange. Bust. — In Sculpture. That portion of the human figure which comprises the head, neck and shoulders. Bustuui. — A figurative expression among the Romans for any kind of tomb. Butuieuts or Abutments. — Supports or props by which the feet of arches are sustained in their places. Butment Cheeks.— The two solid parts on each side of mortise. Butt- Joint. — In hand-railing, a joint at right angles to the curve of the rail. Buttery. — A store room for provisions. Uniting.— Joint. A joint formed by the surfaces of two pieces of wood, the surface of one being parallel with the other's fibres, and that of the other either in the same or an oblique direction. Buttress. — A mass of masonry or brickwork serving to support the side of a wall that is of a great height, or to assist it in sustain- ing any great strain or pressure upon it from the opposite side. Buttress. — Gothic. Are used for ornament as well as strength. Two kinds are used — one called pillared : buttresses formed of ver- tical planes attached to the walls; and the other, which rises from the pillared buttresses upon the sides of the aisle, with an arch- formed intrados, and sloping intrados or top, and called flying hut- tresses or arc boutants. Byzantine Architecture. — A style devoloped in the Byzantine Empire. The capitals of the pillars are of endless variety and full of invention; some are founded on the Greek Corinthian, some re- semble the Norman and the Lombard style, and so varied that no two sides of the same capital are alike. They are comprised under the style Romanesque, which comprehends the round arch style. 286 THE builder's GUIDE, Cabinet. — The most retired room in a building, set apart for writing, studying, or preserving anything valuable. Also, a highly ornamented kind of buffet or chest of drawers set apart for the preservation of things of value. Cabinet. — In Oardening. A little insulated building or kind of mimmer-house, open on all sides, and serving as a place of retire- ment. Cable. — A moulding in the lower part of a fluted column, repre- sented by a rope or rush lying in the fluting. These columns are called cable-fluted. Cage. — An outer work of timber enclosing another within it. Caissons. — Sunk panels in ceilings or in soffits. Calcareous Cement.— ^See Cements. Caldarium. — A brazen vessel in ancient baths in which hot water was kept. Also, a close vaulted room in which sweating was pro- duced by dry hot fumes. Caliber, or Calliper.— The diameter of any round body. The width of the mouth of a piece of ordnance. Call ducts. — A kind of pipes or canals disposed along the walls of houses and apartments, and used by the ancients for the convey- ance of heat from one common furnace. Calotte. — A concavity or depressure in the form of a cup or niche, lathed and plastered to diminish the height of a chapel, cabinet or alcove, which would otherwise be too high for the breadth. Camarosis. — An elevation terminating with an arched or vaulted head. Camber. — An arch on the top of an aperture, or on the top of a beam, hence camber-windows. Camber-Beam. — A piece of timber cut with an obtuse angle on the upper edge, so as to form a declivity on each side, or cut in a convex form. Campana. — The body of the Corinthian capital on which the leaves were placed, called the vase or bell. Campanile. — A tower allotted for bells. In Italy being separate from the churches. Canal. — The flutings of a column or pilaster. Canal of the Yolute. — A spiral channel in the Ionic capital, com- mencing at the eye and expanding in width until the whole num- ber of revolutions are completed. Canal of the Larmier.— A channel or groove recessed on the soffit of the larmier upwards, to prevent the rain water from run- ning down the lower part of the cornice. Canardiere.— A small turret sometimes erected at the salient AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 287 :angle of works to serve as a shelter for a sentinel, and formerly to protect warriors from exposure to the enemy. Cancelli. — Latticed windows. Also, balusters or rails which compass a court of justice, communion table, or the like. Candalabruiii,— Stands or supports on which the ancients placed their lamps. Candalabra were made in a variety of shapes and with much taste and elegance. Canopy, — A magnificent canopy or altar, throne, pulpit, chair or the like. In Gothic. The projecting moulding that surrounds the arches and heads of the Gothic niches. Cant. — An external angle or corner of a building, also a term amongst carpenters to turn over abeam of timber. Cant-Mouldings. —A moulding with a bevelled face. Cantilever. — Blocks of wood, or iron, projecting at regular dis- tances from the surface of a wall to support the eaves of a house, or upper mouldings of a cornice. It is essentially the same with modillion ; but the latter work is confined to general architecture. Cantharus. — A fountain in the middle of the atrium before the ancient churches, wherein persons washed their heads and faces before they entered. Canting. — The cutting away a part of an angular body at one of its angles, that the section may form a parallelogram, whose edges are parallel from the intersection of the adjoining planes. Cantined.— When the angles of a building are adorned with columns, pilasters, rustic quoins, or anything which projects be- yond the naked walls. Cap. — In Joinery. The part which crowns the whole, as the <;apital of a column, cornice of a door, etc., etc. Capeduncula. — Vessels wherein the ancient Romans preserved the sacred fire of Vesta. Capital.— The head of a column which rests on the shaft. Capital of a Lantern. — The covering which terminates the lan- tern of a dome. Capping-pieces. — A general name for horizontal timbers, which extend over upright posts and into which the posts are framed. Capital of a Triglypll.— The projecting band above the plane vertical area or face. In the Grecian Doric, the capital of the tri glyph, projects only a short distance, and is not returned on the flanks, except at the angular triglyphs, and this only upon each face of the building. In the Roman Doric, it has a greater projection, and is returned with the same projection on the flanks as on the face. Caravansera. — A huge square building, or inn, in the East, for the reception of travellers and lodging of caravans. Carasole. —A spiral staircase. 288 THE builder's GUIDE, Carcass. — The shell or ribs of a house before it is lathed and plastered, or the boards are laid. Carrara Marble. — The white marble of the ancients. It is dis- tinguished from Parian, now called statuary marble, by being harder and less bright. Carrel. — In the middle ages. A closet for privacy and retirement. Carriage. —The timber work which supports the steps of a wooden stair. Carton, or Cartoon. — A design made on strong paper, to be transferred on the fresh plaster wall to be afterwards painted in fresco; also a colored design for working in Mosaic tapestry, etc. Cartouche.— An ornament resembling a scroll of paper, being usually in form of a table, or flat member, with wavings, bearing some inscription or device. It is nearly akin to a modillion with this exception, that the cartouche is used only externally, whilst the modillion is used both internally and externally, as under the cornice in the eaves of a house. Caryatic Order. — An order of architecture wherein the entabla- ture is supported by female figures clothed in long garments, in- stead of columns. Case-Bags. — The joists that are framed between a pair of girders in naked flooring. When the joists are framed, with one of their ends let in the wall, they are called tail bags. Cased. — A term which signifies that the outside of a building is faced or covered with materials of a better quality. Cased Sash Frames. — Sash frames having their interior vertical sides hollow to conceal the weights by which the sashes are hung. Casemate.— A hollow moulding. Casement. — A glass frame which is made to open by turning on binges, affixed to its vertical edges. Cassine. — A country house; a house surrounded by a ditch, like those of the old feudal barons. Cast.— A term used in sculpture for the impression of any figure taken in plaster of Paris, wax or other substances. Castella.— In Boman Antiquity. A reservoir of water. Casting. — In carpentry. A term analogous to warping Castrum Doloris.— A lofty tomb of state. Catabasion.- -In the Greek Church. A place under the altar where the relics are kept. Catacombs.— Subterraneous places for burying the dead, those of Egypt are believed to be most important. Cataconum.— The want of height proportionate to the breadth of the chapter of a pillar. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 289 C'atadrome. — A inacliine used by builders to raise and let down great weights. Catafalco. — An ornamental scaffold used in funeral solemnities. Catagrapha.— In ancient ornamental workmanship, figures of men's faces represented as viewed obliquely. €atch Drains. — The feeders of reservoirs. In the construction of canals, the same as counter-drains. Cathedral. —The head church of a diocese. Catherine Wheel. — Gothic. An ornamental window of a circular form, with rosettes, or radiating divisions, of different colors. Cathetns.— A perpendicular line, passing through a cylindrical body, as a baluster, or column. Cattus. — A movable shed usually fixed on wheels. Cavaidinm. — In ancient buildings, an open court. Cavasion. — The foundation plan of the walls of a building. Cave. — One of the oldest species of architecture of which we have any remains are the excavations in rocks, supposed to be intended for religious worship. Cavea. — The den or caves in ancient amphitheatres. Cavetto. — A concave ornamental moulding, opposed in effect to the ovolo — the quadrant of a circle. Caulieoles. — Slender stems or stalks under the leaves of the ^abacus in the Corinthian Capital — between each pair of the upper- most leaves, eight stalks branch out into two leaflets, seeming to support the sixteen volutes, of which four are on each side of the abacus. Causeway.— A raised or paved way. Caustic Curve. — Formed by the collected rays of light issuing from a curved reflector. Cella.— The sanctuary or interior of a temple. Celtic Architecture. — Consisted of rude and non-durable build- ings or huts, in the midst of a thick wood, and fortified by a high bank and a ditch. Cement. — Consists of various adhesive compositions for the mason, plasterer and joiner. Cenotaph. — An honorary tomb or monument, distinguished from monuments in being empty, the individual it is to memorialize hav- ing received interment elsewhere. Centaur. — A poetical imaginary being of heathen mythology, half man and half horse. Centering". — In Building. The frame on which an arch is turned. Centres of a door,— The two pivots round which the door re- solves. tQO THE builder's GUIDE, Ceroma.— In the gymnasia and Roman baths, an apx^rtment where the bathers and wrestlers were anointed with oil and wax. Cerophastic. — The art of modelling in wax. Cestophoriis, — Sculptures of females bearing the cestus or mar- riage girdJes in the marriage ceremonies of the ancients. Chain-timber.— x\ piece of timber, in breadth equal to the length and breadth of a brick used for strengthening walls hj inserting in the middle height of a story. Chambraule, — An ornamental bordering on tHe sides and tops of doors, windows and fire places; this ornament is generally taken from the architrave of the building. Cliaiiifer, — To channel or make indentures in stones, pillars, or other ornamented parts of a building. Chancel. — That part of a church at the eastern end, in which the altar or communion table is placed; usually separated from the nave and transept by cancelli or lattice work. Chandeliers.— Are wooded parapets, used in fortifications for defence. Channel. — A part in the Ionic capital, somewhat hollow under the abacus, after the listel, it lies upon the echinus having its con- tours or turnings upon each to make the volutes. Channel stones are stones prepared for gutters. Chantlate. — A piece of wood fastened near the end of a rafter, projecting beyond the wall to support two or three rows of slates to prevent rain from running down the walls. Chantry.— A little chapel in ancient churches, for the perform- ance of mass for the release of souls in purgatory. Chapel. — A place of public worship separate from or attached to a church. Chapitersi with monldings.— Are the capitals of the Tuscan and Doric orders which are without foliage or embellishment. Chapiters with sculptures.— Are the Corinthian, and those de- corated with foliage and other carvings. Chaplet.— An ornamental fillet in the form of a string of beads. Chapter House.— The place where canonical meetings are held usually attached to a cathedral house. Charged. — Implies that one member of a piece of architecture is sustained by another. A frieze is said to be charged with the ornament with which it is charged. Charnel House. —A house for the deposit of the bones of the dead. Chartophyacium. — A recess for the preservation of records. Chase Mortise.— The mode of inserting or mortising inclirxr-^i^ transverse joists into paralled timbers in ceilings. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 29I Cheeks. -Two equal and similar parts of any piece of timber work. Chequers,— Stones of uniformly equal dimensions arranged in the lace of a wall with uninterrupted lines of vertical and horizon- tal points. Cheruh, — Gothic. A representation of an infant's head joined to two wings used in the churches or keystones of arches and corbels. Chevron, — 6^0^/uc. An ornament turning this and that way like a zigzag or letter Z. Chain Moulding,— An ornament of the Norman period— in imi- tation of a chain. Chiaro-Oscuro, — The effects of light and shade in a picture In architecture it is not dependent on the laws of perspective, and ex- emplified in the drawing of the bisection of an edifice to display the internal conveniences, the number and proportions of the vari- ous apartments, and the thickness of the walls. Chimney piece, — The ornaments consist of architraves, friezes, cornices, columns, pilasters, termini, caryatides, consoles and al- most every appropriate emblishment. Chinese architecture,— Consists principally of Towers and Pagodas; their architecture is as peculiar as the people and differs from every other nation. Church, — A building for the performance of public worship; the first were built on the plan of ancient Basilicae; this style was fol- lowed by the Gothic, a church is said to be in Greek Cross when the length of the transverse is equal to that of the nave; in Latin cross^ w^hen the nave is longer than the transverse part; in Botundo when it is a perfect circle; simple, when it has only a nave and choir; with aisles, when it has a row of porticos in form of vaulted galleries, with chapels in its circumference. Ciboriuni,— A sma.U arched vault supported by four columns. The sculptured tombs of martys are called ciboriums; also the coffer case enclosing the host. Cilery, —Ornaments of foliage and drapery on the heads of columns. Cimbia, — A list, string, fillet or cincture. Cimeliarch, — A name given to the apartment where the plate and vestments are deposited in church. Cincture, — The circular concavity near the head or base of a column. Cinqnefoil,— Gothic. A five-leaved ornament, in circular and other divisions of the windows of ancient churches, and also on yramids, are nearly all included in Upper Egypt. The build- ings of Egypt are characterized by soliditj^ and massiveness of construction, originality of conception and boldness of form. The walls, the pillars and the most sacred places of their religious buildings, were ornamented with hieroglyphics and symbolical figures, whilst the ceilings of the porticos exhibited zodiacs and AND estimator's ^RICE BOOK. 3OI celestial plauisplieres. The temples of Egypt were generally with- out roofs and consequently the interior colonnades had no pedi- iiientg, supporting merely an entablature, composed of only archi- trave frieze cornice, formed of immense blocks united without cement and ornamented with hieroglyphics. Ellipse. — That curve called by workmen an oval. Elevation.— A geometrical projection drawn on a plane perpen- dicular to the horizon. Embattled^ or indented with notches, in form of embrasures, and on the top of a wall or parapet of a castle. Embleiuata. —A kind of inlaid work used by the Romans to em- bellish panels, floors, etc. Embossing.— Sculpture in relievo, the figures standing partly out from the plane. Embrazure.— The enlargement of the aperture of a door or win- dow towards the inside wall to admit more light. An aperture in the wall for pointing cannon through. Encarpiis. — A festoon of fruit or flowers, which sometimes orna- ments friezes or capitals. Eii^a^ed eoliiiiius, are those attached to or built in walls or piers, a portion being concealed. English Arcliitectnre.— A name sometimes given to the Gothic style. Ensemble.— Means the whole work or composition considered together, and not in parts. Entablature. —That assemblage of mouldings, etc., which are supported by a column. It consists of three parts, the cornice, frieze and architrave. Entail. — In Gothic architecture, delicate carving. Entasis.— The slight swelling or graceful curvature of Grecian columns, particularly the Doric. Enripus. — The trench in a circus which separates the seats from the arena. Eustyle.— An intercolumniation of two diameters and a quarter, which is one of the most beautiful arrangements that can be given in a row of columns. Extrados. — The outside of an arch or bridge, vault, etc. Eye.— The middle of the Ionic volute, from which the difierent centres for drawing it are found; also, a small window in the centre of the pediment. Fabric. — A large building, as a church, palace or college. Facade, or Face. — The whole exterior side of a building that can be seen at one view; strictly speaking, the principal front. Face Mould. — The pattern for marking the plank or board out 302 THE BUILDER S GUIDE, of which ornamental hand railings for stairs and other works are cut. Face of a Stone.— The smooth or outward part of a building; stones should be faced the oj^posite direction of their splitting. False Attic. — Bears some resemblance to the Attic order but without pilasters, casements, or balustrade, used to crown a build- ing, and to bear a bas relief or inscription. False Roofs. — The space between the highest ceiling and the roof. Faiial. — A light-house. Fane or Yane. — A plate of metal cut into some fantastic shape and turning on a pivot to point out the course of the wind. Fan-Tracery. — The very complicated mode of roofing used in the perpendicular style in which the vault is covered by ribs and veins of tracery. Fascia. — A flat broad member in the entablature of columns or other parts of buildings but of small projection. The architraves in some of the orders, are composed of three bands or fascia; the Tuscan and the Doric ought to have only one. — Ornamental projec- tions from the walls of brick buildings over any of the windows, except the uppermost are called fascia. Feather-edged Boards, are narrow boards made thin at one edge, like shingles or some kinds of clapboarding. Femur. — The plane space between the cavities of a triglyph. Festoon. — An ornamental carving resembling a wreath, attached at both ends and falling in the middle. Fillet. — See Aimulet and Band. Filling in Pieces, are short pieces of timber affixed to hips and roofs of groins. Fishing. — A built beam composed of two beams placed end to end, secured by pieces of wood covering the joint on opposite sides. Fistuca. — A pile-driving instrument with two handles, raised by pulleys and guided in its descent to fall on piles. Flags, are flat stones, from 1 to 3 inches thick for floors. Flank. — The least side of a pavilion by which it is joined to the main building. Flatting.— Painting finished without leaving a gloss on the sur- face. Flashings. — Pieces of lead so let into the wall as to lay over a gutter. Floating, is the equal spreading of plaster or stucco on the sur- face of walls. Floriated. — Gothic. Having florid ornaments as in Gothic pillars. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 303 Florid Style,— /S'ee Gothic. Flush. — The continuity of two or more parts of work to the same rsurface. Flue, — The tube from a fire-place. Flutiug, — Longitudinal cavities or channels cut in the shaft of a •column or pilaster, etc., sometimes meeting one another at a sharp ■edge, at other times having a fillet between them. Flyers, are steps in a series, which are parallel to each other. Foliaffe, — An ornamental distribution of leaves on various parts of buildings. Foliation.— The use of small arcs or foils in forming tracery. Foils, — The small arcs in the tracery of Gothic windows, panels, •etc. Font. — A vessel in churches generally of marble to contain the water of baptism. Footing Beam. — The name sometimes given to the tie beam of a roof. Footing", of a wall; a projecting course of stone at the base of a ivall or building, intended to give stability and support. Foot-Pace, — A flat part in a stairs, or hand-railing, between the step and the landing place. Foundation,— That part of a building or wall which is below the surface of the ground. Fonr-leaved-flower, — An ornamental member much used in hollow mouldings. Founerets. — The arches which in Gothic groins lie next the wall. Fox-Tail wedging, is a peculiar mode of mortising, in which the end of the tenon is notched beyond the mortise and is split, and a wedge inserted which being forcibly driven in, enlarges the tenon and renders the joint firm and immovable. Frame. — The name given to the woodwork of windows, doors, etc.; and in carpentry, to the timber works, supporting floors, roofs, etc. Fresco, — The most ancient way of ornamenting houses by paint- ing on stucco whilst that substance is soft and fresh ; very suitable for splendid edifices, etc. Fret, — A kind of ornamental work which presents a rough or .uneven appearance. Frieze,— The flat member in an entablature, separating the .architrave from the cornice. Frieze-Panel, — The upper panel of a door of six panels. Frieze-rail,— The rail next to the top rail of a door of six panels. Frigidarinm, — An apartment in the Eoman bath, supplied with ^old water. 304 THE BUILDFR's GUIDE, Frigiratory.— Generally an underground apartment well venti- lated and fitted up for preserving animal and vegetable food. Frontispiece.— An ornamented front of a building. Frosted. — A kind of ornamental work, having an appearance like that of hoar frost. Fiimiel. — The inside of a shaft of a chimney. Furniture.— The name given the fastenings of doors, windows and other similar paits of a house. Fiirrin^s. — Flat pieces of timber used to bring an irregular framing to an even surface. Fiisurole.— A small member in form of a collar, with long heads under the echinus, or quarter-round of pillars of the Doric, Ionic and Composite orders. Fut, or Fust. —The shaft of a column. Oain. — The leveled shoulder of a binding joist. Grarland. — Ornament, of flowers, fruits, etc., frequently used on triumphal arches and feasts by the ancients, and on tombs by the moderns. Oatliering of tlie Wings.— That part of a chimney which con- nects the breast with the flue. Geometrical Stair.— A flight of stairs, supported only by the wall at one end of the steps. Geometrical Elevation.— A drawing of the front or side of a building, tht. projection of a vertical plane of the front or side of a building or other object. Geranos. — A machine used behind the screens at Greek thea- tres, by means of which the actors might be raised into the air. Girder.— The largest piece of timber in a floor, that into which the joists are framed, used to shorten the joists of a floor. Girdle. — The circular band round a column. Glyph. — An ornamental cavity or incision. Goddroon. — A kind of inverted fluting. Gorgoneid. — Key stones carved in the form of Gorgon's heads. Granary.— To preserve grain, etc. Grange. — A barn usually attached to abbeys. Graticulation.— Dividing a drawing into squares in order to re- duce it to smaller dimensions. Graecostasis. — A hall or portico in which ambassadors to Rome awaited the deliberations of the senate. Grillage. — A frame work of beams laid longitudinally and crossed by similar beams notched upon them, used to sustain walls to pre- vent irregular settling. AND ESTIMATOR S PRICE BOOK. 305 Groin. — The angular curve made by the intersection of two semi- ■circles or arches. (irroined Ceiling. — A surface formed by three or more curved sur- faces, so that every two may form a groin, all the groins terminat- ing at one extremity in a common point. Orotesque. — A singular and fantastic style of ornament found in uncient buildings. (irrotto.— An artificial cavern. Ground-joists, are joists supporting the floor immediately above the ground. (xround floor.— The lowest story of a building. Ground Niche. — A niche rising from the floor. Ground Flan. — A drawing of the foundation of a building. Ground Plates. — The outermost pieces of timber lying on the ground into which joists, girders, etc., etc., are mortised. Grounds.— Pieces of wood imbedded in the plastering of walls to which skirting and other joiners's work are attached. Grouped Columns, are when three, four, or more columns are put together on the same pedestal. When two are placed together, they are said to be coupled. Grout. — A thin kind of mortar. Guerite. — A small tower on the point of a bastion, for the use of a sentinel. Gullloclii. — Ornaments in the form of a series of spiral strings. Guttae. —Ornaments of a conic form, on the cornice of the Doric order; they are supposed to represent drops of water. Gymnasium.— A building classed in the first rank by the Greeks; it was in them they instructed the youth in all artsof peace and war — a building for athletic exercises. Hocking. — An inferior mode of walling to save stones. Half-space, or resting place.— The interval between two flights of steps in a staircase. Hail ring. — The junction of two pieces of timber, by inserting one into the other. Hammer Beam. — A beam in a Gothic roof, not extending to the opposite side. A beam at the foot of a rafter. Hangings. — Tapestry; originally invented to hide the coarseness of the walls of a chamber, different materials were employed for this purpose, some of them exceedingly costly and beautifully worked in figures, gold and silk. Hanging Buttress. — A buttress not rising from the ground but isupported on a corbel, applied chiefly as a decoration and used only in the Decorated and Perpendicular style. 3oC THE builder's GUIDE, Hanging Style, of a door is that to which the hinges are fixed. Handspike. — A lever for carrying a heavy beam. Haunches, of an arch. Headers.— /?! Masom-y, are stones or bricks extending over the thickness of a wall. Heading Courses.— Courses of a wall in which the stone or brick are all headers. Head- way, of a stair, is the clear distance measured from a given landing place or stair to the ceiling, allowing for the thickness of the steps. Headwork. — A name given to ornaments on key stones of arches, frequently representing the heads of animals appropriate to the purpose for which the building was erected. Heart-Bond. — In Masonry, is where two stones, forming the breadth of the wall, have one stone of the same breadth placed over them. Heel, of a Rafter. — The end or foot that rests upon the wall plate. Heig[lit, of an Arch. — A line drawn from the middle of the chord to the intrados. Helix. — A small volute or twist like a stalk, representing the twisted tops of the acanthus, placed under the abacus of the Cor- inthian capital. Hem. — The spiral projecting part of the Ionic capital. Hick -Joint Pointing. — Inserting a superior mortar between joints of ashlar, and made correctly smooth with the surface. Hindu Architecture. — In style and construction, has a great re- semblance to Egyptian, and is akin to that of the people that formed the vast excavations of Ellora, Elephanta, and Canarah, and the various immense pagodas and colossal images of the Indian, idols. Hips. — Those pieces of timber placed in an inclined position at the corners or angles of a roof. Hip-Roof. — A roof which rises by equally inclined planes rising; from each other. Hippodrome. —A place appropriated by the ancients to equestrian exercises. Hoarding.— The timber enclosure about a building when it is erecting. Horizontal Cornice is the level part of the cornice of a pedi- ment, under the two inclined cornices. Horn. — A name sometimes given to the Ionic volute. Hovelling.— A mode of preventing chimneys from smoking, by carrying up the two most exposed sides higher than the others; apertures are left in the sides for the escape of smoke below. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 307 Hypocaiistiim. — An arched chamber among the ancients in which a tire was made to warm the rooms above. Ichuograpliy.— The transverse section of a building which repre- sents the circumference of the whole edifice, the different rooms and apartments, with the thickness of the walls, the dimensions and situation of the door, windows, chimneys, the projection of the columns, and everything that could be seen in such a section. Iiiibow. — To arch over. impetus. — The span of a building, arch, roof, etc. Impliivium. — The central part of an ancient Roman court, which was uncovered. Impost. — The combination of mouldings which form the capital of a pier; the layer of stone which crowns the doorpost or pier, and which supports an arcade, etc. — it generally projects, and is ornamented with mouldings. An arched impost is chat which crowns the pier of an arcade, or which crowns a circular wall,, niche, etc. In Aiitis."When there are two columns between the antae of the lateral walls and the cella. Inbond Jambstone. — A bond stone laid on the joint of an aper- ture. Insertiim. -A mode of building, which consists of small rough stones and mortar. Incliiieil Plane. — One of the mechanical powers. Incrustation. — Anything such as Mosaic, scagliola, etc., applied with mortar or A^ith mastic to incisions that have been made for its reception. Indented.— Toothed together. Inlaying:.— See Mosaic. Intaglio. —A sculpture or carving in which the figures are sunk below the general surface, such as a seal, the impression of which in wax is in bas-relief; opposed to Cameo. Interlacing' Arches. — Circular arches which intersect each other. Intercolumniation. — The space between two columns measured from the place where they are of an equal thickness. Generally from the lower part of the shaft immediately above the base. Interties are short pieces of timber used in roofing, to bind up- right posts together in roof partitions, in lath and plaster work, and in walls with timber frame work. Intrados.— The interior or under concave curve of an arch. The exterior is called extr-ados. Inverted Arches.— Such as nave their intrados below the centre or axis. They are a great utility in giving stability to buildings in all cases where the wall is higher on each side than the cord of the arch. 3oS THE uuilder's guide, Iron Chains, under the roofs of circular buildings, are found of great utility in preventing the pressure of the incumbent weight from pushing out the walls, especially in domes of great magni- tude. The dome of St. Paul's has two, which are sunk into the circular course of stone. Italian Architectnre. — It comprehends the Florentine, Roman and Venetian. Jack Arch. — An arch of only the thickness of one brick. Jack-Rafters.— The jack-timbers which are fastened to the high rafters and the wall plates. Jack Ribs.— The jack timbers or parts of curved ribs which are fastened to the angle ribs, and rest upon the wall plates, in groining or domed ceilings. Jack Timber. — A short timber fastened at the ends to two tim- bers which are not parallel, or to two timbers which actually meet in a point, or to the wall plate, and hip rafter of a roof, etc. Jambs. —Door posts or upright posts at the ends of window- frames; also, the upright sides of a fire place. Jamb-Lining. — The side-work of doorways. Jamb Posts.— Uprights on the sides of doorways, on which the jamb-linings are fixed. Jerkin-Head. — A roof on which the gable is carried higher than the side walls. Jog'gle-Post. — A strut-post for fixing the lower ends of the struts. Joinery, — That branch in building confined to the nicer and more ornamental parts of carpentry. Joggles. — Joints in stone to prevent them from sliding past each other. Jube. — The rood loft or gallery into the choir. Keep. — The strongest part of the old English castles, forming the citadel of the fortress. Kerf. — A slit or cut in a piece of timber or in a stone, usually applied to that made by a saw or axe. Keys. — In naked flooring are pieces of timber fixed in between the joists by mortise and tenon; when these are fastened with their ends projecting against sides, they are termed strutting pieces. Keys. — Pieces inserted in boards to prevent warping. Key Stone. — The stone placed in the centre of the top of an arch. The character of the key stone varies in difi'ereat orders. In the Tuscan and Doric it is only a simple stone projecting beyond the rest; in the Ionic it is adorned with mouldings in the manner of a console; in the Corinthian and Composite it is a rich sculptured console. Knee. — A part of the back of a handrailing of a convex form, the AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 309 reverse of a ramp, which is a back of a handrail and is concave; also, any piece of timber bent to an angular joint. Label. — Gothic The drip or wood-moulding of an arch, when it is returned to the square. Labyrinth. — A building full of numerous and intricate passages. Laciiua>. — Panels or coffers in ceilings, or in soffits or cornices; the flat roof of a room. Laeoiiiciim. — One of the a^jartments of the ancient baths. Lady Chapel. — A small chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, generally found in ancient cathedrals. Lancet. — Gothic. Pointed. Landing:. — The terminating of a stairs, or a broad step where the entrance to a room occurs in the course of a staircase. Lantern.— Gothic. A turret placed above a building and pierced with windows. Lararinm. — A kind of domestic chapel in a lioman house, dedi- cated to the worship of his household gods. Lattice. — A reticulated window, made of laths or slips of iron, separated by glass windows, and only used where air rather than light is to be admitted, as in cellars and dairies. Laura. — A collection of little cells, or monkish habitations, con- tiguous to each other, in which hermits in ancient times lived to- gether in a wilderness. Lazaretto. — In Italy, a hospital for the reception of persons sick of contagious disorders. Lean-to. — A small building whose side-walls and roof project from the wall of the larger building. Lectern. — The reading desk in the choir of churches. Led^e, or Ledj^enient. — A projection from a plane, as slips on the sides of window and door frames to keep them steady in their places. Ledgers. —The horizontal pieces fastened to the standard poles or timbers of scaffolding raised around buildings during their erec- tion. Those which rest on the ledgers are called putlogs, and on these the boards are laid. Lewis. — An instrument of iron used for raising large stones. . Lining. — Covering for the interior, as casing is covering the ex- terior surface of a building; also such as linings of a door for win- dows, shutters, and similar work. LinteL — The horizontal piece which covers the opening of a door or window. List. — A little square moulding, to crown a larger, also termed a fillet. 3IO THE builder's GUIDE, Lobby.— An open space surrounding a range of chambers, or seats in a theatre; a small hall or waiting room. Lodge, — A small house in a park. Lombard Architecture.— A name given to round-arched archi- tecture of Ital3% introduced by the conquering Goths and Astro- goths, and which superseded the Romanesque. It reigned between the eighth and twelfth centuries. Loop. — A small narrow window. Lorimer. — A square member under, or forming part of a cornice, which projects and has a groove in its under side. Lotus. — A plant of great celebrity amongst the ancients, the leaves and blossoms of which generally form the capitals of Egyptian columns. Louvre. — A kind of vertical window, frequently at the top of roofs, and provided with horizontal slats, which permit ventilation and exclude rain. Luflfer-boardiMg. — Boards nailed on the sides of buildings or lanterns, or across apertures, so as to admit air but exclude rain. Lunette. —Spherical apertures in ceilings. Lying panels. — Those which are cut out with the grain of the wood in a horizontal direction. Mansard Hoof.— Ourb Bo(f, Marquetry.— Inlaid work of fine hard pieces of wood of different colors, fastened to the leaves on a ground. See Parquetry. Masonry.— Stone work. Mauresque. —The style of building peculiar to the Moors and Arabs. Mausoleum. — A sumptuous sepulchral monument. Meandar. — An ornament composed of two or more fillet mould- ings, intertwined in various ways. Medallion. — Any circular tablet on which are embossed figures or busts. Medianos. — The middle columns in a portico where the inter- columniation is enlarged. MediaBval Architecture.— The architecture of England, France, Germany, etc., during the middle ages, including Norman and early Gothic style. It comprises also the Romanesque, Byzantine and Saracenic, Lombard and other styles. Members.— The different parts of a building, the different parts of an entablature, the different mouldings of a cornice, etc. Meros. — A triglyph consists of six parts, two and a half of which are on each side, and the meros is in the centre and constitutes one part. AND estimator's PRICE BOOK. 311 Metoche. — The intervals between two denticuli in the Ionic en- tablature. Metope. — The interval between the triglyphs in the Doric order. Mezzo-relievo. — Or mean relief, in comparison with alto-relievo or high relievo. Minaret. — Turkish. A circular turret rising by different stages or divisions, each of which has a balcony. Minute. — The sixtieth part of the lower diameter of a column; it is the measure used by architects to determine the proportions of an order. Minster. — A monastery, a cathedral church. Modilliou.— A projection under the corona of the richer orders^ resembling a bracket. The Grecian Ionic has no modillion, the- Roman but seldom. The ornament is principally used in the- (.'orinthian and Composite order. Modillion.- An enriched bracket used under the corona of the- Corinthian and Composite entablatures. Modnle. — The semi-diameter of a column, equal to 30 minutes, the measure by which architects determine the proportions of an order. Monkey. ^A name given to a block of iron with a catch used in gins for driving piles. Monotrifflyph. —The space of one triglyph and two metopes, be- tween two Doric columns. Mosaic. — A term applied to pavements, and other work when formed of various materials of different shapes and colors, laid on a kind of stucco so as to present some pattern or device. The materials used by the ancients were composed of small cubes of glass, stone, wood, etc. Mosque.— A Mahometan temple, or place of worship. Mouldings. —Ornaments. M^nUious.— Gothic. The frame work of a window with upright bars to divide the lights. Multilateral.— Having many sides. Mutule. — A projecting ornament of the Doric cornice which occupies the place of the modillion in the other order and sup- posed to represent the ends of rafters. Naked. —This term is applied, in architecture, to a plain surface, or that which is uofinished; as the naked walls, the naked flooring, that is, uncovered; the word is sometimes applied to flat surfaces- before the mouldings and other ornaments have been fixed. Nattes. — A name given to an ornament for decorating surfaces,, used in the twelfth century from its resemblance to interlaced withes of matting. 312 THE BUILDERS GUIDE, Natural beds. — In stratified rocks is the surface of a stone as it lies in the quarry. If not laid in walls in their natural bed the laminae separate. Nave. — The middle part of the church. Neck. — The space between the camelures and annulets of the Doric capital, in Grecian examples; and in Roman that between the astragal and annulet. It is seldom found in the Ionic. Neck-mould. — In Gothic architecture. The moulding which sepa- rates the capital from the shaft, or that under the finial of a pinna- •cle or canopy. Nerves. — The mouldings of the ribs of Gothic groins. Newel. — The upright cylinder or pillar, around which winding stairs turn. Niche. — A cavity or hollow in a wall for the reception of a statue, etc. Niches are seldom found in pure Grecian buildings, and in Roman they are generally ornamented, but in the Gothic they are highly enriched — niches are made to partake of all the segments under a semi-circle. Norman architecture.— A style imported into England by the Normans at the time of the conquest and used until the end of the twelfth century, when it was superseded by painted or Gothic. Nosing's. — The rounded and projecting edges of the treads of a stair. Notch-Board. —A board which is grooved or notched for the re- ception and support of the ends of a staircase. Nymphaeum. —A name given by the ancients to picturesque grot- toes and woody places. Obelisk. — Lofty pillars of stone, of a rectangular form diminish- ing towards the top and generallj^ ornamented with inscriptions and hieroglyphics amongst the ancient Egyx)tians. Observatory. — A building erected on an elevated spot of ground for making astronomical observations. Octostyle. — A temple with eight columns on its principal fa9ade. Odeum or Odeon.— A species of theatre among the Greeks iu which the poets and musicians submitted their works to the ap- proval of the public. Offsets.— When the face of a wall is not one continued surface, but formed of one or more continued surfaces each rising Irom the horizontal base, the part connecting the two is called an offset. Og^e. — A moulding the same as the cyma reversa. O^ive. — Gothic. Anarch or branch of a vault, which instead of being circular, passes diagonally from one angle to another, form- ing a cross with the other arches. The centre where the ogives -cross is called the key, and is cut in the form cf a rose. The mem- AND ESTIMATORS PRICE BOOK. 3^3 t)ers or mouldings of the ogives are called nerves, branches or reins-, and the arches which separate them, double arches. Oratory, — 4> closet for private devotion in Roman Catholic families with altar and crucifix. Orchestra. — In ancient theatres, where the chorus used to dance;, in modern theatres where the musicians sit. Order. — The five orders of architecture as transmitted from an- tiquity are, the Doric, the Ionic, the (Jorinthian, the Tuscan and the Composite. Oriel Window.— (ro. A. HODC^SOIV, Iflana^er. fe^ Sanii>le Copies Sent KTee. r^^ AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY. Devoted to all branches of the Wood- Working: and Buildinof Trades TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: Postpaid to any addj-ess in this Coinitry or Dovmiioit o/ Canada. One Year, - -$ioo Six Months, -.--...- 50 Three Months, 25 Single Numbers, 10 cents. In paper, printing and engraving, Carpenlr}j and Building is first-class, and in all \ espects a handsome publication, at a price so low as to put it within the reach of all. It is eminently practical, treating only of those subjects which interest the trades ad- dressed, and giving inlbrmation which every one connected with the building industries can make useful in his daily work. The subjects discussed include Carpentry and Joinery, Framing and Construction, Masonry, Plastering, Roofs and Cornices, Heating and Ventilation, Plumbing, Cabinet Work Paint ing and Decoration, Architectural Design anJ^ Drafting. Its Department of Correspondence being t convenient means of communication between mechanics in different sections of the country, and presenting a record of experience of the ablest mechanics, has become a leading feature of the publication, and one of the greatest use- fulness and interest. This department, as Avell as the paper throughout, is amply illustrated. Its illustrations, which are line engravings, are everywhere admired for their clearness and beauty, and are certainly better suited to the purpose than any ever before given to the Car- pentry and Building trades. DAVID WII.I.IAMS, Publisher, 83 Reade St., New York. BRANCH OFFICES: FHILADKLPHIA, 320 South Fourth Street. PITTSBURGH, - - 77 Fourth Avenue. CHICAGO, - 36 and 38 Clark St., cor. Lake. CINCINNATI, - - Builders' Exchange. CHATTANOOGA, Eighth and Market Streets. The two books described below are in a forward state of preparation, and will be issued at an early day. COMMON SENSE THE POULTRY YARD. A STORY OF FAILURES AND SUCCESSES. INCLUDING A FULL ACCOUNT OF 1000 HENS AND WHAT THEY DID. WITH A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF The Houses, Coops, Fences, lUms, Methods of Feeding, Breeding, Marketing, etc., etc. And Many New Wrinkles and Economical Dodges, By J. P. HAIG. AVitli Nixmeroris lUixstraiions. Written in the form of a story, and embodyinog:-L.eg:g:ed, and ^Vinding Stairs. To which is added an Illustrated Glossary of Terms used ia Stair-Build- iDg, and Designs for Newels, Balusters. Brackets, Sta?r Mouldings, and Sections of Hand-Ralls. By FRED. T. HODGSON. This work takes hold at the very beginning of the subject, and carries the student along by easy stages, until the entire subject of Stair- Building has been unfolded, so far as ordinary practice can ever require. This book, and the one on Hand-Railing, described below, cover nearly the whole subject of Stair-Building. A NEW SYSTEM OF HAND-RAILING, Or, How to Cut Hand-B/ailing for Circular and other Stairs, Square from the Plank, without th*^. aid of a Falling Mould. THE SYSTEIfl IS NEW, NOVEL., ECONOMIC, AND EASIEir EEARNED. JRuleSj Instructions f and Working Drawings for Building Rails for Seven Different Kinds of Stairs are given, •-^•-» BY AN OLD STAIR-BUILDER. ♦-♦-* Edited and Corrected by 1^^K-1G13. TL\ MOI^G^SOJS". BROOKS, SHOOBRIDCE & CO., PORTLAND CEMENT. Works : Grays, Essex, England. NEW YORK OFFICE, - - 7 BOWLING GREEN. CHENEY & HEWLETT, ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORKS. A(\^ronP:lit and Cast Iron "W^ork for Building [Purposes. i;^. Cheney, ? C. Hewlett, 5 OFFICE : S so 1 BRO AU WA Y^ ^ NeAv "VTork. WORKS: GREEXPOINT, L, I. Deafening. MINERAL WOOL Insulating. is a buil«lin<^ inatorial made from the slag of blast furuaces. Tliere is no . organic matter in it, hence there is nothing that can burn, rot, or help to. generate insects. It is used dry, and requires no additional carpenter work. In the walls, floors and partitions of dwellings, flats, hospital*, etc., it is of permanent value in lessening the cost of heating; reducing the danger from fire (and thereby lowering insurance rates); in deaden- ing all sounds and doing away with rats and mice. Approximate cost at dock in New York City of 100 square feet of filling one inch thick, in small lots, $2.50; in lots of 40,000 lbs., $1.96; in lots of 100,000 lbs., $1.76. Prices subject to cliang^e without notice. Sample and Circular Free by mail. U. S. MINERAL. WOOL COMPANY, FIRE PROOFING. 22 Cortlandt Street, NEW YORK. VERMIN PROOFING. N. H. EGLESTON, JR., 59 Murray Street, 263 Fifth Ave. NE^\^ YORK CITY. MANUFACTURER OF Stained (Leaded) Glass Windows FOR CHITRCHES, PUISLIC »Ij1I.1>I]^<]}5$, MEMORIAL WINDOWS, VESTIBULE DOOR- LIGHTS, TRANSOMS, SKY-LIGHTS. In Aitti«iiie, Opa^lesceiil; Olass, and JeTvels. ESTIMATES AND DESIGNS FURNISHED PROMPTLY. BAII^El'S PATENT ADJUI§XABL.£ PL.AJVES. Thirty Different Styles. Smooth Planes, Jack Planes, Fore Planes, Jointer Planes, Block Planes, Rabbet Planes, Circular Planes. 250,000 Already in Use. Carpenters, Cabinet Makers, Car Builders, Carriage Makers, Mill- wrights, Wheelwrights, all use them. MANUFACTURED BY STANLEY RULE AND LEVEL CO., < New Britain, Conn. Warerooms, 29 Chambers Street, New York. FOR SALE BY ALL HARDWARE DEALERS. The Carpenter's Steel Square AND ITS USES. SECOND EDITION, GREATLY ENLARGED, NEARLY THRfY ADDITIONAL AND NEW ILLUSTRATIONS. CLOTH OILX, - - #1.00. Sent by Mail on Receipt of Price. INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY, 49 Maiden Lane^ New York. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL NOV 7 1989 RECEIVED NOV :^ REC'D PHYS SCI LIBRA REFILED JAN 3 1992 m LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS BookSlip-50m-5,'70(N6725s8)458— A-31/5 3 1175 01430 3583 Call Number: _i80058 Hodgson, F.T. .^g The builder s guxde, J estimator's prxce THU35 H55 N? 780058 THii35 Hodgson, F.T. H55 The builder" s guide, and estimator' 's price book. PHYSICAL ■:§f^ SCIENCES LIBRARY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS -