cy. :3 DC aa =1 -7» c %aiMNn-3\ft^ '^tfOjnvDio'*^ %)jnv3jo^ '^jjudkvsoi'^ i i :^ ^>SaMHfliV^^ 3 S 2 ^^ .?;jrtFUKIVFR% <<^3NVSCn-'<^ u3 i if^ ^ i ^J^uoNvsm^ %a3A]Nn-3V&^ ^oimm' \ 4^0fCAl!F0R^ ^OFCAllFOMij^ ^ / ■ CYROPiEDIA; OR, THE INSTITUTION OF C YR US, By XENOPHON. Tiumlated from the Greek 15v THE HONOURABLE MAURICE ASHLEY. L O N D O X : rrinted by J. Sivan, Angirl Street, Newgate Street, FOR VEEXOR AND HOOD; CUTHELI, AND MARTIN ; J. WALKER } WYNNE AND SCHOLEY ; AND R.LEA. ] 803. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE m5 cm LADY ELIZABETH IL4RRIS. ]\L\DAM, t A. MAX who is indebted to the public for leisure, and for freedom from servile employment, is under obli,L!;ation to acquire knowledge, and principally in religion, policy, and the art of war. You will, in probability, think, that morals ought to be added to the number; but as religion may be divided into two sorts, real and political, and that real religion can, by no means, be disjoined from morals, it does not seem proper to mention them as a distinct head. . The objects of the mind, in real religion, are the greatest in the Avorld, the divinity and all divine things. When the mind has imbibed a full know- ledge of these to its utmost capacity, it may be said to be religious: it then sees the divinity in all things; it sees if in human nature, and in all the laws of af- fection and duty in its several relations; it sees it in the whole world, and in every part of it, from the highest to the lowest productions, both animate and inanimate. The religious man thinks himself not to be " concealed from God in any of his motions 'f." True sentiments of God are the foundation of our dues to him: true knoAvledge of ourselves settles our duty in that respect likewise, and establishes a rule of rating the value of ourselves, and others, different from that of the multitude. The dignity of * Arrian. E\nc\.. lib, i. c. 12, 14, 4 PREFACE DEDICATORY. the more divine part of man is asserted * : the Cep- sars, Herods, and Pilates, the high-priests, and scribes; the powerful, the rich, and the many, are of no note heref. False opinions, and an over va- luation of riches, honours, and all the other meaner concerns of life, whence all vice arises, cannot be entertained where this knowledge is. :|:Our duty may, indeed, be divided into three parts, as settled by our three principal relations; to God, to other men, and to ourselves; and they may be differently ^termed, but they are but the main branches of the one moral science. If morals be disjoined from their relation to what is divine, and confined to a certain system of manners, contrived for the regu- lation of our own personal concerns of body and mind, and to guide us in our conduct amongst men, they then become something entirely different from what is before meant, and they dwindle into an Epi- curean moral, an art of settling certain rules of be- haviour upon a principle of interest, convenience, or pleasure. The case of religion is alike ill when so disjoined from human concerns; for then is the divine Being, like Epicurus"s divinities, confined to the highest heavens, and unconcerned in the admi- nistration of the lower world. And this, in the Epi- cureans, was but excluding Providence from the world with a sort of compliment, that seems to have been intended as a screen from the reproach of atheism, rather than to have arisen from any real opinion of such beings: but real religion is the sum- mit and completion of all knowledge; runs through all, and arises from collecting Avhat is divine in all things. II The fowls of the air are fed ; the stature of man is limited ; § the lilies of the field are clothed * Mat. XX. 25. xxi. 23, 31, xxii l6, &c. xxiii. 2, &:c. xxvil. 20. t Luke vi. 24, &:c. Mat. v. 29, 30. t Ench. Epict. c. 37, 38, &c. 11 Mat. xxvi. 26, 27, 28. § Mat. x. 2p. PREFACE DEDICATORY". 5 by Providence; without it a bird falls not to the ground, nor a hair from the head: this is Christian- ity, or the doctrine of our Saviour, is real religion, and is not to be found but in the mind of the wise and good, and of the few *who enter in at the strait gate. But when religion comes to be spoken of as a na- tional establishment, it is no longer the real, but makes part of the state; it has its lawful forms and ceremonies under the administration of its mini- sters, who are regulated by the state, and paid for their service. One may very justly think that he has but little knowledge of Christianity and real re- ligion, Avho does not see the evident difference : if they are the same, then were the f Ephesian silver- smiths, and the Sacheverells of all ages, and their followeis, extremely religious: for great zealots they certainly were for the political religion, but in the real they had no knowledge, and had nothing to do w^ith it. Tlie different turns that have been given to esta- blished religions, as governments have differed from each other, or changed v, ithin themselves, will serve to illustrate this distinction of religion into real and political. The Greek religion differed remarkably in cities and people that differed in their genius and policy. The best and bravest of the Greeks applied their principal worship to the noblest and most chaste of their deities, as to Juno or Pallas: others of them, that were more tyrannical in their form of civil government, and more loose in their manners, addressed their principal worship to a Venus or a Bacclius. The same deities had a chaste and de- cent worship paid them in one place, and, in ano- ther, a more jjompous one, and more loose. This partiality of particular cities and people to particu- lar deities, as their different forms of government and genius lead them, is intimated in Homer by the * Mat. vii. 13. + Acts xix. 23. f> PRE1'"ACF, DEDICATORY. great jmrtiality he expresses in particular deities t6 particular cities and people. This divine partiality reached even to private men, and diflered according to tlieir characters: one deity favoured Achilles; another Ulysses; another Paris. As amongst states, "vvliich are political persons, and different in charac- ters, one deity favoured Athens, another Argos, and another Paphos, The Roman religion, by the ac- count of their historians, *was more plain and de- cent in their earlier and better times; but, in the time of Julius Coesar, it was become full of lewd- ness and extravagance. Not very long after Julius, Christianity arose; it w^as the real and true religion in. the breasts of its few true professors, long before its name was embraced by multitudes, armies, and emperors, and so became the public religion. After this its establishment, what has been the variety of forms it has appealed in? Through many changes, it^ at last appeared in the complete papal form, which long prevailed almost over all Christendom. And, in this form, how many, mean turns has it served? How has it been made subservient to the ' interest of princes and priests that were its votaries.'^ About two hundred years ago, established Christi- anity took another turn, and appears now, in sev^^^' I ral nations, in different forms. But in England- particularly, and since the change made at the re- formation, how have some of our priests used it^n' different turns of government? INIany have made it a support of the tyranny of princes, and destructive of the civil rights of men. Real Christianity, mean- while, is none of all these changeable establishments and human institutions, nor ever can be, but stands upon its own foot; and M'hcther it be the religion of the multitude, and national or not national, or whatever be the forms of it in national establish- ments, is one and the same in itself, firm and unal- terable, and will undoubtedly remain to the end of * Plutarch's Life of Numa. Dionysius Halicar. lib. ii. PREFACE DEDIGATORY. 7 the world, whether owned or not owned by any public establishment indifferently. ; If it can still be objected, that real religion and ^Christianity are now become the established and po- litical religion; and that, of consequence, they are the same, and not to be distinguished, I must, in answer, repeat, that real religion is the science of the Divinity, and of all things divine, and is to be learned from the great volume of nature, as well as from scripture; as geometry from Euclid, and other sciences from like means. And every man is so far knowing in a science as hehas applied his own fa- culties to the laws of it; for no man is master of any science by another's understanding. This, there- fore, stands entirely upon private judgment, and must ever do so. Established religion is a form of public worship, chosen by the public; and its rules arc prescribed by the political power, with certain persons appointed to administer in it according to those settled rules. The political power of this na- tion has accordingly establislied a form, and has provided abundantly both for the education and maintenance of men to officiate in it; has ordered them, in public discourses, to instruct the people in real religion, as far as they are capable of it; and has ajipointed them the Scripture as the rule and measure of their instructions; with certain canons, articles, and rubrics, limiting times, forms, and ce- remonies, farther than the Scripture does, and, in some instances, limiting likewise, points of faith. But this it docs modestly, with acknowledgment of its own fallibility; and, in consequence of this con- cession, it allows a liberty to dissent. Now, t\m stands upon the public judgment of the state. When, tlierefore, by foreign force, or intestine broils, the political frame is dissolved, all this form falls to the ground. But real religion certainly cannot be said to fall with it, unless one make all religion to be merely political, and a creature of the state; 8 PKLFACE DEUICATOUY. wliicli is direct atheism. And even while this Christ- ian form happily subsists under a quiet government, and that nine parts in ten of a whole people embrace it, certainly no real Christian will say that nine parts in ten of so great a multitude are sincere, true, and real Christians; that the common herd of men, who are under a necessity of giving tlieir whole time to the procuring themselves necessaries; or the men of business, who addict themselves to gain ; or the prince or grandee, who prostitutes his time to plea- sure and diversion, are truly Christian and religious upon principles of science. It must be owned, in- deed, that the very worst and most ignorant of the multitude may have great zeal for the established religion, and this zeal, under wicked leaders, has raised the greatest tumults and disorders amongst men, and has carried Christians by profession to actions extremely unchristian and inhuman. Real and established Christianity must, therefore, be dis- tinct, since they never fall together, and that they subsist together but in few instances. If religion have any thing to do with science or knowledge, this must be true. But there are many, I fear, that strike religion out of the catalogue of sciences, and list it among the blind passions of men; as does Ilobbes, who defines religion " as fear of power in- visible, from tales publicly told." And between him and some certain managers of religion, there is this ditference, that he would have his civil sovereign be the only authentic, teller of these tales; and these divines would be the tellers of them themselves. Both equally enemies to the understandings of men, but antagonists to each other about who shall hold the tyramiy. The mention of Mr. Hobbes sugtjests likewise CO some assertions of his, relating to man in the state of nature, and which, perhaps, may not seem to be entirely foreign to the present subject. He makes the natural ^tate of man to be a state of war and en- PftEFACE DEDICATORY. 9 mity against each other; where there is no rule of just and unjust, right and wrong; where power is the only measure of right; and where fear and love of power are the chief passions of men. Now, had he been describing the state of men who had long lived under a political form of government, and who, up- on the dissolution of it, had broken out into all the irregularities possible; a prince, on one side, claim- ing a sovereignty independent upon all human authority, and his partisans supporting him with arms, without much pretence to justice or hones- ty ; and the chief leaders of the opposite faction acting with as little regard to natural justice, under a mask of sanctity and religion ; he had then, indeed, made a just and natural description of such a state of man. But if he calls this the natural state of the human creature, as it came out of the hands of God, before its having lost its natural rule and law of life, before its being rendered corrupt and artifi- cial, it seems evidently absurd. But INIr. Hobbes may be excused; for, as he charges the ancient wri- ters of politics M'ith copying their political schemes from the ancient couunonwealths, so he j)lainiy co- pied his picture of the human mind, and of his com- monwealth, from his own mind, and from the state of things as he had seen them in those confused times, which had undoubtedly made that unfortu- nate impression of fear upon liis mind, and gave it ?o wrong a turn. But, if one consider ev(^ry species of creatures in the Morld, there is a certain natural rule and law of life belongs to each, with respect to their food and sustenance, to their living in herds, or otherwise to their defence against beasts that are naturally their enemies, to the sounds they are to express; their fears, their pains, their wanl.'^, and their pleasures; with respect to their j)laccs of rest, find to the whole economy of their young. Our common cattle, when wild, ami in their natural state, have a natural rule in all these several re- 10 PREFACE DEDICATORr. .«{)ccts. They alFect eacii other's company, and ac- rordiniily they herd; and, Avhen they are grazing, if a beast of prey appear, "*the bull issues out for the sake of the herd:" or, jwhen they are attacked by man, there is a general motion amongst them, whilst the bulls advance, and place themselves in front against their adversaries, the cows range them- selves behind their males, and the young retire be- hind all. They understand each other's sounds, and are atiectionatcly careful of their young.. This natu- ral frame of passions, in each species of animals, distinguishes the kinds and the sexes; and the cha- racters of the several animals are as much consti- tuted by this inward form as they are distinguished by the outward. The lion and the tiger are both creatures of prey; but, in the character of the lion, it is said, that man has observed a Jsort of genero-ij} *sity and gratitude that is not in the other. Thei ; elephant is entirely different from both the last men- tioned, and has a character peculiar to itself; and so of all other creatures. The human creature, without doubt, has likewise, from nature, its inward fiame, and a certain rule of life accordingly. If therji words right and wrong, just and unjust, be only ap- plicable to the arbitrary limitations of property, made by men already formed into political societ}', , . so let them be; they are then not to be applied to the natural state. But if, in the instance before, the bull should desert its part, and take the station of the cow or calf; if the cow should devour the young; or the calf should fear its own species, be adverse to it, and herd with goats or sheep; one might be alloMcd to say that this would be erring from the rule of nature; one might call it deformed, ugly, unnatural, and monstrous; as a steady adher- ence to this rule might be called beautiful, comely, natural, and being true to its part. Beauty and de- * Arrran. Epict. lib. i, c. 2. ' t Dampierj Vol. II. Part ii, page QQ. t A. Gellius L. PREFACE DEDICATORY. 11 formity are not more evidently applicable to the outward form than to this inward one. Then, as lo the character of the human creature in its natural state, without doins ^reat wrong; to ourselves in that state, and violence to our judgments in this, we cannot but think that Ave should naturally be as great lovers of each other's company ias any other creature whatever ; and, of consequence, shoulil herd, and be social, ready to hazard ourselves for others of our kind, and for our young. It is not easy to imagine that we should be naturally savag'^j and cruel; we should certainly have a horror and aversion to the feeding upon ^varin flesh and blood of expiring creatures, which some animals do with pleasure: we should as certainly loath and- avoid the sight and smell of rotten carcases, w^hich is tb-e delight of others; our food would be of another kind: we should certainly have as great an aflection to our young as any other creature has to theirs; we should certainly be as sagacious as any in pro- viding, either in common or otherwise, for all our little needs in that state, and, perhaps, a great deal more than any other. But what our natural lan- guage would be, M'hat our food Avould consist of, hoAv the order and rule between male and female, with resj^ect to themselves and to their young, would then stand, both as to the continuance and mannc.r of that particular relation; these are things that are not to be limited with any certainty now. Ijut, in the whole, it seems evident enough, that we are na- turally a mild, gentle, sociable, and * compassionate creature. Ambition, and grasping at high posts in the state, and our present artificial set of passions, and the barbarous transgressions of rule and order that have followed upon them, belong not lo that state of things. This natural state of ours was the golden age of the ancient heathen world ; and if the account that Moses gives of Paradise before the fall * Cyropopdia. I'i PREFACE DEDICATORV. be allcizory, and not fact, as Dr. Burnet, in his Ar- clueolo^ia asserts, our natural state was certainly lepresented by tluit allegory. Besides, there seems lo be lillle n^ason to doubt but that men, under ci- vil government, would l)e as manageable, by tlieir magistrates, as Hocks and herds by their pastors and shepherds, were it not for the vice and ignorance of such human herdsmen and pastors, "did but they," as Xenoj)hon says, " act their part with under- standing and skill." And then, even u})on tlie dis- ^olution of government, and things being brought to confusion, as there is, in all things, a beautiful rule and order set by nature, so here would there be still a rule. The arrogant, the proud, the ambitious, such as thought all their fellow creatures made to serve their ends, would act without regard to reli- gion, to faith, to all that was excellent and beauti- ful; and the extent of their powder would be their only measure: but, perhaps, a few would still be faithful, modest, brave, humane, and religious, and would act or sutler handsomely; at least there would be an evident difference in the characters of men so left to themselves, in proportion to their sense of this natural and divine rule, as this was preserved untainted in their minds, and not sullied or oblite- rated by vile and unnatural sentiments and passions. By what has been before said, it may be decided, whether the independence of religion upon civil go- vernment may be justly claimed or no. The thing decides itself plainly: real religion is a mental thing; "*It is not here nor there, but within us; fit is not of this world." Or, had it been so, our Saviour had made an appeal to arms, and to the powers of this world. It is absolutely independent, and has nothing to do with the magistrate: it is a thing of a nobler nature, and its truths are yet less subject to political jurisdiction, than mathematical truths, which it would be ridiculous to say that the magi- * Luke xvii^ 21 + John xviii, 36. PREFACE DEDICATORY. 1:3 strate ought to decide in. But to say that the go- vernment has nothing to do with the national reh- gion, which itself established and made national, seems very absurd; and for the ministers, Avhose forms are prescribed them by the political power, whose privileges are limited by the same, who arc indebted to the public for their education and main- tenance, to say that they are independent upon it. seems a little arrogant. It is, undoubtedly, proper that every nation should have their artists in reli- gious concerns, as the * Persians had; but if these men assert, that they are the last resort in atfairs of religion, let the priesthood consist of those who, of all the proprietors of the territory, are most vene- rable for nobility of birth, for wisdom, for years passed with untainted integrity; these will be better directors than the necessitous, the mean of birth, the unwise, and the young; but can be no more than proposers and helps to men in their choice; the last resort remains still with the choosers, itix,.! When the public, therefore, has chosen its reli- gion, which must be done, both that it may dis- charge its own duty, and to prevent the multitude's being left undirected, and at the mercy of supersti- tion and every private guide, it may then be asked, whether this religious establishment ought to be im- posed upon all private men? That it may be impos- ed by power is certain; for the magistrates and mul- titude, or the absolute monarch and his army, after having made their own choice, may act in this as they please. If they are heathen, tiiey may impose the worship of plurality of gods; if they are Turks or .Jews, they may oblige a man to deny our Saviour to be the Christ and son of God: if corrupt j)re- tenders to Christianity, they may oblige one to say that Christianity is what it is not; and they may, any of them, if they please, oblige one to say, that there arc no antipodes; that eclipses will not hap- * Cyrop.Tedia. 14* PREFACK DEDICATORY. pen according to astronomical observations; that the three angles of a triangle are not equal to two right ones; or, upon refusal, they may inflict punish- ment at will, lint will and power are often used imjuslly and unwisely. Tlie papacy is well known to use this imposing power; and Ilobbes, who is a passionate advocate of arbitrary power, recommends this use of it in his Leviathan. But there seems not to be much justice or humanity, and as little of Christianity in the practice. And, with respect to these impositions in affairs of religion, and the mi- sery that ever attends them, the case seems to be this: that they are not the original cause of misery and confusion, but the corrupt effects only of the dissolution or imperfection of political forms of go- vernment, or of ignorance and vice in princes; for, if a decent form of religion be established by the po- litical power, there will be but few that v/ill be dis- senting from it; and a liberty in this kind is what the generosity, justice, and benignity of good go- vernments Avill always allow. But, if the political orders are broken, and the multitude deprived of their orderly guidance and leading, they then form themselves into separate herds, as ignorance, super- stition, and corrupt interests lead them; and fall foul of one another. And this is the fertile soil of tyranny: hence sprung the Caesars, the JMahomets, the Popes, and the Croniwells: creatures of multi- tudes, that have been destitute of the blessing of just and wise political orders. And in such circumstances of men, the laws of justice and humanity hnd no place. So that when men hear of strange absurdi- ties imposed, and great cruelties practised in conse- quence of them, instead of venting a great deal of Avrath against the craft and wickedness of priests, they ought rather to lament the distempers that so- cieties of men are subject to. As for instance : the Romans were a society of men formed from a collec- tion of thieves and plunderers; who, when they had PREFACE DEDICATORY. 15 J^ixed themselves a habitation, made it a spungcto collect criminals of all sorts, and such as were too vile to subsist under their own government. Tiie way that their historians took to render their origi- nal divine, was, by relating that the god of Avar de- bauched a priestess professing chastity; from this conjunction of war and violence with unchastitv, and breach of religious professions, there came the two vouths, that sucked the milk of a female beast of prey; one of these youths murdered the other, and founded Rome. However this fable may have been taken as compliment, it looks like the artful contrivance of some Greek, to give, under this dis- guise, a character of the Rom^n state. This city, thus formed, proceeded upon its first principles. and made its progress by plunder and rapine; had little else in its frame but what was military. Their booty and conquests were distributed, indeed, but never Justly, even under what they call their com- monwealth *, The common people were generally abused and cheated in it, though there were perpe- tual quarrels about their dividends. And as this city, at last, enslaved almost the whole world, so it destroyed every thing that carried the face of civil government. 'J'hen it corrupted still further within » itself, and changed into a mon.strous tyranny. Let- ters, arts, and sciences sunk throughout the world. Then, when this tyranny corrupted and decayed, the ecclesiastical leviathan began to raise its head; and, when it fell quite to pieces, and became di- vided into several parts, independent upon each other, the ecclesiastical republic asserted its domi- nion over all; and, in the midst of these ruins, formed its independent policy. When, therefore, the corruption of civil governments, and the igno- rance of princes, has given existence to such forms, can it be expected that men should be false to their own public? Can it be thought that men, who arr^ " Plutarch, Vid. Num. 1() PRKFAC E DEDICATORV. trained up from tlicir youth in a certain order and foni), distinct iVoni the civil, -without dependence upon it, or expectations of honours or rewards, but in deirrees and orders of their own, and under their own governors, should act for an establishment fo- reian to their own? When they must know that their own foundations stand upon the ruin of civil forms, and must owe their continuance to the depression of them? Men's zeal in this case is not to be won- dered at. If they who are in the civil interest will entirely discharge themselves of the noblest know- ledge in the world, of all judgment in what is pleas- ing or displeasing to God, and will leave the sove- reign decision in these matters to others, it is cer- tainly just that they to whom these matters are thus left, should prescribe to those who are thus aban- doned to ignorance; should tell them how to behave in their families; how to govern their own persons; how to act in converse and dealings with others; how to act in the public; and should dictate to them in all things. And the particular policy of these di- vines ought, with still more reason, to be left en- tirely to themselves. Some nations have, indeed, protested against this hierarchy; and, in most others, there is a greater disposition to judge for themselves than is pleasing to the ecclesiastics. Letters, science, and arts, have within these two or three centuries revived. But if the civil forms that are r.(nv established in the world, moulder away to no- thing, by means of the corruption and ignorance of the managers, the ecclesiastics will justly become their masters. For, as * Cyrus says, "God has so established things, that tliey who will not impose upon themselves the task of labouring for their own advantage, shall have other task-masters given them." Supposing, then, that the ecclesiastics have reduced the rest of men to tlipir obedience, as every the meanest priest is entitled to rise to the highest * Cyropsedia, PRf.FACE DRDICATORV. 1/ dignities ; and, wlicn admitted to liis fiecdom in the liierarchy, is not debarred from knowledge and letters, as those of the inity are; as tkeir monareh and grandees are elective, and not hereditary ; and tlie ah.'^ojute sovereijznt.y is not lodged in the sina;]e person, but their general councils claim a share with him in it; tlie body of them then ongiit to take care that their own chiefs do not alfect a tyranny over them, and serve them as C^csnr did Rome. And then if the virtue of their frame be preserved till af- ter liicy have broken the lay interest to jiieces, they may then, jx^rhaps, assume the sword into their own hands, as the Templars, who were an order amongst them, Mere once possessed of it; and may come to think it fit to transmit the property of the world to their own children, and not choose their successors from amongst the children of their servants and vassals. This will be the spring of a new civil in- terest, much wiser than that upon whose ruins it is built; and it Mill continue so, while the ingenious and free cultivate knowledge, and hold the sword. But let them once give u[) knowledge, and drop the sword into the hands of hirelings, they must submit to the consequence of having their servants become their masters, 'i'hc priesthood, thus supposed ma-r slers of the world, may then, jierhaps, divide them- selves into distinct governments, by distinct territo- ries. And though they are not now so divided, vet they ought, in truth, to be accounted a civil go- vernment within themselves, distinct from all others. And if one consider the share of projjcrty and re- venue that they were possessed of in the several countries of Europe, they m ill be i'ound to be a very great and powerful stale. Mean while it matters notivhat the things are that are iutposed upon uien, wJio give up their judgments in the greatest con- cerns ; for even truths j)ubli>)u:d for men's belief, when received without knowlcdu( and understand-. ing, are no better than tale? and forgeries, B 18 PREFACE DEDICATORY. As religion is divided into two heads of science, so may virtue be divided into several ; as, for in- stance, into real, political, and military, as well as others. The real falls into the head of morals and real religion, and is one and the same thing under several names. Eut temperance, with respect to eating and drinking, to be able to deny one's self one's usual rest, ability to undergo toil and labour, to sleep in open air, contempt of danger and death ; these are military virtues, that may arise from custom and in- stitution, or from necessity, or from ambition, and may be the virtues of robbers and pirates. The hero in the following papers will give you cause to think of this distinction, particularly in his speech when he is grown a man, and is setting out upon his*Median expedition, as well as upon many other occasions. What is here sent you, to take up some hours of your leisure, relates to religion, asw^ell as to politics and war, though this last seems to be the chief sub- ject of it. As to politics, the account given of the Medes and Assyrians, the luxury and effeminacy of the Me- dian court, the absolute dependence of all upon the prince's will, the effeminacy and meanness of the people, the poorness of their military discipline, the manner of protecting the territory by fortresses and garrisons, the waste of lands upon the borders inhabited only by wild beasts, show the nature of ar- bitrary governments. The nobler orders established amongst the Persians, the education of the inge- nious amongst them, the rights of sovereignty lodg- ed in a public council, and laws of public weal esta- blished as guides both to prince and people, bravery in the people, and wisdom in their military discip- line, show the virtue and power of free governments. There seems indeed to be something in the story that suggests this defect to be in the Persian fi'ame ; that the free, the ingenious, the gentlemen, the no- * Cyropaedia. PREFACE DEDICATORY. 19 ble, (call them by which name you please,) are re- duced to too little a number ; and too small a num- ber of great ones commonly implies their riches to be too great with respect to the rest of the people; or, if the riches and power of the gentleman be but inconsiderable, and that the people have them not, then the prince remains too weighty in the scale, and the rest are but dependents and servants. Now, in either of these cases, the ambition of great fami- lies, or that of a single one, always prevents the division of the riches and estates amongst greater numbers, and presses on to further increase, till the few become yet fewer, or the single one yet greater; and, at last, either the prince, or one of the over- grown few, by riches and numerous dependents, assumes the tyranny; then to him all become ser- vants, his will is then the only law : he must hold his power by an army ; and to complete all, must iiold his own head at the will of that army. This showS; the folly of the abettors of arbitrary sway, who pronounce it to be so vile a thing, for the prince to be said to hold his power at the will of the mul- titude. M'hereas the prince must of necessity hold at the will of a multitude; for, supposing him to have de- stroyed the interest of the honest multitude, who were in possession of the lands and commerce of a country, and to have subjected their power by means of an army, he must then of necessity hold his own j)o\\ er at the will of that nmltitude of mercenaries. Who- ever knows any thing of the story of the Roman and Turkish armies and emperors, and considers the nature of things, must see that an absolute prince is a creature and servant of a military multitude, and ever comes uppermost Avhen the mercenary crew have destroyed the civil power. So that in ])olitics the voice of tlic i)eop!e is the voice of God, and multitude must and will be the lust resort here. * Julius Ca.'sar, and all the able attcmpters of ty- * Dyonis. Halicar. upon Aristodcmus^ lib, vii. Suetonius^ lib. i. CO rni-.lACE DF.niCATOKV. ranny in tlie ancient ^vol•l(l, nndcrstood their art too M ell to be is^norant ot" this, and acconiinsily they laid themselves out entirely in the culture and service of their armies, and of such part of the civil multitude as were most currujH and necessitous: tlieir own private fortunes were entirely sacrificed to this. AH that they acquired hv conquest, m as ai)[)lied to this, as Mcll as all that thcv could plunder from their go- vernment and fellow citizens ; for upon this did their sovereignty depend. Octavius, the nephew and heir of Julius, could not entirle. Caesar, there- fore, trusted to other means: he never talked so idly of sovereignty, protection, and obedience, as some modern dealers in politics, *vvho eonfound themselves and othei's with these words. Caesar's empire, and that of Cyrus, mentioned in the follow- ing pa{)ers, were not built upon such foundations. Absolute sovereignty is never applicable to a prince, w hether at the head of a legal government or of a tyranny ; for, in a legal government, the [)rince has law for his rule as well as the people ; his property and rights are lin)itcd by that rule;' and so are those of the people. The laws and or- ders of government are the protection both of princ.e and people: but, if the prince affect to be absolute sovereign and lord of all, he nnist nurse up and cultivate a body of sohheiy, sutlicicnt for the work, and unite them in interest with him, to dissolve the legal frame. Then, if he succeeds, tlie people are * ( hirfiKkin's. I fi>lci\-. 2^ PREFACE DEDICATORY, indccil j)rotcctcd; as the people of Turky arc pro- tected ; and as tlic people of Home Averc under their emperors; and the army becomes the prince's pro- tection, and in reality sovereign. But how such sovereignty differs from tyranny, how such protec- tion differs from power to oppress, and how such obedience and subjection differs from servitude, can never be made out. And, as tyrannies rise thus in a particular state, so great empires, that are but ex- tended tyrannies, make their way through the world by the vice and impotence of neighbouring states. Whereas, by order within themselves, friendship and good faith ^vith each other, little states repel the impotent attacks of great empires, that are pow^- erful only by the vice and weakness of their neigh- bours. Such hints in the course of tlie story, and the observations that may be made upon them, seem to me to let one more into political knowledge than most of the books and pamphlets that are now ■written upon that subject. The advices given, with respect to the art of war, are obvious; and, with all their plainness, are more than most of our present military men now think of And the few instructions, with respect to the esta- blished religion and the priests of those days, are not unapplicable to our present times. Nor can it be said but that the spirit of piety and deference to superior powers, which runs through the whole, though blended with the established rites, does in some measure relate to real religion, and must needs be pleasing to those who have a sense of it. The foUow^ing papers contain a plain translation of the Cyropasdia, or Institution of Cyrus, written by Xenophon, who lived about four hundred years before the birth of our Saviour, in an age produc- tive of great men ; though it was the age in Avhich expired those noble forms of government, to which all future ages are indebted for literature, and all noble knowledge. He saw the republics of Greece, PREFACE DEDICATORY. '23 after their brave defence against the Persian power in the age before, by wars amongst themselves, nursing up a brood of mercenaries to be their own destruction, which was completed by Philip of Ma- cedon, at the battle of Chacronea. He was a friend and disciple of Socrates, that great man, who was a remarkable instance of what is before observed ^~ with respect to the consequences of broken govern- ments ; for he fell a sacrifice to faction ; and one of his accusations was, a disregard to the establislied religion, he who had evidently the utmost regard to real religion, had as much knowledge of it as \ hole nations, in order to gain them to his purpose, TAcro certainly right; but this does not prove that ti>at purpose of his was honest. In like manner, all his regulations, with respect to the establishment of his sv'hcme of tyranny, were as certainly rightly contrived to serve that end ; but yet this is no proof that such tyranny is not a most unjust, une- qual, and barbarous establishment. And, when the- foundation and rise of the empire of Cyrus is di- rectly ascribed to a free government; when his own education under such a government appears to bo the foundation of all the virtue that he has; and M hen the eftects of this (;mpirc erected are declared to be a general defection from all virtue in the peo- ple, and the misery of the prince's own family; then, let any one Judge whether the moral of this fable of Xenophon\s does. decide in favour of tyranny. ;.iij I know the affectionate concern you have for the * iMat. xviii, J. xix. 14. | Mat. vi. 23. 30 PREFACE DEDICATORY. liberty of your country; whicli you value, that the integrity and simplicity of human minds may be protected, and not overborne by tyrannical imposi- tions, or debauched by imposture; that they nsay be kept as the chaste spouse of divine truth; and that innocence and virtue may not be violated by the un- governed passions of the mighty. I know the joy you ever expressed for your country's successes in a just Avar. You Avill therefore allow this to be my excuse, for thinking these subjects not improper to entertain you with. I cannot but believe that even the statesman, the soldier, the divine, and the learn- ed in the law, of our present age, would readily ex- cuse the addressing these matters to a lady, when they should consider that this is but the translation (and indeed pretends to be no very good one) of a book where these subjects are treated in a childish, romantic way, and not so suitable to their under- standings. They will be little concerned that such an author should recommend the sciences and arts of war and government, of justice and religion, to the study of the gentleman : for, by means of igno- rance in these things, the gentleman is rendered in- capable of judging whether the mercenary in these professions do their duty for their money. The no- blest arts are thus left to the mercenary alone, and they become the guides and governors of the world. CYROP^DIA; OR, THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. BOOK L X HAVE heretofore considered how many popular governments have been dissolved by men who chose to live under any other sort of government rather than the popular; and how many monarchies, and how many oligarchies have been destroyed by the people ; and how many of those who have attempted tyran- nies have, some of them, been instantly and entirely destroyed ; and others, if they have continued reign- ing but for any time, have been admired as able, wise, and happy men. And I thought I observed many masters, in their own private houses, some possess- ing more servants, some but very few, who yet were not able to preserve those few entirely obedient to their commands. I considered withal that keepers of oxen, and keepers of horses are, as it were, the ma- gistrates and rulers of those oxen and horses ; and, in general, all tliose called pastors or herdsmen may be properly accounted the magistrates of the ani- mals they rule. I saw, I thouglit, all these several herds more willing to obey tlieii- pastors, than men their magistrates. For these herds go the way that their keepers direct them ; they feed on those lands 34 CYROPiEDIA; OR, upon which then- keepers throw them ; they abstain from those from which their keepers drive them; they suffer their keepers to make what use they please of the fruits and profits that arise from them. I3esides, I never did percieve a herd conspiring against its keepers, either so as not to obey them, or so as not to allow them the use of the fruits arising from them. Herds are rather more refrac- tory towards any others than they are towards their rulers, and those who make profit of them; but men conspire against none sooner than against those whom they perceive undertaking the government of them. When these things were in my mind, I came to this judgment upon them ; that, to man, it was easier to rule every other sort of creature than to rule man. But when 1 considered that there Avas tlie Persian Cyrus, who had rendered many men, many cities, and many nations, obedient to himself; upon this I was necessitated to change my opinion, and to think that the government of men was not amongst the things that were impossible, nor amongst the things that are difficult, if one under- took it with understanding and skill. I knew there were those that willingly obeyed Cyrus, who were many days' journey distant from him ; those who were months ; those who had never seen him ; and those who knew very well that they never should see him; yet would they submit to his government: for he so far excelled all other kings, both those that re- ceived their dominion by succession, as well as those that acquired it themselves, that the Scythian, for example, though his people be very numerous, has not been able to obtain the dominion of any other nation, but rests satisfied if he hold but the rule of his own; the Thracian the same; the Illyrian the game; and other nations (as I have heard) the same. For the nations of Europe are said to be yet sovereign and independent of each other. But Tyrus, finding, in hke manner, the nations of Asia So- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 35 vereign and independent, and setting forward with a little army of Persians, obtained the dominion of the Medes by their om n choice and voluntary sub- mission ; of the Hircanians the same. He con- quered the Syrians, Assyrians, Arabs, Capadocians, both Phrygias,^ the Lydians,. *Carians, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. He ruled the Bactrians, Indians, and Cilicians ; in like manner the Sacians, Paphla- gonians, and Megadinians, and many other nations, whose names one cannot enumerate. He ruled the Greeks that were settled in Asia; and, descend- ing to the sea, the Cyprians ^nd Egyptians. These nations he ruled, though their languages differed from his own and from each other ; and yet was he able to extend the fear of himself over so great a part of the world as to astonish all, and that no one attempted any thing against him. He was able to inspire all with so great a desire of pleasing him, that they ever desired to be governed by his opinion and will. He connected together so many nations as would be a labour to enumerate, to whatsoever point one undertook to direct one's course, whether it were east, west, north, or south, setting out from his palace and seat of empire. With respect, there- fore, to this man, as worthy of admiration, I have enquired by what birth, with what natural disposi- tion, and under what discipline and education bred, he so much excelled in the art of governing men. And whatever I have learned, or think I know, con- cerning him, I shall endeavour to relate. Cyrus is said to be descended from Cambyses, king of the Persians, as his father. Cambyses was of the race of the Perseida^, who were so called from Perseus. It is agreed that he was born of a mother called Mandanc; and Mandanc was the daughter of Astyages, king of the Medes. Cyrus is said to have had by nature a most beautiful person, and a mind of the greatest benignity and love to mankind, most desirous of knowledge, and most ambitious of glory^ 36 CYROP^DIA ; OR, so as to bear any pain, and undergo any danger, for the sake of praise ; and he is yet celebrated as such among the barbarians. Sucli is he recorded to have l)cen with respect to his mind and person; and he nas educated under the institutions and laws of the Pei^ians. f^^vU^^v ^vi^ . i nese laws seem to begm with a provident care of the common good; notw-here those of most other governments begin : for most other governments, giving to all a liberty of educating their children as they please, and to the advanced in age a liberty of living as they please, do then enjoin their people not to steal, not to plunder, not to enter a house by vio- lence, not to strike unjustly, not to be adulterous, not to disobey the magistrates, and other things in like manner; and, if any transgress, they impose punish- ments upon them : but the Persian laivs, taking things higher, are careful, from the beginning, to provide that their citizens shall not be such as to be capable of meddling with any action that is base and vile. And that care they take in this manner: they have a public place, called from the name of liber- ty, where the king's palace and the other courts and houses of magistrates are built ; all things that are bought and sold, and the dealers in them, their noise and low, disingenuous manners, are banished hence to another place ; that the rout of these may not mix and interfere Avith the decent orderof those who are under the ingenuous discipline. This place, near the public courts, is divided into four parts: one is al- lotted to the boys, one to the youth, one to the full- grown men, and one to those who exceed the years of military service. Each of these orders, according to the \a^y, attend in their several parts; the boys and full-grown men as soon as it is day ; the elders when they think convenient,*except upon appointed days, when they are obliged to be present; the youth take uj) their rest round the courts, iii their light arms; all but suclLas are married ;u tliese are not re- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 57 quired to do it, unless beforehand ordered to attend ; nor is it decent for them to be absent often. Over each of the orders there are twelve rulers, for the Persians are divided into twelve tribes. Those over the boys are chosen from amongst the elders, and such as are thought to make them the best boys : those over the youth are chosen from amongst the full-grown men, and such as are thought to make the best youth: and over the full-grown men, such as are thought to render them the most ready to perform their appointed parts, and to execute the orders they receive from the chief magistrate. There are like- wise chosen presidents over the elders, who take care that these also perform their duty. And, that it may appear what means they use to make their citi- zens prove the best, I shall now relate what part is appointed for each degree. The boys, who frequent the public places of in- struction, pass their time in learning justice; and tell you, that they go for that purpose, as those with us, who go to learn letters, tell you they go for this pur- pose. Their rulers, for the most part of the day, continue dispersing justice amongst them; for, as amongst the men, so the boys have against each other their accusations for theft, robbery, violence, de- ceit, and calumny, and other such things as natural- ly occur; and when they find any acting unjustly, in any of these ways, they punish them ; they punish likewise such as they tind guilty of false accusation; they appeal to justice also in the case of a crime for which men hate one another excessively, but never bring to the bar of justice, that is, ingratitude; and whomsoever they find able to return a benefit, and re- fusing to do it, they punish severely. For they are of opinion, that tlic ungrateful are careless and neglect- ful both of the gods, of their parents, of their coun- try, and of tlieir friends; and ingratitude seems to be certainly attended by impudence ; and this seems to be the principal conductor of mankind into all 38 cyrop^dia; or, things that are vile. They instil into the boys a mo« dest ami discreet temper of mind; and it contributed much towards estal)lishin2; this temper in them, that they see every day their elders behaving themselves in that discreet and modest manner. J hey teach them obedience to their rulers, and it contributes much to their instruction, in this, that they see their elders zealously obedient to their rulers. They teach them temperance with respect to eating and drinking; and it contributes much to this their temperance, to see that their elders do not quit their stations for the ser- vice of their bellies, before the magistrates dismiss them ; and that the boys do not eat with their mothers but with their teachers, and when the magistrates give the signal. They bring from home with them bread for their food, and a sort of herb, much in use with them, to eat with it. And they bring a cup to drink in, that if any are thirsty, they may take from the river. They learn, besides, to shoot with the bow, and to throw the javelin. These things the boys practise till they are sixteen or seventeen years of age ; then they enter the order of youth. The youth pass their time thus : for ten years after they pass from the order of boys, they take their rests around the courts, as is said before, both for the security and guard of the city, and to preserve in them a mo- desty and governableness of temper ; for this age seems the most to need care. In the day time they chiefly give themselves up to be made use of by their magistrates, in case they want them for any public service ; and when it is necessai^ they all attend about the courts. But when the king goes out to hunt, he takes half the guard oif with him; and this he does several times every month. Those that go must have their bow and quiver, a smaller sort of sword, in its proper scabbard, a shield and two javelins; one to throw, and the other, if necessary, to use at hand. They are careful to keep up these public huntings ; and the king, as in war, is, in this, their leader, hunts THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 39 himself, and takes care that others do so ; because it seems to be the truest method of practising all such things as relate to war. It accustoms them to rise early in the morning, and to bear heat and cold ; it exercises them in long marches, and in running ; it necessitates them to use their bow against the beast they hunt, and to throw their javelin, if he fall in their way: their courage must, of necessity, be often sharp- ened in the hunt, when any of the strong and vigo- rous beasts oppose themselves ; they must come to blows with the beast, if he comes up with them, and must be upon their guard as he comes upon them. So that it is no easy matter to find what one thing there is tliat is practised in war, and is not so in their hunting. They attend this hunting, being provi- ded with a dinner, larger, indeed, as is but fit, than that of the boys, but in all other respects the same ; and, during the hunt sometimes, perhaps, they shall not eat it; either waiting for the beast, if it be ne- cessary, or choosing to spend more time at the work: so they make their supper of that dinner; hunt again the next day, until the time of supper; and reckon these two days as but one, because they have ate the food but of one day. This they do to accustom themselves, that, in case it may be necessary for them in war, they may be able to do it. They of this de- gree have v\ hat they catch for meat with their bread. If they catch nothing, then they have their usual herb. And, if any one think that they eat without pleasure, Mhen they have this herb only for food with their bread, and that they drink witliout plea- sure when they drink water, let him recollect how pleasant it is to one wlio is hungry to eat plain cake or bread; and how pleasant to one who is thirsty to drink water. The tribes that remain at home pass their time in practising the things they learned while they were boys, in shooting witli the bow, and throw- ing the javelin. These they continue exercising, in emulation one against another : and there are pub- 40 cyrop.edia; or, lie games, in these kinds, and prizes set; and in \vhichsoever of tlie tribes there are the most found who exceed in skill, in courage, and in obedience, tlie citizens applaud and honour, not only the pre- sent ruler of them, but also the person who had the instruction of tlicm while boys. The magistrates likewise make use of the remaining youth, if they want them, to keep guard upon any occasion, or to search for criminal persons, to pursue robbers, or for any other business that requires strength and agility. These things the youth practise, and, when they have completed ten years, they enter into the order of full-grown men. These, from the time they leave the order of youth, pass five and twerity years in this manner. First, as the youth, they give themselves up, to be made use of by the magistrates, upon any occasion that may occur for the service of the public, and that requires the service of such as have discretion, and are yet in vigour. If some military expedition be necessary to be undertaken, they Avho are under this degree of discipline do not engage in it with bows and javelins, but with what they call arms for close fight, a corselet about the breast, a shield in the left hand, such as the Persians are painted with, and, in the right, a larger sort of sword. All the magistrates are chosen from amongst these, except the teachers of the boys; and, when they have completed five and twenty years in this order, they are then something upw ards of fifty years of age, and pass into the order of such as are elders, and are so called. These elders are not obliged to attend any military service abroad, but, remaining at home, have the distribution of public and pri- vate justice; have judgment of life and dedth, and the choice of all magistrates ; and, if any of the youth or full-grown men fail in any thing enjoined by the laws, the philarchs, or magistrates, of the tribes, or any one that Avill make discovery of it, the elders hear the cause, and give judgment upon it; THE XXSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 41 and the person, so judged and condemned, remains infamous for the rest of his life. That the whole Persian form of government may the more plainly appear, I return a little back; for, by means of what has been already said, it may now be laid open in a very few words. The Persians are said to be in number about twelve myriads, or a hundred and twenty thousand; of these none are by law excluded from honours and magistracies, but all are at liberty to send their boys to the public schools of justice. They who are able to maintain their children idle, and without labour, send them to these schools; they who are not able do not send them. They who are thus educated under the pub- lic teachers, are at liberty to })ass through the order of youth; they who are not so educated, have not that liberty. They who pass through the youth, fully discharging all things enjoined by the law, are allowed to be incoriiorated amongst the full-OTOwu men, and to partake of all honours and magistra- cies; but they who do not complete their course through the order of boys, and through that of the youth, do not pass into the order of the full-grown men. They who make their progress through the order of the full-grown men unexceptionably, be- come then of the elders: so the order of elders stands composed of men who have made their way through all things good and excellent. y\nd this is the form of government, by the use of which, they think, they become the best men. There yet remain things *■' O that bear testimony to the spare diet used among the Persians, and to their carrying it oti' by exer- cise; for it is even yet shameful among them to be seen either to spit or to blow the nose,^or to aj)pear full of wind; it is shameful for any one to be seen going aside either to make water, or^any sucli mat- ter; and these things could not possibly be, unless tiiey used a very tem])erate diet, rfnd spent the moisture l)y exercise, making it jniss some other way. 42 CYROPiTlDIA; OR, Thcf^e things I liad to say concerning the Persians in general. I Avill now relate the actions of Cyrus, upon whose account this discourse was undertaken, beginning from his being a boy. /^ Cyrus, till twelve years of age, or little more, was educated under this discipline, and appeared to excel all his equals, both in his quick learning of what was fit, and in his per- forming every thing in a handsome and in a manly way. At that time Astyages sent for his daughter and her son ; for he was desirous to see him, having heard that he was an excellent and lovely child. Mandane therefore came to her father, and brought her son with her. As soon as they arrived, and Cy- rus knew Astyages to be his mother's father, he in- stantly, as being a boy of a great good nature, em- braced him, just as if he had been bred under him, and had long had an affection for him : and obser- ving him set out and adorned, Mith his eyes and complexion painted, and with false hair, things that are allowed amongst the ]\Iedes, (for the purple coat, the rich habit called candys, collars about the neck, and bracelets about the hands, all belonging to the j\ledes; but amongst the inhabitants of Per- sia, even at this day, their habits are much coarser, and their diet much plainer), observing this dress of his grandfather, and looking at him, he said, " O mother, hoAv handsome is my grandfather!" And his mother then asking him which he thought the handsomer, either his father or his grandfather, Cy- rus answered, "Of the Persians, mother, my father is much the handsomest; and of all the j\Iedes that I have seen, either upon the road or within the city, this grandfather of mine is much the handsomest." Astyages^ then embracing Cyrus, in return, put him on "a line robe, honoured him, and set him out with collars and bracelets; and, whenever he went abroad, carried him with him, mounted upon a horse with a bridle of gold, and such as he used himself to appear abroad upon. Cyrus, being a boy much THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 43 in love with what was fine and honourable, was pleased with the robe, and extremely delighted with learning to ride ; for, amongst the Persians, it being difficult to breed horses, and even difficult to ride, the country being mountainous, it is a rare thing to see a horse. But Astyages being at table with his daughter, and with Cyrus, and being desirous to treat the boy with all possible delight and pleasure, that he might the less miss what he enjoyed at home, set before him several dishes, with sauces and meats of all kinds ; upon which Cyrus is reported to have said, "What a deal of business and trouble, grand- father, have you at your meals, if you must reach out your hands to all these several dishes, and taste of all these kinds of meats!"' "What, then," said Astyages, "don't you think this entertainment much liner than what you have in Persia?" Cyrus to this is said to replv, "No, grandfather; with us we have a much plainer and readier way to get satisfied than you have; for plain bread and meat bring us to our end; but you, in order to the same end, have a deal of business upon your hands; and, Mandering up and down through many mazes, you at last scarce arrive where Me have got long before you." " But, child," said Astyages, " it is not with pain that we wander through these mazes; taste," said he, "and you will find that these things are pleasant." " Well, but grandfather," said Cyrus, "I see that you your- self have an aversion to these sauces and things." "What ground," replied Astyages, "have you to say so?" "Because," said he, "Mhen you touch your bread, I see you don't wipe your hands upon any thing; but, when you meddle with any of these, you presently clean your hands upon your napkin, as if you were very uneasy to have them daubed with them." 'J'o this Astyages is said to have answered, " Well, child, if this be your opinion, eat heartily of plain meats, that you may return young and healthy home;" and, at the same time, he is said to have 44" CYROP^DiA ; on, presented to him various meats, both of the tame and wild kinds. Cyrus, when he saw this variety of meats, is reported to have said, " And do you give me all these meats, grandfather, to do with them as I think tit?" "Yes, truly, I do," said Astyages; then Cyrus, taking of the several meats, is said to have distributed around to the servants about his grandfather, saying to one, " this for you, because you take pains to teach me to ride: this for you, be- cause you gave me a javelin; for I have it at this time : this for you, because you serve my grandfa- ther well : this for you, because you honour my mo- ther;" and that thus he did, till he distributed away all he had received. Astyages is then reported to have said, " And do you give nothing to this Sacian, my cup-bearer, that I favour above ail?" This Sa- cian was a very beautiful person, and had the ho- nour to introduce to Astyages any that had business with him, and was to hinder those that he did not think it seasonable to introduce. Cyrus to this is said to have answered, in a pert manner, as a boy not yet struck with the sense of shame, " For what reason is it, grandfather, that you favour this Sacian so much?" Astyages replied, in a jesting w^ay, " Don't you see," said he, " how • handsomely and neatly he pours me my wine?" For these cup-bear- ers to kings perform their business' very cleverly, they pour out their wine very neatly, and give the cup, bearing it along with three fingers, and present it in such a manner, as it may best be received by the person Avho is to drink. "Grandfather," said Cyrus, " bid the Sacian give me the cup, that, pour- ing you your w ine to drink, I may gain your favour, if I can. " Astyages bids the Sacian give him the cup; and Cyrus, taking it, is said to have washed the cup as he had observed the Sacian to do; and, settling his countenance in a serious and decent manner, brought and presented the cup to his grandfather in such a manner as afforded much THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 45 laughter to his mother and to Astyages. Then Cy- rus, laughing out, leaped up to his grandfather, and, kissing him', cried out, "O Sacian, you are undone; I will turn you out of your office: I will do the busi- ness better than you, and not drink the wine my- self." For these cup-bearers, when they have given the cup, dip with a dish and take a little out, which, pouring into their left hand, they swallow ; and this they do, that, in case they mix poison in the cup, it may be of no advantage to themselves. Upon this, Astyages, in a jesting way, said, " And why, Cyrus, since you have imitated the Sacian in every thing else, did not you swallow some of the wine?" *' Because, truly," said he, "I was afraid there had been poison mixed in the cup ; for, when you feast- ed your friends upon your birth-day, I plainly found that he had poured you all poison." "And how, child," said he, "did you know this?" "Truly," said he, " because I saw you all disordered in body and mind : for, first, what you do not allow us boys to do, that you did yourselves; for you all bawled together, and could learn nothing of each other: then you fell to singing very ridiculously ; and, with- out attending to the singer, you swore he sung ad- mirably: then, every one telling stories of his own strength, you rose up and fell to dancing; but with- out all rule or measure, for you could not so much as keep yourself upright: then you all entirely for- got yourselves ; you, that you were king, and they, that you were their governor ; and then, for the first time, I discovered that you were celeb)'ating a festival, where all were allowed to talk with equal liberty; for you never ceased talking." Astyages then said, "Does your father, child, never drink till he gets drunk?" "No, truly," said he : " What does he, tlien?" "Why, he (juenches his thirst, and gets no farther harm; for, as 1 take it, grand lather," says he, " it is no Sacian that officiates as cup-bearer about him." His mother then said, "but whv. 46 Ctrop^dia; or, child, do yo?i make war thus upon the Sacian r" Cy- rus to tills is said to reply, " Why, truly, because I hate him; for, very often, when I am desirous to run to my grandfather, this nasty fellow hinders me. Pray, grandfather," said he, "let me but have the government of him but for three days." "How would you govern him?" said Astyages: Cyrus re- plied, " Why, standing as he does, just at the en- trance, when he had a mind to go into dinner, then would I tell him that he could not possibly have his dinner yet, because ' he was busy with certain peo- ple:' then, when he came to supper, I would tell him that 'he w-as bathing:' and, if he was very pressing for his victuals, I would tell him that 'he was with the women:' and so on, till I had torment- ed him as he torments me when he keeps me from you." Such like subjects of mirth did he afford them at meals : at other times of the day, if he per- ceived his grandfather or his mother's brother in want of any thing, it was a difficult matter for any one to be beforehand with him in doing it. For Cyrus was extremely delighted to gratify them in any thing that lay in his power. But when Man- dane was preparing to return home to her husband, Astyages desired her to leave Cyrus with him. She made answer, that she Avas willing to gratify her fa- ther in every thing; but, to leave the child against his will, she thought hard. Upon this occasion As- tyages says to Cyrus, " Child, if you will stay with me, in the first place, the Sacian shall not have the command of your access to me; but, whenever you would come, it shall be in your own power; and, the oftener you will come," said he, "the more I shall think myself obliged to you. Then you shall have the use of all my horses, and of as many more as you please; and, when you go away, you shall take as many of them as you please with you : then, at meals, you shall take what way you please to get satisfied in what you think a temperate way : then THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 47 all the several creatures that are now in the park I give you; and will besides collect more of all kinds, that you may pursue them when you have learnt to ride, and with your bow and javelin lay them pro- strate on the ground, as grown men do. Boys I will furnish you with, for })layfellows ; and, whatever else you would have, do but tell me, and you sha'n't go without." Wlien AstA-ages had said this, Cyrus's mother asked him whether he would go or stay. He did not at all liesitate, but presently said that he would stay. And being asked by his mother the reason whj', it is said that he made answer, "Be- cause, mother, that, at home, both at the bow and javelin, I am superior to all of equal age with me, and am so reckoned; but here, I well know that, in horsemanship, I am their inferior; and be it known to you, mother, this grieves me very much. J5ut, if you leave me here, and I learn to be a horseman, then I reckon that, when I am in Persia, I shall ea- sily master them there, who are so good at all exer- cises on foot ; and, when I come amongst the IMedes, I shall endeavour to be an assistant and a support to my grandfather, making myself the most skilful amongst those who excel in horsemanship." His mother is then reported to have said, " But how, child, will you be instructed here in the knowledge of justice, when your teachers are there?" "Oh, mother," said Cyrus, " tliat I understand exactly al- ready." "How so?" said Mandane; "Because ijiy teacher," said he, "appointed me judge over others, as being very exact iii the knowledge of justice my- self. But yet," said he, " I had some stripes given me, as not determining right in one judgment that 1 gave. The case was lliis: a bigger boy, who had a little coat, stripping a less boy, who had a larger, puis on upon the little boy the coat that was his own, and puts on hiujself the coat that was the lit- tle boy's. I, therefore, passing judgment upon them, decreed, that it was best tliat each iihould keep the 4-8 CVROPyEDIA; OR, coat tliat best fitted him. Upon this, my teacher thrashed me, and told me that, wlien I should be constituted Judge of what fitted best, I should de- termine in this manner : but, when I was to judge whose tlic coat was, then, said he, it must be en- quired A\ hat right possession is ; whether he that took a tiling by force should have it, or M'hether he who made it or purchased it should possess it: and then he told me what was according to law was just, and that what Avas contrary to law was violent. He bid me take notice, therefore, that a judge ought to give his opinion with the law. So, mother," said he, ''I understand what is just in all cases very ex- actly : or, if any thing be Avanting to me, my grand- father here will teach it me."' "But, child," says she, " the same things are not accounted just Avith your grandfather here, and yonder in Persia : for, among the ]\Iedes, your grandfather has made him- self lord and master of all ; but, amongst the Per- .sians, it is accounted just that all should be equally dealt by; and your father is the first to execute the orders imposed upon the Avhole state, and receives those orders himself; his own humour is not his rule and measure, but it is the law that is so. How, then, can you avoid being beat to death at home, when you come from your grandfather instructed not in kingly arts, but in the arts and manner of tyranny ; one of which is, to think that power and ascendant over all is your due?" " Oh, mother," said Cyrus, your father is much better able to teach one to submit than to take the ascendant. Don't you see," said he, " that he has taught all the IVIedes to submit to him? So be well assured that your father will not dismiss me, nor any one, from about him, instructed how to gain power and ascendant over others." ^Many such kind of discourses did Cyrus hold. At last, his mother went aw ay ; he stayed, and was there brought up. He immediately joined himself ,^ THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 4Q to those that were his equals in age, so as to be up- on a very familiar and friendly foot with them : and he presently gained their fathers, both by visiting them, and by giving evidence of his affection to their sons. So that, if they had any business with the king, they bid their boys ask Cyrus to do it; and Cyrus, such was his benignity and love of esteem and praise, did his utmost to accomplish it for them: and Astyages had it not in his power to refuse gra- tifying Cyrus in whatever he asked of him : for Cy- rus, when his grandfather fell ill, never quitted him ; never ceased from tears ; and made it evi- dent to all, that he was in the utmost fear of his dy- ing. And, in the night, if Astyages W9,nted any thing, Cyrus was the first to perceive it, and started up the nimblest of any, to serve him in any thing that he thought pleasing to him ; so that he entirely gain- ed Astyages. Cyrus was, perhaps, a little over-talk- ative; but this he had partly from his education; his teacher obliging him to give a reason for every thing that he did, and to hearken to it from others, when he was to give his opinion in judgment: and, besides, being very eager after knowledge, he was always asking those about him abundance of ques- tions, how such and such things were; and, upon whatever subject he was questioned by others, being of a very quick and ready apprehension, he instant- ly made his answers : so that, from all these things, he contracted an over-talkativeness. But, as in the persons of very young people, who have shot up suddenly, so as to be very tall, there yet appears something childish, that betrays their youth; so, in in Cyrus, it was not an impudence and boldness that appeared through that talkativeness, but a simpHci- ty and good nature: so tliat one was desirous ra- ther to hear yet more from him, than to be with him while he held his tongue. But, as years added to liis growth, and brought him on towards the time of his becoming a youth, r» 50 cvuopcEDrA; or, he then used fewer words and a softer voice; he be- came full of shame, so as to blush when he came in- to the company of men of years: and that playful pcrtness, in bluntly accosting every one, did not continue with him as before. So he bccam€ more soft and gentle, but, in his conversation, extremely agreeable : for, in all the exercises that he and his equals used in emulation to each other, he did not challenge his companions to those in which he knew liimsclf superior, but such as he well knew himself to be inferior in, those he set on foot; declaring that he would do them better than tiicy. Accord- ingly, he would begin vaulting the horse, throMing the javelin, or shooting with the bow, on horseback, Mhile he was yet scarce well able to sit on a horse; and, when he was outdone, he Avas the first to laugh at himself: and as, upon the account of being baf- fled, he did not fly ofl^" and meddle no more with the things he m as so baffled in, but continued repeating his endeavours to do better, he presently became equal to his companions in horsemanship, and, by his love of the work, quickly left them behind. He then presently applied himself to the taking of the l)easts in the park, pursuing, throwing; at them, and killing them; so that A.styages could no longer sup- ply him with them. And Cyrus, perceiving that he could not furnish him with these creatures, though very desirous to do it, often said to him, " ^Vhat need you take so much pains, grandfather, to find me out tliese creatures? If you will but send me out a hunting witli my uncle, I shall reckon that all the beasts I see are creatures that you maintain for me.'' But tliougli he was very desirous to go out a hunting, yet he could not now be pressing and im- portunate, as when he was a boy: he became very backward in going to his grandfather; and what he blamed in tlie Sacian for not admitting him to his grandfatJier, he became in this a Sacian to himself; for lie never went in, unless he knew before-hand THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 51 that it was seasonable ; and begged the Sacian, by all means, to signify to him when it was seasonable, and when not : so that the Sacian now loved him ex- tremely, as all the rest did. "Wlien Astyages, therefore, knew that he was ex- tremely desirous to hunt abroad and at large, he sent him out Avith his uncle, and sent some elderly men on horseback A\ith him, as guards upon him, to take care of him in rough and rocky parts of the country, and in case any beasts of the savage kind appeared, Cyrus, therefore, was very earnest in enquiring of those that attended him, what beasts he was not to a|)proach, and which those were that he might confidently pursue. They told him, that bears had destroyed many that had ventured to ap- proach them ; and that lions, wild boars, and leo- pards, had done the same; but that stags, wild goats, wild sheep, and ^vild asses, Mcre harmless things. They told him, likewise, that rough and rocky places were not less to be taken care of than the beasts; for that many, both men and horses, had fallen headlong down precipices. Cyrus took all these instructions very eagerly ; but, as soon as he saw a stag roused, forgetting all that he had heard, he pursued, and looked at nothing but at that which he run; and his horse, taking a leap with him, fell upon his knees, and wanted but little of throwing him quite over his neck. However, Cy- rus, thougli with difficulty, kept upon his back, and the horse recovered. When they got into the plain, he struck the stag with his javelin, brought him to the ground : a large, noble creature it was, and he "was most highly delighted, Ikit his guardians, coming up with liim, chid and reproved him ; told him what danger he had run mto; and said, that they would tell it to his grandfather. Cyrus, being aUglited from his horse, stood and heard this with nmch uneasiness; but, hearing a hollow, he mount- ed his horse at a leuj), as in a sort of cnlhusiasm. 52 cyrop.t:dia; or, and, as soon as he saw a boar rushing forward over against him, he pushed on upon him, and, aiming right with his javeHn, struck the boar in tlie forehead ; and here his uncle, seeing his bold- ness, reproved him : he, while his uncle was repro- ving him, begged that he would allow him* to carry oft' the beasts that he had taken, and to give them to his grandfather. To this, they say, his uncle re- plied, " But, if he discover that it is you that have pursued and taken them, he will not only reprove you, but me, for allowing you to do it." " Let him beat me," says he, " if he will, when I have given them to him: and do you, if you will, uncle," says he, "correct me as you please; do but gratify me in this," Cyaxares at last said, "Well, do as you please ; for it is you that seem now to be our king." So Cyrus, carrying ofi^" the beasts, presented them to his grandfather, and told him that he himself had taken them for him. The javelins he did not show him, but laid them down, all bloody, where he thought that he certainly would see them. Asty- ages said, " Child, I receive with pleasure whatever you give me; but I am not in such want of any of these things as to run you into danger for them." "If you do not want them, grandfather," said Cy- rus, " pray give them me, that I may distribute them to my companions." " Child," said Astyages, " take them, and distribute them to whom you please, and of every thing else whatever you will." Cyrus, taking the beasts, gave them to the boys; and withal told them, "Boys," said he, "what ve- ry triflcrs were we when we hunted in the park ? In my opinion, it was as if one had tied the crea- tures by the leg and hunted them ; for, first, wc were within a narroM- compass of ground ; then the creatures were poor, slender, scabby things ; one was lame, another maimed : but the beasts in the mountains and marshes, how fine, how large, and how sleek they appear ! The stags, as if they had THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 53 wings, leap to the very heavens ; the boars, as they say brave men do, attack one hand to hand ; and their bulk is such, that it is impossible to miss them. These, even wlien they are dead," says he, " are, in my opinion, finer than those other walled- up things when alive. But," says he, " would your father, think you, send you out a hunting?" "Yes, very readily," said they, "if Astyages ordered it." Cyrus then said, "Who is there amongst you, therefore, that would mention it to Astyages?" "Who more able," said they, "to persuade him than yourself?" "But, truly," said he, "for my part, I know not what kind of creature I am be- come ; for I am neither able to speak, nor can I any longer so much as meet my grandfather's eyes; and, if I go on in this way so fast, I fear," says he, "I shall become a mere blockhead and fool: yet, when I was a little boy, I was thought a notable talker." The boys then said, "You tell us a sad piece of news, if you can do nothing for us in case of need, but that we must beg that of another that is in your power to effect." Cyrus, hearing this, was nettled ; and retiring, without saying a word, he stirred himself up to boldness : and having contrived how to speak to his grandfather in the least offensive manner, and to obtain for himself and the boys what they desired, he went in. Thus, then, he began; "Tell me," said he, "grandfather, if one of your domestic ser- vants should run away, and you should take him again, Avhat v/ould you do with him?" "Why," said he, "what should I do but put him in chains, and force him to work?" " l^ut if a runaway should of himself return to you, what would you do?" " What else," said he, " l)ut have him whip- ped, that he may do so no more, then make use of him as before?" "It is time, therefore," said Cy- rus, "to prepare yourself to bestow a whipping up- on me, as having contrived to run away, and take .54 cvrop.«dia; on, my companions with mc a hunting." "Then," said Astyagcs, "yoLi have done very well to tell it me before-hand ; for, henceforward, I order you not to stir. It is a fnie thing, indeed," said he, "if, for the sake of a little venison, I shall send out my (laughter's son to ramble at his pleasure." Cyrus, hearing this, obeyed, and stayed at home much afflicted ; carrying a melancholy countenance, and remained silent. Astyages, when he found that he v.as so extremely afflicted, being willing to please him, carries him out a hunting; and, assembling abundance of people, both foot and horse, and like- wise the boys, and driving the beasts out into the champaign country, he made a great hunt; and be- ing himself present, royally attended, he gave order that none should throw, till Cyrus was satisfied and liad enough of the exercise. Jkit Cyrus would not let him hinder them. " If you have a mind, grand- father," said he, "that I should hunt with pleasure, let all those about me pursue and engage in the fray, and do the best." Astyages then gave them his leave, and, taking a station, saw them engaged amongst the beasts, striving to outdo each other, pursuing and throwing their javelins. He was de- lighted with Cyrus, who, in transports of joy, could not hold his tongue, but, like a young gene- rous dog, that opens when he approaches the beast he pursues, encouraged every one, calling upon them by name. He was pleased to see him laugh- ing at one ; and another he observed him to praise cordially, and without the least motion of envy. At last, Astyages, having taken abundance of game, re- tired ; but was so pleased with that hunt, that he al- ways went out Avith Cyrus, whenever he was able, taking abundance of people with him, and the boys, for the sake of Cyrus. Thus, for the most j^art, did Cyrus pass his time, doing service and pleasure to all, and hurt to none. But, wiien he Mas about fifteen or sixteen years JIIE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 55 of age, the king of Assyria's son, being to celebrate his nuptials, had a mind at that time to hunt ; and, Jiearing that there m as plenty of game upon the bor- ders of the Assyrians and iVIedes, they having not been hunted, because of the war between the na- tions, hither he desired to go. That he might hunt, therefore, securely, he took with him a body of- horse and another of light-armed foot, who were to drive tlie beasts out of their fastnesses, into the open, cultivated country. Being come, therefore, to the place \\ heie their garrisons were, and a guard al* ways attending, here he supped, as intending to hunt the next day, early in tlie morning: but, that evening, a guard of horse and foot arrived from the city, to relieve those who were there before. lie, therefore, thought that he had now a handsome ar- my with him, consisting of a double guard, besides a considerable number, botli of horse and foot, that had attended upon himself He judged it best, tlierefore, to undertake a plunder upon the Median territory; that this would be a nobler exploit than a hunt ; and he thought he should procure great store of beasts for sacrifice. So, rising early in the morn- ing, he led his army forwards. The foot he left in close order upon the borders ; he himself advanced, with liie horse, up to the Median garrisons ; and, keeping the best of them and the greatest number with himself, he halted there, that the Modes in garrison niight not march and charge those who were to scour tiie country: and, such as were pro- per, he sent out in parties, some to run one way and some another; and ordered thcni to surround and seize all that they met with, and bring all ott" to him. 'J'hese did as they ;\erc ordtjred. But, no- tice being given to Astyagcs, that the enemy was got into the country, he marched, witii wliai forces he had at hand, to the borders. liis son did so, in like manner, >with some horse that wvvc at hand; and he signified to all his other forces to march al- 56 cyrop,t-:dia ; or, ter, to support liiin. When tliey came up, and saw a ijfR'at number of Assyrians, in close order, and tlieir horses standini^ quietly and still, the Medes likewise halted and stood. Cyrus, seeing other people marching on all sides, to support their friends, set forward himself, put- ting on his arms for the first time : never imajzin- ing that he should be so soon armed with them in the manner he desired : for they were very fine, and fitted him very well ; beins; such as his grand- father had ordered to be made fit to his body. So, being thus completely armed, he set out on horse- back. Astyages, getting sight of him, wondered by whose order and encouragement he came: howe- ver, he bid him keep by him. Cyrus, Avhen he saw a great number of horsemen fronting him, asked, "Grandfather," said he, "are these men enemies, that sit quietly there on horseback?" "They are enemies," said he. "And are those so too, that are scouring the country? " " Yes, and those too." "By Jove, then, grandfather!" said he, "methinks these that are thus plundering us are wretched fel- lows, and mounted upon wretched horses : and must not some of us march a2:ainst them?" " Do not you see, child," said he, " what a body of horse stands there in close order, and who, if we advance against the others, will intercept us ? And we have not yet our full strength with us." "But," said Cyrus, " if you wait here, and collect those that are marching to join us, these of our enemies that are here will be under apprehension, and will not stir; and the plunderers, when they see any men marching against them, will presently drop their booty." Upon his saying this, Astyages thought there was something in what he said, and w ondcring at his sagacit}' and vigilance, ordered his son to take a squadron of horse and march against the plun- derers: "I," said he, "will bear down upon these men that are here, if they offer to move towards THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 57 you ; so that they shall be obliged to be intent upon us." Cyaxares, taking of the strongest and best, both of men and horses, marched : and Cyrus seeing these put forward, joined and pushed on with them, and presently got at the head of them. Cyaxares followed, and tlie rest were not left behind. As soon as the plunderers saw them approaching, then, quit- ting their booty, they fled. They that Avere with C}'- rus intercepted them, and fell to blows witli such as they could come up with, and Cyrus was the first at the work. Those Mho, by turning aside, escaped them, they pursued in the rear, and did not give over, but met Avith several of them. Like a generous dog that has no experience, and that runs lieadlong without caution, upon a boar, so ran Cyrus, mind- ing only to deal his blows where any came within his reach, without further foresight or considera- tion. The enemy, when they saw their people in distress, moved their main body, judging that the pursuit would cease as soon as tlicy should be seen to advance : Cyrus, notwithstanding, did not give over, but, calling out to his uncle for joy, pursued, and, pressing continually on, put the enemy to an entire rout. Cyaxares followed, (perhaps being in awe of his father) and the rest followed after, who thought, perhaps, they would not have shown them- selves very brave against men that had opposed them, yet were, upon this occasion, more than ordi- narily eager in pursuing. Astyages, when he saw these men so incautiously pursuing, and the enemy, in a close body, marching towards them, tearing for his son and for Cyrus, lest tlicy, in disorder and confusion, should fall in with the enemy, prepared to receive them, and suffer damage, he presently led on towards the enemy. Tlic enemy, us soon an they saw the Modes move forward, lialted; present- ing some their javelins, nnd some their hows, in or- der to stop them, when they came within bow-shot, 58 cvrop^edta; on, as their general practice is. For, when they are near, they push eacli other at a certain distance, and so frequently skirmish on till evening. But uhen they saw their own men in full rout flying to- wards them, and those with Cyrus followiuLj; close behind them, and Astyages, with his horse, already within bow-shot, they gave Avay and fled. "^I'he Medes, in a body, pursuing, killed several in the first charge, and, whoever they came up with, they fell upon, whether man or horse, and whoever fell they killed. Nor did they stop till they came up with the Assyrian foot, and there they gave over, fearing lest some greater force than appeared might lie in ambuscade to receive them. i\styages, upon this, retreated, in much joy at this victory obtained by his cavalry, but kne^v not Avhat to say to Cyrus, for he knew him to be the author of the action, and saw him wrought up to such a degree of boldness, as mounted almost to madness; for, while the rest were retiring home, he alone, by himself, did nothing but ride round and view those that had fallen in the action. And they who had it in charge, di'agging him with difficulty away, brought him to Astyages, while he put his conductors forward before bin), because he saw the countenance of his grandfather turn sour upon seeing him. These things passed among the Aledes, and all people had Cyrus in their mouths, both in their dis- courses and songs. But Astyages, who before had a great esteem for hijji, was now quite astonished and struck Avith him. ; Cambyses, the father of Cy- rus, was pleased to hear these things of him; but M hen he heard that Cyrus began to peform acts of manhood, he called him home, that he might com- plete his institution among the Persians, according to the rules of his country. And, upon this occa- sion, Cyrus is reported to have said, " That he would return, lest his father should be uneasy and his country blame him." Astyages, therefore, seem- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 59 ed to be under a necessity of parting with him : so he sent him away, but first presented him with such horses as he desired to have, and furnishing him with other things of all kinds, both because of tlic aftection he had for him, and because he had great assurance and hopes tliat he would prove a man thoroughly able to do service to his friends, and mischief to his enemies. All people waited upon Cyrus at his departure, attending him part of his way on horseback, both boys, youth, men, and those in years ; so, likewise, did Astyages himself. And, they say, that not one turned back, at parting Mith him, without tears; and it is said, that Cyrus himself shed many tears at parting; that he gave many presents to his com- panions and equals in age, out of what Astyages had given him; and that, at last, taking oft" the ]\ledian robe he had on, he gave it to a certain youth, de- claring, by this, that he loved that youth the most of any. It is said, that they who had taken and ac- cepted of these presents, returned them to ^^Vsty- ages, and that Astyages sent them to Cyrus, but that he sent them back again to the ]\Iedes, and sent word thus: " O, grandfather! if you would have me return hither again with pleasure, and not with shame, let every one keep what I have given him:" and that Astyages, hearing this, did as Cyrus had begged him by his messaije to do._^ But, if I may be allowed to relate a sportive af- fair, it is said, tiiat when Cyrus went away, and that he and his relations parted, they took their leave, and dismissed him with a kiss, according to the J-*ersian custom; for tiie Persians practise it to this day: and that a certain ■\Iede, a very excellent person, had been long struck with the beauty of Cyrus, that when he saw Cyrus's relations kiss him, he stayed behind, and, when the rest were gone, accosted Cyrus, and said to him, ' And am I, Cy- rus, the only one of all your relations that you do Co Cyrop^dia; on, not know? " " What! " said Cyrus, " and are you a relation? " " Yes," said lie. "This was the rea- son, then," said Cyrus, " that you used to gaze at me; for, I think, I recollect that you frequently, did BO." " I was very desirous," said he, "to salute you, but I was always ashamed to do it." "But," said Cyrus, "you, that are a relation, ought not to have been so." So^ coming up to him, he kissed him. The Mede having received the kiss, is said to have asked this question : " And is it a custom among the Persians to kiss relations ? " " It is so," said Cyrus, *' when they see one another at some distance of time, or when they part." "Then," said the IMede, "it seems now to be time for you to kiss me again; for, as you see, I am just going away." So Cyrus, kissing him again, dismissed him, and went his way. They had not gone very far, before the IMede came up with him again, with his horse all over in a sweat; and Cyrus, getting sight of him, said, " What, have you forgot any thing that you had a mind to say to me?" "No, by Jove ! " said he, " but I am come again, at a distance of time." " Dear relation ! " said he, "it is a very short one." "How a short one?" said the Mede, *'do you not know, Cyrus," said he, "that the very twinkling of my eyes is a long time to be without seeing you; you, who are so lovely?" Here Cyrus, from being in tears, broke out into laughter, bid him "go his way, and take courage; that, in a lit- tle time, he would be with them again; and that then he would be at liberty to look at him, if he pleased, with steady eyes, and without twinkhng." Cyrus returning thus into Persia, is said to have eontinued a year longer amongst the boys. At first they made their jests upon him, as being now come Jiome, instructed amongst the iVIedes in luxury and pleasure. But when they saw that he clothed him- self as they did; that he drank as they did, and with pleasure; and that in festivals, when they had a lit- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 6\ tie more than ordinary plenty, they perceived him more ready to give his share away than desirous to have it himself: and, besides, when they saw him, in all other respects, much superior to themselves, they were then astonished at him. Tlien, having passed through the discipline of these years, and entering the order of youth, he here again appeared superior to the rest, both in executing what was fit, in undergoing every thing that was his part so to do, in his respects to his elders, and in his obedience to his rulers. In progress of time, Astyages died, and his son Cyaxares, brother to Cyrus's mother, toolt upon him the government of the Medes. And the king of Assyria, having overthrown all the Syrians, who were no small nation, and having subjected the king of the Arabs, and holding the liyrcanians under his dominion, and being at that time attacking the Bac- trians, considered that, if he could break the power of the ]\Iedes, he should easily obtain the dominion of all around him. For the Medes seemed to be the strongest of all the neighbouring nations. So he sent round to all those that were subject to him- self; he sent to Cnesus king of Lydia, to the king of Cappadocia, to both the Phrygias, to the Ca- rians, Paphlagonians, Indians, and Cilicians, load- ing the Medes and Persians with calunmy and re- proach; telling them how great, how powerful, and how united in interest these two nations were by means of several intermarriages; that they would unite into one ; and, if he did not prevent them, and break their power, they would run a risk, by attacking each nation severally, to overturn all. Some, being ])ersuadcd by these arguments, enter- ed into a confederacy with him ; others \vere pre- vailed with by money and presents, for in these he abounded. Cyaxares, the son of Astyages, when he perceived ibis design, and these united preparations against 62 cvropj-dia; OR, liim, did, himself, immediately make the utmost preparations tliat he was able, to oppose them; and he sent to the Persians, both to the public council and to Cambyses, who Mas married to his sister, and was kins of Persia. He sent likewise to Cy- rus, desiring him to endeavour to come commander of the forces, if the public council of the Persians should send any ; for Cyrus, by this time, had completed ten years amongst the youth, and was now of the full-grown men. wSo Cyrus accepting it, the elders, in council, chose him commander of the expedition into j\fedia. They gave him poMcr to choose two hundred from amongst those who were equally entitled to all ho- nours, and to each of these tliey gave power to choose four of their own order. These, altogether, made a thousand. Again, to each of these thou- sand they gave a po-wer to choose, from amongst the connnon people of Persia, ten shield-men, ten sling- ers, and ten archers. Thus there were ten thousand archers, ten thousand shield-men, and ten thousand slingcrs, and the thousand besides. So great was the army that was given to Cyrus: and, as soon as he was chosen, he began by making application to the gods; and, having sacrificed happily and success- fully, he then chose the two hundred; and, when these had afterwards chosen each tlieir four, he as- sembled them together, and made his first discourse to tliem thus: " Friends, I have chosen you, not as having now, for the first time, had proof of your worth, but as having seen you, from boys, performing, with ar- dour, all things that the city judges excellent and noble, and avoiding, entirely, whatever it reckons mean and base. I would now lay before you, upon what account it is that I, not unwillingly, am placed in this station, and that I have called you together. I have thought that our forefathers were noways inferior to ourselves; for they passed their days in THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 6:5 the continual exercise and practice of such things as are thought actions of virtue ; but what, with tliis their virtue, they have acquired either for the pubhc of Persia, or for themselves, I cannot yet dis- cover. Yet, in my opinion, men practise no vir- tue, but that, by it, they may gain the advantage of the vicious. They who abstain from pleasures in present, do not do it that they may never have de- light; but they do it tliat, by means of that temper- ance in present, they may, in future time, have re- turns of delight manifold. They who are desirous to be powerful in speaking, do not exercise them^ selves in it, that they may never give over discour- sing; but they do it in hopes that, prevailing upon numbers of men by the power of their eloquence, they may effect many things, and those of great consequence. "They who exei'cise themselves in martial af- fairs, do not take pains in it that they may never cease fighting; but they judge that, by making themselves able in military affairs, they shall acquire great riclics, great happiness, and great honours, to themselves and to their country. And, if any have taken pains to acquire ability and skill in these af- fairs, and without reaping any fruits from ihem, have neglected themselves till they have been dis- abled by old age, in my o[)inion, they have under- gone the same fate as one who were desirous to be a good husbanduian would do, who, sowing and planting with skill, when the time came for gather- ing the fruits, should let them all fall, ungathered, to the ground again : and, as a wrestler, m lio, after much pains bestowed, and becoming qualilied for victory, should pass his days, without entering the Jisls: and, in my opinion, such a one could not Justly be freed from the imputation of folly. Let not us, friends, submit to such a fate; but, since we are conscious to ourselves that, from boys, we are t'.\ercised in all great and noble things, let us inarch ()4 cyropyEdia; or, against tliese enemies of ours, that I, an eye-wit- ness, well know to be poor, insignificant men, as an- taoc^nists to you ! For such men are not very dan- gerous antagonists, who, though they may be skil- ful at their bow, and at their javelin, and in horse- manship, yet, when they are to undergo toil and la- bour, sink under it : and these men, with respect to pains and labour, are mean and poor. Nor are such men dangerous antagonists, who, when they are to watch and deny themselves their usual rest, are quite broken by it: and, in this respect, like- wise, these m.en are mean and poor. Nor are such dangerous antagonists, Avho, though able in all these -respects, yet are ignorant how to deal either with allies or with enemies : and these men are evident- ly ignorant and unpractised in the noblest arts, liut vou can make use of the nidit, as others of the day ; you reckon that toil and pains must conduct you to a life of pleasure ; you can use hunger to re- lish your food, as others do the daintiest meats; yon, even with more ease thaii lions, can bear the drinking of plain Avater ; and you carry within your minds the noblest and most Avarlike quality in the world; for praise is Avhat you are pleased Avith above all things, and they that are lovers of praise do, of course, undergo all toil, and all danger, Avith pleasure. If I say these things of you, and know otherwise, I abuse myself; for, whatever falls short of this in 3-our conduct, the deficiency Avill fall upon me. But I trust, to my OAvn experience, to your good will tOAvards me, and to the folly of our ene- mies, that these good hopes Avill not fail me. Let us set forward Avith confidence, since Ave are far from apyjearing to be taken Avith an unjust desire of what belonsjs to others: for our enemies are coming upon us, being themselves the aggressors in Avrong. Our friends call us to their assistance ; what, there- fore, is more just, than to repel injuries? Avhat more noble, than to help our friends? Besides, methinks THE INSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. 05 it oujiht not to be one of the least grounds of your conildence in this case, that I do not set out upon this expedition with the neglect of the gods; for you, wlio have conversed much "svith me, know that I have endeavoured to begin not great atfairs only, but even little ones, with appHcatiou to the gods. To conclude," said he, "what further shall I say? Do you make choice of your men, and take them under 3 our care; and, making all things else ready, march to the Medes; I, first returning back to my fa* ther, will go before you, that I may learn, as soon as possible, the condition of the enemy, and prepai'e things for you as well as I can, that, with God's as- sistance, we may carry on this v, ar in the noblest manner." These men did as Cyrus required. Cyrus, returning home, and having made his sup- plications to Vesta, and to Jove Paternal, and to the other deities, set out upon this expedition, and his father attended him on his way. As soon as they Mere out of the house, it is said, that it thundered and lightned in a happy manner. Upon which they went on without furtlier augury, as if no one could be ignorant what these signals of the most power- ful God imported. . As Cyrus proceeded upon his journey, his father began a discourse with ^lim in this manner: " Tliat the gods send you out upon this expe- dition propitiously and favourably, is evident, child, both from the sacrifices and from the signals from heaven : and you yourself know it to be so ; for I have purposely taught you these things, that you might not come to the knowledge of wliat the gods advise and direct you to, by means of otiier inter- pietcrs; but that you yourself, seeing what is to be seen, and iiearing what is to be heard, may under- stand, and not be at the mercy of diviners, who, if tiiey please, may deceive you, and tell you ditfcrent ihjngs from what the gods really signify to you: and that, in case you arc without u diviner, you t (^6 cvROP.r.DiA ; ou, may not be at a loss Mluit use to make of the divine signals, but, by your kno^vlcdge in divination, un- derstanding the advices given you by tbe gods, you may comply Avitii them." "Father," said Cyrlis, "I will always continue using my utmost care, ac- cording to your instruction, to render the gods pro- pitious to us, and Avilling to give us their advice and direction ; for, I remember to have heard it from you, that, as from men, so likewise from the gods, the most likely person to obtain his suit is not he who, when he is in distress, flatters servilely, but he M'ho, in his most happy circumstances, is most mind- ful of the gods. And you used to say, that it was in the same manner that one ought to cultivate friends." " Therefore, child," said he, " upon the account of this your care, you now apply to the gods and make your requests to them with the mc j pleasure, and you have the better hopes to obtam what you ask, appearing to yourself conscious that you ha\e never neglected them." "Truly, father," said he, " I am for that reason in such a temper of mind, with respect to the gods, as to reckon them my friends." "Well, child," said he, "do you re- niember these other opinions that we heretofore agreed' in? as that, in all things that the gods be- stoAv, such men as have acquired skill and know- ledge in them, act and succeed better than they who are ignorant in them; that the laborious succeed better than the idle; that tlie diligent and the care- ful live with more security than the negligent and careless; and that, therefore, first rendering our- selves such as we ought to be, we then should make our prayers to the gods for their blessings. " " Yes, indeed," said Cyrus, "I do remember to have heard these things from you; and I was forced to submit t() your reasoning: for I know you used to say, that it was downright impiety, for such as had never learned to ride, to supplicate the gods for victory in engagements of horse; or for such as had never THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 67 learned the use of the bon-, to ask the superiority, at this very weapon, over those who understood it ; or for such as knew not how to steer, to pray tliat they might preserve ships in quality of pilots ; or for such as have not sown wheat, to pray that they might have a good crop of it; or for such as are not watch- ful in war, to pray that they may be preserved in safety; for that all such things were contrary to the settled laws of the gods: and you said, that such as made impious prayers, would probably meet with disappointments from the gods; as such would fail of success with men, wlio should desire things con- ti'ary to all human laws." " And have you forgot, child,'' said he, " these other matters that you and I have heretofore dis- coursed upon ? As, that it was a great and noble work for a man to be able to approve himself a good and excellent man, and to hnd means to supply himself and his family with plenty of all things ne- cessary. And this being thus allowed to be a great work, that to understand how to govern other men, so as to supply them with all things necessary, and in abundance, and so as to render them such as tliey ouiiiit to be; this we thought was an astonishinij work ! " *' 1 es, truly, father," said he, " I remem- ber to have heard you say this, and I was of opiuion Avith you, that to govern well was a work of the highest nature. And it now appears to me to be so," said he, " when I consider it with respect to government itself; but when 1 consider it with re- spect to other men, what kind of men these go- vernors are, and what kind of mm they arc, who •are to be our antagonists; I think it very mean to be tcrriiicd with such people, and to be unwilliuglo march and engage them. Men," said he, "who, to begin with these friends of ours, T find, are of opi- nion, that a governor ought to (h'stinguish himself from those that he governs, by his eating more sump- tuously, by having more gold in his house, by sleep- 6s CYROP/KDIA ; OR, \n<^ longer, and by living, in all rrspccts, more at ease tlum those that ho governs. But my opinion is," said he, "that a governor ought to differ from the governed, not by a life of ease and luxury, but i)y care and circumspection, and by his readiness to un- dergo toil and labour." "But, child," said he, " there are some mutters wherein you are not to contend Avith men, but with things; and to have tliese })lentifully at command is no easy matter. You readily know, that if the army have not necessaries, your command is inmiediatelv dissolved and falls to pieces.'' "Father,"' said he, " therefore Cyax ares says, that he will afford them to all that go from hence, however great the number be." "You go then, child," said he, "trusting in these matters en- tirely to Cyaxares's riches," "I do," said Cyrus. " Well," said he, " but do you know what these ^riches are?" "No, ti'uly," said Cyrus, "I do not. ,*'\et," said he, "to these things, that you are thus rin the dark about, do you trust. Do not you know that you will be in want of abundance of things, and that now you must, of necessit}', -spend abundance?" "I do know it," said Cyrus. "If, therefore," said he, " the supply of this expence fail him, or that he purposely deal falsely by you, how will the affairs of the army then stand? It is plain, not very well.'- "Then, father," said he, " if you know any means of obtaining a supply, and such as may depend upon myself, whilst I am yet upon friendly ground, pray tell it me." "Do you ask, child," said he, "if there be any means of supply depending upon your- self? And upon whom are these things more likely to depend, than upon one ivho has power in his hands? You go from hence with such a body of foot, as I very well know you would not exchange for any other, thoucfh manv times their number : and vou will have the Median cavalry, who are the best, and y/lio will be with you as your allies and friends. What nation is there then, of all around, that you THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 69 think will not serve you, both out of a desire to e;ain your favour, and for fear of receiving harm? These matters vou oui'iit to concert with Cvaxares, that notiiina; of what is necessary for you may be wanting; and, upon account of the continual expence, you ougl't to secure a revenue and supply, that may be always accruing. But, above all things, remember this, never to delay the procuring your supply till want presses you to it; but while you have the great- est plenty, and before you come to want, then labour the most to make sure of it. For you will succeed the better with those from whom you demand it, Avhen you seem not to be in want; and vour men "vvill have nothing to blame you for. By this means, likeM'ise, you will have more respect paid vou by others: and if, by means of your Ibrces, you have a mind to do service or prejudice to any, while your men are supplied with all that they want, they will do you better service. And be assured, that your words will carry greater weight with them, when you can show that you have it in your power to do service or to do hurt." "I am satisfied, father," said he, *' that you are right in all this, both for other reasons, as well as particularly because there are none of the soldiers that will pay me thanks for what they are now to receive; for they know upon what terms Cyaxares takes them as his allies: but whatever any of them shall receive over and above what is agreed, this tiiey will reckon favour, and will pay the greatest gratitude to the bestower of it. And, indeed, for one who has a force, by whose means he may receive ad- vantages in return of service done to friends, and may endeavour to make conquests upon enemies; for such a one to be careless in securing himself supplies, can one think tiiis," said he, "to be less reproachful, than it would be in a man who had lands, and had servants to cultivate them, and who, after all, should let those lands lie fallow and use- Jess. Depend upon it, therefore," said he, " that, 70 CYROr.EDIA; OR, both in the territory of friends and of enemies, T vill not be sparing of my care to supply my men with all things httin;:^." *' \\'ell, child," said he, "and do you remember certain other thins^s, that we heretofore am-eed it was necessary not to neglect? " Yes," said he, " for I remember that, wlicn I came to you for money to give a man, Mho pretended to have taught me the art of commanding an army, as you gave me the money, 3'ou asked me, — ' Child,' said you, 'did this man, that you cany this reward to, ever, amongst the arts and business of a general, mention any thing of economy to you? for soldiers in an army are not less in want of things necessary than are domes- tics in a family:' and when, telling you the truth, I said that he had not made the least mention of it, you asked me again, — ' Whether he had spoken to me concerning the health and strength of my men? As that a general ought to mind these things, as well as the leading and managing of them in action:' when I told vou, No, you again asked me, — ' Whe- ther he had taught me how to take care to make my men the most able at all warlike exercises;' and M'hen I denied this too, you enquired again, — ' Whether he had given me any instruction how I might raise spirit and courage in an army; for,' you said, ' that, in everv action, there were vast odds between an army's being in spirit and out of heart.' AVhen I denied this too, you enquired again, — ' \Vhethcr he held any discourse to teach me, how one miglit best bring an army to I'cady obedience. ' ^V'hen you found that this had not been in the least spoken of, you, at last, enquired, — ' What it was he had taught me then, that he could say he had taught me the art of commanding an army.' Here I re- y»lied, and told you the tactics, or the art of forming and movins: in order. You, laughini: at this, ran over each particular; asking me what use there was in generalship of tactics without necessaries; what THE IXSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. 71 without health; what without skill in the arts that have been invented for the use of war; \vhat with- out obedience? So you made it evident to me, that this tactic art was but a small part of generalship. Ami when I asked you, whether you were able to teach me any of these matters, you bid me go my ways, and discourse with men that were reputed knowing in military alfairs, and enquire from them how these matters stood. Upon this, I conversed with such as I had heard were most knowing in these matters. And with respect to health, having heard and observed, that cities that want health get physicians; and that commanders, for the sake of their men, take physicians with them ; so Avhen I was placed in this station, I presently took caie of this: and, 1 believe, father," said he, "tiiat I have men with me that are very able in the art of phy- sic." To this the father replied: " But, child," said he, " these men that you speak of are like menders of torn clothes; so when people are sick, physicians cure them: but your care of health is to be of a nobler kind; to prevent the army's becoming sickly is what you ought to take care of." "And which way, father," said he, "shall I be able to do this.^" " Why, if you are to stay some- time in a place, you ought not to be careless in your choice of a healthy camp: and in this you will not be deceived, provided you are but careful ; for men are continually talking of healthy and unhealthy places, and upon the places themselves there are sure witnesses to give their testimony either M'^ay, both by their persons and complexions. I^ut then it will not suffice you to consider places only, but, ])ray, recollect what course you have taken yourself, in your endeavours to preserve your health." Cy- rus then said, "In the lirst i)lace, I endeavour not to over fill myself, for it is a very burthensome thing; und then what I take down I work off by exercise. JLJy this means, I think that I preserve health and 7*2 cvrop.-edia; on, acquire vi£;our." ''In the same manner, therefore, ch.ild," said he, "you must take care of others." ''And shall Me have leisure," said he, " father, to exercise the soldiers in this manner?" "You will not only have leisure," said the father, "but neces- sity will oblige you to it ; for an army that will do Its duty must never be at rest, but employed either in disti^essiniT the enemy or makins; advantacre to themselves. It is a difficult matter for a Single man to be maintained idle, and yet more dithcult for a family; but most diflicult of all to maintain an army idle. For in an army, from the lowest to the high- est, there are many mouths, and Mhat they get they spend very lavishly; so that it is never iit for an army to be idle." "You seem to me, father," said he, " to say, that as an idle husbandman is good for nothing, so is an idle general good for no- thing. But, unless some god blast my endeavours, I take it upon me to show you a diligent and active general, and soldiers well supplied with all things necessary, and to take care that their bodies shall be in the best condition. But, with respect to the several military arts, father," said he, " in my opi- nion, he that should establish games in the several kinds, and propose certain rewards to such as should excel in them, would make them be best practised, 50 as to have them ready for use upon occasion." "Child," said he, " you say very well ; for, by doing this, you will sec the several orders and divisions of }• our men, like sets of dancei*?, always performing their proper parts." "But then," said Cyrus, "with respect to the raising courage and spirit amongst the soldiers; I tliink nothing more eiiectual, than to give the men great hopes of advantage." "But, child," said he. "this expedient is just as if any one in hunting should always encourage the dogs in the same manner that is used Mhen the beast is in view; for one that f^hould do thus would have them very eager and THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 73 'ready at his encouragement at first, but; if he often deceived them, they woukl at histgiv^e no attention to his encouragement, Mhen the beast was really in his view. It is the same with respect to these hopes; if any one slioiild balk men often, after having raised them to mighty expectations, he would not at last be able to prevail with them, though he talked to them of hopes ever so real and well gi'ounded. But, child,'' said he, ''you must be very cautious in sa}'- ing any thing that you do not very well know ; the same thing, sometimes, said by otliers, may do the business; your ov/n encouragement you must, with the utmost care, preserve in credit for tiie g;reatest occasions." " Indeed, father," said Cyrus,' *' in niy opinion, you say perfectly well, and this way is to me much the more agreeable. -r. "■ But, in the matter of rendering the soldiers obe- dient, I take myself, father, not to be unskilled; for presently, from a boy, you took me under dis« cipline, and obliged me to he obedient to you ; then you gave me uj) to my teachers, and they did the same thing. Then, again, when I became one of the youth, our ruler took ehectual care in this matter; and there are many laws that, in my opinion, tend chietly to the teaching of these two things, how to govern, and how to obey; and, upon considerinc? tliem, I think I rind that the most proper means to enforce obedience is to praise and recompense the obedient, and to disgrace and pImi^h the disobe- dient." "Indeed, child," said he, "to a forced oi)edience this is the way; but to a Milling obe- dience, which is much the better, there is another May, and a readier; for, whoever men take to i)e more knowing than themselves in what is for their interest and advantage, such a one they obey with pleasures This you may know to be true in many other cases, as well us particularly in that of sick peo- ple, who are mighty ready and zealous in sendini* for such as may prescrihe what is fit lor tiiern to do; 74 t YftOIM'DlA ; OK, fo at 5ca, Uic people tlial are on board, arc very ready and zealous to obey their pilots ; and travellers are extremely averse to ])art uith such as they think know the roads better than themselves: but when njen think that they shall be injured by their obe- dience, liicy will neither yield to ])unishments nor be raised by rewards; for no one willingly takes a re- ward to his own prejudice." "You say, lather," said he, " that nothing more effectually procures one obedience than to appear to have more wisdom and knowledge than those that one rules." "I do say so,"' said he. "And how, father," said he, "shall one be best able to raise such an opinion of ones self? " "Child," said he, "there is no readier way to ajipear wise and knowing in things wherein you desire to appear so, than to be in reality knowing in those things; and considering the things in parti- cular, you will find that what I say is true. For, if you would appear a good husbandman, a good horseman, a good physician, a good player upon the flute, or any other artist Avhatever, when you really are not so, consider how many contrivances 3'ou must use in order to appear so. And if you can prevail with a great many people to commend you, that you may gain a reputation, and if you purchase line insti'uments, and furniture belonging to each of the arts, you are then an impostor. And, soon after, when you come to give proof of your skill, you w ould be convicted, and would appear an arro- gant boaster. But with respect to futui-e time, and to what may or may not turn to advantage in the consequence, what is the way to make one's self in this really wise and knowing? It is plain, child," said he, "by learning every thing that one can acquire tlie knoMledge of by learning, as you have learnt the tactic art; but, A\ith respect to what is not to be learnt from men, nor attained to by human foresight, consulting the gods, in such cases, by divination^ you w ill make yourself more knowing than others : and THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS'. 7^ V hat you find most proper to be done, you are to take care that it be done; for to see to the execution of what is proper, is more the part of a man of pru- dence than to neglect it." *' But then," said Cyrus, " as to the being beloved by those that one rules, Mhich is amongst the things that I take to be of the greatest importance, it is evident, that the way is the same as it is to gain the love of friends : for I know very well that one ought to be seen doing them service." "But, child," said he, "it is a matter of great difficulty to be al- ways able to serve those that one has a mind to serve; but to be observed to rejoice with them when any good fortune befals them; and to grieve with them when anything ill; to appear zealous to assist them in their distresses; afraid lest they should miscarry in any thing; and to endeavour to prevent this by care and circumspection; these are tilings that you ought rather to concur with them in. And, in point of action, the commander ought to be observed to undergo more heat in the summer, and in the win- ter more cold, and, in great fatigues, more labour and pains than others ; for all these things contribute to tiie being beloved by those that are under one's government." "You say, father," said he, "that a commander ought, in all lespects, to undergo more than those that he commands." " I do say it," said he;" and iJe of good courage, child, for, be assured, that bodies being alike, the same labours do not fall equally heavy upon the commander and the j)rivate man: for glory makes those labours lighter to the commander, and tlie being conscious to himscll" that, in whatever he docs, he docs not lie concealed." " But then, father, when the soldiers are supplied with all things necessary, Avhcn they are in health, and able to undergo labour, when they are skilful and well exercised in all the military arts, when ihey are ambitious to ap[)car brave men, \v\\(j\\ obedience h more pleasing to them than, the cojitrary; would 70 CYROP.f.DiA; on, not you think a man wise who should then desire, U{)on tlic first opportunity, to bring them to an en* ,E[aii;einent with the enemy? " " Yes, truly,'' said he, " provided that he had the enemy at a proper ad- vanta iles, a dissembler, crafty, deceitful, a thief, and a robber, and must take advantage of his enemy in all manner of ways." Cyrus, laughing at this, cried out, "O, Hercules! what a man, father, do you say that I must be ! " ''Such a one, child," said he, "as may yet have the strictest regard to law and justice." "Why, then," said he, " while we v.ere boys, and while we were youths, did you teach us the direct contrary?" "And so truly we do still," said he, "with respect to friends and fellow citizens. But do you not know, that, in order to injure enemies, you have learnt a great many mischievous arts?" " Not I, father," said he, " To what end then,"" said he, " did you learn the use of the bow, and to throw the javelin? To what end did you learn to deceive Mild boars with toils and trenches, and stags with snares and gins? What is the reason that, in your encoun- tering lions, bears, and leopards, you did not put yourself upon an even foot with them, but endea- vour to take all advantages in engaging them? Do not vou know that these are all mischievous arti- fices, deceits, subtleties, and takings of advantage?" "Yes, truly," said Cyrus, "against beasts; but if I was discovered intending to deceive a man, I got a THE INSTITUTION OF CVRUS. 77 good many Stripes for it." " Nor did we, I tiiink," said he, "allow you to shoot with the bow, or shoot a javelin at a man ; but we taught you to throw at a mark, that you might not, at that time, do mischief to your friends, but that, in case of war, you might be able to take your aim at men. And we instruct- ed you to practise deceit^, and to take advantages, not u})on men, but upon beasts, that you might not hurt your friends by these means, but that, in case a war should happen, you might not be unpractiseil in them."' " Therefore," said he, "father, if it be of use to know both how to do men good, and how to do them harm, it ought to have been taught us how to practice both upon men." "Chiki,"said he, " in tlie time of our forefathers, there is said to iiave been a certain teacher of youth, who, just as you desire, taught the boys both to deal justly and unjustlyj to be true and to be false; to deceive and not to deceive; to practice calumny and notrjta practice it ; to take advantage and not to take ad- vantage. And he distinguislied what was to be practised towards friends and what towards ene- mies; and, proceeding yet farther, he taught, that it was just even to deceive friends, if it were done for their good; and just to play the thief, and to steal from friends what belonged to them, if it were done for their good. And this teacher was obliged to exercise the boys one against another in the prac* tice of these things, as they say the Ci reeks teach to deceive in wrestling, and exercise the boys in it one against anotiier, that they may know liow to put it in practice. Some, therefore, i)aving so UiUural an aptness to deceive and take advantage, and, j)er- haps, no unnatural unaptness to make profit and advantage to themselves, did not refrain froin usjng their endeavours to take advantages upon friends. Upon this, tljercfore, a decree was made, which is yet in force among us, to teach the boys simply and directly, as we teach our servants in ilicir beh^viQur 78 ernop.T:piA; ok, towards us, to tell trutii, not to deceive, not to steal, not to take advantage ; and, it' they transgress in these things, to punish them, that, being so accus- tomed to these manners, they might become more mild and tractable citizens. But when they come to the age that you now are at, to teach them what is law- ful with respect to enemies, seemed what might be done securely; for it did not seem probable, that being bred together with a reverence for each other, you should afterwards break out so as to become wild and savage citizens : just as we avoid discours- ing concerning the affairs of the beautiful goddcs,-? before very young people, lest, a freedom from re- straint being added to a vehement desire, the}' should fall into great excess in their dealing that way." "To me, therefore," said he, "father, as being a very late learner of these artifices, do not refuse to teach them, if you know any, that I may take advantage of the enemy," "Do all then," said he, " that is in your power, Avith your own men in the best order, to take the enemy in disorder; the enemy unarmed, with your own men armed ; the enemy sleeping, with your own men waking ; the enemy open and exposed to you, yourself being concealed and in the dark to them ; to fall upon them Avhile engaged in difficult places, yourself be- ing master of a place of strength." "And how," said he, "can one possibly catch the enemy making such mistakes as these?" "Because, child," said he, " both the enemy and yourselves are obliged, by necessity, to undergo many things of this kind, lor you must both get provisions ; you must both necessarily have rest; and in the morning you must all, almost together, retire for necessary occasions; and, in your marches, you must make use of such roads as you find, Avhatever they are: considering all these things, in whatever part you know your- self to be the weakest, in that you must be the most watchful; and in whatever part you observe the THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 79 enemy to be most exposed, in that vou must attack him." "Is it in these things only," said Cjtus, "that advantages are to be taken, or may it be done in others?" "It may be done in others, child," said he, "and more effectually; for, in these cases, men, for the most part, place strong guards, knowing full well that they are necessary. They that would de- ceive the enemy may possibly, by raising in them a contidence and security, surprise them unguarded ; or, by letting themselves be pursued, may bring the enemy into disorder, and enticing them on, by their flight, into a disadvantageous post, may there at- tack them. But you, child, v.ho are fond of skill in all these affairs, must not make use of such things only as you have been informed of; you must be yourself the contriver of some stratagems to put in practice against the enemy. For as nmsicians do not only deal in such songs as they have been taught, but endeavour to compose others; and, as in mu- sic, such pieces as are new, and, as one may say, in flower, meet with success and approbation, so, in affairs of war, new contrivances are best approved, for they are most capal)le of deceiving the enemy. But, child," said he, " if you do no more than trans- fer to men those contrivances that you have used to ensnare little animals, do not you tliink," said he, "you will go a great way in the art of taking ad- vantage of your enemy? For, in order to catch birds, you used to rise and go out in the night, in the hard- est winter, and, before the birds were stirring, you had your nets ready laid for them : and a moveable foundation was disguised, and made like an im- moveable one ; you had birds ready taught to serve your ends, and to deceive those of their own kind ; you yourself lay hid, but so as to see them, and not to be seen by tliem; and you watciied your oppor- tunity to draw your nets, and to prevent the birds- escaping. Then, with respect to the hare, becausc^ 80 rvnorxDiA ; OR, she feeds in the dusk, and makes away to her form by day, you keep dogs; some of them to find her by the scent, and, because she takes to her heels as soon as she is discovered, you have other dogs that are proper to take her at her course; and if she escape these, then, haviuii before discovered the meshes, and to what parts the hares choose to run, in these places you lay nets that are hardly to be seen, that, in the eagerness of lier course, throwing herself into the net, she maybe hampered; and that she may not escape this snare, you set people to v.atch what passes; and these, from some places near, are presently upon her; you yourself follow her, you astonish and amaze her with clamour and noise, that never quits her, so that in this distrac- tion she is taken : and you make those that are set to watch lie concealed, with instructions before- hand to be perfectly still and silent. As I said be- fore, therefore, if you would form some such con- trivances against men, I do not know that you would leave one enemy alive. I'ut if there is a necessity to light upon even terms with respect to situation, openly, and both parties prepared and armed, in such a case, child, tliose advantages, that you have been long before provided with, are of great weight; I mean those when the b(jdics of your men are duly exercised, their minds keen, and all the soldiers' arts well practised, l^esides, it is very necessary that you should know, tliat whoever they arc that you desire should be obedient to you, they, on their part, will desire you to be provident and careful of them; therefore, never be remiss, but consider at night what your men shall do when it is day; and <:pnsider in the day how matters may be upon the best foot with respect to the passing of the night. But as to the forming your army for battle; the marching them, either by day or by night, through narrow or through open ways, through mountains or plains; how to encamp; how to place your THE IXSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. 81 guards and watches both by night and day ; how to lead towards the enemy; how to retreat from them; how to march by a city belonging to the enemy ; how to march up to a rampart, and to retreat from it; how to pass woods or rivers; how to be upon the guard, either against horse or against men arm- ed \\ ith javelin or bow : and if, when you are march- ing by way of either wing, the enemy should appear, how to form a front against them; and if you are marching by your front, and that the enemy appear in another part and not in front ; how to lead against them ; how to get the best intelligence of the ene- my's affairs, and how best to conceal your own from them. In all these matters, what can I say to you? You have often heard from me all that 1 knew of them, and, besides, Mhoever you have thought know- ing in any of these affairs, you have not neglected to take their information, nor are you unskilled in them; therefore, according to the several occur- rences, you must always make use of these tliings as they appear to be to your advantage. And take my instruction, child," said he, "likewise, in these things, and \\ hich are of the greatest importance : Never engage either yourself or the army in any thing contrary to the sacrifices and auguries; re- jecting how men have chosen to engage in certain actions at hazard, and without knowing at all on which side of the choice they should meet with their advant02;e. This you may be convinced of by things tliat often happen : there are many instances of men, and they such as have been thought the wisest, who have persuaded some to begin a war against others, who have destroyed those that had been persuaded to be the aggressors. Tiiere are instances of many, who have raised both cities and private men, and have suffered the greatest misfortunes at the hand of those they had so raised. There are instances of many, who, when they might have used others as their friends in a mutual intercourse of good offices, V 8S CYROPiEDIA, ^'C. Qiid wlio, choosing to liold them rather as slaves than as friends, have met Avith revenge and punish- ment at their hands. Many, Avho not hking to live contentedly, possessing a part, and affecting to bo lords of all, have by this means lost Avhat was their own : and many, wlio have acquired the much-wish- ed-for metal, gold, have been destroyed by it. So human Avisdom knows no more how to choose the best, than one who should determine to act as chance and the lot should decide. The gods, child, w^ho are eternal, know all things that have been, all things that are, and all that shall happen in consequence of every thing; and, when men consult them, they signify to those that they are propitious to, what they ought to do, and what not. And if they will not give advice to all, it is no ways wonderful ; for they are not under any necessity to take care of those of ^^liom they are not willing to take care." 'Si':. bise. ■' ^3B^dS i CYROPrEDIA; Oa, THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. BOOK 11. JDiscouRsixG in this manner, they arrived at tlie Ijorders of Persia; when an eagle appearing to tlie right, led the way before them. And when thej had made their supplications to the gods and he- roes, guardians of Persia, to dismiss them favour- ably and propitiously, they passed the borders. When they had passed them, they again made sup- plication to the gods, guardians of j\Iedia, to re-: ceivc them propitiously and favourably; and, having done this, and embraced each other, as usual, the father returned into Persia, and Cyrus marched on into Media to Cyaxares. When Cyrus came to Cyaxares in Media, they first embraced each otlier, as usual, and Cyaxares afterwards asked Cyrus, " What force he was to bring him." lie replied, '' Thirty thousand of such as have been before with you, and served for their pay; but there are others coming, who have never yet served out of their own counti-y, and are of the order of those that are free, and equally entitled to all honours." "And how many of these?" said Cyaxares. " The number of them," replied Cyrus, 84- cyrop.t-dia; OR, "will not please you, Avhcn you hear it: but, con- sider,"' ^aiti he, '" that tliosc who are called the alike- honoured, though but few, rule with ease the rest of the Persians, who are very numerous. But," said he, '' are you in any real m ant of these men, or are you under a vain alarm, and the enemy not coming?" *' Indeed they are, " said he, " and in great numbers." *' How does this appear?" " \\'hy, a great many people, w ho come from thence, some by one means and some by another, all say the same thing ; then en^ao-e with these men we must: we must of neces- sity," said he. "Well, then," said Cyrus, "why do not you tell me whether you know what these forces are, that are coming upon us, and what we have of our own, that, being apprized of both, we may afterwards consult how to carry on the war in the best manner? " "Attend, then," said Cyaxares; " Croesus, the Lydian, is said to bring with him ten thousand horse, targeteers and archers upwards of forty thousand. They say, that Arsamas, who go- verns the Greater Phrygia, brings eight thousand horse ; targeteers and lance-men not less than forty thousand. That Ariboeus, kiiig of the Cappadocians, brings six thousand horse, archers and targeteers not less than thirty thousand. The Arabian Marag-^ dus, ten thousand horse, one hundred chariots, and of slingers a very considerable body. As to the Greeks that are settled in Asia, there's nothing said of certain w hether they attend the expedition or no. They say, that Gaba?us, who rules those that inha- bit the country that extends from Phrygia on tlie Hellespont to the plain of Cayster, contributes six thousand horse, and ten thousand targeteers. The Carians, Cilicians, and Paphlagonians, though in- vited, they say, do not attend the expedition. The ■Assyrians, who possess Babylon and the rest of As- svpa, will, as I judge, bring no less than twenty .thousand horse; chariots, as I know very well, not more than t^^•o liundred; but, I believe a vast body THE INSTITUTION OF CVRUS. 85 of foot; for SO he is accustomed to do when he falls in upon us." " The enemy then," said Cyrus, "yoiv say, amount to sixtv thousand horse, and to more than two hundred thousand targeteers and archers. To proceed, then, what do you say is the number of your own forces?" "The Median horse are above ten thousand ; and of targeteers and archers there may be, perhaps, in our own territories, about sixty thousand ; mid of the Armenians, our neigh- bours, we shall have four thousand horse and twen- ty thousand foot." "You say, then," said Cyrus, "that we shall have in horse lesss than a third part of the enemv's force of that sort, and scarce half the number of their foot." "What!" said Cy- axares, " do you think those Persians, that you say you bring, are but an inconsiderable number?" " iVc will take another time," said Cyrus, " to con-* sider whether we want men or no : at present, pray tell me what is the method of tight that is in use with those several people." • " They almost all," said Cyaxares, " use the same : some of their men, as well as of our own, use the bow, and others the javelin," "Then," said Cyrus, "since such are tiieir arms, they must necessarily engage at a dis- tance." "Necessarily," said Cyaxares. " In this ease, therefore," said Cyrus, "the victory falls to the greater number; for the few, wounded by those weapons, are much sooner destroyed by the many, than the many by the few," " If it be so, Cyrus," said he, " what way can one find better thnu to send to the Persians, acquaint them that, if the INIedes sustain any loss, the misfortune will reach to tliem- solves, and, at the same time, to require from tliem a greater force." " Be assured," said Cyrus, " that if all the Persians siiould come, we should not ex- ceed the enemy in numbers." " \\'liu.t have you in view, then, that is better?" " ^^'hy," said Cyrus, " if I were you, I would immediately make, for all the Persians that are coining, such arms as those 56 cvROP.Tl'DiA ; on, men, that arc called tlie alike-honoiiretl. come pro- vided w illi ; and th.csc arc, a corselet about the breast, a shield for the left hand, and a sword, or cutlass, for the ri<>ht. If you provide these arms, you will make it the safest wav for us to come to close flight M'ith the enemy ; and better for the enemy to tly than to stand their ground. For our own station," said he, "we appoint against those that stand tlieir ground; and those that fly we allot to you and to your horse, that they mav not have time to make their escape or to turn again." Thus Cyrus spoke. Cyaxares was of opinion that he said very right, and he thou2;ht no longer of sending for more men, but applied himself to the providing of the arms be- fore mentioned ; and they were scarce got ready before the Persian gentlemen, or alike-honoured, arrived, bringing the Persian army with them. Upon this, Cyi-us is said to have called the gen- tlemen together, and to have spoken to them thus: *•' Friends, I, who saw that your persons Mere arm- ed, and 3'our minds prepared for close fight with your enemy, and knew that the Persians who attend you were armed in such manner as to engage only at a distance, was afraid that, being but few in num- ber, and destitute of others to support you, when you fell in ^ath the great number of the enemy, you might come by some misfortune. Now, therefore," said he, " that you are come, and bring Avith you men whose bodies are not contemptible, and who are to be supplied Avith arms like our own; to raise their minds is now your part. For it is the business of a commander not only to be himself brave, but to take such care of those that he rules, that they may be made as brave as is possible." Thus he said. They were all much pleased ; imagining they should now engage the enemy with more to assist and support tiiem. And one of them spoke to this effect. "Perhaps," said he, " I shall be thought to talk strangely, if I advise Cyrus, instead of us, to The IXSTITUtlON OF CYRUS. 87 say something to these men, who are to be our sup- ports and fellow combatants, when they receive their arms; for, I knoM-,'' said he, "that the words of those, who have the most power to do service or to do hurt, sink deeper into the minds of the hear- ers. And the presents that such men make, though they happen to be less than Avhat men may receive from others like themselves, yet the receivers value them more. So now," said he, "the Persians will be much more pleased if they receive an exhortation from Cyrus, than if they receive it from us. And when they are placed in the degree of the alike-ho- noured, they Mill think themselves more strongly confirmed in it, if done by the son of our king, and by our commander in chief, than if they are intro- duced to it by us. Nor ought our endeavours to be wanting; but we should use all possible means to excite and raise the courage of these men; for how much. soever they become braver and better men^ it will be so much the more to our advantage." . So Cyrus, setting down the arms in a place ex- posed to view, and, calling together all the Persian soldiers, spoke to thiseifect: " Men of Persia, you were born and bred in the same country that we were ; you have bodies that are noAvays inferior tt> ours, and you ought to have souls too not inferior to ours. And yet, though such you are in your- selves, in our own country you were not upon an equal foot with us. Not that you were excluded from it by us, but by tiie necessity you were under of providing yourselves with necessaries. Now, with the help of tiic gods, it shall be my care that you shall be su[)plied with thcbc. And even though you may be in any sort inferior to us, yet by accepting these arms, that arc such as we have ourselves, it is in your power, if you will, to run the same hazards with us; and, if any thing great and advantageous hai)pcn to us upon it, to be thouglit worthy of like advantagcb with ourselves. Heretofore, you have 88 cvrop.f.dia; or, cHf used the bow and the javelin; we have done thn' same : and if you are infeiior to us in tlie practice of these, it isnot at all wonderful; for you have not had the leisure that we have had, to exercise your- selves in them. Jkit, in this sort of arms, we have no advantaiie above you, for every one will have a corselet tittcd to his breast, for the left hand a shield, -vvhich you are all accustomed to wear; and, for the right, a sword or cutlass, which you are to use ajrainst the enemy; not needing to be mindful of any thing but how not to miss your blow. Under these arms, therefore, what difference can there be betAveen one and another amongst us, unless it be in boldness, in w:hich you ought not to be inferior to us? How should it be our part more than yours to be desirous of victojy, by which all things great and advanta- geous are acquired and preserved? How can supe- riority of arms i)e less necessary to you than to us, when it is by this, that all the conquered possess becomes yielded to tiie victors?" In conclusion,' he said, '' You have heard all these things; you, all of you, see your arms; he that thinks fit, "let him take them, and list himself under his officer into the same order and degree with us. He that thinks it enough ibr him to be in tiie station of a mercenary, ' let him continue under servile arms. " Thus he said. The Persians who heard him were of oj^inion, that if, when they were invited to an equal share of all advantages, by sharing in like labours, they should • not-agree to it, they should then justly pass all their days in a mean and low condition. So they were all listed, and all took the arms. a; orvs :uoL3ih During the thi>e that the enemy was said to be ' approaching, but did not actually come, Cyrus en- deavoured to e'vercise the bodies of his men, in or-: dev to give them strength and vigour; to teach theift; how to, fonii; themselves, and to move in proper or- dcFj and to raise their minds to warlike affairs. And, : Jf«-:UjJP;,fil?t. place, being supplied with servants by THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 8<> Cyaxai*es, he ordered them to supply all the soldier* ■v^itli every thing, ready-niade, that they wanted. And having provided for this, he left them nothing to do but to practise such tilings as related to war, seem- ing to have learned this maxim, that those men were best at any thing, who, taking off their minds from application to many tilings, apply themselves to one business singly. And of affairs that relate to war, cutting them off' from the practice of the bow and javelin, lie left them only this one tiling to do, which was to light M'ith sword, shield, and corselet. So that he presently brought their minds to this state, that they found they were either to engage their enemy hand to liand, or to confess, that they were very ^^•orthless supjiorts and fellow combatants. And this was a difficult thing to be owned bv such as knew thev were maintained for nothing; else but to nglit for those that maintained them. Resides, having considered that, whatever the things «re wherein men are raised to an emulation oneaoainst another, those are the things they are most willing to exercise themselves in; he appointed them to contend and vie with each other in all those kinds of things that he knew were tit to be exercised and practised by the soldiers. The things he so appointed were these : to the private man, to make iiimself a good soldier, obe- dient to his commanders; ready to undergo labour; to be enterprising in dangers, but consistently with good order; to be skilful in the miHtary exercises; fond of having his arms beautiful and in good con- dition; and in all sucii matters desirous of praise. To the leader of live, to make himself such ns it be- came the private man to be; and to do his utmost to make his live likewise such. To the leader of ten, to make his ten such. To the captain to (\o the same for his company ; the colonel for his regiment; and, in the same manner, to the rest of the com- manding officers, to render themselves unexcepiion- 90 cyroi',«dia; or, al)Ie and blameless; and to take care that those ulio Mere under their command should, in their se- veral stations, make those under tliem ready to do tlieir duties. The rewards he proposed in this con- tention were these : to the colonels, who, by their care, appeared to have made themselves the best regiments, to be made commanders of a thousand ; to the captains, who appeared to have made them- selves the best companies, to be made colonels; to the leaders of ten, that approved themselves the best, to be advanced to the degree of captains; and to the leaders of five, in like manner to be advanced to the degree of leaders of ten : and to the private men that behaved best, to be advanced to the degree of leaders of five. In the first place, therefore, all these officers were well served by those they com- manded, and then all those other honours, suitable to every one, attended them. He likewise gave greater hopes to those ^vho deserved praise, in case any more than ordinary advantage should upon oc- casion fall in their "way. lie proposed also certain rewards of victory to whole regiments and compa- nies. So, likewise, to whole tens and fives, if they appeared to be the most obedient to their com- manders, and to perform the things before-mention- ed w^ith the greatest ardour and readiness ; and the rewards to these were such as were the most proper to be bestowed in common upon a number of men. These were the things that were proposed to the army, and exercised amongst them. Tents he likewise provided for them, as many in number as were the colonels, and of a size such as was sufficient for each regiment; and a regiment consisted of a hundred men. Thus they were quar- tered in tents by regiments. And it seemed to him to be of use to his men, in the war that was coming on, that, by thus inhabiting together, they saw- each other maintained alike ; and there was no pretence of lying under a disadvantage, so as to allow any one THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 9<5 to be remiss, or one to be worse than another, in acting against the enemy. It seemed to him Hkewisc that this joint habitation was of use to them with respect to their knowing one anotlier; for, by being known, he thought tliat a sense of shame and re- proach took more place upon all ; for they who are unknown seem to act with less caution and restraint, as men do who are in the dark. And this cohabita- tion seemed to him to be of great service to his men with respect to exactness in their orders; for thus the colonels had their several regiments in order under them in their sleep, just as when a regiment is in a body upon the march ; so the captains their companies; the commanders of tens their tens; and the commanders of five their five : and this exact- ness in their orders seemed to him to be of great service, both to prevent their being put into disor- der, and, if disordered, to settle themselves more readily into order again. Just as in. the case of stones and {)ieces of wood, that are to be fitted together, whicJi. if they have certain marks, to make it evi- dent to what place each of them belongs, one may with case fit together again, into whatever irregular form they may have been thrown. And tlieir being thus maintained together, he thought, was of service to them, in order to make them less ready to desert each other: because he observed tliat beasts, that had their maintenance together, were in great pain if separated by any one. Cyrus also took care that they should never go to their dinner or suj)per without a sweat; for he either led them out to hunt, and ga^e them a sweat that way, or he contrived such sports for them as woukl put them into one ; or if any business happen- ed that was to be done, he so managed it, that they should not return without sweating ; for tliis he judged to be of service, in order to make them eat with pleasure, "and to make them healUiy, and to make them able to undergo labour : and labour by 5)^ CYnoP/r.DiA; ok, indp;c(l to be of use in inakins; tliem more i^cntle Xitii fouards anotlier, because even horses, that labour jointly toifcther, stand likewise more gently and' tamely together. And they ivho are conscious to theniselves of being duly exercised, are inspired with moie bravery and courage against the enemy. Cyrus likewise provided liimself with a tent suffi- cient to contain those that he invited to sup with" him: he invited, for the most part, such of the coIo-' nels as he thought proper; but he sometimes invited some of the captains, some of the commanders of ten, and some of the commanders of five; some- times some of the soldiers, and sometimes a vihole five, a whole ten, a whole company, or a whole re- giment together. lie invited them likewise, and re- warded those that he saAv practise any such thJng as he desired all the others should imitate. And the tilings that were set before himself, and before those that he invited to supper were always alike. He always made the servants of the army likewise equal sharers in all things ; for he thought it was not less becoming him to reward those who served in the concerns of the army, than to reward heralds and ambassadors; for he was of opinion that they ought to be faithful, skilled in military affairs, and intelli- gent, as well as zealous in their business, quick of dispatch, diligent, and orderly. Besides, whatever good quality they had, who were accounted the bet- ter sort, that Cyrus thought the servants ought to fee possessed of; and that it v.-as their duty to bring themselves, by practice, to refuse no work, but to think it becoming them to do all things whatever that their commanders should enjoin. And Cyrus always took care that while lie enter- tained any of them in his tent, the most agreeable subjects of discourse, and such as might excite thein to good, should be tlirown in amongst them. Upon a certain occasion, therefore, he began this discourse; "friends," said he, " are other men, think you, any THE IXSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. Q3^ i^ays inferior to us, by reason of their not being disciplined in the same manner as aic are? or will they prove not to ditier from us at all, either in their converse with each other, or in action against the enemy?" llystaspes, in answer to him, said, "What they may prove to be in action against the enemy I do not yet know; but, by the gods! some of them seem already to be very perverse and churlish in their conversation ; for, yesterday,"' said he, " Cy- axares sent certain victims to every regiment; and we had every one of us three portions or more, that were carried and distributed around. Our cook be- gan his first distribution by me, when the person who was to make the second distribution entered; I bid him begin with tlio last man, and carry round the contrary way. One, therefore, from the middle of tlie circle of soldiers as they lay, cried out, 'by Jove,' said he, ' there's no manner of equality or fairness in tiiis, unless somebody begin from us here in the middle.' I, hearing this, was uneasy that any of them should think they lay under a disadvantage, and I presently bid him come to me; in this he, in a very orderly manner, obeyed me: but when the por- tions that were distributing came to us who were to take last, they were the least tiiat were left; he then plainly discovered himself to be very much afflicted,^ and said to himself, ' O, ill fortune ! that I should happen to be called hither!' I then said to him, do not be disturbed; it Mill begin presently by us, and you shall take first the biggest portion. At the third going about, which was the last turn, he took the next after me; but as soon as the third j)erson had taken, he fancied that this man had taken a larger portion than himself, and he threw back that that he had taken, intending to take another; but the cook, thinking that he wanted no more meat, moved on, distributing aroinid, l)efore he took another por- tion. Here he bore so ill the misfortiiiK' of losing the portion he had taken, that, being struck and in wrath 94f cveop:-f.dia ; on, at his ill fortune, he misplaced and overturned some sauce lie had remaining. A captain, who was the nearest us, seeino; this, clapped his hands, and laugh- ed out, much delighted; 1," said liystaspes, "made as if 1 coughed, for I was not able to hold from laughing. Cyrus," said he, "such a one do I show you one of our companions to be." Upon this, as was natural, they laughed. Another of the colonels then spoke. "Cyrus," said he, " this Hystaspes, it seems, has met with one of a very perverse temper ; but as you instructed us in the order and discipline we were to observe, and dismissed us with commands to instruct every one his regiment in the things he had learned from you ; so I, as others did, came to a certain company, and was teaching them; and placing the captain first, and then a young man in order after him, and so the rest, as I thought proper; and then, standing before them, and looking upon the company, when I thought it proper time, I gave the command to advance. This young man, advancing before the captain, marched first; I, seeing him do thus, said to him. Friend, what are you doing? the man said, ' wh}^ I adv'ance as you connnand me.' But, said I, I did not command only you to advance, but all ; then, ^turning to his companions, ' Do not you hear,' said he, ' that tlie colonel commands you all to advance? ' Then all of them passing the captain by, came up to me ; but Avhen the captain made them retire back again, they were offended, and said, 'Whom are we to obey? for now one bids us to advance, and ano- ther will not suffer us to do it' Bearing all this contentedly, and placing them as at first, I told them, that none of those behind should mov^e till he that was before him led the way, but that they should all mind only to follow their leading man. In the mean time, there came to me a certain person, that was going to Persia, and he bid me give him the letter I had wrote home ; now the captain knew THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 95 where the letter lay : I bid him therefore run and fetch this letter. He ran his way: the young man, armed as he was, \vith corselet and sword, followed after his captain; the rest of his company, seeing him run, ran oft' with him; and all of them came back again, and brought me the letter. Thus," said he, ''is this company of mine mighty exact in exe- cuting all the instructions they receive from you." The rest, as was natural, laughed at tiiis guard and attendance upon the letter: but Cyrus said, "O Jove, and all you gods ! what men have we for our companions ! They are so easily served, that many of them might be made one's friends for a little por- tion of meat; and they are so obedient, that they obey before they understand wliat they are ordered to do. For my part, I do not know what sort of men we should wish the soldiers to be, unless it be just such!" And Cyrus thus, in laughing, praised the soldiers. There happened at that time to be in the tent a. certain colonel; his name was Aglaitadas ; a churl- ish and austere sort of man in his manners, and he spoke thus: "Do you thmk, now, Cyrus," said he, "that these men tell you the truth?" "Why, what end," said Cyrus, " have they in lying?" "What else," said he, "but to make you laugh? and, for this reason, they tell you these stories in a vain, ar- rogant way." "Good words, pray!" said Cyrus: "do not say that they are vain and arrogant; for tlie word arrogant seems to me to lie upon such as feign themselves riclier or braver tiian they reidly are, and pretend to do what they are not al^lc to do; and that plainly act thus, in order to get something and make proiit to themselves. They that move their companions to laughter, and do it neither for their own gain nor to the hearer's prejudice, nor with intent to do any manner of harm,, why may not such be called j)olite and agreeable, nuich rather than arrogant ?" Thus did-Cyrus ajK^logizc for such A6 cvROP.r.DiA; on, as afforded mattci' of laughter. The colonel, then, who had told the pleasant story of the company of soldiers, said, *' If uc endeavoured, Aglaitadus to niak(! you cry, Avould not you blame us \cry much? as tJiere are some who, in songs and discourses, ut- tering certain melancholy notes and things, endea- vour to move people by tears. But now, though you yourself know that we are desirous to give you pleasure, and not in the least to hurt you, yet you hold us thus in great disgrace!"' " Dy Jove," said Aglaitadas, "I do, and justly; because, in my opi- nion, he that makes his friends laugh does a much more worthless and insignificant thing than he who makes him cry: and you will find, if you reckon right, that I say true. Fathers bring their sons to a discreet and modest temper of mind, and teachers tlieir youth to all good learning, by tears; and it is by affliction and tears that the laws intiuence citi- zens to Justice in their conduct. But can you pos- sibly say that your movers of laughter either do any service to the bodies of men, or form their mind* to a better sense of their duty, Avith respect to their private families, or to the public?" Upon this, riystaspes spoke in this manner: "Aglaitadas," said he, *' if you will follow my advice, you shall boldly lay out this very valuable thing upon our enemies, and you shall endeavour to set them a crying; but that wortjiless thing, laughter, you shall spend upon us," said he, "here, amongst your friends. I know you have a great deal of it that lies by you in store; for you neither use nor spend it yourself, nor do you willingly afford laughter either to your friends or to strangers: so that you have no manner of pre- tence to refuse bestowing it upon us." "Then," said Aglaitadas, "do you endeavour to get it out of me." And the leader of the company said, "By Jove, then, he is a fool indeed ! for I believe one may strike fire out of you, more easily than draw lau"htcr from vou." At this the others laughed. THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. ^ knowing the temper of the man; and Aglaitadas himself smiled at it: Cyrus, seeing him pleased, said, "Indeed, captain, 30U are in the wrong to corrupt the most serious man we have, by tempting him to laugh; and, to do this," said he, "to one who is so great an enemy to laughter!" Here end- ed this subject of discourse. After this, Chrysantas spoke thus: " But, Cyrus," said he, " I, and all that are here present, consider that there are come hither with us men, who have some of them more merit, and some less; and, if any advantage fall in our way, they will all think themselves entitled to an equal share of it: but, for my part, I do not think that any thing can be more equal amongst men, than that the good and the bad should be entitled to equal advantages." C3TUS, to this, said, "By the gods, then, friends, it Mere best for US to give this out, and propose it to be debated in the army, whether they think it proper, if in con- sequence of our labours, God give us any advan- tage, that all should share alike in it; or that, ex- amining the actions of every one, mo should give to each rewards proportionable?" "But why," said Chrysantas, "should you give this out to be dis- coursed upon, and not declare that you will have it so? Did not you declare," said he, " Mhat the sol- diers should contend and vie with each other in, and what the rewards of the contention should be?" " But, by Jove," said Cyrus, " these matters and those are not alike; for, what they shall acquire by their service, that, I believe, they will reckon com- mon to all ; but the command of the army they take to be mine, even from the first setting out: so that, in appointing ofiicers, I believe, they think I do them no wrong." "And do you think," said Chrysantas, " that the multitude assembled will ever decree that every one shall not have his equal share, but that the best shall have the advantage in profits and ho- noursf" "I do think it;" said Cyrus; "partly bc- o 9^ cvrop/T^dia; or, cause of your assistance in it, and, partly, because it is infamous to assert, that he who labours most for the public, and docs it most service, is not en- titled to the greatest rewards; and, I believe, that the very worst of our men will think it of service to them that the best should have the advantage," Cyrus had a mind that this should be publicly decreed, even upon the account of the alike-ho- noured; for he thought that they would be yet bet- ter men, if they kne^v that they themselves were to be judged by their actions, and rewarded accordingly. This, therefore, seemed to him to be the proper op- portunity to put it to the vote, whilst the alike-ho- noured were dissatisfied with the claim of the mul-^ titude to equality of shares. So it was the current opinion of tliose in the tent to give out the discourse upon the subject; and they said, that every one who thought it his part to act like a man ought to give his assistance in it. Upon this one of the colonels laughed, and said, — ''I know," said he, " a man, one of the common people, who will help to justify this opinion, that this equality of shares, without distinction, ought not to be." Another asked him, "Whom he meant?" He replied, "Truly, he is one of my o^vn tent, and is, upon every occasion, seekins; to get the advantage and upper hand of others." Another then asked, — "And does he seek it in labour and taking pains?" "No, by Jove!" said he, "not in that; but here you have caught me in a lie, for, with respect to labour and things of that kind, he always contentedly alloAvs any one to get the upper hand of him that will." "Friends," said Cyrus, " my judgment is, that such men as this person speaks of ought to be weed- ed out of the army, if we intend to preserve it in its -virtue and vigour, and to render the soldiers obe- dient ; for the soldiers seem to me to be such as will follow where any one shall lead them the way: good and excellent men certainly endeavour to lead to THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 99 things good and excellent, vicious men to things vi- cious, and corrupt men have often more abettors than the sober and industrious. For vice, that takes its course through present pleasures, has these plea- sures to assist in persuading the multitude to abet her; but virtue, that moves upwards, has not strength enough, in present occasions, to draw men without distinction after her, especially if there are others, in opposition to her, that exhort men to follow the prone and easy track. They, therefore, who are faulty upon the account of sloth and indolence, these I reckon, like drones, are burdensome to their companions only by the expence of maintaining them; but active associates in vice, who prosecute their interest with industry and impudence, these are the leaders of men to vicious courses ; for they often have it in their power to show them that vice will be serviceable to their interest: so that such men must entirely be weeded out. Then, pray, do not consider how to recruit your regiments with your own countrymen; but, as in horses, you look for those that are the best, and not for those that are of your own country, so of men, take such as you think will most contribute to your strength and good order. And that it Mill be to our advantage to do so, this will bear me testimony, that neither is a cha- riot swift, if it have but slow horses; nor is it true, if joined to vicious and unmanageable ones : nor can a family be well regulated that uses vicious ser- vants; but a family that wants servants is less in- jured than one that is confounded by unjust ones. And be it known to you, friends, that the turning out of the vicious will not only be of advantage to you in their being out of the way, but of those that remain ; they who have liad vice instilled into them will discharge themselves of it again; and the good seeing the vicious punished will adhere to virtue with much more warmth and zeal." Thus he said. 100 cvROP>r,DTA; or, All his friends >\eic of opinion with liini, and did accord inii'ly. After tliis, Cynis began again to set jest and mer- riment on foot; for, observing that one of the cap- tains had brought with him a fellow guest, and had placed him next to himself, that the man was ex- cessively rough and hairy, and very ugly, he called the captain by his name, and spoke thus : " Sam- baulas," said he, "that young man that lies next to you, do you curry him about with you, according to the Greek custom, because he is handsome? '* " Xo, by Jove,'' said Sambaulas ; "but I am pleased with his conversation, and even with look- ing at him."' They that were present in the tent, u[)on hearing this, looked at the man, and when they saw that his face was excessive ugly, they all laugh- ed; and one of them said, " In the name of all the gods, Sambaulas, by what piece of service has this man so tied himself to you? " He said, " By Jove, ttiends, I will tell you; whenever I have called upon him, either by night or by day, he never pretended want of leisure, never obeyed lazily, but always ran to his business with the utmost dispatch: as often as I have ordered him to do a thing, I never saw him execute it without putting himself into a sweat; and he has made the whole twelve such as himself, not showins; them in word, but in action, what thev ouo;ht to be." Then somebodv said, "Since he is such an extraordinary man, do not you kiss him as you do relations?" And to this the homely person replied, — "No, by Jove," said he, "for he is not one of those that are fond of labour and pains; and to kiss me would be as much to him as if he under- M'ent the greatest toil," Such kind of discourses and things, both merry iind serious, ])assed amongst them in the tent. And having, at last, performed the third libation, and made" their prayers to the gods for their blessings. THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 101 they broke up their company in the tent, in order to go to rest. The next day, Cyrus assembled all the soldiers, and spoke to them to this ettect : " Friends, the conflict is at hand ; for the enemies are approach- ing ; the rewards of our victory, if we conquer, it is evident, are our enemies themselves, and their for- tunes. On the other hand, if we are conquered (for this ought always to be mentioned) thus, likewise, do the fortunes of the conquered stand exposed as the rewards of the conquerors. Therefore, tlms," said he, "you ought to determine with yourselves, that, ^Yhen men are united as associates in war, if every one, within himself, makes account, that no- thing will be as it ought to be, unless every one be insj)ired with zeal and ardour, they then presently perform things great and noble; for nothing of what is proper to be done, is, in this case, neglected. But when every one imagines that another is to fight and act, though he himself play the drone, be it known to you," said he, "that, with such, the success of things will be unhappy to them all. God himself has so established it ; to those who will not impose upon themselves the task of lal)ouring for their own advantage, he gives other task-masters. Now, therefore," said he, "let some one stand up, and speak to this point; whether he think that vir- tue will be the better practised amongst us, if he, who chooses to undergo the greatest toil and run the greatest hazards, obtain the greatest regards ? or if we all see that the worthless man lies under no disadvantage, but that all of us arc to share alike?" Here Chry-antas, one of the alike-honoured, one who was neither tall in his person, nor whose looks bespoke either courage or spirit, but a mim of ex- cellent understanding, rose uj) and spoke thus: — "In truth, Cyrus," said he, "my ()|)inion is, that you do not propose this to our debate, as judging it lit that the worthless should stand upon a foot of 102 CYROP.T.DIA ; OR, equal advantage with the deserving; hut to try whe- ther there he such a man amongst us, that will ven- ture to discover himself to be of opinion, that he who performs nothing that is great and nohle, should share equally of those advantages that are gained by the virtue and bravery of others. I am," said he, " neither swift of foot, nor have I great strength and vigour in my hands and arms ; and, by what I can perform with my person, I reckon I cannot be judged to be the first man, nor yet the second, I believe not the thousandth ; perhaps, not the ten thousandth; but this I very well know, that, if they who are men of strength set their hands vigorously to the work, I shall have my share in some advan- tage or other, and as much as is justly due to me ; but if mean and worthless men shall do nothing, and men of bravery and vigour shall be quite out of heart, I am afraid I shall have my share in some- thing else rather than advantage, and such a share as will be greater than I desire." Thus spoke Chry- santas. After him rose Pheraulas, a Persian, one of the common people; a man intimately known to Cyrus, and much in his favour whilst they were yet in Per- sia, one whose person was not uncomely, and who, with respect to his mind, was not like one of the mean and ignoble; and he spoke to this effect: "I, Cyrus," said he, " and all the Persians here present, reckon ourselves now entered in the lists of virtue, and setting forward in its career upon an equal foot; for I see that our bodies are all exercised alike, and nourished with like food; that like company and conversation is vouchsafed to us all; and that the same honourable actions lie before us: for obe- dience to our commanders lies before us in com- mon, and whoever is found sincerely to practise it, that man, I see, obtains rewards and honours at the hands of Cyrus: then to act with bravery against the enemy is not a thing that is becoming to one, THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 163 and is otherwise to another, but stands recommend- ed as great and noble to us all. And I take upon mc to say, that our method of figlit is now plainly taught us. I see that all men naturally know it; as every other animal naturally knows a certain me- thod of fight, and this without learning it from any other than from nature; as the bull attacks with his horn, the horse with his hoof, the dog with his mouth, the boar with his tooth ; and all of them know," said he, ''by what means best to defend themselves against the attack of others; and these things proceed not from the instruction of any mas- ter in these arts. I understood presently, from a child, how to interpose something between myself and the })erson who offered to strike me; and, if I had nothing else, I endeavoured, as well as I was able, by holding up my hands, to hinder and oppose the person that assaulted me; and this I did not only without being taught it, but even though I were beaten for defending myself When I was a child, wherever I saw a SMord, I presently seized it; nor was I taught how to handle it by any one, but, as I say, by nature. This, therefore, I did, not only untaugiit, but even crossed and hindered in it; as there are many other things that I have been ne^* cessarily prompted by nature to do, though con- trolled and checked in them both by my father and mother. Then, by Jove, with this sword, I hacked and hewed whatever came in my way, when I coidd do it privately and unseen ; for it was not only na- tural to me, like walking and running, but, besides its being natural, I thouglit it a pleasure to do it. Since, therefore," said he, " that fighting is the thing now left us to do, and that it is a work that retjuires courage rather than art, how can it be other tlian a |)lcasure to us to enter tlie lists with tliese noble j)crsons the alike-honoured, when the rev\ards of virtue lie equally before us, iind \\v of the peoj>le do not run an e(pial risk? They have at stake a life 1"04. cyropxdia; or, of honour, ^vhich is the most agreeable, and tho" only one that can be called a life; we only a labo- rious and ignoble one, uhich, in my opinion, is but painful and unhappy. Then this, friends, greatly^ animates me to enter the lists against these men— that Cyrus is to be our judge: he who judges not partially and invidiously, but, I aver, and swear it by the gods, that I think Cyrus loves those that he. linds to be deserving not less than he does himself.'' Accordingly, I observe that he bestows what he has, upon such men, with more pleasure than he takes in his own possession of it. Besides," said he» "these men are greatly elevated with their having been disciplined to bear hunger, thirst, and cold ; not knowing that we have been disciplined in the same things, under a much abler teacher than they have been; for there is none a more effectual teacher of these things than necessity, that has taught them us in the completest manner. These men have ex- ercised themselves in the labour of bearing arms,- that have been so contrived by all men as to be worn with the greatest ease ; butw-e," said he, "havebeen obliged, by necessity, to walk and run under heavy burdens; so that the arms w^e now bear seem to me not to be like burdens, but rather like wings: So count upon me," said he, "Cyrus, as one that will engage in this dispute, and who desire, what- ever degi'ee I am in, to be rewarded according to my desert. And I exhort you, my friends of the people, to embark in this military contention, against these men of discipline ; for they are now drawn in, and caught in this popular dispute." So spoke Phe- raulas ; and many others stood up to support them both in their opinion. It Mas thought fit, therefore, that every one should be rewarded according to his desert, and that Cyrus should be the judge. Tiius did these things proceed ; and Cyrus took an occasion to invite an entire regiment, together writh their colonel, to sup with him. This he did; up- THE INS^TITUTtON OF CYRUS. 105 orr having seen the man forming half the men of his regiment against the other half, in order to attack each other : they had all of them their corselets on, and in their left hands their shields: but to one half he- had given good large sticks for their right hands, and the others he had ordered to gather clods to throw. When they stood thus, ready prepared, he gave them the signal to engage : then these fell on with their clods ; some chanced to fall upon the cor- selets of the opposite party; some upon their shields: some hit a thigh, some a leg : but, when they came to close, they who had the sticks applied their blows upon the thighs, hands, and legs of their adversa- ries, as well as upon the necks and backs of such aS^ stooped for their clods: and, at last, they that were armed with the sticks put the others to the rout, laying them on with much laughter and diversion. Then the others, in their turn, taking the sticks, did the same thing to those who took their turn in throw- ing the clods. Cyrus was much taken Avith these things ; both with the contrivance of the officer, the obedience of the men, that they were at the same time both exercised and diverted, and that those m<^n gained the victory who were armed in the man- ner that resembled the Persians. 13eing pleased with these things, he invited them to supper; and observing some of them with their shins bound up, and some with their hands in the same condition, he asked them what harm they had got. They said they had been struck with the clods. He then ask- ed them again, wiiether it was when they were close together, or while they were at a distance. They s^id while they were at a distance ; but that, when they closed, it was the finest sport imaginable for those that were armed with the stirks; but then, again, they that were wounded by tiie sticks cried out that they did not at all think it a diversion to be threshed in that close way. Th(!y show the blows they receive from tiiose tiiat jjcld the sticks, both U)6 cvnoPiEDiA; on, ii}">on their hands and neck, a'nd some in their faces: and then, as was natural, they hiiighed at one ano- ther. The next day, the whole field Mas full of people imitating these men : and, M'henever they had nothing of more serious business to do, they made use of this diversion. And Cyrus observing another colonel upon a cer- tain occasion leading his men from the river, one by one, to their dinner; and, when he thought it pro- per, ordering the second, third, and fourth compa- ny to advance in front; and, when the captains were all in front, ordering each company to double their hies, upon Avhich the commanders of tens ad- vanced in front : and that then, w hen he thou<2;ht it proper, he ordered each company to bring them- soKes to be four in iVont; thus the commanders of five advanced, that the company might march four in front: and that, Avhen they arrived at the door of the. tent, commanding them to enter, one by one, he introduced the first company, ordering the se- cond to follow them in the rear, and the third and fourth in like manner, and so led them all in : and that, introducing them in this manner, he sat them all down to their meat, in the order as they entered: he, being much taken with this man for his good temper, instruction, and care, invited the whole re- giment to sup with him, together with the colonel. But another colonel, who had not been invited, be- ing present at the time, spoke thus : ''But my regi- ment, Cyrus," said he, "you do not invite to your tent ; yet, when they go to their dinner, they per- form all these things; and, when the business in the tent is over, the rear leader of the last company leacls out that company witli the last men ranged iirst in order for battle : then the rear leader of the next company follows after these ; so the third and fourth in the same manner; that, when it is proper to lead off from the enemy, they may know how to reti'cat. And when we get into the course, Ave there THE INSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. 107 move about; when we march to the east, I lead the way, and the first company moves first, the second in its order; so the third and fourth, and the tens and fives of the several companies, in the proper course, as long as I give orders accordingly: but," said he, " Avhen we march to the west, the rear leader, and the last man, lead the way, and yet obey me who march last, that they be accustomed both to follow and to lead with equal obedience." " And do you always do thus?" said Cyrus. "As often," said he, "as we take our meals." " I will invite you, therefore," said he, " because you practise your exercise both in advancing and retreating, by day and night, and both exercise your bodies by the mo- tion, and profit your minds by the discipline. And since you do all these things double, it is bat just that I should give you double good entertainment." " By Jove," said the colonel, "not in one day, un- less you give us double stomachs too." Thus they made an end of that conversation in the tent. And the next day Cyrus i-nvited this regiment, as he said he would, and did the same again the day follow- ing ; the rest, perceiving this, all imitated those men for the future. But as Cyrus, upon a certain occasion, was ma- king a general muster and review of his men under arms, there came a messenger from Cyaxares, ac-- quainting him, that an Indian embassy was arrived. " Cyaxares," said the messenger, " desires that you would come as soon as possible, and, from him, I bring you a beautiful robe; for he has a mind that you should appear in the handsomest and most splendid manner, the Indians being to see the man- ner of your approach." Cyrus, hearing this, gave command to tlie colonel who stood first in order, to place himself in front, bringing his men into one line behind him, and to keep himself to the rights He commanded him to transmit the same orders to the second, and so to deliver thcni down throuo;h tiie 108 CVR0P--1.1MA ; OR, uholc. These men, in obedience (o Cvrus, pre- sently delivered down the orders, and put them in execution. In a very little time, they formed a front of three hundred, for that Mas the number of the colonels, and they were a hundred in depth. When they stood thus, he commanded them to follow as he should lead them, and, beginning presently to run, he led them the May. Ijut, A\hen he perceived tlie avenue, that led to the palace, straiter than to allow them all to move on in front, he commanded the fn'st thousand to foUoM' in the situation and order they were in, and the next to follow in the rear of this, and so in like manner throughout the Mhole. He liimself led on m ithout stopping. The other thou- sands foUoMcd, each in the rear of those that went before. And he sent tMO servants to the opening of the avenue, to give information of Mhat m as to be done, in case any should be ignorant of it. When they came to Cyaxares's gates, he commanded the first colonel to form his regiment to tMclve in depth, and to range the commanders of tMelves in front around the palace : he commanded him likewise to transmit these orders to the second, and so through- out the M'hole. They did accordingly. He himself went in to Cyaxares, in a plain Persian robe, undis- g;uised Mith foreign ornaments. Cyaxares, seeing him, was pleased with his dispatch, but offended at the meanness of his robe, and said, "What have y^ou done, Cyrus, in appearing thus before the In-^ dians? I had a mind," said he, "that you should appear in the most splendid manner; and it had been an ornament to me, for you, who are my sisr ter's son, to have appeared the most magnificent that was possible." Cyrus, to this, said, "Which May, Cyaxares, had I been the greater ornament to you^ whether, if clothing myself in purple, putting on bracelets, and encompassing my neck Mith a collar^ I'ixad obeyed yon in a loitering manner? or now!^ &t, 'with so great and so good a force, I obey yoii THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. IG^ with such dispatch, having, in honour of you, adorn- ed mvself with sweat and diligence, and adorninsr you, by showing the rest to be so obedient to you;" orders?" Cyrus thus spoke. i7. Cyaxares, judging that he said right, gave orders to introduce the Indians. The Indians, being come in, said, "That the king of the Indians had sent them, and had commanded them to ask, what m as the cause of the \var between the Medes and Assy- rians? and, when we had heard you," said they, "he commanded us to go to the Assyrian and ask him the same question; and, in the end, to tell ^^ou both, that the king of the Indians does declare, that, after having informed himself of the justice of the cause, he Mill take part with the injured." Cyax- ares to this said, " You hear me, therefore, de- clare, that we have done no injury to the Assyrians; go, then, and enquire from him what he says to it'* Cyrus being present, asked Cyaxares this question: "And may I," said he, "say what I think proper upon this occasion ? " Cyaxares bid him do so. "Do you, therefore," said he, "acquaint the king of the Indians thus (unless Cyaxares judge other- wise:) that, if the Assyrian say he has been anyways injured by us, we declare, that we chuse the king of the Indians himself to be our judge." These men hearing this, went their way. When the Indians were gone, Cyrus began a dis- course with Cyaxares, to this effect: "I came from home, Cyaxares, without having abundance of trea- sure of my own; and, whatever it was, I have but very little of it left; for I have spent it," said he^ " upon the soldiers. This, perhaps you will wonder at, since it is you that maintain them. But, be it known to you," said he, "that it has gone in no- tiiing else but in rewards and gratifications to the soldiers, whenever I have been pleased with any of them. For, in my opinion," said he, " it is a much pleasanter thing to encourage all those that one haa^ 110 cyropxdia; or, a mind to make diligent and good fellow labourers with one in any business, of whatever kind it be, by speaking them fair, and doing them good, than to do it by severe usage and by force. But those that one would have to be zealous fellow labourers in the business of war, tliese, I think, ought abso- lutely to be courted to it both by good words and good deeds ; for such as are to be hearty and sin- cere fellow combatants, who shall neither envy their commander in prosperity, nor betray him in adver- sity, ought to be friends, and not enemies.* Having determined thus with myself in these matters, I think myself in want of money. And yet, to have my eye, upon every occasion, upon you, when I see you are already engaged in very great expences, seems to me unreasonable. But I think it proper that you and I should jointly consider what means to use that treasure may not fail you; for, if you have plenty, I know that I may take it whenever I want; especially if I take for such a purpose as will make it more to your advantage that the treasure sliould be so spent. I remember, therefore, upon some occasion lately, to have heard you say, that the Armenian is now grown to contemn you, be- cause he hears that the enemy is coming upon us; and, besides, that he neither sends you the forces, nor pays you the tribute that is due." "Indeed, Cyrus," said he, "these things he really does, so that I am in doubt whether it be better for me to make war upon him, and force him to comply, or v/hether it be most for our interest to let it pass for the present, lest we add him to the number of our enemies." Cyrus then asked, — "Are their habita- tions in places of strength, or in such as are acces- sible with ease?" Cyaxares said, " Their habi- tations are in places that are not very strong, for I was not negligent in that affair; but there are moun- tains, whither he may immediately retire, and be in -Safety, so as neither to be himself exposed, nor any- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. Ill thing else that may possibly be carried off thither, unless one sit down and besiege him there, as my father once did." Upon this, Cyrus said thus: *' But, if you will send me with such a number of horse as may be thought sufficient, I believe, with the assistance of the gods, I can make him send you forces, and pay you tribute. And, besides, I even hope that he will be yet more our friend than he is now." Cyaxares then said, ^'And I have hopes that he will sooner come to you, than he will to us. For I have heard, that some of his children were your fellow huntsmen ; so that, perhaps, they may come to you again. And if some of them once come to be in our j)ower, every thing will succeed to our desire." "Is it not your opinion, then," said Cy- rus, " that it will be for our advantage to conceal tliis contrivance between us?" "By this means," said Cyaxares, " some or other of them may tlic more easily fall in our hands; or if one fall upon them, they may be taken the more unprepared." " Hear, then," said Cyrus, " if you tliiiik what I am going to say may be of any moment : I have often hunted upon the borders of your territory, and that of the Armenians, with all the Persians that were with me; and I went thither, taking likewise from hence several horsemen from amongst my compa- nions here." "Therefore," said Cyaxares, "by doing just the same things now, you may pass un- suspected; but if a much greater force should ap- pear dian what you used to have with you in hunt- ing, this would presently give suspicion." "But," said Cyrus, " one may frame a very plausible pre- tence in this case ; and that is, if cave be taken that somebody give them an account yonder, in Arme- nia, that 1 intend to undertake a great hunt; then," said he, " I would openly desire from you a body of horse." " You say very well," said Cyaxares, "but I shall consent to give you but a few, as intending to march myself to our garrisons that lie towards 112 cyropxdia; o\{, Assyria. And in reality," said he, "I do intend to go thither, in order to strengthen them as mnch as possible. But ^hen you are got before witli the force you have, and have hunted for a day or two following, I may send you a sufficient force, both of horse and foot, out of those that have rendezvoused tinder me. A^^ith these you may immediately fall on, and I, with the other forces, may endeavour to keep not far from you, that, if there be occasion, I ma^ likewise appear." Accordingly, Cyaxares presently formed a body of horse at the garrisons ; and sent M^aggons. with provisions before by the road that led that way. Cyrus presently made a sacrifice for his intended march; and, at the same time, sent and begged of Cyaxares some of his cavalry, and such as were of the younger sort. He, though there were multi- tudes that would have attended Cyrus, granted him not very many. Cyaxares being now gone before, with forces, both horse and foot, upon the road to- wards the garrisons; it happened, that Cyrus's sa- crifice, upon his design against the Armenian, suc- ceeded happily; so he set forward as prepared for a hunt. As he was marching, a haie started imme- diately in the first field, and an eagle of happy omen, flying towards them, caught sight of the hare as it run, and, bearing down upon it, struck it; then, snatching it up, raised it aloft, and bearing it away to an eminence not far ofi", did there what it thought fit with its prey. Cyrus, therefore, seeing this sig- nal, paid his adoration to Jove, sovereign of the gods, and said to those that were present, " TViends, our hunt, if it please god, will be a noble one ! " "When they came to the borders, he hunted after his usual manner. The greater number of his horse and foot opened themselves in front, in order to rouse the beasts as they moved down upon them. The best of bis men, both liorse and foot, stood here and there dispersed, received the beasts as they were TIt£ INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 113 roused, and pursued them; and they took abundance both of swine, stags, goats, and wild asses; for there are yet abundance of A\ild asses in those parts at this day. When they had finished the hunt, and he Ijad brought them close up to tlie Armenian borders, he ordered them to supper; and the next day hunt- ed again, advancing to tliose mountains that he liad desired to be master of. And when he had again ended his s})ort, he took his supper. But as soon as he found that the forces from Cyaxares were ad- \ ancing, he sent privately to them, and ordered them to take their supper at about the distance of tvvo |)arasangs from him, foreseeing that this would con- tribute to the concealing the atiair. When they had supped, he ordered their conmiander to march and join him. After suj)])er was over, he summoiied the colonels to him, and when they were come, he spoke to tlicm llius: " Friends, the .Vrmenian has been heretofore boih 8.11 ally and subject of Cyaxares; but now^ that he finds the enemy coming upon him, he contemns iiim, and neitlier sends him forces, nor pays him tribute. It is he, therefore, that we must now hunt, and catch if we can. Thus, therefore," said he, "in my opinion, we must do. Do you, Chrysantas, when you have had a little time to sleep, take half flie Persians that are with us, march by the hill, and niake yourself master of tiiosc mountains, whither, they say, the Armenian flies when he finds himself in danger, and I Mill give you guides. They say these mountains are full of woods, so that there are hopes you will not be discovered. However, if you send, before the rest of your army, some light men, equipped for expedition, who, both by their number and habit, may look like j)lundeiers; these men, if ihey uicet with any of the Armenians, ^\ill prevent those that they can take from giving an account of things; and, by driving away ihoso lliey cannot take, will hinder them fron'i seeing llie whole army, and II ll^ cvrop^dia; or, M ill make them provide for themselves only as against a band of thieves. Do you," said lie, " do thus: I, at break of day, with half the foot, and all the horse, will march directly to the palace of the Armenian by the plain. If he make head against us, it is plain we must fight: if he retire, and quit the plain, it is evident we must hasten after in pursuit of him. If he fly to the mountains, then," said he, "it is your business not to allow any of those that come to escape you; but reckon, as in hunting, that we are to be the finders, and that you stand at the nets. Remember, therefore, this — that the passages must be first stopped before the beast is roused; and that they who are appointed to that station ought to keep concealed, if they have not a mind to turn otf every thing that takes its course towards them. And do not act now," said he, " Chrysantas, as the love of hunting has sometimes made you do; for you have often been employed the whole night, and have not slept at all; but you should now allow your men to lie down a while, that they may get a little sleep. And because you used to wander through the moun- tains, without taking men for your guides, but pur- sued wherever the beasts led the way, do not march, therefore, now, through such difficult places, but bid your guides lead you the easiest way, unless there be one that is abundantly tlie shorter; for, to an army, the easiest way is the quickest. And because you used to pass the mountains running, do not, there- fore, now lead on at full speed, but with middling dispatch, in such sort that the army may follow you. And it is of great use that some of the most vigorous and hearty should halt sometimes, and encourage the rest ; and, when the whole wing is passed, it ani- mates the other's dispatch, to see these running be- side them, and passing them by as they themselves move on in their gentle pace." Chrysantas, hearing this, and being transported with the orders Cyrus had given him, took his guides, THE INSTITUTION" OF CYRUS. 115 and went his way ; and, having given the proper di- rections to those that were to attend in his march, he went to rest. When they had had a moderate time for rest, he marclied to the mountains. fiiCyvus, as soon as it was day, dispatched a mes- senger to the Armenian, and bid him say thus: ^' Prince of Armenia, Cyrus sends you these direc- tions, that you would come away as soon as possible, and bring with you your tribute and your forces. If he asks you where I am, tell him the truth, that I am upon the borders. If he ask Avhetiier I am advancing towards him, tell him the truth here too, that you do not know. If he enquire how many we are in number, bid him send somebody back with you, to learn." Having given the messenger these orders, he dispatched him away, thinking it more friendly to do thus, than to march Mithout sending word. And having formed his men into tlie best order, both for cUspatch in marching, and for en- gagement, in case of need, he began the march ; tirst commanding his men to injure no one ; and if any of them met with an Armenian, to bid him be of good heart; and to order every one that had a mind to sell citlicr meat or drink, to come and make i^bis niarket ■wherever they were. CYROP^DIA; OR, THE INSTITUTION OF CYHUS. BOOK III. VyRus was taken up in these affairs; but the Ar- menian, as soon as he heard from the messenger what Cyrus sent to tell him, was struck with it, con-, sidering that he had acted unjustly, both in failing to pay his tribute, and in not sending his forces. And tl>e thing he principally feared was, lest he should be discovered to have begun fortifying the place of his residence, in such sort as to render it defensible. Being at a loss upon all these accounts, he sent around to assemble his forces. At the same time he sent his younger son Sabaris, his own wife, his son's ^ife, and his own daughters, away to the mountains, and sent with them all his most valuable apparel and furniture, appointing them a force to conduct them. And, at the same time, he sent out scouts to discover what Cyrus was doing, and mus- tered all the Armenians he had at present with him. N\lien immediately there arrived others, who told hirn^,that Cyrus was just behind them; and not hav- ing courage enough, upon this occasion, to come to action, he j:ejired. , ^ ,. THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 117 The Armenians, when they saw him act in this manner, ran every one to their own affairs, with in- tent to put all tlieir etfects out of the way. Cyrus, when he saw the whole country full of people, run- ning up and down, and driving all off, sent them word, that he would be an enemy to none that re- mained at home; but if he caught any one making his escape, he declared he would tieat him as an enemy. So the major part remained; some there were who went off with the king. But when they who conducted the women fell in among those who were in the mountains, they pre- sently set up a cry, and, betaking themselves to flight, many of them were taken; and, at last, the son of the Armenian, the two wives, and the daughters, were likewise taken, as well as all the rich effects they were carrying off* with them. As soon as the king perceived what had passed, being at a loss which way to turn himself, he fled to a certain emi- nence. Cyrus, seeing this, surrounded the eminence with the army that he had with him, and sending to Chrysantas, ordered him to leave a guard upon the mountains, and to come away. The army then join- ed under Cyrus ; and he, sending a herald to the Armenian, put the question to him in this manner : ''Tell me," said he, "Armenian, whether it is your choice, staying there, to combat and struggle with thirst and hunger, or to comedown upon fairground and fight us?" The Armenian answered, "That he did not choose to engage in either of these ways." Cyrus, sending again to him, asked him this ques- tion: "Wliy then sit you there, and do not come down?" "I am at a loss," said he, "what I ought to do." " But you ought not to be at a loss about it," said Cyrus, " for you arc at liberty to come down and have your cause tried." '* And who," said he, "shall be the judge?" "He, without doubt, to whom God has given power to deal with you as he pleases without a trial." Here the Ac- 118 cviior/T,DTA ; or, meiiian, seeing the necessity, came down; and Cy- rus, talking him, and all that belonged to him, into the midst of them, encamped around, having his whole force ^^"ith him. Just at this time, 'lygranes, the eldest son of tlie Armenian, returned from a journey he had taken abroad ; he who liad been heretofore a fellow hunts- man with Cyrus, When he heard wliat had hap- pened, he went directly to Cyrus, just as he was, and Avhcn he saw his father, and mother, his bro- ther, his sisters, and wife, prisoners, he wept, as was natural for him to do. Cyrus, upon seeing him, gave him no other mark of respect or friendship, but said to him, " You are come very opportunely, that you may be present, and hear the trial and de^- termination of your father's cause." lie then pre- sently summoned all the commanders of the Persians and ^ledes, and invited all such of the Armenians there, as were men of note and quality; and the women, who were there present in their chariots, he sent not away, but allowed them to hear. Wlien all M-as ready and in order, he began the discourse. " Armenian," said he, " first of all I ad- vise you, in this trial of your cause, to speak tlie truth, that you may be free from one crime at least, Avhich is a most hateful one. For, be assured, that to be found false is the greatest bar that can lie in men's way to the obtaining of pardon. Then," said he, " these children and Mives of yours, and all the Armenians present, are apprized of all that you have done; and if they perceive that you say things con- trary to what has passed, they will think, if I disco- ver the truth, that you condemn yourself to the extremity of punishment." " Ask me," said he, *' Cvrus, what you will, as being resolved to tell you truth, hai)}>en what will in consequence of it." *'Tell me then," said he, "did you some time ago «iake war with Aslyages, my mother's father, and •ivith^the re&t of the INiedcs?"' "I did," said lie: THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 119 ** and when you were conquered by him, did you agree, that you would pay him tribute? that you would join your forces to his wherever he should direct? and that you would have no fortifications?" " These things were as you say." " Now, there- fore, why liave you neither brought your tribute, nor sent your forces, but were building you fortifica- tions?" He replied, " I was desirous of liberty; for I thought it a noble thing, both to be free my- self, and to leave liberty to my children." " It is, indeed, noble!" said Cyrus, " to fight, in order not to be made a slave: but, if a man be conquered in war, or by other means be reduced to servitude, and be found attempting to throw off his masters, do you yourself first pronounce whether you reward and honour such a one as an honest man, and as one that does noble things? or, if you take him, do you punish liim as one that acts unjustly?" " I punish liim," said he; " you do not suffer me to falsify." *' Tell me, therefore, plainly," said Cyrus, " and in particular thus: if a man be a governor and trans- gress, do you suffer him to continue in his govern- ment, or do you constitute another in his stead?" ''I constitute another," said he. "If he is master of great riches, do you suffer him to continue rich, or do you reduce him to poverty?" " I take from him," said he, " all that he has." " If you find him revolting to the enemy, what do you do?" " I put him to death," said he; '■ for why should I die convicted of falsehood, rather than die telling the truth?" Here, his son, as soon as he heard these things, threw ofi' his turban, and rent his clothes. The women set up a lamentable cry, and tore themselves, as if their father were expired, and themselves lost and undone. Cyrus bid them be silent, and again spoke. " Be it so, Armenian! that these determi- nations of yours are just, what do you advise us to do upon it?" The Armenian was silent, being at a Ii20 cvRop.r^DiA; or, ioss -nhether lie should advise Cyrus to put him to death, or direct hini to act just contrary to what he had said he would do himself. '^ iiis son Tygranes then asked Cyrus, " Tell me,** said he, " Cyrus, since my father seems to be at a loss, A\ hcthcr I sliall advise you what I think best for you to do in this case?" And Cyrus, Avell remem- bering tiiat, when Tygranes used to hunt with hiuj; there was a certain sage, very conversant with hiuj and much admired by him, was very desirous to hear what he v.ould say, and joyfully bid him speak his opinion. '* Then," said Tygranes, " if you approve ail the measures that my father has concerted, and all that he has done, I advise you, by all means, to imitate him ; but, if you are of opinion, that he has transgressed in all, my advice is, that you should not imitate him." " Then," said Cyrus, " by doing justice, I shall be the farthest from an imitation of the person transgressing." " It is so," said he. IfoAccording to your own reasoning, then, your fa- ther should be punished, if it be just to punish one who acts unjustly." " But whether do you think it best, Cyrus, to inflict your punishments for your own advantage, or to vour own prejudice?'^ " Why, this May," said he, " I should punish myself." "And truly you would be highly punished," said Tygranes, " if you put to death those that belonged to you, at the time that they would be of the greatest service to you to preserve." "But how," said Cyrus, "can men be so highly serviceable and useful, when found to iiave acted unjustly?" " Why truly, if they be- come considerate and humble ; for, in my judgment, Cyrus, things stand thus, — there is no virtue useful and profitable, without a discreet and sober sense of tilings. For," said he, " what use can be made of a man, who has strength and bravery, without dis- cretion and modesty? What use of one skilled in iiorsemanship; or of one abounding in riches, or powerful in his country? But. with discretion and THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 121 modesty, every friend is useful, and every servant good." '* This, therefore," said lie, *' you assert, that your father, from insolent and haughty, is be- come discreet and humble, in this one day's time?" " I do," said he. " Then this discreet and modest state of mind, you pronounce to be a passion of the soul, as grief is; and not a matter of knowledge and science? For, if it be necessary that he, who be- comes discreet and modest, should be wise and knowing, he cannot then, from insolent and haugh- ty, become, in an instant, discreet and modest." '' But, Cyrus," said he, " did you never observe a man, out of pride and insolence, attempt fighting with another more powerful than himself, and when conquered, presently fall from that insolence ? Again," said he, " have you never seen one city engaged in war with another, and when conquered, immediately, by this means, become willing to obey, instead of continuing the war?" " Jind what con- quest over your father," said Cyrus, " is this you speak of, and that thus forcibly brings him to a dis- creet and humble sense of things?" " Why, truly, the being conscious to himself, that, while he has af- fected liberty, he has become yet more a slave than ever; and that, of all the things he thought to have effected, by privacy, by artifice, or by force, he has not been able to effect one: but he has seen you deceive him, in every thing you intended to deceive him in, as effectually as one might deceive the blind, ur the deaf, or men of no understanding at all. He knows you have kejjt yourself so concealed from jjim, where you thought it proj)er so to do, that the places he thouglit tlie most secure to him, these, by concealed prcpaialions, you have made yourself master of; and you have so far exceeded him in ihspatcli, that you are come upon him with a very considerable army, from afar, before he had asseui bled iiis forces, tliat were just at hand." Are you of opinion, then," said Cyrus, " that sucli a con- 122 cvrop.-t.dia; or, quest is sufficient to give men so much considera- tion and modesty, as to think others better than themselves?" '"INIuch more," said Tygranes, "than if a man were conquered in iight; for, he who is subdued by force, may think that, by exercising his body, he may be enabled to renew the combat; and cities, that have been taken, imagine that by gaining allies, they may renew the war. But men often vo- luntarily submit to those whom they Judge better than themselves, thoufi;h under no necessity of doing it." " ^ ou seem,"' said he, " not to be of opinion, that the proud and insolent can have any sense, that tliere are any more modest and considerate than themselves; or thieves, that there are any who are not thieves ; or false men, that, there are any ob- servers of truth; or unjust men, that there are any who act with justice. Do not you know," said he *' that your father has, at this time, dealt falsely, and not stood to his agreements with us, thouoh he knew very well that we had not transgresssed in any sort what Astyages had stipulated?"' " Nor do I say, that the knowledge, alone, of others being bet- ter than ourselves, makes men considerate and mo- dest, unless they receive punishment, at the hands of those their betters, as my father has now done," -' But your father,"' said Cyrus, " has yet suffered no sort of ill : I know very well that he is afraid,, indeed, of the highest punishments." " Do you think,, therefore,"' said Tygranes, '"that any thing oppresses men more than violent fear? Do not you knovr t4iat they v.ho are oppressed by the sword, which is reckoned the severest correction, will recur again to arms against the same enemy; but those, that they are thoroughly afraid of, they are not able so much as to look at, when they do but confer with them?" " Do you say," said he, " that fear is a heavier punishment upon men than real misfortune?" " You know yourself." said he, " that what I say is true; you know, that, they who are in fear of being banished THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 125 their country, or that are in dread of being beaten, in an engagement approaching, are in a most deject- ed condition. They that are at sea, and that dread shipwreck, and they that fear servitude and chains, are neither able to eat nor sleep for their fear; but ihey who are already under banishment, who are already conquered and already slaves, are oiten in a condition to eat and sleep better than the fortu- nate themselves. And how great a burden fear is, is yet more evident by this, that some, in dread that death would follow their captivity, have died before- hand by means of that dread; some throwing them- selves headlong, some hanging themselves, and some dyino; bv the sword. So that, of all things terrible, tear strikes deepest into the minds of men. In what state of mind, then," said he, " do you take my father to be; he who fears not only for his own liberty, but for mine, for that of his wife, and that of all his children?" Then Cyrus said, " It does not seem at all improbable tome, that your father is, at this time, affected in this manner; but it belongs to the same man to be insolent and injurious in prosperity, and, when broken in his fortune, to be dejected and sunk, and when re-established in his affairs, to become insolent aG;ain, and ao;ain to create disturbance." "Truly, Cyrus," said he, " our trans- gressions give you cause to distrust us: but you are at liberty to build fortresses, to keep possession of our places of strength, and to take whatever other pledge you please; and yet," said he, "you will not find us very uneasy under these sufferings; for we shall re- member, that we ourselves were the cause of them. But if, by giving up our government to any of those, who are free from guilt, you appear distrustful of us* look to it, lest, at the same time, you .siiould be a benefactor to them, they shall think you ao friend. And if, in caution against tlieir enmity, yoit do not impose a yoke upon tliem to prevent their< injuries; look to it, that you come not under at 124 cyrop/Edia; or, greater necessity of reducing thcni to be considerate and humble, than you are now under of acting that part towards us." " By the gods," said he, " it is, mcthinks, with displeasure, tliat I make use of such servants as I know serve me by necessity and force; but those that I judge to act their parts, in concert •with me, out of friendship and good will, these, I think, I can more easily bear with when they ti'ans- grcss, than with those that hate me, and who, by force, discharge their duty the most completely." Tygranes to this said, " And with whom can you ever acquire so great a friendship, as you may with us?" " With those, as I take it, who have never been so much at enmity ^\ith us, provided I would be that friend and benefactor to them, that you now desire me to be to you." " And can you possibly find, Cyrus," said he, "at this time, any one whom it is in your power to gratify in so high a degree as you may my father? First," said he, "if you grant their lives to those who never did you any injury, ■what thanks will they pay you for it, think you ? If you leave a man his wife and children, who can have greater friendship for you, upon this score, than he who thinks they may be justly taken from him? Do you know any one that will be more af- flicted than ourselves, if the kingdom of Armenia be not given them? And it is -evident, that he who is most atflicted that he is not king, when he receives the regal power, will be the most grateful to you for it. And in case," said he, "you are anyways con- cerned that things should be left here in the least confusion and disorder, when you quit us, consider-^ whether things are likely to be upon a quieter foot under a new government, than if the old-accustom- ed government continue. If it be of any concern to you, to draw from hence the greatest number of forces possible, who, do you think, will levy them better, than he Avho has often made use of them? And if. you want money, who, do you reckon, will THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 125 better'raise it, than he who knows all, and is in pos- session of all? Good Cyrus," said he, " be care- ful, lest, by rejecting us, you do yourself more mis- chief than my father has been able to do you." To this effect he spoke. And Cyrus was extremely pleased to hear him, thinking that he should be able to effect all that he had promised Cyaxares to do ; for he remembered to liave told him, that he thought he should make the Armenian yet more his friend than before Up- on this, then, he enquired thus of the Armenian: — " And if I comply with you, in these things, tell me," said he, " what force will you send with me; and what money will you contribute to the war?'' To this the Armenian said, " Cyrus," said he, ^*I have no reply to make more plain or more just, than to expose to you, all the forces I have, that, viewing the wliole, you may take with you whatever you will, and leave what you will for the guard of the country. In like manner, with respect to our riches, it is just that I should discover to you all that I have, that, being apprized of all, you may carry off what you will of it, and leave what you please of it." Then Cyrus said, '' Proceed, tiien, and show me what forces you have, and tell me what your riches amount to." Here the Armenian re{)lied, " The horse of the Armenians are eight thousand; and their foot forty thousand. Our riches, including the treasure my fatlicr left, and reckoned in money, amount to more than three thousand talents." Then Cyrus, without hesitation, said, '' Since, therefore," said he, " the Chaldeans, that border upon you, arc at war with you, send me half of your forces; and of your treasure, instead of fifty talents, which was the tribute you were to pay, give Cyax- ares double tiiat sum, for your deicct in the pay- ment. Then lend me," said he, "a hundred more; and I promise you, that, if God enable me, I will, in return of what you lend me, cither do you such 126 cvrop.^dia; or, services as shall bo of greater value ; or, if I am able, will count you clown the money again: if I am not able to do it, I may then appear unable; but unjust I cannot l)e justly accounted." Then the Armenian said, " I conjure you, by the gods, Cyrus, not to talk in that manner; if you do, you will af- flict me; but rather reckon," said he, " that what you leave beiiind is not less yours than what you carry oflf with you." " Be it so," said Cyrus; " l)ut, to ha\*c your wife again, what money Mill you give me?" ''All that I am able," said he. " What'for your children?" " And for these, too," said he, "all that I am able." " Here is, then," said C3TUS, " already as much again as you have. And you, Tygranes," said he, " at what rate would you pur- chase the regaining of your wife?" Now he hap- pened to be but lately married, and had a very great love for his wife. " Cyrus," said he, " to save her from servitude, I would ransom her at the cxpence of my life." " Take, then, your own to yourself," said he, " I cannot reckon that she is properly our captive; for you never fled from us. And do you, Armenian, take your ^^•ife and children, without pay- ing any thing for them, that they may know they eome free to you. And now," said he, "pray, take -a supper with us; and when that is over, go your ways wherever you please." — So they staid. While they were together in the tent, Cyrus en- €{uired thus: "Tell me," said he, "Tygranes, where is that man that used to hunt with us, and that vou seemed much to admire?" " Oh!" said he, " and has not this father of mine put him to death ! " " And what crime did he discover him committing?" " He said that he corrupted me: and yet, Cyrus, so good and so excellent a man he was, that, when he was going to die, he sent foi' me, and told me, ' Ty- granes,' said he, 'do not bear ill will to your fa- tljer for putting me to death; for he does it not out of malice, but out of ignorance. And whatever THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 127 errors men fall into by ignorance, I reckon all such involuntary.' Cyrus, upon this said, " Alas! good man!" The Armenian then spoke thus: "They, Cyrus, who find strangers engaged in familiar com- merce with their wives, do not put them to deatl?, and charge them as endeavouring to make tiieir M'ives more discreet and modest; but tliey are of opinion, that these men destroy that affection and love their wives have for tliem, and for this reason they treat them as enemies. And I," said he, •' bore hatred and ill will to this man, because I thought he made my son respect and admire him, more than myself Cyrus then said, " By the gods," said he, "Armenian, I think you faulty, but in such a manner as human nature is often liable to be. And do you, Tygranes, forgive your father." Hav- ing at that time discoursed in this manner, and hav- ing treated each other with irreat kindness and- friendship, as is natural, upon a reconciliation, they mountetl their chariots in company with tlie women, and drove away, well pleased. A\^hen they came home, one talked of Cyrus's wisdom, another of his patience and resolution, an- other of his mildness: one spoke of his beauty, and the tallncss of his person; and upon that, Tygranes asked his wife, "And do you," said he, "Armenian dame, think Cyrus handsome?" "Truly," said she, " I did not look at iiim." " At whom, then, did you look?" said Tygranes. " At him who said, that, to save me from servitude, he would ransom me at the exjicnce of his own life." And after some entertainuient of this kind, as was usual, they went together to rest. The next day the Armenians sent presents of friendship to Cyrus, and to the whole army; ho sent orders to those of iiis pco[,>le, that were to servo in this expechtion, to altend on the third day; and he j)ai(l down double; the sum of money that Cyrus had mentioned. Cyrus, acceiUing the sum he had 128 CVflOl'-EDfA; OR, expressed, sent the rest back, and a.-^ked, ''Which of tliciii wouhl command the army, Avhether his son or himself?'' They both spoke together, and the fa- ther said, " Either of us that you shall order." The son said, " I assure you, Cyrus, that I will not leave you, though I serve in the army as a porter," Cy- rus, laughing at this, said, "What would one give,'" said he, "that your wife heard you were to carry baggage?" "There's no need," said he, " that she should hear, for I will carry her with me ; and, by that means, she may see what I do." "But it is full time," said he, "that you had all things ready to attend us." "Count upon it,'' said he, "that we will be present at the time, with all things ready that my father affords us." "When the soldiers had bpen all thus entertained, and treated as friends, they went to rest. The next day Cyrus, taking Tygranes with him, and the best of the ]\Iedian horse, together with as many of his own friends as he thought proper, marched round, viewing the country, and examin- ing where to build a fortress. When they came to a certain eminence, he asked Tygranes, which were the mountains from whence the Chaldeans made their incursions to plunder the country? Tvgranes showed them to him. He then enquired again, "And are these mountains entirely desert?" "No, ti'uly," said he; "but they have always certain scouts there, who give notice to the rest of Avhat- ever they observe." "And what do they do," said he, "when they have this notice?" "They all then run to the eminences to defend themselves, every one as fast as he can." Cyrus gave attention to these things; and, viewing around, he observed a great part of the Armenian territory to be desert and uncultivated, by reason of the war. They then retired to the camp; and, taking their supper, went to rest. The next day, Tygranes, with all things ready THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 129 provided, joined hiui ; having four thousand horse, ten thousand archers, and as many targeteers Mith him. Cyrus, at the time they joined him, made a sacrifice. When the victims appeared to portend things fortunate and happy, he summoned the lead- ers of the Persians and Medes; and, ^vhcn they \vere toiiether, he spoke to them to this effect: " Friends, those mountains that ^ve see belong to tlie Chaldeans; if we can seize them, and have a foi'tress upon the summit, both Armenians and Chaldeans will be obliged to act with modesty and submission towards us. Our sacrifice promises us success ; and, in the execution of a design, nothing favours the inclinations of men so much as dis- patch. If Me prevent the enemy, and gain tlie mountains before they assemble, we may either take the sunnnit entirely without a blow, or shall have but a ie^v and weak enemies to deal with. Of all labours, therefore, there is none more easy nor more free from danger, than resolutely to bear the fatigue of dispatch. Haste, then, to arms! and do you, JMedes, march upon our left; and of you, Arme- nians, let half march upon our right, and the other half lead on in front before us; and do you, the horse, follow in the rear, exhorting us, and pushing us up before you; and, if any one acts remissly, do not you suffer him to do so." Cyrus, having said this, led on, drawing the seve- ral companies into single hies. The Chaldeans, as soon as they perceived that their heights were going to 1)0 attacked, gave their signal to their people, hollowed out to each other, and ran together. Cy- rus then gave out orders in this manner: " ]\Ien of Persia, they give us the signal of dispatch ; if wo prevent them in gaining the heights, the efforts of the enemy ^ill be of no signiiicance." The Chal- deans had every one their shield, and two javelins : they are said to be the most warlike ])eople of all in that part of the world. Where they arc wanted, J J30 CYROP.T.DIA; on, they f'^crvc for hire; being a warlike people, and poor: for tlieir country is mountainous, and but lit- tle of it icrtile and rich. As Cyrus's men approach- ed the heights,. Tygranes, marching with Cyrus, spoke to him thus: "Cyrus," said he, "do you know that we nmst presently come to action, and that tlie Armenians will not stand the attack of the c'nemy?" Cyrus, telling him that he knew it, made it presently be declared to tlic Persians, that they should hold themselves in readiness, as being imme- diately to fall on ; and to pursue, as soon as the fiy^ ing Armenians drew the enemy down so as to be near them. So the Armenians led on: the Chal- deans, who were upon the place, immediately upon tiie ajtproach of the Armenians, set up a cry ; and, according to their custou), ran upon them: the Ar- menians, according to their custom, did not stand them. When the pursuing Chaldeans saw swords- men fronting them, and marching up, they some of them came up close, and were presently killed, some fled, and some ^vere taken; and the heights were immediately gamed. As soon as Cyrus's men had gained the heights, they saw the habitations of the Chaldeans, and perceived them flying from such of those habitations as were near. Cyrus, as soon as the army was got together, ordered them to dinner. When dinner was over, having got information of the place where the Chaldeans planted their watch, he undertook the building of a fortress, that was ve- ry strong, and well supplied with water. He order- ed Tygranes to send to his father, and bid him come away with all the carpenters and builders he could get. The messenger went his way to the Armenian. Cyrus applied himself to tlie building, with all the workmen he had at that time with him. . IMeanwhile they brought Cyrus the prisoners, sonie bound, and some wounded. As soon as he saw them, he ordered tiiose that were bound to be loosed ; and, sending for the physicians, he ordered THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 131 them to take care of the wounded. He then told 'the Chaldeans, that he was not come either with a desire to destroy them, or with inclmation to make war upon them; but with intention to make peace between the Armenians and Chaldeans. " Before we got possession of your mountains, I know you had no desire of peace : your own concerns were in safety; the effects of the Armenians you plundered at your pleasure. But now you see the condition you are in. Those of you, therefore, that have been taken, I dismiss to your homes, and alloAv you, together with the rest of the Chaldeans, to consult amongst yourselves, whether you incline to make war w'ith us, or to be our friends: if vvar be your choice, come no more hither without arms, if you are wise: if you think peace for your turn, come without arms. And, if you are friends, it shall be my care, that your affairs shall be established upon the best foot." The Chaldeans having heard these things, after many praises bestowed upon Cyrus, and many assurances of friendship and trust given him, went home. The Armenian, as soon as he heard what Cyrus had done, and the request he made him, took car- penters with him, and all things else, that he thought necessary, and came to Cyrus with all possible dis- patch. As soon as he saw Cyrus, he said to him, "O Cyrus, how few things in futurity are men able to foresee ! and how many projects do we undertake ! I have endeavoured, upon this occasion, to obtain liberty, and I became more a slave than ever: and, after having been made captive, and thinking our destruction certain, w^e now again appear to be in a condition of greater safety and security than ever, For these men never ceased doing us all manner of misciiief; and I now fmd them just in the condition 1 wished. And be it known to you," said he, " Cy- rus, that to have so driven the Chaldeans from these heights, I would have given many times the money 1:32 cvRor.T.DiA ; on, you received iVoin me ; and tlie services you pro- mised to do us M hen you took the money, you huve now so iully performed, that ^^c ai)pear to he brought under new obligations to you, which, if ug are not very ill men, mo shall be ashamed not to dischars^e; and whatever returns we make, we shall not be found to have done so much as such a be- nefactor deserves." Thus spoke the Armenian. The Chaldeans came back, beui>ing of Cyrus to make ])eace with them. Then Cyrus asked them, " Chaldeans," said he, " is it upon any other con- sideration that you desire peace, or is it only be- cause you think you shall live with more security in peace, than if you continue the Avar, since we our- selves told you so?" " We Iiave other considera- tions,"' said the Chaldeans. '' And wliat," said lie, " if there are still other advantages that may accrue to you by peace?"' " AVe shall be still the more })leased," said they. " Do you think, therefore,"' said he, " that your being a ])oor and needy people* is caused by any thing else but bv the want of good land?" They agreed Avith him in this. " Well, then," said Cyrus, " Avould you Avillingly be at li- berty to cultivate as much of the Armenian territo- ton' as you pleased, paying the same for it that tlie Armenians do?" " Yes," said they, " if Ave could be secure that avc should not be injured."" "■ M hat say you, then, Armenian?" said he, "Avould you be Avilling to have your Avaste land cultivated upon terms that the farmers of it shall pay you the settled dues?"' The Armenian said, he Avould give a great deal to have it so; for his revenue Avould be much improA'ed by it. " And you," said he, " Chaldeans, since you liaAC mountains that are fertile, Avould you consent that the Armenians should use them for pasture, upon condition that they, avIio make use of them, shall pay Avhat is just and reasonable?"' The C'ii-aldeans said, that they Avould; for it Avould be a considerable profit to them, Avithout any labour. THE IXSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS, l.')3 •'And yon, Armenian," said lie, "wonld yon make use of the pastures of these men, if, by allouing a small profit to the Chaldeans, you might make a much greater protit by it yourselves?" '' Readi- ly," said he, '' if I thought I might do it securely." " And securely you might do it," said he, " if the summits were in the hands of your friends." The Armenian agreed: " Eut, truly," said the Chaldeans, " Ave should not be able to cultivate securejy, nei- ther the lands of these peo[)le, nor our own, if they are in possession of the summits." " But suppose," said he, " the summits are possessed l)y such as are friends to you." " Thus, indeed," said they, *' things might do very welk" '' But, indeed," said the Armenian," things will not be avcII with us, if these men come to be again possessed of the sum- mits; especially when they are fortilied." Then Cyrus said, '' Thus, therefore, I will do : I will give up the summits to neither of you, but we will keep them ourselves: and, if either of you injure the other, we will take part with the injured." When they heard this, they both of them gave their applause, and said, " Thus only can the peace be firm and stable." Up- on this, they gave and received, nuitnally, assurances of friendship and trust, and stipulated to be both of them free and indeiiendent of each other; to inter- marry, to cultivate, and feed each other's lands re- ciprocally, and to be conunon allies and supporters of each other,, against whosoever should injure either of them. Thus wore these matters then trans- acted: and these agreenients, then made between the Chaldeans and the possessor of Armenia, subsist still to this day. M'hen the agreements were made, they both presently applied themselves, with zeal, to tlie building of this Ibrtress, as a common guard; and tliey jointly fm-nished all things necessary towards it. When evening came on, he took botii parties to -up Avith him, as be ing now iriends. As they were at su})per, one of the Clialdciins said, '• That thes(3 134 cyrop.t!dia; or, things Avcre such as all the rest of them wished for; but that there were some of the Chaldeans who lived by plunder, and M'ho neither knew how to apply themselves to work; nor were able to do it, being ac- customed to live by war: for, they were always em- ployed upon plunder, or hired out upon some service; frequently to the king of the Indians, for he is one," said they, "that abounds in gold; and frequently to Astyages." Then Cyrus said, " And why do not they engage themselves to me? for I will give them as much as any other ever gave." They consented, and said, " That there would be a great many that would willingly engage in his service." These things Y^'ere accordingly agreed. Cyrus, as soon as he heard that the Chaldeans frequently went to serve under the Indian, and rC' membering that there were certain persons that came from him to the Medes, to apprize themselves of the ^ledian affairs, and went thence to the enemy, to get an insight likewise into their affairs; he was desirous that the Indian should be informed of what he had done; he, therefore, began a discourse to this effect: " Tell me," said he, " Armenian, and you, Chal- deans, if I should send one of my people to the In- dian, would you send with him some of yours, who should direct him in his way, and act in concert with him, to obtain from the Indian the things that I de- sire; for, I would procure some further addition to my treasure, that I may have what will fully suffice. to discharge the pay of those to whom it becomes due, and to honour and reward such of my fellow- soldiers as are deserving. Upon these accounts I would have plenty of treasure; I think I want it; and to spare you Mould be a pleasure to me; (for I now reckon you our friends.) But, from the Indian I would gladly accept something, if he would give it me. The messenger, therefore, that I desire you to give guides and assistants to, when he gets thither, ^hall say thus: ' Prince of India, Cyrus has sent me THE IXSTITUTIOX OBf CYRUS. 135 to you; he says that he is in want of money, expect- ing another army from Persia; (and in reality I do expect it," said he;) if you fend him, therefore, as much as you can conveniently, he assures you that, if God gives a happy issue to his affairs, he will do his endeavours to make you think that you have taken a happy step in gratifying him/ This he shall say from me. Do you, on the other side, send him word by your people, that you think it ^\ ill be of advantage to you. And if we get any thing from him," said he, "we shall have all things in great plenty : if we get nothing, vv e shall know that we owe him no thanks, and that, as to him, we shall be at hberty to regulate all our affairs as best suits our own interests.*' Thus said Cyrus, counting upon it, that those of the Armenians and Chaldeans that Ment upon this message, would say such things of him, as he himself desired all men should say and hear concerning him. Then at the pro})er time they broke up their company in the tent, and went to rest. The next day Cyrus sent away his messenger, charging him with all that he liad before expressed. The Armenian and the Chaldeans sent with him such men as they judged most proper to act in con-^ cert with him, and to relate such tliin2;3 concernina; Cyrus as were just and worthy of him. After this, Cyrus, having su])plied the fortress witli a sufficient garrison, and with all things necessary, and leaving as governor a certain INIcde, one that Ije judged would be most agreeable to Cyaxares, marched away, taking with him both the army that he came with, and that which he had from the Arme- nians, as well as tlie men he had from the Chal- deans, who amounted to about four thousand, and tliousht themselves better tlian all the lest. When he came down into the inhabited country, not one of the Armenians, neither man nor woman, kept within doors, but all Avent out and met him, being overjoyed at the peace, and runnijig out with 1 36 C V, R O P X D T A ; OR, Avlmtevcr they liiul of greatest value. The Arme- nian was not at all uneasy at these things, thinking that Cyrus, by means of these honours that were thus paid him by all, would be the better pleased. At last, likewise, the wife of the Armenian met him, having her daughters with her, and her younger son ; ■ ami, together with other presents, she brought that treasure that Cyrus had before refused. Cyrus, when he saAv her, said, " Ye shall not make me such a sort of man as to run up and down tlic world be- stowing my services for money! — Go your ways, M'oman, and keep all tliis treasure that you bring, and do not give it to the Armenian again to bury; but equip j^our son with it, in the handsomest man- ner, and send him to the wars; and, out of the re- mainder, supply yourself, your husband, your daugh- ters, and your sons, ^ith every thing, whether for use or ornament, that may make you pass your days in the most agreeable and handsome manner: let it suffice us to lay our bodies under ground, ev-ery one of us, when we die." Having said this, he marched on; the .Vrmenian attended upon liim, as all the rest likewise did, calling him, aloud, " their benefactor, and an excellent man ! " Thus they did till they had conducted him out of their territory. The Arme- nian sent a greater force ^vith him, being now at ])cace at home. So Cyrus went away, not only en- riched with the treasure he had received, but, by means of his conduct, he had laid up a much great- er store, and could supjjly himself whenever he wanted. They then encamped upon the borders. The next day he sent the army and treasure to Cy- axarcs, who vras at hand, as he had said he would be. He, with Tygranes, and tlie principal Persians, hunted where tiiey met Mith game, and diverted tiiemselves. V/hen he came into INIedia, he distributed money to his centurions, as much as he thought sufficient for each of them, and that they might have where- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 137 Avithal to reward such of their men under them as they might happen to be particularly pleased with. For he thought that, if every one rendered his part of the army praiseworthy, the whole would be set right to his hands. And if he anywhere observed any thing that might contribute to the beauty of the army, he purchased it, and gave it to the most de- Servinf^f; rcckoninir that, whatever his men Avere pos- sessed of, that was beautiful and noble, it was all an ornament to himself. ^Mien he had made a distribution amongst them out of what he had received, then, in an assembly of centurions, captains, and all others that he particu- larly esteemed, he spoke to this eficct: "Friends, a particular pleasure and satisfaction seems now to attend us, both because we have plenty, and that we are in possession of what enables us to bestow rewards whei-c we desire, and to be rewarded every one according to his merit. But then we ought, by all means, to remember what the things are that have procured us these advantages, and, upon exa- mination, vou will find them to be these : our be- ing watchful upon the })roper occasions, our beint^ laborious, our dispatch, and our not giving way to the enemy. It is our i>urt, therefore, to continue thus brave men for the future; determining witii ourselves, that obedience and resolution, labours and hazard, upon the proper occasions, are things that produce great pleasures and great advantages." But Cyrus, considering how well tlie bodies of his men stood with respect to their being able to un- dergo all miHtary labours, how well their minds were disposed with respect to a contempt of the enemy, how skilful they were in all things fitting, each in their several sorts of arms, and lie saw that they were all well disposed willi respect to obedience to their commanders; from all this, theiefore, he now desired to come to action with (lie enemy, knowing that, by delay, some part or otlicr of a noble pre- 158 cvrop.tddia; or, paration comes to change and fail in the command- er's l)a nds. And, besides, observing that, from a contention in things wherein men are ambitious to exceed, the soldiers had contracted envy and ill will to each other ; he was, for this reason, desirous to lead them, as soon as possible, out, into the ene- my's country ; knowing that common dangers make friends, and fellow combatants keep in a friendly disposition one towards another; and that, in this circumstance, they neither envy those that are finely armed, nor those that are ambitious of glory; but that even such men themselves rather applaud and esteem others that are like them, accounting them their fellow labourers in the public service. So, in the tirst place, he completely armed them all, and formed them into the best and most beautiful order that was possible. He then summoned the com- manders of ten thousands, the commanders of thou- sands, the centurions, and captains, (for these Mere exempt from being reckoned of the number of those that constituted the military rank; and when they were to execute any orders from the commander in chief, or to transmit any particular directions to others; yet thus there was nothing left confused and without rule, but the remainder of the men were preserved in order by the commanders of twelves and sixes.) When the proper persons were assem- bled, he conducted them about with him, and show- ed them all that was right and in proper order, and taught them in what consisted the strength of every ally. And when he had raised in these men a de- sire of doing something, he bid them go to their se- veral distinct bodies, teach them what he had taught themselves, and endeavour to inspire them all with a desire of action, that they might set forward with all possible ardour. And he bid them, in the morn- ing, attend at Cyaxares's door. They then retired, and did as they were ordered. The next morning, as soon as it was day, the pro- THE INSTITUTION" OF CYRUS. 139 peivpersons attended at the doors; and Cyrus, enter- ing in with them to Cyaxares, began a discourse to this effect. 'I know, Cyaxares,' said he, 'that what I am going to say is not less your opinion than it is our own, but perhaps you may be unwilling to ex- press it, lest you should seem to put us in mind of marching away, as if the maintaining of us Mere burdensome and uneasy to you. Therefore, since you are silent, I will speak both for you and for our- selves. — Since we are prepared and ready, it is the opinion of us all, not to delay engaging the enemy- till after they have broken in upon your country, and not to sit down, and wait here in the territory of our friends; but to march, with all possible dispatch, into the enemy's country. For, now that we are here in your territory, we are forced, against our wills, to injure you many ways ; but, if we march into the enemy's country, we shall, with pleasure, do them mischief Then it is you that now main- tain us, and at a great expence. If we carry the war abroad, we shall be maintained upon the ene- my's country. But then, indeed, if our danger was to be greater there than it is here, perhaj)s the safest course should be taken ; but they will be the same men, whether we wait here for them, or march into their own countrj^, and meet them. And we shall be the same, whether we receive them here, as they come upon us, or march up to tliem and attack them. But we shall have tlie minds of our men in better condition, and more animated, if we march to the enemy, and seem not to get sight of them against our wills. They will have a much greater terror of us, when they shall hear, that we do not sit at home in dread, and tenified with them; but that, as soon as we ])erceive them advancintj;, we march and meet them, in order to close with them as soon as possible ; and that we do not wait till our own country is distressed by them; but that we prevent them, and lay their lands waste. And 140 ' cvrop-T-dia; ok, •then," said he, " if wc strike terror into them, ant^ raise courage in ourselves, I take this to be a very great advantage to us. Thus I reckon the danger to be much less to us, and much greater to the enemy. And my father al^^■ays says, you yourself say, and all others agree, that battles are decided rather by the courage and spirits of men, than by the strength of their bodies." Thus he spoke, and Cyaxarcs replied, — " O, Cyrus, and you the rest of the Persians, do not imagine that the maintaininjy you is burdensome and uneasy to me. But, indeed, the marching into the enemy's country seems now to me to be the better course." "Since, therefore/' said Cyrus, "we agree in opinion, let us make all tilings ready, and, if our sacred rites signify the ap- probation of the gods, let us depart as soon as pos- , ,gible." Upon this, giving orders to the soldiers to make all things ready, Cyrus made a sacritice, first to Re- gal Jove, then to the other Deities; and prayed, that they would vouchsafe to be conductors to the »rn)y, good and gracious assistants and friends, and direct them in all happy courses! He invoked like- vvise the Heroes, inhabitants and guardians of the land of Aledia. Wlien he had sacrificed happily, and the whole army was formed upon the borders, meeting with hap})y auguries, he fell into the ene- my's countiT. As soon as he had passed the bor- ders, he performed propitiatory rites to the earth l)y libations, to the gods by sacrifice; and implored the favour of the Heroes, inhabitants of Assyria. And having done this, he again sacrificed to Pater- nal Jove; and whatever other deity occurred to hini, he neglected none. A\ hen these things were duly performed, making the foot advance at a small distance forward, they encamped; and making excursions around with the iiorse, they furnished themselves with great quanti- ties of all kinds of booty. l^heUj changing their en- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 141 campments, and, being provided with all things ne- cessary in abundance, and laying the country waste, they waited for the enemy. When they were said to be advancing, and not to be at the distance of above two days' march, then Cyrus said, — "■ Novr, Cyaxares, is the time for us to march and meet tiiem, and not to appear, either to the enemy or to our own people, afraid of advancing against them ; but let us make it evident, that we do not come to a battle with them against our wills." When Cyax- ares had agreed, they advanced towards the enemy, keeping always in order, and marching each day aa far as they thought it proper; they took their suppei* by day-light, and made no fires in their camp by night, but made them before the front of tlie cam{), tliat, by means of these fires, they might perceive if any people approached in the night, and might not l.'C seen themselves by the approachers; and they lre(|ucntly made their fires behind the camp, in or- der to deceive the enemy, so that the enemy's peo- ple, that were sent out for intelligence, sometimes fell in with the advanced guards, thinking themselves lo be still at a distance from the camp, because the fires were behind. The Assyrians then, and those that attended them, as soon as the armies were near to each other, threw uj> an iritrenchmcnt round themselves; a thing that the barbarian kings practise to this day, when they 0 CTROPiflDrA; OR, ihcv arc your j^eoplo, tlrat \ve may spare tliem." The Ilvifaiiians, liearino; these things, led the way as lie ordered. They admired his firmness of mind, and were no longer in fear cither of Assyrians, the Lulians, or their allies; but only, lest Cyrus should be convinced that, whether they were present or ab- sent, they were of little significance. "While they were u})on tlie march, and night was come on, a clear light from heaven is said to have appeared to Cyrus and to the army; so that all were seized Mith a shivering at the divine appear- ance, but inspired with boldness against the enemy. As they marched without incumbrance and with dis- patch, they probably rid abundance of ground, and at the dawn of clay they Mere near the Hyrcanian arm}'. As soon as the messengers discovered them, they told Cyrus that these were their people : they said, " They knew them by their being the hinder- most, and by their multitude of hres." Upon this, he sent one of the two messengers to them, ordering him to tell them, " If they were friends, immedi- ately to meet him, holding out their right hands." He sent some of his own people with them, and bid them tell the Hyrcanians, "That, when he and his people saw them advancing, they themselves would do the same thing." So one of the messengers staid Avith Cyrus, the other rode off to the Hyrcanians. Vv'hile Cyrus was observing what the Hyrcanians would do, he made the army halt; and the chief of the ]\Iedes andTygranes rode up to him, and asked him what they v.ere to do. He told them thus: " This body, that is near us, is that of the Hyrca- nians. One of their messengers is going to them, O CD <^ and some of our people with him, to tell them, if they are friends, to m.eet us with their right hands held out; therefore, if they come in this manner, do you, every one, in your several stations, receive them with your right hands as they come, and en- courage theni. If they take to their arms, or at- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. \6l tempt to fly: do you endeavour to let none of these that we first meet with escape." He gave these orders ; and the Hyrcanians, having heard the report of the messengers^ were in great joy, and mounting their horses at a leap, came up, as was told them, with their right hands extended. The ]Medes and Persians, on their side, received them with their right hands, and encouraged them. Upon this, Cyrus said, " Hyrcanians, we now trust to you. It is your part to be in the same disposition towards us : but, in the first place," said he, " tell us this — how far from hence is the place where the enemy's com- manders are, and their main body?" They said, in answer, "That it was little more than a parasang." Upon this occasion, Cyrus said, "Come on, then," said he, " men of Persia! Medes! and you, Hyrca- nians! for to you I now speak, as to confederates and sharers with us in all thine[s. You ouo;ht now all to be assured, that we are in such a circumstance as must bring upon us the greatest severities of fortune, if we act in it remissly and faintly; for the enemy know for what purposes we come. If we march to the enemy v.ith vigour and spirit, and charge home, you will see them, like slaves that have run away and are discovered, some supplicating for mercy, some flying, and some without presence of mind cnougli to do either; for, beaten, as they are, they will see iis come upon them, and thinking of our coming, will be surprised, without order, and with- out being pre})ared to liglit. li', therefore, we de- sire, henceforward, to take our meals, to pass our nights, and to spend the rest of our lives with plea- sure, do not let us give them leisure to contrive or execute any thing that may be for their own service ; nor to know so mucli as that we are men ; but let tlicm fancy that all is shields, swords, cutlasses, and blow s that fall upon them. And do you, Hyrcanians," said lie, "extending yomselves in front, before us, marcli lirst, that, by the appearance of your arms, L 1^2 cvrop.t:dia; on, we may keep concealed as long as possible. When I get up with the enemy's army, do you, each of you, leave with me a troop of horse, that I may make use of them, in case of need, remaining in the camp. Doyou, commanders, and your men of most years, if you are wise, march together in close or- der, lest meeting, })erhaps, with a close body, you be repulsed. Send out your younger men to pur- sue; let these dispatch the enemy, for it is our safest course, at this time, to leave as few of the enemy alive as we can. 13ut lest, ^vhat has hap- pened to many victors, a turn of fortune befal us, we ought strictly to guard against turning to plun- der; and as he that does it can no longer be rec- koned a man, but a mere bearer of baggage, so any one, that Mill, is free to use him as a slave. You ought to be sensible, that there is nothing more gainful than victory, for the victor sweeps all away with him, both men, women, and treasure, together with the whole country. Keep your eye, therefore, intent only upon the preservation of victory, for even the plunderer himself is comprehended in it. And remember this too, in your pursuit, that you return again to me while it is 3'et day; for, after it is dark, we will give admittance to none." Having said this, he dismissed them, every one to his own century, and ordered them withal to go their ways, and signify these things, every one to his chiefs of ten; (for the chiefs, of tens were all in front, so as to be able to hear;) and he bid them or- der the chiefs of tens to give these directions, each to his own ten. Upon this, the Hyrcanians led the way; he himself marched with the Persians in the centre, and formed the horse, as usual, upon each wing. ■ As soon as his army appeared, some of the enemy were astonished at the sight ; some already discovered what it was; some told it about; some set up a clamour; some loosed their horses; some packed up their effects ; some threw the arms from THE IXSTITITJOX OF C V R U S. l63 off the beasts of burden, and some armed them- selves; some mounted their horses; some bridled them; some helped the women up upon the wag- gons; some laid hold of Avhat they had of greatest value, to save it; and some were found burying such kind of things; but most of them betook them- selves to flight. It must needs be thought that they were taken up with these things, and many more of various kinds, excepting only that nobody fought, but that they were destroyed without making any opposition. Croesus, the king of the Lydians, it being the summer season, had sent away his w^omen in the night, in chariots, before, that they might tra- vel with the more ease in the cool, and he himself with his horse had followed after. Tiie Phrygian, they say, who was prince of that Phrygia that lies upon the Hellespont, did the same. But as soon as they perceived the runaways, and that some of them came up with them, having got information of what had happened, they fled in the utmost haste. The kings of the Cappadocians, and of the Arabians, that were at hand, and without their corselets, think- ing themselves secure, the Ilyrcanians killed. JJut the greatest number of those that died upon this occasion were Assyrians and Arabs; for, l)eing in their own country, they were most remiss in march- ing ofl'. The Alcdes and Ilyrcanians performed such things in the pursuit as are usual for men that have gained the victory. l>ut Cyrus ordered the horse, that had been left with him, to ride round the camp, and kill all such as they saw going off with their arms; and, to those that remained, he ordered it to be proclaimed, "That all soldiers of the enemy wJiatever, wiiether horsemen, targeteers, or archers, should l)ring their arms, all bound up togeliicr, away to him, and leave tlieir horses at their tents; and that if any refused to do thus, he .should innnedi- ately lose his head." Some, with their swords drawn, stood round in order; they who had arms brought \64f CYROPilCDIA; OR, them away, and threw them down upon the place that he appointed them; and they that he ordered for that service burnt them. But Cyrus then reflecting, that they were come ■without either meat or drink, and that, without these, it was impossible to carry on a war, or do any thing else ; considering, therefore, how he might be sup- plied with these things the soonest, and in the best manner, it came into his mind, that it was absolutely necessary for all men, that were engaged in military service, to have some certain person to take care of the tent, and who should provide all things neces- sary for the soldiers when they came in. He judg- ed, therefore, that of all people in the camp, these were the most likely to be left behind, because of their being employed in packing up the baggage*, so he ordered proclamation to be made, that all the officers of this kind should come to him, and, where there was no such officer, that the oldest man of that tent should attend : he denounced all manner of se- verity to him that should disobey. But they all paid obedience instantly, having seen their masters do it before them. When they were present, he com- manded all such as had necessaries in their tents for two months and upwards to sit down. When he had observed these, he again commanded all such as were provided for one month to do the same. Upon this almost all of them sat. When he found this, he spoke to them thus: "Come then, good people, all those of you Avho would avoid evil, and desire to obtain any good from us, do you, with readiness and zeal, take care that in each tent there be prepared double the portion of meat and drink that you used to provide, each day, for your masters and their domestics; and have all things else ready that will contribute to furnish out a handsome en- tertainment; taking it for granted, tliat the party conquering will be presently with you, and will re- quire to have all things necessary provided for them THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 1^5 in plenty. Know, therefore, that it may be of ser- vice to you to receive these men in the most unex- ceptionable manner," Having heard these things, they executed the orders with the greatest diligence. And, having called the centurions together, he spoke to this effect : "We know, friends, that it is now in our power to take our dinner^ first, before our allies, who are absent, and to apply the most exquisite meats and drinks to our own use; but, in my opinion, this dinner will not do us so much service as our making it appear, that we are careful of our allies. Nor will this good entertainment add more to our own strength, than we shall gain by making our confe- derates zealous and hearty in our interest. If we appear so negligent of those that are pursuing and destroying our enemies, and fighting, in case there are any that oppose them, that they find we have dined before we know what they are doing; how can it happen otherwise, than that we shall appear vile in their sight, and lose our strength by losing our allies? But to be careful that they who are en- gaged in fatigues and dangers may have all neces- saries ready for them when they come in, this, I .say, is the treat that should more delight you than the present gratification of your bellies. And con- sider," said he, "that if avo were to act without any respect to our friends, yet to cram with meat and drink is not at all proper with regard to ourselves; for we have a great many enemies in the camj), loose and unconhned; it is our business to be upon our guard against them, and to keep a guard upon them, that we may have peoi)lc to do all necessary things for us. Our horse are absent, and give us cause to be in some concern and doubt wliere they are, whether they are to come l)ack to us, or whe- ther they are to stay. So that, in my opinion, friends, the meat and drink, the most for our pur- pose, at present, ought to be, what one can imagine \66 C VROP.EDIA ; OR, of most use to preserve iis from being drowsy and remiss. Yet farther, I know that there are great treasures in the camp ; and I am not ignorant that it is in our power to appropriate to ourselves what we please of these things, that belong in com- mon to all that were jointly concerned with us in taking them: but I am of opinion, that our taking them to ourselves cannot be a greater gain to us, than by making ourselves appear to these men to be Just and honest, to purchase by that means still a greater share in their affection than we have yet ob- tained. And I am of opinion,"' said he, "to give up the distribution of these treasures to the ]\Iedes, Hyrcanians, and Tygranes, when they come; and even to reckon it an advantage, if they allot us the smallest share ; for, by means of their profit, they will, M ith the more pleasure, remain with us. And the taking a present advantage may, indeed, afford us short-lived riches, but they that give up this, ac- quire by it, in retuin, those things from \\hence riches flow. And, in my opinion, this may procure much more lasting riches to us and ours. It was for this end, I think, that we practised at home that continence and command over ourselves in the con- cerns of the belly, and in matters of unseasonable profit, that we might be able, when occasion served, to make use of these qualities for our advantage. And upon what greater occasion than the present one, we can show the virtue of our institution, I do not see." Thus he spoke, and Ilystaspes, a Persian, and one of the alike-honoured, spoke in favour of his opinion in this manner: "It were, indeed, a sad case, Cyrus, if, in hunting, avc can continually mas- ter ourselves, and abstain from food, in order to get possession of some beast, and, perhaps, of very lit- tle value; and, when we are in pursuit of all that is valuable in the world, we should not think it very unbecoming us, to suffer ourselves to be stopped in THE IXSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. l67 our course by any of those things, that have tlie command, indeed, of mean men, but are inferior and subservient to the deserving." Thus spoke Hystaspes in support of Cyrus's opinion; the rest approved it. Then Cyrus said, " Well then, since we agree in these matters, do you send out five men of each company, and such as are the most diligent and careful, let these march round, and those whom they find employed in providing the necessaries let them commend; those whom they find negligent, let them chastise, without sparing them, any more than if they themselves were their musters." These men executed their orders. By this tin^iC some of the Medes drove up several waggons, that had set out before from the camp, and that they had taken and turned back, loaden with things that the army was in want of Some of them brought chariots that they had taken, some full of the most considerable women, who were, some of them, of the legitimate sort, others of them courtezans, that were conveyed up and down, by these people, u}jon the account of their beauty; for, to this day, all the inhabitants of Asia, in time of war, attend the service accompanied with what they value the most; and say that they fight the bet- ter when the things that are most dear to them are present. For, they say, that they must of necessity defend these with zeal and ardour. Perhaps, in- deed, it is so; but perhaps they do it only to indulge their pleasure, Cyrus, observing the things that were performed by the Medes and Hyrcanians, Mas almost angry with liiu)sclf and with those that were with him; for the others seemed to outshine them at that time, and to be continually making some advantage or other, while they themselves stood quiet in an idle station. For they that brought the prizes, after showing them to Cyrus, rode off again, in pursuit of others; for they said that they were ordered ?o to do by their 168 CVROPiEDIA ; OK, commanders. Cyrus, thougli nettled at this, yet or- / dered the things away to a particular station ; then ' calling the centurions again together, and standing m a place where what he said might be heard, he spoke thus: "I believe, friends, mc are all con- vinced, that if we had had the taking of these things that have just no\v appeared before us, all the Per- sians, in general, would have been great gainers, and we, probably, the greatest, who had been per- sonally concerned in the action. But how we, who are not able of ourselves to acquire these things, can possibly get tliem into our possession, I do not yet see, unless the Persians procure a body of horse of their own. For you observe," said he, " that we Persians are possessed of arms that are proper to repel enemies that will close with us; but when they are once repulsed, what horsemen, archers, tar- 'geteers, or dartsmen, while we are without horse, can Ave possibly take or destroy in their flight? Who would fear to annov us, whether archers, dartsmen, or horse, when they know very well that there is no more danger of receiving any hurt from us, than from trees that grow fixed in the ground ? If these things are tlms, is it not plain, that the horsemen, - now with us, reckon all things that fall into our hands not less theirs than ours^ Nay, perhaps, even more. Upon this foot, therefore, do things now ne- cessarily stand. But if we get a body of horse, not inferior to themselves, is it not evident to you all, that we shall be able, without them, to perform the some things against the enemy that we now do with them? and that we shall have them in a more hum- ble disposition towards us? for, when they have a mind either to go or stay, it will be of less concern to us, if we are, of ourselves, sufficient without them. But be this as it will, yet no one, I believe, will be of a contrary o})inion to me in this, that for the Persians to have a body of horse of their own, is not a matter that is entirely indifferent. But then. THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. l6^ perhaps, you are considering how this can be brought about. Supposing then that we incline to constitute a body of horse, let us examine what it is ^ye have, and v.hat it is we want. Here are horses, in great number, that are left in the camj), and there are bridles to manage them, and all other things that are proper for the use of such as keep horses; and we have likewise the things that are proper for the use of a horseman himself; corselets for the de- fence of liis body, and lances, that we may either use in throwino; or at hand. What then remains ? It is plain we must have men ; and these Ave have more certainly than any thing, for there is nothing so much belongs to us as Me do to ourselves. But, perhaps, somebody will say, that we do not under- stand it: nor, by Jove, have any of those who un- derstand it now attained the skill before they learn- ed it. But they learned it, somebody may say, when they were boys. And have boys the better faculty to learn things that are told them, or shown them; or have men? And, when they have onca learned, which of them have bodies the most ablft to undergo labour, boys or men? Tlien we have that leisure for learning that neither boys have, nor other men ; for we have neither the use of the bow to learn, as boys have, for we know it already; nor throwing of the javelin, for we know that too : nor have we that continual employment that other men have, some in agriculture, some in trades, and some in other particular affairs. We have not only lei- sure to practise military ati'airs, but we are under a necessity of doing it. Nor is this, as many other military matters are, a thing of difficulty, as well as of use; for is it not pleasanter, upon the road, to be on horseback, than to travel on foot? And where dispatch is recniired, is it not a pleasure to get quickly to a friend, when there is occasion? or, readily to overtake eiliier a man or a beast in the pursuit? And is it not a convenience that, whatever 170 cYROP.iiPiA ; on, arms are proper to be carried, the horse helps to carry them ; lor, to have arms and to carry them is the same tiling. And as to what one may have most reason to fear, that ue may perhaps be obhged to come to action on liorscback, before we are yet well slvilled in tlie work, and that we may become neither able footmen nor able horsemen. Even this is not a difficulty that is unconquerable; for, whenever w^e please, we are immediately at liberty to fight on foot; nor shall we unlearn any thing of our skill as foot- men by learning to ride." Thus Cyrus spoke; and Chrysantas, speaking in favour of the same opinion, said thus: "lam," said he, "so desirous of learning to ride, that I reckon, were I a horseman, I should be a flying man. As matters now stand, were I to run a race with a man, I should be contented if I got but by the head before him; or, if I saw a beast running by, I would be contented, if, upon the stretch, I could contrive to reach him with my bow or javelin, be- fore he got at a great distance from me. But, if I become a horseman, I shall be able to kill any man, though at as great a distance as I can see ; and in the pursuit of beasts, some I shall be able to come lip with, and to strike them at hand, others I shall be able to reach Avith my javelin, as well as if they stood still ; for, if two creatures are swift alike, they continue as near to each other as if they stood still. Of all creatures, they that I think raise my envy and emulation the most, are the centaurs, if there were ever any. Creatures that, with the understanding of man, are capable of contrivance and forecast; ■who, with their hands, can eft'ect what is proper to be done, and have the SAviftness and strength of the horse, so as to overtake what flies them, and over- turn what opposes them. So, when I am a horse- man, all these powers do I carry with me : I shall be able to contrive things with my understanding, as a man; my arms I shall carry in my hands; THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 171 with my horse I shall pursue, and, by my horse's strength, overturn what opposes me. But then I shall not be bound down and grow to him, like the centaurs ; and this is certainly better than to be in- corporated with him; for centaurs, I fancy, must be at a loss both how^ to use several conveniencies discovered by men, and how to enjoy several plea- sures natural to horses. But I, when I have learn- ed to ride, and am mounted on horseback, shall perform the part of a centaur; and, when I dis- mount, I shall take my meals, clothe myself, and take my rest, as other men do. So that, v/hat am I but a centaur, free and separable when I please; and then, when I please, of a piece aoain? Be- sides I have this advantage of the centaur," said he, *' that he saw but with two eyes, and heard but with two ears, but I shall see with four eyes, and receive notices of things by means of four ears; for the horse, they say, discovers to men many things that he beforehand sees with his own eyes, and gives them notice of many things that he beforehand hears with his own ears. Write me down, therefore, as one of those that are desirous to serve on horse- back." "And us too," said all the others. Upon this, Cyrus said, "Since then," said he, " we are so much of this opinion, what if we should make it a law, tliat it should be scandalous, for any of those amongst us, that I furnish with horses, to be seen travelling on foot, let the way he is to go bo little or great, that men may imagine we are entirely centaurs?" This proposal he made them, and they all gave their consent. So that, at this day, the Persians still put it in practice; and none of the considerable men among the Persians are ever lo be seen travelling on fool of their own good v.-ili. These men were cmi)loyed in these discourses: but when the middle of the day was past, the Me- dian horse and the Hyrcanians rode up, and brought with them both horses and men, that they had taken; 17- cvrop.t:dia; ou, for as many as delivered tlicir arnis they did not kill. When they rode up, Cyrus first asked them, whether they were all coine safe? When they said that they were; he then asked them what tliey had done, and they related the things that they had per- tbnned, and gave magnificent accounts how man* fully they had acted in every particular. He heark- ened with pleasure to all that they had a mind to tell him, and then commended them thus: " It is apparent how well you have behaved, for you are now in appearance taller, more beautiful, and more terrible than before." He then asked them, how far they had gone, and whether the country was in- habited. They told him, "They had gone a great W'ay; that the whole country was inhabited, and full of sheep, goats, oxen, and horses, corn, and all va- luable thino-s." "There are two things then," said he, " that we are to take care of; how to subject the people that are the possessors of these things; and how to make them remain upon the place. For a country, well inhabited, is a very valuable ac- quisition; but one destitute of men is destitute of every thing that is good. All those that stood to their defence," said he, "I know you have killed: and you did right; for this is of the greatest im- portance for the maintaining of a victory. Those that delivered their arms you have taken ; and if we dismiss them, we should do what, I say, would turn to our advantage; for, first, we shall not be under a necessity of being upon our guard against them, nor of keeping a guard upon them, nor of furnishing them with provisions; for certainly Me should not be for starving them. Then, by dis- missing them, we shall have the greater number of captives; for, if we conquer the country, all will be our captives that inhabit it; and the rest, when they see these living, and set at liberty, will the more readily remain, and rather chuse to submit than to continue in war. This is my judgment, but if any THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 173 Other person sees what is better, let him say it." But they, having heard these things, agreed to act accordingly. So Cyrus, having called for the prisoners, spoke thus: "Friends," said he, "by your present sub- mission, you have preserved your lives; and, for the future, if you behave in the same manner, no ill whatever shall befal you, unless it be that the same person will not govern you that governed you be- fore ; but you shall inhabit the same houses, and you sliall cultivate the same territory; and you shall live with the same wives, and you shall rule your children as you do now; but you shall neither make war upon us, nor upon any one else; and if any other injure you, we will fight for you. And that nobody may order you out upon military service, bring your arms to us. And, to those that bring them, peace! and what I promise shall be made good to them without fraud. But we will make war upon those that refuse to lay their arms aside. But, then, if any of you shall come to us, and shall appear to do any action, or to give any informa- tion, in friendship and good will to us, him Avill we treat as a benefactor and a friend, not as a slave. Jxt these things, therefore, be known to you, and tlo you tell them to tlie rest. And if there are any that will not comply with us in these things that we require, do you lead us the way to them, that we may make ourselves masters of them, and they not masters of us." Thus he spoke, i liey paid him their adoration, and said that they would perform what he enjoined tliem. When tiiey were gone, Cyrus said, " It is time, O Medes and Armenians, for all of us to take our suppers. And all things proper have been made ready for you, in the best manner that we arc able. Go your ways then, and send us iialf the bread that has been made ; for there has been enough made for us both; hut send us neither meat with it, nor any 174 cvRor^-DfA; on, thincj to drink, ibr of these Me have enough with us lUrcady provided. And do you,'" said he, " O, Hyrcanians, conduct them to the tents; the com- manders to the orreatcst, (tor you know which they arc,) and the others as you think most proper. And do you, likewise, take your suppers where it is most agreeable to you ; for the tents are untouched, and all things are provided there for you, as well as for the others. Ikit let this be known to you both, that we undertake to keep the night-Match v.ithout. Do you look to Avhat passes in the tents, and place your arms within; for they who are in the tents are not yet ourjriends." The Modes then, and Tygranes's people, bathed themselves, (for all matters for that purpose had been provided) and, having changed their clothes, took their suppers ; and their horses were provided with all necessaries. Half their bread they sent to the Persians, but sent no meat Avith it, nor wine; thinking that Cyrus's people were provided -vvith those things, because he had said that they had them in plenty. But what Cyrus meant was, that the meat they had with their bread m as hunger, and their drink was the Avater of a stream that ran by. Cyrus, therefore, having given the Persians their supper, sent many of them out, as soon as it was dark, in fives and tens, and commanded them to march round the camp privately ; judging that they ivould be a guard to it, if any enemy came upon them from without; and that if any one ran off with treasure of any kind, they might take him. And it happened so ; for there were many that ran away, and many were taken. Cyrus allowed the treasures to those that seized them, but ordered them to kill the men. So that, afterwards, even though one desired it, one could not easily meet with a man that was going any where in the night. And thus the Persians employed themselves ; but the Medes drank and feasted, entertained themselves THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 1/5 n ith the music of flutes, and indulged themselves in all kinds of deliiifhts and pleasure; for a multitude of things of that sort had been taken. vSo that they who were upon the watch were in no want of work. But Cyaxares, king of the Medes, that night that Cyrus marched away, was drunk himself, as well as those that were of his company in the tent; it being upon an occasion of happy success. And he thought that the rest of the Medes, excepting only some few, were still remaining in the camp, because he heard a mighty noise and uproar; for the servants of the Medes, upon their masters being gone, drank witii- out ceasing, and vvere very tumultuous: and the more, because they had taken from the Assyrian army great quantities of wine, and abundance of other such things. As soon as the day came, and that nobody attended at his doors, but they that had supped with him ; and that he heard that the camp was left empty by the Medes and by their horse; and that he himself, when he went out, saw that this was really the case; he then broke out into a rage at their going away, and leaving him desti- tute. And, as he is said to have been very violent and rash, he immediately commanded one of those about him to take some horse with him, and march with the utmost dispatch to the army that was with Cyrus, and to say thus: "I was of opinion, Cyrus, that even you would not have engaged in councils so im{)rudent and ill for me ; or if Cyrus might have thought lit to do so, I did not think that you, Medes, would have consented to leave me thus destitute. Now, therefore, whether Cyrus \\'ill or will not, do you come away to me with the utmost dispatch." This message he sent them; but he that received these orders to march, said, "Ikit how, O sovereign, shall I 1)C able to iind them?" "And how should Cyrus," said he, 'Mind those that he niarched after?" "Truly because," said he, ''as I hear, certain llyrcanians, who belonged to the cnc- 17^ cvRor/EDiA; or, fii}\ and \vIio had revolted and came hither, went unci led them the way/' Cyaxares heariiiff this, was in a much greater rage at Cyrus, for not having told it him; and he sent in much more haste to the Medes, that he might strip him of his forces: he ordered them back with more vehemence than be- fore, and with threats. The messenger, hkewise, he threatened, in case he did not discharge himself with vigour in the delivery of his message. The person that was thus sent, marched with about a hundred of his own horse, and was grieved that he himself had not gone with Cyrus. As they proceeded in their march, the roads dividing, they lost their way in a beaten track, and could not get to Cyrus's army, till, meeting with some Assyrians that were retiring, they forced them to be thei:r guides ; and, by this means, getting sight of their fires, they got up with them about mic^iight. When they were got to the arni}^, the guards, as was order- ed them by Cyrus, did not admit them before day. And when day appeared, Cyrus, calling to him the mages, commanded them to choose out what was due to the gods, upon the occasion of such ad- vantages as they had obtained. These men em- ployed themselves accordingly. He having sum- moned the alike-honoured, spoke to them thus: *' My friends, God is pleased to lay many advan- tages before us; but we, O Persians, are, at pre- sent, but few in number, to secure to ourselves the possession of them. For the things that we have al- ready gained, unless we secure them by a guard, will fall again into the power of others; and, if we leave some of ourselves as guards, to secure the things that are already in our power, we shall im- mediately be found to have no manner of strength remaining. ]\Iy opinion is, therefore, that some pne among you should go, as soon as possible, to the Persians, acquaint them with what I say, and bid them send an army as soon as possibly they can, if •THE INSTITUTION^ OJ^ CYRUS. 177 the Persians desire that the dominion of Asia, and the revenues that arise from it, should belong to them. Go, therefore," said he, "you who are the oldest man, and when you arrive, say thus: that whatever soldiers they send, when they come to me, it shall be my care to maintain. You see all the advantages that we have gained ; conceal no part of them. What part of these things it will be hand- some and just for me to send to the gods, ask of my father; what to the public, ask of the magistrates. Let them send people to see what we do, and to ac- quaint them with what we desire from them. Do you," said he, "make yourself ready, and take your company to attend you." After this he called the IMedes, and with them Cyaxares's messenger appeared, and, before ail, de- clared Cyaxares's anger to Cyrus, and his threats to the Medes, and in conclusion said, " That he com- manded the !Medes to come away, though Cyrus should incline to stay." The Medcs, upon hearing the messenger, were silent, not knowing how they should disobey his summons, and yet in fear how they should yield obedience to him upon his threats, especially knowing the violence of the man. But Cyrus then spoke; "I do not at all wonder," said he, *' O messenger, and you Medes, that Cyaxares, who had then seen a multitude of enemies, and knew not what we were doing, should be under concern both for us and for himself But when he knows that a great many of the enemy are destroyed, and that they arc all di'iven away before us, he will first cease to fear- and will then be convinced, that be is not destitute at this time, when his friends are destroy- ing his enemies. But how is it possible that we can deserve reproach for doing him service? and that not of our own heads neither; for I prevailed with him to allow me to march, and to take you with inc. It was not you that, from any desire of your own to march, begged his leave to do it, and SQ i?S CVROPAiDIA; OR, came liilhcr; hut it was upon orders from himself to go, ,o;ivcn to every one of you ihat was not averse to it. I am, therefore, very m ell satisfied that this anger of his Mill be allayed by our successes, and, Avhen his fear ceases, a; ill quite vanish. Now, therefore, do you, messenger, take a little rest, since you have undergone a great deal of fatigue. Let us, O Per- sians, since we expect the enemy to be with lis, either to fight or to submit themselves, keep our- selves in the best order; for, while we are observed to be so, it is probable we shall succeed the better in what Ave desire. And do you," said he, "prince of the Hyrcanians, attend here, after you have commanded the leaders of your men to call them to arms." When the Hyrcanians had done this, and came to him, Cyrus said, " It is a pleasure to me, O Hyrcanian, not only to perceive that you attend here, after having given us marks of your friendship, but that you appear to me to be a man of great ability. It is evident, that the same things are now alike advantageous to us both ; for the Assyrians are enemies to me, and are now more at enmity With you than with myself We must both of us, therefore, consult how to prevent any of our allies that are at present with us, from falling off from us, and, if we can, how to acquire others. You have heard the Mede deliver his orders to recal their ca- \ airy. If they leave us, how can we, that are foot, remain alone? You and I, therefore, must contrive, tliat this messenger, who recals them, shall himself desire to stay with us. Do you, therefore, find out for him, and give him a tent, where he may pass his time in the handsomest manner, and witli all things convenient about him. I will endeavour to emplov hnn upon some business that will be more agreeable to him to do, than it will be to leave us. Do you discourse him upon the many advantages we hope all our friends will make, in case we are well sup- THE IXSTITUTIOX OF. CYRUS. 179 plied with every thing necessary. And when you have done this, come again to me." The Ilyrca- nian went, and conducted the Mede to a tent. And he that was going to the Persians, attended, ready prepared. Cyrus directed him to tell the Persians the things he had before mentioned in his discourse to him, and to deliver Cyaxares a let- ter. Put," said he, "I have a mind to read you what I Avrite, that, being apprized of the matter, you may own it, if any body ask you about it." The contents of the letter were thus : Cyuus to Cyaxares. ''Joy and happiness ! — AVc have neither left you destitute, (for nobody, Avhile they conquer their enemies, can be destitute of friends) nor, when we left you, did we imagine that we brought you into danger; but at the greater distance we were from you, so much the more security did we reckon we procured you; for they that sit themselves down the nearest to their friends, are not the men tliat best afford their friends security; but they that drive their enemies at the greatest distance, are the men that put their friends the most out of danger. Con- sider, then, what your conduct has been to me, in return of what mine has been to you, that you can yet blame me. I brought you friends and allies ; not as many as you could persuade, but as many as I was able. You gave me, while I was yet upon friendly ground, as many as I could persuade to fol- low me; and, now that I am in the enemy's territo- ry, you recal not every one that is willing to be gone, but all. At that time, therefore, I thought myself obliged both to yourself and them ; but now you force me to leave yon out, and to endeavour to niakft all my returns of gratitude and thanks to those that followed me. And yet I caimot act like you ; but am now sending to tlic Persians for an armv. and IW cyrop^dia; or, give orders, that, -whatever numbers are sent me, if Vou should be in any want of them before they rcacli iiSy you are free to use tliem, not according to their liking, but as yoii yourself please. And, though I am the younger man, yet I advise you not to take away what you have once given, lest you meet with ill-will, instead of thanks; and, when 3"ou would have any one to come quickly to you, not to send for him with threats; and when you talk of being destitute, not to threaten a multitude, lest you teach them not to mind you. We will endeavour to at- tend you, as soon as we have effected the things that we judge to be of advantage both to you and us. — Health attend you." "' Deliver him this letter, and whatever he asks you, upon the subject of these affairs, do you an- sn-er conformable to what is here written; for, with respect to the Persians, I give you such orders as are expressed in the letter." Having said thus to him, and given him the letter, he dismissed him; enjoining him withal to use diligence; as taking it for granted, that it would be of great advantage to him to be quickly, hack again. After this, -he . observed all the Hyrcanians and Tygranes's men already armed ; and the Persians were likewise ai'med: at which time, some of the neighbouring: people brought in horses and arms. Such of the javelins as they were not themselves in want of, he ordered them to throw upon the place where he had ordered otiiers before; and those, whose business it was, he ordered to burn them. But he commanded those Avho brought horses, to stay and look to them, till he signified his intentions to them. Then, calling to him the commanders of the horse, and those of the Hyrcanians, he spoke in this manner: " My friends and allies, do not won- der," said he, " that I call you frequently together; for our present circumstances are new to us; many things are yet in disorder; and things that are in THE INSTITUTION OP CYRUS. 161 •lisorder, must of necessity give us trouble, till they are settled in their proper places. We have now in our power many treasures, as well as men captive ; and, by our not knowing which of these belong to each of us, and by their not knowing who is to each of them severally master, there are not many of them that w;e see performing their proper parts; but almost all of them are at a loss what to do. That ^things, therefore, may not coiitinuc thus, do you disti'ibute them. Whoever is in possession of a tent fully supplied with provisions of meat and drink, with servants, carpets, and apparel, and with all other things that a tent, well accommodated for mi- litary service, is furnished with; here, there is no- tliing further necessary than that the possessor siiould understand, that it is iiis part to take care of these things, as his owii property. But where any one is possessed of a tent, where those things are wanting, after you have discovered it, upon examination, da you supply what falls short ; for 1 know there will be of many tilings more than enough; because the enemy wa,s possessed of every thing in greater pro- portion than suits our numbers. Besides, there ■have been with me certain stewards, belonging to ■^tlK3 Assyrian king, and their other great men, who have told me, that they had by them sums of gold in coin, arising, as they said, from certain tributary payments. IVIake proclamation, therefore, thattiiesc tilings be brought to you where you sit. And de- nounce terror and punishments to whosoever does not execute what you command them. Do you re- ceive these things, and distribute them: to the liorse- mcn, double payments; to the foot, single; that, in case you want any thing, you may have wherewithal to buy. And have it presently proclaimed, that no- body injure the camp-market; but that the sutlers and tradesmen sell what each of them lias for sale; and when they have disposed of these, that they fetch more, that the cami) may be .supplied." 182 cvuop.tldia; OR, Tlicv immediately had these things proclaimed, j[]iit the i\ledes and llyrcanians spoke in this man- ner: "And how can we," said they, " distrihute these tliinirs, without you and your people?'' Cynis, to this question, replied thus: ''Is this, then, friends," said he, " your opinion, that, whatever is to be done, Ave nmst all of us attend upon it? and shall not I be thought sufficient, by you, to transact any thing for you that may be proper, nor yOu sufiicient to trans- act for us? By what otlier means can Ave possibly create ourselves more trouble, and do less business than by acting thus? But you see," said he, " that we have been the guards that liavc kent these thin2;s for you; and you have reposed a confidence in us,, that they have been Avell and faithfully guarded. Do you, on the other side, distribute these things, and Ave Avill repose a confidence in you, that they have been Avell and justly distributed. And, upon other occasions, Ave Avill endeavour to perform some other public service. And uoav, in the first place, you observe hoAv many horses Ave have at present, and that others are continually bringing to us: if aa-c leave these Avithout riders, they Avill be of no man- ner of use to us, and Avill give us trouble to take care of them; but, if Ave set horseirien upon them, Ave shall be freed from the trouble, and shall add to our strength. If you have others that you would give them to, Avith Avhom it Avould be more pleasing to you to act with, upon any occasion in Avar, than with us, give them the horses; but, if you Avonld rather have us for supporters and assistants, give them to us; for, Avhen you pushed on before us, in the late service, Avithout us, vou put us under great apprehension, lest you should come by some misfor- tune; and you made us ashamed, tliat Ave Avere not at hand wherever you were. But if Ave once set horses, Ave will follow you; and, if it be tliought oi' most service to engage on horseback, in concert Avith von, Ave sliall lose nothij)iv of our ar!cr tent, wc did not know her: for she was sitting 1.9© ( VHOi'.RDiA ; on, upon the ground, -with all lier women servraits round her, and was dressed in the same manner as her ser- vants were; but when we looked around, being de*"- sirous to know which was the mistress, she immedi-' ately appeared to excel all the others, though she was sitting with a veil over her, and looking doAvn upon the ground. When Ave bid her rise, she, and all the servants round her, rose. Here then she ex- celled first in stature, then in strength, and grace, and beautiful siiape, though she was standing in a dejected posture, and tears appeared to have fallen from her eyes, some upon her clothes, and some at her feet. As soon as the eldest among us had said to her, ' Take courage w^oman ; we have heard that your husband is, indeed, an excellent man, but we now choose you out for a man, that, be it known to you, is not inferior to him, either in person, in understanding, or in power; but, as we think, if there be a man in the world that deserves admira- tion, Cyrus does, and to him henceforward you shall belong.' As soon as the woman heard this, she tore down her robe^ and set up a lamental)le cry, and her servants cried out at the same time with her. Upon this, most part of her face discovered itself, and her neck and hands appeared. And be it known to you, Cyrus," said he, " that I, and the rest that saw her, all thought that never yet was produced, or born of mortals, such a woman, throughout all Asia. And by all means," said he, "you likewise shall see her." Then Cyrus said, " No, by Jove, not I ; and much the less, if she be such a one as you say." " Why so," said the young man. " Because," said lie, " if, upon hearing now from you that she is handsome, I am persuaded to go and see her at a time that I have not much leisure, I am afraid that she will much more easily persuade me to come and see her again; and, after that, perhaps I may neglect what I am to do, and sit gazing at her." The young man then laughed, and said, '' And do THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. I^l you think, Cyrus, that the beaut}- of a human crea- ture can necessitate one, against his will, to act con- trary to what is best ?"' " If this were naturally so,'^ said he, " we should be all under the same neces- sity. You see," said he, " how fire burns all people alike; for such is the nature of it. But of beauties, some inspire people with love, and some do not; one loves one, and another another; for it is a voluntary thing, and every one loves those that he pleases. A brother does not fall in love Avith a sister, but somebod}' else does; nor is a father in love with a daughter, but some other person is. Fear and the lavr are a sufficient bar to love. If* indeed," said he, "the law should enjoin, that they M'ho did not eat should not be hungry, and that they Avho^ did not drink should not be thirsty ; that men should not be cold in the winter, nor hot in the sum- mer; no law in the world could make men submit to these decisions, for by nature they are subject to these things. But love is a voluntary thing, and every one loves those that suit him, just as he does his clothes or his shoes. How comes it to pass then," said Cyrus, " if to love be a voluntary thing, that one cannot give it over when we will? I'or I have seen people," said he, " in tears for grief, upon the account of love ; slaves to those they were in love with, and yet thought slavery a very great evil, before they were in love ; giving away many things that they were never tlie better ibr partin"- with, wishing to be rid of love, as they would of any other distenjper, and yet not able to get rid of it, but bound down by it, as by a stronger tie of ne- cessity, than if they were bound in iron-chains! they give themselves up therefore to those they love, to serve them in many odd and unaccountable ways; yet, with all their suiibrings, they never attem])t making their escape, but keep continual watch upon their loves, lest they should escape froni them." The young man to this said, " 'J'herc arc pc(vpl.f». J<)12 CYRor.T.ftiA ; on, indeed, that do these things, but," said he, ''^they are miserable nrctches; and this I believe is llie rciison why they are always wishing themselves dead, as being wretched and unhappy; and though there are ten thousand ways of parting with life, yet they do not part with it. Just such wretches as these, are they that attempt thefts, and will not abstain < from what belongs to others; but when they have ,- plundered or stolen any thing, you see," said he, - " that you are the first that accuse the thief and the "^ plunderer, as reckoning theft to be no such fatal ne-t' cessary thing, and you do not pardon, but punish it. So people that are beautiful do not necessitate others to love them, nor to covet what they ought not; but mean wretched men are impotent, 1 know, in all their passions, and then they accuse lp\Q. Men, excellent and worthy, though they have inch-' nations both for gold, fine horses, and beautiful women, can yet with ease abstain from any of them, so as not to touch them contrary to right ; I, there- fore," said he, " who have seen this woman, and think her very beautiful, yet I am here attending upon you, and I am abroad on horseback, and in all other respects I discharge my duty." " But, by Jove," said Cyrus, " perhaps you re- tired before the time that love naturally lays hold of a man. It is not the nature of fire not immedi- ately to burn the man that touches it, and wood does not immediately blaze out ; yet still I am not ■niliing either to meddle with fire, or to look at beau- tifiil persons : nor do I advise you, Araspes, to let your eyes dwell long upon beauties; for as fire burns those that touch it, beauties catch hold of those that look at them, though at a distance, and set them on fire with love." " Be easy," said he, Cyrus; " though I look at "her^ without ceasing, I will not be so conciuered, as to do any thing that I ought not." " You speak," said he, ** vei^ handsomely, guard her, therefore,'*' .THE INSTITUtlOX OF CYRUS. IpS said he, " as I bid you, and be careful of her; for, perhaps, tiiis woman may be of service to us upon some occasion or other." And having discoursed thus, they parted. The young man, partly by seeing the woman to be extremely beautiful, and by being apprized of her worth and goodness, partly by waiting upon her and serving her, Avitli intention to please her, and partly by his finding her not to be ungrateful in re- turn, but that she took care, by her servants, that all things convenient should be provided for him when he came in, and that he should want nothing when he was ill ; by all these means he was made her captive in love; and, perhaps, what happened to him in this case was what need not to be won- dered at. Thus were these things transacted._ ^ — - Ijut Cyras, designing that both the IMcdes and allies should stay witli him of their own accord, summoned together all the proper persons, and, when they were met, spoke to this effect: " Medes, and all you that are here present, I know very well that you came with me, not out of any desire of get- ting money, nor with the thought of serving Cyax- ares by it, but you were willing to oblige me by it, and, in honour to me, you resolved to undertake a march by night, and to embark yourselves in dan- gers and hazards with me ; and, if I am not very unjust, I must acknowledge myself indebted to 3'ou for these things. But I don't think I am yet able to make you a due return of tliem ; this 1 am not ashamed to say. But that I will make you just re- turns, if you stay witli me; this, be it known to you, I should be ashamed to tell you; fori should think, that it would look as if I said this obly to make 3'oa the more willing to stay with mc. Instead of that, therefore, I say this, if you now go away in obe- (hcncc to C'yaxares, yet will I endeavour, if I act v\ ilh success, to deal by you, in such a manner, as 194 cyrop^.dia; or, shall make you applaud me. For my own part, I will not go, and the Hyrcanians, to whom I have given my oath and my right hand, I will stand by; I will not be caught betraying them. And for Go- brias, who delivers us up his fortress, his territory, and his whole force, I will endeavour to bring iti about, that he shall not repent his journey to me ; and, what is above all, when the gods so evidently deliver all these advantages into our hands, I ought to reverence them, and be ashamed to make a rash retreat and abandon all. Thus, therefore," said he, . *'will I act; do you as you judge proper, and telf;; me what your mind is." Thus he spoke. " : And he, who before had said that he was related , to Cyrus, replied, "As for me," said he, "O kingt^ for you I take to be as much, by birth and nature,>-. my king, as the particular bee in a hive is born the - leader of the bees; for that one theywiUingly obey^j where that remains, not one from thence departs; : that remove, not one of them is left behind, so strong is the affection they are inspired with to be govern- j ed by it: and men seem to me to be almost exactly thus disposed towards you. For when you left u^nt and went into Persia, what IMede, either young or ;{ old, staid behind, and did not follow you, till Asty- ages made us turn back? When you set out fVoinj Persia to our assistance, we again saw almost all r your friends voluntarily following you: and when. -, you were desirous to undertake the expedition hinfi ther, all the IVIedes willingly attended you; and we ;; now stand so disposed, as that, with you, though we • are in an enemy's country, we have courage, andjj without you, we are afraid even to go home. Let :i the rest, therefore, speak for themselves, and de.'^ 3 clare what they will do. I, Cyrus, and they that are >:: under my command, will remain with you, and, 1; comforted with the sight of you, and supplied by your bounty, we will undergo any thing, and bear ^ift with bravery." ^..^ ^^^ ^.^^ £,,^ ^ ^5i3Bd THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 105 Upon this, Tv2;ranes spoke thus: "Do not at all wonder," said he, "Cyrus, if I am silent; for my soul," said he, "is not prepared for advising you, but for executing what you command." Then the Hyrcanian said, " For my part, O Modes, if you now go away, I should say it were the pleasure of some deitv", not to suffer you to be highly fortunate and happy; for what human crea- ture can determ.ine for turning back when the ene- mies are flying? or Avhen they deliver their arms, would refuse to accept them? or when they deliver up themselves, and all that belongs to them, would refuse to receive them? especially when we have such a leader as, in my opinion, and I swear it to you by all the gods, is more pleased with doing us good, than with enriching himself?" Upon this the Medes all said thus: "You, O C}tus, have led us out, and do you, when you think it proper to re- tire, lead us back again with you." Cyrus, having heard these things, made this prayer : "But do thou, greatest Jove! I beg thee, grant me to exceed in good offices those that pay me such honour! " Upon this, he ordered the rest to place their guards, and attend to the care of themselves. But the Persians he ordered to take possession of their tents; the horsemen such as were proper for them, and the foot such as were sufficient for the foot; and he ordered things to be so regulated, that they who were in the tents, dispatcliing the business there, should bring all necessaries to the Persians in their ranks, and see that the horses were taken care of, that the Persians might have no other work to do but the business of war. This day they thus passed. And the next morning, when they rose, they marched to join Gobrias. Cyrus marched on horse- back, as did also the Persian horsemen, who were !£)() cvnop.f:DiA ; on, about two tlioiisand. They who held the shield*- and tlie swords of these men followed after them, being equal to them in number; and the rest of the army marched in order of battle. He ordered every one to tell their new servants, that whoever of them should be seen either behind the rear-guard or before the front, or should be caught on the out- side of those that were in their ranks upon either wing, should be punished. On the second day, to- wards the evening, they reached the habitation of Gobrias. They saw it to be an exceeding strong fortress, and that all things were provided, upon the walls, pro})er for a vigorous defence ; and they saw abundance of oxen and sheep brought under the fortifications. Gobrias then, sending to Cyrus, bid him ride round, and see where the access was most easy, and send in to him some of those that lie con- fided in, ^vho, having seen how^ things stood within, might give him an account of them. So Cyrus, desiring, in reality, to see if the fortress might be taken on any side, or whether Gobrias might be discovered to be false, rode round on every side, but saw every part too strong to he approached. They that Cyrus sent into Gobrias brought him an account, that there M'as such plenty of all good things within, as could not, (as they thought) not even in the age of a man, come to fail the people that were there. Cyrus was under concern about what all this might mean. But Gobrias himself came out to him, and brought out all his men; some carrying ^vine, some meal, and others driving oxen, sheep, hogs, and goats, and of every thing that A\as eatable; they brought sufficient to furnish a handsome supper for the wht/le army that was with Cyrus. They that were appointed to this ser- vice, made distribution of all these things, and they all supped. But Gobrias, when all his men were come out, bid Cyrus enter in the manner that h« lhoui:i:lit the most safe. Cvrus, thei-efore, sendinI faithful and true; for I find that it- is .more your business than mine, to take care that the Assyrian do not get the better of us: I, perhaps, though I fail in my undertaking here, may yet have a farther resource; but, if he get tiie better, I see that all is lost for you. He is, indeed, my enemy, but not out of any hatred he bears me, but because he thinks it a damage to himself that we should be consider- able, and this was the reason he made war upon us. But you he hates, and, by you, he thinks himself imjustly dealt with." To this they both answered, *'That he should proceed as he intended, and as concluding, that they were convinced of what he said, and under the greatest care and concern for tlie turn that the present state of their affairs might, take." Here then he thul^began: "Tell me," said he, "does the Assyrian think that you are the onlj people at enmity with him ? or do you know any body else that is his enemy?" "Yes, by Jove," said the llyrcanian, "the Cadusians are his ene- mies in the highest degree, and are a strong and numerous people. The Sacians too, that are our borderers, and who have undergone a great man^ hardships under the Assyrian, for he endeavoured to subdue them as he did us." "Don't you think, therefore," said he, "that they would both, with pleasure, fall upon the Assyrian, in conjunction with us?" "With a great deal of pleasure," said they, "if they could join us." "What is there then between," said he, " to hinder our joining?" "The Assyrians," said they; " the veiy nation that you are now marching through." After Cyrus had heard this, "Well, Gobrias,'* said he, " don't you charge this young man, that isi now established as king, with great pride, and inso- lence of teuiper?" " Ves," said CJobrias, "fori have suffered by hiin accordingly." "And has ho then," said Cyrus, " been so only to you; or Jias he been so to others besides?" " iJy Jove," said Go- 502 cyropjedia; or, -brias, "to many others. But what need I mention the MTongs he has done to the inconsiderable? .There is one man abundantly more powerful than myself, . whose son being his companion, as mine uas, and drinking with him at his OM^n house, he took and castrated; because, as some say, his cour- tezan had commended him as a handsome man, and pronounced that woman happy that was to be his wife. . But, as he himself now says, it was because he had made an attempt upon his courtezan. This man is now a eunuch, and, since the death of his father, holds that government." "Don't you think, therefore," said he, "that this man Avould see us .>vith pleasure, if he thought we would support him?" -ff.I know it very well," s^d Gobrias: " but to come ,;%t-- the. sight of him, C*us, is a difficult matter." -"How .so?" said Cyrus. "Because, if any one has -:fi; mind to join him, one must pass 'by Babylon it- iS.el.f.'V "And .what difficulty then is there in this?" vl{ The: difficulty, by Jove," said Gobrias, "is, that .•the forces that belong to that place alone, I know _,to be much greater than those you have at present -,?t\:i:th you ; and be assured, that the Assyrians are now less forward than before to bring you arms and .horses ; for this reason, that your force appears to be ,;.but. little to those that have had a view of it; and the discourse of this bus been already much spread .-abroad among them. So it seems to me," said he, \\*5tP be best for us to be upon our guard, and cau- .•^Qus to our march." iv - Cyrus, hearing this from Gobrias, spoke to him nm- thj5 manner: yd vL ^;v "In my opinion, Gobrias, you say very well, :iivhen you bid us take the safest course we can, with . regpect to our march;; and, therefore, upon consi- .. deration, I am not able to find that any other march :i is -safer for us_ than that to Babylon itself, if the ]■ principal strength of the enemy lies there; for, you ;^_^,. tney ^re very numerous;, and, if tliey arc in THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 203 heart, then, I say, they will be terrible to us. By not seeing us, therefore, and bv imasininix that it is our fear of them that keeps us from appearing; be assured," said he, " that they will be released from the fear that has been upon them ; courage will spring up in its stead, and a courage that will be so much the greater, as they are the longer without seeing us. If we march instantly up to them, we shall find many of them lamenting for those that we have killed, many still bound up, by reason of the wounds they received from our people, and all of them still well remembering the boldness of this ar- my, as well as their own misfortune and flight. And be assured, Gobrias, of this besides, that a multitude, when they are in heart, raise in them- selves such a courage as nothing can withstand; but, when they are in fear, they bring upon them- selves such a terror as is the greater, and strikes upon them so much tlie more as they are the more in number. For it falls upon them, increased by numerous stories of misfortune, and gathers to a head from many unhappy circumstances, and from multitudes of dejected and astonished looks. So that it grows to such a height, that it is no easy matter either to suppress it by any discourse, or to raise a spirit by leading to the enemy, or to nurse up a courage by retreating; but, the more you exhort them to confidence, they imagine themselves to be in so nnich the more dangerous circumstances. And now let us examine strictly into this particular farther. And, indeed, if victories, from henceforward, are acts to be peribrnied only by that party that can reckon the greatest numbers, you are in the right to fear for us, and we are in reality in dangerous circumstances. But, if engagements, as heretofore they have been, are still decided by good combat- ants, you will not be at all in the wrong to be of good heart; for, with the help of the gods, you will lind more amongst us. that are forward to engage, 2pi . cyrop.edia; or, tlian amongst them. And, that you may be still more in heart, consider this: that the enemies arc at this time much weaker than they were before they were beaten by us, and still weaker than when they fled from us; but we are more in vigour since we have been victorious, and stronger since you have joined us. For, do not still think contemptuously of your people, now that they are with us; for be assured, Gobrias, that they that attend the victo- rious, follow with confidence: nor let this escape your notice," said he, "that the enemy is now at full liberty to see us; but we cannot, by any means, make our appearance Avith greater terror to them, than by our marching up to them. As this, therer fore, is my fixed opinion, do you lead us directly the way to Babylon." So marching on, they reached the boundaries af Gobrias's territory upon the fourth day. "When he 3:as got into the enemy's country, he took the foot 40 himself, and as many of the horse as he thought proper, and formed them. The rest of the horse he .sent out upon excursions; he ordered them to kill those that were in arms, but to bring the rest to him, together with Avhatever sheep or cattle they should take. lie ordered out the Persians likewise, jUpon this service, with the others; and many of them returned, after having got falls from their horses, but many of them brought off considerable booty. When the booty arrived, and that he had called to- gether the commanders of the JNIedes and Hyrcani- ans, together with the alike-honoured, he spoke thus: ^.^v " Gobrias, my friends, has entertained us all trith good things in great abundance: therefore," said he, "after having taken out what is due to the gods, and M'hat Mill be sufficient for the army, if we should give the remainder of the booty to him, we should do a handsome thing, by making it immedi- ately appear, that we endeavour, in benefits, to ex- ceed our benefactors." THE INSTITUTION OP CTRUS. 205 When they had heard this, they all commended and applauded it; and one of them spoke thus: *'This we will do, Cyrus," said he, "by all means; for I believe," said he, "that Gobrias took us for beggarly people; because we came not with daricks in abundance, and do not drink out of golden cups; but, if we do this that you propose, he may then understand that it is possible to be generous, even without gold. Go, then," said he, "and, having delivered to the mages what is due to the gods, and taken what is sufficient for the army, call Gobrias, and give him the remainder." So these men, having taken as much as was pro- per, gave the rest to Gobrias. Upon this, h« marched on to Babylon itself, making the same dis- position as when he fought : and, the Assyrians de- clining to come out against him, Cyrus commanded Gobrias to ride on before, and to declare that, if the kino; were willins: to come out and fidit for his territory, he would fidit him; but, if he would not defend his territory, that then, of necessity, he was to submit to his conquerors. Gobrias, riding on as far as it was safe, notified these things. And the other sent out one to return him an answer, in this manner: "Gobrias, your sovereign says to you thus: that I have killed your son, I do not repent; but I re- pent that I have not killed you likewise! If j'ou would fight, come hither upon the thirtieth day from hence : we are at this time not at leisure, for A\e are yet employed in our preparations." Then dfobrias said, "May that repentance never quit you ! for, it is plain, I am a torment to you, from the moment that this repentance takes place." (lobrias brought back the message from the As- syrian; and Cyrus, having heard it, drew oli ihc ar- my; and, calling (robrias to hini, "Tell me," said he, "did not you s all things that were pro- per, went to rest. When it was midnight, the signal, was given by the sound of the horn; and Cyrus, hav-l ing told Chrysantas tha:t he would wait in tlie road U})on the front of the army, went off, taking his ser- vants with him. In a short time after, Ciu'ysantas came up at the head of those that wore corselets. > Cyrus, therefore, giving him guides, ordered Ijim to march gently on till a messenger came to him, for they were not yet all upon the march. He, stand-,) ing in the same place, dismissed away, in oider/j those that came up, and sent off,- to call forward \ those that were dilatory. When they were all uporti tlie uiarcii, he sent certain horsemen to Chrysantas, t to tell him, that all Avere ftow upon the march. Lead on, therefore, with more dispatch! He hinl-^^ sclfj on horseback, putting forward towards the vatv-r^ ^14 cvhop/Edia; or, front, observed, at leisure, the several bodies, and those that he saw marching orderly and silently, he rode up to, and enquired who they were; and, when he was informed, he commended them: but if he perceived any of them to be tumultuous, he enquired into the cause of ii, and endeavoured to allay the disturbance. There is only one part of his care in the night that has been omitted ; which is, that, at the head of the whole army, he sent out certain light and ex- peditious foot, not many in number, that Chrysantas was to keep Mithin t!ie reach of his eye, and were to keep Chrysantas within the reach of theirs; who getting notices of things by the ear, or if, by any other means, abje to receive any intelligence, were to signify to Chrysantas what the occasion seemed to require. There "vAas one commander over them, Avho kept them in order, and notified what was wor- thy of notice, and what was not so, he gave no dis- turbance by the tellhig. And thus he marched in the night. But when it was day, he left the Cadusian horse with the Cadusian foot, because they marched the last, and that they might not march naked without horse. But the rest of the horse he ordered to push forward to the front, because the enemy were be- fore them ; and that, in case any opposed him, he might meet and engage them with his forces in or- der under him; and that if any were seen flying, he might be in the greatest readiness for the pursuit. And he had always read}', in order, both those that were to pursue, if pursuit were proper, as well as those that were to remain by him; but the general Older of the whole he never sutfcred to be broke. Thus Cyrus led the army. He himself was not. al- ways in the same station, but, riding about here and there, kept viewing, and, where any thing was defi- cient, took care of it. '~' Tlius did Cyrus's men march. But a certain THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. Sl5 person, one of authority and consideration, belong- ing to Gadatas's body of horse, as soon as he saw that he had revolted from the Assyrian, concluded that, if any misfortune happened to Gadatas, he him- self mighj; obtain from the Assyrian all that belonged to Gadatas, So he sent one of the most trusty of his people to the Assyrian; and he ordered the man that went, if he found the Assyrian army already in Gadatas's territory, to tell the Assyrian, that if he would form an ambuscade, he might take Gadatas and all that were with him. He ordered the man to tell Mhat force Gadatas had, and that Cyrus did not go with him ; and he told him the road that he intended to take. Besides, that he might be the more readily trusted, he sent orders to his servants, to deliver up to the Assyrian the fort that he had the possession of, in the territory of Gadatas, and all that was in it. He said, that he would come himself, and, if he was able, it should be after he had killed Gadatas; but, if he could not do that, it should be to attend upon the Assyrian for the fu- ture. When the person appointed for this service, having rode with all possible speed, was come to the Assyrian, and liad declared the purpose of his com- ing, the Assyrian, having heard it, immediately seiz- ed the' fort; and, having a great force, both of horse and chariots, he lay in ambuscade in certain villages that stood very close together. Gada:tas,' as soon as he approached these villages, sent some people to examine and make discovery. The Assyrian, when he found these discoverers approaching, or- dered two or three chariots and a few horse to quit their post, and betake themselves to flight, as being terrified and but few in number. The discoverers themselves, as soon as they saw this, pursued, and made signs to Gadatas. He, being thus deceived, pursued with all liis might. The Assyrians, M'hen they thoug'nt Gadatas within reach of being taken, broke out from their ambuscade. They that were J 1(5 cvnoPiT.riA ; ok, wiili Gadatas, seeins; this, fled, as was natural for them to do; the otliers likewise, as was natural, pur- sued. Upon this the contriver of this aAair, against Gadatas, struck at him, but missed the mortal blow, hit liim u))on the shoulder, and wounded him; and, having done this, he made oft", to join the pursuers. When it was known -vvho he was, he, pressing his horse on with a great deal of zeal, in company with the Assyrians, attended the pursuit with the king. It is ])lain that, upon this occasion, they that had the slowest horses were taken by those that had tlic fleetest. And all Gadatas's horse, having before been harrassed by their march, were quite spent. When thev saAv Gvrus advancing with his armv, one nmst needs think they made up to them with as much joy and pleasure, as if they were entering a harbour after a storm. Cyrus M-as at hrst astonished, bat when he un- derstood what the matter was, he led the army for- ward, in order, during the whole time that all these men, that faced him, were riding up towards him. Eut Mhen the enemy, understanding how things were, turned and fled, then Cyrus commanded those tliat were appointed to that purpose to pursue. He himself followed with the rest, in the manner that he thought proper. Upon this occasion, several chariats were taken, some by means of the drivers falling ofl", and thh partly by being overturned, partly by other means, and some were taken by being intercepted by tlie horse; and they killed a gieat many, and amongst them the man that struck Gadatas. Of the Assyrian foot, that were be- sieging the fortress of (iadatas, some fled to the fort that had revolted from Ciadatas, and some es- caped to a considerable city, tliat belonged to the Assyrian, and whither the Aissyrian himself, with hi^- chariots and horses, fled. • Cyrus, having done this, retired into the territoiy of Gadatas, and having given his orders to tlie prok- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 217 per persons iipon the su])ject of the prisoners, lio presently went to see how Gadatas was of his wound; and, as he was going, Gadatas met him with his wound aheady bound up. Cyrus M-as pleased at the sight of him, and said, "I was going to see hovr you did.*' "And I, by the gods," said Gadatas, "was going again to view the outward form of the jnan who has such a soul ! you w^ho are not, that I know, in any manner of need of me, who never pro-^ mised to do these things for me; avIio, as? to your own particular, never received any benefit whatever from me; and, only because I was tliought to have done a service to your friends, have so affectionately assisted me. So that, as far as I was concerned myself, I had now perished, but am by your means saved. By the gods, Cyrus, if I were the same that I was originally, and were in the condition of chil- dren, I don't think that I could ever have a son so affectionate to me. For I know this present king of the Assyrians particularly to have been the cause of more affliction to his father, than he can be no\v to you, and many other sons the sam.e." ^vc To this Cyrus said, " Now, Gadatas, do you ad-' mire me, and pass by a much greater wonder 1 " " And what is that?" said Gadatas. " That so many Persians," said he, "have been so diligent in your service, so many Aledes, so many Hyrcanians, as well as all these yVrmcnians, Sacians, and Cadusians, here present." Then Gadatas made this prayer: "O Jove! may the gods bestow many blessings up- on them, but most upon him mIio is the cause of their being such men ! And that we may handsomely entertain these men that you commend, Cyrus, ac- cept these presents of friendship, w hich are such as I am able to tender you." At the same time he brought him great abundance and variety of things-, that he might make a sacrifice, if he pleased, or en- tertain the whole army suitably to things so nobly performed, and so happily succeeding. £18 cyrop^,dia; or, Meanwhile the Caclusian still made the rear-guard, and had no share in the pursuit; but, being desirous to perform something himself that was conspicuous, he made an excursion into the territory of Babylon, without communicating it, or saying any thing of it to Cyrus. But the Assyrian, from that city of his, whither he had fled, and with his army entirely to- gether, and in order, coming up with the horse of the Cadusian, that were dis})crsed, as soon as he knew them to be the Cadusians alone, attacks them, kills their commander and a great many others, takes a great many horses, and takes from them the boot37 that they were carrying off. The Assyrian then, af- ter having pursued as far as he thought it safe, turn- ed back, and the Cadusians made their escape to the' camp, where the first of them arrived towards the evening. Cyrus, as soon as he perceived what had happen- ed, went and met the Cadusians, and of all that he saw wounded, some he took and sent to Gadatas, that they might be taken care of, and others he lodg- ed together in tents, and took care that they had all things necessar}'^, taking some of the Persian alike- honoured to be his assistants ; for, upon such occa- sions, men of worth are v\ illing to bestow their joint pains: he evidently appeared to be extremely afflict- ed; so that, while others were taking their suppers, when the time for it was come, Cyrus, attended by servants and physicians, willingly left no one neglect- ed, but either saw, with his own eyes, or if he could not dispatch all himself, he was observed to send others to take that care upon them. Thus then they went to rest. As soon as it was day, having made proclamation, that the commanders of the other nations, and all the Cadusians in general, should assemble, he spoke to this effect: *' Friends and allies, the misfortune that has happened to us, is what human nature is liable to; for, in my opinion, it is not to be wonder- THE IXSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 219 ed at, that, being men, we should be guilty of error. However, we are not unworthy of reaping some advantage by this accident; and that is, to learn never to separate from the whole a smaller force than that of the enemy. Yet, I do not say," said he, " that we are never to march, where it is proper, with a part, even yet less than the Cadusian march- ed with, upon this occasion. But if a man march, after having concerted matters with another, who is able to support him, he may, indeed, be deceived; but, he that remains behind, by deceiving the ene- my, may turn them to another part, and out of the way of those that have marched off; it is possible for him to procure safety to his friends, by giving other employment to his enemies; and thus, he that separates, does not become entirely disjoined, but remains annexed to the main strength of the whole. He, on the other side, that marches off without giv- ing any information whither it is that he is going, is, in the same case, as if he made war alone. But," said he, " if it please God, it shall not be long be- fore we have our reven2;e of tlie encmv, in return of this. And, as soon as ever you have dined, I will lead you out to the place where this affair was trans- acted; we will bury our dead at the same time, if it please God; we will let the enemy see men superior to themselves, upon the very place where they think they have been victorious, that they may not look with pleasure upon that spot of ground where they but- chered our fellow-combatants. If they will not come out to us, we will burn their villages and destroy their country, that they may not i)e delighted, upon viewing what tiiey themselves have done, but be af- flicted at the sigiit of their own misfortunes. Let the rest then," said he, "go take tlieir diimcrs; and do you, Cadusian.s, first go your ways, and choose you a commander according to your usage, who, with the help ol" the gods, and together MJth u'^, shall take tare of you, in whatever niav be wanliuL^ to you ; and 220 cvrop.t^oia; on, when you have made your choice and taken yourdin^ ners, then send the person you have chosen to me." These men did accordin<:5ly. And Cyrus, when- he had led out the army, and placed the person who was chosen by the Cadusians in his station, ordered him to lead his body of men near to him&elf, "That if we are able," said he, "we may recover the cou- rage of the men." So they marched, and coming up to the place, they buried the Cadusians, and laid the country M'aste. And having done this, and- suppli- ed themselves with necessaries, out of the enemy's country, they again retreated into the territory of Gadatas. But then, considering that they who had revolted to him, being in the neighbourhood of Babylon,- would suffer severely, unless he himself was alway.9 at hand, he, therefore, commanded all those of the enemy that he dismissed, to tell the Assyrian, that he himself sent a herald to declare to him, that he Wjas ready to let the labourers that were employed in the culture of the lands alone, and not to do them any injury; if he, on the other side, would allow such labourers as belonged to those that had revolted to- himself, to go on Mith their work; and, indeed, said-: he, if you are able to hinder them, you will hinder -• but a few, for the land that belongs to those that hasre > revolted to me, is but little; and,, on the other sidCyi I should allow a great quantity of land to be cuki- i vated for you. Then, at the time of gathering the " crop, if the war continues, he that is superior in amis, in my opinion, must gather it. If there be'^- peace, it is plain, said he, that it must be you; but if any of my people use arms against you, or any of yours against me, upon tliese, we will both of us re- turn mutual hostilities, if we can. Having given the herald these orders, he sent him away. And when the Assyrians had heard these thiii^gs, they did all that they were able to persuade the king to yield to them, and to leave as little of the war re^ THE I^•STITUTION■ OF CYRUS. 221 maining as ^^■as possible. The Assyrian, either at •the persuasion of those of his nation, or inclined to it himself, consented : and agreements were made, that there should be peace to those that were em- ployed in labour, and war to those that bore arms. These things did Cyrus effect with respect to the la- bouring people. But the pastures of their cattle, he ordered his own friends to settle, if they thought fit, within the extent of their own power, and to make prey upon the enemy, wherever they were able, that the service might be more agreeable to his allies, for the dangers were the same, even without their seizing necessaries for their subsistence, and the maintaining themselves upoq the enemy, seemed to make the service the lighter. But when Cyrus was now preparing to be gone, Gadatas came to him, having collected presents of all kinds, and in great abundance, as arising from a very great estate, and having taken a great many horses from his own horsemen that he mistrusted, upon the account of the late contrivance against him: and when he accosted him, he spoke thus: "I bring you these things, Cyrus, at this time, that you may make present use of them, in case you want them. And count upon it," said he, " that all things else that belong to me are yours; for it is impossi- ble for me to have one, descended from myself^ to leave my estate to; but my race and name," said he, " must, of necessity, be extinguished with myself, when I die. And this I suffer, Cyrus," said he, *' (I swear it to you, by the gods, who see all things, and hear all things,) without having been guilty of any thing unjust or base, either in word or deed." At the same time that he said this, he burst out into tears at his unhappy fate, and it was not in his power to say more. Cyrus, having heard this, pitied him for iiis mis- fortune, and spoke thus: "The horses," .*^!iiil lie, " I accept; for 1 shall do you service, by giving then* 2'J2 CYROP.f.DIA; OR, to men better affected to you, it seems, than they ■who had thtm before; and shall fill up the Persian body of horse to ten thousand men, a thing that I liave long desired; tlic rest of your valuable effects do you take away, and keep, till such time as you see me in a condition not to be outdone by you in pre- sents: for, if you part with me, and your presents amount to more than you receive at my hands, I know- not how it is possible for me not to be quite ashamed." To this Gadatas said, " But I trust them to you, for I see your temper. As to the keeping of them myself, pray, see whether I am fit for it : for, while we were friends with the Assyrian, my father's estate seemed to be the noblest that could be; for, being near to our capital city, Babylon, we enjoyed all the advantages that we could possibly be supplied with from that great city; and as often as we were dis- turbed with the crowd and hurry, by retiring hither to our home, we got out of the way of it. But, now that we are become enemies, it is plain that, when you are gone, both we ourselves, and our whole fa- mily and estate, shall have contrivances formed against us. We shall, in my opinioi;, live very mi- serably, both by having our enemies just by us, and by seeing them superior to ourselves. Perhaps you will presently, therefore, say, and why did not I consider this before I revolted? Vv hy, because, Cy- rus, by means of the injuries I had received, and the anger I was in, my soul never dwelt upon the consideration of what was safest for me ; but "was always big w ith the thought, whether it would be ever in my power to take my revenge upon this ene- my both to the gods and men, who passes his days in hatred, and that not to the man that may have done him an injury, but to any one that he suspects to be a better man than himself And this w icked wretch, therefore, in my opinion, will make use of such as- sistants as are all more wicked than himself; or,, if THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 223 there be any that may appear to be better than he, take courage, Cyrus," said lie, "you uill not be un- der any necessity to engage against any such men of worth; but he himself will be sufficient to carry on this work, till he has taken oif every better man than himself; and yet, distressing me, I am of opinion that, with his villains, he will easily get the better.'* In all this, Cyrus, who heard it, was of opinion, that the man said wh^t was worthy of his attention and care; and he presently said, " And have not you, therefore, strengthened your fortress with a afarrison, that you may make use of it with safety, when you got thither? And as to yourself, you^ accompany u» in the service, that, if the gods please to be with us, as now they are, he may be in fear of you, and not you of him. Take of what belongs to you, whatever you like to see about you, and of your people, take whoever you like to converse with, and march with me. You will be, in my opinion, extremely useful to me, and I will endeavour to be as useful to you as I can." Gadatas, hearing this, recovered himself, and said, "Shall I be able," said he; "to put up all, and be ready before you march away? for," said he, "I would willingly carry my mother with me. " Yes, by Jove," said he, " you will be ready time enongli; for I will wait till you say, that all is well." So Gadatas, going his way, settled, in concert with Cyrus, garri- sons in the several fortresses he had made, he pack- ed up all kinds of things, enoygli to furnish a very great house in a handsome manner. He took with him, from amongst these he confided in, such whose company he was pleased with; and many of those too that he distrusted, obliging some of them to take their wives, and some their sisters with them, that, by their means, he migiit keep them, as it were, in fetters. Cyrus himself marched, and amongst tlie rest of those that were about him, he kept Gadatas to in- i'2i rvnop^r.DiA; ok, form him about the ways and the waters, about fo- rage and provisions, that he might carry on the ser- vice with the greatest plenty of all things, lint when, in the course of his uiarcii, he got sight of the city of Babylon, and fancied that the way he was going led him just under the walls of the place, he called Gobrias and Gadatas, and asked if there was any Other way, that he might not lead the army near to the wall. Then Gobrias spoke, '* My sovereign, there are many ways; but I thought," said he, " that you de- sired to lead on as near to the city as possible, that you might show them the army, and let them see that you have now a great and a noble one; because, when you had a less, you marched up to the walls, and they saw us when we were not very numerous. And now, though the Assyrian be prepared, as he told you he would be prepared to give you battle, I know that, when he sees your strength, his prepara- tions will not appear to him to be sufficient." Cyrus to this said, " You seem to me, Gobrias, to wonder that, when I came with a less army, I led up to the very walls; but that now, with a greater, I have no mind to march the army under them: but make no wonder of this," said he, " for to lead up to a place, and to march by it, is not the same thing. All men lead up in such an order as they think is best for them to engage in. And people that are wise, retreat so as to go off in the safest manner, and not in the quickest. But it is necessary to march by with the carriages extended in length, and with the beasts of burthen, and those that are con- cerned in the baggage, all in loose order; all this must be covered by the soldiers that bear arms, and tlie baggage-train must, in no part, appear to the enemy naked of arms; and, niarching in this man- ner, the strength of the army must of necessity be extended into a thin and weak order. If then they have a mind, from w ithin the walls, to make an at- THE IXSTITLTION OF CYRUS. 225 tack in a close, firm body, wherever they close in, they do it with a strength much superior to those that are upon the march, and to men that are march- ing in a train at length, the proper helps are at a great distance; but, to those that march out from within their walls, the distance is little that they have either to march up to the enemy that is at hand, or to retreat back again; but if we pass by at no less a distance than so as that they mayjust see us, and if we march extended, as we now are, they will sec the multitude that we are, and every multitude, by means of arms interwoven amongst them, appears terrible. If they really do march up to us in any part, by our seeing them at a considerable distance, we shall not be taken unprepared; and then, my friends," said he, " they v, ill the rather avoid attacking us, Avhea they are obliged to march a great distance from their walls, unless they think themselves, in the whole, su- perior to us, for they will have cause to be in fear for their retreat." When he had said this, the persons present were of opinion that he said right, and Gobrias led the way, as he had directed him. And while the army was moving on by the city, that part of it that was left behind he always made the strongest, and in that manner retreated. When marching thus tlie following days, he reach- ed the borders of the Assyrians and iVIedes, from whence he came before, and where there were three forts belonging to the Assyrians; the weakest of these he attacked, and took by force, and two of them, Cyrus by terror, and Gadatas by persua- sion, prevailed with the garrisons to give up. ^Vhen he had done this, he sent to Cyaxares, and by mes- sage, desired him to come to the army, that tliey might consult what use to make of the forts they had taken. And, after having taken a view of the arujy, he might, in the whole of their affairs, advise what he thought proper to be done for -the futme. 1* JS6 cyropvEdia; or, ** And, if he orders it," said he, " tell him that I will come and encamp with him." The messenger, in or- der to deliver this message, went his way; and up- on this, Cyrus ordered Gadatas to furnish out the Assyrian's tent, that the Medes had chosen for Cy- axares, and this in the handsomest manner; and not only with all the other furniture that it was pro- vided with, but he ordered him to introduce the two women into that apartment of the tent that belong- ed to the women, and, together with them, the wo- men musicians that had been chosen out for Cyax- ares. These men did as they were ordered. But when he, that was sent to Cyaxares, had delivered his message, Cyaxares, having heard him, deter- mined it to be best, that the army should remain upon the borders; for the Persians, that Cyrus had sent for, were come, and they were forty thousand archers and shield-men. Therefore, when he saw that these men did prejudice, in many ways, to the Median territory, he thought it better to get rid of these, rather than admit another multitude. And that Persian, who commanded the army, having en- quired from Cyaxares, according to the orders of Cyrus, whether he had any service for the army, when he told him that he had none, and when he heard that Cyrus was at hand, upon that very day marched, and conducted the army to him. The next day Cyaxares marched with the Median horse that remained with him; and as soon as Cyrus ip0t^' ceived him approaching, then taking the Persiaii horse, who were now very numerous, all the Medes, Armenians, and Hyrcanians, and of all the other al- lies, such as were the best horsed and armed, hfe. met him, and showed Cyaxares his force. 'i*'^ Cyaxares, when he saw a great many brave men attending Cyrus, and but a small company attend- ing upon himself, and those but of little value, thought it mean and dishonourable to him, and was seized with a violent concern. But when Cyrus, THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 227 alighting from his horse, came up to him, as intend- ing to kiss him in the customary manner, Cyaxares likewise alighted, but turned from him, refused to kiss him, and burst openly into tears. Upon this Cyrus ordered all the rest that were there to retire and wait. He himself, taking Cyaxares by the right hand, and conducting him out of the road, under certain palm-trees, he ordered some Median quilts to be laid for him, and making him sit down, he sat himself down by him, and asked him thus : "O uncle," said he, "tell me, I beg you, by all the gods, what are you angry with me for? And what ill thing have you discovered, that you take thus amiss? " Then Cyaxares answered in this man- ner: "It is, Cyrus," said he, " that I, who as far as the memory of man can reach, am reckoned to be sprung from a long train of ancestors, and from a father who was a king, and who am myself ac- counted a king, should sec myself marching thus, meanly and contemptibly, and see you, with my attendance, and with other forces, appear here great and conspicuous. I should think it hard to suffer this treatment at the hands of enemies, and much harder, O Jove, to suffer it at the hands of those that I ought least to have it from; for, I think, I could sink down under the earth ten times over with more satisfaction, than be seen in this mean condi- tion, and see my own people thus contenming and laughing at me: for I am not ignorant, not only that you are more considerable than myself, but tiiat my own slaves are above me in poA\er, dare to op- pose my pleasure, and are so set uj) as to be rather able to do me mischief, than liable to sutler it at my hands." And, in saying this, he was still more over- whelmed in tears, so that he drew down a flood of tears into the eyes of Cyrus. But Cyrus, pausing a little, spoke lo this ellcct: "In all this," said he, " Cyaxares, you ueilhtT say , true nor judge right. If you think tbul the iMedes, CCS cyropxdia; oi?, by niv presence, arc set upon such a foot, as to be able to do you mischief, I do not Monder that ybu are enrn_<>;ed and terrified. But, uhether it be just- ly or unjustly that you arc ofiended at them, this I shall pass by; for I know you must take it ill to hear me makino; their apology. But for a ruler to take otTence at all his people at once, this I take to be an error; for, by striking terror into a multi- tude, of necessity that multitude must be made one's enemies, and by taking offence at them all together, they are inspired with unity of sentiments. Upon this account, be it known to you, it was, that I would not send these men away to you without me, being afraid lest something might happen by means of your anger, that might have afflicted us all. By the assistance of the gods, therefore, while I ^^^ present, these things may be safely composed. But that you should think yourself injured by me, at this I am very much concerned, that while I have been doing all that is in my power to do all possi- ble service to my friends, I am then thought to have done quite the contrary; but don't let us thus charge one another at random, but, if possible, let us consi- der clearly what the injury is that I have done. I will state then an agreement for us to come to, and $uch as is the justest that can be between friends. If I shall appear to have done you mischief, I will confess that 1 have wronged you; but if I neither appear to have done you any harm, nor to have intended it, will not you then confess that you have not been wronged by me?" "I must," said he, " of necessity. " " If I plainly appear to have done you service, and to have been zealous to do you all the service that I was able, shall not I deserve your commendation, rather than your reproach?" "It is but just,'* said he. " Come on then," said Cyrus, "let us consider all tlic things that I have done, one by one, for by all tliis it will appear, the most evi- dently, which was j^ood and which was ill.' We ^\ ill Till: IXSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. £C9 take it from the beginning of this aflair, if this ap- pear to j^ou to be sufficient. When you perceived that the enemy were assembhng their forces, and were about making an attempt upon you, and upon your country, you then sent immediately to the pub- lic council of Persia, begging assistance, and to me in particular, desiring me to endeavour, if any Per- sians came to you, to come as their commander. AVas not I, by you persuaded to this ? Did not I come, and bring you as many and as brave men as I was able?" " You did come," said he. "First, therefore," said he, "in this particular, tell me whe- ther you accounted it an injury or a benefit that I did you." "It is plain," said Cyaxares, "that in 'this you did what was a benefit to me." ""Well theii," said he, "when the enemies advanced, and we were to engage them, did you perceive that, up- on this occasion, I spared any pains, or that I balk- e'd any danger." " No, by Jove," said he, " not at all." "And then, when, with the assistance of the gods, we gained our victory, and the enemy re- treated, 1 exhorted you, that we might jointly j)ur- sue them, take our joint revenge upon them, and if anything good or ill should bei'al us, that we might jointly share it? And can you charge me witli any thing of ambition, and desire of power, in any of these things?" To this Cyaxares Mas silent, and Cyrus again spoke in this manner: "Since it is your pleasure to be silent in this, rather tluin to give me a reply, tell me then," said he, "\\hether you think yourself injured, because that, mIicu you were of opinion that it was not safe to pursue, I did not allow you to share in tlie danger, but only desired you to send some of your horse? I'or if I wronged you in asking this, especially ul'Uv 1 had given myself up to you, as an assistant ;uul ally, let this," said he, " be demonstrated by yourself." When Cyaxares kept himself silent to this too. — C30 c vropyTldia ; ok, "But,"' said he, "if you Avill give me no answer here neither, tlien tell nie this: Whether I did you any ^^ rong, when you gave me for answer, that, up- on your observing the Medes to be indulging them- selves in pleasure, you would not put a stop to it, and oblige them to march, and run themselves into danger? and whether you think that I put a hard- ship upon you, when, avoiding all anger and resent- ment to you, I then again, upon that, asked you a thing, than which I knew there was nothing that you could more easily grant, and that nothing more easy could possibly be enjoined the Medes? Fori asked you, only to allow any of them, that would, to fol- low me: and when I had obtained this from you, there was nothing left but to persuade them. I went to them ; I persuaded them, and those that I prevailed m ith I took, and marched with them at your allowance. If you reckon this to be deserving of blame, then to take from you what you yourself grant, is not, it seems, a thing void of blame. Thus then we set forward. When we were marched, what was there that Me did that was not apparent ? Was not the camp of the enemy taken? W^ere there not many of those, that made war upon you, killed ? and of those that remained alive, were there not a great many stripped of their arms, and a great many of their horses? The fortunes and effects of those that plundered and ravaged yours before, you see now taken and ravaged by your friends. Some of them belong to you, and others of them to those that are under your dominion. But what is the greatest and noblest thing, and above all, is, that you see your own territory enlarged, and that of your enemies diminished; and some forts, thatAvere possessed by the enemy, and some of your own, that had been taken and annexed to the Assyrian domi- nion, now, on the contrary, you see yielded to you. Whether any of these things be good or ill, I can- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 231 not say, that I desire to learn. But nothing hinders me from hearing what your opinion is concerning them, and do you tell it me." Cyrus, having said this, was silent, and waited the reply. Q And Cyaxares spoke thus in answer. "Indeed, Cyrus, I do not know how one can say those things you have performed are ill, but be it known to you," said he, '' that these good things are of such a kind, as the more they appear to be in number, so much the more are they burdensome upon me. I should rather choose to enlarge your territory by my forces, than see mine thus enlarged by yours. For these things, to you that do them, are glorious, but to me they are, in some sort disgraceful. And I am of opinion, that I should be better pleased to bestow of these rich effects upon you, than to receive from you these things that you now present me "vvith ; for I perceive myself enriched by you witli things that make me the poorer; and I believe I should be less grie\ed to see my subjects, in some degree, in- jured by you, than I am now, to sec them receiving great advantages at your hands. If I appear to you to think unreasonably in this, do not consider these things as in my case, but turn the tables, and make the case your own. And then," said he, "consider that, in the case of dogs, that you maintained as a guard and j)rolcction to you and yours; suj)posing any other person should make his coi,ut to them, and should make them better acquainted with him- self than with you, whether you should be i)Icased with this courtsljip and service. But, if this appear to you to be but an inconsiderable mailer, then consider this: you have servants, that you have uc- fjuired as guards to you, and for service, if any one should manage these in such a maimer, as tiial they should be more willing to serve him than to serve you, should you tliink yourself ol)ligcd to lliis man, in return of this benefit? Then in another concern. 2S2 cvnorxDrA ; on, that men's aficctions are greatly engaged in, and tliat they cultivate in the. most intimate manner: if any one should make such court to your -wife, as to make her love him better than she loved you, should you be delighted with this benefit? I believe, far from it," said he; " nay, I know that, in doing this, he would do you the greatest of injuries. But that I may mention what is most applicable to my con- cern: if any one should make such court to the Persians, that you have conducted hither, as should make it more agreeable to them to ibllow him than to follow you, should you think this man your friend? I believe you would not, but you would rather think him yet more your enemy, than if he killed you a great many of them. Well then ; suppose any friend of yours, upon your saying to him, in a friendly way, take as much of what belongs to me as you please, should, hearing- this, go his ^vay, take all that he was able, and enrich himself with what belonged to you, and that you, meanwhile, should not have where- withal to supply your own uses in a very moderate ivay; could you possibly think such a one a blame- less unexceptionable friend? Now, Cyrus, I take myself to have had from you, if not the same usage, yet such as is very like it. You say true, that, when I' bid you carry off those that were willing to go, you took my whole force, went off Avith them, and left me destitute; and now you bring me things that you have taken with my own force; and, with my own force, you enlarge my territory. But I, as not having any hand in obtaining these advantages, look as if I gave up myself, like a woman, to be served by others as well as by my own subjects; for you appear to be the man, and I to be unworthy of rule ; and do you take these things, Cyrus, to be benefits? Be it known to you, if you had any concern forme, there is nothing you Mould be so careful not to rob nine of as of my dignity and honour. What advantage Its it to me, to have mv land extended and myself THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 233 contemned? I have dominion over the IVIedes, not by being really the best of them all, bnt by means of their thinking us to be, in all respects, superior to themselves." •^: Here Cyrus took up the discourse, while Cyax- ares was yet speaking, and said, " I beg you, un- cle," said he, " by all the gods, if I ever before did any thing that Avas agreeable to you, gratify me now in the things that I shall ask of you. Ciive over blaming me at this time; and when you have had experience of us, how we are afl'ected towards you, if tlie things that have been done appear done for your service, give me your embraces in return of the affection I have for vou, and think that I have been of service to you. If things appear otherwise, then blame me." "Perhaps, indeed," said Cyaxares, "you say right." "Well then," said Cyrus, "shall I kiss you?" "If you please," said he. "And will you not turn from me, as you did just now?" " I will not," said he. Then he kissed him. As soon as this was seen by the ]\Iedes and Per- sians, and many others, (for they were all under con- cern about the issue of this alfair) they all ju'csenlly became cheerful and pleased. 1 lien Cyaxares and Cyrus, mounting their horses, led the way before: the IMedes followed after Cy- axares, (for Cyrus made a sign to them to do so,) and the Persians followed Cyrus, and after these followed the rest. When they came to the camp, and had lodged Cyaxares in the tent that was fur- nished for him, they that wore ai)pointed to that service, prepared all things fitting for him. And during tiie time that Cyaxares was at leisure, before supper, the Medes went to him, some of themselves, but most of them in conse(pience of directions from Cyrus, and they brought him presents; one a beau- tiful cup-bearer, another an excellent cook, another a baker, another a nuisiciun, one brought him cups, £3i cyro-pmtha; or, and another a fine habit. And ahnost every one presented hiin with something out of what they had taken; so that Cyaxares changed his oj)inion, and no longer thought either that Cvrus had ahenated these men from him, or that the Medes were less observant of him than before. AVhen the time of supper came, Cyaxares in- vited Cvrus, and desired that, since he had not seeni him for some time, he would sup with him; but Cyrus said, "I beg, Cyaxares, that you would not bid me do this. Do not you observe, that all those- that are here with us, attend here at our instiga- tion? It would not, therefore, be well in me to ap- pear negligent of them, and mindful of my own pleasure. ^Mien soldiers think themselves neglect- ed, the best of them become much more dejected, and the worst of them much more insolent. But do you, especially now after you have had a long jour- ney, take your supper; and if people come to pay you respect, receive them kindly, and entertain them well, that they likewise may encourage you. Lwill go my ways, and apply myself to what I tell you. To-morrow," said he, "in the morning, all the pro- per persons shall attend here, at your doors, that we may consult together, what we are to do hence- forward. And you, being yourself present, will propose to us, whether it be thought fit to go on with the war, or whether it be now the proper time to separate the army." Upon this Cyaxares went to supper. And Cyrus, assemblins; such of his friends as were most able to judge what was fit to be done upon any occasion, and to assist him in the execution of it, spoke to this effect: "The things that we at first ■wished for, my fi'iends, Ave now, with the assistance of the gods, have obtained; for, wherever we march, we are masters of the country, we see our enemies weakened, and ourselves increased in numbers and strength. And if they, who are now our allies, will THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 23.5 still continue with us, we shall be much more able to succeed in our affairs, Avhether we have occasion to act by force, or whether it be proper to proceed by persuasion; therefore, that as many of our allies as is possible may be inclined to stay, is not more my business to effect than it is yours. But as, when fighting is necessary, he that subdues the greatest nmnbers, will be accounted the most vigorous; so, where counsel is necessary, he that makes the great- est numbers to be of his opinion, ought justly to be esteemed the most eloquent and best skilled in af- fairs. ' However, do not be at pains, as if you were to show us what sort of discourse you made use of to every one, but that the people you prevail with may shovv' it in their actions, let this be your business to effect. And that the soldiers, while they consult about the carrying on of the war, shall be supplied with all things necessary and fit, in as great plenty as I am able, this I will endeavour to take care of." CYROP^DIA; OR, THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. BOOK VI. ?6 xiAViXG passed the day in this manner, ana Hav- ing taken their suppers, they ^vent to rest. The next day, in the morning, all the allies came to the doors ofCyaxares; and, while Cyaxares (who had heard that there was a great multitude of people at his doors) was setting himself out, Cyrus's friends presented to him several people, who begged him to stay; some presented the Cadusians, some the Ilyr- canians; one presented Gobrias, and another the Sacian; and Il3'staspcs presented the eunuch Ga- datas, who begged Cyrus to stay. Here Cyrus, who knew before that Gadatas had been almost killed with fear, lest the army should be separated, laugh- ed, and spoke thus: "O Gadatas," said he, "it is plain that you have been persuaded by Ilystaspes here to be of the opinion you express." Then Ga- datas, lifting up his hands to heaven, swore, that "' indeed he v/as not persuaded by Hystaspes to be of this opinion; but I know," said he, "that if 3''0u, depart, my affairs fall entirely to ruin. Upon this account," said he, "I camemvself to this man, and THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 237 asked him, whether he knew what your opinion was concerning the separation of the army." Then Cy- rus said, " It seems then that I accuse llystaspes unjustly?" Then Hystaspes spoke, "By Jove, Cy- rus," said he, "unjustly indeed; because I gave Gadatas for answer, that it was impossible for you to stay, and told him that your father had sent for you. " " What," said Cyrus, " durst you assert this, whether I would or "no?" "Yes, indeed,*' said he; " for I see you are exceedingly desirous to be mak- ing a progress about, among the Persians, to be seen and to show your father how you performed every thing." Then Cyrus said, "And are not you desi- rous to go home?" "No, by Jove," said llystas- pes, nor will I go, but stay and discharge my duty as a commander, till I make Gadatas here master of the Assyrian." Thus did these men, with a mix- ture of seriousness, jest with each other. Then Cyaxares, dressed in a magniticent manner, came out, and sat himself on a ]\Iedian throne ; and Xvhen all the proper persons were met, and silence made, Cyaxares spoke thus: "Friends and allies, since I am here present, and am an older man than Cyrus, it is proper for me, perhaps, to begin the discourse. It appears, therefore, to me, that now is the time to debate Avhether it be thought proper to go on with the war, or to separate the army. Therefore," said he, " let somebody speak what his opinion is concerning this affair." Upon this tiie Jflyrcanian first spoke; " Friends and allies, I don't at all know whether Mords be necessary where facts themselves declare what is best to be done; for we all know that, by keeping togclhcr, we do more mischief to our enemies than we suffer iVom ihem ; and, Mhen we are asunder, tliey deal by us as is most agreeable to them, and most grievous to us." After him spoke the Cadusian : " Wiiat can we say," said lie, "concerning a general departure and .se- paration, when it is not for our interest to .separate, CSS CVROPiKDlA; OR, even wliile wc are engaged in the service; accord- iiiiily wc not long ago undertook a piece of service, separate from the rest of our body, and paid for it as you all know." After him, Artabazus, he who had said that he was related to Cyrus, spoke thus: " Cyaxares," said he, "thus mucli I differ in my opinion from those Avho spoke before. They say, that we ought to proceed in the war, remaining here together; and I say, that we were in war when \a e were at home, for I was frequently forced to run to the relief of our own country, when the enemies were plunder- ing what belonged to us; frequently I had business upon my hands, with respect to our fortresses, that the enemies Mere said to have formed designs upon, and I was continually in fear, and kept myself upon my guard. All this I did, and was all this while upon expence out of my own stock; but now I am in possession of the fortresses of the enemy, I am not in fear of them: I feast upon M'hat belongs to them, and I drink at the enemy's expence; there- fore, as being in one case at war, and in the other case as at a festival, I am not of opinion to dissolve this public assembly." After him spoke Gobrias: *' Friends and allies, thus far I applaud the faith of Cyrus, for he has been false in nothing that he has promised. But, if he quit the country, it is plain that the ylssyrian will be at rest, and escape the pu- nishment due to him, for the injuries that he endea- voured to do you, and that he has in fact done me; and I, on my side, shall again suffer punishment at his hands, and now it will be for having been a friend to yoti." After all these Cyrus spoke. " Nor am I igno- rant, friends, that, if we separate the army, our own affairs will sink, and the affairs of the enemy will rise again; for as many of them as have had their arms taken from them, will make others out of hand; they that have lost their horses, will immediately THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 239 get Others; in the room of those men that are kill- ed, others will grow up and succeed them; so that it will not be to be wondered at, if they become able to give us disturbance again very soon. ^Vhy then did I desire Cyaxares to propose the debate upon the separation of the army? Be it known to you," said he, "it was because I was in fear for the future ; for I perceive certain adversaries advancing upon us, that, if mc go on with the Mar, upon the foot we now stand, we shall not be able to struggle with. For the winter is coming on, and if we have roofs to cover our own heads, we have them not, by Jove, for our horses, nor for our servants, nor for the common soldiers; and, without these, we cannot proceed in the service. The provisions, wherever we have come, have been consumed by ourselves, and where we have not been, there, for fear of us, they have been carried off, and secured in fortresses, so that the enemies have them, and we are not able to procure them. And who is there that has bravery and vigour enough to go on with the service, and struggle, at the same time, with hunger and cold, therefore, if we are to continue the war upon these terma, I say, that we ought ra- ther to separate the army of our own accord, than be driven away, against our wills, by distress, and by not knowing what to do. But, if we have a mind to go on still v.ith the war, I say we ought to" do this: we should endeavour, as soon as possible, to take from the enemy as many of their strong places as we are able, and to erect as many jilaces of strength as we can for ourselves. For, if this be done, then they will have provisions in the greatest plenty, who can take and secure the most of tiiem, and they that are inferior in strength will be be- sieged. But now we are just in the same case with those that are upon a voyage at sea; for the part tliat they have sailed over, they do not leave so as to make it safer for them, than the other part tlml. CiO cvnop.EDiA; or, they have not sailed; but, if ne have fortresses, these will alienate the tenitory from the enemy, and all things nill be with us serene and quiet. As for what some of yon may be apprehensive of, in case you are obliged to keep garrison at a distance from your own territory, do not let this be any concern to you; for we will take upon us to guard those parts that are the nearest to the enemy, since we are at a £!;rcat distance from home. And do von take possession of the borders between you and the Assyrian territory, and cultivate them. And, if we are able to guard and preserve those parts that are in the enemy's neighbourhood, yon, who keep those other parts that are at a greater distance from them, will certainly live in great peace and quiet; for I do not believe that they can think of forming designs upon you that are at a distance, and neglect dan- gers that are at hand." After this had been said, all the rest of them, ri- sing up, declared, that they would join heartily in putting these things in execution. And Cyaxares, Gadatas, and Gobrias said, that if the allies would give them leave, they would each of them build a fort, that the allies might have those places in their interest. Cyrus, therefore, when he saw them all so zealous in the execution of the things he had mentioned, concluded thus: " If we intend, there- fore, to effect what we agree ought to be done, we ought, as soon as possible, to be supplied with en- gines to demolish the forts of the enemy, and with builders, to erect bulwarks of our ow^n." Upon this Cyaxares promised to make and supply them with one engine; Gadatas and Gobrias promised ano- ther; Tygranes another; and another Cyrus said that he would endeavour to make. When tiiey were determined upon these things, they procured artifi- cers for the making of these engines, and every one provided the materials necessary for their fabric, and they established, as presidents and overseers of THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. S41 the work, certain persons that seemed the most pro- per for the employment. Cyrus, when he found that there would be some time taken up in these affairs, encamped the army in a situation that he judged to be the most liealthy and most easily accessible, with respect to all things that were necessary to be brought thither. And he did whatever was necessary to the making it strong, that they who always remained there miglit be in safety, though the main strength of the army should, at any time, march at a distance from the camp. And, besides, he enquired of those he thought knew the country best, from what parts of it the army might be supplied with all things tljat were of use to them in the greatest plenty. He led them always abroad to get provision and forage, both that he might procure the greatest plenty of necessaries for the army, that his men, inured to labour by these marches, might gain health and vigour; and that, in marching, they might preserve in their memories the order they were to keep. Cyrus was employed in these affairs, when de- serters from Babylon, and prisoners taken, gave an account that the Assyrian was gone to Lydia, car- rying with him many talents of gold and silver, and other treasures, and rich ornaments of all kinds. The body of the soldiery supposed that he was al- ready putting his treasures out of the way for lear; but Cyrus, judging that he went in order to collect a force against him, if he were able to effect it, prepared himself, on the other hand, with a great deal of vigour, as thinking that he should be again forced to come to an engagement. Accordingly he completed the Persian body of horse; some horses he got from the prisoners, and some from liis friends; for these things he accepted from ail, re- jected nothing, neither a fine weaj)on nor a horse, if any one presented him. with it. Chariots, like- wise, he fitted up, both out of those that were taken, Q ^43 cvuop^nrA ; on, and from \vhcnccsoever else he was able to get so-p- plicd A\ itli ^vhat was necessary towards it. The 'J'rojan method of using chariots, that was practised of old, and that way of managing them that is yet in use amongst the Cyrenaeans, he abo- lished. I'or formerly the IVIedes, Syrians, and Ara- bians, and all the people of Asia, used the same method, with respect to their chariots, that the Cy- renaians do at this time; and he was of opinion, that the very best of the men being mounted upon chariots, they that probably constituted the chief f trength of tiie army, had the part only o-f skirmish- ers at a distance, and had no great share in the gaining of a victory. For three hundred chariots afford tliree hundred combatants, and these take up^ tMclve hundred horses; then their drivers, probably,.' aie such as these men, that are the best of the ar*:! my, chieily contide in, and here again are three hun* ■ dred others, and they such as do the enemy no ■ mamier of misehief. Therefore this &wt of manage- ment, with respect to their chariots, he abolished ; aivd, instead of this, he provided a sod t of warlike chajtiots, with wheels of great strength, so as not t& be easily broken, and with axletrees that were long< \ because thino;s that carry breadth are less liable to : be overturned. The box for the drivers he made like a turret, and with strong pieces of timber; and t the highest of these boxes reached up to the elboMS ' ol' the drivers, that, reaching over those boxes, they might drive the horses. The drivers he covered, alLi but their eyes, with armour. To the axletrees, on r each side of the wheels, he added steel scythes, of about two cubits in length; and, below, under the r axlelree, he fixed others, pointing to the ground, :s as intending, with these chariots to break in upono< tiic enemy. As Cyrus, at tliat time, contrived these. > chaiiots, so, to this day, thev use them in the kings i tenitory. Lie had, likevvis parasan2;s. Upon this Cyrus asked, " And is there any discourse amoni^st them concern- ing us?" "Yes, by Jove," said tliey, "a great deal, particularly that you are already near at hand advancing upon them." " Well then," said Cyrus, "did they rejoice at the hearing it?" And tliis he asked for the sake of those that were by. " No, by Jove," said they, " they did not rejoice, but Meie very much concerned." "And, at this time," said Cyrus, "what are they doing?" "They are form- ing into order," said they, " and both yesterday and the day before they were employed in the same work." "And he that makes their disposition," said Cyrus, "who is he?" " Croesus himself," said they, "and with him a certain Greek, and another besides, who is a IMede, and this man was suid to be a deserter from you." Tlicn Cyrus said, "O greatest Jove, may I be able to take this man as I desire ! " Upon this he ordered them to carry off the pri- soners, and turned to the people that were present, as if he were going to say something. At that in- stant there came another man from the commander of the scouts, who told him that there appeared a great body of horse in the plain, "And we guess," said he, "that they are marciiing with intention to take a view of the army; for, before this body, there is anotlier party, of about thirty horse, that march with sireat diliircnce, and directly aiiainst us, I'er- haps with intention to seize our station tor vicwjug, if they can, and we are but a single dccad u|)on that station." 'J'iien Cyrus ordered a party of those horse, that always attended him, to march and put themselves in a place under the viewing station, and keei)ing themselves concealed from the enemy, to be quiet. "And when our decad," said he, "»|uils the station, then do you rush out and attack those 260 t.YROP^.DIA; OR, tliat mount it ; and, that the enemy's greater body may not do you mischief, do you, llystaspes," said he, " march m ith a thousand horse, and appear in opposition to the enemy's body; and do not pursue uj) to any undiscovered place, but when you have taken care to maintain the possession of your view- ing stations, then come back to me. And if any men ride up to you Mith their right hands extended, receive them as friends." Hystaspes went away and armed himself. Those that attended Cyrus marched immediately, and, on this side the viewing places, Araspes, with his servants, met them, he that had been some time since sent away as a sp}', and was the guardian of the Susian woman. Cyrus, therefore, as soon as he saw him, leaped from his seat, met him, and received him with his right hand. The rest, as was natural, knowing no- thing of the matter, were struck with the thing, till Cyrus said, " ]\Iy friends, here comes to us a brave man, for now it is fit that ail men should know what he has done. This man went away, not for any base thing that he was loaded with, or for any fear of me, but he was sent by me, that, learning the state of the enemy's affairs for us, he might make us a clear report of them. What I promised you, therefore, Araspes, I remember, and, with the assistance of all these that are here, I will perform it. And it is just that all you, my friends, should pay him honour as a brave man; for, to do us ser- vice, he has thrown himself into dangers, and has borne that load of reproacli that fell so heavy upon him." Upon this they all embraced Araspes, and gave him their right hands. Then Cyrus, telling tliem that there was enough of this, said, "'Give us an account, Araspes, of these things, and do not abate any thing of the truth, with respect to the enemy's atfairs; for it is better that we should think them greater, and see them less, than hear them to be less and find them THE INSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. 12^1 greater." "I acted," said Araspes, *'m such a manner as to get the clearest insight into them, for I assisted in person at their making their disposi- tion." "You, therefore," said Cyrus, " know not only their numbers, but their order too.'" "Yes, by Jove," said Araspes, ** and I know the manner that they intend to enii;age in." "But, in tiic first place, tell us, however," said Cvrus, " in general, what their numbers are?" ""Well then," said he, " they are all ranged thirty in depth, both foot and horse, except the Egyptians, and tliey extended in front forty stades, for 1 took very great care to know what ground they took up." "And then, as to the Egyptians," said Cyrus, "tell us how they are ranged, for you said — except the Egyptians." "The commanders of ten thousand formed each of their bodies into a hundred everyway; for this, they say, is their order, according to their custom at home; but Crasus allowed them to form in this manner very much against his will, for he >\ as desirous to over-front your army as much as j)ossible." "And why," said Cyrus, "does he desire this?" "Why, by Jove," said he, "in order to encompass yon with that, part that exceeds you in front." Then Cyrus said, "But let them look to it, that the encompass- crs be not themselves encompassed. But we have heard what is projicr for us to be informed of by you, and you, my friends, must act in this manner: " As soon as you go from hence, examine the arms that })elomg both to tlie horses and to yourselves; for, frequently, by the want of a little thing, both man, and horse, and chariot, become useless. To- morrow, in the morning, whilst I sacrifice, you must first get your dinners, l)Oth men nwd horse, that whatever opportunity of action oHers itself, we may not balk it. I'hen do you, Araspes, kcej) llie right wing as you do now, and let the other commanders of ten thousand keep the stations they now arc in; for, when a race is just ready to be entered upon, 2()£i cvrop^edia; o«, there is no longer opportunity for any chariot to shift horses, (live orders to the several colonels and captains to form into a phalanx, M'ith each com- pany drawn up tAvo in front." And each company consisted of four and twenty men. Then one of the commanders of ten thousand said, " And do we think, Cyrus," said he, "that, when we arc ranged but so many deep, we shall he strong enough against phalanxes of that great depth?" And Cyrus replied, " Phalanxes that are deeper than to be able to reach the enemy with their wea- pons, what injury," said he, "do you think they will do to the enemy, or what service to their fel- low combatants? For my part," said he, " those sol- diers that are ranged a hundred in depth, I would rather choose to have ranged ten thousand in depth, for, by that means, we should have the fewer to en- gage; but by the number of men that form our pha- lanx in depth, I reckon to make the whole act and support itself The throwers of the javelin I will range behind the corselet men, and behind the throwers of the javelin the archers. For who would place those in front who, themselves, can confess, that they cannot bear any engagement hand to hand? But when the corselet-men are interposed before them, then they stand. And the one casting their javelins, and the other discharging their arrows, over the heads of those that are ranged before them, do execution upon the enemy. And as much mis- chief as any one does the enemy, it is plain that so far he gives relief to his fellow combatants. Last of all, I will place those that are called the rear, for as a house, witliout a strong stone-work, and without men that have the skill to form the roof, is of no value, so neither is a phalanx of any value without such as are serviceable both in front and rear. Do you then," said he, "form as I order you. And do you, commanders of the javelin men, form your several companies in the same manner THE TNSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. 2()3 •bchinci tiiese. Do you, commanders of the archers, form, in the same manner, beliind the javelin men; and you, who command the rear, Avith your men placed last, give orders to those under you, each of them to keep his eye to those before him, to encou- rage those that do their duty, to threaten severely such as behave cowardly; and, if any one turn away, ■with intention to desert his station, to punish him M'ith death. For it is the business of those that are placed before, both by words and actions, to encou- rage those that follow; and you, that are placed in the rear of all, must insjiire tlie cowardly with great- er terror than the enemies themselves give them. These things do you do; and do you, Abradatas, who command those that belong to the engines, take care that the oxen, that draw the turrets and men belonging to them, follow up as close to the phalanx as possible. And do you, Daouchus, who command the baggage-train, lead up all that kind of people behind the turrets and engines, and let your attendants severely punish those that are either more advanced or more behind than they ougiit to be. And do you, C'ardouchus, who command the waggons that carry the v. omen, place these last, be- hind tlie i)aggage-train; for all these, following eacli other, will make the appearance of a great multi- tude, and will give us an opportunity of forming an ambuscade; and, in case the enemy have a nnntl to encompass us, will oblige them to take a greater circuit; and the more ground they encomj)ass, so much the weaker must they of necessity be. And thus do you. liut you, Artabazus and Artagersas, each of you, with the thousand lbf)t that attend you, keep behind tliesc. And you, Pharnouclms and Asiadatas, each with your thousand horse, do not you form in the phalanx, but arm by yourselves, be- hind the waggons, and then come to us, togctiicr with the rest of the comnjanders; l)Ut you ought to prei)are yourselves, as being the lirst to engage. 264 cvROP^tDiA; or, And do you, who are the commanders of the men mounted upon the camels, form behind the wag- gons, and act as Artagersas shall order you. And of you, leaders of the chariots, let that man range his hundred chariots, in front, before the phalanx, who o])tains that station hy lot, and let the other hun- dreds attend the phalanx ranged upon the wings, one on the right side and the other on the left."' • Thus Cyrus ordered. jJ^TiUt Abradatas, king of the Susians, said, "I take it voluntarily upon myself, Cyrus, to hold that station in front, against the op- posite phalanx, unless you think otherwise.' Then Cyrus, being sti'uck with admiration of the man, and taking him by the right hand, asked the Per- sians, that belonged to others of the chariots, *' Do you," said he, ''yield to this? "When they replied, that it would not be handsome in them to give it up, he brought them all to the lot; and, by the lot, Abradatas obtained what he had taken upon him- self, and he stood opposite to the Eg^/ptians. Then going their way, and taking care of the things that were before mentioned, they took their swppers, and, having placed their guards, they went to rest. The next day, in the morning, Cyaxares sacri- ficed, but the rest of the armv, after havinir taken their dinners, and made their libations, equipped themselves with fine coats, in great number, and with many fine corselets and helmets. The horses, likewise, they armed with forehead-pieces and breast-plates, the single horses with thigh-pieces, and those in the chariots v.ith plates upon their sides; so that the whole army glittered with the brass, and appeared beautifully decked with scarlet habits. The chariot of Abradatas, that had four perches and eight horses, was completely adorned for him; and, when he was going to put on his linen corse- let, which was a sort of armour used by those of bis country, Panthea brouiiht him a golden helmet. THE INSTITUTION OF CYIU S. 12^.^ and arm-pieces, broad bracelets for his wrists, a ])urple habit, that reached down to his feet, and hung in folds at the bottom, and a crest dyed of a violet colour. These things she had made, un- known to her husband, and by taking the measure of his armour. He wondered when he saw them, and enquired thus of Pantliea : " And have you made me these arms, woman, by destroying your own ornaments?" "No, by Jove," said Pan thea,. "not wliat is the most valuable of them; for it is you, if you appear to others to be what I think you, that will be my greatest ornament." And, saying this, she put him on the armour; and, though she endeavoured to conceal it, the tears poured down her clieeks. When Abradatas, who was before a man of fine appearance, was set out in these arms, he appeared the most beautiful and noble of all, especially being likewise so by nature. Then tak- ing the reins from the driver, he was just preparing to mount the chariot, upon this Panthea, after she had desired all that were there present to retire, said, " O, Abradatas, if ever there was another ^voman, wJio had greater regard to her husband, than to her own soul, I believe, you know that 1 am one of them; what need I, therefore, speak of things in particular.'^ for I reckon that my actions have con- vinced you more than any words I can now use. And yet, though I stand thus affected towards you, as you know- I do, I swear, by tliis fricndsliij) of mine and yours, that I certainly would rather choose to be put under ground jointly with you, a|)proviug yourself a brave man, than to live with you in (Ms- grace and shame; so nmcii do I tiiink you and my- self worthy of the nohlest tilings. 'J'hen I reckon we both lie under a great obligation to Cyrus, that, when I was a captive, and chosen out for himself, he thought fit to take me neither as a slave, nor, indeed, as a free-woman of mean account; but h< i266 c YR0P.5:DrA ; or, took unci kept inc for you, as il' 1 were his brother's ivitc. Ijcsidcs, when Araspes, w!io was my guard, Mcnt away from him, I promised him, that, if he would allow me to send for you, yen would come to him, and approve yourself a much better and more faithful friend tlian .\raspes." Thus she spoke: and Abradatas, bcino; struck with admiration at her discourse, laying liis hand gently upon her head, and lifting up his eyes to hea- ven, made this prayer: " Do thou, O greatest Jove, grant me to appear a husband worthy of Panthea, and a friend worthy of Cyrus, who has done us so much honour!'* Having said this, he mounted the chariot by the door of the driver's seat; and, after his being got up, when the driver shut the door of the seat, Pan- thea, who had now no other way to salute him, kissed the seat of the chariot The chariot then moved on, and she, unknown to him, followed, till Abradatas turning about, and seeing her, said, ''Take courage, Panthea! — Fare you happily and well; and now go your ways." Upon this her eu- nuchs and v» omen servants took and conducted her to her conveyance, and, laying her down, concealed iier, by throwing the covering of a tent over her. The people, though Abradatas and his chariot made a noble spectacle, were not able to look at him, till Panthea was gone.^i Ijutwhen Cyrus had happily sacrificed, the army was formed for him, according to his orders, and taking possession of the viewing stations, one be- fore another, he called the leaders together, and spoke thus: " J'Viends and fellow soldiers, the gods, in our sacred riles, have exposed to us the same happy signs they did before, when they gave us victory; and I am desirous to put you in mind of some such things as, by your recollecting them, will, in my op'inion, make you march with more courage to the THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. i^Gj enemy. For you are better practised in the affairs of war than our enemies are, and you have been bred up together in this, and formed to it a much longer time than our enemies have been. You have been fellow conquerors together, w-hereas many of our enemies have been fellow sharers in a defeat; and of those on both sides, that have not yet been engaged in action, they, that are of our enemy's side, know that they have for their supports men that have been deserters of their station and runa- ways; but you, that are Avitli us, know that you act with men zealous to assist their friends. It is pro- bable then that they who have confidence in eacii other will unanimously stand and fight, but they who distrust each other will necessarily be every one contriving, how they shall the soonest get out of the way. Let us march then, my friends, to the enemv with our armed chariots against those of the enemy unarmed; with our cavalry in like manner, both men and horses, armed, against those of the enemy unarmed, in order to a close engn<::cmcnt. The rest of the foot are such as you have engaged already. But as for the Egyptians, they are botli . armed and formed in the same manner, both equal- ly ill; for they have shields larger than they can act or see with, and being formed a hundred in depth, it is evident they will hinder one another from light- ing, except only a very few. If they think by their might, in rushing on, to make us give way, thev must first sustain our horse, and such weapons as are driven upon them by the force of horses; and, if any of tlicm make shift to stand this, how will they be able to engage our horse, our phalanx, and our turrets at the same lime? For those mounted on the turrets will come up to our assistance, and, by doing execution upon the enemy, will make them, instead of fighting, be confounded, and not know ■what to do. If you think that you are still in want of anv thing, tell it me; for, with the help of ihr 268 CYROPiEDIA, &C. gods, we will be in want of nothino;. And if any one have a mind to say any thing, let him speak; if not, go your ways to sacred afl'airs; and, having made your prayers to the gods, to wliom we have sacrificed, then go to your ranks; and let every one of you remind those that belong to him of the tilings which I have put you in mind of. And let eveiy one make it appear to those whom he conmiands, that he is worthy of command, by showing himself fearless in his manner, his countenance and his words ! "' CYROP^DIA OR, THE INSTITUTION OF CVRUS. BOOK VII. Ihese men, having made their prayers to tlie gods, went away to their ranks. And the servants brought meat and drink to Cyrus, and to tliose that were with him, while they were yet taken up in their holy rites. Cyrus, standing as he was, and begin- ning with an offering to the gods, took liis dinner, and distributed around always to the man that most wanted. Then, having made his libations, and prayed, he drank, and the rest that wove witii him did the same. After this was done, and he had made supplication to Jove Paternal, to bo their leader and support, he mounted his horse, and or- dered those about him to do the same. All they that were with Cyrus were armed with tlie same arms that he was; in scarlet habits, brass corselets, brass helmets, white crests, swords, and every one with a single spear made of the cornel-tree. 'J'licir horses were armed with-forehead pieces, breast- plates, and side-pieces, and these served as thigh- pieces to the rider. 'J'hus much only did the arms of Cyrus differ from the others, tliiit ihese were doner ^rO cykop.t.dia; or, over with a gold colour, but those of Cyrus cast a brightness Hke a mirror. When he was mounted, and stood looking which way he was to go, it thun- dered to the right; he then said, " Wc will follow thee, O greatest Jove!" And he set forward with Chrysantas, a conniiandcr of horse, and his body of horse upon his right hand, and .Vrasanibas, with his body of foot, upon his left. He gave orders, that all should have their eyes to his ensii^n, and follow on in an even pace. His ensign was a golden eagle held up upon the top of a long lance. And this remains the ensign of the Persian king to this day. Before they got sight of the enemy, lie made the army halt three times. When they had marched on about twenty stades, they began then to observe the enemies* army advancing; and when they were all in view of each other, and the enemies found that they exceeded very much in front on both sides, then, making their own plialanx halt, (for otherwise there was no fetching a compass to inclose the op- posite army,) they bent themselves, in order to take that compass, that, by having disposed themselves into the form of the letter ganniia r, on each side, they might engage on every side at once. Cyrus, seeing this, did not slacken his pace for it, but led on just as before. And taking notice at how great a distance on each side they took their compass, and extended their wings around, " Do you observe," said he, " Chrysantas, where they take their compass?" "Yes," said Chrysantas, "and I wonder at it, for to me they seem to draw off their wings very far from their own phalanx." " Yes, by Jove," said Cyrus, "and from ours too; and what is the meaning of this? — It is plainly," said he, "because they are afraid, in case their wings get near to us, M'hile their ])halanx is yet at a distance, that we shall charge them." Then said Chrysantas, "How will they be able to be service- able to one another, when they are at such a dis- THE INSTITUTIOy OF CYRUS. 27? tance from each other?" " It is plain/' said C3TUS, *' that when their Vvings have gained so much ground as to be over against the sides of our army, then turning themselves, and forming in front, tiiey ^^ili march upon us on every side, that they may engage on every side at once." "And do not you think then," said Chrysantas, " that they contrive well^"' *' Yes, with respect to v,hat they see, but with re- spect to wliat they do not see, they contrive worse than if they advanced upon us by tlieir wings. But do you, Arasambas, lead on quietly with your foot, as you observe that I do. And do you, CJirysantas, follow on, with your horse, in the same even pace. I will march away to the place where I think it pro- per to begin the engagement, and, as 1 pass on, I will view how we stand disposed in every part. After I get to the place, and when we are marching upaoainst each otlier, I will begin the hynm, and do you follow me. When we are engagc cruop.EDTA ; oi?, bomc of them taking up their men that mounted them, uikI some leaving them behind. 'J'hen Abra- datas, making his way directly through these, fell in upon tJie Egyptian phalanx, and they that were placed in order near him fell on with him. Upon many other occasions, it has been made evident, that no phalanx can be of greater strength, than when it is made up of joint combatants that are friends: and it was made evident upon this; for the companions and table acquaintance of Abradatas attacked jointly with him ; but the other drivers, when they saw the I'^gyptians, in a compact body, stand their ground, turned otT to the chariots that were flying, and pursued them; the Egyptians, not being able to make way, because they who were on every side of them stood their ground. They that were with Abradatas, therefore, in that part where they fell on, running upon those that stood against them, overturned them by the rapid course of the horses; and those that fell they tore to pieces, both men and arms, horses and wheels, and whatever the scythes caught hold of, they cut their way through by force, whether arms or bodies of men. In this inexpressible confusion, the wheels making their way by Jolts over heaps of all kinds, Abradatas fell, as did likewise the rest that broke in with him. And here were these brave men cut down and killed. The Persians, who followed up after them, falling upon those that were in disorder, where Abradatas and his men had broken in, did execution upon them. But, where the Egyptians were undisturbed, (and of these there were great numbers,) they march- ed up against the Per.sians. Here began a terrible combat of lances, javelins, and swords; and the Egyptians had the advantage, both by their multi- tude and by theii' arms, for their lances were very strong and of great length, (such as they yet u-e at this day,) and their large shields were a better de- THE IN^STITUTIOX OF CYRUS. 277 "fcnce to them than corselets ami the less sort of shield; and being fastened to their shoulders, were of service to them, to make the strongest push. Therefore, closing their large' shields together, they moved and pushed on. The Persians, holding their less sort of shields in their hands, at arm's length, were not able to sustain them, but retreated gradu- ally, dealing and receiving blows, till they came to the engines. When they got thither, the Egyptians were again galled from the turrets. And they that were in the rear of all, would not sufter either the archers or javelin-men to fly, but, holding their swords at them, forced them to shoot and to throw. And iireat havoc and destruction ihci'e was of men, great clashing of arms and weapons of all kinds, and great noise of people, some calling to each other, some making exhortations, and some culling upon the gods. Upon this Cyrus, pursuing those that were op- posite to hiin, came up; and when he saw the Per- sians forced from their station, he was grieved, and, knowing that he could, by no other means, sooner stop the progress of the enemy forward, than by ri- ding round, and getting to their rear, he command- ed those that were with hiin to follow. He rode round, and came up wiih their rear, where his men, charging tliem, fell upon them as their backs were turned, and killed a great many. The I'.gyj)tians, as soon as they perceived this, cried out, that the enemy was ])eliind tliem, anar continues, I will give you lar- ger pay than you nov.- receive; when we have peace, to every one of you that will stay with me, I will give lands, cities, women, and servants." The Kgyptians, hearing this, " begged that they might be exempted from engaging in the war with him against CroDsus; for he was the only one," they said, '' that they forgave." But, consenting to all the rest, they, on both sides, pledged their faith re- ciprocally. The Egyptians, that then remained, con- tinue still to this day faithiul to the king. And Cy- rus gave them the cities Larissa and Cyllene, that are called the cities of the Egyptians, and lie up in the country in the neighbourhood of Cuma, near the sea, and their posterity have them at tlijs dav iu their possession. Cyrus, having performed all these things, and it now growing dark, retreated, and he eucam|)ed at Thybarra. In this battle, the Ilgyptians only, of all the enemy's people, gained reputation ; and of those that v/ere with Cyrus, the Persian cavalry were thought to have been the best. So that the same sort of arms that Cyrus at that tiuie (Tpu'pjjed his horsemen witli, continue yet in use. 'I'lic cha- riots, that carried scythes, gained likewise great lame. So that tins remains yet the chariots for war in use with the prince still reigjiiiig on in succession. The camels did no more than fright the horses; they that mounted them did no execution upon the horsemen, nor were they any of them themselves killed by the horsemen, for no horse would come 2S(1 cyrop.i;dia; or, near them. This Mas then reckoned of use ; but no brave nun will breed a camel for his own mounting, nor exercise and manage them, as intending to serve in war upon them; so that, taking up their old form again, they keep in the baggage-train. Cyrus's men, liaving taken their suppers, and placed their guards as w as proper, went to rest. But Cr>]esus immediately fled, with his army, to Sardes. The other nations retreated as far as they could, in the night, taking their several ways home. As soon as it was day, Cyrus led the army to Sardes; and M hen he got up to the walls of the place, he raised engines, as intending to form an attack upon the walls, and provided ladders. Whilst he was doing these things, the next night, he made the Chaldeans and Persians mount that part of the Sar- dian fortifications that was thought the most inac- cessible; and a certain Persian led them the way, who had been a slave to one of the garrisons in the citadel, and had learnt the^ descent down to the ri- ver and the ascent from it. As soon as it was known that the heights above were taken, all the Lydians fled from the walls, every one shifting for themselves as they were able. Cyrus, as soon as it was day, entered the city, and gave out orders, that no one should stir from rank. Croesus, shut up in his palace, called out upon Cyrus, but Cyrus, leav- ing a guard upon Croesus, turned off', and mounted up to the castle that was taken. And when he saw the Persians keeping guard there, as became them, and the arms of the Chal- deans left alone; (for they themselves were run down to plunder the houses;) he presently sum- moned their commanders, and bid them quit the army immediately; "for I cannot bear," said he, ^' to see disorderly men get the advantage of others. And be it known to you,'' said he, "I was provid- ing to manage so, as to make all the Chaldeans pronounce those fortunate and happy that engaged THE INSTITUTION OF GYRUS. £Sl with me in the war; hut now," said he, "do iiot "wonder if soniehody, superior to you in streniiiii, happen to meet with you as you go oti." 'J'hc Chal- deans, hearing; this, were in great terror, " helmed him to allay his anger," and said, " that they would restore him all the rich ettects they had taken/* He told them, *' that he was not in any want of them; but," said he, "ilyoii would ease me of my trouble and concern, give up all that you have got to those that keep guard in the castle ; for, Miiea the rest of the soldiers lind that the orderly are the better for their being so, all ^\\\\ be well with me." The Chaldeans did as Cyrus had commanded them, and they, that had been obedient to their ordeis, got a great many rich effects of all kinds. Then Cyrus, having encamped his men towards that part of the city that he thought the most convenient, gave them all orders to stand to their arms, and take tiieir dinners; and, having done this, he ordered Cnesus to be brought to him. Croesus, as soon as he saw Cyrus, said, ''Joy and hai)piness to you, my sovereign lord ! for, from henceforward, fortune has ordered you to receive that name, and me to give it you." " Tiie same I wish to you, Croesus," said he, "since we ajc men both of us. 13ut, Croesus," said he, "v\ould you give me a little advice? " " I wish, Cyrus," said he, "that I were able to find any good for you, lor f believe it might be of advantage to myself" " Hear then, Croesus," said he; "observing that the sol- diers, after having undergone many fatigues, and run many dangers, leckon ti)em.selves now in pos- session of the riciiest city in Asia, next to i)absh;n, I think it fit that they should receive some pK^lit in return; for, I make account," said lie, " ihat, un- less tiiey receive some fruit of their labom-s, I .shall not have them long obedient to my orders: but I am not willing to give them up the city to phmder; for I beheve that tlie city would be destroyed by il^ ?82 cvROPiiiDiA; on, and, in a plunder, I know very well, that the Moiot of our men would have the advantage of the best." Cra^sus, hearing this, said, "Allow nie," said he, " to speak to such of the Lydians as I think fit, and to tell them, that I have prevailed Avith you not to plunder, nor to suffer our wives and children to be taken from us; but have promised you, that, in lieu of these, you shall certainly have from the Lydians, of their own accord, whatever there is of worth and value in Sardcs. For, when they hear this, I know they will bring out whatever there is here of value in the possession either of man or Avoman. And yet, by that time the year comes about, the city will be again in like manner full of things of value in great abundance; but, if you plunder it, you will have all manner of arts, that are called the springs of riches, and of all things valuable, destroyed. x\nd then you are still at liberty, after you have seen tins, to come and consult, whether you shall plunder the city .or no. Send," said he, " in the first place, to my trea- sures, and let your guards take them from those that have the keeping them for me." Cyrus agreed to act in all things as Croesus said. '' But, by all means," said he, " tell me how things have fallen out, in consequence of the answers you received upon your application to the l)el})hian oracle? for you are said to have paid the utmost devotion to Apollo, and to have done every thing at his peistiasion." "Indeed, Cyrus," said he, "I could vvish that things stood thus Mith me; but noAr have I gone on inuncdiately from the beginning, do- ing things in direct opposition to Apollo." "How so," said Cyrus, "pray inform me; ifor you tell me ihino-s that arc unaccountable." "Because," said he, " in the first place, neglecting to consult the god in what I wanted, 1 made trial of him whether he was able to tell the truth. Now, not only a god, hut even men that are of worth, when they find themselves distrusted, have no kindness for those THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 283 that distrust them. And after he had found nic do- ins; things that were ahsurd, and knew that I was at a great distance from Delphi, then I sent to consult concerning my having sons. He at first made me no answer ; but, by iny sending him many presents of rrold, and many of silver, and by making multi- tudes of sacrihces, I had rendered him propitious to me, as I thought, and he then, upon my consult- ing Ijjm what I should do that I might have sons, answered, ' that I should have them.' And I had them; for neither in this did he deal falsely with me. But, when I had them, they Avere of no ain{^ not, but that e\ery man knew Aviiat lie was himscir. After this, during the whole time that I continued in peace, and, after the death of my son, I accused my fortune in nothing. But, when I was persua(lcon the ground willi his head upon her knees. "'■ Cyrus, iieariug tlii.-, 285 cyrop.t;dia; or, ^ave himself a blow upon the thio;h, mounted his horse presently, at a leap, and taking with him a thousand horse, rode away to tiiis scene of afflic- tion; l)ut iiave orders to Gadatas and Gobrias, to take with them all the rich ornaments proper for a friend and an excellent man deceased, and to follow after him; and whoever had herds of tattle with him, he ordered them to take both oxen and horses, and sheep, in good immber, and to brina: them away to the place, where, by enquiry, they should find him to be, that he might sacrifice there to Abra- datas. As soon as he saw the woman sitting upon the ground, and the dead body there lying, he shed tears at the afflicting sight, and said, "Alas! tliou brave and faithful soul ! hast thou left us ! — and art thou gone! " At the same time he took him by the right hand, and the hand of the deceased came away, for it had been cut oif with a sword by the Egyptians. He, at the sight of this, became yet much more concerned than before. The Moman shrieked out in a lamentable manner, and, taking the hand from Cyrus, kissed it, fitted it to its pro- per })lace again, as vtcU as she could, and said, "The rest, Cyrus, is in the same condition; but what need you see it? — And I know, that I was not one of the least concerned in these his sutierings; and, perhaps, you were not less so; for I, fool that I was ! frequently exhorted him to behave in such a manner, as to appear a friend to you, worthy of no- tice; and, I know, he never thought of what he himself should suffer, but of what he should do to please you. He is dead, therefore," said she, "with- out reproach, and I, who urged him on, sit here alive!" Cyrus, shedding tears, for some time, in ^silence, then spoke: "He has died, woman, the noblest death, for he has died victorious! do you adorn him with these things that I liirnish you with. (And Gobrias and Gadatas were then come up, and THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS, 287 bad brought rich ornaments, in great abundance, with them.) Then," said he, "be assured he shall not want respect and honour in all other things; but, over and above, multitudes shall concur in -raising him a monument that shall be worthy of us; and all the sacrihces shall be made him that are proper to be made in honour of a brave man. You," said be, "shall not be left destitute, but, for the sake of your modesty and every other vir- tue, I will pay you all other honours, as well as place those about you who shall coinvcy you wlicre- ever you please. Do but you make it known to mo who it is that you desire to be conve3'ed to." And Panthea replied, "Be confident, Cyrus," said she, "I will not conceal from ycu, who it is that I de- sire to go to." He, having said this, Avent away with great pity for the woman, that she should have lost sucli a husband, and for the man that he should liave left such a wife behind him, never to see her more. The woman gave orders to her eunuchs to retire, "till such time," said she, "as I have lamented my husband as I please." Her nurse she bid to stay, and gave her orders, that, when she was dead, she should vvra)> her and her husbantl up in one mantle together. The nurse, after having rejieatedly beg- ged her not to do thus, and meeting with no suc- cess, but observing her to grow angry, sat herself down, breaking out into tears. She, being l)er()re- hand provided with a sword, killed hei-self, and lay- ing her head down upon her husband's breast, she died. The nurse set up a lamentable cry, and co- vered them both as Panthea had tlirected. Cyrus, as soon as he was informed of what the woman had done, being struck with it, Mcnt to help her if he could. The eunuchs, being three in mnii- ber, seeing what had been done, drew their swoids and killed themselves, as they sthcxi at the pla<:e where the had ordered them. And the juonument 1288 cvrop.i:dia; on, is now said to have been raised by continuing the mount on to the eunuchs; and, upon a piihir above, tlicy say, tlie names of the man and woman were Mritlen in Syriac letters. Jielow, they say, there were three pillars, and that they were inscribed thus — "■ Of the eunuchs." Cyrus, when he came to tills melancholy scene, was struck with admiration of the woman, and having lamented over her, went away. He took care of them, as was proper, that all the funeral rites should be paid them in the no- blest manner; and the monument, they say, was raised up to a very great size?? — — - — After this the Carians, falling into factions, and the parties making war upon each other, and having their habitations in places of strength, both called in Cyrus. Cyrus, remaining at Sardes, made en- gines and battering-rams to demolish the walls of those that should refuse to submit; and sent Adu- sius, a Persian, one who was notuimble, in other respects, nor unskilled in war, an^fa veiy agreeable man, into Caria, and gave him an army. The Ci- licians and Cyprians very readily engaged with him in that service; for which reason he never sent a Persian as governor over the Cilicians or Cyprians, but contented himself with their national kings, on- ly receiving a tribute from them, and appointing them" their quotas for military service whenever he should want them. Adusius, at the head of his ar- my, came into Caria; and, from both parties of the Carians, there were people that came to him, and were ready to admit him into their places of strength, to the prejudice of their opposite faction. Adusius behaved- to both in this manner: which- ever of the parties he conferred with, he told them that what they said was just; he said that they must needs keep it concealed from their antagonists, that he and they were friends, tliat, by this means, he might fall upon* their antagonists whilst they were unprepared. As testimonials of their faith, he re- THE IXSTITUTIOX OF C\ RUS. ^S9 quired, that the Carians should swear, without. Iraud, to admit him and his people into their places (i^F strength, for the service of Cvrus and of the Per- h-ians; and he would him.>^elf make oath to enter their places of strength for the service of those tiiat ad- mitted him. Having done this, then privalclv and unknown to each other, he appointed tiiem bolli tiie same night: and that night he got within their walls, and seized the forlilicaiions of both. As soon as day came, he sat himself betvveen them, with his ar- my about him, and summoned the proper persons on both sides to attend. Tlicse men, Vvhen tiiev saw each otlier, were astonished, and thought themsehxs both deceived. And Adusius spoke to this effect : "I swore to you, men of Caria, that I would, with- out fraud, enter your forlitications, to the advantage of those that admittoil me; therefore, if I destroy either of you, I reckon that I have made this entry to the damage of the Carians; but, if I procure you peace, and liberty to you both to cultivate your lands with security, I then reckon I am come for your advantage. From this day, therefore, it is your part to join in correspondence witii each otlier, in a friendly manner, to cultivate your lands, to give and receive each othei'"s chi'ldren mutually in mar- riage ; and, if any one attempt to deal unjuf^tlv in any of these matters, to all such Cyrus and we will be enemies." After this the gates of tiic fortresses Avere thrown open, the ways were full of |)e()ple, passing from one to another, the lands were full of labourers, they celebrated festivals in common, and all was full of peace and satisfaction. IMeanuhile there came peojjlc from Cyrus, (o enquire whether he wanted eitiur a reinforceuicnt or engines. Adusius r(;turned answer, "That, lor the present, he might turn his forces another way." And, at the same time that he nja«lc this nnswer, he led the army away, leaving garrisons in the cas- tles. The Carians prayed him to slay, and, upon T -90 cyrop/Edia; or, liis refusal, they sent to Cyrus, begging him to send Adusius to them as their governor. Cyrus, mean- wliilc, had sent IJystaspes away with an army to Phrygia on tiie Hellespont; and* when Adusius ar- rived, -he ordered him to lead his army on in the Avay that Hystaspes was gone before, that those people might the more readily submit to Hystaspes, M-hen they heard that there was another army ad- vancing. The Greeks, that inhabited upon the sea- side, prevailed, by many presents, not to admit the barbarians within their walls ; but they engaged to pay a tribute, and serve in war where Cyrus should command them. The king of Phrygia prepared himself, as intending to keep possession of his places of strength, and not to submit, and he sent word accordingly. But wlien the commanders under him revolted from him, he befcame destitute, and at last fell into the hands of Hystaspes, to receive the pu- nishment that Cyrus should think lit to inflict upon him. Hystaspes then, leaving strong Persian garri- sons in the castles, Avent away, and, together with his own men, carried off considerable numbers of the Phrygians, both horse and shield-men. Cyrus sent orders to Adusius to join Hystaspes, and to take such of the Phrygians as took part with them, ajid bring them away, with their arms; but such as had show^n an inclination to make war upon them, to take both their horses and arms from them, and command them all to attend them with slings. These men did accordingly. Cyrus then set forward from Sardes, leaving there a numerous Persian garrison, and taking Crcesus with him, and a great many waggons loaded with abundance of rich effects of all kinds. And Croesus came to him with an exact account in wri- ting of what was in each waggon, and delivering the writings to Cyrus, said, "By these, Cyrus," said he, "you will know who it is that justly delivers the things that he takes with him into his charge, and THE IXSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 291 v\lio it is that does not." Then Cyrus said, ''You do extremely well, Croesus, in being thus provident and careful; but they that have the charge of these things for me, are such as deserve to have tlicm, so that if they steal any of them, they steal what be- lonjTS to themselves." At the same time lie deliver- ed the writings to his friends and chief officers, that they might know which of those~that were inirusted with these things delivered them up to them safe, and which of them did not. Such of the Lydia'ns as he saw setting themselves out handsomely in their arms, horses, and cliariots, and using all their en- deavours to do what they thought would please him, these he took with him in arms. But from those that he saw attended with dissatisfaction, he took their horses, and gave them to tiie Persians that first engaged in the service with him, he burnt their arms, and obliged them to follow with slings. And all those that he disarmed, of the several na- tions that he subjected, he obliged them to practise the sling, reckoning it a servile sort of arms : for there are occasions when slingers, accompanied with other forces, are of very great use; but, when a force consists all of slingers, they are not able, of themselves, to stand against a very few men, that march up close upon them with arms proper for close engagement. In his march to Babylon he overthrew the Phry- gians of the Greater Phrygia. He overthrew the Cappadocians, and he subjected the Arabians. And out of all these he armed no less than forty thou- sand Persian horsemen. Abundance of the horses, that belonged to prisoners taken, he distributed amongst all his allies. He came at last to Babylon, bringing with him a mighty multitude of iiorsc, a nn'ghty multitude of archers and javelin-mcn, but slingers innumerable. ' When Cyrus got to Babylon, he posted his whole afniv round the^citv, then rode round the citv him- 292 CYI10P.EDIA; OR, self, together with his friends, and with such of his alhcs as he thought proper. Wlien he had taken a view of the walls, he prepared for draw ing oft' the army from hefore the city, and a certain deserter coming oft", told iiim, that they intended to fall up- on him A\ hen he drew oft" the army. " For, as they took their view from the walls," said he, "your phalanx appeared to them to be but weak." And no wonder that it really was so: for his men en- compassing a great extent of wall, the phalanx was, of necessity, to be drav. n out into but little depth. Cyrus having heard this, and standing in the centre of his army, with those that were about him, gave orders that the heavy- armed men, from both the extremities, folding up the phalanx, should move, away, along by that part of the army that stood still, till each extremity came up and joined in the cen- tre. Upon their doing this, therefore, it gave the greater courage to those that stood, because they were now of double the depth they were of before; and it gave courage, in like manner, to those that moved away, for they that stood their ground were immediately upon the enemy. When both the ex- tremities marched and joined up to each other, they stood still, being now much the stronger; they that moved oft", by means of those that were before them, and they that were in front, by means of those that were now behind them. The phalanx being thus folded up, the best men came of necessity to be ranged first and last, and the worst in the middle. And a disposition of this kind seemed to be the best adapted both for fighting and to prevent flight. Then the horse and light-armed men, upon the wings, came up nearer always to the commander in chief, as the phalanx became less extended by being thus doubled in depth. When they were thus col- lected together, they retreated, by falling back till they got perfectly out of weapon's cast from the walls ; when they were got out of weapon's cast, they THE IXSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 293 turned, and moving forward a few steps, the}' turn- ed again to their shields about, and stood facing the walls; and the greater distance they were off, so much the seldomer they faced about; and when they thought themselves safe, they made off in a continued march till they reached their tents. M'hen they were encamped, Cyrus summoned to him the proper persons, and said, " Friends and allies, we have taken a view of the city round, and I don't find that I can discover how it is possible for one, by any attack, to make one's self master of walls that are so strong and so high. But the great- er the numbers of men in the city are, (since they venture not out to fight,) so much the sooner, in my opinion, they may be taken by famine. There- fore, unless you have some other method to pro- pose, I say, that these men must be besieged and taken in that manner." Then Chrysantas said, ■*'Does not this river, that is above two stadcs over, run through the midst of the city?" "Yes, by Jove," said Gobrias, " and it is of so great a depth, that two men, one standing upon the other, would not reach above the water, so that the city is yet stronger by the river tlian by its walls." Then Cy- rus said, " Chrysantas, let us lay aside these things that are above our force: it is our business, as soon as })Ossible, to dig as broad and as deep a ditch as we can, each part of us measuring out his propor- tion, that, by this means, we may want the fewer men to keep watch." So measuring; out the ground around the wall, and from the side of the river, leaving a space suf- ficient for large turrets, he dug round the wall, on every side, a very great ditch, and they threw up the earth towards themselves. In the first jihicf*, he built the turrets upon the river, laying their founda- tion upon j^alm-trees, that were not less than a hun- dred feet in length. For there are those of them that grow even to a yet greater length than that, -29i cvrop/T.dia; or, and palm-tree?, that nrr pressed, bend up under the weight as asses do, that arc used to the pack-sad- dle. He placed the turrets upon tlicse, for this reason, that it might carry the stron2;er appearance of his preparing to block up the cit)-, and as if he intended that, if the river made its way into the ditch, it might not carry otf the tun'cts. He raised likewise a great many other turrets n})on the ram- part of earth, that he might have as many places as were proper for his watches. These people were thus employed. But they that were within the Avails laughed at this blockade, as being themselves pro- vided with necessaries for above twenty years. Cy- rus, hearing this, divided his army into tv«elve parts. as if he intended that each part should serve upon the watch one month in the year. And, when the Babylonians heard this, they laughed yet more than before; thinking with themselves, that they were to be watched by the Phrygians, Lydians, Arabians, and Cappadocians, men that were better affected to them than they .were to the Persians. The ditches, were now finisiied. And Cyrus, when he heard that they were cele- l)rating a festival in Babylon, in which all the Baby- lonians drank and revelled the whole night; upon tliat occasion, as soon as it grew dark, took a num- ber of men v^ith him, and opened the ditches into the river. When this Avas done, the water run ott in the night by the ditches, and the passage of the river through the city became passable. When the affair of the ri\er was thus managed, Cyrus gave orders to the Persian commanders of thousands, both foot and horse, to attend him, each with his ihousaiid drawn up tvvo in front, and the rest of the allies to follow in the rear, ranged as they used to be before. They came accordingly. Then he mak- ing those that attended his pei'son, both foot and liorse, to go dow n into the dry part of the river, or- dered them to try whether the channel of the river THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. '^iQS was passable. And, when they brought him word that it was passable, he then called together the commanders both of foot and horse, and spoke to them in this manner: " The river, my friends, has yielded us a pass* age into the city: let us boldly enter, and not fear any thing within, considering that these people, that Me are now to march against, are the same that we defeated while they had their allies attend- ing them, while they were awake, sober, armed, and in order. But now we march to them at a time that many of them are asleep, many drunk, and all of them in confusion, and when they disco- ver that we are got in, they will then, 'by means of their consternation, be yet more unfit for service than they are now. But in case any one apprehend, (what is said to be terrible to those that enter a city,) lest, mounting to the tops of their houses, they dis- charge down upon us on every side. As to tliis, be still more at ease ; for, if they mount to the tops of their houses, we have then the god Vulcan for our fellow combatant; their porches are easily set hre to, their doors are made of the palm-tree, and anoint- ed over with bituminous matter, which will nourish the flame. We have torches in abundance, that \\ ill presently take hrc; we have plenty of pitch and tow, that will immediately raise a mighty flame; so that they must, of necessity, fly from oil' their hou.ses immediately, or immediately he burnt. Come on then; take to your arms, and, with the help of the gods, I'll lead you on. Do you," said he, ''Cio- brias and (iadatas, show us the ways; for you are acquainted with them, and, when we arc got in, lead us the readiest Avay to the palace." " It may be no wonder, i)erhaps,' said they that were with Gobrias, "if the doors of the palace are oi)en, for the city seems to-night to be in a general revel, but we shall meet with a guard at the uatcs, for there is always one set there." " V\'e nuist not then be re- N, 256 C\ROPyT-niA ; OK, miss"' paitl Cyrus, "but march, that wc take ihiiu as iDucli unprepared as is possible," When this was said, they marched; and, of those tliat tliey met with, some tlicy fell upon and killed^ some Oed, and some set up a clamour, 'i'iiey that were with Gobrias, joined in the clamour with then^f, as if they were revellers Ihcniselves, and, marching on the shortest way that they could, they got round about tiie palace. Then they that attended Gada- tas and (iobrias in military order, found the doors of tilt palace shut; and they that were posted op-^ posfte to the guards fell in upon them, as they were drinking, with a great deal of light around them, and used ihcm jinmediately in a hostile manner. As soon as the noise and clamour began, thev that ^rere within, perceiving the disturbance, and the king connnanding them to examine what the matter was, run out, throwing open the gates. They that were with Gadatas, as soon as they saw the gates ioose^ broke in, pressing forward upon the run- aways, and, dealing their blows amongst them, they came up to the king, and found him now in a stand- ing posture, with his sword drawn. They that were uith Gadatas and Gobrias, being many in number, mastered him; they like^vise that were with him were killed; one holding up something before him, ano- ther %ing, and another defending himself with any thing that he could meet with, Cyrus sent a body of horse up and do^^ n through the streets, bidding them kill those that they found abroad, and order- ing some, who understood the Syrian language, to proclaim it to those that Mere in the houses to re- main within, and that, if any were found abroad, they should be killed. These men did accordingly. (ladatas and Gobrias then came up, and, having llrst paid their adoration to the gods, for the re^ venge they had had upon their im})ious king, they then kissed the hands and teet of. Cyrus, shedding many tears in the midst of their joy and sati.sfuctioix THE I^rSTITUTIQef OF CYRUS. 2£)7 When day came, and they that o;uarded the cas- tles perceived that the city was taken and the king dead, they gave up the castles. Cyrus immediately took possession of the castles, and sent commanders, ■with garrisons, into them. lie gave up the dead to be buried by their relations, and ordered heralds to make proclamation, that the Babylonians should bring out their arms, and made it he declared that, in whatever house any arms should be ibund, all the peophi in it should sulier death. They accord- ingly brought out their amis, and Cyrus, had them deposited in the castles, that they might be readv, in case he should v/ant them upon any future occa- sion. When these things had been done, tlien, first summoning the mages, he connnanded them to choose out for the gods, the first fruits of certain portions of ground for sacred use, as out of a city taken by the sword. After this he distributed houses and palaces to those that he reckoned had been sharers with him in all the actions thiit had been performed, lie made the distributions in the jnanner that had been determined; the best things to the best deserving, and if any one ihougiit him- self wronged, he ordered him to come and accjuaint bim with it. lie gave out orders to the llabylo- nians to cultivate their land, to pay their taxes, and to serve those that they were severally given to. Tiie Persians, and such as were his fellow-sharers, and those of his allies, that cliose to remain with liim, he ordered to talk as masters of those they liad received. After this, Cyrus, desiring now to set hiui.'rf If up- on such a foot as he thought becoming a king, that he might aj)pear but seldom, and in an awfid man- ner, w'ah the least envy that Mas possible; was of opinion to ettect it with tlie consent of lii.s friends, he contrived it, therefore, in this manner; us soon as it was day, taking a .station in some place, wiicre €08 CYROPXDIA ; OR, he thought it proper, he admitted any one that had a mind to speak with him, and, after having given him his answer, dismissed him. The people, as soon as thcv knew he gave admittance, resorted to the place in disorderly and unmanageable multi- tudes, and, by their pressing found about the en- trance, there was a mighty struggle and contention, and the servants that attended, di&tinguishirgas well as they could, let them in. When any of his friends, by pressing their way through the crowd, appeared before him, Cyrus, holding out his hand, drew them to him, and spoke to them thus: "Wait here, my friends, till we have dispatched the crowd, and then ive will confer at leisure." His friends vv-aited, and the crowd flocked in more and more, till the even- ing came on upon them, before he could be at lei- sure to confer with his friends. So Cyrus then spoke: "Now, good people," said he, "it is time to separate; come again to-morrow morning, for I have a mind to have some discourse Avith you." His friends, hearing this, run off, and went their way with great satisfaction, having done penance in the want of all kind of necessaries. Thus they went to rest. The next day Cyrus attended at the same place; and a much greater multitude of people, that were desirous to be admitted to him, stood round about, attending much sooner than his friends. Cyrus, therefore, forming a large circle of Persian lance-men, bid them let none pass but his friends, and the Persian commanders, and the commanders of his allies. When these men were met, he spoke to them to this effect: " Friends and allies, we have nothing that we can lay to the charge of tlie gods, as not having hi* therto effected whatever we have wished for. But if this be the consequence of performing great things, that one cannot obtain a little leisure for one's self, nor enjoy any satisfaction with one's friends, I bid farewell to such happiness. You observed," said THE IXSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 29^ he, '' yesterday, that, beginning in the morning to give audience to those that came, wc did not make an end before the evening; and now you see that these, and many more than those that attended yes- terday, are hereabout, intending to give us trouble. If one submit one's self, therefore, to this, I reckon that but a very little part of me will fall to your share, and but a little of you to mine ; and in my- self, I know very well, I shall have no share at all. Besides," said he, '' there is another ridiculous thhvf that I take notice of: I stand aifected to you, as it is natural for me to do; but, of those that stand here around, I may know, iiei*e and there, one, or, perhaps, none at all; and these men stand so dis- posed, as to think that, if they can get the better of you in crowding, they shall effect wiiat they desire at my hands sooner than you shall. Vet 1 should think it proper, that, if any of them want me, they should make their court to you, that are my friends, and beg to be introduced.- Ijut somebody dien, perhaps, may say, " Why did not I set myself upon this foot from the beginning? a4id why did I give myself up so in common?" Why, because I knew that the affairs of war were of such a nature, thnt the commander ought not to be behind-hand eiliicr in knowing, what was fit to be known, or in execut- ing what the occasion rcfjuired. And such com- manders as were seldom to he seen, 1 tlioughl, • let slip many things that were proper to be done. But, since war, that requires the utmost labour and dili- gence, is now ceased, my own mind seems- to me to require some rest: as I am, then;fore, at a lo.'js what to do, that our own affairs and those of others, that it is our i)art to take care of, muy be estahhsh- ed upon the best foot, let somrfone or otiiergivf u>» such advice as he tlhnks tlie most advanlagcou.-./' Thus Cyrus spoke. Then Artahazus, he Avho had said, heretofore, that he v,-as his relation, rose up alUr liiui and s|.r,ke. 300 cvropa^dia; or, *' You have done very well, Cyrus," said he, ^- in hegumhv^ this discourse ; for, while you were yet very young, I set out with a desire to be your friend, but observing that you were not at all in want of me, I neglected coming to you. When you came afterwards to want me, as a zealous deliverer of Cyaxares's orders to the ]\Iedes, I counted upon it, that, if I undertook this for you with zeal, I should become your intimate friend, and converse Avith you as long as I pleased. These things were so effectually done, that I had your commendation. After this, the Ilyrcanians iirst became our friends, and this while we Mere in oreat distress for assistants ; so that, in the transport, we almost carried them about with us in our arms. After this, v>'hen the enemy's camp was taken, I did not think that you were at leisure for me, and I excused you: after this Gobrias became your friend, and I was rejoiced at it: then Gadatas too, and it became a downright labour to share of you. When the Sacians and Ca- dusians became your allies and friends, it was, pro* bably, very fit for them to cultivate and serve them^ for they had served you. Wlien we came back again to the place from whence we set out, then seeing you taken up with your horse, your chariots, and your engines, I thought that, when you were at len sure from all this, then you would have leisure for me. But, when the terrible message came, that all mankind were assembling against us, I determined with myself, that this was the decisive affair; and, if things succeeded well here, I thought myself sure that we should then plentifully enjoy each other's company and converse. Now we have fought the decisive battle, and conquered ; we have Sardes and Croesus in our hands; Babylon we have taken; and we have borne down all before us; and yet, by the god Mithres ! yesterday, had not I made my way with my fist through the multitude, I had not been able to get to you. And, when you had taken me THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. oOl by the hand, and bid me stay by you, then there I stood to be gazed at, for passing the whole day with you ^\ithout either meat or drink. Now, therefore, if any means can be found, that they who have been tiie most deserving shall have the greatest share of you, it is well; if not, then would 1 again give out orders from you, that all should depart, excepting us, that have been your friends from the beginning." At this Cyrus and many others laughed. Then Chrysantas, the Persian, rose, and spoke thus : *' Heretofore, probably, Cyrus, you kept yourself open to the eyes of all, for the reasons you have yourself expressed, and because we were not tiic people that you were cliiefly to cultivate, for we at- tended for our o\An sakes, but your business was, by all methods, to gain the multitude, that they might, with all possible satisfaction, be ready to un- dergo labours and run dangers with us. l>ut, since you are not only in circumstances to do this, but arc able to acquire others that you may have occasion for, it is noAv very fit that you have a house your- self Or what enjoyment can you have of your command, if you are the only one that does liot chare a home? than which there is no j)lace that to men is more sacred, none more agreeable to them, and none nearer to them in their alfcclions. And then," said he, " do not you think, that we !nust be ashametl to see you abroad, faring hard, when we ourselves are in houses, and seem to have so much the advantage of you r " When Chrysantas had said this, many more concurred with him iu it. After this he entered tlie royid pahice, inul they that conveyed the treasures from bardc.s d( livcred them up here. When Cyrus entered, he lir.st sacri- ficed to the goddess V'esta, and llicn to Itciiul Jove, and to whatever oliier deity the Mii^es thought pro- per. Having done this, he now begun to regulate other aflairs; and couMdering uluit his buirincss was, and that he was taking upon ium the govern- OO'Z CYllOP-EDIA ; OR, mcnt of pTat multitudes of. men, he prepared to hike up his habitation in the greatest city of all that were of note in the world, and this city had as great enmity to him as any city could have to a man. Takinij these things into his consideration, he tlioui^ht himself in want of a gtiard ahout his pcr- bon; and well knowing that men are at no time so much exposed as while they are eating, or drinking, or bathinsi, or upon their bed, or asleep, he exa- mined with himself what sort of people he might have about him, that might be best trusted upon those occasions; and he was of opinion, that no m.an could ever be ti-usted, who should love ano- IbejTi-more than the person vvho Avanted his guard. Those .men, tliereforc, that had sons or v,ives, tliat wet-e agreeable to them, or youths that they v,'ere fond of, he judged to be under a natural necessity of loving them best -And ohservijig that eunuchs- wrere deprived of all these things, he thought that they would have the greatest affection for those that were able to enrich them the most, to redress them in case of any wrong done them, and to bestow ho- nours upon them: and, in his bounty to these peo- ple, he thought that no one could exceed hiniself. Besides ail this, eunuchs, being the object of other men's contempt, are, for this reason, in want of a master to countenance and support them; for thei'e is no man that does not think it his due to assume the upper hand of a eunuch in every thing, unless some superior power control him in it; but no- thing hinders a eunuch from having the upper liand of ail in his fidelity to his master. That eunuchs were destitute of all vigour, which is what most people think; this did not appear to him to be so, and he grounded his argument upon the example of other animals; for vicious horses, when they are cut, give over biting, indeed, and being vicious, but are not at all the less fit for service in war. Anil bulls, that are so served, throw off their insolence THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 303 and untractableness, but they are not deprived of their sti^ength and titiiess for iabour. Dojts, in like manner, that are cut, give over the trick of leaving their masters; but, tor their watciiing, and their use in hunting, they are not at all the -worse. /Vnd njen, in the same manner, become the more gentle by being deprived of this desire; but they are not the less careful of things that are given them in charge, nor are they worse horsemen, nor less able at throwing of the javelin, nor less desirous of honour. And they have made it evident, that, both in war and in hunting, they still preserve emulation in their minds. And, with res})ect to their fidelity, u})on oc- casion of their masters' being destroyed, they have stood the greatest trials; and no men have ever shown greater instances of tidelity in the misfor- tunes of their masters, than eunuchs have done. But, if they may be thought to have lost something of the strength of their bodies, arms, perhaps, may make it up, and put the weak and the strong upon the same level in war. Judging things to be thus, he began from his door-keepers, and made all those that otiicialed about his person to be eunuchs. Eut then being of oj)inion, that this was not a sufficient guard against the great multitude of people that were disa Heeled towards him, he considered mIiouj he should take from amongst all the rest, as the most faithful for his guard around the palace. Observing, therefore, that the Persians, while at houje, Mere those ihat fared the hardest upon the account oi their poverty, and lived in the most laboiious ninimer, becjiuse their country was rocky and barren, and they them- selves forced to work with their own liauils, he thouglit these would be the most pleu.'^ctl wjlh tiuit sort of life that they lived with hini. Out of these, therefore, he took ten thousand lance-nitn, who kept guard, both nigiit and day, round ahout the palace, whilst he kept quiet at home; and, when he SO-t cyrop.t:dia ; or, went abroad, they marched ^ith hin), ranged in or- der on every side of him, Tlien thinking it neces- sary that there -ijhould be a guard sutlicient for the wjiole city, wlieiher he were there present himself, or absent abroad, he estabhshed a sufficient garri- son in Jjabylon, and appointed the Babyhjnians to supply these men likewise with tlieir pay, intending to distress them as much as he couW, that they might be reduced to the lowest condition, and be the most easily managed. This guard, that was tlien established about his own }>erson and in Babylon, continues upon the same foot at this day. Then taking into his consideration how his whole dominion might be maintained, and more might be acquired, he was of opinion, that these mercenaries were not so much better tlian the people subjected, as they were fewer in number. lie determined, tliereforc, tiiat he ouglit to retain those brave men, who had, vvith the assistance of the gods, helped him to his conquest, and to take care that they should not grow remiss in the practice of virtue. And, that he might not seem to order and direct them, but that, as judging of tliemselves what was best, they might persevere in virtue, and cultivate it, he called together the alike-honoured, and all such as v.ere proper, as well as those whom he thought worthy to share with him, both in his la- bours and advantages, and, when they were met, he spoke to this effect: » " Aly friends and allies, we owe the greatest' thanks to the gods, for having granted us tlie things of which we tliought ourselves wortliy; for we are now possessed of a very large and noble country, and of people who, by their labour in the culture of it, will maintain us. We have houses and furni- ture in them; and let none of you imagine that, by this possession, he holds things that are foreign and not belonging to him; for it is a perpetual law ainongst all men, that, when a city is taken from an THE INSTITUTION" OF CYRUS. S05 enemy, both the persons and treasures of the inha- bitants belong to the captors. ^Vhatcver it is, there- fore, that you possess, j^ou do not possess it unjust- ly; but, whatever you suffer them to keep, it is in benignity and love to mankind that you do not take it away. As to the time to come, my judgment is this: if we turn ourselves to a negligent and aban- doned course of life, and to the luxury and pleasure of vicious men, who think labour to be the greatest misery, and a life of ease to be a pleasure, then, I say, we shall presently become of less value in our- selves, and shall presently lose all our advantages. For, to have been once brave men is not sufficient in order to continue brave men, unless one continue careful of one's self to the end. Ikit as all other arts, when neglected, sink in their worth; and, as in the case of our bodies, M'hen in good condition, if we abandon them to a course of laziness and inac- tivity, they become again faulty and deficient; so a discreet temper of mind, temperance, and the com- mand of our passions, and courage, when a man remits the practice of them, from thencefor\vard turn again into vice. We ought not, therefore, to be remiss, nor throw ourselves immediately upon every present pleasure; for I think it a great thing to acquire a dominion, and yet a greater to preserve it when acquired. For, to acquire often befalls a man who contributes nothing towards it but bold- ness in the attempt; but, to preserve an acquisition that one has made, this cannot be done without discretion, nor without the conniiand of one's, pas- sions, nor without much care; and knowing things to be thus, we ought to be much more caretul in the practice of virtue now, than before we made these valuable acquisitions; wt;il knowinii; that, when a man lias most in his posses.si(jn, lie then most abounds in those that envy him, that form designs against him, and that are his encrnics; especially if he hold the possessions and service i; J0(5 cvrop.edia; or, of men, as ^^e Ho, against their wills. The gods, we ougjit to believe, will be with us; for we are not got into an unjust possession oi' these things, by designs and contrivances of our own to get them, but upon designs that have been formed against us, we have revenged ourselves in the pu- nishment of the contrivers. The next best thing, after this, is what Ave must take care to provide our- selves with; and that is, to be better than the peo- ple that are subjected, and to deserve to rule. In heat, therefore, and in cold, in meat and drink, in labours and in rest, we must, of necessity, allow our servants a share. But, while we share with them in these things, >ve should endeavour to appear supe- rior to them in all of them; but, in the knowledge and practice of niilitary atfairs, we are not to allo\r any share at all to such as we intend to have as la-i bourers and tributaries to us, but in all exercises of this kind, we must preserve the ascendant; deter- mining within ourselves that the gods have set these things before men, as the instruments and means of liberty and happiness. And as we have taken arms away from them, so ought we never to be without them ourselves; v cU knowing, that they who have always tlieir arms the nearest at hand, have what they desire the most at their command. If any one suggest to himself such things as these ; as, whati advantage is it to us to effect what we desire, if wei must still bear hunger and thirst, labour and appli-cl cation? This man ought to learn, that good things give so much the more delight, as one takes the more pains' before-hand to attain them. Labour and pains are what give a relish to all good things. Without being in want of a thing, there is nothing that can be acquired, though ever so noble, that can be pleasant. If some divinity have afforded us the things that men most desire; in order to have them appear the pleasantest, every one will make them so to himself. And such a man will have as THE INSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. 307 much the advantage of those that Hve more neces- sitous, as he will get the pleasantest food when he is hungry, enjoy the pleasantest drink when he is thirsty, and, when he wants rest, can take it in the pleasantest manner. Upon all these accounts, I say, we must charge ourselves with the part of brave and excellent men, that we may enjoy our advan- tages in the best manner, and Avith the most plea- sure, and that we may never come to experience the greatest hardship in the \vorld ; for it is not so hard a matter to gain advantages, as it is afflicting to be deprived of them, after one has obtained them.- Consider then what pretence we can have to choose to be worse than before. Is it because we have ob- tained dominion? But it does not become a prince to be more vicious than those that are under his command. Ikit, perhaps, it may be, because we seem to be more prosperous and happy than before. Will any man say then, that vice is to be indulged to prosperity? But, perhaps, since we have acquir- ed slaves, if they are vicious, we will punish tliCm ; and how does it become one, that is vicious himself) to punish others for vice and sloth? Consider this farther, that we are preparing to maintain abun- dance of men, as guards to our houses and persons; and how can it be otherwise than base in us, to think it fit to have others as guards of our own safety, and not to be guards to ourselves? And you ought to be well assured that there is no other guard so se- cure as to be one's self an excellent and Avortliy man. This must keep you company; for, >vith (Jiic that is destitute of virtue, nothing else ought to go well. What then do I say you should do? where practise virtue? where apply to the exercise of it- Nothing new, my friends, will I tell yon : but, a< the alike-honoured among Persians, pass their time about the courts; so, I say, it is our |)art, being all alike-honoured here, to practise the same things that arc practised there. It r.< your part to attend 308 CYROP-f:DiA, Sic, here, kccjiing your eyes upon me, to observe if I continue careful of the things that I ought to be careful of. I will keep my eyes intent upon you, and such as I see practising things good and excel- lent, I will reward. The sons that we have we shall here instruct; we shall be oiu'selves the better by being desirous to show ourselves the best examples to them that we can : and the boys Avill not easily become vicious, not even though they incline to it, when they neither see nor liear any thing that h mean or base, and pass their whole time under ex' cellent institutions." CYROPtEDIA; OR, THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. BOOK VIII. 1 Hus then Cyrus spoke; after him Clirysantas rose and spoke in this manner: "I have fre- quently, at other times, observed, my friends, that a good prince is not at all different from a good fa- ther: for fathers are careful to provide that their children may never come to fail of what is for their advantage; and Cyrus seems now to me, to advise us to such things as will make us pass our days in the most fortunate and happy manner. But, wiuit I think he has been defective in laying open, tliis I will endeavour to exj)lain to those that are not ap- prized of it; for, have you considered what city be- longing to an enemy can ])0ssil)ly be taken by men that are not obedient to command? And what cily, that belongs to those that are friends, can be |)re- served by men that arc not obedient? And what army, consisting of men disobedient and refractory, can be victorious? How can men sooner be defeat- ed in battle, than when every one begins separately to consult their own particular safety? or what other valuable thing can be performed by such as do not submit to the direction of their betters? What cities 310 cyrop.^dia; op, are ihey that are justly and wisely regulated? What are those iamili(^s that preserve themselves in safe- ly ? And how come ships to arrive whither they are bound? By what other means have we obtained the advantages we have, more than by obedience to our commander? By this we have been presently ready at our proper posts; and by following our com- mander in compact order, we have been irresistible; and of things that have been given us in charge, we have left none executed by halves. Therefore, if obedience to command be of the greatest advantage, with respect to the making acquisitions, be you as- sured, that it is, in the same manner, of the greatest advantage with respect to the preserving what is fit for us to preserve. Heretofore we were subject to the commands of many, and commanded none our- selves; but now you are all upon a foot of bearing rule, some over more, and some over less. There- fore, as you desire to rule those that are under you, so let us all submit to those that it becomes us to submit to. AVe ought to distinguish ourselves so far from slaves, as that slaves do service to their mas- ters against their wills; and, if we desire to be free, we ought willingly to }>erform what appears to be most excellent and worthy. You will find," said he, "that where a people are under a government that is not monarchical, and are most ready to pay obedience to their rulers, they are always least lia- ble to the necessity of submitting to their enemies. Let us, therefore, attend about the palace as Cyrus orders; let us practise those things that will best enable us to hold what we ought; and let us yield ourselves to Cyrus, to make use of us in v>hat is proper. For you ought tp be well assured, that i^; is not possible fpr Cyrus to find any thing that he can make an advantage of to himself, and that is not so to us, since the same things are alike ser- viceable to us bothj and we have both the same ^Demies." THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. Sll When Chrysantas had said this, many more, botli Persians and allies, rose up, and spoke to the same effect; and it was determined, that tlie men of note and quality should always attend at Cyrus's doors, and yield themselves to his service, in whatever he thought fit, till he himself dismissed them. And ac- cording as it was then determined, so do thot^e in Asia, that are under the king, do yet at this day : and they attend at the doors of their princes. And as, in this discourse, it is shown how Cyrus esta- bhshed things, in order to secure the dominion to himself and to the Persians; so do the kings, his successors, continue to put the same things in prac- tice as laws to this day. But it is in this, as in other things, when there is a better director, the establish- ed rules are executed more strictly, and, wlien there is a worse, more negligently. The men of note, therefore, frequented the gates of Cyrus v/ith their horses and lances; this being the joint determina- tion of all the best of those that concurred with him in the overthrow of this empire, Cyrus then constituted different officers to take care of different affairs. lie had his receivers of the revenues, his pay-masters, overseers of his works, keepers of his treasures, and officers to provide things that were proper for his table. He appoint" ed, as masters of his horse and of iiis dogs, such as he thought would provide him with the best of these kinds of creatures for his use. But as to tliose, whom he thougiit fit to have as joint guardians of his power and grandeur, he himself took care to have them the best; he (Ud not give tliis in charge to others, but thought it his own business. He knew that in case he were, at any time, obliged to come to a batdc, they that were to stand by liim on each side, and to support him in the rear, were to be taken from amongst lliese; with lliese he was to engage in the greatest dangers: out ^f these Ijo knew he was to constiti4tvJ the conuuunders of hi» 512 CVROPA^.DIA ; OR, several bodies of foot and horse, and if he were in xvant of generals, to serve anywhere in his own ab- sence, out of these he knew they were to be sent. Some of these he knew he vvas. to use as guardians and satraps of cities and whole nations; and some of them were to be sent out as ambassadors; and this he thought a thing of the greatest consequence with respect to the obtaining what he desired with- out a ^^■ar. If they, therefore, that were to be in- trusted Mith the management of most affairs, and of affairs of the greatest consequence, were not such as they should be, he thought matters would go ve- ry ill with him; but if they were such as they should be, he reckoned that affairs would go very well. This being his judgment, he therefore took this care upon him, and he reckoned that he himself was to engage in the same exercise of virtue; for he thought it not possible for one who was not himself such as he should be, to incite others to great and noble actions. Upon these considerations, he thought leisure, in the first place, necessary, if he intended to have it in his power to take care of the principal affairs. He reckoned it therefore impossible for him to be negligent of his revenues; foreseeing that, upon a great dominion, he must of necessity be at a •great expence. But then, on the the other side, his possessions being very great, to be himself always taken up about tliem, he thought, would leave him no leisure to take care of the safety of the vvhole. So taking into his consideration how his economy might be settled upon a good foot, and he, at the same time, might have leisure, he observed the or- der of an army. For as the commanders of tens take care of their several decads; tiie captains, of the commanders of tens ; the commanders of thou- sands, of the captains; the commanders of ten thou- sand, of the commanders of thousands; by which means, no ^ne is left without care, though an army consists of many times ten thousand men; and when THE IXSTITUTIO^r OF CYRUS. S13 a general has any service for the arniv to do, it is enough for him to give his orders to the command- ers of ten thousand; in hke manner as these affairs were regulated, Cyrus accordingly ranged the affairs of his household under certain heads: and thus Cy- rus, by discoursing with a, few people, was enabled to have the affairs of his economy taken care of; and, after this, he had yet more leisure than ano- ther man, who had but a single house or a single ship in charge. Having thus settled his own affairs, he taught others to use the same method, and so procured leisure both for himself and for those about him. He then began to take upon him the business of making his companions in power such as they should be. And, in the lirst place, as many as were able to subsist by the labour of others, and were not at- tending at his doors, these he enquired into; rec- koning, that they who did attend would not be guilty of any base and vile action, both by reason of their being near their prince, and that, in what- ever they did, thcv would be observed by the most excellent men. Tliey that did not attend, he rec- koned absented themsches, cither out of their in- dulgence of some vicious passion, or upon the ac- count of some unjwst practice, or out of negligence. Being first, therefore, convinced of this in his judg- ment, he brought all such men under a necessity of attending. For he ordered some one of those about him, that were his chief friends, to seize what be- longed to the person that ilid not attend, and to de- clare that it belonged to iiimsclf When this was done, they that were dispossessed, iunnechalcly came and complained, as persons that had been wronged. Cyrus, for a great wiiile, was not jit lei- sure to give such men a hearing; and, when he luid heard them, he deterred the decision of the matter a long while. By acting thus, h(; thought he accus- tomed them to make their court, and uilli less ill 314 cvKop.triA; or, will to him than if he himself had forced them to attend, by intlicting punishments upon them. This was one method of instruction that he used, in or- der to make men attend upon him. Another was, to command those thatattended upon such services fis were most easy to execute and most profitable. Another was, never to allow the absent a share in any advantage. But the chief method of all that he used to necessitate men to attend was this, that, in case a man did not yield obedience to these other methods, he then took what he had from him, and gave it to another man that he thought would be able to attend upon the proper occasions. And thus he gained a useful friend, instead of a useless one ; and the present king still makes enquiry whe- ther any one of those be absent whose part it is to attend. In this manner did he carry himself to those that did not attend upon him : but those that afforded him their attendance and service, he thought he should best excite to great and noble actions, if he, being their prince, should endeavour to show him- self to those whom he governed, the most accom- plished of all in virtue; for he thought he observed that men were the better for written laws ; but a good prince, he reckoned, was te men a seeing-law, because he was able both to give directions, to see the man that acted irregularly, and to punish him. This being his judgment, he showed himselt^ in the first place, the more industrious to discharge himself in all dues to the gods, at that time when he was in the most fortunate circumstances : and then were first appointed certain mages to sing a hymn to the gods, always as soon as it was day, and every day to sacrifice to such deities as the mages should direct. And ths establishments that were thus made at that time continue in use with the king, that still succeeds in the government, on to this day. The rest o; the Persians, therefore, were THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 315 the first that followed his example in these tliiuas; reckoning, that the}' should be the more fortunate, if they served the gods as he did, who ^^-as the most fortunate of all, and their prince. And they thought, by doing thus, they should please Cyrus. But Cy- rus accounted the piety of those about him an ad- vantage to himself; reckoning, as they do, who choose to undertake a voyage in company with men of piety, rather than with such as appear to have been guilty of any thing impious. And, besides this, he reckoned that, if all his associates were re- ligious, they would be the less apt to be guilty of any thing impious towards each other, or towards him, who thought himself their benefactor. Then, by showing himself to be" under great concern and fear of doing injury to any friend orally, and keep- ing steadily to the rule of justice, he thought that others would abstain the more from base gains, and would take care tiiat their revenue should arise to them by just methods. And he was of opinion, that he should the better inspire other men with respect and awe, if he himself appeared to pay so great a respect to all, as never to say or do any thing shame- ful and vile: and that it would fall out thus, he grounded liis argument upon this; that not only in the case of a prince, but even of such as men had no fear of, they paid more respect to those tliat be- haved respectfully than they did to the impudent. And such women, as they observed to be modest and respectful, they were the more ready to ptiy I'c- spect to. And he thought that a lemj)er of ol)edi- ence would be the more firmly estal^lished in those about hin;!, if he appeared to bestow greater rewards upon the obedient, than upon those that seemed possessed of the greatest and most elaborate virtues. In this opinion, and in this j)ractice, lie always con- tinued: and then, by showing his own goodness and modesty of temper, he made ail others tlic more ready to practise it; for when men see one, that hu» o 1 o c r M O P .£ D I A ; OR, ft tHO?t ill h.is power to behave with haughtiness and ui>olence, bcliave ^ith this modesty and goodness of teni)>er, then even those of the lowest degree are the more wilhrigto be seen acting without any man- ner of insolence. He distinguished th.Ht respect and awe from this goodness of temper in this manner; that they ^vho were possessed with this awe, avoid- ed things that ■\\ere shameful and vile, \\'hile they were exposed to the eyes of others, but that the modest and good-tempered did it even in the 'dark. He thonglit, likewise, to make men practise a com- mand of their passions best, by showing that he liimself was not drawn away, by present pleasures, from tlie pursuit of good and e?^cellent things; and that he preferred toil and labour in the pursuit of a noble end before all delights. Being, therefore, such a man himself, he established an excellent or- der at his doors; the meaner sort submitting to the better, and all behaving wqth great awe and decency one towards another. You would not see any one there in anger, breaking out into noise and cla- mour, nor expressing an insulting pleasure in inso- terrt laughter. But to see them, you would think that they really lived in the most comely and noble manner. In the practice of such things as these, and with such things always before their eyes, they passed their days at the doors of Cyrus. l]ut then, in order to inure them to the practice of military ah'airs, he led out all those to hunt that he thought proper to exercise in that manner; rec- koning this the best method of practising all such things as relate to v.ar, as well as the truest exercise of the art of riding; for this helps them, the most of any thing, to sit firm on horseback, in all sorts of ground, by means of their pursuing the wild beasts in their flight; and this, the most of any thing, makes them capable of acting on horseback, by means of their love of praise and desire of taking their game. And bv thiL' he chieflv accustomed his associates to THE lySTITUTION OF CYRUS. 51/ gain a command over tlieir passions, and to be able to bear toil, to bear cold and heat, hunger and thirjit. And the king that now reigns, together \\'ith those that are about him, continue still the saui^ practice. It is evident, therefore, by wliat has been belore said, that he thoudit dominion became no one that was not himself better than those whom he goveni- ed; and that by thus exercising these about hin«, lie inured himself, the most of all, to a command of his passions, and to all military arts and exercises. For he led out others abroad to hunt, when there ■was no necessity that obliged him to stay at home; ^nd, when there was any such necessity, he then hunted the beasts that were maintained in his i)arlss. lie never took his supper before he gave himself a sweat, nor did he ever throw food to his horses be- fore they were exercised: and he invited his eu- nuchs abroad with him to this hunting. He himselt^ tlierefore, greatly excelled in all noble perform- ances, and they that were about him likewise did so, by means of their continual exercise. * In this manner he made himself an examj)le to other-. And, besides this, whosoever he saw the most zeal- ous in the pursuit of generous actions, such he re- garded with presents, with connnands, uilh placing them in the principal seats, and with all other ho- nours. So that he raised a mighty emulation amongst all, to try by what means every one migi)C appear to Cyrus the most deser\ ing. And, I think, 1 have likewise heard, c()nccrnin,i» Cyrus, that he was of opinion,' that piincrs ought to excel those that are under their dominion, not only in being better than they, but that they ought likewise to play the impostors with ihenj. 11(^ cho^e, therefore, to wear the Median robe, and j)er.->nadc(l his associates to put it on; for, in case a man luul any thing defective in his person, he thouuht that iliis concealed it, and ujade those that wore it up- 31S cvropxdia; on, pear the handsomest and tlie tallest. And they have a sort of shoe, ^vhere they may fit in something un- der their lect, -sviihout its being seen, so as to make themselves appear taller than they really are. He allowed them also to colour their eyes, that they might seem to have finer ej-es than they really had, and to paint themselves, that they might appear to be of better complexions than they naturally were of. He took care, likewise, to use them not to be seen to spit, or blow the nose, or to turn aside to gaze at any spectacle, as if they were men that ad- mired nothing. And all these things, he thought, contributed something to their appearing the more awfid to the people that were subject to his domi- nion. Those that he thought the proper persons to share, by his OAvn means, in the dominion with him, he disciplined in this manner; and by acting him- self, at the head of them, in the same venerable and majestic way. But those that he managed for servitude, he never encouraged to the practice of ingenious labours, nor allowed them the possession of arms, but took care that they should never go without their meat and drink for the sake of these liberal exercises; for when, with their horse, they drove out the wild beasts into the plains, he allow- ed meat and drink to be carried for the use of these people during the hunt, but not for any of the in- genious. And when he was upon a march, he led them to water as he did the beasts of burden, and when the time for dinner came, he waited till they had eaten something, that they might not be distress- ed with hunger. So that these people, as the better sort likewise did, called him their father, for taking care that, beyond all doubt, they should always continue slaves. Thus he provided for the security of the whole Persian dominion: but he was very confident, that he himself was in no danger of meeting with any THE IJJ'STITUTIOX OF CYRUS. S19 mischief from the people that were conquered, for he reckoned them v.eak and dispirited, and he ob- served them destitute of all order, and, besides, none of them ever came near him by night or day. But such as he reckoned the better sort, that he saw armed and in compact order; some of them com- manders of horse, and some of foot, and many of them that he perceived with spirits equal to rule, that were next to his own guards, and many of whom Mere frequently in company with himself, (for there was a necessity that it should be so, because he was to make use of them,) from these there was the most danger of his receiving mischief many ways. Therefore, taking into his consideration how mat- ters might be made safe for him in this respect, to take away their arms from them, and render them uutit for war, he did not approve, both accounting it unjust, and believing it to be a dissolution of iiis empire. And then again not to aduiit iliem to his presence, and openly to distrust them, he reckoned the beiiinnins and foundation of a war. Instead of all these things, there was one that he determined to be the best for his security, and the handsomest of all, which was, to try if possibly he could make the better sort of men more friends to himself than to one another. , By what means, therefore, it was that, in my opi- nion, he came to be beloved, I will endeavour, to relate. For, first, he constantly at all times dis- played, as much as he could, iiis own good- nature and love to mankind; reckoning tliat, as it is no easy matter for men to love those who seem to hntr. them, or to bear good-will to those that have ill intentions towards them ; so it was not possible for those that were known to love and bear good-will, to be hated by such as thought themselves beloved. Therefore, wllilst he had it not so much in his power to bestow rich benefits upon them, he endeavoured to captivate their atVections, by pjeventijig his com- 3*20 c r R o p -f. D I A ; o k, panioH'^ in care and in pains, by appearing pleased with iheir advanlages, and afflicted at their misfor- linies; but when lie had wherewithal to be bounti- jul to iheni, he seems to nie, to have known, in the lirst place, that tiierc is no benefaction amongst men that is ol" equal expence, and is so grateful as that of sharing meat and d)'ink with them. And, being of this opinion, he iirst regulated his table, so as to have placed before him as many of the same tilings, that lie ate of himself, as were suf- ficient for great numbers of people. And all that w as set l)efore him, except Avhat was used by him- self and iiis guests, he distributed to such of his friends, as lie intended to show that he remembered or had a kindness for. He sent likewise about to such as he happened to be pleased with, whether they were employed upon the guard anyAvhere, or attended to pay their court to him, or were concern- ed in any other affairs. And this he did in order to signify, that they who were desirous to do what wa? pleasing to him, were not be concealed from him. He paid the same honour from his table to his own domestics, when he had a mind to give any of them his commendation. And all the meat that belonged to ills domestics he placed upon his own table, thinking that, as in the case of children, so this would gain him some good-will from them. And if he had a mind that any of his friends should have great numbers of people attend and pay their court to them, he sent them presents from his table. For even yet, at this day, all people make the greater court to such as they observe to have things sent them from off the king's table ; because they reckon them men in great honour and esteem, and that, in case they want any thing to be done, they are able to effect it for them. And, besides, it is not only upon these accounts, that have been mentioned, that the things sent from the king are pleasing, but things that come from the king.^ table do really \erj THE INSTITUTIOX OF CYRTS. 3'2 I much excel in point of pleasure. And that it should be so is not at all to be wondered at ; for, as other arts are wrought up in great cities to a greater de- gree of perfection, in the same manner are the meats that come from the king dressed in greater perfection. For, in litde cities, the same people make botli the frame of a couch, a door, a plough, and a table; and frequently the same person is a builder too, and very well satisfied he is, if he meet with customers enough to maintain him. It is im- possible, therefore, for a man that makes a great many different things, to do them all well. But, in great cities, because there are multitudes that want every particular thing, one art alone is sufficient for the maintenance of every one : and frequently not an entire one neither, but one man makes shoes for men, another for women. Sometimes it happens, that one gets a maintenance by sewing shoes toge- ther, another by cutting them out, one by cutting out clothes only, and another, without doinn; any of these things, is niaintained by Htting togetiier the pieces so cut out. He, therefore, that deals in a business, that lies within a little compass, nuist. of necessity, do it the best. The case is the same with respect to the business of a table, for he that has the same man to cover and adorn the frame of a coucii, to set out the table, to knead the dough, to dress the several different meats, must necessarily, in my opinion, fiire in each particular as it happens. Hut, where it is business enough for one man to i)oil meat, for another to roast it, for one to boil fisi), and for another to broil it, where it is hu.siuess enou«di for one man to make bread, and that not of every sort neither, but that it is enough for iiim to furnish one sort good, each man, in my opinion, must, of necessity, work up the tilings that are tluiK made to a very great perfection. JIc therefore, by this kind of management, greatly exceeded all other people in this sortof courtship, by presents of meal. 325jJ cyropa:dia; or, And how he came likewise to be greatly superior in all other ways of gaining upon men, I will now relate ; tor he that so much exceeded other men in the multitude of his revenues, exceeded them yet more in the multitude of his presents. Cyrus, there- fore, began it; and this custom of making abundance of presents continues, to this day, practised by the kings his successors. Who is tliere that is known to have richer friends than the Persian king has? who is knoAvn to set out the people about him in finer habits than this king does ? whose presents are known to be such as some of those which this king makes? as bracelets and collars, and horses with bridles of gold? for it is not allowed there that any one should have these things, but he that the king gives them to. What other man is there that can be said to make himself be preferred before brothers, fathers, or children, by his great presents? What other man has power to chastise his enemies, that are many months' journey distance from him, as the Persian king has? What other man but Cyrus, after having overturned an empire, ever died, and had the title of father given him by the people he sub- jected? for it is plain that this is the name of one that bestows rather than one that takes away. We have been likewise informed, that he gained those men, that are called the eyes and the ears of the king, by no other means, than by making them presents, and by bestowing honours and rewards upon them; for, by being very bountiful to those that gave him an account of what was proper for him to be informed of, he set abundance of people uj)on the search both with ears and eyes, to find what information they should give the king that might be useful to him. l^pon this the eyes of the king were reckoned to be very numerous, and his ears so too. But if any one think it proper for a king to choose but one person as his eye, he judges not right; for one man would see but few things, THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 3^.^ and one man would hear but few tilings; and, if this were given in charge to one only, it would be as if the rest were ordered to neglect it. 13esides, whoever was known to be this eye, people would know that they were to be upon their guard against him. This then is not the course that is taken; but the king hears every one that says he has heard or seen any thing worthy his attending to. By this means, the ears and eves of the kins are reckoned to be in great number; and people are everywhere afraid of saying any thing to the king's prejudice, as if he himself heard them; and of doing any thing to his prejudice, as if he himself were present. So that no one durst mention any thing scandalous concerning Cyrus to any body; but every one stood so disposed, as if they were always amidst the eyes and ears of the king, whatever company they were in. I know not what cause any one can better assign for such disposition in men towards him, than that he thought fit to bestow great benefits in return of little ones. And it is not to be wondered at, that he, who was the richest of all, exceeded others in the greatness of his presents, but that one possessed of the royal dignity should exceed others in the cul- ture and care of his friends, this is a thing more worthy of notice. He is said never to have apj)eared so much ashamed of being outdone in any thing as in the culture of his friends: and a saying of his is recorded, expressing, "That tiie business of a good herdsman and of a good king, were very near alike; for a herdsman," he said, " ought to provide for liie welfare and happiness of the herd, and make use of them consistently with the happiness of those crea- tures; and that a kincr ought, in the same m;nmer. to make men and cities happy, and, in the sauie manner, to make use of them." It is no wonder, therefore, if this were his sentiment, that he liud an ambition to outdo all in the culture of men. j'2-i CVROP.tDIA; OR, And Cyrus is said to have given this noble in- stance to Croesus, on a certain time, Avhen Croesus suggested to him that, by the nniUilude of presents that he made, he would be a beggar, when it was in his power to lay up at home mighty treasures of gold for the use of one. It is said that Cyrus then asked him thus: " What sums do you think I should now have in possession, if I had been hoard- ing up gold, as you bid me, ever since I have been in power?"* And that Croesus, in reply, named some mighty sum, and that Cyrus to this said, " Well, Croesus, do you send, with Hystaspes here, some person that you have most conhdence in; and do you, Hystaspes,"' said he, "go about to my friends, tell them that I am in want of money for a certain affair, (and, in reality, I am in want of it,) and bid them furnish me with as much as they are each of them able to do; and that, writing it down, and signing it, they deliver the letter to Croesus's officer to bring me." Then wiiting down what he had said, and signing it, he gave it to Hystaspes, to carry it to his friends, but added in the letter to them all, " That they should receive Hystaspes as his friend." After they had gone round, and that Croesus's officer brought the letters, Hystaspes said, " O, Cyrus, my king, you must now make use of me as a rich man, for here do I attend you, abound- ing in presents, that have been made me upon the account of your letter." Cyrus upon this said, " This then is one treasure to me, Croesus, but look over the others, and reckon up what riches there are there ready for me, in case I want for my own use. Croesus, upon calculation, is said to have found many times the sum that he told Cyrus he might now have had in his treasury, if he had hoard- ed. When it appeared to be thus, Cyrus is report- ed to have said, " You see, Croesus, that I have my treasures too, but you bid me hoard them up, to be envied and THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 325 hated for them: you bid me place hired guards up- on them, and in those to put my trust. But I make my friends rich, and reckon them to he treasures to me, and guards both to myseU' and to all things of value that belong to us, and such as are more to be trusted, than if I set up a guard of hirelings. Be- sides, there is another thing that I A\ill tell you: what the gods have wrought into the .souls of men, and by it have made them all equally indigent, this, Cra^sus, I am not able to get the better of; for I am, as others are, insatiably greedy of riches: but I reckon I differ from most others in this; that wlien they have acquired more than is suthcient for them, some of tiiose treasures they bury under ground, and some they let decay and spoil, and others they give themselves a great deal of trouble about, in telling, in measuring, in weighing, airing, and watching them; and though they have all these things at home, dicy neither eat more than they are able to bear, for they avouUI burst, nor do they put on more clothes than they can bear, for they would suffocate, but all their suj)erfiuous treasures they have only for business and trouble. Whereas, I serve the gods, and am ever desirous of more; and, when I have acquired it, out of what I lind to be more than suflices me, I satisfy liie wants of my friends; and, by enriching men with it, and by doing them kindnesses, I gain their good-will and their friendship, and obtain security and glory, things that do not corrupt and spoil, and do not distress one by over-abounding; but glory, the more there is of it, the greater and more noble it is, and the lighter to bear, and those that hear it, it often makes the lighter and easier. And that yon may be sen- sible of this, CVcesus," said he, "they that possess the most, and have most in their rnstody, I do not reckon the happiest men; for then would guards upon the walls be the happiest of all men, for they have tlie custody of all liiat there is in whole cities, M6 ctrop.cdia; ok, but the persons that can acquire the most with jus- tice, and use the most with honour, him do I rec- kon tlie happiest man; and this 1 reckon to be riches." And as he expressed these things, so he apparent- ly practised them. But, besides all this, having ob- served that most men, if they enjoy health, take care to provide themselves with all things fitting, and lay up all things that are of use with respect to a healthy course of life; but how to be supplied with things that are of service, in case they are sick, of this he observed they were not very careful. He therefore thought proper to be at pHins to provide himself vvith these things. He got together the best physi- cians about him, by his being willing to be at the ex- pence of it; and whatever instruments, medicines, meats, or drinks, any one told him to be of use, there was nothi,ng of all these that he did not pro- vide himself with, and treasure up. And when any of those, whom it was proper for him to take care of, fell ill, he went himself to see them, and furnish- ed them with whatever they wanted ; and was thank- ful to the physicians M'henever they cured any one, and took the things which they used from out of w^hat he had in store. These and many such things did he contrive, in order to gain the principal place-^ in the affections of those by whom he desired to be^ beloved. I'iQi^ i3£ Then all those affairs, wherein he appointed' games, and established prizes, with intention to raise' an emulation in men, to perform great and noble^^ things; those gained Cyrus the applause of taking care that virtue should be kept in practice. But these very games created strife and emulation amongst the better sort of men. And, besides, Cy- rus established as a law, that whatever required a determination, whether it were a matter of right, or a dispute relating to games, the parties requiring - such determination should have joint recourse to ' THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 3<27 certain judges. It is plain, therefore, that both the parties at variance aimed at pitchini^; upon such judges as were the best and the most their friends; and he that lost his cause envied him that carried it, and hated those tliat did not give the cause for himself: he tliat carried his cause attributed the suc- cess to the justice of it, so reckoned lie owed nobody thanks. They that aimed at being chief in the friend- ship and esteem of Cyrus, like others in certain ci- ties, bore envy to each other, so that most of them rather wished each other out of the way, than ever acted in concert together for their mutual advan- tage. These things make it evident by what means he made all the considerable men more affectionate to himself than they were to one another. But now we will relate how Cyrus, for the first time, marched in procession out of the palace ; for the majesty of this procession seems to me to have been one of those arts that made his government not liable to contempt. First, therefore, before he made this procession, he called in to him all those, both Persians and others, that were possessed of commands, and distributed to them Median robes : (and it was then that the Persians first put on the !^Iedian robe.) Having distributed these, he told them, that he intended to march in procession to those portions of ground that had been chosen and set apart for the gods, and to make a sacrifice, ac- companied with them. "Attend, therefore," saitl he, "at the gates, before the rising of the sun, adorned with these robes, and form yourselves as Pheraulas the Persian shall give you orders from me. And, when I lead the way, do you lohow on in the station assigned you. But, if any of you think that our procession will be handsomer in any otlirr manner, than as we march at this time, when wc return again, let him inform me; for every thing ought to be so disposed, as shall appear to you to be most beautiful and noble." ^\ hen he had :3'2S cyrop.edia; or, distributed the finest robes to the greatest men, he then produced other robes of the Median sort; for lie had provided them in great numbers, and -was not sparing either in the purple habits, or those of a dark colour, or in the scarlet, or the murry. And having distributed a certain portion of these to each of the commanders, he bid them adorn and set out their friends with them, "as I," said he, "adorn you." And one of those that were present, then asked him, '• But when will you, Cyrus," said he, " be adorned yourself?" To this he replied, "And do not you think," said he, " that I am already adorned in adorning all your No matter," said he, "if I am but able to serve my friends, whatever robe I wear, I shall appear fine in it." So these men, going their ways, and sending for their friends, adorned them with these robes. rioiee^'* Cyrus, taking Phcraulus, one of the inferior de- gree of people, to be a man of good understanding, a lover of what was beautiful and orderly, and care- ful to please him; the same that heretofore spoke for every one's being rewarded according to his de^ sert: and calling this man to him, he advised with him how he might make this paoccssion in a man- ner that might appear the most beautiful to his friends, and most terrible to those that were disaf- fected. And when, upon joint consideration, they both agreed in the same things, he ordered Pherau- lus to take care that the procession should be made, the next morning, in the manner that they had thought proper. " I have ordered," said he, "all to obey you in the disposition and order of this procession. And that they may attend to your or- ders with the more satisfaction, take these coats," said he, " and carry them to the commanders of the guards; give these habits for horsemen to the commanders of the horse; and these other coats to the commanders of the chariots." Upon this he took them and carried them off. When the corns THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 329 nianding oiiicers saw him, they said to him, "You are a great man, Phcraulus, now that you are to order us what we are to do." "No, not only so, by Jove,"' said Phcraulus, " but, it seems, I am to be a baggage-bearer too : therefore I now bring vou these two habits, one of them is for yourself^ the other for somebody else : but do vou take which of them you please." IJe that received the habit, up- on this foriiot his cnvv, and presentlv advised with hun which he should take: then giving his opinion which was the best, he said, "If e\eryou charge me Mitli having given you the choice wlicn I ofti- ciate, another time you shall have me otliciate for you in a different manner." Pheraulus, having made this distribution tinis, as he was ordered, im- mediately applied himself to the atiairs of the pro- cession, that every thing might be settled in the handsomest manner. \Viicn the next day came, all things were in order before day. There were ranks of people standing on each side of the \vay, as they yet stand at this day, where- p,ver the king is to march; and within these ninks, none but men of great diiinity are allowed to come. There were men posted with scourges in their liands, 'ivho scourged any that made disturbance. Tiiere stood tirst before the gates four tlioiisand of liie guards drawn up, four in front: two tiiousand on each side of tlic gates. All the horsemen tliat wcvr there attending, aliglited from llicir hors(^s and with their liands passed througli tiieir robes, as they still pass them at this day wlien the king takes a view of them. The l^ersians stood on the right hand, and the other alhes on the h ll liand of the way. The chariots, in the same manner, stood lialf of "them on each side. When the <;ntcs of tlic |>a- lace were thrown open, fnst there were led certain bulls, very beautiful beasts, four abreast, devoted to Jove, and to such other of the gods as the mages directed, ^^or the Persians are of opinion, that arfr 330 CVROPitDlA; OR, ists ought to be made use of in divine affairs much more tlian in otliers. Next to the bulls, there were horses led for a sacrifice to the Sun. After these proceeded a white chariot, with its perch of gold, adorned with a crown, or wreath, around it, and sacred to Jove. After this a white chariot, sacred to the Sun, and adorned with a crown, as that be- fore. After this proceeded a third chariot, with its horsG«i adorned with scarlet coverings; and behind it followed men that bore lire upon a large altar. After these Cyrus himself appeared, Avithout the gates, with a turban on, that was raised high above his head, with a vest of a purple colour, half mixed with white, (and this mixture of white none else is allowed to wear:) about his legs he had a sort of stockings of a yellow colour, a robe wholly purple, and about his turban a diadem or wreath. (His relations had likewise this mark of distinction, and they have it still to this day.) And his hands he kept out of their coverings. By him rode his driver, a tall man, but less than himself; whether it really was so, or whether by some means or other, it so fell out, Cyrus appeared much the taller. All the people, at the sight of him, paid their adoration, either because some people were before appointed to begin it, or because they Mere struck with the pomp and solemnity, and thought that Cyrus ap- ; peared exceedingly tall and beautiful; but no Per- • sian ever paid Cyrus adoration before. When the chariot of Cyrus advanced, four thousand of the guards led the way before, two thousand of them attended on each side of it. And the staff-officers about his person, being on horseback, finely clothed, with javelins in their hands, to the number of about three hundred, followed after. Then were led the horses that were maintained for Cyrus himself, with their bridles of gold; and thrown over with cover- ings wrought with a raised work in stripes, and these were about two hundred. After these marched two THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 331 thousand spear-men. After these the first-formed body of horse, ten thousand in number, ranged a hundred every way by Chrysantas. After these ano- ther body often thousand Persian horse, ranged in the same manner, led by Hystaspes. After these another body of ten thousand, in the same manner, led by Datarnas. After these, anotlier led by Ga- datas. After these marched the INledian horse ; af- ter these the Armenian horse; then the liyrcanian; then the Caducian; then the Sacian. And after the horse went the chariots, ranged four abreast, and led by the Persian Artabates. As he marched along, abundance of people, with- out the ranks, followed by the side, petitioning Cy- rus, one about one affair, and another about ai>o- then Sending, therefore, to them some of the staff- officers, Avho attended his chariot, three on each side, for this very purpose of delivering messages, he bid them tell them, "That if any of tlieui want- ed him upon any business, they should acquaint some of the chief officers under him with what tlicy wanted, and they," he said, "would tell him." These people, going their ways, immediately went to the horsemen, and consulted who they sliould each of them apply to. But those of his friends, that Cyrus had a mind to have the greatest court and applica- tion made to, these he sent somebody to, and called them severally to him, and spoke to them in this manner: " If any of these men that follow by my side acquaint you with anything, do not give atten- tion to any one that you think says nothing to the purpose; but wlioever desires what is just, give mo an account of it, that we may consult together, and effect their business for them." Otiiers, when they were called n])on, riding up with tlu? nlmost (h's- patch, obeycfl, contributing to the su|)|)ort of Cy- rus's empire, and showing their own re iidim--'^ to obey. But there was one l)ai|)hain(s, a man of ^bsurd and uncouth manners, m ho thought that, by 532 cyrop.t:dia; or, not paying obedience with such dispatcii, he should appear a man of more dignity and IVeedoni. As soon, therefore, as Cyrus perceived this before the man came up so near as that he might s|)cak to him, he sent one of his slaff-ofiicers, and bid him tell him, that he had now no longer any need of him, and he never sent for him afterwards. But there was one who was sent to later, wlio rode up to him sooner than he; and to this man Cyrus gave one of the horses that followed in his train, and or- dered one of the staff- officers to conduct the horse for him wherever he should order. This appeared, to those that saw it, to be a very great honour; and after this many more people made their court to this man. When they came to the sacred inclosures, they sacrihced to Jove, and burnt the bulls entirely. Then they sacrificed to the Sun, and burnt the horses entirely ; then killing certain victims to the Earth, they did as the mages directed. Then they sacri- iiced to the Heroes, guardians of Syria. After this, the country thereabouts being very fine, he appointed a certain limited piece of ground, of about five stades, and bid tliem, nation by na- tion, put tljeir horses to their speed. He himself rode the race w ith the Persians, and gained the vie<- tory, for he Avas extremely well practised in horse^- manship. Amongst the Medcs, Artabates got the victory, for Cyrus had given him a horse. Amongst the Syrians, their chief got the victory. Amongst the Armenians, Tygranes. Amongst the Hyrcanians, the son of the commander of their horse. And amongst the Sacians, a private man, with his horse, left the other beiiind by almost half the course. And, upon this occasion, Cyrus is said to have asked the young man, if he would accept of a king- dom in exchange for his horse? and the young man is .said to have replied thus: "A kingdom I would nut accept for hiui, but I avouM consent to oblige a THE lySTITUTTON' OF CYRUS. 33^ worthy man with him."" Tlien Cvriis saiJ, "Come, I will show you where you may throw hlindtbk), and not miss a worthy man."' " By all means then," said the Sacian, taking up a clod, "show mo where I may throw with this clod." 'J'hen Cyrus shoMCil him a place where a great many of his friends were, and the man, shutting his eyes, threw his clod, and hit Pheraulus as he was riding by; for Pheraulus happened to be carrying some orders from Cyrus, and, when he was struck, he did not turn aside, but ■went on upon the business that was ordered him. The Sacian then looking up, asked, " Whom he had hit?" "None, by Jove," said he, " of those tiiat are present.'" "But sure," said the young man, "it was none of those that arc absent," " Ves, l)y Jove," said Cyrus, "you hit that man that rides hastily on there by the chariots." " And how came he not to turn back?" said he. Then Cvrus said, " VVliy, in probability, it is some madman." The young man, hearing this, went to see who it was, and found Piieraulus with his chin all over dirt and blood, for the blood gushed from his nose u|)on the stroke that he received. M hen he came up with him, he asked him, " Whether he had received a blow?" He answered, " Yes, as you see." "'J'hcn," said he, " I make you a present of this horse." He then asked, " For what?" and upon this the Sacian gave him a relation of the things; and, in conclu- sion, said, " And I believe I have not missed of a worthy man." Pheraulas then said, " JUit if you had been wise, you had given it to a richer man than I; but I now accept it, and beseech the gcnls, who have made me the receiver of this blow irom you, to grant that 1 may behave so as to make you not repent your present to me. Now,'" said he, *' do you mount my horse, and ride olf u|iou him, and I will be with you presently." Thus they parted. Amongst the Caducians, lialhonices i^ained th** 334 CYROPJEmA; on, victory. He likewise put their chariots severally to the trial of their speed; and to the victors he gave oxen, that they might sacriiice and feast, and he gave them cups. He himself look the ox that was his prize, but his share of the cups he gave to Pheraulas, because he thought that he had directed the procession from the palace in a very handsome mannei'. This method of procession, then settled by Cy- rus, continues still in use with the king this day, ex- cepting only, that the victims make no part of it when he does not sacriiice. When all \\as at an end, they returned again to the city, and they that had houses given them, quartered in their houses, and they that had not, in their ranks. But Pheraulas, inviting the Sacian that presented him with the horse, gave him an entertainment; he furnished him with all other things in abundance. And after they had supped, he filled him the cups, that he had received from Cyrus, drank to him, and made him a present of them. But the Sacian ob- serving a great many fine carpets and coverlets, a great deal of fine furniture, and abundance of do- mestics, "Tell me," said he, ''Pheraulas, were you one of the rich when you were at home?" " How rich do you mean?" said Pheraulas, " I was one of those that lived directly by the work of their own hands; for my father, maintaininghimself very poor- ly by his own labour, bred me up under the disci-^ pline of the boys ; but, when I became a youth, not being able to maintain me idle, he took me into the country, and ordered me to work. Here did I main- tain him whilst he lived, digging and planting, with my own hands, a little piece of land, that was not an ungrateful one, but the justest in the world; for the seed that it received it returned me justly and handsomely again, with an overplus that indeed was not very abundant; but sometimes, out of its generositv, returned me double of what it received. THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 355 Thus then I lived at home : but now, all these things that you see, Cyrus has given nie." Then the Sacian said, " O, happy are you in other re- spects, asAvell as in this; that, from being poor be- fore, you are now become ricli ! For I am of opinion, that you grow ricli Mith the more pleasure, as you come to be possessed of riches, after having thirsted for them before." Pheraulas then said, "And do you think, Sacian, that I live with the more plea- sure the more I possess? Do not you know," said he, "that I neither eat, nor drink, nor sleep with one jot more pleasure now than when I was poor? But, by all this abundance, thus much I gain: that I am to guard more, to distribute more to others, and to have the trouble of taking care of more: for a great many domestics now demand their food of me, their drink, and their clothes; some are in want of physicians; one comes and brings me sheep, that have been torn to pieces by wolves, or oxen killed by falling from a precipice, or tells me of a distem- per got amongst the cattle: so that I tliink," said Pheralaus, "by possessing abundance, I have now more afflictions than I had before by having but little." "But, by Jove, "said the Sacian, "when all is well, and you are able to cast your eyes around upon numerous possessions, you are certainly much better pleased than I am." Pheraulas then said, " Sacian, it is not so pleasant to i)ossess riches, as it is afflicting to lose them; and you will find that what 1 say is true; for there are none of those thai j)Ossess riches, that are forced from the enjoyment of rest, by tlie i)leasure which they alVord; hut ol those that lose them, you will se(^ none lliatare able to sleep, because of the concern it gives them." " By .Jove," said the Sacian, "nor will yon sec any of those fall asleep, that at first oht-.iin them, be- cause of the pleasure it gives tlicm. " " ^ ou say true," said he, "for, if tiie possessing them was as pleasant as the obtaining them, the rich would very 336 CYiiOP^-j-uiA ; ok, umch exceed tlicpoor in happiness. But then, Sa- cian," said he, " he that possesses abundance must, of necessity, expend abundance, both upon the gods, upon his friends, and upon strangers. Whoever, therefore, is greatly pleased with the possession of riches, be assured will be greatly afflicted at the ex- pence of them." " By Jove," said the Sacian, '' I am not one of those, but I take it to be a happiness for a man to have abundance, and to expend abun- dance." "Why then," said Pheraulas, "in the name of all the gods, are not you, this instant, that happy man, to make me so at the same time r For do you take })ossession of all these things, and use them as you please; maintain me only as a stranger? or yet more sparingly than a stranger; for it shall be enough for me to share with you in what you have." "You jest," said the Sacian. Pheraulas then asserted, with an oath, that he spoke in ear- nest. "And I'll gain you, Sacian, something farther from Cyrus; and that is, that you shall not be obliged to attend at his doors, nor to engage in mi- litary service, but you shall stay at home, abounding in riches. And those other affairs I will perform for you and for myself; and, if I get any thing va- luable by my attendance upon Cyrus, or by any military expedition, I will bring it to you, that you may still have the command of more; do you," said he, " but free me from this care: for, if I can be at leisure from these affairs, I think that you will be of very great use both to me and to Cyrus." Having thus discoursed, they settled these affairs, and put them in practice. The one thought him- self made a happy man, by having the command of great riches, and the other reckoned himself the most fortunate man in the world, in having a stewnx ard, who afforded him leisure to do what was agree- able to him. Pheraulas was, in his temper, extreme- ly kind and friendly to his acquaintance; and no care or culture bestowed upon any thing, appeared THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 337 SO pleasing to him, or so profitable, as that bestow- ed upon men; for man, he thought, was, of all otiier creatures, the best and the most grateful ; because he observed of men, that, when they were com- mended by any one, they were zealous in their re- turns of praise; that they used their endeavours to do kindnesses to those that had done kindnesses to them; that they were kindly affected to those whom they know to be kindly affected to them ; and those who they knew had a love for them, they could not possibly hate; and that, of all other creatures, they were the most inclined to make their parents all re- turns of respect and service, both while living and when dead. And all other animals he reckoned more ungrateful and more ill-natured than man. This Pheraulas was much delighted, that, by being freed from the care of other possessions, he should be at leisure to mind his friends. And the Sacian ■was delighted, because he was to have the posses- sion of abundance, and was to spend al)undance. The Sacian loved Pheraulas, because he was always bringing him something; and Pheraulas losed the Sacian, because he was willing to take all; and though'fie charged himself with the care of still more and more, yet he gave him never the more trouble. Thus did these men live. Cyrus having sacrificed, and making an enter- tainment with the prize of his victory, invited those of his friends, that appeared the most desirous to increase his power, and that paid him honour in the most affectionate manner; and with them he invit- ed Artabazus the Mede, Tygranes the Armenian, the Hyrcanian commander of horse, and Ciohrias. Gadatas was the commander of his eunuchs; and all the management within doors was j^ettlcd us he thought fit to regulate it. When there were any that supped with him, Gadatas did not sit down, but minded the- business; but when there was no company, h« then supped with him; lor he wui- Y 33S cvropxdta; or, pleased with his conversation; and, in return, lie t\as presented ^vith many igjreat and noble things, both by Cyrus himselt", antl by many others upon Cyrus's account. '-.oAs the persons that were invited to supper came, he did not place every one as it happened by chance to fall ont, but the man that he most esteemed, he }>laced upon his left hand, as if this side were more exposed to dangerous designs than the right. The next in iiis esteem he [)laced upon his right hand; the third again upon his left, and the fourth upon his right; and, if there were more, he Avent on with them in the same manner. He thought it of service to make it evident how far he esteemed every one ; because, where men think, that he who excels others, is not to have his praises published, nor to receive his rewards; there, it is plain, they have no emulation to each other: but where he that excels has the advantage, there they appear to struggle with tJie utmost zeal. Thus Cyrus made those known that were chief in his esteem; becrinning first ^•v ith their place, as they sat, and as they stood by him. Yet this privilege of place, in sittin,<^^ he did uot make i)erpetual, but made it a rule, thtft a man might advance, by noble actions, to the more ho- nourable seat; and, if he grew neghgent and remiss, might sink down to the less honourable. xVnd if he that was possessed of the principal seat, did not apf- pear to have received the greatest number of valu- able tilings at his hands, he was ashamed. And these things, that were practised in the time of Cyp- rus, I perceive continue still thus to this day.q bna When they had supj)ed, it did not appear at &11 Monderful to Gobrias, that a man, who had. the couunand of many, should have every thing in great abundance; but that Cyrus, who had performed such great things, if he thought that he had got auy thing that was delicate, should nerer spend it hini^ self alone, but give himself trouble in desiring his THE INSTITUTION OF CYrxUS. 339 friends that were present to share it; this he thought wonderful, and frequently he saw him send to some of his absent friends, things that he happened to be pleased with himself. So that when they had sup- ped, and Cyrus, by presents to several, had cleared his table of all that plenty that was upon it; then Gobrias said, " Before, Cyrus, I thought that you most excelled the rest of men, in being the most able in the command of an army; but now, I swear by the gods, that you excel more in benignity and love to mankind, than in military conduct." "And, by Jove," said Cyrus, " it is much more agreeable to show acts of love to men, than acts of skill in the conduct of an army." "How so?" said Gol)rias. "Because these," said he, "must be shown by doing mischief to men, and those by doing thcni good." After this, when they had drank a little, Ilystas- pes put this question to Cyrus: " A\'ould you be of- fended, Cyrus," said he, " if I should ask you some- thing that I am desirous to know from you?" " By the gods," said he, "quite the contrary; I should be offended, if I perceived that you retained what you had a mind to ask me." "Tell me then," said he, "wiienyou have called me, did I ever relusc to eome?" "Pray, be quiet," said Cyrus. "Or iHd I ever obey your summons slowly?" "No, nor this neither." " Have I ever neglected to do what you have ordered me?" "I don't lay it to your charge," said he. "And, in what I have done, can you accuse me of not liaving done it with alacrity and pleasure?" "This," said Cyrus, "the least of all." "In the name of all the gods, then, Cyrus," said he, "by what means is it, that Chrysanlas has prevailed upon you so as to be i)luced before ine in the more honourable seat?" "Shall 1 tell you?" said Cyrus. " By all iDcans," Said he. "And will not you be offended with me when yon hear the truth?" "No, 1 shall be pleased," said he, " if 1 340 CYROPiCDIA; OR, find that I am not wronged." ''Then," said he, *' Chrysantas here, in the first place, never waited my call, but, before he was called, was ready at hand for our service : and then, not only what he was ordered, but whatever he himself thought best for us to be done, that he did. When it was neces- sary to say any thing to our allies, he advised me what he thought was becoming and proper for me to say: and Avhat he perceived I was desirous that our allies should know, but was ashamed to say of myself, this he spoke, as if he were declaring his own opinion. So that, in these matters, what hin- ders him from being reckoned of more use to me, even than myself? As to himself, he always says that the things he has are sufficient for him: but it appears evidently, that he is always looking out for what it may be of service for me to have : and, with the advantages that befal me, he is more delighted and pleased than myself" To this Hystaspes said, *'By Here, Cyrus, I am pleased that I have asked you these things." "And why.?" said he. "Be- cause I will endeavour too to practise them. One thing only there is," said he, *' that I do not know; and that is, how to make it evident that I rejoice at your advantages, whether 1 must clap my hands, or laugh, or what I must do?" Artabazus to this said, "You must dance the Persian dance." And at this they laughed. As the entertainment went on, Cyrus put this question to Gobrias: "Tell me," said he, " Go- brias, do you think that you should give your daugh- ter to one of these that are here, with more satis- faction now than when at first you became acquaint- ed with us?" "And must I'^tell the truth then?" said Gobrias. " Yes, by Jove," said Cyrus, " since no question requires falsehood in answer to it." " Be assured then," said he, " that I should do it with much more satisfaction now." " And can you give," said Cyrus, "a reason why?" "I can." THE INSTITUTIOX OF CYRUS. 541 *' Give it me then." " Because, at that time, I say, these men bear toils and dangers with alacrity; but now I see them bear prosperity with discretion and good temper. And to me, Cyrus, it appears more difficult to find a man that bears prosperity well, than one that bears adversity well ; for {)rosi)erity inspires most men with pride and insolence, but ad- versity gives discretion and modesty of temper to all." Then Cyrus said, "Do you hear, Hystaspes, this saying of Gobrias? " " Yes, by Jove," said he, "^'I do; and, if he pronounce many such, he shall much sooner have me for a suitor to his daughter, than if he showed me abundance of cups of great value." "Truly," said Gobrias, "I have a great many such written down; and I will not grudge them to you, if you have my daughter for a wife : but my cups," said he, "since you seem to disUke them, I don't know but I will give to Chrysantas here, especially since he has run away with your seat." "Well," said Cyrus, "if you, Hystaspes, and jthe rest that are here present, will acquaint me when any of you are endeavouring after a wife, you will then know how good an assistant I shall be to you." Gobrias then said, " But if one has a mind to dispose of a daughter, who must one tell it to?" ^"This," said Cyrus, "must be told to me too; for 'i 'am a notable man in this art." "What art?" said Chrysantas. "Why, in knouine, yet it is manifest that tliis" is the quiekest way of travelling for men. Besides, it is of use to have early intelligence of every thing, that immediate provision may be made. At the conclusion of the 3'ear, Cyrus assembled his army together at Babylon, which is said to have consisted of one hundred and twenty thousand iiorsie, two thousand chariots armed with scythe?, arid sixty thousand foot. And, having prepared them for it, he undertook that expedition, in which he is reported to have subdued all those nations which lie from the entrance into Syria as far as the Red Sea. His next expedition is said to have bceii against Egypt, which he also subdued. Tiu.'n C\- niV-s empire was bounded to the east by the Ked Sea;- to the north by the Kuxine Sea, to the we^i by Cyprus and Egypt, to the south by Elliiopia. The extremities?; of which countries are difhcult to inha- hit, some of them from excess of heat, some of tlieui from excess of cold, some from too great abun- dance of water, others irom a scarcity of water. <3yruR, residing in the centre of these countries, spent the seven winter months at Babylon, because that climate is warm, the three spring months iif Susa, and the two summer months at I'.cbalan. By which means he is said to have enjoyed a perju-iuid spring, with respect to heat and cold. And nun stood so affected towards him, that every naticm thought they did themselves an injury if lliey did not send Cyrus the mo4" 356 C Y R.O P -L D I A i OK their, country, whether they were the fruits of the ?arth, or creatures bred there, or manufactures of their own: and every city did the same. And every private man thought himself rich, if he could oblige Cyrus; for as Cyrus accepted from each of what they possessed in abundance, so, in return, he distributed to them »hat he observed they were in want of. , vaty h . .' ~After he had thus spent some considerable time, Cyrus, now in a very advanced age, takes a jour- ney into Persia, .whjdi was the seventh from the ac- quisition of his empire, when his father and mother had probably been for some time dead. C^rus made.the usiial sacrifices,, and danced the Persian dance, according to the custom of his country, and distributed to every one presents, as usual. Then, being asleep in the roj'al palace, he had the follow- ing dream. There seemed to advance towards him a person, with a more than human majesty in his air and countenance, and to say to him, "Cyrus, prepare yourself, for you are now going to the gods!"' After this appearance in his dream, he awaked, and seemed assured that his end drew near. Therefore, taking along with him the victims, he sacrificed, on the summit of a mountain, (as is the custom in Persia) to Jove Paternal, the Sun, and the rest of the gods, accompanying the s^gj^- fices with this prayer: . -, ,> "O Jove Paternal, Sun, and all ye gods! receive these sacrifices, as the completion of many worthy and handsome actions; and as grateful acknow- ledgments for having signified to me, both by the victims, by celestial signs, by birds, and by omens, what became me to do, and not to do. And I abundantly return you thanks, that I have been sensible of your care and protection ; and that, in the course of my prosperity, I never was Exalted above what became a man. I implore you now to THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 35/ bestow all happiness on my children, my wife, my friends, and my country; and for myself, that I may die as I have always lived." When he had finished his sacrifices and prayer, he returned home, and finding himself disposed to be quiet, he lay down. At a certain hour proper persons attended, and offered him to wash. He told them that he had rested very well. Then, at another hour, proper officers brought him his sup- per, but Cyrus had no appetite to eat, but seemed thirsty, and drank with pleasure. And continuing thus the second and tliird days, he sent for his sons, who, as it happened, had attended their father, and were then in Persia. He summoned likewise his friends, and the magistrates of Persia. ^V'hen they were all met, he began in tliis manner: " " Children, and all you, my friends, here present, the conclusion of my life is now at hand, which I certainly know from many symptoms. Vou ought, when I am dead, to act and speak of me, in every thing, as a happy man. For, when I was a child, I seemed to have received advantage from what is esteemed worthy and handsome in children; so like- wise, when I was a youth, from wliat is esteemed so in young men; so, when I came to be a man, from #hat is esteemed worthy and handsome in men. And I have always seemed to observe myself in- crease with time in strength and vigour, so that I have not found myself weaker or more infirm in my old age than in my youth. Neither do I kngw that I have desired or undertaken any thing in which I have not succeeded. By my means, my friends have been made happy, and my enemies enslaved: and my country, at first inconsiderable in Asia, I leave in great reputation and honour. Neither do- I, know that I have not jircservcd whatever I ac- (^ired. And though, in time pa.st, all things have succeeded according to my wishes, yt't an appre-- hension lest, in process of lime, 1 should sec, hear, 5j8 c y u px D I A ; .o ir, or suffer some difTicultv, has not let me be too much elated, or too extravagantly delighted. Now^ it' I die, I leave you, children, behind me, (whom the gods have given me,) and I leave my country and my friends happy. Ought not I, therefore, in justice, to be always remembered, and mentioned as fortunate and happy? I must likewise declare to whom I leave my kingdom, lest that, being doubt- ful, should hereafter raise dissensions among you. Now, children, I bear an equal affection to yoir both; but I direct, that the elder should have the advising and conducting of affairs, as his age re- quires it, and, it is probable, he has more expe- rience. And as I have been instructed by my coun- try and yours, to give place to those elder than my- self, not only brothers, but fellow citizens, both irr walking, sitting, and speaking; so have I instructed you, fr&m your youth, to show a regard to \'our. el- ders, and to receive the like from such as were.in-^ ferior to you in age: receive then this disposition' as ancient, customary, and legal. Do you, there- fore, Cambyses, hold the kingdon>, as allotted you by the gods, a!hd by me, so far as it is in my power. To you, Tanoaxares, I bequeath the satrapy of the iVIedes, Armenians, and Cadusians; which,^ when I allot you, I think, I leave your elder brother a,:lii^'- ger empire, and the title of ajiingdom, but to you a happiness freer from care and vexation. For I don't see what human satisfaction. you can need: but you will enjoy w hatever appears agreeable and ple^^ing to men. An affection for such things as are difficult to execute, a multitude of pains, and an impossibility of being quiet, anxiety from an emulation of my actions, forming designs yourselt) and having designs formed against you; these are things which, must more necessarily attend a king, than one in your statio_nf and, be assured, these give many interruptions to pleasure and satisfac- .tioiL Knowv therefore, Cambyses, that it is not THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. "3.>9 tiie golden sceptre which can preserve your king- dom, but faithful friends are a prince's truest and securest sceptre. But don't iniaaiine that men -arfc naturally faithful; (for tiien they would appear so to all, as other natural endowments do) but ev6ry one must render others faithful to himself: and ihey are not to be procured by violence, but rather by kindness and beneficence. If, therefore, you would constitute other joint guardians with you of your kingdom, whom can you better begin with than him "vvho is of the same blood with yourself? and fel- low citizens are nearer to us than strangers, and those who live and eat with us, than those that do not. And those who have tlie same origiual, ivho have been nourished by the same mother, and growli up in the same house, and beloved by the sanie pa- rents, and who call upon the same iathcr and mo- ther, are not they, of all others, the nearest tons? Don't you, therefore, render tliose advantages fruit- less, by which the gods unite brothers in atfiuity and relation; but, to those advantages, add other friend- ly offices, and, by that menus, your friendship will be reciprocally solid and lasting. I'he taking can- of a brother is providing for one's self To whom can the advancement of a brother be equally ho- nourable, as to a brother? Who can show a regard to a great and powerful man equal to his brutiier- M'ho will fenr to injure another, so much as iiim whose brother is in an exalted station"' He, thcrc- forCj second to none in submission and good wjll to your brother, since no one can be so particularly serviceable or injurious to you. And I would hav<' you consider, how you can hope ibr greater advan- tages by obliging any one so much as him' (Jr whom can you assist that will be so powerfid un ally in war? Or what is more inlamous than want of friendbhip between brothers? Who, of all nun, can we so handsomely pay regard to as to a bro- ther"^ In a word, Cambyscs, your brother is the S66 CYROP.tDIA; OR, only one you can advance next to your person, \vithout the envy of others. Therefore, in the name of the gods, children, have regard for one another, if you are careful to do what is acceptable to me. For you ought not to imagine, you certainly know, that, after I have closed this period of human life, I shall no longer exist: for neither do you now see my soul, but you conclude, from its operations, that it does exist. And have not you observed what ter- rors and apprehensions murderers are inspired with, by those who have suffered violence from them? AVhat racks and torture do they convey to the guilty? Or how do you think honours should have conti- nued to be paid to the deceased, if their souls were destitute of all power and virtue? No, children, I can never be persuaded that the soul lives no longer than it dwells in this mortal body, and that it dies on its separation ; for I see that the soul communi- cates vigour and motion to mortal bodies, during its continuance in them. Neither can I be per- suaded, that the soul is divested of intelligence, on its separation from this gross, senseless body: but it is probable that, when the soul is separated, it becomes pure and entire, and is then more intelli- gent. It is evident that, on man's dissolution, every part of him returns to what is of the same nature w'ith itself, except the soul ; that alone is invisible, both during its presence here and, at its departure. And you may have observed, that nothing resem- bles death so much as sleep; but then it is that the human soul appears most divine, and has a pro- spect of futurity; for then, it is probable, the soul is most free and independent. If, therefore, things are as I think, and that the soul leaves the body, havinjT; regard to my. soul, comply with my request. But, if it be otherwise, and that the soul, continuing in the body, perishes with it, let nothing appear in your thoughts or actions criminal or impious, for fear of the gods, who •are eternal, wliose poAver and THE INSTITUTION' 5r CYRUS. S^l inspection extend over all things, "and who presen'^c tlie harmony and order of the -universe free froifi decay or detect, whose greatness and beauty is in- explicable! Next to the gods, have regard to the whole race of mankind, in perpetual succession: for the gods have not concealed you in obscurity, but there is a necessity your actions should be co!i- spicuous to the world. If :^a^ are virtuous, and free from injustice, they will give you power and interest in all men; but if you project what is un- just against each other, no man will trust you; for no one can place a confidence in you, though his inclination to it be ever so great, when he sees you unjust, where it most becomes you to be a friend. If, therefore, I have not rightly instructed you what you ought to be to one another, learn it from those who lived before our time, tor thatwili be the best lesson. For there are many who have lived affec- tionate parents to their children, and friends to their brothers; and some there are who have acfed' tlic opposite part towards each other: whichsoever -of these you shall observe to have been most advan- tageous, you will do well in giving it the preference in your choice. But, perhaps, this is sufficient ^s to these matters. When I am dead, children, do not inshrine my body in gold, nor in silver, nor any thing else; but lay it in the earth as soon as possi- ble; for what can be more happy than to mix with the earth) which gives birth and nourishment to all things excellent and good? And, as I have always hitherto borne an afl'ection to men, so it is now most plea'iing to me to incorporate with that which is be- neficial to men. Now," said he, "it seems to mo, that my soul is beginning to leave me, in the sanio manner as it is probable it begins its departure with others. If, therefore, any of you are desirous of touching my right hand, or willing to see my face, while it has life, come near to me. I-or, when I shall have covered it, I request of you, children, that 562 crROPA^.DiA; or, neither yourselves, nor any others would look up- on my body. Summon all the Persians, and their alHes, before my tomb, to rejoice for me; that I siiall be then out of danger of suffering any evil, whether I shall be with the Deity, or shall be re- duced to nothing. As many as come, do you dis- miss with all those favours that are thought proper for a happy man. And," said he, " remember this, as my last and dying words. If you do kindnesses to your friends, you will be able to injure your ene- mies. Farewell, dear children, and tell this to your mother as from me. And all you, my friends, both such of you as are here present, and the rest who are absent — farewell! " Having said this, and ta- ken ever}'^ one by the right hand, he covered him- self, and thus expired. ^. That Cyrus's empire was the noblest audi most extensive in Asia, is even confirmed bv itself. ' It was terminated to the east by the Red Sea, to the north by the Euxine Sea, to the west by Cyprus and Egypt, to the south by Ethiopia; and, though of such an extent, was governed by the single will of Cyrus. And, to those who were subject to him, he showed all kindness and regard, as to children, and they paid Cyrus duty and respect, as to a father. Immediately on Cyrus's death, his sons fell into dissension; cities and nations revolted, every thing tended to ruin. To show that what I assert is truth, I will begin by things divine. I know that, in the early times of their institu- tion, the king, and those that were subject to him, were reliijious observers of their oaths, and steady to their promises, even to the most criminal. If they had not been so, and that opinion of them had prevailed, no one would have trusted them; as, at this time, no one will, since their impiety is noto- rious: neither had the commanders of the army, in the expedition with Cyrus, put the confidence in them they did ; but, relying on the ancient opinion THE lySTITUTIO.X 0.P. CYRUS. ■ 3()3 Qf tiieir laithj they delivered. theinselMes. into, their hands, and, being brought to the king/, had .their lieads cut off. And many barbarians, in Uiat expe- dition, perisiied, in different ways, by.their tj;eac)^eryr and deceit. "..,, ^,, ^ ^odHfi--r M ith respect, likewise, to these, things, tKey are now degenerated from . what they were.. 1 or, . in Ml\e'}v primitive institution, if any one hazarded him- self for his kingy or subdued any city or nation, or performed any great or excellent action, he had ho- nours co.uferred upon him. Now, if any one, as !Mithridates did Ariobarsanes, betrays his fatiier, and as Leomithres his wife and children, and his friend's children, left as hostages in Egypt, in vio- lation of the most solemn oaths and engagements, he is esteemed to have done what is profitable to his prince, and is loaded with the highest honours. " The Asiatics, being spectators of these thhigs, are theinseLves sunk into impiety and injustice. For governments always resemble their governors, and tlie, prosperity or declension, the vigour or decay of all states, is derived from tiie virtues and vices, the abilities or weakness of tiieir rulers/' For this rea- son, they are more unjust now than they were for- ipedy. They are likewise more corrupt with respect to riches; for they do not only imprison such as are highly criminal, but the innocent; and, contrary to justice, enforce the payment of their arbitrary ijnpositions. So that they who have great estates are under the same apprehensions as tliose that arc involved in great crimes: for this reason, they will not associate with the better sort, nor dare they en- list themselves in the kings army. Therefore, those that are at war with them may securely ravage the country, withont any opposition, if they are dispos- ed to do, it; which is owing to the impiety of the Persians towards the gods, and their iniTjuity to- Yjavds men. Thus are their niini^s.au^.'^^sp^^^'^ions SG4 cyrop^dia; on, debauched to T\hat ihey had been in their first in- stitution. r^'^'9 ostii How defective they are in the care of their bo- dies I uill, in the next place, relate. It was part of their institution not to spit, or blow the nose; but, it is -manifest, this was not intended to spare the discharges of the body, but they intended to disperse those humours by exercise and sweat, and, by that means, to fortify their bodies. And the custom of not spitting or blowing the nose yet continues, though that of exercising is not practised. They likewise originally used to make only one meal a day, that the rest of the day might be employed in action and the dispatch of business : and that cus- tom yet continues. But, beginning their meal very early, they continue eating and drinking till the latest sitters up go to bed. ^^^ jjtuji/jjrfUn Dii.w ,ijoo^ It was likewise an institutioti aWidilg'themf, li^t th bring large bottks to their banquets; evidently thinking that, by not drinking to exees^, they should neither weaken their bodies nor impair their under- standings. And that custom too continues, of not bringing such bottles; but they drink to such excess, that instead of bringing in, they are carried out tliemselves, not being able to walk xvithout help. It was also a custom of their countries, when they were on a journey, neither to eat nor drink, nor to do publicly what is the necessary consequence of both. Abstinence from these things yet continues; but their journeys are so short, that their abstaining from those niecessities is nothing wonderful or Ex- traordinary. 4i-«^ -.- w--: i -v: ----_^ ■-■■ - —-«' Farmerly they went' ^Iwin'tingso^bftetti' that 'tH6si& chases were sufficient exercises for themselves and their horses; but, since King Artaxerxes and his companions have debauched themselves with wine, they do not so frequently go out themselves, nor lead other^s those chases. Wherefore, if some, from THE INSTITUTION OP CYRUS. 365 a ibndness to exercise, have gone out a huntings they have manifestly incurred envy and hatred fronx those who thought it a mark of superiorit}', and of being better tlian themselves. The custom yet likewise continues of a public education of the ciiiidren; but the practice of horse- mansliip is nesee those certainly prevail, who give the- most exorbi- tant bribes. Formerly, likewise, boys were taught tlm .virtues of the several productions of the earth, by wdiich means they made use of such as were good, and abstained from those that were noxious. At t^is time they seem to be only mstructed how to do the most hurt, therefore deaths and poisoniuga are no where so frequent as amongst them. And they are now much more luxurious than in Cyrus'3 time; for then they practised the Persian institu- tions and temperance, and coniormed to the dress and elegance of the JMedes; but now they have suf- fered the severity of the Persians to be quite extin- guished, and retain the effeminacy of the JMedes, which effeminacy and delicacy of theirs I have a, mind to explain. In the first place, it is not sufficient for them to have soft couches, but they nmst have carpets for their feet, that the floors may not, by resistance, make a noise, but that the carpets may break the sound. There is no diminution of what victuals used formerly to supply their tables, but new con- tinually invented. And the like in sauces, for they are provided with cooks, who supj)ly them witlj va- riety in both kinds. In winter, it is not sufficient for them to cover their heads, iheir bodies, and their feet, but they have l,iair-glovts tor tlieir hands. 3G(> CVROP.EUIA, OK, In summer, the shade of trees and of rocks docs nwt satisfy them ; but, under these, men stand near ihcni witli artificial shades, contrived on purpose. li' they possess a great number of cups, they are- putled up with it as a piece of maiinilicence; and, if tlitse. be unjustly acquired, they do not consider it asiinfanious; for injustice, and a sordid love of j»air», is niightity incf^^ased among them. Formerly it was a custom of their country, never to be seen on foot on their journeys, for no other reason, but in order to become more skilful horsemen; now thev have more coverings on their horses than on their couches; for they are not so careful of what concerns thieit horses, as to sit soft and at their ease.-; -■■■ - "-' -• - ■ ■ .- U'ith respect to the afiairs of war, is it probable they should not be very much inferior to what they were at first? It was customary, in the beginning, that those who possessed lands should furnish horsemen for their army, and pay those that were in garrisons, if they fought in defence of the coun- tjtv: now^ porters, cooks, drawers, bed-makers, dressers, waiters at the baths, servants at table, and j)erfamers, are enlisted in their horse by the great' men, that they themselves may make an advantage of their pay. These make an appearance in nuiii- ber, but are of no use in war; which is manifest in experience, for their enemies have a freer passage through their country tban their friends. When Cyrus had broken them of the custom of engaging at a distance, he armed with breast-plates both them and their horses, and gave every one a javelin in his hand, which they might use in a close battle; but now, they neither engage at a distance nor at hand. The foot have yet shields and small swords, or cutlasses, as in Cyrus's time, but they will not venture to come to an enua2;ement. Neither are the chariots of that use Cyrus designed them; for he had made brave and skilful drivers, by bestow- THE INSTITUTION OF CYRUS. 36/ ing rewards and honours upon them who would fall on the heavy-armed part of an army. The Persians now, scarcely knowing who are in the chariots, ima- gine, that such as are unexercised in driving, under- stand it as well as those that have practised it: they do, indeed, make an attack, but, before they can break into the enemy's ranks, some, of their own accord, fall off, others jump down and get away, so that the chariots, being without any guides, frequently do more injury to their friends than to their enemies. Since they themselves have been sensible how mucli they are defective in martial af- fairs, they yield to others, and none of them engage in a war without the help of the Greeks, whether it be a domestic quarrel or with the Greeks them- selves; for they cannot engage in a war witli the Greeks without the assistance of Greeks. Now, I think, I have executed what I undertook; for, I say, it is evident, that the Persians and their allies have less piety towards the gods, less duty and regard to their relations, are less just and equitable in their dealings with others, more effeminate, and less fitted for war, than they were in their first in- stitution. If any one thinks diflerently, let him con- sider their actions, and he will find them confirm what I say. THE £ND. INDEX, Abradatas, king of the SusianSj and husband of Panthea, JSg<, Ambassadors from the Assyrians to the Bactrians^ while Panthea was taken captive, I90. His disposition to revolt from the As- syrian, and why, 246. Sent for by Panthea to become Cyrus's friend, ibid. His discourse with his wife and Cyrus, ibid. Of- fers himself to Cyrus as his friend and ally with 2000 horse, ibid. Prepares 100 armed chariots for Cyrus, 247- Description of his own chariot, ibid. Takes the front station of Cyrus's army against the enemy, 2()4. Cyrus struck with admiration of him, ibid. His fine armour and habit presented him by Panthea, 2(>5. The most beautiful and graceful person in the whole army, ibid. Scene between him and his wife on taking leave, ibid. His ad- miration and fondness of her, and prayer, 266. Bravery against the Egyptian phalanx, 2/5. Terrible slaughter made by his chariots, 2/6. Killed by a fall from his chariot, ibid. The bit- ter lamentations of Panthea and Cyrus over his dead body, 286. Praise, ornaments, sacrifices, stately monument^ ibid. Panthea not able to survive him, 287. Admiration : not to seem to admire any thing, commands respect, 318. A scene of conjugal affection, drawing the admiration of a whole army, 265. Adoration, of kings and great generals usual, 208. When first paid to Cyrus, 330. Adultery, why and wherein unlawful, 127. Adusius, a Persian, his character, 288. Sent by Cyrus with an army to compose their differences, ibid. His stratagem and success, 23y Made satrap of Caria, 351. i^ilgyptians, allies to the Assyrian, 250. Their number and arms, ibid. Manner of their arrangement, 261. Both armed and formeeech to, and commendation of them, 87- Speech of one of them to Cyrus, ibid. Consent for the Persian soldiers to have the same arms, and why, ibid. For having re- wards proportioned to merit, (JS. Distinguishable for obedience, 150. How cultivated by Cyrus in his new government, 304. His speech to them, ibid. Animals, gins and snares for them described, 79- Apparitions, divine appearance of light from heaven to Cyrus and his army, l60. Effects of it upon them, ibid. Divine appari- tion to Cyrus in a dream, 356. Arabs, subject to the Assyrian, 61 . Allies with him against the Medes, 84. Number of their force, ibid. Their king killed, 163. Are made subject to Cyrus, 2gi. 1 Araspes, a Mede, and companion of Cyrus from a boy, 18Q. Best beloved by him of all the Medes, 59. Presented with his fine Median rolje, ibid. Entrusted by him with Panthea, 189. His conversation with him on the subjects of her, and beauty and love, I89, 193. Thinks himself proof against the impressions of either, 19I. Is mistaken; and by what means captivated, 193. Solicits Panthea in vain, 243. Threatens to ravish her, ibid. His grief, shame, and fear, on account of Cyrus, ibid. His praise of Cyrus's candour and humanity, 244, Discourse of two souls, 245. Sent a spy to Lydia to redeem his character, 244. Meets Cyrus advancing to the enemy, 260. Honourably received and complimented by him in presence of the army, ibid. Greatly caressed hereupon, ibid. Gives him a particular account of the number, order, and designs of the enemy, 26 1 . Engages with him against the enemy, ibid. Armenians, neighbours of the Medes, 85. Conquered by them, 118. And on what terms subject, ibid. Neglect sending forces and tribute to Cyaxares, 110. Revolt to the enemy, ibid. Their motives hereto, 133. Number of their force, 85. Cyrus stirs up Cyaxares to waF against them, 110. Their habitations and retreat, ibid. Cyrus's expedition against them, 11 6. His mes- sage, 115. The Armenian king's repentance, cowardice, and flight, 116. Subdued, and all taken, 117. Has his cause tried by Cyrus, 118. Brought to confes.-ion of his crime, and self- condemned, 1 19, The lamentations of his wife and children, ibid. Tygranes becomes his advocate, 120, Is forgiven, and taken into favour by Cyrus, 125. Account of his force and riches, ibid. What he gave to Cyrus, 120, His apology to him for putting his son's friend to death, I27. Perpetual plunders on them from the Chaldeans, 128. Always run away from I NDEX. thern, 130. Their sorry behaviour under Cyrus against them, ibid. The king's grateful speech to Cyms on his defeat of the Chaldeans, 1.31. Peace made and established between them and the Chaldeans, 132. Good effects of it, 133. Are entertained by Cyrus, ibid. All overjoyed and do him honour, 135. Send a great force to him under Tygranes, 136. Armenian guides to Cyrus's messenger to the Indian, 134. Army, instructions to a general concerning the health, courage, exercises, obedience and love of an army ; and how and wherein to take advantage of the enemy, /1 , 82. Vide War. Arms, sling, a servile arm. 2()0. Vide War. Arrogance explained, J4, 1)5. Laughter not a sign of It, ()5. Artabatas, satrap of Cappadocia, 352. Artabazus, a Mede, 59. Most excellent person, ibid. Long struck with the beauty of Cyrus, ibid. His fondness to him at parting, ibid. Pretends to be his relation, ibid. and23S. His other con- trivances to kiss him, 156. Delivers a message to the Medes from Cyaxares, 157. His zealous couimendation of Cynis, ibid. Stirs them up to follow him, ibid. His handsome and aifection- ate speech to the same end, I94. His droll speech for cnnying on the war, 238. Aggravates the message of Cyrus to Araspes, 243. His handsome and humorous speech on Cyrus's becoming king, 300. One of Cyrvis's principal friends, 338. Makes one at his entertainment after the races, ibid. Drolls on Hystaspes, 340. His questions and drollery with Cyrus, 343. Arts, spring of riches, and all things valuable, 282. Asia, men of quality attend always at the king's door, 311 . Other establishments ot Cyrus imitated, ibid. Asiatics, are all attended in war by what they value most, women, &c. 157. Remark upon it, 1(J8. Their war-chariots abolished by Cyrus, 242. Their general declension after Cyrus's death, 362. Assyria, king of, nations subject to him, 61, His great ambition, ibid. Jealous of the Medes and Persians, ibid. Unites a pow- erful confederacy against them, and by what metliods, ibid. Number and strength of his army and allies, 84. His exhorta- tions to his army, 145. Defeated by Cyrus, 149, killed, ibid, and J 53. Friend to Gobryas, 185. Said by him to be an ex- cellent man, il)id. Friend of Abradatas, 240. IJntortuiir.te in his son, 217. Des])ondency and revolt occasioned by hi.s death, 153, 157, 1«5, 202. Assyria, king of, son of the forme r, his execrable character, 222. His expedition, while prince, into Media, and defeat, 55, 58. His envy and cruelty to the son of (iobryas, and l)ehaviour upon it, 185. His vile treatment of Gadatas, 217, 221 . Injiuious to the Hyrcanians, Sacians, 201. (Jadusians, ibid. Hia attempt to part Abradaias and Panthea, 246. The de.>=iH)ndencv r.rid Hight of the Assyrian army, and their defeat after his lather's death, 153, l62. Revolt of the HyrcaMiaiis from liiin, 157, 161. Of Gobryas, 185. Pursued into his own country, 206. INDEX. His pride and insolence, 201. His cowardice, 205. Refuses a challenge from Cyrus, ibid. Just resentment and invective of Gadatas against him, 208, 217, 221. The revolt of Gadatas from him to Cyrus, 207, 223. Hinderetl from taking his re- venge, and put to flight, 21 6. The enmity of the Sacians and Cadusians to him, 201. They join themselves to Cyrus, 203. Flies with his army to Babylon, 218. Pursued by Cyrus, 2'iO. Defeats a party of Cadusians, 218. Consents to Cyrus's proposal of peace to all labourers, 221. Assyrian forts taken, 225. De- molished, 240. Flies to Lydia with treasures, 241. The revolt of Abradatas from him, and why, 246. Croesus appointed ge- neral, 249. Number and strength of the allies, 250. Assyrian army defeated and put to flight, 275. Egyptians cannot forgive him, 2/9- Assyrian army fly to Sardes, 280. The allies retire home, ibid. Sardes taken by Cyrus, ibid. Babylon taken, and the king killed, 296. Joy ot Gadatas and Grobryas upon it, ibid. Motive of his war against Cyrus, 201. Assyrians, their arms, and manner of fight, 84. Manner of their encampment, 140. Their howling, consternation, and flight, 150, 162. All foreign slaves in their army made free by Cyrus, 184. General defection of their allies, 279- Principal nation of all, 153. Babylon, their principal city, 84, 202. Both they and their allies become subject to Cyrus, 34. Astyages, king of the Medes, and father of Mandane, mother of Cyrus, 35. His government absolute, 48. His painting, and other ornaments of his person, 42. His feasting and drunken- ness, 45. Overcame the Armenians, 118. Sends for C3'rus, and is wonderfully pleased with him, 46. Surprised at his saga- city in the expedition against the prince of Assyria, 56. Loadp him with presents at parting, 5Q. His death, 61 . B. Babylon, greatest city of the world, 345. Richest of all Asia, 281. Capital of Assyria, 222. Walls around it impregnable, 293. Divided by a deep river, ibid. Provided with necessaries for above twenty years, 294. Laugh at Cyrus's attempt of taking it, ibid. How taken, ibid. Description of their porches and doors, 295. Their revelling, 296. Consternation and slaughter, ibid. Their king killed, ibid. Proclamation by Cy- rus for all the inhabitants to remain within, ibid. Another for them to bring out their arms, 297. Castles surrendered to Cy- rus, ibid. Become tributaries and labourers to the Persians, ibid. Had Cyrus in the utmost abhorrence, 302. Methods he took to secure himself and gain their affections, ibid, et seq. Cyrus lives in it in winter, 395. Bactrians subject to the Assyrian, 6l. Afterwards subject tq Cyrus, 35. Bashfulness of youth naturally describe4j 50, 53. INDEX. Beauty of person commands respect, 317. Conversation brt-^pm Cyrus and Araspes upon it, ipO, 1C)2. Compared to fire, ibid. Safest way to tly from it, ibid. 244. To forbear sp' akinsf of the beautiful goddess before youth, 73. Most beautiful wo- men of all Asia, 167. Bees love, follow, and obey their leader, 194. Cyrus compared to a master-bee, ibid. Brothers, brotherly affection, and the duties of that relation strongly recommended by Cyrus, 360. Birth-right asserted, 3.58. Burial better than being inshrined in gold, and why, 3<3l. Cyrus orders a rejoicing about his tomb, 3d2. C. Cadusians, great enemies to the Assyrian, and why, 201. Join Cyrus with a great force, '20g. Make a private excursion from Cyrus's army, and are killed and put to llight by the Assvrirm. 218. Good nature of Cyrus to them, ibid. Have the choice of their own commander, 219. For carrying on the war against the Assyrian, 237. Cambyses, king of Persia, and father of Cyrus, 3.5. Descended from Perseus, ibid. Government limited, 36. Had the direc- tion of sacred affairs, 177. 350. Attends Cyrus to the borders of ]Media,65. His admirable instructions to him concerning religion, policy, and art of war, ibid. 82 Noble sentiments of the gods, piety, 6CC. 65, 82. Binds Cyrus and the Persians by mutual ob- ligations, 349. His speech to them both, ibid. Consents to the marriage of Cyrus with Cyaxares's daughter, 350. Death, 356. Vid Persia, Gods, War. Cambyses, eldest son of Cyrus, to whom he bequeaths his kingdom, 358. The dying instructions of his father to him, ibid. Dis- sensions between him and his brother, 362. Camels, horses run away from them with fear, 279. No brave man will mount a camel in war, 280. Of no other use than for the baggage train, ibid. Cappadocians, subject to the Assyrian, 61. Aribrsus, king of, his force against Cyrus, 84. Killed by the Hyrcanians, 163. Al- lies to the Assyrian in the second engagement, 250. Overcome })y Cyrus, -35, 29 1. Carians, subject to the Assyrian, 6I. Invited, but did not attend the Asi-yrian, 84. Divided into parties: both call in Cyrus, 289. How reconciled by Adusius, and good etlects of it, 289. Beg Cyrus to .sen«l Adusius as their governor, 29O. Garrisons left in their castles for Cyrus, 289- Chariots, used in war, 242. The Trojan and Asiatic ones abolished by Cyrus, il>id. Another kind invented, il>id. Scythe chariots of Abradntas, 247. Kxccution done by them, 276. Descrip- tion of Aluadatis's chariot, 247- Chariot-races and prizes, 333. The chariot at the procession of Cyru.s, 330. Chaldeans, a most warlike people, 129. Poor, 130. Country INDEX. mountainous, 130. Borderers on the Armenians, 125. At perpetual war with them, 128. Arms, 12f) Ever put the Ar- menians to flight, ibid. Their heights attacked and gained by Cyrus, ibid. Peace between them and Arrricnians, 131. Good effects of it, 133. Apphuid and thank Cyrus, ibid. Send a force to Cyrus, 135. Chaldean guides to Cyrus's me.'^scnger to the Indian, ibid. With the Persians mount the fortifications of Sardes, 280. Plunder the city, ibid. How terrified at his dis- pleasure, and ptmished, ibid. Characters, of a greedy person, Q3. Churl, Q5. Sacian cupbearer, 45. Eunuch?, 302. A fine polite child and youth, 42, 6l. Children, admirable institution of them in Persia, 36, 42. Children, care of their education makes the most excellent men. ibid. Ought not to be taught the arts of war only, 78. Not to speak of the beautiful goddess before them, ibid. Cyrus careful of good examples for them, 307. Less bashful than youth, 49. Discourses and manners of a fine child agreeably represented, 42, 50. Chrysantas, one of the alike-honoured, 101. Of no advantageous person, ibid. Of excellent understanding, ibid. His modest de- scription of himself, ibid. In chief favour and esteem with Cy- ras, 339. His advice and speech for proportionable rewards, g7, 102, Transported with the orders of Cyrus, 114. Made commander of a thousand for his gallantry and obedience, 152. His humorous speech in behalf of horsemanship, I70. His great abilities, 340. His speech changing the panic of an army into grief, 252. His speech to the army to instil obedience, SOp. His affectionate speech to Cyrus on his becoming king, 301. Extremely useful to Cyrus, 340. His counsel generally ap- proved and followed, 102, 170, 260, 309, 301. Cyrus's praise of him, 340. Cyrus's raillery on his person, with his re- partee, 341. Cyrus kissed him, 343. Appointed satrap of Lydia and Ionia, 35 1 . Cilician>, subject to the Assyrian, 61 . Invited, but did not attend him in war, 84. Join the Assyrian army afterwards under Croesus, 250. Cyrus never sent a governor over them, and why, 288. Cities, difference between great and little ones in arts, provisions, &c. 321. Commander, office, and part of one amply described, with regard to his own army, the enemy, and the gods, 70, 82. To pay the greatest regard to the gods, 83. Never to engage contrary to sacrifice or auguries, 81. To consult the gods by di\anation, 74. Vid. War. Company, good, powerful assistant to the good soul, 245. Of men of piety to be sought, 315. Conquest harder to preserve than conquer, 305. Methods to pre- serve a conquest, ibid. Right it gives over persons and goods., .304. INDEX. Conversation, Persian, one of a humorous kind in Cyrus's tent, 93, 100. Another of the same sort, 332, 343. Serious things mixed with merry, q6. Courage, not to be instilled by a speech, 146; but by good laws, examples, and habit, ibid. Best inspired by piety and devotion, 148. Shameful in one that sharpens a lance to want it, 25.5. Instances of it, 5b, 14S, 206, 2/2, 282. Court. Noble example and orders of Cyrus to his court, 311, et seq. Piety, virtues, politeness, and decorum which reigned in it. 315. Cowardice, in an army how infectious, 203. Impotency it gives to a force superior, I49, 275. Croesus, king of Lydia, 6I. His mean ancestors, 284. Sent to consult the Delphian oracle concerning his having sons, 283. Answer and disajjpointment, ibid. To enquire after happiness. Answer, and his false notions of it, ibid. His happiness in peace. Ibid. Persuaded by the A.'^syrian king to make war upon the Medes and Cyrus, ibid. Number of his force, i-4. Quite sunk on the defeat of the Assyrian army, 153. Flies away by night, 163. So came otl" from great danger, 2S3. Is chosen com- mander in chief of the Assyrians,, and confederate army, 24^. His temptations to accept of this command, ibid. Acknow- ledgment of his ignorance in it, 284. The number of his con- federates, 250. Prepares for an engagement, 261. Defeated, 275. He and his army fly to Sardes, 280. Deserted by his allies, ibid. Sardes taken, and a guard set over him, ibid. Brought to Cyrus, 281. Calls him sovereign, ibid. Gives him advice not to plunder, which is followed, 282. Gives him ac- count of his consulting the oracle, ibid. Modest accusation of himself, 284. His high opinion of Cyrus, ibid. Comes to know himself by his punishment, ibid. Enquires after happi- ness of Cyrus, ibid. Is pitied by Cyrus, ibid. Cyrus restores him his wife, daughters, friends, servants, and table, ibid. Is obliged to him for cutting them olt from war, ibid. His love and praises of his wife, ibid. His good humour admired by Cyrus, 285. Carried about by Cyrus every where, and why, ibid. Gives him a writing of the treasures he delivered to him, 291. Attends him to Babylon, ibid. His advice to him to hoard up, 324 . Convinced by him, that friends are the richest treasure, ibid. Cunnmg and stratagem towards an enemy lawful, 76. Lessons for that purpose, ibid. &c. Compared to gins and snares for ani- mals, ibid. Story of the Persian who professed to teach it, yj. Cyaxares, son of Astyages, king of the Medes, 52. Appears jea- lous of Cyrus from his very childhood, ibid. His expedition un- der his father against the king of Assyria's son, 57 . Succeeds to the kingdom, 6I . Sends tu the public c(nincil of Persia to Cam- byses and Cyrus for assistance again.st the Assyrian, 62. Re- lates to Cyrus the numbers of the enemy, and their manner of fighting, 84, 85. Approves of Cyrus's advice as to the arms ot iXDr.x. the Pcrsl.tii soluien', 66. Sends him a fin<» robe to appear with his army before the Indian ambassadors, 10/. (Jlionded at the meanness of his robe, 108. Gives audience to the Indians, IO9, Grants Cyrus leave to interpose with a question, ibid. Conver- sation with him, ibid. 112. Persuaded by him to make war on the Armenians, llO. Allows him a force. 111. Goes him- self to strengthen his garrisons against the x'\ssyrian, ibid. Ar- menian treasure sent by Cyrus to him, 136. Approves of Cy- rus's jiroposal for carrying the war into the enemies country, 141. His opinion when to march, 142. Gives him positive orders to do it, 147- Accompanies him and the army against the enemy, 141. His army under the conduct of Crrus defeats the enemy, 1 KK Congratulated by Cyrus on the victory, 152. Luxury and effeminacy, 154. His invidious speech against pursuing the enemy, ibid. Hardly prevailed upon to let the Medes at- tend Cyrus voluntarily, 156. He, with a few Medes, stays be- hind, 1/5. His drunkenness and mistake, ibid. Sends an angry message to Cyrus, 1/5. And orders to the Medes to come back, 176. Cyrus's expostulatory letter to him, 179. Con- temptible to his own soldiers for his effeminacy, 183. Fine women chosen for him according to his taste, ibid 18/. His messenger greatly caressed by Cyrus, ibid. Cynjs's message to consult with him, 225. Tent provided for him to his taste, 226. Does not care to admit Cyrus's army into his territory, ibid. Met by Cyrus, ibid. Invidious at Cyrus's attendance and succesSj ibid. Refuses to kiss him, and weeps on that account, 227. Private interview between them, ibid. 233. Cause of his resentment, grief and jealousy, 227, 233. Reconciled at length, and kisses him, ibid. Cyrus proposes to him a de- bate upon the separation of the army, 234. Pleased with the respect of Cyrus and the Medes to him, ibid. All the allies at- tend at his duors, 236. Adorns his person, 237- Sits before them all on a Median throne, ibid. Proposes to 4hem the question of war, or separation of the army, ibid. Are all for war, ibid. Appears to concur in it, 240. Agrees to build a fort and an engine, ibid. War goes on under the conduct of Cyrus, 241, 297. He with a third part of the Medes takes care of affairs at home, 257. Cyrus makes a complete conquest and settles his government, 2gj, 347. Palaces and domehtics set apart by C)'rus for Csaxares in Bab3don, 348. Cyrus makes a visit, ibid. Mutual j^resents, ibid. Offers his daughter to Cyrus in marriage, ibid, and all Media as her dowery, ibid. Answer of Cyrus, ibid. His daughter extremely beautiful, ibid. Cyrus married her, and had two sons by her, 350, 357. Vide Cyrus. Cyprians, allies to the Assyrian army under Crcesu?, 250. De- feated by Cyrus, and become subject to him., 35, 280, 355. Rea- dily engage with Cyrus against the Carians, 288. Therefore suffered ti> choose their own kings, paying tribute. Sec. ibid. INDEX. Cyrus. General survey of his vast dominions and cause of it, 35, 36. Attributed to his understanding and conduct, ib. Excelled all other kinf^?, 34. Admirable for inspiring- men with iove and fear, 35. All desired to be subject to him, il). Descended from Perseus, ib. From the Gods, 156^ 284. Son of Camby- ses and Mandane, 35. General description of his mind, Per- son while a child, ib. Till twelve was educated under the Per- sian discipline, 42. Great proficiency under it, 43. Appointed judge over others, 4/. His own story of his wrong decision of a cause and punishment, ib. His mother carries him into Media to Astyages, 42. His childish discourses and manners with his grandfather agreeably related, ib. 50. His sprightliness, sim- plicity, good-nature, generosity, love of esteem and praise, 4Q. Discourse with his mother upon justice, 47. Extremely agree- able and officious towards all, ib. His agreeable overtalkative- ness accounted for, ib. Manners and discourses of his youth while in Media, 50, 60. Bashfulness, 50, 53. Exercises with his equals, and politeness, 50. Enthusiasm in hunting, 51, 53. Natural description of it, 52. Of himself, ib. Ingenuous con- cern for his grandfather's displeasure, 53. Freedom from envy, and generous praise of his companions, 54. Doth service and pleasure to all, ib. Puts on arms for the first time, 56. Part he bore against the Prince of Assyria, 56, 58. Sagacity, 56. Boldness, 5^, 58. Esteemed by his grandfather author of the victory, ib. Admired by all, ib. Sent for home, ib. His obe- dience to his father, and regard to his country, ib. His grand- father's presents, 5Q. His presents to his companions, ib. Araspes the youth he loved most, ib. ISy. Presents him with his Median Robe, 5Q. Astyages and all manner of people set Lim going, ib. Mutual grief at parting, ib. Story of the fond Mede pretending to be his relation, ib. Return to Persia, GO. Strict temperance and handsome behaviour, ib. Passeth a year more amongst the boys, ib. Enters and completes himself in the ' order of youth, 61 . Becomes a man full grown, 62. Outdoes all, ib. Cyaxares sends to Persia for assistance against the Assyrians, ib. And to himself to come commander, ib. lililers choose him commander, ib. Number of his army, ib. Of the alike-honoured, and how formed, ib. His prayers and sacri- fices, ib. Speech to the alike-honoared, ib. A])peals to them ■for his piety, 65. Attended by his father to the borders of Media, ib. His father s instructions to him in reli;„',i';n, policy, and the art of war, ib. 82. Arrives with his army at Media, 83. Piety, ib. Asks Cyaxares the enemies number and manner of fight, 84. Proposeth for all the Persian soldiers to have the close arms of the alike-honoured, 85. Consented to by Cyax- ares, S6. Exerciselh his soldiers with their new weapon?, 88. Emulation of all, and how, 89. Distributes each regiment ia a tent, and why, 90. Gives them a sweat Continually, gi. For having proportioiiable rewards appointed, 97- So deter- INDEX. jT.lned, and he appointed judge of merit, J 0-1. Praised by Phcraulas, ib. Is for weeding the vicious and blothful out of his army, CjS. Invites those who exercise well to supper, Q2, 105, Good Efleet of it, 10/. His agreeable manner of entertaining them, Q2y 100. His laughter, refined raillery, and praise on the stories of the greedy person and the letter, Q5. Apology ff his sons after his death, ib. Pievolt of cities and nations, ib. Uni- veroalilegcncracy of the Persian state and empire, ib. to the end. . INDEX. D Daipharnes dismissed from his office by Cyrus for his absurdity, 332. Death, Compared to sleep, 360. Reason of honours paid to the dead, ib. Matter of rejoicing, 362. Decency in dying, ib. Decorum, in the mind, passions, and behaviour described, 315. Noble effects of it, 31(3. All eagerness and greediness in eat- ing and drinking against it, igg. Persians, strange example of this kind of it, ib. Noise and loud laughter against it, 3l6. Innocent jesting and laughter very consistent with it, 1' Q. In the manner of dying witness Cyrus, 362. Delphos, its oracle consulted by Croesus, and answers, 282. Vid. God, Knowledge. Divination, to consult the Gods by it, 66. Greatest inlet to knowledge, ib. Drunkenness, exposed after a childish manner, 45. E Eagle, of good omen, 83, 112. Earth, gives birth and nourishment, to all things excellent and good, 361. Happiness to mix with it after death for the good of mankind, ib. The best couch abounding with the nobjest furniture, IQQ. Veneration paid to it by victims and hbations, 140, 332. Eating together, one of the best methods to cultivate men, 320. Persian abstinence and decorum in eating, admirable, igg. Effeminacy, Median, described, 365. Renders even kings con- temptible to their subjects, 183. Enemies, noble instance of a man's forgiving one who put him to death unjustly, 126, Errors, human nature subject to them, 12,". From ignorance, involuntary, ib. Therefore to be forgiven even in the case of putting to death, ib. Eunuchs, Admirable observation of Cyrus in their favour, 302, Best guards of a King's person, ib. Example, noble influence of a good one in a Prince, 312. Vid. Page. Eyes and ears of the King, a sort of spies so called, 322. Artifi- cal colour given to them, 42, 318. F Faith, an invaluable possession, ig?. Opportunity of shewing it, the noblest present, ib. Fear, description of it, and its effects, 122. More terrible than actual punishment, ib. Of men banished by divine fear, 147. Forgiveness, noble instance of it, 126, Cyrus ever disposed to it, 244, Friends, methods to cultivate them, 319- The best and richest treasure, 324. A King's best security, 359. To be procured INDEX. by love and beneficence, ib. Kindaess to them, t!ie best means to injure enemies, 362. Funeral ornaments, sacrifices, burial, and a monument for a de- ceased body, 287. Rejoicing about his tomb ordered by Cyru3,362 . G Gadatas, prince of a territory borderinj;^ on Babylon, and sub- ject to the Assyrian, 222. Description of his happiness under the Assyrian's father, ib. Made a eunuch by the Assyrian, and on what pretence, 202 His resentment and invective against him, 222. Revolt^ 208, 209, 222. Delivers up a for- tress of the enemy to Cyrus, by str3tae;em, 207- Adoration of Cyrus, and mutual intercourse with him, 208. His territory attacked by the Assyrian, 20g. Himself betrayed by one under liis command, 215. Wounded by him, 2l6. Both person and territory timely saved by Cyrus, ib. Gratitude to Cyrus, 217» Prayer, ib. Presents to him, 221. Bemoans his fate, ib. At- tends Cvrus with his mother, 223. And many others, and his policy herein, ib. Of great use to Cyrus, ib. In a panic, lest Cyrus should not pursue the war, 236. Rallied on that score, by Hystaspes, 237. Admired by Cyrus for his conversation, 3'38. Made commander of his eunuchs, 337- And steward of his household, ib. Noble presents made him by Cyrus and others, 338. liath his revenge in killing the Assyrian, 29CJ. Joy and pleasure in having done it, ib- Generosity, redounds to self-interest, 326. Glory, renders labour the lighter, 75. Gobryas, Assyrian Prince of a large territory, 184. Friend and tributary to the Assyrian's father, 185. Furnished him with a force, ib. On his deatli revolted to Cyrus, ib. Brings him horsemen and arms, ib. Relates to him the cruel fate of his son from the Assyrian, ib. Begs Cyrus to be his avenger, ib. Of- fers Cyrus to become his ally and pay him tribute, IbO'. Ofi'ers him his daughter, 187, Reception of Cyrus and his- army in his territory, I96. Presents him with treasures and his daugh- ter, 197. Wonders at his meaning, ib. Wants one of Cyrus's friends to be his son-in-law, I98. Admires the Persian temper- ance and decorum, 199. Attends Cyrus with his horse, 200. Compliment on him, ib. Informs him of the enemy, his injuries and foes, 201. Booty presented him by Cyrus, 204. Carries a challenge from him to the Assyrian, 205. His reply to the Assyrians answer, ib. Employed by Cyrus to gain Gadatas, and obtain a fortress by stratagem, 20(J. Succeeds with him, 207. Applaud** the faith of Cyrus, 23b. For carrying on tne ■war, ib. Advises him to lead near the walls of Babylon, 224. Shews Cyrus the way to the city and the Assyrian's palace, 295. His revenge in killing the king, 2yO". Pleasure in satisfying it, ib. One of CyruVs chief friends, 337. Invited by him to an entertainment^ ib- His admiratiou and praise of Goliyas'339. c c INDEX. Praise of Cyrus's friend?, 341. His books of sayings and hu- mour, ib. Wants a son-in-law, ib. Accepts of Hystaspes, 342. His noble description of the earth, 199. Cod, Gods, their nature, eternal, 82, 360. Omniscient, ib. See and hear all things, 321. Power over all things universal, 36l, Of unerring truth, 292. Their greatness and beauty inexplica- ble, 301. Act by settled law, 66. Rejects servile flattery, ib. Defended from partiality, 82. Jove the greatest of all, 266 &c. Their providence, harmony and eternal beauty of the world ascribed to it, 36l. Human wisdom, power, riches, nothing without them, 82. Act by settled and established laws, 6/. Establishment as to those who will not labour, 101. Bring about the revolution of seasons gradually, 254. Particular gods guardians of particular countries, 83, 140. God of battle, 2/5. Of fire, 295. Other particular divinities, 65, 83, 140, 148, 282, 301. Jove supreme of all, paternal, regal, saviour, leader, in all places, and at all times, 65, 140, 148, 200, 27O, 2/1, 2S4, 356. Never to be accused, but self alone, 283. Prayers, piety to them — not to pray for what is against their settled laws, 67. Ill consequence of distrusting God, 282. Of tempting him by impertinent curiosity, 283. To be consulted only in real wants, 282. Improper petitions granted turned into curses, 2S3. Necessity and use of consulting them, 65, 82. The greatest inlet to knowledge, ib. ,Human Avisdom, power, riches, nothing without them, ib. Human endeavours, and means to be used, 66. To be mindful of them in prosperity, ib. 314. In every thing and circumstance, 81 , Advantage of piety to one's self and others, ib. 314. To reverence the gods, 360. Noble ef- fects of divine fear, 148, 2/5. To imitate God, 254. Prayers to them for virtue, 205, 266. Praises to them, 356. Reject servile flattery, 66. Hymn sung to them in war, 148, 2/5. Early in the morning, 314. Supplications to particular gods at particular places, and particular times and circumstances, S3, 140. To Jove supreme at all places and times, 205, 2S4. &c. Sacrifices to them, 81, 268, 301, 314, 322, 349, 358. Place by the Magii 18/, 235. Rich presents and sacrifices to them with- out true knowledge and piety, 283. To be with the Deity in a future state, a happiness, 362. Good, to have compassion, zeal, joy, and good-nature, in every one's power, 75. Government, quick dissolution of the several kinds of it, 33 . Ow- ing to want of skill and conduct, 34. Of men compared with that of other animals, 33. They more easily governed than men, ib. Of men, not impossible or difficult, exemplified in that of Cyrus, 34. Difference between a tyranny and a government bounded by law, 48. State not monarchial, observation in praise of it, 310. Persian form tended to make the most excel- lent men, 34, People imitate their governors, 3^3- Hew on the dissolution of a limited government, religion, \-irtue and the INDEX. art of war decline, e:templified in the Persian stale, 3o'2, ef seq. Part of a governor, 67. Good government the noblest work in the world, ib. Prudential rules for one, 6S. Gratitude, taught, and the want of it punished, among the Per- sians, 37. Prayers to obtain this virtue, 195, 265.' Greeks. All the Greek colonies in Asia, obliged to attend Croesus, 250. Became afterwards subject to Cyrus, 35. Prevail on Cyrus not to admit the barbarians with in their walls, and on what terms, 2c;o. Guards, necessity of them to the king's person, 302. Eunuchs the best, and why, ib. H Habits, to be broken gradually in diet, &c. 253. Hand, right, to give it a pledge of fidelity and friendship. 16O, 137,361. Situation on the left more honourable, and why, 338. Happiness, to be with the Deity in a future state, 302. Cyrus's opinion who is the happiest man, 32G. Heroes, reason of honours paid to the dead, 360. Guardians of countries, 83, 140. Supplications to them, ib. &c- Sacrifices to them, 332. Honour, a life of it, the only one worth enjoyment, 104. Horses, Horsemanship, great use of then, 167. Natural descrip- tion of it, 168. Horsemanship compared to a centaur, 170. Horsemanship established amongst the Persians by the law of reputation, 171. Humour, Persian conversation abounding with various kinds of it, 93, 100. Another of the same sort, 340, 343. Hunting, in parks and an open country, naturally described by ,!-;, Cyrus, 52. Enthusiasm in it, 51, Resembling war, 39. Use and good effects of it, 3l6. Of use to horsemanship, ib. And the art of war, ib. And military virtues, ib. Teaches a com- mand of passions and love of glory, ib. Persian youths much ,; i exercised in it, 38- Cyrus accustomed his courtiers to it, 317» Hynins sung by Cyrus's army in the beginning of an engage- ment, 148, 275. Morning hymns sung by the Magi, 314. Hyrcanians, description of them, and their manner of serving the Assyrians in war, ij/- (iuit the Assyrians and revolt to Cyrus, ib. 201. Reason of it, 157, lO'l. Treated on the same foot with the Medes and Persians, ib. Their advantage over the Persians by their horse, 103. Cyrus uneasy at it, but com- niendsthem, l6y,ijl. How cultivated by C'yrus, lOl, iQji, i/i Attend Cyrus in the war with groat zeal, 208. Chose to stay- near Cyrus in his new government, 343. Prince of, com- mended by Cyrus, 178. Of use to him, 179' His fonunen- .dation of Cyrus, 195. Speech to the Medes to follow Cyrus voluntarily, ib. Informs Cyrus concerning the injuries and ene- mies of the Assyrian, 201. His speech for carrying on the war, 239, One of Cyrus's principal friends, 337- Invited by him to an entertainment, ib. Cyrus's present to him, 3-lZ INDEX. Hystaspes, a Persian, one of the alike-honoured, 166^. His hu- morous story of the greedy soldier, C)3. Speech in behalf of Temperance, \66. Puts Gadatas into a panic^ 23/. His free- dom with Cyrus, ib. Is for carrying on the war, ib. Reduceth Phrygia on the Hellespont to Cyrus, 2Q0. Dispatched by Cyrus to his friends on an experiment to raise money, 324. His suc- cess and answer, ib. Makes one at Cyrus's great entertainment, 339. Enquires of Cyrus why he honours Chrysantas more than himself, ib. His share in the humorous conversation, ib. Cyrus makes a match between him and the daughter of Gobryas, and gives him presents, 342. I. Jealousy, father jealous of his son's friend, 127. Jesting, a scene of drollery and jesting, 236. Another of the same kind, 339. Imposture, in pretending to knowledge without real foundation, exposed, /O. With respect to the person allowed, 317. Irapotency of mind, 192. Impudence, principal cause of all vice, 37. Agreeable pertness of children distinguished from it, 38. Incest, how men come to avoid it, 195. Indian subject to the Assyrian, 61. Sends an embassy to Cyrus, to enquire the reason of the war, 107. Ambassadors go to the Assyrian to ask the same question, 109. Cyrus's message to the Indian for money, 134. Sends an embassy of friendship to Cy- rus with treasures, 248. Ambassadors sent as spies to the enemy by Cyrus, ib. Bring back intelligence, 249. Becomes at length subject to Cyrus, 35. Ingenuous, their education, discipline, manners and exercises in Persia, 36, 41. How distinguished from slaves by Cyrus in his nev/ government, 323. Ingratitude described, 37- Punished by the Persians, and them only, as a crime, ib. Insolence in prosperity betokens dejection in adversity, 123. lonians, obliged to attend Croesus, 250. Jove, the greatest of all the gods, 266,270. Paternal, 65,140, 270, 356. Regal, 131. Saviour, assistant and leader, 148, 271. Youths of Jove, 148. Prayers to him, 266, 356, &:c, Sacri- fices, 332, 356, &c. Judge, should give his opinion according to law, 48. Hard fate of judges, 327. — Justice, public schools for teaching it among the Persians, 37. Defined to be what is accord- ing to law, 48. Case of tv/o boys with their coats, 47. Sto- ry of the Persian teacher, who taught justice and injus- tice, 77- AH possible deceits lawful towards an enemy, 76. Unjust for a slave, by conquest, to attempt his free- dom, 119. Kings, compared to fathers, 309. Benefits arising from their good example, 314. All public virtue depends mainly upon it, 309. INDEX. K Ouglit to be the best man, 317- Called a seeing law, 314. Herdsmen, 33, 323. Gain reverence from pomp and majesty, 31/, 327. Cares of a langdom, 358. Faithful friends their securest sceptre, 359. To be made such by beneficence, ib. The properest persons to be preferred by them, ib. Wearisome court paid to them, 2Q8. Humourously represented, ib. Cy- rus the most excellent of all, 34, He and his subjects compared to father and children, 3o4. All called him father, 318, 322. Compared as a good king to a master bee, lCj4. The arts and policy which rendered him so amiable to mankind, 313, 323. Vid. Policy. — Knowledge of self, necessary to happiness, 283. How easily mistaken, ib. Best attained by the just punishment of folly, ib. JLj. Labour, those who will not labour for themselves, justly made slaves, 101. — Laughter, loud and insolent, against decorum, 3 16. Without any ill meaning, is polite and agreeable, g5, 341, Laughter and innocent raillery at what occurred, 95, 183,341. Humourous conversation, in defence of it, with a churl, 05. — Law of reputation established in horsemanship amongst the Persians, 171. Laws, Persian, commended before all others, 36. Better or worse executed, according to the governors, 311. Love, in great measure voluntary, igi. Law and fear two bars to it, ib. Therefore incest avoided, ib. Tolof e against right, sign of impotent minds, I92. Strange condition of persons in love, 191, I92. Gods conquered by love, 244. The same of wise men, ib. Safest way to fly from the temptation, 192, 24-J. Power of it in overlooking every other person, 12/. Stronger than the fear of death, in the example of Panthea, 287. Not easy to hate such as love one, 315, Noble in- stance of conjugal affection, I9O, 243,240', 265, 286. — Lux- ury, Median, exposed, 43, 365. — Lydians subject to the Assy- rian, 61. Number and strength of their force under Croesus, 84, Their consternation on Sardes being taken, 280. How Cyrus treated such who did not attend him with pleasure to Babylon, 29I. Became subject to Cyrus, 35. M Magi. The regard which Cyrus ever paid to tliem in war, 183. In peace, 314. Have the first choice of spoil for the gods, 183, 187, 285. And ground for sacred use, 207. Appointed to sing a morning hymn to the gods, 3J4. Have direction of the public sacrifices, ib. Of sacred affairs, 327r 33'J. — Magistrates. Of men and other animals, 33. — Mankind. Besl-natured, most grateful animal in the world, 338. Liable to errors, 127 there- fore to be forgiven, ib. Generally refractory towards their go- vernors, 34. Methods which Cyrus took of cultivating and pay- IXDEX. ing court to tliem, 3ip. His success, 3.5. Their genprations eternal, 36o. Next to the gods, to reverence the whole offspring of men, 36l. — Mandane. Mother of Cyrus, 35. Carries him to her father Astyages, 42. Her conversation with him on justice, 47. — Marriage. Remarkable instance of conjugal affection and friendship in the story of Abradatas and Panthea, \go, 243, 246, 265, 2S6. Justice of treating adulterers as enemies, 127. Ex- pressions of conjugal affection of Tygranes and his wife, 126. 127. Cyrus's obedience, in refusing to marry without his pa- rents' consent, 34S. Medes. Their luxury and effeminacy, 42, 365. Use paint for their eyes and complexion, and false hair, 42. Their king a tyrant, 48. Ambitious designs and confederacy of the Assy- rian king against them, 61. Their number and force under Cy- rus, 85. Indulge themselves after the enemy's defeat, 153. As many as will, have leave to attend Cyrus, 156. Their diffe- rent motives, 158. Advantage over the Persians by their horse, 167. Methods of Cyrus to captivate their affection, 1/3. Have the distribution of the spoil, I87. The Median messenger sent by Cyaxares to Cyrus, 1/3. The Mede who requested and obtained one of Cyrus's fine women, 188. Stay with Cyrus in his new government, 343. Voluntarily submit to it, 35. All Media given to Cyrus in dowery, 348. Satrapy of the Medes bequeathed by Cyrus to Taxoaxares, 358. — Mind. Meanness and impotency of it in loving against right, 192. Vid. soul. — Modesty. Principal of all virtues, 120. Recommends all other Qualifications, ib. Not a passion, but matter of science, 121. Instilled by just punishment, 122, 2S2. By fear, 122. Distin- guished from reverence of behaviour, 3 16. Governs men's ac- tions in the dark, ib. Persians careful of cultivating it in their children, 36. — Money, vanity and impotence of heaping up treasures, 325. Best conferred upon friendSj ib. Cyrus's experi- ment about it, 324. - ' N Names. Good effect of calling people'by their names, 212. — Na- ture. Incest avoided on account of law and fear, IQl. Self-de- fence and the method of it, natural to each animal, 103. Earth the best couch, abounding with the best furniture, 199. O Obedience, how taught, 314, et seq. Servile, defestible, 120. — Oecono*my of an household to be learnt from the order of an army, 312, Of a royal one, 313- — Officers, the several kinds which Cyrus appointed in his empire, 311. — Omens, thunder and lightning import victory, 65. Eagle, of happy omen, 112. — Ornaments of person, 317- Friends the noblest, 328. Panthea, wife of Abradatas, king of the Susians, ISp. Most beautiful woman of all Asia, I87. Taken captive by Cyrus's Army, I89, Chosen out by the Medes for Cyrus, ib. Noble INDEX. P example of conjugal affection and heroic virtue, 243. Araspes's description of her person and manner, on first entering her tent, Ibp. Cyrus afraid to see her, and gives charge of her to Aras- pes, 190. How Araspes became her captive, I93. Rejects his solicitations, 243. Her goodness in keeping it private from Cyrus, ib. Threatened with violation by Araspes, ib. Sends account of it to Cyrus, ib. Her gratitude to Cyrus, 24(}. Ob- tains leave of them to send for her husband, ib. Stirs him up to gratitude, ib. Presents him with a fine suit of armour, and puts it on, 265, Moving scene betwen them on that occasion, ib« Her love, bravery, and heroic virtue, 205. Encourages him to bravery, ib. Admired by Abradatas, 2()Ci. Drew the admiration of the whole army, ib. Beautiful scene of her affliction over his dead body, 236, 283. Her fondness, ornaments, lamentation, self-upbraidings, 285, 287. Greatly pitied and honoured by Cyrus, ib. Remains inconsolable, ib. Kills herself for love of her husband, ib. Cyrus's lamentation over her, 288. His care of their funeral rites and monximent, ib. Paphlagonians. Subject to the Assyrian, <3l. Invited, but did not attend the expedition against the Medes and Persians, 84. Join Croesus, 250. Subject at length to Cyrus, 35. — Parents, a «cene of parental affection in describing of a son'3 death. 1S5. Cyrus's remarkable obedience to them, 3JS. — Parties, ho\T mischievous to any countryj 288. The good of having them composed, 289. — Passions, to indulge them against right, .sign of impotent minds, 192. Fear of an army changed into grief, 251. — Peace, good effects of it to a coimtry, 133. Persians, their number, 41. Number of thtir tribes, 3/. Country mountainous, 43. Bad horsemen, ib. Habits coarse, diet plaiii, 42. Form of government limited, 48. Their laws and institutions described, 3(3. Prescribed before all others, 41. Fxtreuiely care- ful of the education of their children, ib. Their place of inge- nious discipline, ib. Disingenuous people and manners banished from it, ib. Division of it into four parts, according to the re- spective orders of boys, youth, grown men, and elders, ib. At- tendance of each order, in each respective division, ib. Twelve ruh^rs over each order, 37- Rulers from whom chosen, ib. Respective parts, or employments of each order, ib. Boys go to public schools to learn justice of the rulers, ib. Punished by theni ioT all injustice, particularly ingratitude, ib. Taught modesty and discretion, strict temperance and obedience, 38. Eat nut with their mothers, but teachers, ib. At sixteen they enter the order of youth, ib. Exercise arms, military virtues, and public service of the youth described, ib. How long they continue youth, 40. The arms and service to the magistrate, and in war, of the full grown described, ib. At what age they enter the order of elders, ib. Elders have the choice oi all roagislxate?, ib. Distribute public and private justice:, ib. Their sentence renders infamous for life, 41. Compound of the most excellent men, ib. Necessary to pass through each order complete, to the next above it, ib. None by law excluded from honour and raa- e,istracy> ib. Any that will, and can afford it, may send their boys to the public schools, ib. Number of the alike-honoured, Or gentlemen, 62. Their king governed by the law, and is to execute the orders of state, 4S. The king appears to have been the high-priest, 1/6, 350. Their piety, faith, and justice, 362. Their strict temperance and manlike exercises, 41, 304. Their arms, 66, 88, oOQ. Manner of fighting, 86. Bravery and skill in war, 366. Disadvantage in war for want of horse and horse- men, 167. Shameful to be seen to spit or blow the nose, 41, 364. Reason of it, ib. Great end and use of their severe discipline, 166. Custom of kissing, when and whom, 5Q. Persian teacher, who taught justice and injustice, suppressed, and why, 77. A Persian conversation in Cyrus's tent, full of humour, g2, 100. Another of the same kind, 33g, 343. Of opinion that artists should be, and principally in religion, 330. Ambitious designs, and confederacy of the Assyrian king against them and the Medes, 61. Sent to for assistance by Cyaxares, 62. Elders in council choose Cyrus commander of their army, ib- Number of their army, and of whom it consisted, ib. Alike-honoured have power given them to increase their number, ib. Persian soldiers who attended Cyrus invited to the same arms with the alike-honoured, 87. How Cyrus exercised and cultivated them, 89, 109. Their bravery, obedience, and exact order, 14S, 150. Victory over the Ass;^ rian army, 149,163. Cyrus's praise and gfatitude to them, 151. Abstain with pleasure from eating, while the allies feasted themselves, I67, 174. Their vigilance above all the rest, ib. Their easy self-denial, with respect to the enemy's treasure, 183. Body of horse formed for them, 168, 183. Horsemanship established among them by the law of reputation, 17-1- Cyrus's drollery on himself and them, 1S4, Sends to Persia for a reinforcement of his army, 176. Enures them more to labour than the rest of the army, I95, Their decorum in eating and drinking, I99. Like to be worsted by the Egyptians, 2/6. Pitied and relieved by Cyrus^ 277. Come off victorious, 278, Persian cavalry, won most reputation of all Cyrus's army, 279- Persian Garrisons left in Caria, 289. In Piirygia, on the Hellespont, 2yo. In Sardes, ib. In Baby- lon,' 297. Persian lancemen formed by Cyrus, 298 . Persians, their share in settling and establishing Cyrus's new government, ib. 318. When they first used the Median robe, 327. i'&Y Cyrus adoration in his procession for the first time, 330. Cyrus and the Persians bound mutually by oath to each other by Caih- byses, 350. Extent of the Persian empire under Cyrus, 35, 362. Bequeathed by him to Cambyses his son, 358. Universal. INDEX. degeneracy, and ruin of the Persian state, and institutions after Cyrus's death, 3(52, to the end. Person, tallness in men and women handsome, 12/, I97, 3oO. Imposture of person, alhiwed to c;;ain reverence, 31/. Phf raulas, a Persian common soldier, of a noble mind, much in Cyrus's favour, 102, 32S. His noble speech for proportionable rewards, 102. Is greatly enriched by Cyrus, 334. Honoured by him with the care of his proce.^fion, 328. His blow from the Sacian, and behaviour upon it, 333. Is presented by tlie Sacian with his horse, ibid. Bv Cyrus with his prize of cu]js, 334-. Invites the Sacian to a handsome entertainment, ibid. Presents the Sacian with the cups, ibid. Conversation with him on riches and poverty, ibid. Despises riches, and bestows them all on the Sacian, 336. Lays himself wholly out in enriching the Sacian, and ci'ltivating his friends, ibid. His noble cha- racter of man, 33/. Phoenicians, join Croesus against Cyrus, 2.50. Become part of Cyrus's emjnre, 3 ). Phrygians, of the greater Phrygia Their force under the Assy- rian against Cynis, 84. Join Croisus against him, 250. Over- thrown by Cyrus, 291. Artacamus made satrap over them, 352. Phrygians, of Phrygia on the Hellespont. Their iorce under the x-^ssyrian again?t Croesus, 84. Iheir {light, \63. Allies to Croesus against him, 250.' Hysta.spes sent with an army against them. 2(j0. Their king forced to .•submit by the revolt of his commanders, ibid. Garrisons left there for Cynjs, ibid. Phar- nuchus appointed satrap over them, 352. Pleasure, indulgence of it, how contrary to policy, 305. Policy, to.wards a friend, who has done amiss, and is humbled, 12 h _ Appearance of enmity to a friend, and of friendship to an enemy. 206. To procure a supply before want comes, Gg Policy of rCyrus over his new-conoucred subjects, 297- By assuming the j-state of a king, 29S. Address to all people, ibid. Proper guards about his person and palace, 302. Humbling his nc w subjects, 301-. Cultivating his friends, ibid. His method t.) preseive his dominion, and gain the love, reverence, and obe- dience of all his subjects, 304, 308, 313, 323. By bang an ,^ example of all virtue, 305, 3 l4. His economy and distribution J of his several offices ami rewards, and on whom, 313, 315, 31 S. ^- By his regard to the priesthood, aad established religion, 314. . By real piety, 315. Piy modesty and goedness of mind, ibid. By reverence of behavicnir, i'oid. jSJilitarv virtues and exercisi 3, 317. Abstinence from pleasure, 305. Om.imtnis and dignity of person, 317- Strict justice, 315. Decorum, 3l0. Cere- mony, 337. Observation of ranks and pvectdi. nee, 327j 33b. yV grand proce.=sion, 327 By love and good-nature to all, 319- All kinds of good office.", ibid. The pailicular eultuie of his friends, 320,323. i^atiug with them, 320. Showing them all honour and courts-hip, ibid. By grand munilicenee, 322. 'I'he number of his spies, and b(;unty to them, ibid. His distinction I) U INDEX. between the Ingenuous and slaves, 318. His policy over the provinces, 350. By garrisons, with commanders over them, ibid. By the satraps, for the civil government of them, ibid. By the establishment of bis own manners and discipline in them, 353. By an annual progress with an army through them, 354. His means of gaining intelligence through his whole empire, ibid. The success of his policy, 34, 319, 322, 362. Beloved and called father by all, 318, 322, 362. Politeness, innocent raillery and laughter belong to it, g5, 342, 347. In manners described, 315. Prayer, due qualifications for it, 66. Subject matter of it what, ibid. Human means necessary, ibid. Vide God. Precedence, ranks of it in a procession, 32g. At table, 338. Due to elders in every thing, 358. Procession, royal one described, 329. Provinces to an empire, how governed, 350. Prudence, to procure a supply before want comes, 6Q. Vide Policy. Punishment, use of just punishment to virtue, QQ. Otten instils modesty and self-knowledge, 121, 284. R. Raillery, on persons and things, a refined manner of it with good humour, and without offence, Q5, 340. Religion, real, 66, 81, 183, I95, 266, 314. Religion establish- ed, or the rights and ceremonies of it, 83, 140, 143, 148, 183, 269, 271, 275, 297,314,330,356. Regard Cyrus paid to both in his new government, 314. Artists in religious af- fairs necessary, 330. Vide God. Reputation, law of it established in horsemanship, 171- Revenge, pleasure of Gobryas and Gadatas, in satisfying their re- venge, 296. Best to forgive, 126, 127. Reverence, methods to render the person venerable, 317- Of be- haviour, wherein it consists, 315. Distinguished from modesty, 316. Cyrus's example of It, ibid. To reverence the gods, 360. To reverence the whole offspring of men, 36l. To re- verence self, 316. Riches, the most valuable consist in justice, honour, and generosity, and friendship of men, 166, 197, 325. Hoarding of them a sign of mean, sordid, indigent minds, 325, 344. Contrary to true policy, 166, 324, 344. Noble instances of the contempt of them in Cyrus and Pheraulas, 136, 324, 334, 344. S. Sacian cupbearer, mlmlced and ridiculed by Cyrus, 44. Sacian, a private man, who won the prize at the races, 332. His con- versation with Pheraulas, 334. Enriched by him, ibid. Vide Pheraulas. Sacians, received great injuries from the Assyrian, 201. Enemies to him, ibid. 209. Their zeal in becoming' allies to Cyrus, ibid. Number of their arm V, ibid. INDEX. Sardes^ richest city of all Asia next Babylon, 281. In one year able to recover the loss of all its riches, 282. Taken by Cynis, and how, 280 Persijn garrison left in it, 2Q0. Slaves, ought not to attempt their freedom, 119- Best used as such, 318. OrdiiKince of God, with respect to those who will not labour, 101. Servile arms, 2yi. Sleep, like death, 300. Soul, two, one good, the other bad, 245. Its nature described during its union with the body, and after its separation, 360. Its existence hereafter probable, ibid. Spring, Cyrus enjoyed a perpetual one in the several parts of his empire, 355. Spies, their use to a monarch, 322. How to be gained, ibid. Spies of higher rank not easily suspected, 248. State, future of the soul, probable, 360, Religion and virtue de- pend upon it, ibid. Susians, Abradatas king of. Vide Abradatas. Syrians, subject to the Assyrian, 6l. Conquered by Cyrus, 35. Table, Cyrus's polite behaviour at it, 320. Tanoaxares, second son of CyruS, 358, Satrapy of the Medes, &:c. i< bequeathed to him, ibid ..&Tactics, art of forming an army, and moving in order, 7*^* 34/. b'n: Small part of generalship, yi. Temperance, Persian, 42, ]gg. Terror of an army described, and how ajvpeased, 250, 274. Thracians, mercenaries to the Assyrian, 250. Thunder and lightning, of happy omen, 65. Trojans, their form of war-chariots altered by Cyrus, 242. Tygranes, eldest son of the Armenian j)rince, 118. Used to hunt , {; with Cyrus, ibid. Comes at the instant of Cyrus's trial of his .■-b father, ibid. Pleads his father's cause, 120. His' sentiments of modesty, punishment, fear, ibid. Political admonitions to Cyrus, 123. Prevails over him for his father, 125. His love for his wife, and questions to her, with her answers, 126, 127. Relation to Cyrus of his father's cruelty to his friend, 126. Joins Viji Cyrus with an Armenian force, 129. Attends him in his wars '!<) . with his wife, 128, 342. Modesty and readiness to obey Cyrus's commands, 195. Wins the prize of the Armenians at the horfe- raccs, 332. Invited to Cyrus's entertainment, 337. Hath a present made him for his wife, 342. V. Vesta, goddess, supplications to hc-r, 65. Victory, a great pleasure, 152. Inspires men with fortitude, ibid. Rewards of it, 101. Right of conquest asserted, 301. INDEX. Virtue and Vice, a description of them, pS. Securest guard, best companion, 307. Depends not on belief oC a future state, 360. But on reverence of the Deity and mankind, ibid. A virtuous man has interest in all men,' 36l. Military ones, 3l6. Na- tional, depends on the example of the governor^, 363. Vulcan, god of fire, 295. W. ^^ ar, art of it at large, described and justiiied by Cambyses to Cyrus, 65, 82. Qualificalions and part of a general, ibid. Of subordinate officers, 89. Of soldiers, ibid. 150. Use ol" horse and horsemen, I68. War-chariots, 242, 2^7 Camels unfit for war, save for baggage, 279. Tent oificers, l64. Arm .< for a close engagement, bd. Servants of an army, Q2. Slingers, when of use and when not, 201. Tactic art, what, 70, 347. Exercises, Emulation. Rewards to an army, 74,89,97,281. How to raise their courage, 72, 146. Admirable effect.-^ of de- votion, 148, 275. How to inspire them with love, obedience, self-denial, and all militar}' virtues, 73, 89, IO9, 212, 30g, 315. Use of disposing each regiment in a tent; 90. Rules how to take advantage of the enemy, y6. Rules and order of a march, - 80,113, 211, 224, 257. Rules for an incam.pment, 71, 141, 241, 257. Order of one, 345. Barbarian entrenchments de- scribed, 141. Policy and tricks towards an enemy, /G, 112, 142, 202, 206. Economy of an army, and care of necessary artificers, instruments, 70, 253. Use of cultivating the force of the allies, 165. Approach to the enemy, 141. Spies and intelligence, 81, 214, 244, 248, 249. Viewing stations, 258. When to march near the enemy's walls, and when not, 224. How an army is to be disposed and drawn oft' from before the walls of a city, 292. Preparations for an engagement, 78, 81, 88, 210, et seq. Piow to allay the terror of an army, 251. Sacrifices, prayers, devotion, 65, 74, 81, 140, 148, 268. Engagement de- scribed, 149, 271. Signal, hymn, shout, devotion, mutual ex- hortations, and ardor, 148, 271. Execution done by armed chariots, 275, by a phalanx, consisting all of friends, ibid. Gra- titude to the gods and the army, upon success, 137, 151. Trea- sures to the army, 136, 3l6. Distribution of the enemy's spoil, 180, 187, 297. Method of taking Babylon encompassed by a wall and deep river, 293. Difterenl effects of a victory and defeat, 203. Behaviour towards the enemy subdued, 173, 184, 29J . Right of conquest asserted over persons and fortunes, 304. Hunting of great use to the art of war, 31 6. Religion above all necessary to it, 257, 264. The piety and success of Cyrus and his army, 65, II7, 149, 150, 271, 280. Knowledge and prac- tice of war, the means of liberty and happiness, 306. INDEX. Water, how to leave off wine for it, 253. Wisdom, human, nothing, 82. God alone to be consulted and fol- lowed, ibid. Woman, modesty and reverence of behaviour commands respect, 315. Admirable instance of conjugal love and heroic virtue in Panthea, 243. Vide Panthea. World, eternal, 36l. Free of all imperfection, ibid. Preserved in harmony and order by the gods, ibid. Xenophon, his observations on the several forms of governments, and their quick dissolution, 33. Remarks on the go%'ernment of men and other animal';, 33, 34. General siirvey of the vast power and dominions of Cyrus, 34, 355, 362. Imputes the cause of it to his understanding and good conduct, 34. Political observations on the corruption and ruin of the Persian state atter Cyrus's death, with the cause of them, 362, to the end. His modest remark on the Asiatic manner of carrying their women to war, 167. THE END. J. Swan, Printer, Angel Street, Nctigate Street. auoiqoC) rxaJ srlT ■■;7 -rf h-ln-n, Tiao3 ij ,bniM . baa 3rt> wan B J n£m r[irw. barizil BOOKS PRINTED FOR VERNOR AND HOOD, IN THE POULTRY 'T'HE Farmer's Boy, a Rural Poem, by Robert Blooiufield. -*- "A Shepherd's Boy; — he seeks no better Name." In Foolscap Octavo, with nine beautiful Plates cut in Wood, the Seventh Edition, price 4s. in Boards. An Octavo Edition, pric^- 5s 6d. in Boards. Another Edition, printed by Bensley in a su- perior Style of Elegance, small Quarto, witli the first Impressions of the Plates, price los. 6d. Boards; and a few remaining Copies on Royal Paper, i8s. 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