REESE LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Received- 
 
 Acauion* No.Ztd^f Shelf N 
 

PRACTICAL TREATISE 
 
 ON 
 
 B O I L E E S 
 
 AND 
 
 BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 BY 
 
 N. P. BURGH, 
 
 MEM. INST. MECH. ENG., ASSC. CIV. ENG., ETC. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH 1163 ENGRAVINGS AND 50 PLATES. 
 
 LONDON: 
 E. & F. N. SPON, 48, CHARING CROSS. 
 
 NEW YOEK: 446, BEOOME STEEET. 
 1873. X" 
 
LOXDOJT. 
 
 J'BISTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, 
 STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. 
 
EXPLANATORY REMARKS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 EXPLANATORY REMARKS. 
 
 THIS work my twelfth was commenced in 
 the early part of the year. 1872, and, in 
 setting about its construction, I classified the 
 subjects in the following order : 
 
 MARINE BOILERS, 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS, 
 PORTABLE LAND BOILERS, 
 STATIONARY LAND BOILERS, 
 CYLINDRICAL BOILERS, 
 VERTICAL BOILERS, 
 TUBE BOILERS, 
 CIRCULAR BOILERS, 
 WATER TUBE BOILERS, 
 FIRE ENGINE BOILERS, 
 FURNACE BOILERS, 
 GAS FUEL BOILERS, 
 OIL FUEL BOILERS, 
 
 MECHANICAL COAL-FEEDING FURNACES, 
 MECHANICAL OIL-FEEDING FURNACES, 
 SELF-ACTING NON-FEED ALARM APPARATUS, 
 SAFETY VALVES, WITH LOADS AND SELF- 
 ADJUSTING SPRINGS, 
 FKED PUMPS, 
 FEED INJECTORS, 
 
 SELF-ACTING FEED-WATER APPARATUS, 
 SMOKE-CONSUMING APPARATUS, 
 CONSTRUCTION, 
 PROPORTIONS, 
 SETTING, 
 RULES, 
 REPAIRS, 
 EXPLOSIONS, 
 
 NATURE OF METALS USED.. 
 GALVANIC ACTIONS AND 
 INCRUSTATION. 
 
 I then arranged the chapters as will be 
 seen in the Table of Contents, and as those two 
 
 accomplishments lie in a literary nutshell 
 before my readers, they may, perhaps, be in- 
 terested in knowing how I compressed the 
 vast amount of matter into such a small 
 space. 
 
 To begin with, after arranging prelimi- 
 naries, I gathered together in our Patent Office 
 a list of the total amount of boilers that had 
 been patented since the year 1663 to 1873, or 
 a period of two hundred and ten years, and 
 discovered that over three thousand examples 
 had been offered for legal protection. 
 
 My next task was the " picking out " the 
 possible from the impossible arrangements 
 that could be constructed ; and, as careful as I 
 have tried to be, I am afraid some of the 
 doubtful characters have appeared, while at 
 the same time the selection has been as fair as 
 I could then judge. 
 
 In Chapter I., vertical land boilers are 
 fully discussed, to the extent of one hundred 
 and -ninety examples, by two hundred and 
 seventy-four illustrations, contained in one 
 hundred and two pages of letterpress. Those 
 engineers and others who are conversant with 
 that class of boiler will recognise the popular 
 as well as the generally unknown productions, 
 
IV 
 
 EXPLANATORY REMARKS. 
 
 and that the same arrangement has been 
 favoured by two or three claimants for the 
 invention, to which circumstance in all cases 
 I have directed attention. 
 
 In Chapter II., horizontal land boilers are 
 illustrated by one hundred and sixty examples ; 
 and it will be noticed, also, that where the 
 setting forms a medium for working the 
 boiler, it is shown ; in fact, I have made this 
 chapter a guide for boiler-setting as well as a 
 record of inventions. The relation of the 
 several arrangements as to similarity in 
 design I have pointed out also, and clearly 
 proved the looseness of our present patent law, 
 as indeed I have in nearly all the chapters. 
 
 The tube boiler I have thoroughly in- 
 vestigated in Chapter III., and I have proved 
 that the first high-pressure tube boiler proper 
 was invented in the year 1824 by an English- 
 man, "Moore," by name, shown on page 164, 
 thus upsetting the general belief that Dr. 
 Alban first introduced it : he certainly proved 
 it, but that was nearly twenty years after. 
 The other boiler worthy of notice here is 
 Perkins's, shown on page 168 ; in this case 
 vertical and horizontal tubes connected at 
 right angles form the arrangement, which is 
 a contrast to Moore's cage boiler. I cannot 
 help remarking how very little it is understood 
 that the best and most economical method of 
 raising steam is by enveloping the boiler as 
 Moore did, and yet he knew it nearly fifty 
 years ago, while a large number of engineers 
 do not even know it now. 
 
 This Chapter III. contains fifty-six ex- 
 amples, and very contrasted they are too ; 
 for there are coil tubes, angular tubes, cross 
 tubes, vertical tubes, ring tubes, annular tubes, 
 syphon tubes, hanging tubes, and unit tubes. 
 I may add, in passing, one inventor did, in 
 the year 1872, partially put the boiler in the 
 fire, as shown by Fig. 489, on page 188. 
 
 In the fourth chapter I have settled the 
 impracticability of injection boilers, from the 
 fact that if the steam is raised by a gush of 
 feed water, the power must be uneven, and 
 therefore the motion of the engine is un- 
 steady ; arid so well is this understood, that 
 only twenty-eight examples have been selected 
 as inventors' claims. 
 
 Marine boilers next engaged my attention, 
 which I put into Chapter V., making one 
 hundred and five examples ; and I was rather 
 surprised to find that there has been but little 
 improvement in this class of boilers during the 
 last five years ; but in mitigation of that fact 
 is the practical reason that shipowners prefer 
 to use a type of boiler that they know has 
 answered, and are tardy in admitting new 
 arrangements, because a ship on her voyage 
 means capital afloat. The time, undoubtedly, 
 is close at hand when the " drum " cylindrical 
 boiler will give place to the small tube 
 arrangement, and surface condensers, in con- 
 nection with distilling apparatus, will prepare 
 the feed water. 
 
 Liquid fuel having received some attention 
 lately, I of course fully investigated the boilers 
 
EXPLANATOEY BEMAEKS. 
 
 in use and proposal for that purpose, and 
 discovered that the interest was of the feeblest 
 kind in the inventive world, as only twenty- 
 five examples were to be found, and those I ; 
 illustrated in Chapter VI. Of the practi- 
 cability of burning liquid fuel, I have not the 
 least doubt ; but there remains at present to 
 know, first, how to prepare the oil for com- 
 bustion ; second, how to burn it ; and, third, 
 to provide an apparatus not liable to get out 
 of order. The present difficulty with liquid 
 fuel is that the deposit of carbon is so rapid 
 that the caloric properties of the flame after a 
 time become almost ineffective for evapora- 
 tion. 
 
 Chapter VII. I devoted to locomotive boilers, 
 of which I selected ninety-five examples 
 out of about three hundred locomotives ; in 
 fact, the engines have received a vast amount 
 of attention, while the boilers have not been 
 so specially favoured. But in my case I have 
 considered the arrangement of the fire boxes 
 and tubes as demanding most attention ; and a 
 careful comparison of the examples I have 
 illustrated will repay any one interested in the 
 subject. 
 
 Having waded through thus far, and accom- 
 plished what I did, I turned with full vigour 
 to the details commenced in Chapter VIII., 
 and turned over five hundred blue books on 
 that matter, selecting ninety-three safety- 
 valves, seventy-one alarm valves, and fifty- 
 four feed pump engines, known commonly as 
 " donkey pumps." 
 
 Chapter IX. I devoted to the connection 
 of tubes, and illustrated seventy-two methods. 
 
 Fire bars next came in my list, and, in 
 Chapter X., I illustrated forty-five different 
 solid, hollow, fixed, and movable bars, select- 
 ing, of course, the most practical kind. 
 
 Following that, in proper order, came 
 " mechanical feed fuel apparatus," of which, 
 in Chapter XI., I illustrated twenty-four dif- 
 ferent arrangements ; and of fire box doors, 
 seventeen examples. 
 
 Thus far the mechanical matter was com- 
 pleted, but the main questions were still 
 before me for digestion, i.e., the ignition of 
 coal, combustion, action of flame, raising of 
 steam, etc. 
 
 Chapter XII., on the " ignition of coal," 
 next appeared, and as that sentence is a 
 volume in itself, and equally as,' words can but 
 hardly explain it, I illustrated the question in 
 seven different stages, which conveys to the 
 mind at once what language might fail to 
 express. 
 
 Next I explained " combustion " in Chapter 
 XIII., beginning with the constituents, and 
 thoroughly described the different gases that 
 arise during the process of their release, 
 giving in detail their properties, value, and 
 relative volume. Following that, the amount 
 of air per Ib. of coal I discussed, and, as a 
 comparison to the ignition, some new light has 
 been shown. 
 
 On the smoke question and its cause, I 
 quoted two well-known authorities on that 
 
VI 
 
 EXPLANATOKY EEMAEKS. 
 
 subject, while, at tlie same time, I expressed 
 my own views. I then collated a series of 
 experiments on combustion, evaporation, and 
 other valuable matter relating to the powers 
 of stationary locomotive and marine boilers. 
 
 The " action of flame and raising of steam " 
 I considered too worthy a subject to be treated 
 by words alone, consequently, I illustrated it 
 fully ; and in no work that I know of has such 
 a lucid pictorial explanation been given. 
 
 .Although boilers are made pretty strong 
 now, unfortunately they explode sometimes ; 
 and, therefore, in Chapter XY., the causes of 
 boiler explosions are digested and illustrated. 
 And as a contrast to that subject I followed 
 it with boiler-making, in Chapter XVI., which 
 I illustrated, not only with woodcuts, but with 
 three plates, A, B, and C. I set more value 
 on them than any of the others, from the fact 
 of their being more practically instructive in 
 detail ; and general thanks are due to their 
 donors. 
 
 My last chapter, XVII., is, perhaps, as 
 valuable as any, because it gives information 
 and data for future practice, in the form of 
 ''Tables, Rules, and Memoranda for Boiler- 
 
 78 WATERLOO BRIDGE EOAD, LONDON, S.E. 
 October 1st, 1873. 
 
 making," and as such, becomes important as a 
 key to the whole preceding it. The prac- 
 titioner will find information refreshing to 
 his memory, while the student will obtain 
 knowledge of use to him in due course ; in 
 fact, I have endeavoured to give such matter 
 as is really in immediate connection with 
 boiler-making, and scientifically requiring at- 
 tention ; for, as I stated at the beginning of 
 Chapter XVI., " Boiler-making requires more 
 primary consideration, talent, scientific educa- 
 tion, and practical knowledge in construction 
 than any other branch of engineering yet 
 known." 
 
 The plates contained at the end of this 
 work are, without doubt, the best of their 
 kind; and no small amount of gratitude is due 
 to their contributors I, of course, exclude 
 my own because the attention paid to their 
 completion and correctness must have been 
 extreme. 
 
 My epilogue is now ended, and I, like 
 other actors on this stage of life, retire for a 
 time, to appear, I trust, refreshed to act 
 again, and meet with a repetition of those 
 substantial plaudits I have already received. 
 
 N. P. BURGH. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Vll 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 LAND STATIONABV VERTICAL BOILERS . 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS . 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS . 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 INJECTION BOILERS 
 
 MARINE BOILERS 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 LIQUID FUEL BOILERS .... 
 
 CHAPTEE VII. 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS .... 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 BOILER STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAR 
 BOILER ALARM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAR 
 BOILER FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 SECURING AND CONNECTING TUBES . 
 SECURING WATER CIRCULATING TUBES . 
 SECURING BRANCH PIECES TO CIRCULATING 
 
 TUBES 
 
 CONNECTION OF TUBES AT EIGHT ANGLES, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 to 102 
 
 103 to 1G3 
 
 164 to 189 
 
 190 to 204 
 
 205 to 236 
 
 237 to 250 
 
 251 to 278 
 
 279 to 288 
 288 to 296 
 296 to 305 
 
 306 to 307 
 
 307 to 310 
 
 310 to 312 
 312 to 313 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 
 PERFORATED FIRE BARS 
 SOLID AND HOLLOW FIRE BAKS 
 WATER FIRE BARS .... 
 MOVABLE FIRE BARS 
 
 CHAPTEE XI. 
 
 MECHANICAL FEED FUEL APPARATUS . 
 FIRE-BOX DOORS 
 
 CHAPTEE XII. 
 
 IGNITION OF COAL 
 
 . . 314 
 , . 315 
 
 315 to 316 
 
 316 to 317 
 
 318 to 323 
 323 to 326 
 
 327 
 
 CHAPTEE XIII. 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION . 
 
 CHAPTEE XIV. 
 ACTION OF FLAME AND EAISING OF STEAM 
 
 CHAPTEE XV. 
 CAUSES OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS .... 
 
 CHAPTEE XVI. 
 
 BOILER-MAKING 
 
 CHAPTEE XVII. 
 
 TABLES, EULES, AND MEMORANDA FOR 
 BOILER-MAKING 
 
 328 to 350 
 
 351 to 355 
 
 356 to 360 
 
 361 to 363 
 
 364 to 372 
 
 INDEX OF PLATES 373 to 374 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS 375 to 389 
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECT-MATTER 390 to 391 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS at the end of the Plates 
 
 NOTICE TO THE BINDER. Insert Plates A, B, and C between pages 362 and 363 ; and the remainder cf the 
 plates in consecutive order at the end of the Index of Subject-Matter. 
 
STEAM 
 
 BOILERS AND BOILER. M AKIN G, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 THE upright or vertical boiler being the first 
 kind in use, according to chronological records of 
 scientific occurrences, we therefore begin with 
 that subject, which originated as far back as the 
 year A.D. 1663, when the Marquis of Worcester 
 is said to have invented the boiler and appa- 
 ratus in connection, for lifting water by steam, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 1 ; from which it is 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 The first Globular Boiler and Water Cask used as a "Steam 
 Water-lift." Invented in the year 1663, by the Marquis of 
 Worcester. 
 
 apparent that the boiler was globular, set in 
 brickwork, and the steam passed through a 
 pipe into a cask or wooden barrel, which, 
 when fed with water, condensed the steam 
 
 thereby, and thus a vacuum occurred sufficient 
 to prompt the water below to rise into the 
 cask while the cock was opened ; but directly 
 it was closed condensation ceased, and the 
 steam then from the boiler forced the water 
 in the cask up through the discharge pipe 
 into the tank above. This undoubtedly was a 
 very clever idea for a pumping engine ; but in 
 
 Fte. 2. 
 
 Savery's Steam Boiler, used in connection with a Water-lift in 
 the year 1698. 
 
 practice the use of steam by condensation was 
 so extreme over what was requisite to force 
 
 15 
 
LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 the water, that the working expenses became 
 a matter of grave consideration. But that, 
 however, did not prevent Savery from patent- 
 ing and erecting a boiler as Fig. 2 represents, 
 which was in connection with a very similar 
 condensing apparatus, of metal, as the Marquis 
 of Worcester's. The Marquis's boiler, how- 
 ever, was not set as scientifically as that by 
 Savery ; and we therefore illustrate how 
 Newcomen set his globular boiler, as shown by 
 Fig 3, he having had the experience of his 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 Newcomen's Globular Boiler, set in brickwork, for Steam Engines, 
 as used in the year 1710. 
 
 predecessors to guide him, as also shown in 
 plan by Fig. 4, from which it is apparent 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Plan of the Globular Boiler shown by Fig. 3. 
 
 that the flame surrounded the boiler just 
 below the water level, and finally passed up 
 
 the chimney, that was situated opposite the 
 fire-place. 
 
 At this period the steam engine began to 
 cause some stir amongst machinists, and the 
 result was, that the few engineers then exist- 
 ing soon found out that the globular boiler, 
 although the strongest of shapes, was not the 
 most economical either in manufacture or 
 working ; while as the pressure of steam raised 
 did not extend beyond 5 Ibs. on the square 
 inch, there was little difficulty with that, and 
 therefore the cylindrical vertical boiler was 
 next introduced, as shown by Fig. 5, in the 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 Savery's Cylindrical Vertical Boiler, with flat ends, as used in 
 the year 1711. 
 
 year 1711. But this form being only resist- 
 able to pressure at the side, the ends soon 
 gave way, and science combined with practice 
 prompted the form of vertical boiler, as shown 
 by Fig. 6. in which the ends and sides partake 
 of the globular shape, or are portions of arcs 
 of a circle. And even that did not satisfy 
 the wishes of the engineers, and thus a third 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 form of cylindrical boiler next made its 
 appearance, as illustrated by Fig. 7, which 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Newcomen's Cylindrical Vertical Boiler, with curved ends, as used 
 in the year 1714. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Newcomen's Haycock Cylindrical Boiler, as used in the year 
 1711. 
 
 was aptly termed the " haycock boiler ;" and 
 the main cause for the sides being angular was 
 that the flame might impinge on it, rather 
 than slide only, as with the vertical side 
 
 boilers shown by Figs. 5 and 6. After this 
 the haycock boiler was recessed at the sides, 
 to still further absorb the heat, as illustrated 
 
 Newcomen's Haycock Cylindrical Boiler, with recessed sides, as 
 used in the year 1711. 
 
 by ( Fig. 8, and the bottom end curved upwards 
 to lesist the pressure. 
 
 From this period, 1711, Newcomen was su- 
 perseded by Watt, who introduced the Wagon 
 and other long horizontal boilers which 
 are all fully illustrated in the next chapter 
 while also Smeaton had not been idle with 
 his improvements ; as for example he intro- 
 duced the boiler illustrated by Fig. 9, on the 
 next page, which was a vast improvement 
 over the prior boilers used. 
 
 We next direct attention to a cylindrical 
 boiler with a spiral flue, which was introduced 
 late in the seventeenth century by an inventor 
 whose name unfortunately has not been re- 
 corded in the annals of engineering events. 
 This boiler is illustrated by Fig. 10 in 
 
 B 2 
 
LAND STATION AEY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 sectional elevation and plan, and shows that 
 the flame first enters into a '' pot " which is 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 Smeaton's Haycock Cylindrical Boiler, with internal fire-box, 
 flues, and iron chimney, being the first Vertical Flued Boiler 
 made and introduced in the year 1769. 
 
 in connection with the spiral flue that leads 
 to the chimney, by which means the flame 
 has a very great traverse, and thus time is 
 
 We advance now to the date 1822, because 
 from 1700 to then nothing in vertical boilers 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 Cylindrical Boiler with Spiral Flue, supposed to have been used in 
 the year 1780. Inventor unknown. 
 
 . Fig- 11. 
 
 Clark's Vertical Tubular Boiler, with top and bottom casings the first Vertical Tube Boiler proper. Patented in the year 1822. 
 
 permitted for the water to absorb a great deal 
 of the heat, also showing that the inventor 
 knew what was requisite as far as the practice 
 then to generate steam. 
 
 was carried out sufficient to warrant notice in 
 these pages, and we there next direct atten- 
 tion to Fig. 11, which is a sectional elevation 
 and plan of the first tubular boiler ; and to the 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 credit of Mr. Clark we make it known that he 
 invented the first surface condenser also, at the 
 same time. 
 
 This boiler is composed of a number of 
 curved tubes placed in an erect position, by 
 which a greatly extended surface is exposed 
 to the action of the fire. These tubes are 
 supplied with water from vessels into which 
 their extremities are inserted, the construction 
 of which will be best seen by reference to the 
 illustrations, which are a transverse section of 
 the boiler and furnace, taken through one of 
 the water tubes, and also a longitudinal sec- 
 tional view, which shows the fireplace, the ash 
 pit, and the furnace containing the tubes. 
 This space is closed above, below, and on the 
 sides with fire brick ; and at the top and 
 bottom are cast iron plates through which the 
 tubes pass ; and above and below them are 
 the upper and lower parts of the boiler, con- 
 taining also water, which flows through the 
 water tubes that support the upper part of 
 the boiler, and by means of bolts and flanges 
 the whole is connected together. 
 
 The curved tubes for generating the steam, 
 upon the external surface of which the fire 
 act?, are made of sheet copper, about one-tenth 
 of an inch thick, which, when brased or 
 soldered with spelter, form the pipes or tubes, 
 about one inch diameter, and which are to be 
 curved in the form shown, and this curve has 
 for its object the capability of the tubes ex- 
 panding or contracting without fracture. The 
 holes in the iron tube plates are bored to re- 
 ceive the ends of the tubes; those in the upper 
 plate are something larger than in the lower 
 one, in order to permit the tubes to pass down. 
 The ends of the tubes, being accurately fitted 
 
 to the holes, are made to attach themselves 
 firmly thereto by means of a mandrel driven 
 in, and, on withdrawing which, a ferrule, of 
 the same metal of which the tubes are com- 
 posed, is introduced and driven tight. The 
 holes in the ferrules allow the free passage of 
 the water, as will be described hereafter. 
 There is a vacant space between the arch of 
 fire brick and the upper tube plate, to prevent 
 the heat of the furnace injuring the plate. 
 
 Two years elapsed, and then a Mr. Moore 
 patented the arrangement of pipes to form a 
 boiler, as shown by Fig 12, where it will be 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 Moore's Vertical Tube Boiler, with horizontal pipe rings, surrounded 
 with brickwork. Patented in the year 1824. 
 
 seen that it consisted of three ring pipes that 
 are connected by vertical and angular tubes. 
 The bottom and intermediate ring pipes, and 
 the portions of the tubes from the same level, 
 contain the water, while the pipe and portions 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 of the tubes above receive the steam, which 
 is generated by fuel put on and ignited on a 
 grate that is situated just above the bottom 
 ring pipe. This entire mechanical arrange- 
 ment is surrounded by brickwork, which 
 forms a kiln or furnace, so that there is ample 
 space for combustion. We have no hesitation 
 in stating that Mr. Moore, although not an 
 engineer in practice, evidently was one in 
 theory, because he put his boiler bodily in 
 the fire, and that is what must be done for 
 high pressure steam, for which only tubular 
 boilers are serviceable. 
 
 and the parts are united together so that the 
 internal capacities of those tubes form a re- 
 ceptacle for the water which is to be converted 
 into steam. Each of these combinations of 
 tubes constitute a sort of cylindrical cage, 
 within which the fire is made. The lower 
 part of the small curved tubes perform the 
 office of the bars of a fire grate ; viz., to sup- 
 port the burning fuel, and through the spaces 
 or interstices between the tubes fresh air is 
 introduced to maintain the combustion. The 
 direct red heat of the different fires is thus 
 applied with great effect to the water con- 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 Teissier's Circular and Vertical Tube Boilers, in connection with a top flue and steam chamber. Patented in the year 1825. 
 
 At the latter part of the year 1825, another 
 non-professional man named Teissier patented 
 the arrangement of tubes as illustrated by 
 Fig. 13, which is that there are four fireplaces, 
 those spaces being surrounded except the 
 bottom with water, which is contained in 
 the narrow spaces between surfaces of metal 
 plates, so that the water shall be spread out 
 thinly, and in a suitable manner receive the 
 heat. Each furnace or fireplace consists of a 
 series of small curved tubes, suitably combined 
 with strait perpendicular tubes, and united by 
 large horizontal tubes situated top and bottom ; 
 
 tained in the small tubes and in the upper 
 part of the lower horizontal tube. The flame 
 which proceeds from the fires passes through 
 the spaces between the upper parts of the 
 curved tubes, and surrounds the large top 
 horizontal tube ; the flame also strikes against 
 the interior surfaces which form the bound- 
 aries of the fireplaces. The sides and ends of 
 the boiler are formed of a number of such flat 
 water spaces of suitable dimensions as re- 
 quired, placed in vertical positions, and put 
 together as follows, viz. : Two spaces are 
 placed in a vertical position to form the ends 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 of the boiler, and three other spaces form the 
 vertical partitions between the fireplaces, for 
 which also two other vertical spaces are placed 
 parallel to each other, one forming the end of 
 the four fireplaces, and the other forming the 
 upright side of the boiler ; the interval 
 between the two spaces is the flue to carry off 
 the smoke and heated air. The space in- 
 cluded amongst all these vertical flat vessels is 
 covered over by the principal portion, which 
 forms the upper part of the boiler which 
 receives the steam ; but there is also a main 
 flue or combustion chamber, which passes 
 horizontally through the lower part of the 
 
 to the extremities of the horizontal tubes, and 
 from these tubes the water flows freely into 
 all the other tubes. These branches are 
 provided with stopcocks, by which the com- 
 munication with any of the fireplaces can be 
 intercepted at pleasure. The steam which is 
 generated in each of the combinations of the 
 small tubes, and, by the heat of the fire and 
 flame, rises up and accumulates in the upper 
 horizontal tubes, from whence it passes by the 
 curved branches into the upper part of the 
 boiler, and in each branch is a stopcock to 
 shut the passages when required. Suitable 
 communicating branches are likewise pro- 
 
 Fig, u. 
 
 Teissier's Verticil Angular and Curved lubes Boiler, with horizontal water and steam pipes. Patented in the year 1825. 
 
 steam space, and occupies so much of its 
 capacity as only to leave thin flat spaces round 
 the flue to contain the water which surrounds 
 every part of the flue. 
 
 The water which is to be converted into 
 steam is introduced into the dome or top part 
 of the boiler by the feed pump, and from the 
 lower portion of this part the water is dis- 
 tributed and conveyed into the interior of 
 each of the flat spaces by short connecting 
 pipes. 
 
 The combinations of tubes which form the 
 fireplaces are supplied with water through pipes 
 which join from the lower part of the dome 
 
 vided, in order to convey the steam from each 
 of the vertical flat spaces into the upper part 
 of the large receptacle. 
 
 Another arrangement is shown above by 
 Fig. 14, which is that three horizontal pipes 
 are connected to a larger one by angular, 
 vertical, and curved pipes, and the top pipe is 
 sufficiently large to contain a steam space also. 
 The fuel is laid on the lower parts of curved 
 pipes and a portion of the bottom horizontal 
 pipe, so that the ordinary fire bars are not 
 used. The flame passes from the central 
 space to one side forward and backward, on 
 the other to the main flue. 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 Mr. Teissier having exhausted his ideas of 
 tubular boilers, he then turned his attention 
 to flat water space boilers, an example of 
 which is shown by Fig. 15 in sectional eleva- 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 Teissier's Vertical and Angular Water-spaced Flue Boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1825. 
 
 tions, and in plan by Fig. 16, the main feature 
 claimed being that the boiler is so formed that 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 Plan of the Boiler shown by Fig. 15. 
 
 all the surfaces which are exposed to the fire 
 and flame are inclined in an angle of at least 
 45 of the vertical, in order that any salt 
 or other sediment which may be formed upon 
 such inclined surfaces may not remain there- 
 upon, but may slide down, and collect into 
 proper receptacles provided at the lower part 
 of the boiler, where no heat is applied, and 
 from which the sediment may be withdrawn 
 when a sufficiency is collected. The fireplace 
 is included within and surrounded on every 
 side with water, so as to communicate heat 
 thereto. The upper surfaces of the fireplace 
 are inclined planes, in the manner of the roof 
 
 of a house, andsloping so much that the sediment 
 cannot lodge or rest thereupon, but the same 
 will slide down and fall through the water 
 into the receptacles on each side of the fire, 
 but situated lower than the fire, so as not to 
 be heated thereby. In the centre of the fire- 
 place a series of small tubes are fixed in a 
 perpendicular direction. They are joined at 
 their upper ends to the top of the fireplace, so 
 as to be at all times freely supplied with 
 water ; and being contained in the midst of 
 the fire, and surrounded thereby on all sides, 
 they receive the direct heat therefrom, and 
 convert the contained water into steam. The 
 tubes also communicate at their lower ends 
 to another sediment receptacle, which is also 
 placed lower than the fire grate, and is adapted 
 to receive the solids which are formed within 
 the tubes and which fall down into the recep- 
 tacle. The row of perpendicular tubes divides 
 the fireplace into two, as shown in the plan ; 
 but the flame can pass between the tubes so 
 as to act on all sides of them. 
 
 The flame from the fireplace passes out at 
 the far end, and rises up into a flue or pas- 
 sage, which is of a triangular form, as is 
 shown, the surfaces of two of its sides being 
 placed at an inclination of 45 with the 
 vertical. The other, or third side of the 
 triangular flue is a vertical surface placed 
 opposite to the outside of the boiler, and near 
 thereto, so as to leave but a small space for 
 the water. The side flue turns round at the 
 front end of the boiler, over the fire door, and 
 joins to another triangular flue, which is 
 exactly similar to the other, and conveys the 
 smoke back to far end of the boiler, where the 
 end flue joins to a third triangular flue, which 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 passes along the middle of the boiler, and 
 leads to the perpendicular chimney. 
 
 It will be noticed that in that boiler the 
 stays are omitted, and that the construction 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 Hancock's Vertical Flat Cellular Boiler. Patented in the year 
 1827. 
 
 would be very difficult, while repair means 
 breaking one half to repair the other. A 
 Mr. Hancock, however, in the year 1827, 
 invented a better cellular boiler, as shown in 
 sectional elevation by Fig. 17, and in plan by 
 
 Fig. 18, the arrangement of which is that a 
 suitable number of the narrow flat cells are 
 put together in parallel vertical planes, or 
 edgeways upwards over the fire, which is 
 made upon the grate, leaving narrow vertical 
 spaces between the several cells, to admit the 
 flame, smoke, and heated air to pass between 
 their adjacent vertical surfaces. The two 
 outside cells are of greater vertical depth than 
 the others, and they descend sufficiently below 
 the others to form a space between them for 
 the fireplace. The narrow upright ends of all 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 Sectional plan of Hancock's Cellular Boiler, as shown by Fig. 17. 
 
 the cells apply against the flat surfaces of two 
 other large cells, which form the front and 
 back ends of the boiler, and enclose the space 
 which constitutes the fireplace. The front 
 cell has an opening at the lower part of the 
 fire-door. The tops of all the cells are covered 
 over by a flat cell, which forms the steam 
 chamber to receive and collect the steam which 
 is produced in all the different cells. The 
 several cells, which stand side by side, are 
 united together laterally by strong bolts 
 which extend across them through the 
 
 c 
 
10 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 apertures, and circular rings are interposed 
 between the several cells to keep them at the 
 proper distances apart, in order to leave the 
 required spaces between them for the fire to 
 act in. The bolts pass through all the ex- 
 ternal rings, as well as through the corres- 
 ponding internal rings, which are placed 
 withinside each cell before it is riveted up. 
 Rings of very thin sheet lead or of tinfoil 
 doubled are also applied at each side of each 
 of the external rings, to serve for packings 
 around the margins of the several apertures, 
 and thus form the contact with the plate of 
 which the flat sides of the cells are composed. 
 The bolts have strong screws and nuts on the 
 ends, which are screwed up very tight in 
 order to bind all the several cells very strongly 
 together, side by side ; and by compressing 
 the various rings very forcibly towards each 
 other, the metal plate of which the flat vertical 
 sides of the cells are formed is pinched so close 
 between those rings, that, together with the 
 interposed packings of lead or tin, the fittings 
 around the margins of the several apertures 
 are made water-tight and steam-tight. Those 
 apertures through the cells are of correspond- 
 ing size to the interior of the several rings, 
 but the bolts which pass through the rings 
 and the apertures being much smaller, a suffi- 
 cient open space is left around the bolts for 
 the water and steam to pass freely along the 
 bolts, in order to flow from one ring into the 
 next; and all the internal rings which are 
 withinside the several cells being perforated 
 with holes from the circumference towards 
 the centre, the water and steam will have free 
 passage from one vessel to another through- 
 out the whole series. 
 
 In the year 1834, or twelve years after, 
 Mr. Clark introduced his tube boiler, as shown 
 by Fig. 1 1 on page 4. A " canny " Scotch 
 engineer, named McDowall, patented the 
 arrangement shown by Fig. 19, which, like 
 
 McDowall's Vertical Tube Boiler. Patented in the year 1834. 
 
 Clark's, is composed of top and bottom 
 chambers that are connected by vertical tubes ; 
 but straight in this case and curved in the 
 other ; while Mr. McDowall stipulates wrought 
 iron chambers connected, as shown, and 
 Mr. Clark not being so far advanced, proposed 
 
LAND STATTONAKY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 11 
 
 cast iron, but there the difference ends. But 
 we think Mr. Clark deserves the greater credit, 
 however, not only by being first in the field, 
 but also for curving his tubes to allow for 
 expansion and contraction matters that 
 Mr. McDowall omits to provide for. 
 
 Next came a Mr. Holmes, who ignored tubes, 
 but preferred a fined boiler, as shown by 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 
 Holmes's Vertical Annular Flue Boiler, with fuel feeding apparatus 
 and revolving grate. Patented in the year 1836. 
 
 Fig. 20, added to which was a mechanical 
 fuel feeding apparatus and revolving grate, 
 the arrangement of the whole being as 
 follows. 
 
 The boiler is composed of the several parts 
 or sections that are connected together in 
 pairs to form the water chambers, and are 
 
 
 
 firmly secured to the main bottom plates of 
 the boiler ; the steam chamber being formed 
 by the dome part, and the whole surrounded 
 by the flame jacket or outer casing. 
 
 The fire is supplied with fuel from the 
 hopper, the coal or coke being carried or taken 
 therefrom by the grooved or toothed roller, 
 and caused to descend the pipe on to the fire 
 bars, the fuel being retained or held up by 
 the shelf, which turns with its pin in a hinge 
 joint, and is kept up by the spring applied to 
 the lever on the end of the joint pin, whereby 
 the shelf will be allowed to give way to any 
 large lumps of fuel, and again return to retain 
 the smaller pieces from falling through. 
 
 The feed roller is actuated by a worm or 
 endless screw on the upper end of the vertical 
 shaft, working into a toothed wheel on the 
 end of the axis of the roller, this shaft being 
 actuated by an endless screw on the hori- 
 zontal or worm-driving shaft. 
 
 The rotary motion is communicated to the 
 fire bars or grate through this shaft, which 
 carries another endless screw gearing into a 
 toothed wheel mounted on the boss or collar, 
 which is connected to the hollow shaft or air 
 pipe, which supports the frame of the fire bars 
 by a key and slot, so as to cause the shaft to 
 revolve with it ; at the same time the shaft 
 with the grate can be raised or lowered 
 without throwing the worm and wheel out of 
 gear, for the purpose of removing the fire when 
 necessary, on any extraordinary pressure of 
 steam in the boiler, or for the purpose of 
 lighting the fire or other purposes. 
 
 From the year 1836 to 1851 nothing was 
 done to improve the vertical tubular boiler, 
 and we attribute this fact to the cause of people 
 
 c 2 
 
 
12 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 being afraid to use them, which fear evidently 
 arose from a confidence in horizontal boilers, 
 and a non-understanding of the vertical kind. 
 A Mr. Stenson, however, rushed to the scene 
 of doubt, and patented his " pot " and tubular 
 vertical boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 21, which 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 Stenson's " Pot " Vertical Return Tubular Boiler. Patented in 
 the year 1851. 
 
 is a cylindrical shell containing a fire box, 
 with a deep recessed water space in it 
 commonly known now as a " pot." The flame 
 from the -grate, directly under it, acts on and 
 around, and then passes out at the top of the 
 annular space, through horizontal tubes, into 
 
 down-take tubes to a ring chamber that is 
 below the grate, and from there ascends 
 through up-take tubes into the smoke box 
 above, and finally up the chimney. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 Craddock's Vertical Tubular Boiler, with outside return flues. 
 Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 One year from the last date a Mr. Craddock 
 
LAND STATIONAKY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 13 
 
 came forward with his ideas of what a vertical 
 boiler should be, as shown in sectional eleva- 
 tion by Fig. 22, and in plan by Fig. 23. 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 Plan of Craddock's Vertical Tubular Boiler, as shown by Fig. 22. 
 
 The boiler rests on the bottom chamber, 
 which is made of wrought iron, as is the top 
 chamber ; and into those chambers at top and 
 bottom, the outside or fire box range of tubes 
 are inserted in the same way as the tubes are 
 in locomotive boilers ; also plugs are put in 
 from the inside, and screwed up from the 
 outside, into the holes made in the bottom 
 plate of the bottom chamber, which holes are 
 made for the purpose of driving the ferrules 
 into the tubes that are inserted in the bottom 
 plates of the chamber. By taking out anyone 
 of those plugs, opposite any tube, the means 
 required for inserting a new tube are obtained ; 
 also it will be seen that those plugs are kept 
 clear of the plate on which the boiler rests. 
 
 The central tube chamber is joined to the 
 top chamber, and is thus suspended over the 
 grate. From this chamber will be seen 
 
 passing through the centre of the grate a 
 water pipe, communicating with the bottom 
 chamber, which is for the purpose of opening 
 a communication with the top chamber. 
 
 The complete communication of all the steam 
 and water spaces is effected by the two pipes 
 going from the top chamber, by which the 
 steam is conveyed to the steam chest, whilst 
 any water that is carried with the steam into 
 the .steam chest passes back to the bottom 
 chamber through the return water pipe, 
 leaving the dry steam to be conveyed to the 
 engine by the steam pipe. 
 
 The action of the flame in this boiler is 
 rather peculiar, it being that a portion of the 
 flame passes through the central small tubes, 
 and strikes the baffle plate, and thus acts on 
 the top of the water chamber, and then de- 
 scends and is met by the other portion of the 
 flame that passes amongst the outer large 
 tubes, above the side flue plates, and from 
 there both portions of the flame pass down the 
 inner flues and up the outer flues to the 
 chimney. 
 
 The next example of boiler that deserves 
 notice is illustrated in sectional elevation by 
 Fig. 24, on the next page, being the patented 
 idea of a Mr. Balmorth in the year 1852, the 
 main improvement being the midway division 
 of the length of the tubes by a combustion 
 chamber, so that the flame from the first set 
 of tubes shall expand, and thus intermingle 
 before passing into the second or upper set, 
 which idea is sound in theory and effectual in 
 practice. 
 
 In the same year a Mr. Bellford laid claim 
 for a patent of his conception of the best boiler 
 with tubes internally arranged in rows, as 
 
14 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 illustrated in sectional elevation by Fig. 25, 
 and in sectional plan by Fig. 26 ; and the only 
 feature in this example worthy of record is 
 that the patentee introduced baffle or priming 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 BRICK W&^ 
 
 Balmorth's Vertical Cylindrical Tubular Boiler, with a midway 
 combustion chamber. Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 plates in the steam space; for his arrange- 
 ment of a large water space and chamber 
 below the fire grate is the worst possible, 
 while the position of the tubes do not permit 
 
 the flame to act on them with the best 
 advantage. 
 
 Following Mr. Bellford but certainly not 
 copying him Mr. Cameron came forward 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 Bellford's Vertical Cylindrical Tubular Boiler, with internal 
 combustion chamber and water spaces below the fire grate. 
 Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 
 Sectional plan of Bellford's Vertical Tubular Boiler, as shown 
 by Fig. 25. * 
 
 with his boiler as illustrated by Fig. 27, which 
 is three cylindrical casings or shells put within 
 the other. The smallest shell is a conical 
 water space, and the next is a furnace and 
 
LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 15 
 
 combustion chamber, while the third, the 
 longest and largest, is the final casing that 
 contains the other two, with the fuel, water, 
 and steam. The boiler is set in brickwork, 
 with surrounding flues that lead to the chim- 
 ney, but the brickwork can be dispensed with, 
 and iron casing stand in its place, if preferred. 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 Cameron's Vertical Cone-Central and Cone-Annular Water-spaced 
 Cylindrical Boiler. Patented in the year 1,852. 
 
 In the same year, 1852, a Mr. Huddart 
 patented the arrangement of boiler as illus- 
 trated by Fig. 28, which is a central vertical 
 chamber for containing the fuel to be con- 
 sumed, and this chamber is provided with 
 furnace bars at its lower end, and it is closed 
 
 in at top by a hopper, through which the fuel 
 is fed to the furnace, from time to time, by the 
 withdrawal of a slide, which forms the bottom 
 of the hopper. The hopper is itself closed 
 with a lid, to prevent the passage of air down- 
 wards with the fuel to the fire. Air for sup- 
 porting combustion is supplied to the fire 
 chamber or furnace, in part through the spaces 
 between the fire bars, but chiefly through a 
 central air tube, which is in connexion with a 
 fan or blower not shown. This tube is pierced 
 with holes, to allow of the escape of the air 
 
 Fist. 28. 
 
 Huddart 's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, with horizontal fire tubes, 
 annular flues, revolving air tube, and top feed fuel apparatus. 
 Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 therefrom in streams amongst the burning 
 fuel. It is also furnished with radial pins, 
 which act as stirrers to the fire ; and for this 
 purpose it is necessary to give the tube a slow 
 rotary motion by bevel gearing. 
 
 Projecting radially from the fire chamber 
 are the horizontal tubes, which pass through 
 an annular water space, and communicate 
 with an annular flue which descends, and 
 thereby forms a second annular water space. 
 Beyond these, at opposite sides thereof, rise the 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 main flues, which conduct away the gaseous 
 products of combustion from the furnace. 
 
 Kig. 29. 
 
 Galloway's Vertical Tubular Boiler, with tubular combustion 
 chamber, return flame tubes, and bottom flue. Patented in 
 the year 1853. 
 
 or dome, and the fire box contains two furnaces 
 that are separated by the fire brick partition. 
 The products of combustion from the two fires 
 unite above the partition, and pass through 
 the upper part or throat of the fire box into 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 Sectional plan of Galloway's toiler, shown by Fig. 29. 
 
 the combustion chamber, from whence they de- 
 scend through a number of vertical tubes into 
 the bottom flue, and again ascend through 
 other vertical tubes into the chamber, and 
 pass through the opening to the chimney. 
 The chamber is formed by one circular box, 
 
 Cowper's Vertical Cellular Boiler, fitted steam and water circulating. pipes. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 In the next year, 1853, 'tubular vertical 
 boilers engaged a great deal of attention from 
 engineers, and Mr. Galloway was the first to 
 make known the earliest novelty of that period, 
 as illustrated by Figs. 29 and 30. This boiler 
 is a cylindrical shell, with a hemispherical top 
 
 divided into two parts by the fire brick par- 
 tition, and strengthened by several conical 
 water tubes and a fire brick curb, seen in 
 plan, which protects the angle formed by the 
 junction of the fire box from the direct action 
 of the flame. There is a damper for regulat- 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 17 
 
 ing the admission of air to the fires, and it 
 will be seen that the boiler has an internal 
 furnace, contained within the shell, and sur- 
 rounded by water ; also that the greater part 
 of the shell is curved, and that the weaker 
 parts are strengthened by tubes or stays, so 
 that the whole boiler may be capable of resist- 
 ing the pressure of the steam. 
 
 Next came Mr. Cowper with his novelty, as 
 illustrated in elevations by Fig. 31. The 
 shell of the boiler is formed by flat cells or 
 water spaces which are connected and pro- 
 perly stayed, as shown and contain a series 
 of flat cells, made of plate iron or copper, and 
 strengthened by a number of stays, as shown 
 in the transverse sections. 
 
 Those cells are made tapering or wedge 
 shaped, being narrower at the bottom than at 
 top, and each of them is connected by a pipe 
 with the steam chamber, and by another pipe 
 with the water chamber. 
 
 The feed water is supplied to the water 
 chamber, and flows through pipes connecting 
 the cells, and the steam formed in those cells 
 passes through the front pipes into the steam 
 chamber, and any water which may be carried 
 up with the steam into the chamber, flows back 
 into the water chamber through the back pipes. 
 In order as much as possible to prevent the 
 water from depositing its impurities in and 
 incrusting the interior of the cells, each cell is 
 provided with a second set of pipes, which 
 communicates with the water chamber over 
 the main flue, therefore the effect of the 
 ebullition in the cells is to cause a circulation 
 of the water through those pipes ; while the 
 water in the chamber being less exposed to the 
 heat of the fire than the water in the cells, it 
 
 is in a less agitated state, and the impurities 
 or sediment in that water are thus enabled to 
 subside to the bottom of the chamber, whence 
 they are blown off from time to time through 
 a cock or valve. 
 
 The water pipes are each provided with a 
 valve, opening towards the_ chambers, as 
 shown in section, and when the boiler is at 
 work, those valves are open ; but in the event 
 of the bursting of either of the cells, those 
 valves would be closed by the rush of water 
 and steam towards the burst cell, so that the 
 escape of water and steam would be confined 
 to the quantity contained in the burst cell, 
 instead of the whole contents of the boiler 
 escaping at once. 
 
 Mr. Kendrick followed Mr. Cowper, but 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 Kendrick's Vertical Radial Flat Water-spaced Boiler, vith a 
 central circular flu*. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 carried out his views in rather a different 
 manner, by four examples; and Figs. 32 and 
 
 D 
 
18 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 33 are illustrations of the first in sectional ele- 
 vation and plan, which arrangement is that the 
 shell is fitted with radial flat water spaces, 
 that form also a central vertical flue from the 
 top portion, and to prevent most of the flame 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 Sectional plan of the boiler shown by Fig. 32. 
 Fig. 34. 
 
 Kendrick's Vertical Radial Flat Water-spaced Boiler. Patented 
 in the year 1853. 
 
 passing up through the flue, a brick damper is 
 hung in it. 
 
 The second arrangement is illustrated by 
 
 Figs. 34 and 35, in sectional elevation and 
 plan, in which the spaces are radially longer 
 by the omission of the vertical flue below 
 their tops, but joining on just above that part. 
 His third arrangement is shown in sectional 
 
 Fig. 35. 
 
 Sectional plan of the boiler shown by Fig. 34. 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 Kendrick's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with vertical water 
 tubes and central water box. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 elevation by Fig. 36, which is a cylindrical 
 shell fitted with a water box, surrounded with 
 water tubes, while the flame from the grate 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 19 
 
 below acts on and around their surfaces, and 
 from thence passes up the vertical flue. 
 
 The fourth example is shown by Fig. 37, 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 Kendrick's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with angular water 
 tubes. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 and is the most sensible arrangement, because 
 it is the simplest and easiest to construct. 
 The tubes are angularly arranged in a water 
 chamber over the fire box, and the flame 
 passes from amongst them through an annular 
 space to the chimney. 
 
 About the middle of this year Mr. Bellford 
 came forward again with his improved boiler, 
 as shown by Pigs. 38 and 39, in sectional 
 elevation and plan ; and it will be apparent, 
 on looking at Figs. 25 and 26, on page 14, 
 how far behind he was then, in comparison to 
 what he introduced now, and also how much 
 more complication he introduced to demon- 
 strate his improvement, the arrangement of 
 
 which is that the outer shell of the boiler 
 consists of a vertical shell, within which is a 
 smaller shell, the two shells being united by 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 Bellford's Vertical Cylindrical Shell Water-spaced Boiler, fitted 
 with water and steam coils, and vertical flue pipes. Patented 
 in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 
 Sectional plan of Bellford's boiler shown by Fig. 29. 
 
 annular plates, at top and bottom, and thereby 
 form an outer water jacket. Within the outer 
 water jacket there is an inner water jacket, 
 
 D 2 
 
20 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 formed by a third shell as a hollow frustrum 
 of a cone, and a fourth shell, united at their 
 bottoms, which are a little above the bottoms 
 of the first and second shells. 
 
 The smallest shell is open at its bottom, and 
 terminates at the top in a dome, which is the 
 fire box. Also the second shell terminates in a 
 dome, which forms a steam chamber. 
 
 There is a steam and water communication 
 between the outer water jacket and the interior 
 of the second shell, through a series of holes, 
 as shown. 
 
 The boiler is supported by a circular* base, 
 upon which the outer shell rests ; this contains 
 the circular fire grate and the ash pit. The 
 fire grate is so arranged as to leave a shelf all 
 around it, between which shelf and the bottom 
 of the outer water jacket there is a space, 
 which may be considered as a circular flue. 
 A series of tubes passing vertically through 
 the outer water jacket, and terminating in 
 the top annular plates, form a communication 
 between the lower flue and the upper annular 
 flue, which is formed around the dome. 
 
 Within the fire box are two water coils of 
 tubing in communication with the lower part 
 of the outer jacket, and whose upper ends pass 
 through the dome, and then connect with two 
 upright pipes, which reach nearly to the top 
 of the dome, into which they turn downwards. 
 
 A steam coil of a similar nature is placed in 
 the annular space between the outer and inner 
 water jackets. The products of combustion, 
 after acting in the fire box, then descend, and 
 pass off into the circular flue, from whence 
 they escape through the vertical tubes to the 
 dome flue, and from thence to the chimney. 
 The steam generated by the contact of the 
 
 water with all these heating surfaces rises into 
 the dome or steam chamber, from which it is 
 taken off for use by the steam coil. 
 
 The arrangement and connections of the 
 water jackets and water coils have the effect 
 of preserving a water level in the jackets, but 
 not in the coils ; because the steam is gene- 
 rated in and rises through the coils of pipe 
 with such rapidity, that constant streams of 
 water are driven forcibly through them into 
 the steam chamber so long as any water is left 
 in the boiler. The water thus driven up 
 descends again when it leaves the pipes, to be 
 again carried up, and thus a constant circula- 
 tion of water is kept up in every part of the 
 boiler. In case the level of the -water becomes 
 low in the water jackets, the water that is 
 forced through the coils of pipe into the steam 
 chamber has the effect of keeping the heating 
 surfaces moist, and thereby obviates the 
 danger of explosion, and prevents the plates 
 from burning, while the forcible circulation of 
 water through the coils prevents any accumu- 
 lation of impurities. 
 
 From this period, till the year 1855, nothing 
 was done in the improvement of the vertical 
 tubular boiler, and the earliest next in the field 
 was Mr. Chaplin, with three examples of vertical 
 cylindrical boilers, the first of which is shown 
 by Fig. 40. The outer shell is a vertical cylin- 
 der, with a hemispherical top, and with an 
 inside cylindrical fire box in its lower part. 
 From the crown of this fire box a series of 
 flue tubes pass vertically upwards to a top 
 tube plate, through which the flue currents 
 pass into a curved funnel-shaped smoke box 
 or draught chamber communicating with the 
 chimney. The boiler water surrounds the 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 21 
 
 outside of the fire box and the tubes, and the 
 steam passes off from the annular space in the 
 top of the boiler, and encircling the smoke box. 
 The flue tubes are conical, or tapered with 
 their small ends upwards, and they are in- 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 plates. The tubes may also be tightened up 
 by means of the nuts if they become slack 
 after use, and they serve as longitudinal stays 
 for the boiler. When the tubes are to be 
 taken out of the boiler, the top nuts are 
 
 Fig. 41. Fig. 42. 
 
 
 I^^^^^^MBI^^^^^^HHMMH^^M 
 
 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, with 
 conical fire tubes, internal smoke box, and 
 blast fan. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, with 
 internal smoke box and tube stop plate. 
 Patented iu the year 1855. 
 
 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 with parabolic fire box, central 
 chimney, and adjustable damper. 
 Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 serted in their tube plates by being passed 
 up through the fire box crown from below. 
 The upper ends of the tubes are screwed 
 externally to receive nuts above the top plate, 
 by screwing which nuts the tubes are made to 
 bear well up into their' supporting holes in the 
 
 screwed off them, and the tubes, being tapped 
 on their tops by a hammer, are easily removed 
 through the fire box. 
 
 The next boiler, represented by Fig. 41, 
 differs from that represented in Fig. 40, just 
 described, in as far as regards the shape of the 
 
22 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 top of the boiler and of the smoke chamber 
 above the tubes. The cylindrical portion of 
 this boiler is carried up to the top, and is sur- 
 mounted by a flat plate, whilst the smoke box 
 is made conical, and larger than in Fig. 40, 
 but still leaving a sufficient steam space 
 between it and the top and sides of the boiler. 
 The third boiler, represented by Fig. 42, is 
 the same externally as that represented by 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
 Atkinson's Vertical Cylindrical Water Tube Boiler, fitted with a 
 central fire box, fed from the top with fuel through the central 
 flue, and an oscillating fire grate moved by hand. Patented in 
 the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 40, but internally the tubes are omitted, 
 and the fire box is more of a parabolic shape. 
 The boiler shown by Fig. 40 also illustrates 
 Chaplin's system of forced combustion in the 
 fire, and for this purpose the boiler shell is 
 continued down below the grate bar level, so 
 as to form a closed chamber or ashpit beneath 
 the grate. Access to this chamber when 
 necessary, is by a door, such as represented. 
 Atmospheric air is forced into this closed 
 chamber beneath the grate by means of a 
 
 small fan fixed to the side of the boiler, the 
 discharge pipe of the fan passing down the 
 side of the boiler and entering the chamber. 
 The fan is represented as driven by a belt 
 from the fly wheel upon the engine shaft, the 
 fly wheel being made with a suitable rim 
 to receive the belt. The current of gases 
 from the fire passing off to the chimney is 
 governed by a damper, adjustable by means of 
 a lever and rod, so that by closing this valve 
 more or less, a greater or less air pressure may 
 be kept up beneath the grate bars, thus 
 forcing the combustion of the fuel thereon. 
 
 A Mr. Atkinson followed Mr. Chaplin with 
 the arrangement illustrated by Fig. 43, the 
 fire box of which is nearly parabolic also, and 
 surrounded by a conical-shaped hollow vessel, 
 thus forming an annular water space, the fire 
 box having an opening at the top, from whence 
 proceeds a taper flue, the upper part of which 
 protrudes through the crown of the dome that 
 encloses the boiler and the steam chest. The 
 upper part of the flue has a cover hinged 
 thereto, by opening which the fire below 
 may be fed or charged with fuel. 
 
 The chimney is connected to the fuel feeding 
 box, and has a damper, to regulate the draught 
 in the flue. 
 
 The outer casing of the boiler is cylindrical 
 and concentric to the inner conical casing, thus 
 leaving an annular space or chamber between 
 those two casings for the passage of atmo- 
 spheric air, which enters through openings in 
 the base plate. An outlet air pipe is connected 
 to the air chamber, and furnished with a 
 damper, for regulating the quantity of air 
 admitted into the chamber. 
 
 The water tubes have their lower ends con- 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 nected to the conical casing, and the upper 
 ends to the top of the air chamber, thus 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Golding's Screw Flued Vertical Boiler. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 of short pipes that connect the water spaces at 
 the bottom. 
 
 The fire grate is so constructed as to oscillate 
 upon pivots, by means of a rod and levers and 
 handle affixed thereto for that purpose, as 
 shown. 
 
 Novelty being always interesting, we next 
 direct attention to a very novel boiler, shown 
 by Fig. 44, which shows a conical combustion 
 chamber, surrounded by a screw-shaped casing, 
 and the spaces between them contain the 
 water, while a pipe on the top carries off the 
 steam. The flame acts on the hollow part of 
 the screw, and in the chamber also, and thus 
 the water is exposed to its effect on both sides. 
 We need scarcely add that this arrangement 
 
 Fig. 45. 
 
 Ferinhough's Vertical Water-leg Boiler, with internal steam chests. Patented in the year 1850 
 
 exposing their surface to the action of the air 
 heat in the chamber, and keep up a circulation 
 of water in the boiler, together with the series 
 
 is the only one of its kind, and is likely to 
 remain so. 
 
 Mr. Golding having wound up the year 
 
24 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL B01LEES. 
 
 1855 with his scheme, we next show how a 
 Mr. Ferinhough began the ensuing year with 
 his ideas as illustrated by Fig. 45, which shows 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 Sectional plan of Dunn's arrangement of Cylindrical Semi-globular 
 End Vertical Boiler, fitted with a central steam and water 
 dome, connected by pipes, as shown by Figs. 47 and 48. 
 Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 internal pipe, which is connected to the main 
 steam pipe on the top. 
 
 Mr. Dunn came suddenly on Mr. Golding 
 with his vertical semi-globular end boilers, 
 the arrangement being shown by Fig. 46 in 
 sectional plan, and in elevation by Figs. 47 
 and 48, the difference in those two figures 
 being only in the form of the recesses in the 
 base of the dome for the flame to act on. 
 
 Fig. 49 is a similar arrangement of conical 
 boilers, semi-globular at their larger ends, and 
 secured at their smaller ends to the base of 
 the steam and water domes, therefore the 
 connecting pipes shown in the two former 
 figures are omitted. 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 Fie. 49. 
 
 Dunn's Vertical Semi-globular End Boiler, 
 with corrugated recesses in the bottom 
 of the steam and water dome for the 
 flame to act on. Patented in the year 
 1856. 
 
 Dunn's Vertical Semi-globular End Boiler, 
 with square sectioned recesses in the 
 bottom of the steam and water dome 
 for the flame to act in. Patented in 
 the year 1856. 
 
 Dunn's Angular Conical Semi-globular 
 One End Boiler, connected direct to 
 a steam and water dome, having 
 angular recesses in its base for the 
 
 flame to act on. 
 year 1856. 
 
 Patented in the 
 
 a series of semi-globular end boilers, supported 
 on water legs, which are connected by pipes 
 at their base, as are also the tops of the boiler : 
 and to heat the steam and keep it so, each 
 boiler has an internal steam chest in it of the 
 same form as the boiler, suspended by an 
 
 It is apparent that the flame in those ar- 
 rangements acted only on about half of the 
 surface of the vertical boilers, and consequently 
 the remaining half was not exposed to the heat, 
 and thus the evaporation reduced it. There- 
 fore, to obviate that, Mr. Dunn introduced a 
 
LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 25 
 
 series of arrangements of larger cylindrical 
 shell vertical boilers, having semiglobular 
 ends, and fitted within with fire grates, tubes, 
 
 and flues ; three examples of which are shown 
 in sectional elevation and plan by Figs. 50 to 
 55 inclusive. In each case the flame descends 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 Fig. 52. 
 
 Dunn's Vertical Boiler, fitted with an 
 internal fire box, combustion cham- 
 ber, two rows of water tubes, and 
 a main flue. Patented in the year 
 1856. 
 
 Fig. 51. 
 
 Dunn's Vertical Boiler, fitted with in- 
 ternal twin fire boxes and combus- 
 tion chambers, and a cylindrical 
 central main flue, with one row of 
 water tubes. Patented in the year 
 1856. 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 Dunn's Vertical Boiler, fitted with in- 
 ternal twin fire boxes and combustion 
 chambers, and a flat central main 
 flue, with four rows of water tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Sectional plan of Dunii's boiler shown 
 by Fig. 50. 
 
 Sectional plan of Dunn's boiler showu 
 by Fig. 52. 
 
 Sectional plan of Dunn's boiler shown 
 by Fis;. 54. 
 
26 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 and passes through a flue helow the fire 
 grate, instead of ascending as in the former 
 examples. 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with the fire box and 
 combustion chamber on the same level, divided by a water 
 space and horizontal tubes. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 57. 
 
 Sectional plan of Holt's boiler shown by Fig. 56. 
 
 and 57 are a sectional elevation and plan of 
 an arrangement in which the fire box and 
 combustion chamber are on the same level, 
 
 A Mr. Holt came next, and evidently bor- 
 rowed a little from Mr. Dunn, as the following 
 illustrations display on comparison. Figs. 56 
 
 Fig. 58. 
 
 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with the combustion 
 chamber over the fire box, divided by a side water space and 
 vertical tubes. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 Sectional plan of Holt's boiler shown by Fig. 58. 
 
 and alike in shape, but divided by a water 
 space. 
 
 The flame from the fire box passes through 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 27 
 
 horizontal tubes, and thence down into the 
 flue under the boiler, up the back flue, splitting 
 into the circular flues, and out at the front flue 
 to the chimney. The box and chamber are 
 enclosed in a cylindrical shell with a dome 
 top, and the water spaces at the bottom are 
 connected by pipes situated under the fire 
 bars. 
 
 Figs. 58 and 59 are similar views of a boiler 
 
 boiler is fitted with a duplicate set of details, 
 and the main flue is in the centre. 
 
 The next example of Mr. Holt's vertical 
 boilers is shown in sectional elevation by 
 Fig. 62, which it will be seen is nearly 
 arranged as in Fig. 60, the difference being 
 one row of tubes less, and the central flue 
 passing through the dome, so that the flame 
 ascends entirely in this case. 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 Fig. 81. 
 
 Fig. 62. 
 
 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted 
 with duplicate fire boxes, horizontal 
 tubes, and central combustion cham- 
 ber. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted 
 with duplicate vertical tubes, and 
 central main flue. Patented in the 
 year 1856. 
 
 Holt's duplicate arrangement of Veitical 
 Boiler, with the central flue passing 
 through the dome, and radinl water 
 and flame tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1856. 
 
 with vertical tubes for the flame to pass 
 through into a combustion chamber, and from 
 thence through a twin set of tubes into the 
 chamber below, after which the circuit is 
 the same as in the other case, as also is the 
 mechanical arrangement. 
 
 The next illustrations, Figs. 60 and 61, are 
 precisely as Figs. 56 and 58 in the principle 
 of their arrangements, but in this case the ; 
 
 To enable these views to be fully appre- 
 ciated, we illustrate a sectional plan of them 
 by Fig. 63, on the next page, which represents 
 that the flame and water tubes are radially 
 arranged rather than direct across, as in 
 Figs. 57 and 59 on page 26, also indicating 
 that Mr. Holt's ideas of mechanical arrange- 
 ments were so concentrated, it very nearly 
 prevented an obvious difference in them. 
 
28 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 The year 1856 being nearly at an end, a 
 Mr. Bougleux thought the best way to finish 
 it was to patent his ideas of a vertical boiler, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 64 in sectional elevation, 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 Sectional plan of Holt's boilers shown by Figs. 60 and 62. 
 . Fig- 64. 
 
 other. The shell is cylindrical with flat ends, 
 the top end being stayed by a single rod, and 
 the bottom by angle iron rings. 
 
 Bougleux's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with vertical flame 
 pots on the top of the fire box. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 and in sectional plan by Fig. 65, which is an 
 arrangement of vertical flame pots secured on 
 the top of a cylindrical fire box, having the 
 fire door and the flame opening opposite each 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 Sectional plan of Bougleux's boiler shown by Fig. 64. 
 Fig. 66. 
 
 Bougleux's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with vertical tubes 
 on the flame pots. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 The intended action of the flame in this 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 29 
 
 boiler is, that after rising from the grate it 
 should fill the " pots," and then descend and 
 pass up the flues ; but doubtless the residue 
 of the flame only would ascend into the pots, 
 and thus their duties were reduced. 
 
 If that were not the case, why did the same 
 Mr. Bougleux begin the next year. 1857, with 
 an improvement on that boiler, as illustrated 
 in similar views by Figs. 66 and 67; the 
 improvement being the addition of tubes con- 
 necting the pots and the top of the boiler, 
 and therefrom the flame could ascend in them 
 for certain. 
 
 Fig. 67. 
 
 Sectional plan of Bougleux's boiler shown by Fig. 66. 
 
 A Mr. Fowler then introduced his notion of 
 a vertical boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 68. 
 The boiler is cylindrical, and has a flue 
 through its middle, connected at the top by 
 the funnel or tube to the chimney. It is sup- 
 ported upon hollow or tubular legs connected 
 with its lower end. Through these legs water 
 is admitted to the boiler, and sediment dis- 
 charged by means of valves or cocks, or any 
 convenient mode. The furnace is placed be- 
 low the bottom end of the boiler and between 
 the tubular legs. Between the boiler and the 
 surrounding brickwork is an open space nearly 
 as high as the water level. The width of the 
 
 space must depend on the draft of the chimney 
 and other circumstances. An annular flue is 
 built in the brickwork, which opens directly 
 into the chimney. It is connected with the 
 space by means of the openings through which 
 the heated products of combustion, after 
 having acted on the surface of the boiler, pass 
 to the side chimney, while the flue allows a 
 
 Fig. 68. 
 
 Fowler's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, with an internal flue. 
 Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 portion of the heat to pass to the central 
 chimney through the interior of the boiler. 
 
 When the year 1858 began, a Mr. Soames in- 
 vented the arrangement of boiler as shown by 
 Fig. 69, on the next page, which is a conical 
 fire box, surrounded by a conical water space, 
 and that by a flame space which is enclosed by a 
 water space also, and then a second flame space 
 encloses it, above which is the water contained 
 
30 
 
 LAND STATIONABY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 in the shell of the boiler, and the connections 
 of all those spaces are by tubes, as shown. 
 
 Fig. 69. 
 
 Soame's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a conical fire box, 
 and conical flame and water spaces above it. Patented in the 
 year 1858. 
 
 The action of the flame in this boiler is 
 that it rises from the fire box through the 
 tubes to the first flame space, and from there 
 to the tubes leading to the second flame space. 
 It ascends next to the top, and then descends 
 to the chimney opening above the fire box 
 door. This boiler would require a fierce 
 draught to work it, and in case of repair must 
 be taken entirely to pieces. 
 
 We now direct attention to a very simple 
 vertical boiler which is illustrated by Fig. 70, 
 in sectional elevation, and in sectional plan by 
 Fig. 71, patented by a Mr. Bowman in the 
 year 1858 ; the arrangement being that over 
 the fire grate, and contained in the fire box, 
 there are two cross tubes that connect the 
 annular spaces surrounding the fire box. But 
 ten years before that a Mr. Millward invented 
 
 and constructed a vertical boiler as shown by 
 Fig. 72 in sectional elevation, and in sectional 
 plans by Figs. 73 and 74. From which it is 
 evident that Mr. Millward anticipated Mr. 
 Bowman in the use of the cross tube, and also 
 Mr. Cameron in the use of the conical central 
 water box. See Fig. 27, page 15. The action 
 of the flame on Millward's boiler is that after 
 being split by the cross tube, it ascends to the 
 four openings leading to the top flues, and 
 then descends to the lower flues, surrounds the 
 boiler, and passes out at the main opening to 
 the chimney ; while in Bowman's boiler the 
 flame ascends direct to the chimney situated on 
 the top of the fire box. 
 
 Early in the ensuing year, 1859, Mr. 
 Chaplin, whose former productions are illus- 
 trated on page 21, patented an arrangement 
 of vertical tubular boilers, in which the main 
 feature was that the tubes were made conical 
 for about half their length, and parallel for the 
 remainder, or two tubes of those shapes were 
 joined together to form one of unequal form. 
 
 The illustration, Fig. 75, on page 32, shows a 
 sectional elevation of Chaplin's vertical cylin- 
 drical boiler with a conical shell, and fitted 
 with tubes as described, over the fire box. 
 
 The next example is shown by Fig. 76, on 
 page 32, which is a central contracted shell, 
 containing a conical fire box and tubes of the 
 same order as before. 
 
 Mr. Chaplin next stretched his scheme to 
 the arrangement illustrated by Fig. 77, on 
 page 33, showing the tubes arranged at the 
 side of the fire box, instead of over it, and he 
 introduced a water fire bridge also in the 
 place of the ordinary brick bridge. 
 
 Not being exhausted, Mr. Chaplin extended 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 31 
 
 his ideas to the curved tube system as arranged 
 for vertical boilers, with the flame passing 
 through them, and illustrated by Fig. 78, p. 33. 
 
 The first example is shown in sectional eleva- 
 tion by Fig. 79, and in plan by Fig. 80, on 
 page 34, the arrangement of which is that the 
 
 Fig. 72. 
 
 Bowman's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, the fire box being fitted 
 with cross tubes. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 73. 
 
 Millward's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a " pot " and 
 cross tube over the fire grate. Constructed in the year 1848. 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
 Fig. 71. 
 
 Sectional plan of Bowman's Boiler, 
 shown by Fig. 70. 
 
 Sectional plan through the top flues of 
 Millward's Boiler, shown by Pig. 72. 
 
 Sectional plan through the cross tube and 
 lower flue of Millward's boiler, shown 
 by Fig. 72. 
 
 The year 1860 began inauspiciously for 
 Mr. Rowan, because he patented an arrange- 
 ment of vertical tubular boilers which were 
 difficult to manufacture, and worse to repair. 
 
 shell is cylindrical, and is fitted internally with 
 two horizontally placed rings, at the top and 
 bottom, which are connected bv vertical tubes 
 equidistantly placed, as shown in the plan. 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 The bottom ring is connected also by hori- 
 zontal tubes to a large central vertical tube 
 which extends to the chimney. This tube is 
 conical at the lower part where the fire grate 
 surrounds it just above the ring ; and the 
 parallel portion of the tube directly above the 
 cone is surrounded by two horizontal rings, 
 that are connected to two upper rings, on a 
 
 Fig. 75. 
 
 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, with conical shell, central 
 contracted tubes, and cylindrical fire box. Patented in the 
 year 1859. 
 
 level with the largest top rings, by tubes, as 
 in the other case. 
 
 The water, it will be seen, reaches nearly 
 to the top of the tubes, the space above being 
 for the steam, and the rings are connected to 
 the central large tube by curved pipes as 
 shown in the elevation, by which connection 
 the steam space is sufficiently increased. 
 
 The flame surrounds the tubes and rings 
 above the grate, and superheats the steam in 
 passing up the annular space in the chimney. 
 
 The next example by Mr. Eowan is still 
 more complicated, the addition being internal 
 
 Fig. 76. 
 
 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, with central contracted 
 shell and tubes, conical fire box, and feed water heater 
 surrounding the chimney. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 flame tubes put in the short water tubes, to 
 increase the effect of the flame, as illustrated 
 in sectional elevation and plan by Figs. 81 
 and 82, on page 34. 
 
 The third example is shown similarly by 
 Figs. 83 and 84, on page 34, in which case the 
 
LAND STATIONAET VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 33 
 
 rings are square in section, as also are the 
 outer vertical tubes ; and the inner short tubes 
 are smaller and more in number comparatively. 
 
 Fig. 77. 
 
 Chaplin's Vertical Boiler, fitted with a cylindrical fire box, water 
 bridge, and central contracted tubes arranged at the side of the 
 fire box. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Fig. 78. 
 
 Chaplin's Vertical Boiler, fitted with curved central contracted 
 tubes. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 After Mr. Eowan came Mr. Pullan, with a 
 much simpler arrangement of vertical tubular 
 boilers, extending, too, to five examples ; the 
 first of which is illustrated by Fig. 85, on 
 
 page 35. The shell is cylindrical, as also is all 
 the internal fittings, arranged as follows : 
 The annular water space is suspended in the 
 upperpart of the fire box, by being connected at 
 the bottom with a cross tube that extends from 
 side to side of the fire box, and is connected 
 with the main water space of the boiler. The 
 object in this arrangement is to ensure water 
 being kept in the annular water space ; and 
 also the sediment is carried down to the lower 
 part of the boiler, thus preventing the plates 
 over the fire from being burnt. Tubes con- 
 nect the outer flame space with the central 
 fire box, so as to cause a current of flame to 
 pass through from the outer space to the 
 inner one, and from thence to the main flue 
 tubes of the boiler. 
 
 The main flue tubes are curved in the 
 annular water space, to cause the flame to take 
 a more circuitous route instead of passing 
 direct to the chimney. 
 
 The second example is shown by Fig. 86, 
 and in this case there ?.re two annular water 
 spaces over the fire box, and thus the flame is 
 split, and extends more amongst the water 
 receptacles. The annular water spaces are 
 connected at the bottom by tubes to the 
 shell water spaces. The circuit of the flame 
 is the same in principle in this case as in 
 the other, but more extensively carried out 
 here. 
 
 The third example is shown by Fig. 87, and 
 the internal arrangement consists of a hori- 
 zontal barrel or chamber extending from side 
 to side of the fire box, and communicating 
 with the main water spaces of the boiler. In 
 this chamber are vertical chambers projecting 
 up into the water space, so as to obtain a 
 
 P 
 
 \ ~! 
 
34 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 large amount of direct heating surface in a 
 small space. Before arriving at the chimney 
 
 the heated gases will have to travel round the 
 horizontal barrel, or chamber, and the vertical 
 
 Fig. 79. 
 
 Fie. 83. 
 
 Rowan's Veitical Tubular Boiler, fitted 
 with horizontal water rings, connected 
 by vertical water tubes. Patented in 
 the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 
 Rowan's Vertical Tubular Boiler, fitted with 
 horizontal water rings, connected with 
 vertical water and flame tubes. Patented 
 in the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 82. 
 
 liuwau's Vertical Tubular Boiler, fitted with 
 square sectioned horizontal rings and 
 vertical tubes, the internal rings being 
 connected by ordinary tubes. Patented in 
 the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 84. 
 
 Sectional plan of Rowan's boiler, shown 
 by Fig. 79. 
 
 Sectional plan of Rowan's boiler, shown by 
 Fig. 81. 
 
 Sectional plan of Rowan's boiler, shown by 
 Fig. 83. 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 35 
 
 chambers, and some portion up through the 
 short flame pipes. 
 
 The fourth example differs in arrangement 
 from the others, as is shown by Fig. 88, on 
 the next page. This boiler is also cylindrical, 
 and surrounded with a casing lined with fire 
 bricks, thus forming a flame space. The fire 
 box is cylindrical, and is enclosed by an annular 
 
 Fig 
 
 chimney. The narrow part of the water 
 space is continued downwards under the fire 
 box, so as to collect the sediment. A steam 
 pipe is connected in the upper part of the 
 steam space of the boiler, and is continued in 
 a coil round the boiler in the flue space, where 
 it is heated for the purpose of super-heating 
 the steam. 
 
 Fig. 87. 
 
 Pullan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with central flame box, annular 
 flame space, and flame tubes. Pa- 
 tented in the vear 1860. 
 
 Pullan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with central flame box, two 
 annular flame spaces, and flame tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Pullan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with a cross chamber over the 
 fire grate, containing two vertical 
 chambers. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 water space at the sides. Short flue tubes pass 
 through the annular water space of the boiler, 
 and communicate with the flue space between 
 the outside of the boiler and the brickwork. 
 By this arrangement the flame and gases from 
 the fire box are made to pass over the upper 
 exterior of the boiler before arriving at the 
 
 Mr. Pullan's fifth arrangement is illustrated 
 by Fig. 89, and is a vertical boiler fitted with 
 a horizontal tubular chamber or water space, 
 extending from side to side of the fire box, 
 and having tubes passing horizontally through 
 the same and fastened into the outer shell of 
 the boiler ; thereby opening a communication 
 
 F 2 
 
36 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VEKTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 between the smoke box on each side of the 
 barrel. The outer casings of the smoke boxes 
 
 Vis- 88. 
 
 Pullan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, with one annular water 
 space surrounding the fire box, and an annular flame space 
 surrounding the shell. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 89. 
 
 Pullan's Vertical Boiler, fitted with horizontal cross chamber, 
 tubes, and outer flues. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 are connected with the boiler. In order to 
 connect the fire box with the smoke box, 
 short tubes are passed through the water 
 
 space of the shell, and the heated gases will, 
 in escaping from the fire box, pass through 
 the tubes into the first smoke box, and back 
 
 Kig. 00. 
 
 Giles's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with angular conical 
 tubes, connecting the fire box and internal combustion chamber, 
 and side chimney open to both. Patented in the year I860. 
 
 Kig. 91. 
 
 Sectional plan of Giles's boiler, shown by Kig. 90. 
 
 through the long tubes to the second smoke 
 box, and thence to the chimney. 
 
 A Mr. Giles then appeared with his notion 
 of what a vertical tubular boiler should be, as 
 illustrated in sectional elevation and plan by 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 37 
 
 Figs. 90 and 91, the main feature of which is 
 that the shell, being cylindrical, contains a fire 
 box and combustion chamber of a similar shape, 
 that are connected by conical tubes angularly 
 situated, and a side chimney is secured to the 
 shell connecting the chamber and box, the 
 flame from the latter being regulated in its 
 exit over the grate by a damper in the 
 
 Fi<r. 92. 
 
 Burch's Vertical Boiler, fitted with annular flame an 1 water 
 spaces. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 93. 
 
 Sectional plan of Burch's boiler, shown by Kig. 92. 
 
 chimney, which regulation also tends to affect 
 the amount of flame passing above through the 
 tubes and combustion chamber. 
 
 Very soon after Mr. Giles had made known 
 his ideas, a Mr. Burch laid a claim to publish 
 his also, and began according to the arrange- 
 ment illustrated in sectional elevation and plan 
 by Figs. 92 and 93. The fire box is cylin- 
 
 drical, with a convex top. And opposite to the 
 fire door, above the grate, is the flame opening 
 that communicates with the annular flues, that 
 are narrow, and encircle the fire box, with 
 which in height and depth they about corre- 
 spond, and are of sufficient diameter to form 
 narrow water spaces between them and the fur- 
 nace. The flame on entering the flues divides, 
 as shown in plan, and meets again at the 
 opposite side over the fire box door at the exit 
 opening, where it passes out through the shell 
 of the boiler to the chimney. The vertical 
 sides of the shell of the boiler gaclose a narrow 
 water space between it and the flues, and 
 below the fire grate. 
 
 Fis;. 94. 
 
 Burch's Vertical Boiler, fitted with circular flame tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Sectional plan of Burch's boiler, shown by Fig. 94. 
 
 Another method of carrying out this ar- 
 rangement is shown in sectional elevation and 
 
38 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILEKS. 
 
 plan by Figs. 94 and 95, which illustrate that, 
 in the place of the annular flues, a series of 
 tubes are used for the flame to pass through ; 
 but the line of the action of the flame is the 
 same as in the previous case. 
 
 But Mr. Burch did not leave off inventing 
 there, but strained himself so much that he 
 schemed to put three of his boilers in one 
 shell, on the top of each other, as illustrated in 
 sectional elevation and plan by Figs. 96 and 97, 
 and shows for what purpose some people exert 
 their talents. 
 
 Early in the month of January, 1861, a 
 varnish manufacturer, named Matheson, gave 
 birth to an idea of his, which is illustrated in 
 sectional elevation and plan by Figs. 98 and 99. 
 The coil system, however, was introduced by 
 Mr. Bellford in the year 1853, as shown on 
 page 19. Mr. Matheson's arrangement con- 
 sists of a square casing that encloses the water 
 coils in communication by their lower ends 
 with a chamber which forms a mud space. 
 The upper ends of the coiled pipes pass 
 through the bottom of a close vessel or cham- 
 ber, which forms a water reservoir above the 
 casing; and those ends of the pipes being open, 
 steam escapes therefrom into the space in the 
 dome or upper part of the vessel, which is 
 provided with a safety valve. The ends of 
 the pipes are also covered by a cap, to prevent 
 a sudden rush of steam from improperly 
 acting on the safety valve, and also to prevent 
 priming. 
 
 The fire is fed with fuel from above through 
 the opening, which is closed by a door as in 
 ordinary furnaces. The furnace or fireplace 
 is situated in the central space that is sur- 
 rounded by and enclosed within the coils. 
 
 An ashpit is placed below the fireplace, and 
 is closed in front by a door as usual. As the 
 fire is situated in the centre of the smallest 
 
 Fig. 96. 
 
 Bnrch's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with three separate fire 
 boxes, annular flues, and chimneys. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 97. 
 
 Sectional plan of Bnrch's boiler, shown by Fig. 96. 
 
 coil, those pipes are close together at the 
 top and bottom, to prevent the fuel from 
 passing between them ; but at the same time 
 have sufficient spaces between for the flame and 
 
LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 39 
 
 heated gases from the fuel to pass through 
 and act on the coils of the outer pipes sur- 
 rounding the inner. 
 
 Matheson's Vertical Boiler, fitted with water coils, and an over- 
 head water and steam chamber. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 99. 
 
 Sectional plan of Matheson's boiler, shown by Fig. 98. 
 
 The fireplace is closed in at the top by a 
 hollow cover, to the upper part of which a 
 damper is adapted, and is worked by a rod, 
 
 for the purpose of creating a draught when 
 the fire is first lighted ; and by opening this 
 damper the gaseous products of combustion 
 are allowed to pass direct from the fireplace 
 to the main flue, and will thereby create a 
 strong draught through the fire ; but when the 
 damper is closed these gases will pass between 
 the coils, that are left more open at the central 
 part for the purpose. 
 
 Upon referring to the plan, it will be seen 
 that, as the pipes are arranged in circular coils 
 within the square casing, there will be space 
 for the gases to circulate in the chamber 
 before passing to the main flue. The water 
 reservoir or top chamber having been supplied 
 with water to the proper level, the stop-cock 
 on the blow-off pipe is opened, and water is 
 allowed to flow from that chamber down the 
 pipe into the lower chamber, from whence it 
 passes up into the coiled pipes, and fills them. 
 As fast as steam is generated in the pipes, it 
 passes out at their upper ends, which for the 
 free exit of the steam are extended above the 
 level of the water in the reservoir, and water 
 from the reservoir will enter at the lower end 
 only of the pipes, and a constant circulation 
 will be thus maintained in the pipes. 
 
 An engineer named Yavasseur in the next 
 month introduced his arrangement of tubes, 
 connecting the fire box and smoke box, as 
 illustrated by Figs. 100 and 101 in sectional 
 elevation and plan. This is a conical water 
 box in the fire box, the top of which, and the 
 cone part, are connected by flame tubes to the 
 combustion chamber over the steam space. 
 
 Next on the list of inventors is Mr. Bremner, 
 a worthy Scotchman, who considered that the 
 best way to evaporate water and form steam 
 
40 
 
 LAND STATIONAKY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 was to make passages for the flame to pass 
 through, and the water to surround their 
 plates and tubes ; and he carried out that in 
 
 Fig. 100. 
 
 Vavasseur's Vertical Tubular Boiler, fitted with a conical water 
 bor, connected by flame tubes to the smoke box. Patented in 
 the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 101. 
 
 Sectional plan of Vavasseur's boiler, shown by Fig. 100. 
 
 one form, as illustrated in sectional elevation 
 by Fig. 102, and in sectional plan by Fig. 103, 
 from which it is seen that the plan of this 
 boiler is square in section, with rounded 
 
 corners, and is arranged with two furnaces 
 in the width, formed of double lengths of fire 
 bars running from the front plate to the back, 
 but having one common ashpit. These fire 
 grates have each a furnace door passing 
 through the water space in the front of the 
 boiler, which admits of charging or firing the 
 
 Fig. 102. 
 
 Bremner's Vertical Square Boiler, fitted with horizontal angnlar 
 water tubes, central and side water and steam spaces. Patented 
 in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 103. 
 
 Sectional plan of Bremner's boiler, shown by Fig. 102. 
 
 furnaces alternately ; for the better burning of 
 the gaseous products of combustion, the sinoke 
 evolved from the fresh fuel meets the flame of 
 the fire, and is ignited at the bridge which 
 divides the two fires, as shown in the eleva- 
 tion. ' All round this rectangular basement, 
 or combined double furnace, there is formed 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 41 
 
 by the outer sides, and an inner shell or casing, 
 an outer water and steam space. This water 
 space begins close to the level of the furnace 
 bars, and at the front and back extends 
 upwards in a vertical direction to above the 
 height of the tubes also. At the sides this 
 space is considerably enlarged over the fur- 
 nace, and bulges outwards in a curved or 
 crescent form as it extends upwards ; while 
 the inner and outer casings are contracted 
 gradually all round, from about the water 
 level, in the form of a dome, till they are joined 
 at the crown, leaving a circular aperture to 
 receive the chimney. 
 
 A water space is also formed in the centre 
 of the boiler over the two furnaces by an 
 inside casing between the back and front 
 inner shells, and joining the water spaces at 
 the two sides. The sides of this casing are 
 somewhat of a pear shape in elevation, but 
 are parallel to each other in plan, and divide 
 the space over the furnaces into two rectangu- 
 lar flues, which conduct the flame and gases 
 of combustion up the two sides of the boiler, 
 and they intermix with each other at the 
 crown, just before entering the chimney ; and 
 across those two rectangular flues are ar- 
 ranged a series of tubes in rows, radiating at 
 right angles to the curved surfaces of the two 
 inner shells of the boiler, which form the 
 tube plates for the inner ends of the tubes. 
 The lower rows of tubes are so arranged that 
 the spaces between them are wider than those 
 above, so as to allow the flame easier access to 
 the upper tubes. The flame from each furnace 
 passes up the flues, and impinges on each row 
 in succession, until it reaches the top row, 
 where it acts upon the arched dome. 
 
 On second consideration, evidently, Mr. 
 Bremner thought that the horizontal arrange- 
 ment of tubes might not be the best, and he 
 consequently devised a vertical arrangement 
 for them, as illustrated by Fig. 104. The 
 
 Fig. 104 
 
 Bremner's Vertical Square Boiler, fitted with vertical angular 
 water tubes, and water pockets below them. Patented in 
 the year 1861. 
 
 two fire grates are in this instance formed by 
 three lengths of bars, and are separated by a 
 feed-water chamber, perforated and arranged 
 with tubes passing through the front and back 
 water spaces, and have mud hole doors at the 
 four corners of the lower part of these water 
 spaces, as in the former example. The back 
 and front water spaces extend up from the 
 furnace in a vertical direction, till they merge 
 into the large water and steam space above 
 the upper tube plates. The inner shells oi 
 the side water spaces are each curved inwards 
 partly over the fire grate, and are then turned 
 
 u 
 
42 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VEBTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 upwards, and riveted to a flat tube plate. 
 This plate is at a slight angle, inclined up- 
 wards, and extends outwards to join the outer 
 shell, that is extended until it meets the outer 
 plate, and is riveted to it, thus enclosing a 
 water space over each furnace, which space 
 extends from the front to the back water 
 spaces. The crown of the' fire box is arched 
 over by a stay riveted to the outer shell, and 
 to this stay is firmly riveted the upper tube 
 plates, lying parallel to the lower tube plates. 
 
 Those two pairs of upper and lower tube 
 plates enclose two flue spaces, diverging to 
 the right and left into smoke boxes, and from 
 this upwards into two flues, carried round the 
 arched crown of the boiler to the foot of the 
 chimney. 
 
 The smoke boxes are enclosed at the back 
 and front ends by a plate projecting from the 
 body of the boiler in a line with the inner lining, 
 and at the sides by double plate doors, for the 
 purpose of getting at the tubes to clean them. 
 The tubes are arranged in a nearly vertical 
 manner, at right angles to their tube plates, 
 and in parallel rows, filling the whole space 
 enclosed by the flue. The outer covering of 
 the flue above the smoke box doors is formed 
 of a double casing of boiler plates enclosing a 
 superheating space, supported or attached to 
 the top of the boiler by brackets. 
 
 The arched portion of the boiler, which 
 forms the steam space, is made large enough 
 for the withdrawal or introduction of the 
 tubes, and is fitted with a pipe for conveying 
 the steam from this part to the superheating 
 chamber, from whence the steam is conveyed 
 by a suitable pipe to the engine. A man-hole 
 door is formed at the lower part of the 
 
 chimney, and another, opening into each of 
 the water spaces over the fire places, for the 
 purpose of making the end joints of the 
 tubes. 
 
 It will have been noticed that on page 40, 
 
 Fig. 105. 
 
 Burch's Vertical Boiler, fitted with water tubes, internal flues, 
 and revolving fire grate. Patented in the j'ear 1861. 
 
 Fig. 106. 
 
 Sectional plan of Burch's boiler, shown by Fig. 105. 
 
 we illustrated, by Figs. 100 and 101, an 
 arrangement of vertical boiler with a central 
 water box connected by flame tubes to the 
 smoke box, and that those tubes were curved 
 at their lower ends. We now direct a compari- 
 son with the two views illustrated by Figs. 105 
 and 106, in sectional elevation and plan, where 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEKTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 43 
 
 the tubes are also curved, but contain water, 
 with the flame surrounding them, showing 
 that both inventors differed extremely in the 
 methods for raising steam ; and that Mr. Burch, 
 who closed the year 1860 so laboriously with 
 his three-furnaced boiler, shown on page 38, 
 recovered himself again in 1861, in the month 
 of May, and introduced the arrangement 
 referred to, which consists of an annular water 
 space around the fire box, and above the grate 
 are tubes connecting the annular space to the 
 space above the crown of the fire box, to cause 
 a circulation of the two portions of water 
 contained therein, which by the way was also 
 done by Mr. Atkinson, in the year 1855, as 
 shown on page 22. 
 
 The flame surrounds the tubes, but is pre- 
 vented from a direct circuit to the flues by a 
 horizontal brick bridge, suspended by brackets 
 secured to the tubes, and a curved bridge 
 secured on the tubes directly opposite the flue 
 opening, which extends around the fire box to 
 a vertical flue, over the fire door, that leads 
 to an angular flue extending through the steam 
 space to the chimney. 
 
 Mr. Cater also in the same month put forth 
 his arrangement of a vertical tubular boiler, 
 as shown in sectional plan and elevation by 
 Figs. 107 and 108. The fire box is conical, 
 with a mushroom-shaped top, in which are 
 water tubes, also flame tubes that are connected 
 to an annular flue below the fire grate, leading 
 to the chimney at the side. 
 
 In this year, 18 61, spiral shape boilers were 
 much in fashion amongst inventors, and after 
 Mr. Matheson introduced his arrangement, as 
 shown by Figs. 98 and 99, on page 39, a 
 Mr. Hughes thought he could improve on it, 
 
 according as illustrated by Figs. 109, 110, and 
 111, on page 44, in which is shown a sectional 
 elevation and two plans of a central water 
 tube in connection with four coils arranged 
 in this way. The water tube rests on a stone 
 in the centre of the ashpit, and extends to 
 the top of the furnace, and there connects with 
 
 Fig. 107. 
 
 Cater's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with flame and water 
 tubes, and side chimney. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 108. 
 
 Sectional plan of Cater's boiler, shown by Fig. 107. 
 
 a steam chest fitted with flame tubes to super- 
 heat the steam ; and above this chest is a steam 
 dome, having a steam pipe and safety valve 
 secured on it, the man-hole being about mid- 
 way of the dome. The coils are situated in 
 the furnace, and are angularly placed, that the 
 flame may act fully on them ; and as the water 
 
 G 2 
 
44 
 
 LAND STAT10NAKY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 line is above the coils, the water in them 
 evaporates into the main water tube into its 
 water, rather than into the steam chest above, 
 as in Matheson's arrangement. 
 
 Fig. 109. 
 
 Hu'ghes's Vertical Water Tube Coil Boiler, fitted with a central 
 water tube, superheater, and steam chest. Patented in the 
 year 1861. 
 
 As far back as the year 1853, Mr. Galloway 
 introduced the flame and water tube boiler, as 
 shown by Figs. 29 and 30, on page 16, and in 
 this year, 1861, he again came forward with 
 four arrangements, each claiming a separate 
 advantage. The first is shown by Fig. 112, 
 
 which is a cylindrical shell fitted internally 
 with three water pockets or chambers, with 
 the top and bottom pockets connected by a 
 central pipe. The midway pocket is connected 
 to the two others by vertical pipes, and thus 
 the heat finds a ready circulation ; also the 
 
 Fig. 110. 
 
 FEED PIPE 
 
 Sectional plan of the superheater of Hughes's boiler, shown by Fig. 109. 
 Fig. 111. 
 
 FEED PIPE 
 
 Sectional plan of the Water Tube Coil Tubes of Hughes's boiler, 
 shown by Fig. 109. 
 
 tubes in each set are increased in diameter 
 from the lower set. 
 
 The action of the flame in that boiler is this. 
 The products of combustion rising from the 
 furnaces impinge against the under side of the 
 lower water chamber, and are guided through 
 the space left between its circumference and 
 the inner casing of the boiler ; they then 
 circulate around the first set of tubes, and pass 
 
LAND STATIONAKY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 45 
 
 through the space left between the conical 
 pipe and the opening in the centre of the 
 next or second water chamber ; they then 
 circulate around the midway set of tubes, and 
 pass between the circumference of the upper 
 
 Fig. 112. 
 
 Galloway's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water pockets, 
 water tubes, and central water pipe. Patented in the year 
 1861. 
 
 water chamber and the interior of the inner 
 casing ; after which they circulate around the 
 top set of tubes, and thence pass through the 
 funnel to the chimney. 
 
 The second example is shown by Pig. 113, 
 
 and in this arrangement the fire grate is sup- 
 ported on rollers, and is turned slowly round 
 by any convenient mechanism. The pipe in 
 the centre of the grate is open to the atmo- 
 sphere, to supply air for assisting the combus- 
 tion of the fuel, and this pipe and the outer 
 
 Fig. 113. 
 
 Galloway's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a midway 
 water pocket, water tubes, and revolving fire grate. Patented 
 in the year 1861. 
 
 circumference of the grate are furnished with 
 a casing of fire bricks. 
 
 The products of combustion act first on the 
 under side of the lower water chamber, and 
 after passing through the opening in its centre, 
 circulate around the first set of tubes, midway 
 water chamber, and the second set of tubes ; 
 
46 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VEBTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 from thence they proceed to the funnel and 
 chimney. There are two man-holes in the mid- 
 way chamber, by which access can be had to 
 all parts of the boiler. 
 
 The third example is shown by Fig. 114, 
 
 Fig. 114. 
 
 Galloway's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water pockets, 
 water tubes, and a central flame pipe. Patented in the year 
 1861. 
 
 and in the place of the central water tube, as 
 shown in Fig. 112, there is a' central flame 
 tube in this case, with a midway water 
 chamber, as in the former example shown by 
 Fig. 113. 
 
 The fourth example is the most complicated 
 of the lot, as the sectional elevation shown by 
 Fig. 115 indicates. In this arrangement the 
 products of combustion rising from the two 
 
 fire grates pass through the opening in the 
 lower water chamber, and then through the 
 radiating horizontal tubes, next between the 
 midway water chamber and the inner casing 
 of the boiler, and around the vertical tubes, 
 some of which are conical, and thence to the 
 funnel and chimney. The midway chamber is 
 
 Fig. 115. 
 
 Galloway's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a water pocket, 
 conical water pot, horizontal flame tubes, and vertical water 
 tubes. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 connected to a conical water tube situated over 
 the fire grate. 
 
 Mr. Galloway also proposed to divide the 
 fire boxes of his boiler with water spaces, 
 and two door openings, to be used in each 
 example. 
 
 We have already shown, on page 15 of this 
 work, that the cone-shaped flame space and 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 central cone water space were invented in the 
 year 1852 ; but in spite of that we show, by 
 Fig. 116, that a Mr. Kinsey nine years after 
 
 Fig. 116. 
 
 Kinsey's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a central conical 
 water pot, annular flame space, and water tubes. Patented in 
 the year 1861. 
 
 patented an idea very similar in principle to 
 the former. The central " pot " in this case 
 has also the fire surrounding it, but the flame 
 passes over the roof of the pot to the chimney : 
 the top and bottom portions of the water in 
 the shell being connected to the water in the 
 pot by tubes. But Mr. Kinsey introduced, at 
 the same time, a boiler with an annular " pot," 
 as illustrated by Fig. 117, or a reverse 
 position for the water spaces, as shown by 
 Fig. 69, on page 30. 
 
 Our next illustrations, as shown in sectional 
 elevations and plan by Figs. 118, 119, and 120, 
 
 Kinsey's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with an annular conical 
 water pot. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 118. 
 
 Williamson's Vertical Annular-Water, Steam-Tube Boiler, fitted 
 with connecting horizontal branch tubes above the fire grate. 
 Patented in the year 1861. 
 
48 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 refer to an arrangement of a steam and water 
 tube boiler invented by a Mr. Williamson, 
 in which he put the steam tubes inside the 
 water tube, and made the liquid surround the 
 vapour. 
 
 Fig. 119. 
 
 < 
 
 Sectional Vertical Knd Elevation of Williamson's Boiler, 
 shown by Fig. 118. 
 
 Fig. 120. 
 
 C 
 Sectional plan of Williamson's boiler, shown by Fig. 118. 
 
 The mechanical disposition is a series of 
 double tubes angularly and vertically secured 
 to horizontal main tubes, as shown ; and. the 
 action of the generation of the steam is, that 
 the flame from the fire grate surrounds the 
 tubes above it, and from thence passes out at 
 the chimney at the top. 
 
 The steam that is generated in the hori- 
 zontal water tubes will find its wav into the 
 
 upper closed ends of the vertical tubes, which 
 are only partly full of water, and the upper 
 ends of which constitute so many steam cham- 
 bers to the boiler ; and in order to conduct the 
 steam hence to wherever it is required, small 
 internal steam pipes are introduced into each 
 of the water tubes, and pass up to nearly the 
 top of the same, where they are open, and 
 communicate with the steam chambers. At 
 the bottom these steam pipes are connected to 
 branches formed on horizontal steam pipes, 
 placed inside the water connecting pipes ; and 
 these are closed at one end, and are again 
 connected by their open ends to the main 
 steam pipes, fixed inside the main connecting 
 tubes, and which pass out at the ends of the 
 latter. 
 
 The steam pipes from the vertical side 
 tubes are also connected to branches on the 
 main steam pipe. The closed unconnected 
 ends of all the vertical tubes are supported 
 and steadied by means of stays or brackets, 
 that do not prevent their expanding and con- 
 tracting freely under the influence of heat ; and 
 the main side connecting tubes are held 
 together in the position indicated by means of 
 stays and straps, and are supported by saddles, 
 fixed to the foundation, while the whole 
 arrangement is surrounded by a suitable 
 casing either of iron or brick. 
 
 Mr. Williamson adopted a twin angular 
 arrangement of vertical tubes also, as shown by 
 Fig. 121, in which it is apparent that the water 
 tubes are secured at their lower ends to a 
 series or set of boxes, and the steam tubes, 
 within the water tubes, to another series of 
 boxes below the others, but formed with them. 
 The upper sets communicate with each other. 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 49 
 
 as also do the lower, but each set is separate. 
 The steam rising to the iipper ends of the 
 water tubes passes down the steam pipes to the 
 boxes, and from thence to a pipe to the engine, 
 as in the former example ; the feed water 
 being introduced in each case to the connecting 
 pipes and boxes. 
 
 Fig. 121. 
 
 Williamson's Twin Vertical Annular-Water Steam-Tube Boiler, 
 fitted with twin grates and brick arched furnaces. Patented 
 in the year 1861. 
 
 Next was introduced by a Mr. Hewett a 
 boiler evidently copied from a spirit still, where 
 the flame acts on a series of pans situated 
 directly over each other, and are connected by 
 pipes, to allow a continuous flow. 
 
 In the arrangement of the boiler shown by 
 Fig. 122, the flame passes from the fire box 
 through a tube into two pockets or spaces, in 
 which there are baffle-plates and tubes, each 
 tube being covered by a ball that is removable 
 for cleansing. 
 
 In the arrangement shown by Fig. 123, 
 there is a water " pot " over the fire grate, and 
 above the pot three pockets, fitted nearly as in 
 the previous example, and in each case there 
 
 **- _ _ -~ 
 
 ^LJT^ 
 
 Hewett's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a central flame 
 tube, two flame pockets, and an annular flame space. Patented 
 in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 123. 
 
 Hewett's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a water *' pot *' 
 and three flame pockets. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
50 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 is an annular conical flame space, connected to 
 the fire box by tubes. 
 
 The chronology of boiler attainments in this 
 year, 1861, was finished by a Mr. Selby, who 
 perhaps gazed on the arrangement shown by 
 Fig. 109 on page 44, and then thought out 
 from that his boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 124, 
 
 Selby's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water coils and a 
 tubular superheater. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 where it is seen that there are coils suspended 
 in the combustion chamber, and a superheating 
 chamber above, as in the former case. But in 
 the place of a central tube there is an annular 
 water space surrounding the fire box, that is 
 in connection with the superheating chamber 
 by curved tubes. 
 
 Another arrangement suggested by Mr. 
 Selby is shown by Fig. 125, in which the 
 coils are again introduced, but the superheater 
 
 is displaced by a water box above the coils 
 surrounded by a flame space. 
 
 Fig. 125. 
 
 Selby's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water coils and a 
 top water box. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 126. 
 
 Sectional plan of the Coils of Selby's boiler, shown by 
 Figs. 124 and 125. 
 
 The illustration shown by Fig. 126, is a 
 plan of Mr. Selby's boilers showing how the 
 coils were arranged within the circle of the 
 fire box, and a glance at Fig. Ill, on page 44, 
 illustrates how far he was anticipated. 
 
 The end of January, 1862, carried out with 
 it the views of a Mr. Meriton on vertical 
 boilers, as shown in sectional elevation by 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 51 
 
 Fig. 127, where the combustion chamber is 
 fitted with water tubes and a water box, that 
 can be used as a superheater, with the steam 
 pipe direct to the engines, or as shown. 
 
 Fig. 127. 
 
 Menton's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water tubes and 
 a water box in the combustion chamber. Patented in the year 
 1862. 
 
 A French engineer came next on the list, 
 and made known his arrangement of boiler 
 as illustrated in sectional elevation by Fig. 128, 
 the pith of which is, that the fire box has a 
 cylindrical water pot hung in it, and an annular 
 water space surrounding the fire box, which 
 space is surrounded by flame that first sur- 
 rounds the pot, and then descends to the main 
 flues at the sides above the fire gfate. The 
 pot has a cap on it that forms the bottom of 
 the upper part of the boiler, and this part, and 
 the water space below, are connected by pipes ; 
 
 the left-hand upright pipe being prolonged to 
 suit the idea of the inventor only. The feed 
 pipe is prolonged from the cap down centrally 
 near the bottom of the pot, so that the first 
 water shall encounter the first fire. 
 
 Fig. 128. 
 
 Tolhansen's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a water " pot " 
 and annular flame and water spaces. Patented in the year 1862. 
 
 The year 1862, although an exhibition year 
 too, was not nearly as prolific in inventions 
 of vertical boilers as the former year. We 
 proceed to the end of the year's chronology, 
 and describe next Mr. Merryweather's notion 
 of a vertical boiler, as shown in sectional 
 elevation by Fig. 129, and in plan by Fig. 130, 
 which illustrates a shell -containing an ar- 
 rangement of hanging tubes suspended at 
 their upper ends in the fire box. The fire 
 
 H 2 
 
52 
 
 LAND STATION AEY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 grate, fed with fuel through the opening, is of enlarged trumpet mouths at their upper ends, 
 the ordinary construction, and is enclosed in a i to encourage the steam and water ascending 
 
 casing in connection with the water and steam 
 spaces. The roof of the fire box is a tube plate, 
 
 Fig. 129. 
 
 Merry-weather's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with straight 
 and curved annular hanging water tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1862. 
 
 Fig. 130. 
 
 Sectional plan of Merryweather's boiler, shown by Fig. 129. 
 
 from which descend into the box a series of 
 straight and curved tubes, and those tubes con- 
 tain other tubes, that are notched so as to be 
 freely open at the bottom, and are formed with 
 
 from the annular spaces, contained between 
 the inner and outer tubes, in such manner as 
 not to interfere with the downward current of 
 the colder water, descending by the inner 
 tube, and to replenish that water which has 
 passed upward by evaporation between the 
 inner and outer tubes. 
 
 That boiler, it will be noticed, is indepen- 
 dently fixed ; but Mr. Merry weather thought 
 of another arrangement at the same time, 
 which he enclosed in brickwork, as illustrated 
 in sectional elevation by Fig. 131, in which 
 
 Fig. 131. 
 
 Merryweather's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with vertical 
 annular hanging water tubes, brickwork flues, and superheater. 
 Patented in the year 1862. 
 
 the central hanging tubes are straight, and 
 around the grate there are suspended longer 
 tubes of the same class as the shorter tubes. 
 The flame,' after surrounding those tubes, passes 
 out under the roof of the fire box through the 
 horizontal tubes to the annular flues, above 
 and below the water level in the boiler, and 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 then act on the curved superheater, connected 
 to the boiler by the pipe on the roof of the 
 steam space, and from thence proceed through 
 the main flue to the chimney. 
 
 Roberts's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water tubes 
 surrcmnding the fire box, and flame tubes above it. Patented 
 in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 133. 
 
 Ooo 
 OOQOOOOO 
 OQOOOOOOOOO 
 
 Sectional plan of Roberts's boiler, shown by Fig. 132. 
 
 About the middle of the ensuing year, 1863, 
 Mr. Roberts patented an arrangement of tubes 
 contained in a vertical cylindrical shell, as 
 
 shown in sectional elevation and plan by 
 Figs. 132 arid 133, that illustrate cylindrical 
 water and steam spaces, with tubes passing 
 vertically through them ; and a cylindrical 
 fire box beneath the space, lined with fire 
 bricks. At the bottom of them are the fire bars, 
 and at the sides is a ring of vertical tubes that 
 communicate at their upper ends with various 
 parts of the roof of the fire box, some of those 
 tubes at their upper ends being formed with 
 elbow bends of different lengths in them, in 
 order that they may be connected at varying 
 distances from the centre. Those tubes at their 
 bottom communicate with a ring tube, into 
 which the feed water is introduced through a 
 pipe passing through the outer casing of the 
 fire box. The steam pipes from different 
 parts of the top of the boiler are connected 
 together, as is shown in the plan, and the 
 steam is conducted by the branch steam pipe 
 to the engine : the curved pipes being con- 
 nected to safety valves. 
 
 Mr. Shand came next with his boiler, as 
 illustrated by Fig. 134, on the next page, in 
 sectional elevation. The arrangement is that 
 the flame tubes and the combustion chamber are 
 surrounded by water, and an annular steam 
 space or pocket is constructed around the water 
 space, for the purpose of reducing the height 
 of the boiler ; while another feature is the 
 shell is divided near the roof of the fire box, 
 and connected by angle irons, bolts, and nuts. 
 
 Mr. Winan followed suit to a great extent, 
 as his arrangement shows by Fig. 135, also 
 on the next page, but he preferred to put the 
 steam chest or drum, as we have designated 
 it in the combustion chamber, and thus 
 extended the height of his boiler. 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEKTICAL BOILEKS. 
 
 Fig. 134. 
 
 Shand's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with flame tubes and 
 an annular steam pocket. Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 135. 
 
 if -.- W> 
 
 Winan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted -with vertical tubes, 
 and a " steam drum." Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 A German engineer, named Meyn, put 
 forward his ideas in England next, and claimed 
 for novelty the arrangement shown by Figs. 
 136 and 137, in sectional elevation and plan. 
 
 Fig. 136. 
 
 Meyn's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with flat water tubes, 
 round water tubes, and a coil superheater. Patented in the 
 year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 137. 
 
 Sectional plan of Meyn's boiler, shown by Fig. 136. 
 
 The flame and gases from the fuel pass 
 through the fire box, and surround the vertical 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEKTICAL BOILEKS. 
 
 55 
 
 flat tubes, and also act upon the stay plate, 
 and then enter the side chambers, from which 
 they pass up inside the round vertical tubes 
 into a jacket surrounding the steam chest, and 
 are finally carried off by the chimney. 
 
 The water is contained in the bottom spaces, 
 the flat tubes, and in the annular space 
 surrounding the flame tubes and chambers 
 below. 
 
 The steam passes through the steam chest 
 
 Fig. 138. 
 
 Oakley's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a conical fire box, 
 annular water spaces, horizontal and downtake flame tubes 
 in connection with an annular flue. Patented in the year 1864. 
 
 into a coil of pipes carried round the steam 
 chest, and becomes superheated therein on its 
 way to the engine ; and the upper end of the 
 coil is fitted with a safety valve. 
 
 Early in the year 1864, a Mr. Oakley 
 ushered in his ideas of the arrangement of a 
 vertical boiler as illustrated in sectional eleva- 
 tion by Fig. 138, which shows that the fire 
 box is shaped as a frustrum of a cone, and sur- 
 rounded by an annular water space, which is 
 
 surrounded by an annular flame space, that 
 communicates with the fire box by a ring of 
 right angle tubes. Also there is a second 
 annular water space surrounding the flame 
 space for about midway of its depth. The 
 flame, after descending into the flues below 
 the outer water space, ascends through the 
 annular brick flue to the chimney. 
 
 It will be remembered that, in the year 
 
 Fig. 139. 
 
 Winstauley's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler the fire box being 
 angularly formed and fitted with cross water tubes. Patented 
 in the year 1864. 
 
 1848, a Mr. Millward constructed a cross tube 
 boiler, and also Mr. Bowman in the year 1858, 
 as shown on page 31, but this did not prevent 
 a Mr. Winstanley, in the year 1864, from di- 
 recting attention to his -boiler, as illustrated 
 in sectional elevation by Fig. 139, the ar- 
 rangement of it being that the shell is cylin- 
 drical, and fitted with a fire box and com- 
 bustion chamber formed with alternate 
 angular recesses for the flame and water, 
 
56 
 
 LAND STATIONAKY YEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 and conical cross water tubes, connecting 
 the water spaces surrounding the box and 
 chamber. 
 
 The next arrangement of vertical boiler 
 that we notice is shown in sectional elevation 
 and plan by Figs. 140 and 141, being the 
 
 Fig. 140. 
 
 Marshall's Vertical Square Boiler, fitted with hanging water plate- 
 division tubes in the fire box, and a water division-plate in the 
 annular space. Patented in the year 1864. 
 
 Fig. 141. 
 
 ^A'///// l W//M / /////\w/M''////A /////A'///M <///\ / ///%W///,\7/// 
 
 sx-mz 
 
 
 Sectional plan of Marshall's boiler, shown by Fig. 140. 
 
 invention of a Mr. Marshall, and in the place 
 of the annular tubes he left out the inside 
 tube, and put a plain flat piece of metal, 
 curved at the bottom, in its place. The tubes 
 are arranged in rows, as seen in the plan, and 
 are suspended in the fire box from its crown 
 plate, and project through it, as shown in the 
 elevation. 
 
 The heat is presumed to rise on one side of 
 
 the plate in the tube, and pass down at the 
 other, and ascend again as before, and thus a 
 continual circulation is maintained by the old 
 and new heat. The water space surrounding 
 the fire box is divided by a plate similar to 
 the tubes, \> accomplish a similar circulation 
 of the heat in that space. 
 
 Fig. 142. 
 
 ^-r 
 
 Thomson's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, tilted with a water " pot " 
 and vertical flame tubes above it. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 143. 
 
 Sectional plan of Thomson's boiler, shown by Fig. 142. 
 
 The year 1865 might have been famous 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 57 
 
 for a Mr. Thomson's boiler, as shown in 
 sectional elevation and plan by Figs. 142 and 
 143, had not it been superseded as far back as 
 the year 1851, as shown by Fig. 21 on page 
 12 of this work. The Stenson boiler has a 
 water pot over the fire, and so has Thomson's, 
 while in both examples the flame surrounds 
 the pot, except at the opening, and passes 
 through tubes to the chimney. Stenson's 
 tubes are at the sides of the fire box as well as 
 above it, while Thomson's are above it only. 
 
 Fig. 144. 
 
 Durand's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a fire box fed 
 from the top and two coils of flame pipes in the water space. 
 Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 The French engineers were represented 
 next, as to vertical boiler proficiency, by 
 M. Durand, as illustrated by Fig. 144 in 
 sectional elevation. The arrangement consists 
 of a fire box extending through the boiler, 
 and mounted with a circular coal box. The 
 bottom of the box is perforated, and is secured 
 on a plate with corresponding openings ; the 
 fuel is allowed to fall through those openings 
 
 mechanically by the rotation of a perforated 
 disc on the upper side of the bottom, and the 
 motion for the disc is derived from bevel 
 gearing, driven by worm and wheel motion. 
 
 The flame, on rising from ths fuel, passes 
 through two coils that surround the fire box 
 centrally of the water space, and from thence 
 to the chimney at the side. 
 
 Fig. 145. 
 
 Smith's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with hanging water 
 plate division tubes in the fire box, and horizontal tubes in the 
 combustion chamber. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 On referring to page 56 of this work, an 
 arrangement of suspended tubes with water 
 division plates is illustrated by Figs. 140 and 
 141, and although the patent of that is plain 
 enough, and Mr. Marshall evidently thought 
 it his property, a Mr. Smith about twelve 
 mouths after brought forward his patent, as 
 illustrated in sectional elevation by Fig. 145, 
 which shows a cylindrical boiler with tubes 
 
58 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 suspended from the bottom plate, and enclosed 
 in a brick furnace. Each tube contains a 
 plate that divides it, except for a short distance 
 at the lower end, to which the plate does not 
 extend. 
 
 The action of the flame is to surround 
 those tubes, and from thence pass up through 
 the vertical combustion chamber that connects 
 the top and bottom of the boiler. 
 
 To more effectually heat the water and 
 steam surrounding this chamber, in general 
 it is fitted with horizontal tubes containing 
 
 his large pipes as rings, and connected them 
 by vertical tubes, and Mr. Wise arranged his 
 large pipes straight, and there the difference 
 ends, because the hanging tubes were intro- 
 duced in the year 1862, by Mr. Merryweather, 
 and therefore form no part of Mr. Wise's 
 arrangement. Those two examples, Figs. 12 
 and 146, clearly indicate how closely one 
 inventor may copy his predecessor without 
 knowing it. 
 
 But what can we say of Mr. Chaplin who 
 first introduced conical fire tubes, as shown 
 
 146. 
 
 ftffff, utfff, fWir^i Q^LJ U t * i *" ffIffff )1m? f 
 
 SsSaifet i ! r . , - . - 
 
 Wise's Vertical Tubular Boiler, fitted with ha 
 
 - - - ' c~^.+-^l i 
 
 inging annular water tubes. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 division plates also, and thus the surface is 
 much increased. The motive of this arrange- 
 ment of tubes and their plates, is to promote 
 circulation of heat and surface, which motive 
 is also in the former arrangement referred 
 to. 
 
 A Mr. Wise came next with his tube 
 boiler fitted with hanging angular water 
 tubes, as shown in side and end sectional 
 elevations by Fig. 146, but unfortunately he 
 was anticipated to a great extent forty-one 
 years before by Mr. Moore, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 1 2 on page 5 of this work, who arranged 
 
 by Fig. 40 on page 21 of this work, when he 
 stated in this year, 1865, that " it is preferred to 
 dispense with appliances within the tubes for 
 inducing circulation, such appliances being 
 found practically unnecessary ?" And he there- 
 fore introduced the more simple arrangement 
 of hanging single tubes in a vertical boiler, as 
 illustrated by Fig. 147, where the tubes are 
 shown secured radiatively to a curved tube 
 plate, that forms the top of the combustion 
 chamber, and the flame, after passing amongst 
 those tubes, proceeds through the uptake to 
 the chimney, thereby upsetting all the prior 
 
LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 59 
 
 theories for inducing circulation of heat and 
 water in tubes. 
 
 Tubular boilers being then the fashion, we 
 next introduce Mr. Jordan's arrangement, as 
 
 Fig. 147. 
 
 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with hanging water 
 single tubes. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 148. 
 
 Jordan's Vertical Tube Boiler, set in brickwork. Patented in the 
 year 1865. 
 
 shown in sectional elevation by Fig. 148, and 
 in sectional plan by Fig. 149. This con- 
 
 Fig. 149. 
 
 Sectional plan of Jordan's boiler, as shown by Fig. 148. 
 
 sists of a series of vertical pipes containing 
 water and steam, that are connected at the top 
 and bottom by branch pipes. The joints at the 
 ends of the vertical pipes are made by covers, 
 long bolts, and nuts, the removal of which 
 admits access for cleansing and inspection, 
 two functions imperative with boilers. The 
 entire arrangement of pipes and their details 
 are set in brickwork similar to Mr. Moore's, 
 but horizontal bridges in this case are intro- 
 duced to make the flame act with better effect 
 on the boiler. 
 
 An American engineer named Davis next 
 appeared with an overhead fuel feeding boiler, 
 as shown in sectional elevation and plan by 
 Figs. 150 and 151, on the next page ; the ar- 
 rangement of Avhich is that the shell contains, 
 first, an annular water space ; secondly, an 
 annular flame space ; thirdly, a water space 
 interspersed with flame tubes, closed at their 
 upper ends ; and lastly, a fire box fed at the 
 top, the box also being a combustion chamber 
 connecting the chimney. The fire grate is 
 raised in the centre, and is " dished " at the 
 sides with a flange to contain the fuel, which, 
 when required to be " clinkered," or removed, 
 the grate is lowered by the screwed spindle 
 supporting it. 
 
 I 2 
 
60 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 The connection of the inner and outer 
 water spaces is by pipes directly over the fire 
 grate roof plate, and to generate more steam 
 from the flame in the outer space, a coil is 
 therein arranged that is connected with the 
 water and steam spaces. 
 
 Fig. 150. 
 
 Davis's Vertical Cylindrical Tubular Boiler, fitted with flame 
 tubes closed at the top end, an annular flame space, and a 
 central fire chamber fed at the top. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 151. 
 
 Sectional plan of Davis's boiler, shown by Fig. 1 50. ' 
 
 The inventor also provided steam jet pipes 
 on each side of the grate, and in the chamber 
 above, to promote a draught to assist combus- 
 tion, and with that his arrangement was 
 completed. 
 
 Mr. Davis having succeeded in obtaining 
 English protection for his complication, 
 another American named Wheeler obtained 
 it for his simplicity, which constitutes that 
 with a common vertical boiler, fitted with 
 
 Fig. 152. 
 
 Wheeler's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with numerous man- 
 holes around the crown of the fire box. Patented in the year 
 1865. 
 
 tubes connecting the fire box and chimney. 
 The invention lies in the fact of proposing 
 man-holes, in the shell, around and over 
 the crown of the fire box, because all the 
 remainder had been introduced many years 
 before. 
 
 A Mr. Wilson came directly after Mr. 
 Wheeler, believing that the circulation of the 
 heat in the water could be induced by annular 
 tubes in spite of Mr. Chaplin's remark. He 
 introduced no less than four arrangements of 
 tubes for that purpose, the first being shown 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 61 
 
 by Fig. 153, in sectional elevation. This is a 
 common vertical cylindrical boiler, with flame 
 tubes connecting the fire box and smoke box ; 
 but with the addition of annular water tubes, 
 extending from the fire box crown plate to a 
 few inches above the water level in the boiler, 
 and surrounding each flame tube for that 
 length ; so that each annular tube became a 
 
 their ends, and were common to the space 
 between the plates. 
 
 Then came the third example, illustrated by 
 Fig. 155 in sectional elevation, showing that 
 the fire box is conical, and surrounded by a 
 casing open at the top in the steam space, and 
 also at the bottom over the tube openings. 
 Those tubes are curved to form right angle 
 
 Fig. 153. 
 
 Fig. 154. 
 
 Wilson's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with flame tubes, surrounded 
 from the fire box to a little above 
 the water level with water tubes- 
 Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Wilson's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with flame tubes, enclosing 
 water tubes curved at their ends 
 into the water space. Patented in 
 the year 1865. 
 
 Wilson's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with a conical fire box, con- 
 taining curved water tubes and the 
 box surrounded by a water division 
 casing. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 boiler of itself, and boiled over into the space 
 around it. 
 
 The second arrangement, shown by Fig. 154, 
 reversed matters, inasmuch that the water tube 
 was the smaller, also enclosed in the flame tube, 
 with a larger smoke box contained in the 
 boiler. The water tubes also were curved at 
 
 bends, and extend to the top of the fire 
 box casing, and are bent over it, to better 
 conduct any overflow of water to the space 
 below. 
 
 The fourth example is shown by Fig. 156, 
 and is very much in common with the 
 previous example, excepting that the tubes 
 
62 
 
 LAND STATIONAKY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 are syphon bent in the fire box and the casing 
 is omitted. 
 
 Not to miss being recorded in the annals of 
 the year 1865, a Mr. Barclay made known 
 his pretensions as an inventor of vertical 
 boiler improvements, close on the end of 
 that year, according to the arrangement 
 illustrated in sectional elevation and plan by 
 
 Wilson's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with syphon water 
 tubes in the fire box. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Figs. 157 and 1 58, in which it will be seen that 
 the fire box contains a conical water pot fitted 
 internally with another pot open at each end, 
 and supported by brackets at the crown of the 
 fire box. The fire box is surrounded by an 
 annular water space, in which are fixed 
 vertical pipes for the purpose as the internal 
 water pot of circulating the heat absorbed 
 from the flame ; which, after acting in the 
 
 fire box, passes out through the horizontal 
 flues or tubes, near the crown, to the annular 
 flame space surrounding the sides and top of 
 
 Fig. 157. 
 
 Barclay's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a conical water 
 " pot," containing a divisional cone, and water pipes around the 
 fire box. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 158. 
 
 Sectional plan of Barclay's boiler, shown by Fig. 157. 
 
 the boiler's shell. But Mr. Barclay, not being 
 satisfied with that, added water tubes in the 
 fire box to the arrangement, as illustrated in 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 63 
 
 sectional elevation and plan by Figs. 159 and 
 160, in which he was fully preceded, as shown 
 by Fig. 105 on page 42. 
 
 Fig. 159. 
 
 Barclay's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted water pipes in the 
 file box in addition to the arrangement shown by Fig. 157. 
 
 Fig. 160. 
 
 Sectional plan of Barclay's boiler, shown by Fig. 159. 
 
 Very early in the next year, 1866, a 
 Mr. Adamson considered, and published it 
 too, that a vertical boiler should have two 
 
 fire boxes, connected by short tubes with the 
 crowns connected to -the smoke box by flame 
 tubes, as illustrated in sectional elevation and 
 plan by Figs. 161 and 162 ; and not being 
 
 Fig. 161. 
 
 Adamson's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with horizontal 
 flame tubes, connecting twin fire boxes; and vertical flame 
 tubes, connecting the fire and smoke boxes with a side chimney. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 162. 1 
 
 Sectional plan of Adamson's boiler, shown by Fig. 161. 
 
 content with that, Mr. Adamson proposed to 
 double his scheme, by putting four fire boxes, 
 common to one combustion chamber, in which 
 is a central water tube ; the top of the chamber 
 being connected by flame tubes, as illustrated 
 
64 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 in elevation and plan by Figs. 163 and 
 164. 
 
 Following Adamson, an engineer named 
 
 Fig. 163. 
 
 Adamson's Vertical 0} lindrical Boiler, fitted with four (ire boxes, 
 common to one combustion chamber, which is connected by 
 flame tubes to the smoke box. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Howard had the temerity to patent the idea 
 of securing small thin circular vertical tubes, 
 by long bolts and nuts, to large horizontal 
 
 tubes was permitted, by making the joints of 
 their ends in the sockets of the horizontal 
 pipes with india-rubber, or an equally elastic 
 material. "We need scarcely add that, in 
 practice with high pressure steam, it would 
 
 Fig. 164. 
 
 Sectional plan of Adamson's boiler, shown by Fig. 163. 
 
 have blown all the packing out, if the fire heat 
 did not melt it. 
 
 Not having seen, evidently, Bowman's 
 boiler, shown by Fig. 70, on page 31 of 
 this work, a Mr. Woodward came forward 
 directly after Mr. Howard, with his notion of 
 
 Fig. 165. 
 
 Howard's Vertical Tube Boiler, fitted to horizontal tubes. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 thick tubes, and set them in brickwork, as 
 illustrated in sectional elevation by Fig. 165. 
 The contraction and expansion of the vertical 
 
 a vertical boiler, as illustrated in one view by 
 Fig. 166. 
 
 The shell is cylindrical, as is the fire box, in 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 65 
 
 which are cross water tubes, secured at an 
 angle, to better resist the flame. This boiler is 
 conspicuous also by the absence of the fire 
 grate ; the inventor preferring the bottom of 
 
 Fig. 166. 
 
 
 Woodward's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a fire box 
 having cross water tubes in it, and the grate being the bottom 
 of the fire box with air tubes in it. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 the fire box fitted with air tubes in its place, 
 and for that purpose mounted the shell on 
 pillars, resting on brickwork. 
 
 We now refer to page 4 of this work, and 
 direct attention to Fig. 10, which carries 
 thoughts as far back as the year 1780, being 86 
 years from the year 1866, and we next direct 
 notice to Figs. 167 and 168, as a contrast. 
 The flame, in the former case, passed out of 
 the chimney situated at the side of the ar- 
 rangement ; while in this case it escapes at 
 the centre, with similar reverse positions for 
 the fire grates also. 
 
 Fig. 167. 
 
 Schaubel's Vertical Boiler, with spiral internal water and flame 
 spaces. Patented in the year 1866 in direct contradiction of 
 that used in the year 1780. 
 
 Fig. 168. 
 
 Sectional plan of Schaubel's boiler, shown by Fig. 167. 
 
 The next example of boiler worthy of our 
 attention is illustrated by Fig. 169 in sectional 
 elevation, and in sectional plan by Fig. 170, 
 which was introduced by a Mr. Holt, an 
 Austrian engineer in England, the arrange- 
 ment being thus. In the central part of the 
 boiler is a vertical cylindrical chamber con- 
 taining water and steam, which is surrounded 
 by horizontally corrugated water and steam 
 chambers, and the space between those cham- 
 
 K 
 
66 
 
 LAND STATIONAKY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 bers is the flame space or flue, leading from 
 the fire box to the smoke box, the water and 
 
 Fig. 169. 
 
 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a vertical water 
 and steam central chamber, surrounded by a chamber 
 horizontally corrugated. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 170. 
 
 Sectional plan of Holt's boiler, shown by Fig. 169. 
 
 steam portions of the chambers being connected 
 by pipes at the bottom and top. 
 
 If this example is compared with the ex- 
 ample illustrated by Fig. 123, on page 49 of 
 
 this work, the same contrast is very nearly 
 similar as with Figs. 10 and 167. 
 
 Fig. 171. 
 
 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a vertical water 
 and steam chamber, surrounded by a chamber vertically 
 corrugated, intermixed with flame tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 172. 
 
 Sectional plan of Holt's boiler, shown by Fig. 171. 
 
 As we are in the spirit for contrasting ar- 
 rangements, we refer next to page 1 8 of this 
 work, and also to Figs. 171 and 172, when it 
 will be apparent that the both inventors 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 67 
 
 formed vertical corrugations in the chambers, 
 but they were differently utilised for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 Fig. 173. 
 
 Green's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, lilted with 11 conical fire box, 
 having cross water tubes in it. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 174. 
 
 Sectional plan of Green's boiler, shown by Fig. 173. 
 
 The action of the flame in the latter ex- 
 ample is that, after rising from the fire grate, 
 it passes up through the large vertical and 
 small curved tubes, and in the vertically corru- 
 
 gated flame spaces at the same time, to the 
 chimney. The volumes of steam from the 
 central and annular chambers are connected 
 by similar pipes as for the flame's circuit. 
 
 Fig. 175. 
 
 Green's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with cross water tubes 
 in the fire box. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 176. 
 
 Sectional plan of Green's boiler, shown by Fig. 175. 
 
 Cross-tube vertical boilers were evidently 
 much in favour about this time, from the fact 
 that a Mr. Green introduced his ideas on the 
 
 K 2 
 
68 
 
 LAND STATIONAKY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 subject also, as illustrated in four views by 
 Figs. 173 to 176, on the preceding page. 
 
 The first example shown in sectional eleva- 
 tion by Fig. 173, and in sectional plan by 
 
 Fig. 177. 
 
 Field's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a fire box con- 
 taining hanging water tubes and a vertical water space. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 178. 
 
 Sectional plan of Field's boiler, shown by Fig. 177. 
 
 Fig. 174, is a plain cylindrical shell fitted 
 internally with a very conical fire box, in 
 which are five cross water tubes secured at 
 three different angles horizontally, and, in the 
 
 second example, the same arrangement is 
 repeated with the fire box less conical. 
 
 If Mr. Green's patent is valid, what has 
 become of Mr. Bowman's, as shown on page 
 31 of this work, with the advantage of the 
 eight years' interval between them ; and of 
 what use is legal protection ? 
 
 Close upon Mr. Green came Mr. Wise, with 
 his friend Mr. Field, who had seconded him 
 in the arrangement shown by Fig. 146, on page 
 58 in this work, but in this case Mr. Field led 
 
 Fig. 179. 
 
 Dickins's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with central and side 
 angular flame tubes. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Mr. "Wise to make known to the professional 
 community the advantage of a cylindrical 
 boiler as illustrated by Figs. 177 and 178 ; 
 showing thereby, that if a vertical cylindrical 
 fire box had a vertical water space in it 
 sufficient to form a flame passage at one side, 
 and that the fire spaces divided in the box 
 were fitted with vertical hanging double 
 tubes, and the flame passed out through a 
 bottom flue, a good result should occur. 
 
 The next novelty is a very simple affair, as 
 Fig. 179 illustrates, showing a fire box with 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 69 
 
 an angular roof, connected by tubes to an 
 annular flame space, and by a central tube 
 with the chimney. The shell is surrounded by 
 brickwork, and thus the flame acts inside and 
 
 Fig: 180. 
 
 Miller's Vertical Boiler, consisting of a brick fire box, having a 
 lower annular water space, with water tubes connecting upper 
 water and steam spaces, containing flame tubes, and a water 
 jacket over the 6re box crown. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 181. 
 
 Sectional plau of Miller's boiler, shown by Fig. 180. 
 
 outside the boiler, but at the latter part 
 mostly, to superheat the steam. 
 
 An American engineer next appeared on 
 the scene with his boiler, as illustrated in 
 sectional elevation and plan by Figs. 180 and 
 181, the arrangement of which is, that the 
 
 bottom of the boiler is an annular water space, 
 in the form of a ring, and in the central part 
 is the fire grate, as seen in the plan. This 
 water space is fitted on the top with vertical 
 tubes that communicate at their tops with a 
 water jacket of a conical shape, to correspond 
 with the fire box roof that is arranged to 
 project upwardly within the upper case to the 
 water level. The water jacket and tubes contain 
 the amount of water from which the steam 
 is generated by the fire being made to act on 
 them direct, to the exclusion of the remaining 
 water in the boiler, which is contained within 
 the space surrounding the water jacket, and 
 within the water tubes that connect the lower 
 water space. 
 
 Now the steam generated in the sheet of 
 water has a ready and free escape without 
 passing through a superincumbent body of 
 water into the steam space in the upper 
 portion of the casing and around and over a 
 primary plate into the steam dome ; while any 
 water carried over the water jacket by the 
 steam serves to keep up a circulation by its 
 flow down the tubes. 
 
 The smoke and gaseous products pass off 
 from the fire chamber, up the tubes in the 
 water and steam casing, into a smoke box 
 surrounding the steam dome. 
 
 Mr. Miller was not permitted long to be 
 alone as the inventor of the " water jacket " 
 arrangement, on account of a Mr. Fisken, 
 early in the year 1867, appearing with his 
 scheme, as illustrated in sectional elevations 
 by Figs. 182 and 183, on the next page, which 
 consists of a flat fire box, whose sides are at an 
 acute angle, and on them are secured plates to 
 form a water jacket, as in the former example. 
 
70 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 The flame, after rising from the grate, is dis- 
 persed from right to left by the baffle plates, 
 
 Fig. 182. 
 
 Fig. 183. 
 
 Fisken's Vertical Boiler, Side sectional elevation of Fisken's 
 
 fitted with a flat an- boiler, shown by Fig. 182. 
 
 gular fire box, and a 
 water jacket on it. 
 Patented in the year 
 1867. 
 
 and from there ascends to the chimney, as 
 shown in the side elevation. 
 
 Mr. Fisken also proposed to combine a series 
 
 Fig. 18k 
 JI 
 
 Fisken's Vertical Boiler, fitted with water divisional plates. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 of angular flat boilers together, with their 
 sharp ends next to the fire grate, as shown by 
 Fig. 184 instead of upwards, as shown in 
 Fig. 182 and fit them internally with water 
 
 divisional plates to promote circulation. The 
 upper parts of those boilers are vertical, and 
 connected at the roof by pipes to a central 
 main pipe that conveys the steam to the 
 engine. 
 
 Fig. 185. 
 
 Lochhead's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with horizontal 
 water tubes and vertical flame tubes. Patented in the year 
 1867. 
 
 Fig. 186. 
 
 Sectional plan of Lochhead's boiler, shown by Fig. 185. 
 
 A far more sensible arrangement is repre- 
 sented in sectional elevation and plan by 
 Figs. 185 and 186, sent from California by a 
 Mr. Lochhead, which consists of a cylindrical 
 boiler containing a fire box, having in its 
 centre a water pot connected by flame tubes 
 to the smoke box. The space around the pot 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 71 
 
 is fitted with horizontal water tubes, that 
 connect the inner and outer water spaces. 
 The roof of the fire box has flame tubes on it, 
 
 Dunn's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a fire box contain- 
 ing a vertical circular water tube, connected at each end by 
 flat water branches to the outer water space. Patented in the 
 year 1867. 
 
 Kg. 188. 
 
 Sectional plan of Dunn's boiler, shown by Fig. 187. 
 
 also extending to the smoke box. The action 
 of the flame in this boiler is that some of the 
 flame enters the pot tubes direct, but the 
 remainder circulates amongst the horizontal 
 
 tubes, and after passes through the fire box 
 tubes to the chimney, so that the water has 
 
 Dunn's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with twin fire boxes, 
 and central flame and water spaces. Patented in the year 
 1867. 
 
 Fig. 190. 
 
 Sectional plan of Dunn's boiler, shown by Fig. 189. 
 
 the benefit of inner and outer flame surfaces 
 for evaporation. 
 
 Next appeared Mr. Dunn again, with the 
 same species of boiler as shown on page 25 of 
 this work, but with certainly a much improved 
 
72 
 
 LAND STATIONABY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 arrangement, as illustrated by Figs. 187 and 
 188, in sectional elevation and plan. The 
 arrangement consists of a cylindrical shell, 
 having a fire box in it, containing the fire 
 grate, and a circular water tube, that is con- 
 nected at the back by branches of a flat shape, 
 as seen in the plan. Brick bridges are also 
 formed with the portion that the tube rests on. 
 The action of the flame is to envelope the 
 circular tube and its branches, and then pass 
 to the down flue below, opposite the fire grate 
 outside the brickwork. 
 
 Mr. Dunn also introduced a twin arrange- 
 ment of fire boxes, as shown in sectional ele- 
 vation and plan by Figs. 189 and 190. In this 
 case the flame ascends in each fire box, passes 
 through the perforated brick bridge, on the 
 top of the flat water spaces, and then descends 
 through the central flame space to the chimney 
 flue at the bottom: 
 
 Mr. Shand followed Mr. Dunn with an 
 amalgamation of vertical flame tubes and 
 flame and water tube chambers, common to 
 one combustion chamber, which is situated in 
 the shell of the boiler, and divides the roof of 
 the fire box from the portion above, as shown 
 in sectional elevation by Fig. 191. The action 
 of the flame is for some of it to pass direct 
 through the flame tubes, and the remainder to 
 operate in the flame chambers, and pass out 
 through the small tubes connecting the com- 
 bustion chamber, that contains the water 
 chambers, situated directly over the flame 
 chambers : therefore Mr. Shand was evidently 
 not content with his arrangement, as shown by 
 Fig. 134, on page 54 of this work, and neither 
 was Mr. Field content with his method, as 
 shown by Fig. 177 on page 68, because he 
 
 introduced, directly after Mr. Shand, the 
 arrangement shown in side and end sectional 
 
 Shand's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with vertical flame 
 tubes, and three vertical flame and water chambers common 
 to one combustion chamber. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 elevations, illustrated by Fig. 1 92, which con- 
 sists of pipes transversely arranged with hang- 
 ing annular tubes attached to them over the 
 fire grate, and the whole set in brickwork. 
 
 Again we direct attention to a previous 
 example, as a comparison to the next we 
 describe and illustrate. In the first place, 
 refer to page 40 of this work, and notice 
 Fig. 102, and now turn to Fig. 193, a Mr. 
 Regan's idea, on page 73, and it will be seen 
 that, in each case, there is a central water 
 casing, attached, at the sides, to the outer 
 casing, by angular tubes ; and the flame passes 
 amongst those tubes to the chimney, but in 
 the latter arrangement the top and bottom of 
 the central casing is connected by tubes also. 
 Besides that, Mr. Regan proposed his boiler to 
 be cylindrical throughout. 
 
 Mr. Holt, again from Austria, next appeared 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 73 
 
 with a very simple boiler indeed, and what 
 is better, it can be cleaned and repaired 
 
 
 Figs. 194 and 195, on the next page ; the 
 arrangement being that the shell contains a 
 
 Fig. 192. 
 
 Field's Angular Tube Boiler, fitted with hanging angular tubes. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 easily, which is more than can be said of his 
 arrangements that are shown on pages 26 
 
 Fig. 193. 
 
 Regan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a central water 
 casing, connected at the top to the steam space, and at the sides 
 and bottom to the water space by tubes. Patented in the year 
 1867. 
 
 and 27 of this work. The present example 
 is shown in sectional elevation and plan by 
 
 fire box with an angular roof, and the top of 
 the boiler has a roof parallel to the other, 
 which are connected by sheet flame tubes, as 
 shown in the plan. 
 
 The idea of combining a series of vertical 
 separate shells, common to one chest or casing, 
 in a circular arrangement, evidently proceeded 
 from Mr. Dunn, as seen by Fig. 46 on page 
 24, but that did not stop Mr. Fisken, who 
 began, as illustrated by Fig. 184, on page 70, to 
 propose wedge-shaped shell boilers as a com- 
 bination, and again another set, as now illus- 
 trated by Figs. 196 and 197, in sectional 
 elevation and plan, on the next page. The 
 form of each shell is wide at the parallel outer 
 part, but narrow at the angular extremities, 
 and being connected by straight tubes at the 
 inner part, by curved tubes about midway 
 across the angular side, and by flanges from 
 end to end of the shell beyond, thus form 
 a cylindrical combined boiler, with a circular 
 steam ring chest at the top, and a similar feed 
 water pipe at the bottom. 
 
 A Mr. Messenger, not caring, evidently, 
 about what had been previously done in water 
 
 L 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. . 
 
 pipes and coils for evaporation, introduced 
 his arrangement of a vertical boiler, as shown 
 
 Fig. 194. 
 
 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with angular tube plates 
 and sheet flame tubes. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 195. 
 
 Sectional plan of Holt's boiler, shown by Fig. 194. 
 
 in sectional elevation by Fig. 198, by which is 
 shown a vertical cylindrical boiler, with a fire 
 box fitted with curved water pipes, brick disc, 
 
 baffle plate, and a coil in the chimney. The 
 action of the flame is that the products of com- 
 bustion rising from the furnace first exert their 
 
 Fig. 196. 
 
 Fisken's Vertical Wedge-combined Boiler, secured together by 
 tubes, bolts, and nuts. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 197. 
 
 Sectional plan of Fiskeu's boiler, shown by Fig. 196. 
 
 influence in raising steam on the sides of the 
 fire box below the water tubes. They are then 
 baffled by the brick disc, and circulate around 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 75 
 
 the lower ends of the water tubes, passing 
 through the spaces between them. They then 
 impinge against the sides of the fire box above 
 the lower ends of the water tubes, and circu- 
 late around the upper part of those tubes, 
 
 Messenger's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water tubes 
 in the fire box, and a water coil in the chimney. Patented in 
 the year 1869. 
 
 passing a second time between them, and are 
 then split up a third time in circulating from 
 the outside into the inside, and passing up 
 between the coiled pipe until they leave it at 
 the top of the chimney. The feed water 
 
 enters the pipe at the roof of the boiler, then 
 down it, and passes up again through the coil, 
 from whence it is conducted into the boiler. 
 
 Fig. 199. 
 
 Messenger's Vertical Boiler, composed of curved and straight 
 tubes bolted together. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 200. 
 
 Sectional plan of Messenger's boiler, shown by Fig. 199. 
 
 Next Mr. Messenger proposed to make a 
 tube boiler without a casing, fire box, or brick- 
 work, as illustrated in sectional elevation and 
 plan by Figs. 199 and 200, the arrangement 
 
 L 2 
 
76 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 being that the water tubes are bolted at the top 
 to a ring that is circular inside and polygramic 
 on the outside, the number of sides corre- 
 sponding to the number of water tubes. One 
 part of those tubes forms the external part of 
 the boiler, and the other parts cause a circula- 
 tion of the products of combustion by means 
 of the baffle plate, similar to that already 
 described. The larger tubes have a partition 
 in them, which causes a circulation. The 
 short curved pipes connecting the lower ends 
 of the tubes are for the purpose of preserving 
 the water level in them. The smaller water 
 tubes are placed alternately in plan, so that 
 the smaller branches are placed over the 
 openings or spaces left by the larger branches, 
 and this causes a further circulation of the 
 products of combustion. 
 
 Fig. 201. 
 
 box that is surrounded by a water space, and 
 that space surrounded by a flame space con- 
 tained in another water space formed by the 
 outer shell of the boiler. 
 
 The action of the flame is that, on rising 
 from the grate, it surrounds the water pot, it 
 then passes out amongst the vertical water 
 tubes, and from those it descends in the 
 annular space to the chimney at the side of 
 the shell. It will be noticed that the " pot " 
 is connected, by horizontal tubes, to the water 
 space surrounding it ; and that the top of that 
 space is connected, by vertical tubes, to the 
 main space above. 
 
 Mr. Howard, who came forward in the 
 year 1866, with an arrangement shown by 
 Fig. 165, on page 64 of this work, appeared 
 again in this year, 1868, with a more corn- 
 Fig. 201. ' 
 
 Allibon's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with a water pot, surrounded 
 with two annular flame spaces, and 
 two water casings. Patented in the 
 year 1867. 
 
 Howard's Vertical Tube Boiler, fitted with vertical annular 
 circulating tubes, connected to horizontal water and steam 
 pipes, with a vertical tube feed water heater behind. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 The birth of the year 1868 gave birth, also, 
 to a Mr. Allibon's idea of a vertical boiler, as 
 shown in sectional elevation by Fig. 201, 
 which illustrates a water pot hung in a fire 
 
 plicated apparatus, as shown in sectional 
 elevation by Fig. 201, in which there are 
 horizontal water pipes, secured and supported 
 over the grate and brick bridges, and attached 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 77 
 
 to those pipes are vertical tubes, containing 
 smaller tubes, open at each end, of a shorter 
 length. The upper extremities of the larger 
 
 Fig. 202. 
 
 Bezy's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with angular water 
 tubes in the fire box. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 203. 
 
 Sectional plan of Bezy's boiler, shown by Fig 202. 
 
 tubes are connected to horizontal steam pipes 
 in a line with the water pipes below which 
 discharge into a main steam pipe that is 
 
 situated directly beyond the last vertical tube, 
 and beyond that pipe is a vertical tube water 
 feed heater, arranged in a very similar manner 
 as the boiler proper. 
 
 A much more simple aud cheaper arrange- 
 ment was introduced next by a French engi- 
 neer, named Bezy, as illustrated in sectional 
 elevation and plan by Figs. 202 and 203, 
 
 Fig. 204. 
 
 Moreland's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a fire box con- 
 taining annular hanging tubes, and the inner tubes bent over 
 the fire box crown. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 showing, thereby, a cylindrical shell con- 
 taining a large fire box, in which, over the 
 fire door, are a series of tubes secured angu- 
 larly, and amongst them the flame and heat 
 from the grate passes, and generates steam. 
 This boiler has the advantages of ready 
 cleansing and access for repair. 
 
 Annular tubes, about this time, were much 
 
78 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 in fashion, for be it remembered that, as their 
 use was not generally understood, many would- 
 be boiler inventors adopted them ; and conse- 
 quently a Mr. Moreland brought out his idea, 
 as shown in sectional elevation by Fig. 204, 
 that constituted a vertical cylindrical boiler, 
 with hanging water tubes in the fire box, and 
 in those tubes are smaller tubes, with their 
 ends bent nearly at right angles over the fire 
 box, and there the invention terminated. 
 
 Fig. 205. 
 
 Fawcett's Vertical Tube Boiler, fitted to horizontal water and 
 steam pipes. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Although Mr. Howard had brought out his 
 boiler two years previously, as shown by 
 Fig. 165, on page 64 of this work, a Mr. 
 Fawcett next appeared with his arrangement, 
 as shown in sectional elevation by Fig. 205, 
 which, like Howard's, has top and bottom pipes, 
 horizontally situated and connected by vertical 
 tubes, secured by flanges, instead of by packing 
 joints. The horizontal pipes are prolonged 
 at the back through the brickwork, and are 
 
 there connected by cross branch pipes, and 
 vertical circulating pipes, on the top of which 
 is the main steam pipe, situated sufficiently 
 high out of the effect of priming. The feed 
 water enters the lower pipes at the back ends, 
 and fuel is put in mainly exactly opposite, 
 while a certain portion of fuel can be dropped 
 
 Fig. 206. 
 
 Morris's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a cross tube, water 
 pot, and angular tubes in the fire box. Patented in the year 
 1868. 
 
 through the roof of the boiler space, by 
 removing the fire clay plugs, as shown in 
 section. 
 
 When Mr. Dickins introduced his boiler, 
 illustrated by Fig. 179, on page 68, in this 
 work, he perhaps thought he had discovered 
 a good and simple arrangement, and one that 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEKS. 
 
 79 
 
 needed no alteration ; but not so Mr. Morris, 
 two years after, because he borrowed Mr. 
 Dickins's arrangement as flame tubes, and 
 appropriated them for water tubes, in con- 
 nection with a pot and a cross tube over the 
 fire grate, as illustrated in sectional elevation 
 by Fig. 206. 
 
 Next came Mr. Galloway, with a very 
 peculiar arrangement of tubes, both for water 
 and flame action, as shown in sectional eleva- 
 tion by Fig. 207. 
 
 Fig. 207. 
 
 Galloway's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with hanging water 
 tubes, water space spheres, connecting pipes, and conical flame 
 stay pipes. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 The shell is cylindrical, with a curved top. 
 The fire box is cylindrical also, with a flat 
 crown, that is connected to the shell top by 
 vertical conical flame tubes, and attached near 
 to the lower end of those tubes are small 
 water pipes, joined, about midway, to hollow 
 spheres, and from thence extend below to the 
 side of the fire box. Those spheres are sur- 
 
 rounded by hanging tubes, suspended from 
 the crown of the fire box, and thus the heating 
 surface is said to be increased. 
 
 The action of the flame in this boiler is, 
 that it circulates amongst and around the 
 hanging tubes, spheres, and connecting tubes, 
 and then passes up through the conical tubes 
 to the chimney. 
 
 Fig. 208. 
 
 y^A^/yaffi 
 
 
 Wilkins's Vertical Square Shell Boiler, fitted with flat sheet flues 
 and water spaces, and side main water and steam spaces. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 It will be remembered that, on page 74 of 
 this work, there is illustrated a flat sheet flued 
 boiler by Fig. 194, and we next direct atten- 
 tion to another example by Fig. 208. 
 
 The boiler is composed of hollow sheets, 
 formed by plates, bent and riveted together 
 at the edges, and to maintain a uniform 
 distance between the plates at the hollow part, 
 
80 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 hollow distance pieces are inserted. Each 
 pair of plates are then similarly arranged 
 vertically, and the whole series held firmly 
 
 13- 
 
 Shand's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with layers of cross 
 water tubes, angularly secured in the fire box. Patented in the 
 year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 210. 
 
 Sectional plan of Shand's boiler, shown by Fig. 209. 
 
 together by stay bolts, which also sustain the 
 side main water and steam spaces. The top 
 distance pieces conduct the steam from the 
 
 sheets into the side steam space, and the water 
 spaces are connected a little below the water 
 level, directly over the fire grate, and at the 
 base of the boiler, the hollow parts there 
 forming the fire grate instead of the ordinary 
 solid bars. The action of the flame is direct 
 between the sheets to the chimney. 
 
 We need scarcely remark that the weak 
 part of this arrangement is the jointings of 
 
 Fig. 211. 
 
 Smith's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with short outer 
 hanging tubes and long inner tubes, each length being secured 
 to separate plates. Patented in the 5 ear 1868. 
 
 the distance pieces, which need to be most 
 carefully made ; and if any single joint leaked, 
 it would involve taking the boiler to pieces to 
 repair it. 
 
 Mr. Shand, not being contented with his 
 previous arrangement of boilers, thought fit to 
 introduce another, as shown in sectional ele- 
 vation and plan by Figs. 209 and 210, which 
 consists of layers of cross tubes, each alternate 
 
LAND STATIONAKY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 81 
 
 layer crossing the other, angularly secured in 
 the fire box. But when we look at Green's 
 boiler, shown on page 67, and Bezy's, shown 
 on page 77 of this work, we cannot help 
 thinking that Mr. Shand was fully anticipated, 
 both in theory and practice, by two persons, 
 while we give him the credit of blending their 
 ideas into one arrangement. 
 
 We have already described and illustrated 
 
 Fig. 212. 
 
 Arnold's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a cross tube, water 
 pot, and connecting tubes in the fire box. Patented in the year 
 1868. 
 
 several examples of hanging tube boilers, but 
 in each case the tubes were suspended from 
 one plate. Now we refer to an arrangement 
 on the preceding page, in which the outer 
 tubes are suspended from the crown of the fire 
 box, and the inner tubes from a separate plate, 
 situated higher in the boiler, as illustrated 
 in sectional elevation by Fig. 211. Of the 
 advantage of this we decline to comment on. 
 
 If the principle of a certain arrangement 
 can be patented, and the law says it can, how 
 does Mr. Arnold's boiler, shown in sectional 
 elevation by Fig. 212, affect Mr. Morris's? as 
 illustrated by Fig. 206, on page 78 of this 
 work, because they are substantially alike, 
 except in proportion ; and the law does not 
 protect that more than it prevents one in- 
 ventor from copying another, until ruinous 
 litigation has been entered on, and then the 
 largest purse has the best of it. 
 
 This year, 1868, was wound up, as far as 
 regarded a Mr. Smart, in the most auspicious 
 manner for that gentleman, because he in- 
 vented and introduced three examples of 
 syphon hanging tube boilers, as illustrated in 
 sectional elevations and plans by Figs. 213 to 
 218. The first example, Figs. 213 and 214, is 
 an arrangement of hanging tubes suspended 
 from the fire box, containing tubes of a smaller 
 diameter, that are hung from cross pipes over 
 the crown of the fire box, and each of those 
 pipes terminates in a down-take pipe in the 
 water space surrounding the fire box. 
 
 The action of the flame is, of course, direct, 
 but to preserve the lower ends of the tubes 
 from the first intensity of the flame, a circular 
 open baffle plate is secured directly under 
 them. 
 
 Mr. Smart's second example, Figs. 215 and 
 216, is a fire box without any water space 
 surrounding it ; but it contains a circular set 
 of hanging tubes secured to the crown, and 
 within them are smaller tubes, suspended from 
 a ring pipe situated over the crown. 
 
 His third example, Figs. 217 and 218, is 
 nearly similar to the first, and the exception 
 is, that the down-take syphon pipes are in a 
 
 . 
 
 
 M 
 
82 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY VEKTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 central annular water space that surrounds 
 the main flame tube or flue to the chimney, 
 
 Mr. Smart's ideas were very ingenious, but, 
 unfortunately, not altogether novel, on account 
 
 Fig. 213. 
 
 Fig. 215. 
 
 Fig. 217. 
 
 Smart's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted 
 with syphon hanging tubes in the fire 
 box and in the surrounding water space. 
 Patented in the vear 1868. 
 
 Fig. 214. 
 
 Sectional plan of Smart's boiler, as shown 
 by Fig. 213. 
 
 Smart's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted 
 with hanging annular water tubes, the 
 smaller tubes being suspended from a 
 ring pipe over the crown of the fire box. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 216. 
 
 Sectional plan of Smart's boiler, shown by 
 Fig. 215. 
 
 .Smart's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted 
 with syphon hanging tubes, and a water 
 space in the fire box. Patented in the 
 year 1868. 
 
 Sectional plan of Smart's boiler, shown 
 by Fig. 217. 
 
 while, also, the water space surrounding the 
 fire box is again omitted. 
 
 of Mr. Smith's arrangement, as shown on 
 page 80, by Fig. 211, in this work, where the 
 
LAND 8TATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 83 
 
 longer and shorter tubes are fully illustrated, 
 as they also are in a more syphon form by 
 Fig. 204, on page 77 of this work. 
 
 The schemes and constructions of vertical 
 boilers in the year 1.869 next claim attention, 
 and on the first day of that year Mr. Green, 
 whose ideas have figured on page 67 of this 
 work, again appeared with the arrangement 
 shown by Fig. 219. In this case he ignored 
 
 Fig. 219. 
 
 Green's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with vertical water 
 bend pipes and a water coil in the fire box. Patented in the 
 year 1869. 
 
 cross tubes, but borrowed the vertical water 
 pipes in the fire box, and for that sin in- 
 troduced a water coil pipe surrounding them 
 as a redemption. 
 
 Next came a Mr. Desvignes, who claimed 
 personal honours for thinking that curved and 
 straight syphon pipes hanging in a fire box 
 were worthy of lawful protection, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 220. 
 
 A Mr. Loader then appeared with a conical 
 vertical boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 221, and 
 
 Desvignes' Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with straight and 
 curved syphon tubes in the fire boi. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 221. 
 
 Loader's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a conical water 
 pot, containing a steam coil. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 M 2 
 
84 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 this boiler is really non-cleansing and unre- 
 pairable, while the arrangement is really a 
 joke on science, on account of the steam coil 
 
 Fig. 222. 
 
 Barclay's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with vertical water 
 tubes in the fire box, and an annular water space surrounded 
 with similar tubes, and a flame space. Patented in the year 
 1869. 
 
 Fig. 223. 
 
 Sectional plan of Barclay's boiler, shown by Fig. 222. 
 
 being put in the water, thus subjecting it to a 
 damp heat, whereas it should be to a dry heat. 
 
 On referring to page 63 of this work, the 
 Figs. 159 and 160 illustrate a Mr. Barclay's 
 arrangement for a vertical boiler, which was 
 a modification of a prior idea shown on page 
 62, and thereby conveys the fact that the 
 inventor felt rather dubious on both points of 
 conclusion ; but he became more so in this 
 year, 1869, because he brought out various 
 other modifications that are combined in the 
 arrangement shown in sectional elevation 
 and plan by Figs. 222 and 223. 
 
 In this case the vertical tubes with curved 
 ends are again introduced in the fire box, but 
 the water pot omitted, while the flame tubes 
 are smaller and more numerous. The main 
 feature, however, consisted in surrounding the 
 water space with an annular flame space, in 
 which are additional water tubes, connected 
 at their upper ends to the water and steam 
 chamber containing the circular steam pipe, 
 perforated on its upper side, by which the 
 steam is taken off to the engine. The space 
 below the fire grate is shown closed in by the 
 casing, and in this, an opening is made to 
 admit the pipe, which is connected with a fan 
 for producing a blast of air. The circular 
 pipe is perforated, and through these per- 
 forations the compressed air escapes and 
 mixes with the fuel on the grate. The 
 pressure of the blast forces all the waste 
 products of combustion to the upper part of 
 the furnace, and the flue is provided with a 
 damper, which is lifted to the requisite extent 
 by the pressure of the blast, and the waste 
 products of combustion are expelled there- 
 through into the chimney. 
 
 The outer tubes are enclosed by a casing, 
 as shown, that is made double, and contains 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 85 
 
 a space between the inner and outer plates, and 
 which may be an air space or a water space, 
 and when used as a water space it is con- 
 nected directly by tubes or otherwise to the 
 water spaces of the other parts of the boiler. 
 
 Fig. 224. 
 
 Fletcher's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with conical water 
 pockets in the fire box. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 225. 
 
 Sectional plan of Fletcher's boiler, shown by Fig. 224. 
 
 At this period of boiler chronology the 
 tubular arrangements were withheld by the 
 
 inventors of boiler novelties, and their at- 
 tention was directed from tubes to surfaces 
 of a more varied form. 
 
 Mr. Fletcher first appeared with an ar- 
 
 Fig. 226. 
 
 Barran's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with " cups " in the 
 fire box. Constructed in the year 1 859. 
 
 Fig. 227. 
 
 Sectional plau of Barran's boiler, shown by Fig. 226. 
 
 rangement shown in sectional elevation and 
 plan by Figs. 224 and 225, in which the fire 
 box is fitted internally with projecting water 
 
86 
 
 LAND STATTONAEY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 cone spaces that are radially and horizontally 
 secured. Those spaces were called " thimbles " 
 by the inventor. But Mr. Fletcher had been 
 forestalled by a Mr. Barran, ten years pre- 
 viously, who introduced the " cup " surface 
 boiler, as shown in sectional elevation and 
 plan by Figs 226 and 227, the arrangement 
 of which is precisely as Fletcher's, with the 
 addition of the cups at the crown. Barran 
 had conceived a reverse position for the cups 
 in the year 1855, as shown in sectional 
 elevation and plan by Figs. 228 and 229. In 
 that arrangement the fire box was fitted ex- 
 ternally with cups, and suspended from the 
 crown was a water pot containing flame tubes. 
 The crown also was connected to the roof 
 of the boiler by flame tubes that passed the 
 products of combustion to the chimney. 
 
 Directly after Mr. Fletcher, an American 
 engineer appeared with a novel means of 
 increasing the evaporative power of boilers, 
 as illustrated in sectional elevation and plan 
 by Figs. 230 and 231 ; the arrangement of 
 which is that the heating surface is formed 
 of a cast metal dome-shaped fire box with 
 projecting ribs extending into the fire or 
 furnace chamber, and also with projecting 
 ribs extending into the water space within 
 the boiler. By this means the heat conducting 
 power of metal is taken advantage of, and the 
 ribs projecting into the fire are protected from 
 injury by extending the ribs into the water 
 within the boiler, and presenting a larger 
 surface of ribs to the water than to the fire. 
 The ribs within the water are surrounded by 
 a shield, dividing the water betw een the ribs 
 from the main body of water, and by this 
 means ensuring a rapid circulation of the 
 
 water between the fire box and the shield, 
 and also increasing the absorption of heat by 
 the water. 
 
 Tubular vertical boilers again became the 
 
 Fig. 228. 
 
 Barran's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a tubular water 
 pot in the fire box and cups at the sides and crown, with flame 
 tubes. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 229. 
 
 Sectional plan of Barran's boiler, shown by Fig. 228. 
 
 fashion, and Mr. Barker next appeared with 
 the arrangement shown by Figs. 232 and 233 
 in sectional elevation and plans. The fire 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 87 
 
 box is fitted with a ring of tubes that sur- 
 rounds the fire grate, excepting at the door 
 opening, and those tubes pass down below the 
 
 Fig. 230. 
 
 Miller's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with projecting ribs 
 inside and outside the fire box. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 231. 
 
 Sectional plan of Miller's boiler, shown by Fig. 230. 
 
 grate, and are bent around up into the water 
 space that encloses the fire box plates. 
 
 The flame, after acting around the tubes, 
 
 the side, and crown of the fire box, passes 
 through a flue that is bolted to the centre of 
 the crown plate of the fire box. This flue is 
 entirely below the water level, and branches 
 off laterally to the chimney ; a regulating 
 
 Fig. 232. 
 
 Barker's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with vertical tubes 
 having syphon ends below the fire grate. Patented in the year 
 1869. 
 
 Fig. 233. 
 
 Sectional plan of Barker's boiler, shown by Fig. 232. 
 
 damper being employed for controlling the 
 draught. The outer end of the flue is formed 
 with a flange, which is bolted to an internal 
 flange on an annular junction piece. 
 
 The fire door opening is composed of a 
 
88 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 short tube provided with internal and external 
 flanges at its inner and outer extremities 
 respectively. These flanges are respectively 
 bolted to rings riveted to the inner and outer 
 shells for the purpose of presenting flat junc- 
 tion surfaces, against which the flanges of the 
 tube are bolted. 
 
 Another syphon tube arrangement then 
 came out by the endeavour of a French 
 
 prehension. Yery similar also are Mr. Wilson's 
 boiler tubes, as shown by Fig. 156, on page 
 62 of this work. 
 
 Mr. Kinsey appeared again, but this time 
 with a more formidable arrangement than 
 before, and not very unlike Mr. Ferinhough's 
 boiler, as shown by Fig. 45, on page 23 of 
 this work. 
 
 Mr. Kinsey's ideas are illustrated in sectional 
 
 Fig. 235. 
 
 Thirion's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted 
 with return syphon tubes in the fire 
 box. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Kinsey's Vertical Cylindrical Boilers, fitted with circulating vertical water pipes, 
 horizontal connecting water pipes, and horizontal main steam pipes. Patented in 
 the year 1869. 
 
 engineer, M. Thirion, who perhaps had seen 
 a few plain tubular boilers, but not many of 
 the syphon or circulating tube kind. 
 
 M. Thirion's ideas are illustrated by Fig. 
 234, in sectional elevation, which shows a 
 plain cylindrical boiler, fitted with return or 
 U shaped tubes in the fire box but how the 
 inside of the bend part of the tube is cleaned, 
 we decline to explain, it being beyond our corn- 
 
 elevation by Fig. 235, and show that, in a 
 series of boilers fitted internally with circu- 
 lating pipes connected at the top and bottom 
 by steam and water pipes, consists the arrange- 
 ment. We may mention also that the circu- 
 lating tubes were angularly slitted at the 
 bottom ends, and that the top ends were fitted 
 with ventilating cones. 
 
 Mr. Allibon, not being tired, came again 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 89 
 
 with another boiler, and a very complicated 
 one it is, too, as shown by sectional eleva- 
 tion and plan by Fig. 236. The mecha- 
 nical arrangement is that in the fire box, 
 suspended from its roof, is an annular water 
 pot, with horizontal flame tubes at the top. 
 The fire box is surrounded by an annular 
 water space, that is connected at the top by 
 
 Fi<r. 236. 
 
 Allibon's Vertical Boiler, fitted with an annular water pot, and 
 annular water and flame spaces and tubes. Patented in the year 
 1869. 
 
 vertical water tubes to the main water space. 
 The annular water space is surrounded by a 
 flame space, having a flue at its base, leading 
 to the chimney at the side of the boiler. 
 
 The action of the flame is that, on rising 
 from the grate, it enters the space in the pot 
 as well as around it, and the two volumes 
 
 mingle at the opening opposite the pot hori- 
 zontal tubes. The flame passes amongst the 
 vertical tubes, and then descends into the 
 annular space, and finally out at the flue. 
 
 Although Mr. Allibon had borrowed some 
 parts, and contrived the rest, to make a novel 
 
 Fig. 237. 
 
 Salisbury's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a perforated 
 water crown to the fire box, and above that a combustion 
 chamber connected by flame tubes to the smoke box. Patented 
 in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 238. 
 
 Sectional plan of Salisbury's boiler, shown by Fig. 237. 
 
 arrangement of boiler, as last illustrated, he 
 was very nearly outwitted by an American en- 
 gineer, named Silas Salisbury, who proposed 
 the peculiar means for raising steam as shown 
 in sectional elevation and plan by Figs. 237 
 and 238, consisting of a fire box surrounded 
 
 N 
 
90 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILERS. 
 
 excepting at the door with a water space, 
 which extends also over the crown ; and this 
 space, and the plates forming it, are pierced 
 with flame tubes, to permit the flame to flow 
 into an annular flame space, also into a com- 
 bustion chamber over the crown. The roof 
 of this chamber is a tube plate, containing the 
 ends of a set of vertical flame tubes that extend 
 to the base plate of the smoke box, which 
 conducts the flame to the chimney over it. 
 The water level in the tube chamber is about 
 one-fifth of the total depth of the chamber 
 from the top, and near that distance is the top 
 of a central water pipe in connection with the 
 water space over the fire box, and thus a 
 circulation is permitted. 
 
 This arrangement, although at first sight 
 appearing complicated, is really simple, and 
 can be easily cleaned and repaired. 
 
 A Mr. Fraser next appeared with a vertical 
 tubular arrangement, as shown in sectional 
 elevation and plan by Figs. 239 and 240. 
 Mr. Fraser of course knew that water tubes 
 secured in the fire box, as he secured them, 
 had been done eight years previously ; but 
 those tubes were the same diameter throughout. 
 Now Mr. Fraser corrugated his tubes of 
 unequal diameters, to make the flame act 
 on them longer, and there his invention 
 ended. 
 
 Mr. Chaplin concluded this year, 1869, of 
 inventions, by a method of connecting the 
 upper and lower water spaces of his previous 
 boiler, as illustrated in sectional elevation by 
 Fig. 241 ; the arrangement being a conical 
 fire box with a water space around it, that is 
 connected by outside pipes to ' the water 
 chamber above ; and flame tubes, of Mr. 
 
 Chaplin's peculiar construction, connect the 
 fire and smoke boxes. 
 
 The ensuing year, 1870, was not so famous 
 
 Fraser's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with corrugated 
 cylindrical vertical tubes. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fiir. 240. 
 
 Sectional plan of Fraser's boiler, shown by Fig. 239. 
 
 for vertical boilers as the previous period ; 
 for the reason, perhaps, that inventors were 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETJCAL BOILEES. 
 
 91 
 
 rather exhausted, and it took them a full 
 quarter of a year to recover ; the first to 
 return to the field being Mr. Green, who has 
 already been noticed in this work. 
 
 Mr. Green's new arrangement is shown in 
 side and end sectional elevations by Fig. 242, 
 the arrangement being that four water pipes, 
 situated directly over and beyond the fire 
 grate, are placed horizontally and close to- 
 
 heating purposes, as they touch only one 
 another at one portion of their circumference. 
 Each pipe rests near its rear end upon an 
 upright or support, that checks the passage 
 of the flame and products, and tends to increase 
 their efficiency. 
 
 The upper portions of the pipes have holes 
 in them, over which tapered tubes are riveted 
 or otherwise secured, the smallest ends of the 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with water tubes, to connect 
 the upper and lower water spaces. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 gether upon the brickwork, so that no space 
 is left between them ; and by this means the 
 flame and products of combustion are caused 
 to act against their under sides, thereby im- 
 parting a large amount of heat to them before 
 the products return over them on their passage 
 to the flue or to the chimney. It will be ob- 
 served, also, that nearly the whole of the 
 exterior surfaces of the pipes are available for 
 
 Green's Vertical Tube Boilers, fitted to horizontal pipes, situated directly over and beyond the 
 fire grate. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 tubes being downwards, to admit of a com- 
 paratively larger space being formed between 
 each row, to enable a man to pass for cleaning 
 the soot or other deposit from them. 
 
 These tubes are of a larger diameter at their 
 upper parts, and are connected one to the 
 other by short connecting pipes, so that the 
 steam generated in one tube can mingle with 
 the steam in the next one, and thus establish 
 a large steam area proportionate to the size of 
 boiler. 
 
 Each of the tubes has a cover or top plate, 
 which is secured to a flange fitted in the inner 
 edge thereof, so that the edges of the covers 
 are kept flush, or nearly so, with the top edges 
 of the tubes. Thus the tubes rest against each 
 other, and prevent the products rising to the 
 
 N 2 
 
92 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 roof before they have given off nearly all 
 their heating properties. 
 
 We next return to page 25 -of this work, 
 and notice that the flame descends in the 
 examples of boilers there illustrated, similar 
 to the illustration shown by Fig. 243, which 
 is an American production, by a Mr. Mont- 
 gomery, who, fourteen years after Mr. Dunn, 
 came forward in the world of boiler producers 
 
 Fig. 243. 
 
 Montgomery's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with an annular 
 fire grate, about midway of the height of the shell, and a coal 
 box above, with the flame acting for the generation of steam 
 below the grate. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 with his arrangement as a novelty ; but not 
 being content with borrowing the descent of 
 the flame scheme, he also claimed the invention 
 of the annular fire grate, revolving or not, as 
 he chose, and an overhead feed-fuel apparatus, 
 finishing with the idea that the flame should 
 surround the water shell of the boiler. 
 
 Now, if Montgomery had seen the arrange- 
 ment shown by Fig. 20, on page 11 of this 
 
 work, he doubtless would not have committed 
 the apparent mistake of patenting what had 
 been invented thirty-four years previously. 
 Mr. Barker, who figures metaphorically, by 
 
 Fig. 244. 
 
 Barker's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water tubes in the 
 fire box, and syphon flame tubes surrounding it. Patented in 
 
 the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 245. 
 
 Sectional plan of Barker's boiler, shown by Fig. 244. 
 
 the illustration of his boiler, on page 87 of this 
 work, is represented again in this year, 1870, 
 in sectional elevation and plan, by Figs. 244 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 93 
 
 and 245, by which it is evident that he over- 
 threw all his prior ideas ; and, indeed, so 
 much so, that he proposed the curved end 
 water tubes to begin with, and in doing so, 
 borrowed "Burch's" idea, as shown on page 
 42 of this work. 
 
 Mr. Barker extended his new scheme to 
 flame tubes also, by connecting their ends in 
 a syphon form, either to the crown of, or just 
 below the fire box, and prolonged them to a 
 
 Fig. 246. 
 
 Wilkins's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a shallow fire 
 box under a large combustion chamber containing water tubes, 
 and a main flue overhead. Constructed in the year 1870. 
 
 ring chamber situated below the annular 
 water space surrounding the fire box. 
 
 The flame from those tubes passes through 
 openings in the chambers to the space sur- 
 rounding the water shell of the boiler, and 
 thus combines in the smoke box with the 
 remainder of the flame that passes up through 
 the central flue connected to the roof of the 
 fire box. The return flame tube arrangement 
 
 was, however, invented in the year 1851, and 
 the outer flame space in the year 1836, as 
 shown on pages 12 and 11 of this work. 
 
 A Mr. Wilkins, about the middle of this 
 year, constructed a vertical boiler, which we 
 illustrate in sectional elevation by Fig. 246, 
 the peculiarity being that the fire box is 
 cylindrical, very shallow, and directly above 
 it is a combustion chamber, of an enlarged 
 
 Fig. 247. 
 
 Riche's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a water pot in the 
 fire box, and flame tubes connecting the smoke box. Con- 
 structed in the year 1870. 
 
 diameter, containing nearly a ring of water 
 tubes, situated outside the diameter of the fire 
 box. The fuel is put on the grate through a 
 door opening directly over the roof of the fire 
 box, so that is the reason why the water tubes 
 are " nearly " a ring in arrangement. The 
 main flue is directly over the fire grate in 
 position, at the roof of the combustion chamber, 
 and thereby the action of the flame in the 
 
9-1 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILEES. 
 
 combustion chamber depends on the area of 
 the flue in proportion to the area of the fire 
 grate, and the draught below it. 
 
 A Mr. Riche's example of boiler next ap- 
 peared, as shown on the preceding page by 
 Fig. 247, the arrangement being a "pot" 
 containing a circulating pipe, and flame tubes 
 passing through the water, and steam spaces 
 above the fire box. This is a very good 
 
 Fig. 248. 
 
 Paiman's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with curved water 
 tubes, having mushroom caps on their top ends. Patented in 
 the year 1870. 
 
 arrangement, that may be termed a " com- 
 pound" flame and water boiler, copied from two 
 boilers of those types and blended into one. 
 
 The next example of boiler is as illustrated 
 in sectional elevation by Fig. 248, the arrange- 
 ment of which is that the fire box and shell 
 are the ordinary shape, but the internal 
 fittings form the novelty. Those fittings are 
 
 water tubes in the fire box, curved at their 
 lower ends, and smaller than at the straight 
 part ; at the top of which, on each tube, is 
 fixed a " mushroom cap," having three ribs, 
 to permit the circulation of the water during 
 the raising of steam. 
 
 Mr. Paxman also introduced at the same 
 time another arrangement, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 249. In this case the same class of tubes 
 
 Fig. 249. 
 
 Paxman's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a water-spaced 
 central flue in the fire box, and water tubes having mushroom 
 caps on their top ends. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 were secured in the fire box, but the main 
 flue, instead of commencing at the roof of the 
 fire box, descended into it with an annular 
 water space, or what is more familiarly known 
 as a " water pot with the flue passing through 
 it." The tubes were secured to the water pot, 
 and also to the side of the fire box, so that a 
 circulation was permitted in both cases. 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 95 
 
 The novelty in those two arrangements is 
 the caps on the top ends of the tubes, because 
 the tubes are precisely as Burch's, as illus- 
 trated on page 42 of this work. 
 
 The intention of the use of these caps is to 
 prevent the bubbles of heat and steam rising 
 out of the tubes from passing up directly 
 through the water immediately over the tubes, 
 and thereby to cause the heat to disperse at 
 right angles ; or, as the inventor stales, 
 " tend to confine the current of water to the 
 sides of the tubes, whilst allowing free egress 
 
 85 and 86 of this work we illustrated three 
 examples of " cup " boilers the cups being 
 filled with water in two cases, and with' flame 
 in the other and that it appeared that there 
 was nothing left to improve in them as 
 " cups." But not so Mr. Lees, the patentee 
 of the example shown on the next page in 
 sectional elevation and plan by Figs. 251 and 
 252, who evidently had seen the other ex- 
 amples, and thus improved on them by making 
 the cups partially globular, and putting a cir- 
 culating pipe in each. 
 
 Fig. 250. 
 
 Kenyon's Vertical Conical Tube Boilers, fitted with a feed water pipe at their bottom ends, and a steam chamber at their top 
 
 ends. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 for the water, which, striking against the 
 mushroom head, is directed downwards, or 
 into its proper channel again, thereby re- 
 ducing the tendency to priming." 
 
 Next appeared an arrangement of a series 
 of vertical cone boilers, the invention of a 
 Mr. Kenyon, as shown in side arid end 
 sectional elevations by Fig. 250, the main 
 feature of which is that each boiler is separate 
 from the other, and in the event of repair can 
 be readily removed. 
 
 It is, of course, not forgotten that on pages 
 
 We next refer to page 35 of this work, and 
 to the illustration, Fig. 85, on it, which boiler, 
 excepting the horizontal flame tubes, is pre- 
 cisely arranged as the two present examples, 
 shown in sectional elevation by Figs. 253 and 
 254, showing again how two people unknown 
 to each other think alike at different periods. 
 
 Mr. Vaughan Pendred next came to the 
 front line of inventors of vertical boilers in 
 this year, 1871, with two arrangements of 
 horizontal water tubes secured in the combus- 
 tion chamber, the first example being illus- 
 
96 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 trated in sectional elevation and plan by 
 Figs. 255 and 256 on the next page. 
 
 This arrangement consists of. a cylindrical 
 
 chamber, fitted with horizontal water tubes, 
 having at each end curved nozzles or bend 
 pipes, open in opposite directions at each end, 
 
 Fig. 251. 
 
 Fig. 253. 
 
 Lees' Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted 
 with " cups " containing tubes in 
 the fire box. Patented in the year 
 1871. 
 
 Fig. 252. 
 
 Jeffery's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with 'central flame box, annular 
 flame space, and vertical flame tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Jeffery's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with central flame box, annular 
 flame space, and vertical flame tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Sectional plan of Lees' boiler, shown by Fig. 251. 
 
 outer shell, enclosing a similar shaped fire 
 box, above which is a square combustion 
 
 to cause a free circulation of the water and 
 heat through them. 
 
 Mr. Pendred's next arrangement is illus- 
 trated in sectional elevation by Fig. 257, and 
 is undoubtedly the same as the former 
 example, excepting the ends of the tubes, 
 which in this case are connected in three 
 sets, by vertical pipes at each end, open at the 
 bottom on one side, and open at the top at the 
 other; but how or where the advantage of 
 that occurs is not apparent, inasmuch that free 
 heat circulation, and separate tube arrange- 
 ment, are similar in the principle of results. 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILEE8. 
 
 97 
 
 Mr. Winstanley, whose original ideas on 
 boilers are illustrated on page 55 of this work, 
 appeared again this year, 1871, with a totally 
 
 ment being a series of flame pockets over 
 each other, connected by tubes, fitted in a 
 cylindrical shell of ordinary form. 
 
 Fig. 255. 
 
 Fig. 257. 
 
 Fig. 258. 
 
 Pendred's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with horizontal tubes in the 
 combustion chamber, open at their 
 ends. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 256. 
 
 Pendred's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with horizontal tubes in the 
 combustion chamber, connected at 
 their ends by vertical pipes. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 Winstanley's Vertical Cylindrical 
 Boiler, fitted with flame pockets and 
 tubes. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Sectional plan of Pendred's boiler, shown by Fig. 255. 
 
 different view of the subject, as shown in 
 sectional elevation by Fig. 258, the arrange- 
 
 The disadvantage of this boiler is that it 
 cannot be cleaned easily and as for repair, 
 that means total destruction. Besides, if we 
 refer to Figs. 122 and 123 in this work on 
 page 49, a doubt is unquestionably thei e shown 
 as to the validity of Mr. Winstanley's patent. 
 
 Another water tube boiler next made its 
 appearance, introduced by a Mr. Ashton, who 
 followed the arrangement by Mr. Galloway 
 shown by Fig. 29, on page 16 of this work 
 with the chimney at the side of the combus- 
 tion chamber, as illustrated in sectional 
 elevation and plan by Figs. 259 and 260. 
 
 o 
 
98 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 The fire box is dome-shaped, with a central 
 flame flue opening into a large combustion 
 chamber, containing a series of tubes, that 
 connect the lower and upper water spaces. 
 
 Fig. 259. 
 
 Ashton's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a large dome fire 
 box, having a small flue in the centre, leading into a combustion 
 chamber, containing a series of water tubes, with a side chimney. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 260. 
 
 Sectional plan of Ashton's boiler, shown by Fig. 259. 
 
 The name, after acting in the fire box, circu- 
 lates amongst the tubes, and then passes up 
 the chimney at the side of the chamber. 
 
 To accelerate the draught, as illustrated, a 
 steam jet pipe is used, which Mr. Ashton 
 states is for cleaning the flue and tubes also ; 
 
 Fig. 261. 
 
 Gram's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water tubes en- 
 closing flame tubes, having a short smaller tube in each to check 
 the flame. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 262. 
 
 Sectional plan of Gram's boiler, shown by Fig. 261. 
 
 but how, he does not explain, and neither 
 can we. 
 
 A Mr. Oram came directly after Mr. Ashton, 
 
LAND STATIONAEY VEETICAL BOILEES. 
 
 99 
 
 with an arrangement of flame tubes sur- 
 rounded by water tubes, in which are slots 
 at the two ends and below the water line, to 
 allow the water and steam in the tubes to mix 
 with the quantities of vapours and liquids 
 surrounding them ; and to prevent a too 
 sudden exit of flame through the tubes, a 
 short open tube of a smaller diameter is 
 
 Fig. 263. 
 
 Laharpe's Vortical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted, central of its height, 
 with a fire box, below which is a water space surrounding two 
 flame flues that lead down to a combustion chamber containing 
 hanging water tubes. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 secured at the top of each tube, closing it by 
 the method of securing. This arrangement 
 is shown in sectional elevation and plan by 
 Figs. 261 and 262. 
 
 The French engineers next were again 
 represented, and, at this time, M. Laharpe 
 had that honour ; but he, doubtless, not know- 
 ing that Mr. Chaplin claimed the introduction 
 
 of using single tubes "hanging" from the 
 tube plate as shown on page 59 of this 
 work fell into the mistake of proposing the 
 arrangement as shown by Fig. 263, which is 
 a shell containing a fire box, midway of its 
 height, with two flues in the bottom of the 
 box, leading down into a combustion chamber 
 containing the hanging tubes referred to. 
 
 M. Laharpe then, to be on the safe side as 
 an inventor, proposed three more arrange- 
 
 Fig. 264. 
 
 Laharpe's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a projecting 
 midway fire box, at the inner end of which is a combustion 
 chamber containing water tubes extending to the water space 
 near the bottom of the shell. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 ments, as illustrated by Figs. 264 to 266, 
 which are sufficiently explained by the de- 
 scription under them. 
 
 The example of boiler we notice next is a 
 novelty, because it has no free egress for the 
 products of combustion, as illustrated in sec- 
 tional elevation by Fig. 267 ; the arrangement 
 being that the fire box is fitted with a flue, 
 losed with a lever weighted safety valve, and 
 a little above the water line the flue is fitted 
 
 o 2 
 
100 
 
 LAOT) STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 with downtake flame tubes that extend in the 
 water space surrounding below the fire grate, 
 and are there in connection with non-return 
 valves that permit any flow from the tubes, 
 but no return back through them. 
 
 According to Mr. Adams, the inventor, 
 
 Laharpe's arrangement, as the preceding example, with twin fire 
 boxes. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 266. 
 
 Laharpe's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a projecting fire 
 box near the bottom of the shell, leading into a combustion 
 chamber containing water tubes that are situated nearly midway 
 of the shell. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 the action of the flame in this boiler will be 
 as follows : " When the fire is first lighted 
 in the fire box, the safety valve on the top of 
 the chimney or flue is raised, to allow a free 
 passage through the chimney. The air enters 
 
 the ash pit in the ordinary manner, and steam 
 is raised in this boiler precisely as in otber 
 boilers; and when the steam has attained a 
 pressure sufficient to work a blowing engine, 
 not shown, the furnace and ashpit doors are 
 closed air-tight, and the safety valve is 
 lowered to close the chimney, the fire being 
 thus cut off from all communication with the 
 external air. The products of combustion are 
 then forced through the downtake tubes, open 
 
 Fig. 267. 
 
 Adams' Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, in which the products of com- 
 bustion are forced into the water in the boiler. Patented in the 
 year 1871. 
 
 the valves, and thereby rush up into the 
 water as illustrated." 
 
 We here add that natural laws are entirely 
 at variance with the above theory, and there- 
 fore have no hesitation in stating that all the 
 steam generated in that boiler would be re- 
 quired for the blowing engine ; consequently, 
 the motive power is entirely absorbed in the 
 " working " of the boiler only. 
 
LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 101 
 
 The example next noticed is illustrated by 
 Fig. 268, showing thereby that a Mr. Martin, 
 although in Australia, sent his notion of what 
 a vertical boiler should be, to England ; the 
 notion being that baffle or circulating plates 
 should encircle the flame and water spaces, 
 and thus disturb the free circulation of the 
 heat in the boiler and outside of it. 
 
 Next followed in the train of boiler in- 
 ventors a Mr. Clark, with the arrangement as 
 illustrated in sectional elevation and plan by 
 
 Fig. 268. 
 
 Martin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with circulating plates 
 in the water and flame spaces. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Figs. 269 and 270, the main feature of which 
 is that the fire box and the central water tube 
 are corrugated, to cause the flame to act on 
 those surfaces with more effect than if they 
 were plain. 
 
 Mr. Clark no doubt thought himself the 
 originator of his scheme, and the law protected 
 him in that belief; but he perhaps had not seen 
 the illustrations shown by Figs. 271 and 272, 
 
 on the next page while the law omitted to 
 remind him of it, although an interval of 
 eighteen years had elapsed, and the original 
 patent was of course very well ventilated. 
 
 Fig. 269. 
 
 Clark's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a corrugated fire 
 box containing a central corrugated water tube, connected to the 
 sides by tubes over the fire grate. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 270. 
 
 Sectional plan of Clark's boiler, shown by Fig. 269. 
 
 Mr. Dunn, who claims the first honours in 
 the matter, it will be seen, proposed precisely 
 
102 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 what Clark did in the way of corrugating ; 
 and more than that, Dunn proposed also the 
 
 Fig. 271. 
 
 
 Dunn's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a corrugated fire 
 box and a side chimney. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 272. 
 
 Sectional plan of Dunn's boiler, shown by Fig. 271. 
 
 boiler shown by Figs. 273 and 274, at the 
 same time. 
 
 Fig. 273. 
 
 Dunn's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a dome fire boz, 
 having cross water tubes in it and a side chimney. Patented in 
 the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 274. 
 
 Sectional plan of Dunn's boiler, shown by Fig. 273. 
 
LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 103 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 THE horizontal or longitudinal boiler was 
 introduced by Watt, in the year 1788, being 
 twenty-five years after the first cast iron 
 globular boiler was introduced, as shown by 
 Fig. 1, on the first page of this work. 
 
 Fig. 275. 
 
 Fig. 276. 
 
 Transverse Sectional Elevation 
 of Watt's " Wagon " boiler, 
 with straight sides and 
 bottom. Erected in the 
 year 1788. 
 
 Fig. 277. 
 
 Transverse Sectional Elevation 
 of Watt's " Wagon " Boiler, 
 with curved sides and 
 bottom. Erected in the 
 year 1789. 
 
 Fig. 278. 
 
 Transverse Sectional Elevation 
 of Watt's " Wagon " Boiler, 
 with recessed sides and 
 curved bottom. Erected 
 in the year 1793. 
 
 Transverse Sectional Elevation 
 of Watt's " Wagon " Boiler, 
 with a central flue in it. 
 Erected in the year 1793. 
 
 Watt's first horizontal boiler is illustrated 
 in transverse sectional elevation, by Fig. 275, 
 and was known then as the " wagon " boiler, 
 from its cumbersome form resembling the 
 covering of that article. The sides and bottom 
 
 of that boiler being the weakest parts, Watt 
 curved them next, as shown by Fig. 276, 
 and to make the flame impinge more on the 
 sides, he recessed them, as shown by Fig. 277. 
 And after that, to increase the heating surface, 
 he put a flue through the shell, as shown by 
 Fig. 278. 
 
 There were rivals in the field of boiler 
 arrangements at this date, but Watt held the 
 palm in his hand for his wagon boiler for 
 
 Fig. 279. 
 
 Sectional elevation and plan of Brindley's Granite Boiler, fitted 
 with a copper flame tube. Erected at Camborne, Cornwall, in 
 the year 1800 being the first flame tube boiler. 
 
 some time, and it was only until the year 
 1800 any attempt was made to wrest it from 
 him ; when Mr. Brindley, the then well 
 known Cornish engineer, introduced the ar- 
 rangement as shown by Fig. 279, which illus- 
 trates a granite boiler containing a copper 
 return flame tube, and according to Nichol- 
 son's Journal, " the boiler was twenty feet 
 long, nine feet wide, and eight feet six inches 
 deep, and the three copper tubes were each 
 twenty inches in diameter." 
 
104 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 Watt, however, not to be beaten, made a 
 wooden boiler with a copper return flame tube, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 280, which could only 
 be .worked at 2 Jibs, on the square inch. 
 
 There was no need, however, for this de- 
 parture from the use of metal for the shells of 
 boilers ; because, at about this period, 1 800, 
 wrought iron plates came into boiler use 
 
 Fit;. 280. 
 
 Sectional elevation and plan of Watt's Wooden Boiler, fitted with 
 a copper flame tube. Constructed in the year 1800. 
 
 Fig. 281. 
 
 'i S.ySJSfS 
 
 : '- 
 
 General arrangement of the setting of a Cylindrical Horizontal 
 Boiler, with curved ends the flame first passing under the 
 shell ; secondly, at one side and front end ; and thirdly, back at 
 the other side and up the chimney. Erected in the year 1800. 
 
 generally, and the common practice amongst 
 the few makers of boilers then, was to make 
 the shell of wrought iron, where exposed to 
 the fire, and the remainder of cast iron, and 
 thus the wagon form of boiler gave way 
 to the shape and setting as illustrated by 
 Fig. 281. The ends of this boiler, it will be 
 noticed, are curved, or arcs of a circle, from 
 which came the egg-end boiler, as shown in 
 
 dotted lines. To be mentioned also as a 
 feature in this arrangement, is the stop plate 
 at one side of the feed pipe in the shell to 
 prevent any deposit from passing back to the 
 portion of the boiler over the fire. 
 
 Fig. 282. 
 
 nMflIN STBflMPIFF 
 
 FRONT ELEVATION 
 SEGTIUNfiL PLAN 
 
 General arrangement of Evans's Cylindrical Horizontal Boilers, set 
 in brickwork, the flame passing through the tube of the larger 
 shell and under the smaller boiler. Erected in the year 1804. 
 
 Fi?. 283. 
 
 SECTIONAL PLAN EM ELEVATION 
 
 General arrangement of the setting of a Single Tube Horizontal 
 Cylindrical Boiler ; the flame first passing under the shell ; 
 secondly, back through the tube ; thirdly, return at the one 
 side flue ; and fourthly, hack through the other flue to the 
 chimney. Erected in the year 1810. 
 
 Four years after or in the year 1804 
 Mr. Evans, an American engineer, invented 
 the arrangement of cylindrical boilers as 
 shown, set in brickwork, by Fig. 282. The 
 smaller boiler is a plain shell with straight or 
 flat ends, and the larger of the same shape, 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 105 
 
 with a tube directly through it, for the flame 
 to operate in first, and then to pass under the 
 small boiler to the chimney. 
 
 Trevithick and Yivian, the well known 
 Cornish engineers, were then in full power 
 with their locomotive engines and boilers, and 
 Evans perhaps worked with them for land 
 
 Fig. 284. 
 
 General arrangement of the setting of a Horizontal Cylindrical 
 Boiler, with an internal tube, known now as the " Cornish " 
 boiler; the flame first passing through the tube; secondly, 
 split and return at the sides to the downtake flue ; and thirdly, 
 pass under the shell to the chimney. Erected in the year 1810. 
 
 Fi ? . 285. 
 
 GECTJONAl. PLAN 
 
 General arrangement of the setting of a " Cornish " Boiler, with a 
 horizontal water tube in the boiler-flue, the flame passing as 
 in Fig. 284. Erected in the year 1811. 
 
 purposes also, and thus the boiler and setting, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 283, came forth in the 
 year 1810, as also did the " Cornish" boiler 
 and setting shown by Fig. 284, after which 
 appeared the same boiler with a central water 
 tube in the flame tube, as illustrated with the 
 setting by Fig. 285. 
 
 But the men of the West were not allowed 
 
 to carry their sway altogether any longer ; 
 because in this year, 1811, the Midland en- 
 gineers brought out the " Butterly " boiler, 
 as shown by Fig. 286, which was first manu- 
 factured at the works now bearing that name 
 as the prefix. This boiler, however, differs 
 but very little from the " Cornish " arrange- 
 ment, the difference being that the front end 
 
 Fig. 286. 
 
 General arrangement of a Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, known as 
 the " Butterly " boiler, with half portion removed for the grate, 
 the remainder being as the Cornish boiler, shown by Fig. 284. 
 Erected in the year 1811. 
 
 Fit;. 287. 
 
 SECTIONAL. raLAI. 
 
 SECTION THRD-Ftlles 
 
 General arrangement of a Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, with two 
 internal tubes, known as the " Lancashire " boiler ; set as the 
 boiler shown by Fig. 284. Erected in the year 1811. 
 
 of the boiler is " cut away " for the length of 
 the fire grate under the crown of the furnace, 
 which crown is curved with a larger curve 
 than the diameter of the tube beyond. 
 
 Next appeared the now known " Lanca- 
 shire " boiler, with its two tubes instead of 
 one, but set precisely as the Cornish prior 
 example, and of course, unless in large dia- 
 
106 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 meters, cannot be better, as tbe illustration, 
 Fig. 287, truthfully shows. 
 
 The Lancashire boiler makers next pro- 
 duced, in the year 1814, the egg-end boiler 
 with two tubes in the shell, each tube passing 
 
 Fig. 288. 
 
 fil'CTIDHAL PLAN 
 
 General arrangement of the " Lancashire " Boiler, with egg-ends ; 
 the flame first passing under the shell ; secondly, back through 
 the side flame flues;, and thirdly, return through the tubes to 
 the chimney. Erected in the year 1814. 
 
 Fig. 289. 
 
 General arrangement of the " Lancashire " Boiler, fitted with a 
 return tube ; the flame first passing under the shell ; secondly, 
 up to and through the return tube ; thirdly, back at the nearest 
 side, then around the front end ; and fourthly, at the other 
 side to the chimney. Erected in the year 1819. 
 
 through the shell at the sides, at the back 
 end, as set and shown in four views by 
 Fig. 288. This forms a strong shell and 
 tubes, and is said to be equal in generating 
 steam with the best of any other arrangement 
 of the same class. 
 
 But the Lancashire people were not ex- 
 hausted in the way of boiler arrangements, 
 as the next example and setting, shown by 
 Fig. 289, illustrates. In this case the original 
 shaped end is adopted, but the tubes are 
 U shaped in the shell at the front end, and 
 pass direct out at the other. The flame in 
 
 Fig. 290. 
 
 LONClHDINJll. SECTICM 
 
 SECTION rhR'J'PlRE CRATE 
 
 
 ; !jrr ^g^g^^g 
 
 
 SECTIONAL PLAN SECTION THRO' FLUES 
 
 General arrangement of the Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, now 
 known as the " Breeches " Tube Boiler, and " set " precisely as 
 that shown by Fig. 284. Erected in the year 1 820. 
 
 Fig. 291. 
 
 General arrangement of a Horizontal Boiler, fitted with twin 
 " breeches " tubes for the fire boxes, and flues inside the boiler, 
 and also the intermediate portion, or combustion chamber, fitted 
 with vertical water tubes to increase the circulation of the heat. 
 Erected in the year 1822. 
 
 this setting travels a longer circuit than in 
 any previous arrangement. 
 
 In the year 1820, the Cornish and the 
 Lancashire boilers were blended by the Mid- 
 land engineers into one arrangement as illus- 
 trated in setting by Fig. 290, which is termed 
 the " Breeches " Tube Boiler, and from that 
 issued the twin breeches tube boiler, with 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 107 
 
 vertical water tubes in the single portions, as 
 shown by Fig. 291. 
 
 Yery soon after this date, 1822, the French 
 engineers bestirred themselves, and produced, 
 three years after, their " Elephant " Boiler, 
 
 Fig. 292. 
 
 General arrangement and setting of the three Horizontal Boilers ; 
 connected by four vertical tubes, known as the French 
 " Elephant " Boiler. The flame first passes under the two 
 small boilers; secondly, returns -at one side; and thirdly, back 
 the other side under the large boiler, and up the chimney. 
 Erected in the year 1825. 
 
 Fig. 293. 
 
 General arrangement of the top and bottom Horizontal Boilers ; 
 connected by vertical tubes, known as the " Double " Boilers. 
 The flame passes first under the top boiler ; then, secondly, 
 descends and surrounds the bottom boiler; and finally passes 
 through the flue to the chimney. Erected in the year 1825. 
 
 as they termed it but why " Elephant," we 
 cannot comprehend ; because it partakes no 
 form of that animal, except perhaps the 
 vertical tubes, which might be said to be the 
 
 legs, and the small tubes, in the end view, 
 the feet. This arrangement and its setting 
 is shown in the three sectional views by 
 Fig. 292. 
 
 Next was introduced in England the ar- 
 rangement shown by Fig. 293, which is two 
 boilers one over the other connected by 
 two vertical tubes, the passage of the flame 
 being under each boiler. 
 
 The French engineers came forward again 
 in the year 1830, and introduced a little im- 
 provement in their " Elephant" boiler, which 
 
 Fig. 294. 
 
 General arrangement of the Horizontal Boiler, fitted with a 
 cylindrical fire box, four tubes beyond it, and a bottom water 
 tube under the boiler. The flame first passes through the 
 tubes; secondly, returns under the shell of the boiler; and 
 thirdly, passes back around the water tube. Erected in France 
 in the year 1830. 
 
 improvement consisted of a cylindrical shell, 
 fitted with a cylindrical fire box, and four 
 flame tubes beyond it. The shell is connected 
 under the bridge, to a long water tube situated 
 below the boiler which situation, by the 
 way, is not conducive for evaporation ; but 
 the improvement lay in the flame tubes, 
 which "split" up the flame in the largest 
 body of water, as illustrated with the setting 
 by Fig. 294. 
 
 In the year 1836, Mr. Holmes introduced 
 his wagon-shaped, flued boiler, as shown iii 
 
 p 2 
 
108 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 sectional elevations by Fig. 295 ; in which the 
 flame passes through a series of flues that are 
 
 Fig. 295. 
 
 Holmes' wagon-shaped internal flued boiler, surrounded with a 
 flame casing at the sides. Patented in the year 1836. 
 
 formed by water spaces, and finally around 
 the shell of the boiler and up the chimney. 
 
 tionary boilers were permitted to be " left 
 alone " by the inventors wise in those matters, 
 and it was not until the year 1849 that any 
 example, worthy of notice here, appeared; 
 which example is illustrated by Fig. 297, the 
 arrangement being that the shell is cylin- 
 drical, with a flame tube in it, and the tube is 
 divided in the fire box by a water space per- 
 forated with flame tubes, and beyond this 
 there are vertical and horizontal water tubes, 
 so arranged that the products of combustion 
 can act on them to generate steam. 
 
 Matters pertinent to the present subject, as 
 patents were then withheld for some time, 
 and indeed sufficiently to allow inventors to 
 look around them and think about what a 
 
 296. 
 
 Holmes' Horizontal Saddle Boiler, formed of a series of saddle-shaped shells, contain- 
 ing water, and the flame passing between them. Patented in the year 1836. 
 
 Another and better arrangement is shown 
 by Fig. 296 : where there are shown a series 
 of saddle-shaped shells, connected by large 
 tubes on the tops, containing water, and the 
 flame passing between them. 
 
 It is worth remarking that the flame ascends 
 and descends in its circuit in the first arrange- 
 ment, but traverses forward and backward in 
 the second arrangement. 
 
 From this date, 1836, horizontal land sta- 
 
 boiler for generating steam should be, the 
 first result of the cessation being an in- 
 vention by a Mr. Lawes, who really deserves 
 some credit for it, as Fig. 298 illustrates; 
 which is an end and side sectional elevation, 
 showing a cylindrical boiler, fitted with an 
 internal fire tube of such a diameter as to 
 leave a very small water space around it. At 
 the sides of the shell are two horizontal tubes, 
 and above them, centrally, a third tube ; the 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 109 
 
 two side tubes being connected by six short 
 tubes, and the top tube by a channel piece. 
 
 The main improvement in this boiler, is 
 the adoption of a small amount of water 
 
 by Fig. 299, in which was fitted a cylindrical 
 fire box and horizontal flame tubes of a very 
 small diameter, comparatively extending to 
 the end of the shell. This boiler is the first 
 
 Fig. 297. 
 
 Leigh's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a flame tube, containing vertical and horizontal water tubes in It 
 beyond the bridge, and horizontal flame tubes above the fire grate, which is composed of hand-rocking fire bars. 
 Patented in the year 1849. 
 
 Fig. 298. 
 
 Lawes's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the flame tube is entirely surrounded by water, and the water space is 
 in connection with two tubes, situated at the sides, and a third tube, centrally supported above. Patented in the year 
 1852. 
 
 Fig. 299. 
 
 Schofield's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a cylindrical fire box, and horizontal flame tubes beyond it, leading 
 to the combustion chamber. Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 around the fire tube, so as to increase the 
 rapidity of evaporation. 
 
 In this same year, 1852, a Mr. Schofield 
 introduced the arrangement of boiler, as shown 
 
 multitubular boiler introduced for general 
 land stationary purposes. 
 
 The advantage of tubes for those purposes 
 having been proved, other tubular arrange- 
 
110 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILEKS. 
 
 ments came into notice, one of which is illus- 
 trated in end and side sectional elevations by 
 Fig. 300 ; showing one large shell of Watt's 
 original type, fitted by three tubes at each 
 side, with separate water chambers, having 
 flame tubes through them the action of the 
 flame being explained under the illustration. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 tion to, is very peculiar ; not on account of 
 vertical and horizontal tubes being fitted in 
 the fire tube, because that was proposed in 
 the year 1849, as shown by Fig. 297, on page 
 109 ; but the peculiarity in this example, as 
 illustrated by Fig. 301, is that there is a 
 water boiler surrounded by an air chamber, 
 
 300. 
 
 Hopkins's Cylindrical Horizontal Boiler, fitted with two flame tube water chambers, one 
 on each side, arranged and set in brickwork ; so that the flame, after acting under the 
 main shell, splits, and returns back through the tubes ; thirdly, passes under each 
 chamber ; and finally up the chimney. Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 Fig. 301. 
 
 Ramsell's Horizontal Twin Fire Tube Boiler ; each tube being fitted, with a water bridge, 
 and cross tubes beyond ; and above the fire tubes is a water chamber, extending trans- 
 versely and longitudinally over them ; the whole being enclosed in an air and steam 
 chamber. The uptake is fitted with water spaces, termed a supplementary boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 This arrangement is a direct contradiction 
 of the fact that the generation of steam is 
 always quicker through shallow than through 
 deeper water, over the heating surfaces ; 
 because the less amount of water the heat has 
 to pass through, the least resistance offered. 
 
 The next arrangement that we direct atten- 
 
 which have no direct communication with 
 each other. 
 
 The air chamber is of sufficient capacity and 
 strength for the required steam and the hot 
 air ; but the internal boiler is used merely as 
 the generator, being filled with water heated 
 by the furnace, at the end of which is the 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 water bridge, and beyond that the usual 
 boiler flue, intersected with water tubes, 
 alternating in series, the one series placed at 
 right angles to the next series, and so on 
 throughout. 
 
 The upper part of the boiler is connected 
 with the lower part by means of large water 
 tubes or socket joints made of wrought iron ; 
 
 
 this boiler, which is supplied with a separate 
 feed pipe. 
 
 The steam generated in the main boiler is" 
 permitted to rise first in the steam chest in 
 the supplementary boiler, and is from there 
 conveyed by a pipe into the air chamber, and 
 from it passes to the engine. 
 
 We must mention also that Mr. Ramsell 
 
 Fig. 302. 
 
 Johnson's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a longitudinal water space in the fire 
 box, and transverse water spaces in the combustion chamber, with flame tubes beyond. 
 Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 Fig. 303. 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal Boiler, fitted with vertical water tubes in 
 the fire box and the combustion chamber. Patented in the 
 year 1853. 
 
 and a lesser tube communicates with a safety 
 hot water valve properly weighted. 
 
 At the up take or end of the flue, is placed 
 a supplementary boiler, consisting of a series 
 of flat tubes or sheet water spaces, forming 
 alternately a series of water spaces and smoke 
 flues ; the water spaces having their front and 
 back ends opening into the water casing of 
 
 Fig. 304. 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal Boiler, fitted with vertical water tubes in 
 the fire box and the combustion chamber. Patented in the 
 year 1853. 
 
 proposed a tubular water bridge in the place 
 of the ordinary brick bridge. 
 
 Following Mr. Ramsell, a Mr. Johnson 
 laid his claim for legal protection as a national 
 matter, for the arrangement shown in end 
 sectional elevation and sectional plan by 
 Fig. 302 ; which consists of a fire box, flat 
 
112 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILEKS. 
 
 at the roof, fitted longitudinally with a water 
 space, and transversely beyond, with two 
 water spaces, and a series of longitudinal 
 flame tubes. 
 
 Mr. Galloway commenced the year 1853 
 with introducing three examples of horizontal 
 boilers, fitted with water tubes, as shown in 
 side sectional elevation, by Figs. 303 to 305, 
 inclusive. 
 
 Fig. 305. 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal Boiler, fitted with two fire boxes, and 
 vertical water tubes in the combustion chamber, to cause a 
 duplex action for the flame. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 grate, and the third example that the flame 
 proceeds from two fire boxes situated over 
 each other, and then passes up and down in 
 duplex action to the combustion chamber, 
 which is divided by a water space for the 
 purpose. 
 
 The next example is the production of a 
 Mr. Murgatroyd, as shown in side and sec- 
 tional elevations by Fig. )06 ; where he pro- 
 poses to concave the roof of the fire box, and 
 stay it also, which really amounts to making 
 weak that portion first, and strengthening it 
 afterwards. 
 
 Another example of a stationary tubular 
 boiler is illustrated by Fig. 307, the idea of a 
 Mr. Pearce ; that consists of a cylindrical shell 
 with flat ends, containing three tubes for fire 
 boxes at the central line, and underneath 
 them a series of small tubes, through which 
 the flame passes to the main flue leading to 
 the chimney. 
 
 A corn factor next appeared on the scene, 
 
 Fig. 306. 
 
 Murgatroyd's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a fire box, having a concave crown, 
 strengthened by side plates, and stays between them. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 The first example illustrates that the flame 
 passes over the bridge amongst vertical 
 conical water tubes, and then down amongst 
 tubes of a similar form. 
 
 The second example shows that the flame 
 passes up and down after leaving the fire 
 
 of the name of Evans, the younger ; and his 
 scheme was for wagon boilers, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 308, which is described underneath. 
 
 Mr. Dunn next appeared again, with an 
 arrangement, as shown by Fig. 309, in sec- 
 tional elevations, of a series of egg-end 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 113 
 
 boilers placed side by side, within a few inches 
 of each other ; and supported at the ends by 
 an iron frame, which rests upon the side 
 
 walls. This iron frame forms a saddle to 
 each, by which means the adjoining cylinders, 
 or the brick work, is kept undisturbed by the 
 
 Fearce's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with three fire boxes, situated centrally of the shell, 
 which contains also a set of flame tubes under the fire bojes. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 308. 
 
 Evans's " Wagon " Boiler, with a corrugated bottom. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Dunn's arrangement of Horizontal Cylindrical egg-end Boilers and Steam Chambers combined, and a feed water cylinder as a tire 
 
 bridge. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Q 
 
114 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY HORIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 removal and replacing of one or more of the 
 cylinders. Between each cylinder a column 
 is carried up from the frame or saddle, upon 
 which are carried beams for supporting the 
 steam chambers which are shown placed 
 longitudinally across the top of the lower 
 chambers or boilers and also for the purpose 
 of supporting the covering of the boiler. 
 
 The steam reservoir is formed by uniting 
 two of the duplicate cylinders by their flanges, 
 end to end, using as many cylinders as are 
 necessary for the steam room required. 
 
 It will also be seen that there are two 
 ranges of pipes, and which pass alongside one 
 end of the cylinders, one range being a little 
 above and the other a little below them, to 
 which they are connected by angle or elbow 
 pipes, being thus arranged, that the cylinders 
 may be withdrawn from their places, without 
 disturbing the main pipes. The elbows being 
 removable from the short branch at the end 
 of the cylinders, give also facility for uniting 
 any two or more cylinders together, end to 
 end. Another range of pipes may be em- 
 ployed at the other ends of the cylinders, if 
 thought desirable, for the passage of the 
 steam to the reservoir cylinders as shown, 
 upon either of which as many safety valves 
 may be fixed as may be deemed requisite. 
 
 The bridge of the furnaces is formed by a 
 cylinder, through which should pass the water 
 for feeding all the other cylinders, by means 
 of the lower range of pipes, which are con- 
 nected with the bridge cylinder, which will 
 remain full of water ; the other cylinders 
 with the exception of the reservoir cylinders 
 which are not supplied with water being 
 maintained at about the water line. 
 
 By this arrangement it will be seen also 
 that two furnaces are used, one on each side, 
 leaving the division walls to form a flue 
 between the furnaces which meet at the ends, 
 so that the gas flame and smoke may mix and 
 ignite, and then pass along the middle flue 
 towards the front or furnace end, where ar- 
 riving, it may pass by a down flue to the 
 chimney. 
 
 As the boilers are not close together, 
 stopping pieces are inserted between them, 
 so that the intense heat from the furnaces 
 will be confined to the lower parts of the 
 cylinders. 
 
 To prevent the heat from passing out at the 
 top, a covering of brick work or other material 
 is used, supported by the beams ; while radia- 
 tion from the steam cylinders may be pre- 
 vented to a great extent, by a covering of 
 felt, as commonly employed for such purposes. 
 
 Mr. Dunn at the same time proposed another 
 arrangement of boilers, as illustrated in sec- 
 tional elevations by Fig. 310. In this case, 
 cylindrical flat end shells containing flame 
 tubes are supported on brick work at their 
 ends, which forms a flue, and by which their 
 ends are connected ; brick partitions are 
 placed in the flue, by which the draft is 
 directed through each of the tubular portions 
 in succession, until it has passed through the 
 last, which, in this arrangement, is that boiler 
 directly over the furnace. The spaces between 
 the boilers are stopped by a layer of bricks, 
 so as to prevent the heat ascending between 
 them. 
 
 When either boiler requires detaching, it 
 is to be lifted perpendicular from the brick 
 seating, and replaced by another duplicate of 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 115 
 
 it ; while, to further facilitate the removal of 
 parts, a valve should be placed at each junc- 
 tion of the main steam and water pipe with 
 each of the portions, so that the communica- 
 tion between each part and the others can be 
 cut off by the valves, which will enable the 
 parts to be connected and disconnected with- 
 
 back end, was the best form of shell to enclose 
 a cylindrical fire box, having beyond it 
 syphon return tubes that also surrounded the 
 fire box. 
 
 The action of the flame is that it first passes 
 from the bridge through the five small syphon 
 tubes, to the smoke box at the front end ; 
 
 Fig. 310. 
 
 Dunn's arrangement of Horizontal Cylindrical flat-end Boilers, fitted internally with flame tubes. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 311. 
 
 Culpin's Horizontal Boiler, with flat and semi-spherical ends, fitted internally with a cylindrical 
 fire box, and beyond and around it, syphon return flame tubes, that lead into a smoke box, sur- 
 rounding the front end of the fire box. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 out greatly interrupting the working of the secondly, back, and return on each side of the 
 
 other parts. fire box, through the two large syphon tubes 
 
 A Mr. Culpin's arrangement of horizontal which are divided by stop-flame-plates in the 
 
 boiler is now referred to as being worthy of 
 
 smoke box, to cause the return circuit for the 
 
 notice here, as illustrated in sectional eleva- flame, before it passes from the top large tubes 
 tions by Fig. 311. Mr. Culpin considered to the chimney. 
 
 that a flat front end boiler, having a curved Passing from arrangements of return action 
 
 Q 2 
 
116 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 for the flame, we direct attention now to 
 arrangements for a more direct circuit, which 
 was introduced by a Mr. Fearnley, as shown 
 in two sectional views by Fig. 312. 
 
 In this example the roof of the fire box is 
 formed by water and flame spaces, and over 
 them is a large combustion chamber, at the 
 end of which is a series of flame tubes that 
 convey the flame to the chimney. 
 
 tubes can more easily receive the heat than if 
 the combustion chamber were omitted in fact, 
 the combustion chamber in all cases is the 
 main portion of any boiler. 
 
 A Mr. Bellhouse followed Mr. Fearnley, 
 with the idea that the best known means of 
 generating steam was to connect two flat-end 
 cylindrical boilers with water tubes, as shown 
 in sectional elevations by Fig. 313, and 
 
 Fig. 312. 
 
 Fearnley's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with water and flame spaces over the fire grate ; 
 also a combustion chamber, with flame tubes connecting the smoke box, situated at the back end. 
 Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 313. 
 
 Bellhouse's Horizontal Cylindrical Twin Boilers, connected by water tubes. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 This boiler is founded on correct principles ; 
 because, in the first place, the heat from the 
 fuel is partially extracted by the water in the 
 water spaces ; and, secondly, the remainder of 
 the heat is permitted to have time to 
 " mingle," " mix," and " ignite " in the com- 
 bustion chamber before entering the small 
 flame tubes ; and then the water around the 
 
 arrange the setting so that the flame acted on 
 each boiler and tubes alike. 
 
 Mr. Kendrick's arrangements are next 
 worthy of attention ; his first example is 
 shown by Fig. 314. In. this case he deeply 
 corrugates the fire box horizontally, and the 
 flue beyond vertically, sufficiently to make 
 alternate flat flame and water spaces. In the 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 117 
 
 second example, shown by Fig. 315, he ver- 
 tically corrugates the fire tube only, and at 
 such distances to introduce brick bridges 
 between them. 
 
 Directly after Mr. Kendrick, Mr. Horton 
 
 bridge, beyond which is the flame tube, con- 
 taining a longitudinal water space, perforated 
 with flame tubes. The action of the flame is 
 that, after leaving the bridge, it passes along 
 one side of the water space and through the 
 
 Fig. 314. 
 
 Kendrick's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, with the fire box and flame tube corrugated horizontally 
 and vertically, to form alternate water and flame spaces. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 315. 
 
 
 Kendrick's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, with the flame tube vertically corrugated, to make deep 
 flat water spaces, with brick bridges between them. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 316. 
 
 Horton's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with three fire boxes, and a fire tube, containing a 
 longitudinal water space, perforated with flame tubes. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 appeared with his boiler, as shown by 
 Fig. 316; the arrangement being that, in 
 the place of one ordinary fire grate and fire 
 box, there are three, common to one fire 
 
 flame tubes to the other side, and from these 
 back and forward through the outer flues to 
 the chimney. 
 
 The French engineers were next repre- 
 
118 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 sented by M. Erard, who believed lie had 
 accomplished a great deal, every way, from his 
 arrangement, as shown by Fig. 317; which 
 consists of a cylindrical shell, containing a 
 cylindrical fire box and two fire tubes, passing 
 through which are a series of water tubes, 
 in connection at the back end with the water 
 space below, and in connection at the front 
 
 bustion chamber to the chimney, situated 
 between the steam chests. Our opinion of 
 this arrangement is, that the inventor involves 
 it in such complication, that the practical diffi- 
 culties overbalance the theoretical advantages, 
 and thereby his scheme is that much reduced. 
 Mr. Barran next appeared with his scheme, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 318 ; in which he 
 
 Fig. 317. 
 
 ^Hr^^^^l?rH;S5=^?i=3s 
 
 Erard's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a Cylindrical fire box and two flame chambers, 
 containing water tubes; above which is a cylindrical combustion chamber, in connection with the 
 chimney. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 318. 
 
 Barran's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing a combustion tube; in which are two water tubes, 
 filled with flame tubes, and on the roof of the combustion tube are flame " cups." Patented in 
 the year 1853. 
 
 end with the steam chests above. There is 
 also a combustion chamber enclosed in the 
 shell that is, common to the fire tubes- 
 situated directly over them, and in communi- 
 cation with the chimney above. 
 
 The action of the flame in this boiler is, 
 that it passes from the fire box direct amongst 
 the water tubes, and returns back in the corn- 
 
 claimed that, by arranging a cylindrical shell 
 internally with a combustion tube, containing 
 two water chambers, with flame tubes through 
 them, and flame " cups " on the roof of the 
 main tube, an economical evaporative result 
 would be attained ; and to ensure a circula- 
 tion of heat, he put two tubes over and under 
 each water chamber. 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 119 
 
 That a certain advantage would result by 
 this is obvious ; but at what cost of repair 
 and cleansing two evils which Mr. Barran 
 seemed to have overlooked in this case. 
 
 A French engineer followed in the rear of 
 
 Mr. Green came forward next, with two 
 arrangements, as shown by Figs. 321 and 
 322; in which he proposed, that by perfora- 
 ting the shell with flame tubes, a great result 
 must occur in the way of generating steam. 
 
 Fig. 319. 
 
 1?H'-':'Vi?^ 
 '. ' ' I !_ I 
 
 Re'mond's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler; the shell being transversely corrugated for nearly the 
 entire diameter, and the combustion tube entirely corrugated. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 320. 
 
 Remond's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with three transversely corrugated fire boies, in con- 
 nection with a corrugated double forward and backward tube. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 321. 
 
 Green's Horizontal curved ends Boiler, fitted with transverse flame tubes through the shell. 
 
 Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Mr. Barran, named Remond, with two ar- 
 rangements, as shown by Figs. 319 and 320 ; 
 from which it is apparent that he wished to 
 increase the surface in the smallest capacity 
 by corrugating instead of cupping. 
 
 The next year, 1854, was not nearly so 
 prolific in boiler invention as the year pre- 
 ceding, and we attribute the cessation to the 
 fact that the subject had been so hacked, that 
 the interest became reduced in proportion. 
 
120 
 
 LAND STATIONAKY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 A Mr. Weatherly appeared in this year, 
 with his notion of what a horizontal land 
 boiler should be, as illustrated by Fig. 323. 
 The shell of the boiler is cylindrical, with flat 
 ends, and contains a large flue tube, as for 
 Cornish boilers : within this flue tube are 
 fitted a series of pipes over the fire grate, that 
 communicate with an expansion disc, beyond 
 the bridge, that is connected by a series of 
 pipes to a second disc, and it by pipes is con- 
 
 remained in the discs, they would soon burn 
 and leak. 
 
 Mr. Holt came forward also with two boiler 
 arrangements, as shown by Figs. 324 and 325. 
 
 In the first example the shell is cylindrical, 
 with flat ends, and the main flue tube contains 
 across it a water space, perforated with flame 
 tubes ; on each side of which are brick bridges, 
 to cause the flame to descend and ascend 
 through the tubes. 
 
 Fig. 322. 
 
 I A' . \ "' ' r \ [' [' .-'l'-"''.l \'A ' 1 ' -1 '' "\,\ I' 
 
 Green's Twin arrangement of the Boiler, shown by Fig. 321. 
 Fig. 323. 
 
 Weatherly's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a fire tube, containing, beyond the bridge, a water tube, having 
 dame tubes through it, with expansion discs and guide wheels. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 nected to a third disc, that is situated at the 
 back end of the tube ; these three discs are 
 supported on wheels, which permit any move- 
 ment from expansion and contraction of the 
 tubes. The other pipes, shown in the draw- 
 ing, relate to connections and feed water. 
 
 Our opinion of this boiler is, that it re- 
 quires much more than ordinary skill to make 
 it, and to repair it ; and that, if any deposit 
 
 The second example is merely the addition 
 to the first of a deeper fire box, and over the 
 grate a perforated water space. Both of those 
 boilers are creditable productions, but require 
 great draught. 
 
 Mr. Henley began the year 1855 with the 
 idea, that round or circular water tubes 
 obstructed the draught ; and to get rid of 
 that obstruction, he proposed, and patented 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 121 
 
 it too, that vertical water tubes in the main 
 flue of horizontal cylindrical boilers should be 
 Rhombus-shaped, or what is more commonly 
 
 weakness, and cheap manufacture for costly 
 production, in carrying out his idea. 
 
 We now begin with remarks on the boiler 
 
 Fig. 324. 
 
 Holt's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the fire tube is fitted with a transverse 
 water space, with small vertical flame tubes, and intervening brick bridges. Patented 
 in the year 1854. 
 
 Fig. 325. 
 
 Fig. 326. 
 
 Holt's Boiler, as shown by Fig. 324; fitted with a deeper fire box, 
 and a perforated water space over the fire grate. Patented in 
 the year 1854. 
 
 Henley's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler ; fitted with Rhombus-shaped 
 tubes in the main-flue tube. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 327. 
 
 Henley's Boiler ; fitted similar as in Fig. 326, but with the fire grate under the boiler. Patented 
 
 in the year 1855. 
 
 known as diamond shape, in section^ as shown 
 arranged by Figs. 326 and 327. Mr. Henley, 
 however, sacrificed comparative strength for 
 
 events that occurred in the year 1855, and 
 direct attention to a Mr. Jeffrey's very novel 
 idea, as illustrated by Fig. 328 ; which consists 
 
122 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 of the use of two fire boxes and grates, over does not explain, and we confess ourselves in 
 
 each other, for the purpose according to 
 Mr. Jeffreys of consuming the smoke from 
 
 Fig. 328. 
 
 Jeffrey's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, having two fire grates, one 
 above the other, and stoked in opposite directions. Patented 
 in the year 1855. 
 
 the same dilemma. 
 
 A Mr. Lee Stevens being second in the list, 
 we direct attention to his invention, shown by 
 Fig. 329 ; the arrangement being that the fire 
 grate is under the shell, and the flarne, after 
 acting there first, passes back through a large 
 flame tube into a cylindrical chamber, and 
 from thence through small flame tubes, to the 
 chimney. The advantage in this arrange- 
 ment is, that the flame has time and space 
 given to it for mixing, and thus combustion is 
 better carried out. 
 
 Fig. 329. 
 
 Stevens's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted internally with tube and box combustion 
 chambers and flame tulies. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 330. 
 
 Cowburn's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with flame chambers and tubes in the tube flue, 
 and three fire grates, one grate being in the tube flue, and one grate on each side, meeting under 
 the boiler. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 the higher fire ; but how the smoke in the 
 lower fire is consumed, or if at all, Mr. Jeffreys 
 
 The next example is by a Mr. Cowburn, as 
 shown in sectional elevations by Fig. 330 ; 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOKIZONTAL BOILEKS. 
 
 123 
 
 the arrangement of winch is, that the flame 
 tube beyond the bridge is formed into 
 chambers, perforated by tubes, through which 
 the flame passes. There are three grates also, 
 one in the tube, as usual, and two under the 
 boiler shell, so as to distribute the flame more 
 than one grate would do, according to the 
 idea of the inventor. 
 
 This boiler is rather complicated, and the 
 chambers difficult to clean, either inside or 
 out, and repair equally difficult, if not im- 
 possible. 
 
 Mr. Dunn commenced the year 1856, and 
 this time with his brain and hands full ; for 
 
 Fig. 331. 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Tetort Boiler, stacked in brickwork ; shown in 
 transverse sectional elevation. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 he brought out no less than forty arrange- 
 ments of retort boilers as he termed them 
 of which we illustrate six examples, being the 
 " pick " of the lot. 
 
 Fig. 331 is a transverse section of an ar- 
 rangement, consisting of five retort boilers, 
 placed horizontally ; the steam generated in 
 these retort boilers is conveyed into the steam 
 chest, placed above them : there are also 
 eight cylindrical water heaters placed in two 
 vertical rows. All these retort boilers and 
 water heaters are supported at their ends by 
 brickwork, and the products of combustion 
 
 rising from the fire grate pass under the 
 retort boilers, then along the flues and mixing 
 chamber formed by the two rows of vertical 
 water heaters and the brickwork, and thence 
 to the flue which is in communication with 
 the chimney, this passage of the products of 
 combustion being illustrated. 
 
 The supply of water is pumped into the 
 uppermost water heater, through the pipe, 
 from whence it flows into the others through 
 the lower pipe, and into the retort boilers 
 through the pipe under them. The small 
 box on the first heater contains a valve open- 
 ing inwards, to allow the water to flow into 
 
 Fig. 332. 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Retort Boiler, stacked in a water casing ; shown 
 in transverse sectional elevation. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 the pipe from the water heaters, and to 
 prevent the steam and water from the boilers 
 flowing into the water heaters. 
 
 The passages in the brickwork are for 
 admitting air to the flue, in order to increase 
 the combustion of the smoke. 
 
 Fig. 332 represents a modification of this 
 steam generator; the retort boilers and the 
 water heaters being surrounded by a double 
 casing containing water. The products of 
 combustion, after passing under the retort 
 boilers and around the water heaters, are con- 
 veyed over the retort boilers to re-heat or dry 
 the steam, and thence pass through the fluo to 
 the chimney. 
 
 E 2 
 
124 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY HOBIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 Fig. 333 represents another modification of 
 the boiler shown by Fig. 331. In this in- 
 stance the cylindrical water heaters are placed 
 
 Fig. 333. 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Retort Boiler, stacked in brickwork ; shown in 
 transverse sectional elevation. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 diagonally and horizontally, and the products 
 of combustion, after passing through the flues 
 
 wrought or cast iron, the sides of which are 
 stayed by the tubes. 
 
 Fig. 334 represents a section of a boiler of 
 large dimensions. In this arrangement there 
 are two sets of retort boilers, placed on each 
 side of the central boiler, into which the steam 
 from all the retort boilers is collected by side 
 pipes. Each set of retort boilers is heated by 
 a fire grate. The products of combustion pass 
 over the bridges along the flues, and then 
 through the tubes in the multitubular water 
 heaters, where they unite before entering the 
 flue. 
 
 The steam generator, shown by Fig. 335, 
 consists of a row of retort boilers, and another 
 
 Fig. 334. 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Retort Boiler, arranged in two sets ; shown in transverse sectional elevation. 
 
 Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 335. 
 
 tffflS^flffi/fflMMfr&MWftffMWfe *WM>,y$fi!!t 
 
 MKJy/Kffiv//] i . : , i ' . " : ! (; ,'wM'Jwr/s/yA 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Retort Boiler, stacked in brickwork ; shown in 
 transverse sectional elevation. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 formed by the sides of the water heaters, are 
 conveyed through the tubes in the multi- 
 tubular water heater before they pass off to 
 the flue. That water heater is a flat vessel of 
 
 row of cylindrical water heaters below them, 
 connected together by junction pipes. The 
 products of combustion from the fire grate, 
 pass around and between the retort boilers 
 and water heaters, thereby communicating 
 the heat to the water contained in them in 
 their passage to the flue. 
 
 Fig. 336 is a longitudinal section of a 
 boiler composed of three cylinders, made of 
 any suitable length, supported by brickwork, 
 or partly by the brickwork and partly by the 
 multitubular water heating chambers. 
 
 The products of combustion from the fire 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOKIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 grate pass over and through the tubes in the 
 bridge formed by the first water heating 
 chamber, then over and through the tubes of 
 the second chamber, and then through the 
 
 Fig. 336. 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Retort Boiler and Tube Chambers, stacked in 
 brickwork ; shown in longitudinal sectional elevation. Patented 
 in the year 185,5. 
 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Retort Boiler, stacked in brickwork ; shown in 
 sectional elevation. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 and the fire grate is the water heating 
 chamber, furnished with tubes, to allow part 
 of the products of combustion to rise up and 
 impinge against the under surface of the 
 cylinders. The steam from these cylinders is 
 conveyed by pipes to a steam chamber, not 
 shown, and the water is conveyed from the 
 chamber to the upper cylinders by the curved 
 pipes. 
 
 Mr. Pearce again showed the world his 
 knowledge of boilers, by the illustration, 
 Fig. 338 ; which shows a boiler with an 
 undulated bottom, to better receive the action 
 of the flame but whether that is worthy of a 
 patent, seems doubtful. 
 
 Mr. Holt appeared next, with two examples 
 of boilers, as illustrated by Figs. 339 and 340 
 on the next page. The first example shows 
 that the flue tube is fitted with cross water 
 spaces, connected longitudinally by tubes, and 
 there are brick bridges, above and below the 
 cross tubes, to cause the flame to undulate 
 during its transverse in the flue tube. 
 
 The second example shows cross tubes only, 
 
 338. 
 
 Pearce's Horizontal Boiler, with a corrugated bottom, for the flame to impign against. 
 Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 tubes of the third chamber, from whence they 
 pass to the flue. 
 
 Fig. 337 represents a steam generator, 
 composed of four cylinders, between which 
 
 with brick bridges in the flue tube, to cause 
 the flame's action as before. Mr. Holt had 
 been anticipated, however, in the use of cross 
 tubes, as shown by Fig. 207, on page 109. 
 
 
126 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 A very much better boiler than Mr. Holt's, 
 was introduced by Mr. Cater, early in the 
 year 1857, as shown by Fig. 341, which is a 
 cylindrical return tubular arrangement. The 
 products of combustion pass from the flue 
 
 second set of tubular flues, of lesser diameter 
 than the former set, conducts the smoke and 
 gases back through the boiler to a smoke box 
 at the rear end of the boiler, and from thence 
 the gases escape into the chimney. 
 
 Fig. 339. 
 
 Holt's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with brick bridges and transverse and 
 longitudinal water tubes in the flue tube. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 340. 
 
 Holt's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with cross water tubes and brick bridges in 
 the flue tube. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 341. 
 
 Cater's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with combustion chambers, containing horizontal and 
 vertical water tubes, and the chambers connected by small flame tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1857. 
 
 up into a chamber made in the bottom, and 
 near to the back end of the boiler, and from 
 there lead the lower set of tubular flues, 
 which conduct the heated gases to another 
 chamber at the front end of the boiler. A 
 
 From this description it will be seen, that 
 this boiler consists of a combination of the 
 cylindrical and tubular boiler, and that the 
 flame and heat is taken from the bottom and 
 conducted along tubular flues, during which 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 127 
 
 time the water surrounding the tubular flues 
 will abstract a portion of the caloric contained 
 in the gases, a.nd while the latter are return- 
 ing along the second set of tubular flues, 
 which are of lesser diameter than the former, 
 a considerable portion of the caloric still re- 
 maining will be given off to the water in the 
 boiler surrounding the flues. By thus causing 
 the gases to pass in a circuitous or serpen- 
 tine direction through sets of tubular flues, 
 
 novelties in horizontal boilers. The first 
 arrangement is shown by Fig. 342 ; which 
 it will be seen is an elliptical boiler containing 
 an ordinary flue tube : but the novelty is first 
 in the rectangular water bridge, and second, 
 in a cylindrical conical water chamber in the 
 flue beyond the bridge, the chamber being con- 
 nected to the steam space above by a branch 
 pipe at the back end. But Taylor improved 
 on that, as illustrated by Fig. 343. In this 
 
 :. 342. 
 
 Taylor's Horizontal Elliptical Boiler ; in which the flue tube is fitted with a cylindrical 
 conical water chamber. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 Fig. 343. 
 
 Taylor's Horizontal Elliptical Boiler ; in which the flue tube is fitted with a water chamber, 
 containing two water tubes. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 varying in size, and whereby a large amount 
 of heating surface can be obtained, a greater 
 amount of heat is given off from the gaseous 
 products of combustion than in other general 
 steam boilers. It will be seen, on referring 
 to the drawing, that doors are fitted to the 
 ends of the boiler, for the purpose of enabling 
 the attendant to get at the tubular flues when 
 required. 
 
 A Mr. Taylor next appeared, with certain 
 
 case he still put the chamber in the flue tube ; 
 but he put two flame tubes in the chamber 
 also. Not being yet contented, Taylor intro- 
 duced flame tubes in the water chamber in 
 the flue tube, with a water tube on the fire 
 grate, as illustrated by Fig. 344. In our 
 opinion, Taylor omitted the proper means for 
 the circulation of the heat in the water in 
 each arrangement. 
 
 Mr. Green having remained content for 
 
128 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 some time on boiler arrangements, came for- 
 ward again early in the year 1858, as to the 
 advantage of two common boilers in con- 
 nection with steam and water tubes ; in which 
 the flame superheated the steam, and the 
 steam heated the water, as arranged in 
 Fig. 345. For our part, we fail in seeing 
 
 directly behind the back end of the fire bars, 
 as shown by Fig. 346. 
 
 A very much more effectual means for 
 flame action is shown by Fig. 347, being a 
 Mr. Price's arrangement ; which is a cylin- 
 drical boiler with two flue tubes, in which 
 are six vertical water tubes, and between 
 
 Fig. 344. 
 
 Taylor's Horizontal Elliptical Boiler ; in which the flue tube is fitted, with a water tube 
 on the grate, in connection with a rectangular water bridge, beyond which is a 
 cylindrical water chamber, with flame tubes passing through it. Patented in the year 
 
 1857. 
 
 Fig. 345. 
 
 Green's Horizontal Boiler, in connection with steam and water 
 tubes in the combustion chamber ; the flame being intended to 
 superheat the steam, and the steam to heat the water in the 
 pipes. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 the advantage of this arrangement for raising 
 steam : because, for that purpose, the heat 
 should always affect the water first. 
 
 A Mr. Adshead put forth next his opinion 
 on the best means for retarding the flame in 
 the tubes, which was by water bridges 
 
 them and beyond, at each end, are angular 
 flame tubes on each side, in connection with 
 the lower side of the shell of the boiler, under- 
 neath which is the fire grate and the com- 
 bustion chamber. 
 
 The action of the flame is, that on rising 
 from the grate, a portion of it passes along 
 under the boiler, and the remainder up 
 through the angular tubes into the flue tubes, 
 where it meets with the other portion of the 
 flame that is returning back through the 
 flue tubes, and both volumes then proceed 
 to the chimney. 
 
 Mr. Price also proposed the arrangement 
 of cross flame tubes passing through the shell, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 348. 
 
 Following Mr. Price with the same idea, 
 that the flame in the flue tubes should be 
 obstructed in its passage, to increase evapora- 
 tion of water, came a Mr. Hopkinson with 
 his arrangement, as shown by Fig. 349 ; in 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 129 
 
 which the increase referred to is supposed to 
 be accomplished by securing spiral water 
 tubes in the flue tube but how the inventor 
 cleanses them inside, or proposes to do it, is 
 not known. 
 
 water spaces as the best means, occupying the 
 main portion of the shell, as illustrated in 
 sectional elevations by Fig. 350 on the next 
 page ; the arrangement of which is, that there 
 are two fire boxes that lead into a combus- 
 
 Fig. 346. 
 
 
 Adshead's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a curved water bridge in the flue tube. 
 Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 347. 
 
 Price's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the flue tube has vertical water tubes in it, and is 
 connected below to the shell of the boiler, longitudinally, by angular flame tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 348. 
 
 Fig. 349. 
 
 Price's Horizonal Cylindrical Boiler, 
 fitted with angular cross flame 
 tubes through the shell. Patented 
 in the year 1858. 
 
 Hopkinson's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler ; having a flue tube fitted with spiral water coils 
 in it. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 tion chamber, formed of water and flame 
 
 Next came a Mr. Hunt, whose ideas were 
 also relating to the obstruction of the flame in 
 the flue tube. In his case, he ignored tubes 
 for the purpose, but considered flues and 
 
 spaces, but the flame passed alternately 
 through small openings, and thus impinged 
 more on the sides than if a direct zigzag 
 passage was only provided for. 
 
 A Mr. Tapp, in the next year, 1859, in- 
 
130 
 
 LAND STATION AEY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 troduced his arrangement for obstructing the 
 flame, as illustrated by Fig. 351; which 
 consists of a flue tube formed with a curved 
 
 top, and the bottom rising in the centre, so as 
 
 Next appeared the invention in boilers, by 
 a Mr. Harman, as shown in sectional eleva- 
 tions, by Fig. 352. The brickwork in which 
 the boiler is supported is built in the usual 
 
 Fig. 350. 
 
 Hunt's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with two cylindrical fire boxes, that lead into a large 
 combustion chamber occupying more than half the shell formed with flat flame and water 
 spaces. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Fig. 351. 
 
 Tapp's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing a curved top flue tube, the bottom ot 
 which is a longitudinal water space, connected by angular water tubes to the top. 
 Patented in the year 1 859. 
 
 Fig. 352. 
 
 Harman's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with twin flue tubes, two steam chests, twin superheaters, scum pipe as a stay tube 
 and working gear, and a screw, propeller in the boiler to circulate the water. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 to form a water space throughout the length. 
 The top of this space is connected to the top 
 of the tube, by angular water tubes, and thus 
 the obstruction of the flame is attained. 
 
 manner : the boiler has two internal furnace 
 or flue tubes, the wrought iron plates of which 
 are riveted to external circular stays of 
 The contiguous plates of the fur- 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 131 
 
 nace tubes are arranged so as to leave a 
 small intervening space, which is filled up 
 with caulking. The front extremity of each 
 of the flue tubes projects out beyond the end 
 plate of the boiler, so that the ends of the fire 
 bars are in a line with the end plate. This 
 arrangement ensures the heating of the flue 
 box crown plates to the end of the boiler. 
 The projecting portion of each flue tube is 
 secured to the boiler by means of external 
 rings of angle iron, the weight of the tube 
 being, however, mainly supported by the end 
 plate of the boiler through which the tube 
 passes. 
 
 The front ends of the fire bars are carried 
 on the inner end cf a narrow dead plate, 
 which fills up the space between the ends of 
 the bars and the furnace doors. 
 
 The flame and heated products of combus- 
 tion arising from the burning fuel pass along 
 the furnace tubes, out at the backward ends, 
 and along the flue beneath the boiler to the 
 front part, thence upwards and along the 
 lateral flues to the chimney. 
 
 The backward end of each furnace tube 
 projects outwards a short distance beyond the 
 end plate of the boiler, to which it is attached 
 by means of angle iron, in a manner corres- 
 ponding to the arrangement of the front end. 
 
 The end plates of the boiler are stayed 
 internally by means of the longitudinal scum 
 tube, which is arranged above the furnace 
 tubes, the lower portion of its periphery 
 dipping a little below the proper water level. 
 
 Connected with the boiler is an arrange- 
 ment for superheating the steam before it 
 reaches the steam pipe which conveys it to 
 the engine. The saturated steam, as it rises 
 
 from the water, passes into the front end 
 steam chest, which communicates with the 
 superheating chambers that are formed of iron 
 plates riveted to the sides of the boiler they 
 are flat at the bottom which partly rests on 
 the brickwork, so as to partially support the 
 weight of the boiler. In this manner also the 
 bottoms of the chambers form the roofs of the 
 lateral flues, from which they receive their 
 heat. The backward ends of the superheating 
 chambers communicate with the back end 
 steam chest, which forms a segmental belt, 
 partially encircling the boiler in manner 
 similar to the other steam chest. 
 
 In order to obtain a continuous circulation 
 of the water, and so ensure the colder portion 
 being effectively exposed to the more highly 
 heated parts, the water is put in motion by 
 means of a small screw propeller, which is 
 kept rotating while the boiler is at work. 
 The arrangement for effecting this object is 
 on the back end of the boiler, where is fixed 
 a hollow standard, the upper part of which is 
 forked and carries the bearings of a short 
 horizontal spindle. To this spindle is keyed 
 the pulley, which is driven by means of an 
 endless belt from the engine. The spindle 
 has also fixed on it the bevel wheel, which 
 gears with the pinion on the upper end of the 
 vertical shaft, which extends down through 
 the standards to a footstep bearing in the 
 projecting part of the standard, which rests 
 on the bottom of the boiler. At the lower 
 part of the shaft is keyed a bevel wheel, which 
 gives motion to the pinion, fixed on a short 
 shaft carrying the screw propeller. Upon 
 the wheel being put in motion, the water is 
 caused to circulate in a continuous current, 
 
 s 2 
 
132 
 
 LAND STATIONAKY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 which passes over the more highly heated 
 portion of the furnace tubes, so as to equalize 
 the temperature in all parts of the boiler, and 
 thus avoid the unequal tension to which 
 boilers are ordinarily subject. 
 
 On referring back to page 128, there will be 
 seen a boiler containing a flue tube, in which 
 is a water chamber, fitted with flame tubes, 
 shown by Fig. 344 ; and we next direct atten- 
 
 ingenious ; but it shows no deep thought on 
 the subject of instantaneous evaporation. 
 
 A Mr. Hill commenced the ensuing year, 
 1860, with a method for admitting a certain 
 amount of contraction and expansion of the 
 flue tubes, as shown by Fig. 355, which was 
 , accomplished by connecting the plates forming 
 the tubes with rings, in section, as the primitive 
 rails for experimental or temporary railways. 
 
 Fig. 353. 
 
 JIusgrave's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with twin tubes, in which are cylindrical water 
 chambers, containing also flame tubes ; so that the flame passes around the chambers, and through 
 them at the same time. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Fig. 354. 
 
 Horton's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with 
 and two horizontal water tubes. 
 
 tion to the fact, that only two years after, that 
 arrangement was re-patented by a Mr. Mus- 
 g'rave, as illustrated by Fig. 353, as far as 
 concerns the water tube our patent law being 
 so elastic to permit that occurrence. 
 
 Mr. Horton's belief in elliptical flue tubes, 
 fitted with vertical and horizontal water 
 tubes, prompted him to patent the arrange- 
 ment illustrated by Fig. 354, which is rather 
 
 an elliptical flue tube, contnining five vertical, 
 Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Mr. Galloway next appeared, with two 
 complex arrangements of vertical tubes, for 
 the obstruction of the flame. One example is 
 shown by Fig. 356 ; the arrangement being 
 that there are two fire grates, separated by 
 the water passage connecting the shallow 
 water chamber, directly over the grates, with 
 the sides of the front portion of the boiler ; 
 there are small tubes, by which a communica- 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 133 
 
 tion is established between the water in the 
 upper part of the boiler and that in the 
 shallow chamber ; there are also large conical 
 tubes fpr the same purpose. The main 
 vertical flue is brought down to the top of the 
 shallow chamber, and is provided with a water 
 casing, in which are formed side openings, 
 for the passage of the flame. The main flue 
 is formed so as to pass through the horizontal 
 
 the perfect circulation of the water in the 
 boiler and the shallow chamber. 
 
 The flame from the fire grates, after passing 
 round the shallow chamber and in between 
 the small tubes and conical tubes, escapes 
 through the side openings into the main flue, 
 where it imparts heat to the conical tubes 
 beyond. 
 
 The other example is illustrated by Fig. 357. 
 
 Fig. 355. 
 
 
 Hill's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with twin tubes, manufactured with short 
 plates and tram-rail section rings. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 356. 
 
 
 mmiwm 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal Boiler ; fitted with a shallow water chamber over the fire grate, and water tubes in the 
 combustion chamber overhead, in connection with a series of vertical water tubes in the flue tube beyond. 
 Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 cylindrical portion of the boiler, where it is 
 of a flat elliptical shape, as shown in the 
 transverse section. In this flue are fixed a 
 number of conical water tubes. 
 
 A similar conical water tube connects the 
 centre of the shallow chamber with the upper 
 part of the boiler, and this tube, together with 
 the side passages and the small tubes, effect 
 
 In this arrangement the shallow chamber and 
 fire box are rectangular in plan, instead of 
 circular, as in the previous example, and the 
 whole of one side of the chamber is open, and 
 communicates with the body of the boiler. 
 
 The fire grates are separated by the water 
 passages, connecting the chamber with the 
 sides of the boiler. The top of the chamber 
 
134 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 is connected to the upper part of the boiler 
 by a number of small water tubes, as also by 
 the conical tubes, by which means a circula- 
 tion of the water in the chamber is effected. 
 
 The flat elliptical flue, in which are fixed 
 the conical water tubes, is contracted in plan, 
 where it joins the space over the chamber, in 
 order that the heat may be more effectually 
 
 Mr. Roddewig begin to show to the world his 
 achievements in boiler improvements, as illus- 
 trated by Fig. 358, by which it will be seen 
 that the arrangement consists of a horizontal 
 cylindrical boiler, that is fitted with two 
 plates, at a certain distance apart in the shell, 
 extending for nearly its length, so as to form 
 a central chamber containing water and steam, 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal Boiler, fitted with a shallow water chamber and tubes over the fire grate, and water tubes in the flue tube. 
 
 Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 358. 
 
 Roddewig's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted internally with two longitudinal division 
 plates, to form a steam and water space, between them. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 retained among the small tubes and conical 
 tubes. The flames from the furnaces pass 
 round three sides of the chamber, and after 
 giving off the greater portion of their heat to 
 the tubes, pass into the flue tube, where their 
 heat is still further absorbed by the conical 
 tubes. 
 
 The year 1861 next began, and so did a 
 
 and the level of the water in that chamber 
 depends on the amount of water discharged 
 through the delivery pipe : it always being 
 supposed that' the amount of feed water forced 
 into the two side chambers does not cause any 
 overflow into the central chamber. 
 
 Then came a Mr. Harlow, with two ar- 
 rangements for obstructing the flame, under 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 135 
 
 the shell and in the flue tube, as shown by 
 Figs. 359 and 360. The arrangement of the 
 first example is, that at the front end of the 
 shell is a water box, containing flame tubes, 
 the box being connected by a branch pipe on 
 its top, to the shell, and at the bottom by 
 a branch pipe to a horizontal water tube, 
 connected at the other end to the shell. 
 
 The arrangement of the second example is 
 rather more complicated : because two flue 
 
 trated in end and side sectional elevations, by 
 Fig. 361 on the next page. 
 
 The boiler is composed of a series of narrow 
 compartments, which are the water spaces. 
 These compartments are composed of side 
 plates, and narrow rings of trough iron, which 
 pass all round the compartments, and are 
 secured to side plates by means of rivets. 
 The side plates have helical .openings cut 
 through them at the lower part, which open- 
 
 359. 
 
 Harlow's Horizontal Cylindrical egg-ends Boiler, fitted with a water bridge, containing flame 
 tubes, also in connection with a water tube underneath the shell. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 360. 
 
 W-; - : U _ _ . J. 
 
 Harlow's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with two flue tubes, containing angular water tubes 
 and a flame tube water bridge. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 tubes are secured in the shell, each containing 
 the aforesaid tubular water box, and beyond 
 it cross water tubes, as in former examples 
 illustrated in this work. 
 
 Mr. Harlow seemed to have forgotten, that 
 to obstruct the flame directly at the back end 
 of the fire grate is to check the draught most 
 injuriously. 
 
 A very peculiar boiler next appeared, being 
 the invention of a Mr. Fanshawe, as illus- 
 
 ings are covered by a helice formed of trough 
 iron, which is riveted to the side plates, so 
 that when two compartments are brought 
 together, the two contiguous helices will form 
 a curved convolute, or serpentine flue, or 
 passage for the gases from the furnace or fire- 
 box, to the central flue; a tubular tie rod, 
 provided with screw nuts at one or both ends, 
 is passed from end to end of the boiler, so that 
 by screwing up the nuts, all the compartments 
 
136 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 may be held tightly together. This tubular tie 
 rod is extended outside the boiler at both ends, 
 one end entering the base of the boiler, the other 
 end passing downwards and under the rear 
 end of the furnace, enters the boiler, so that a 
 constant circulation of water is kept up in the 
 tie rod. The central flue is formed by a 
 series of hollow rings, through which the tie 
 rod passes, the rings being perforated all 
 round, so as to allow the heated gases to enter 
 from the helical flues; which heated gases 
 
 by forming large circular openings in the 
 sides of the latter. The intervening spaces 
 between the compartments are closed by 
 means of wrought-iron rings, formed of trough 
 iron, which are secured to the sides of the 
 water spaces by means of bolts. The upper 
 parts of the compartments are further held 
 together and strengthened by the longitudinal 
 tie rod, which extends from end to end of the 
 boiler, and is secured upon the end plates by 
 screw nuts. A considerable space above the 
 
 Pi?. 361. 
 
 Fanshawe's Horizontal Spiral Boiler, with central flame flues. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 passing along the central flue through the 
 return flue, which is placed in the steam 
 space at the upper part of the boiler into the 
 chimney, superheat the steam before it is 
 allowed to pass to the cylinder of the engine. 
 The upper parts of the compartments, 
 together with the intervening spaces between 
 the several compartments, is made to form 
 one large water space from end to end of the 
 boiler, and common to all the compartments, 
 
 water level is left for steam, as shown ; but in 
 addition to this, Mr. Fanshawe proposed to 
 place a steam chamber above the boiler. 
 When it is desired to obtain access to the 
 interior of the boiler, the manhole cover on 
 one of the end plates may be removed ; a 
 man can then get inside, and can remove the 
 nuts of any of the compartments, so that the 
 latter may be taken out, if required, after 
 removing the tie rods. 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 137 
 
 The next year, 1862, although an " Exhi- 
 bition" period of international renown., was 
 peculiarly silent on boiler improvements of 
 the class under notice : so much so, indeed, 
 that we have only one example on record, 
 worthy of introduction here, which is illus- 
 trated in end and side sectional elevations by 
 Fig. 362. The arrangement is that the shell 
 is cylindrical, with one fire box, in which are 
 two fire grates. The fire box is joined to an 
 oval flue tube, in which are a series of vertical 
 tubes or water passages, open at each end to 
 the interior of the boiler. The upper grate 
 bars are wrought-iron tubing, open at one 
 
 in contact with and ignite the unconsumed 
 gases and carbonaceous matter passing from 
 the upper furnace. Thus states the inventor 
 as to the " working " of the grates ; but we 
 decline to endorse the statement, although 
 we give it place here as a novelty. 
 
 Mr. Iriglis commenced the Annals of boiler 
 productions in the year 1863, by the arrange- 
 ment shown by Fig. 363, on the next page, 
 which consists of a cylindrical shell in con- 
 nection with two water chambers, situated 
 below it at each end, that are connected by 
 a series of water tubes, the chambers and 
 those tubes being set in brickwork, as shown 
 
 Fig. 362. 
 
 Eastwood's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a cylindrical fire box, containing two fire 
 grates over each other ; the upper grate bars being water tubes, and the lower bars the ordinary 
 kind. Beyond the fire box is an oval flue tube, containing conical water tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1862. 
 
 end to the boiler above the flue, and at the 
 other to a water space, which opens at each 
 end to the boiler, and also forms the dead 
 plate. The lower grate bars are the ordinary 
 kind, with an ashes box underneath, and there 
 is a brick bridge at the back, as usual. 
 
 The upper furnace is supplied with coal, 
 and the flame and smoke or gases pass down 
 through the grate bars to the flue. The 
 lower furnace is fed with coke and the incan- 
 descent fuel falling from the upper surface, 
 the flame and intense heat from which, 
 arising and passing towards the flue, come 
 
 with the flame passing amongst the tubes, 
 and then descending to the flue below at 
 the back end. 
 
 Next came Mr. Galloway again, with two 
 very simple arrangements of " retort " boilers, 
 as illustrated by Figs. 364 and 365. 
 
 The first example is an arrangement of six 
 retorts situated over each other, each pair 
 being connected by eight vertical water tubes, 
 and above the top retorts, or boilers, is a 
 steam chamber dome, secured across them. 
 
 The second example is shown in transverse 
 sectional elevation only, which illustrates four 
 
138 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 pairs of retorts, connected alternately by 
 angular water tubes. 
 
 two arrangements to obstruct the flame in the 
 tube, which are illustrated by Figs. 366 and 
 
 A Mr. Stewart came forward next with ' 367, and explained underneath each view. 
 
 Fig. 36.'i. 
 
 Inglis's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in connection with two lower water chambers, connected by 
 water tubes. Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 364. 
 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal " Retort " Boiler, connected by vertical water tubes. Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 There was nothing more done worthy of 
 record on boilers from this example until 
 the year 1865, and the first inventor of 
 that year was a Mr. Amos, who arranged 
 two cylindrical shells, one over the other, as 
 illustrated by Fig. 368. The lower shell 
 contains a cylindrical fire box and short flame 
 tubes, connecting a combustion chamber. 
 And the upper shell contains long flame 
 tubes, connecting the smoke box, the shells 
 being connected by two flange tubes. 
 
 A miller named Lake appeared next, with 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal "Retort" Boiler, connected by angular arrariD-PTnpnt nf a Tflfllp lianprl firp linv 
 
 water tubes. Patented in the year 1863. an arrangement ot a saddle-snaped nre box 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 139 
 
 and cylindrical shell, containing four large 
 flame tubes, fitted with damper plugs at *heir 
 back ends, as illustrated by Fig. 369. 
 
 A Mr. Smith's arrangement of vertical 
 
 in them ; in some cases the tubes were open 
 through the flue, and in other cases hanging 
 
 only and closed at the bottom end. 
 
 We now direct attention to three examples 
 
 Fig. 366. 
 
 Stewart's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing a flue tube, curved at the bottom, and deeply 
 corrugated at the top, to cause an impinging of the flame during its traverse. Patented in the 
 year 1863. 
 
 Stewart's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing a flue tube, deeply corrugated at the top and 
 bottom, to cause an impinging of the flame during its traverse. Patented in the vear 1863. 
 
 Amos's Horizontal Cylindrical Combined Boiler, fitted with a cylindrical fire bor, and short flame 
 tubes in the lower shell, and in the upper shell long flame tubes. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 tubes in the flue tube was next introduced, 
 as shown by Fig. 370. The tubes were of 
 various shapes, fitted with circulating plates 
 
 of boilers, in which the steam chambers are 
 below the level of the water in the shell 
 which arrangement is in direct opposition to 
 
 r 2 
 
140 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 the practical result that saturated steam should 
 be dried by a dry heat. The inventor, a 
 Mr. Townsend, claimed also that he obviated 
 
 A Mr. Wilson followed Townsend, with 
 an arrangement of pipes, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 374. 
 
 Fig. 369. 
 
 
 Lake's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing four large flame tubes, and fitted at their ends with stop plugs and lever damper 
 
 gear. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 370. 
 
 Smith's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the flue tube is fitted with vertical water tubes, of 
 various shapes, having also circulating plates in them. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 371. 
 
 Fig. 372. 
 
 Fig. ZTA. 
 
 Townsend's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, 
 containing two steam chambers below 
 the water level. Patented in the year 
 1865. 
 
 Townsend's arrangement of steam 
 chambers and flue tube below the 
 water level. Patented in th "ar 
 1865. 
 
 year 
 
 Townsend's arrangement, with two rlues, 
 and three steam chambers below the 
 water level. Patented in the year 
 1865. 
 
 priming by the positions of the steam pipes, 
 as illustrated by Figs. 371 to 373. 
 
 The year 1866 next began, and with it the 
 ideas of a Mr. Woodward on Boilers, or rather 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 141 
 
 the abolition of fire bars, which he accom- 
 plished by perforating the bottom of the fire 
 box, as shown by Fig. 375. 
 
 Fie. 374. 
 
 Wilson's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the flue tube is 
 fitted with cross water tubes, extending above the water level 
 in the shell. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 The grate extends nearly to the back end of 
 the boiler, arid in the back end is placed a 
 fire-brick partition, having spaces or perfora- 
 tions, through which the flames pass into the 
 combustion chamber, of fire-brick, formed out- 
 side the boiler. From this chamber the flames 
 and hot gases pass through a number of fire 
 tubes, which conduct the same through the 
 water space of the boiler, and into a front 
 smoke box, from whence the flames pass back 
 again through larger fire tubes in the steam 
 space of the boiler, and through a flue, formed 
 over the combustion chamber, into the chimney. 
 For producing an effective draught, a pipe 
 of smaller diameter than the chimney is fixed 
 in the latter, and the exhaust steam from the 
 
 375. 
 
 Woodward's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, with the fire box perforated at the bottom, instead of 
 using fire bars. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Thomson's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted internally with a cylindrical fire box, and 
 above it, two sets of tubes that are arranged to cause a twin return action for the flame. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 A peculiar arrangement of flame tubes in 
 a cylindrical shell was next introduced by a 
 Mr. Thomson, as illustrated by Fig. 376. 
 
 steam engine is allowed to pass from a blast 
 pipe up the same. la order further to in- 
 crease the draught, a blast pipe conducts 
 
142 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 steam from the boiler to a number of small 
 nozzles on the pipe, situated inside the smoke 
 box, in front of each of the fire tubes, from 
 which nozzles jets of steam consequently pass 
 into the tubes, and thus accelerate the passage 
 of the flames or gases through the same. 
 
 The next example we refer to shows ; 
 great ingenuity on the part of the inventor, 
 Mr. Holt, to elude the patent right of 
 
 inventor to rise into the spaces at the same 
 time : a fact that we doubt, for the reason 
 that there is nothing to cause any rise of 
 the flame artificially, while naturally it 
 will pass out at the nearest and largest- 
 opening. 
 
 Next came a Mr. Field with a cylindrical 
 boiler, fitted with hanging tubes, secured *to 
 its under side, as shown by Fig. 378, also 
 
 Holt's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the flame tube is eccentrically corrugated^ to form Hat. 
 flame and water spaces. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig 378. 
 
 Field's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, with hanging water tubes at the under side of the shell. 
 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Mr. Kendrick, whose arrangement is shown 
 by Fig. 314, on page 117 of this work. 
 
 Mr. Holt's arrangement is shown by 
 Fig. 377, which is a cylindrical boiler, fitted 
 with a flue tube, constructed with vertical 
 water and flame spaces that are eccentrically 
 formed into a crescent shape, with circular 
 openings throughout the flue tube for the 
 passage of the flame* which is stated by the 
 
 illustrating how small an idea our Patent law 
 can be applied to protect. 
 
 A Mr. Daglish also, about this period, 
 thought he would test, the protecting powers 
 of the Patent law, arid finding it favourable, 
 brought forward the arrangement shown by 
 Fig. 379, which is a return-tube boiler, with 
 vertical water tubes in the combustion chamber, 
 which latter addition is very advantageous. 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HORIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 148 
 
 The Patent law must have been very elastic 
 at this period in the minds of boiler inventors, 
 for here is another illustration of its stretch- 
 ing powers, as illustrated by Fig. 380, which 
 is a cylindrical boiler with two flame tubes, 
 having tubular water bridges in them at the 
 back ends; and on turning back to page 135 
 in this work, we see by Fig. .'!60 that the 
 same bridge in principle and very nearly in 
 construction was patented five years pre- 
 
 top pipes being connected to the steam 
 spaces of the boilers. The vertical pipes have 
 circulating plates in them to cause the heat 
 in the water to have more effect. There is 
 nothing in this arrangement novel, because 
 the pipes referred to are really Dunn's 
 " retort boilers " in a peculiar position. 
 
 The French engineers considered that it 
 was time to be represented as boiler inventors 
 in England again, and accordingly M. Che- 
 
 Daglish's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with under and over brick bridges, ;ind a water bridg 
 having vertical water tubes on it in the combustion chamber. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 380. 
 
 Twibill's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing two flue tubes, in which are tubular water bridges 
 at the back ends. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 viously, but was proposed to be at the end 
 of the fire grate then. 
 
 Next the United States of America were 
 represented by a Mr. Miller, as illustrated on 
 the next page by Fig. 381, the arrangement 
 of which is two horizontal cylindrical boilers 
 are set in brickwork, and instead of the fire 
 box being of brick, as generally, it is formed 
 at the sides with vertical pipes, that are con- 
 nected at each end to horizontal pipes : the 
 
 valier heralded his invention, as shown by 
 Fig. 382, which illustrates that an elliptical 
 shell, containing an elliptical fire box, a 
 cylindrical combustion chamber, and return 
 tubes above, that are bent on to the top side 
 of the chamber to allow for free expansion 
 and contraction, was deemed worthy of pro- 
 tection by our Patent law. And an equal 
 amount of protection was granted to a 
 Mr. James for his invention, introduced early 
 
144 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 in the year 1867, as illustrated by Fig. 383 ; 
 which is a Cornish boiler, containing in the 
 flue tube a water chamber, with a flame tube 
 through it, the chamber being connected to 
 
 Fig. 381. 
 
 Miller's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in connection with vertical 
 and horizontal pipes, that form the walls of the fire box. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 one protection for that arrangement, and was 
 therefore kind enough to honour Mr. James 
 also. 
 
 After that came a Mr. Beeley, with the 
 arrangement contained in a cylindrical shell, 
 as shown by Fig. 384. The main part of the 
 patent refers to bending the plates at right 
 angles to make the joints, instead of by laps, 
 while the remainder is explained under the 
 illustration. 
 
 A similarly situated explanation is sufficient 
 also to explain the next example, illustrated 
 by Fig. 385. 
 
 Mr. Dunn's ideas being so fertile, he 
 brought forward again thirty examples of 
 
 Fig. 382. 
 
 Chevalier's Horizontal Boiler, fitted with an elliptical fire box, cylindrical combustion 
 chamber, and return flame tubes, " bent on to the combustion chamber." Patented in 
 the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 383. 
 
 [ James's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a flue tube, in which is connected a water chamber, 
 having a flame flue through it. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 the flue by short tubes or branches. But on 
 referring to page 118 of this work, we see by 
 Fig. 318 that the law had already granted 
 
 boilers, out of which we have selected six, of 
 the land horizontal class, the first of which is 
 shown by Fig. 386. This boiler is made out 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 145 
 
 of an ordinary double-flued boiler cut in two, 
 and joined together again with the parts one 
 above another, and with the flues connected, 
 so as to leave a water space between the flues 
 
 fixed a channel piece, to collect the sediment 
 and to distribute the feed water. 
 
 The second example is illustrated by Fig. 
 387 ; and is a cylindrical Cornish boiler, bent, 
 
 Fig. 384. 
 
 Beeley's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with two cylindrical fire boxes, with angular water 
 tubes beyond the bridge, an elliptical combustion chamber, with vertical water tubes, and a series 
 of horizontal flame tubes of unequal diameter beyond the chamber. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 385. 
 
 Storey's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, surrounded by a flame space, contained in a water casing. 
 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 380. 
 
 / ^~^S2Szz^^ 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with twin return flue tubes, and an elliptical lower flue. 
 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 and the ends of the boiler ; the two flues unite 
 in a double flue, which is provided with a 
 water space. At the bottom of the boiler is 
 
 as shown, so that the main hollow portion of 
 the boiler is filled with water, but the re- 
 mainder with steam and water : and, to heat 
 
 u 
 
146 
 
 LAND STATTONAKY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 the feed water before it enters the boiler, a 
 return longitudinal coil pipe is fitted in the 
 longer portion of the flue tube, and in the 
 downtake part, a triple return pipe is fitted. 
 
 and escape to the chimney by the flue ; in 
 this boiler the fire-brick bridge rests upon a 
 hollow, perforated cast-iron chamber, within 
 which is a sliding wedge block ; this block is 
 
 Fig. 387. 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, haying a flue lube, containing longitudinally serpentine water 
 coils as feed pipes. Patented iu the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 388. Fig- 389. 
 
 Dunn's arrangement of retort boilers and pipes, shown in trans- 
 verse sectional elevation. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 The third example relates to retort boilers 
 for which Mr. Dunn has been previously 
 noticed in this work as illustrated by 
 Fig. 388 ; and are arranged very much as 
 before, but with the addition of small retorts, 
 connected by cross pipes, in the main com- 
 bustion chamber. 
 
 But the fourth example is a much more 
 exaggerated form to fill the boiler with water, 
 as the Fig. 389 illustrates. The lower portion 
 of this boiler is at right angles to the upper 
 portion, and is contained in a pit of fire- 
 brick ; the products of combustion on leaving 
 the flue, surround the lower part of the boiler, 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal and Vertical Boiler, combined ; the vertical 
 portion being fitted with a vertical water tube, having branch 
 tubes connecting the main water space. Patented in the year 
 1867. 
 
 now shown open to admit air behind the 
 bridge, but it can be closed from the front of 
 the boiler by the handle and rod shown in 
 the drawing. There is in the vertical main 
 
LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 147 
 
 flue tube a central pipe, with radiating 
 branches, to obstruct the flame as it descends. 
 
 And another example, for the same purpose, 
 is shown by Fig. 390; which consists of 
 angular pipes in the flue tube. 
 
 Mr. Dunn also patented the old water tube 
 
 Breeches-tube boilers. The shell is cylindrical, 
 and contains a fire box that is open through 
 the shell to the brick flue below, and beyond 
 the box is a return flue tube, fitted with cross 
 water tubes of ordinary arrangement. 
 
 The action of the flame is, of course, due to 
 
 Fig. 390. 
 
 Dunn's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with angular water pipes, and a cup in the flue tube. 
 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 391. 
 
 Dunn's Cornish Boiler. Patented in the year 1867, but invented in the year 1811, as shown by 
 Fig. 285, on page 105 of this work. 
 
 Fig. 392. 
 
 Pollit's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing a fire box, with a downtake opening; and beyond, in the shell, a return flue tube, 
 
 fitted with cross tubes. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Cornish boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 391, but 
 was invented in the year 1811. 
 
 Next came a Mr. Pollit, with an arrange- 
 ment, shown by Fig. 392 ; that is a cross- 
 breed of the Lancashire Return-tube and 
 
 the setting in this case, which is such, that 
 the flame, after leaving the grate, passes to 
 the brick flue under the shell ; the flame then 
 enters the return flue tube, and passes 
 through it to a brick side flue ; then returns 
 
 u 2 
 
148 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 forward to the flue under the fire grate, next 
 ascends to the other side flue, and passes back 
 through to the chimney. 
 
 A Mr. Holt came forward next, with his 
 
 Holt's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with transverse sheet 
 flues above the fire box, for the return action of the flame. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 There are certain virtues in the use of the 
 sheet tube, which consist of a spreading out 
 of heat and fluid, and Mr. Holt evidently 
 knew that when he introduced them, but 
 perhaps forgot that he sacrificed strength at 
 the same time ; because the sheet is the 
 weakest shape possible. 
 
 Mr. Kendrick not being satisfied with his 
 arrangements of boilers, as shown by Figs. 314 
 and 315, on page 117 of this work, thought 
 of other methods for obstructing the flame, as 
 illustrated by Figs. 394 and 395. The base 
 line of each water chamber forms about a 
 right angle with the base line of the next 
 water chamber, and all the base lines are at 
 
 Fig. 394. 
 
 Kendrick's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a flue tube, that is fitted with semicircular 
 water chambers. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 395. 
 
 Kendrick's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a flue tube, that is fitted with alternate angulai 
 parallel water chambers, centrally situated. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 idea of flame tubes for generating steam, as 
 shown by Fig. 393 ; which is, that an ordi- 
 nary cylindrical boiler is fitted with flat flame 
 tubes above the fire box, to cause a return 
 action for the flame, with a superheater above 
 the shell. 
 
 an angle of about 45 with a horizontal line 
 carried across the flue. It will also be seen 
 that each parallel water chamber fills about 
 half the width of the flue,, and by the alterna- 
 ting arrangement of the water chambers, a 
 serpentine course is left for the products of 
 
LAND STATION AKY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 149 
 
 combustion, and a clear opening is left along 
 the bottom of the flue to enable a man to go 
 through to clean or repair. 
 
 The curved edges of the semicircular water 
 chambers are shown as being a short distance 
 from the surface of the flue, leaving openings 
 to allow the products of combustion to act 
 upon as much surface as possible, and to cause 
 the gases to become mixed and the smoke to 
 be consumed. From each corner of the water 
 chambers is a short tube, to connect these 
 chambers with the main water space ; these 
 tubes pass through holes in the flue tube, and 
 are secured by expanding their ends. The 
 chambers can be cleaned through the tubes, 
 and any of the chambers may be easily re- 
 moved and replaced when repair is necessary. 
 
 A French engineer, named M. Gruyet, next 
 
 large combustion chamber above the vertical 
 tubes, in which chamber is a tubular feed 
 water heater, which can be used as a super- 
 heater alone, also, when required. 
 
 Fig. 396. 
 
 Guyet's Horizontal and Vertical Tubular Boiler, combined, with a 
 feed water heater in the combustion chamber. Patented in the 
 year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 397. 
 
 o 
 
 STEAM CHAMBER 
 
 Hopkinsou's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with two flue tubes containing angular water 
 tubes ; and below the flue tubes is fitted a steam chamber in the water space. Patented in the 
 year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 398. 
 
 Chamberlain's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with flue tubes, containing perforated brick cylin- 
 ders, in connection with an outside brick furnace and air chamber. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 came forward with a combined vertical and 
 horizontal arrangement of tubes, as shown in 
 sectional elevation by Fig. 396. There is a 
 
 Next came Mr. Hopkinson, who claimed 
 the idea of putting the steam chamber in the 
 water in the boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 397, 
 
150 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 but was preceded by Townsend, as shown on 
 page 140 of this work. 
 
 A Mr. Chamberlain ushered in the list of 
 horizontal boiler inventions in the year 1868, 
 with the arrangement shown on the preceding 
 page by Fig. 398 ; which is a Lancashire 
 boiler, having in each flue tube a brick per- 
 forated cylinder, in connection with an out- 
 side brick furnace and air chamber -- this 
 plentiful use of brickwork being, in Mr. 
 Chamberlain's opinion, the best means for 
 generating steam, but which in practice would 
 be found to be very costly, and constantly out 
 of repair, and equally requiring clearing. 
 
 Mr. "Whittle put mud in his boiler, he did not 
 state ; however, the arrangement of the in- 
 ternal patented improvements is as follows : 
 The shell of the boiler is fitted inside with 
 curved plates, uniform to the water level, and 
 near the base, where they are " turned up," 
 and constitute troughs for the reception of the 
 mud and other deposits. 
 
 There is a flue passing through the boiler, 
 surrounded by a casing, forming a circulating 
 space, also open at the top and bottom by the 
 turned edges of the plates. 
 
 When heat is applied to the outside of the 
 boiler, the water in the shell space is first 
 
 Fig. 399. 
 
 Whittle's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a central flue tube ; the shell and the tube being 
 fitted with curved plates, to form circulating spaces for the water to boil in, and thus more rapidly 
 raise the steam. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 We now refer to the fact again, that the 
 most economical method for raising steam is 
 to have the least practical amount of water on 
 or against the heating surface : and similarly 
 thought Mr. Lawes, in the year 1852, as 
 shown by the illustration, Fig. 299, on page 
 109 of this work ; and equally so did a 
 Mr. Whittle, in this year of inventions, 1868, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 399, adding also that 
 by the circulating water spaces the " mud " 
 would be constantly collected also but why 
 
 heated, and commences to ascend, and, as the 
 heat increases, a rapid circulation of water 
 and steam takes place up the heated sides of 
 the boiler. 
 
 When the water and steam reaches the 
 " lip " of the casing which extends a little 
 above the water level the steam is separated 
 from the water, and occupies the upper part 
 of the boiler ; but the water boiling over the 
 edge of the lining into the boiler, it descends 
 through the lower opening into the circula- 
 
LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 151 
 
 ting space again, and thus maintains a con- 
 tinuous circulation so long as heat is applied. 
 The mud carried over settles in the troughs 
 at the bottom of the lining, as shown in the 
 drawing, where it is retained, thus preventing 
 the formation of deposit on the plates of the 
 boiler, and by this arrangement the boiler is 
 said to be kept clean and free from incrusta- 
 tion. 
 
 and, not being contented thus far, he intro- 
 duced also a perforated water tank, " hung " 
 from a cylindrical shell with egg-ends, as 
 shown by Fig. 401 ; in fact, he proposed that 
 the heat should travel as much through water 
 as possible. 
 
 Next, a Mr. Arnold informed the world 
 that he had discovered something worthy of 
 protection by the English patent law, which 
 
 Fig. 400. 
 
 STEAM 
 
 DUMB 
 
 Hepworth's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing an oval flue tube fitted with vertical water tubes ; and projecting from the front 
 of the boiler is a water space box, perforated with flame tubes, situated over a fire grate, contained in a brick combustion chamber. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 401. 
 
 e o J ooo o 
 
 O O 90 ' 09 OOt 
 
 ' cooooooeoooo 
 
 Hepworth's Egg-ends Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with a " hung" water tank, per- 
 forated with flame tubes. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 After Mr. Chamberlain had produced his 
 outside brick furnace, as shown by Fig. 398, 
 on page 149 of this work, a Mr. Hepworth 
 thought he would introduce one also, as 
 illustrated by Fig. 400, with a projecting 
 water box over the fire grate perforated 
 with flame tubes in connection with a hori- 
 zontal cylindrical shell containing an oval 
 flue tube, fitted with vertical water tubes ; 
 
 something is illustrated by Fig. 402, on the 
 next page, and shows a Lancashire boiler, 
 having the tubes fitted internally with pear- 
 shaped water tubes, connected to the main flue 
 by washers and lock nuts ; but how those are 
 disconnected after being exposed to the flame, 
 the inventor explains not but we do, by 
 stating that it involves their destruction. 
 After Arnold, a Mr. Kinsey qualified him- 
 
152 
 
 LAND STATIONAKY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 self for legal protection by introducing the 
 arrangement of horizontal boiler, shown in 
 sectional elevation and plan, by Fig. 403, 
 that consists of a series of corrugated shells 
 
 forming flame and water spaces, connected at 
 the bottom and top by tubes, as illustrated. 
 
 A Mr. Smart wound up the list of hori- 
 zontal boiler inventions for the year 18(i8, 
 
 Kig. 402. 
 
 Arnold's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing two flue tubes fitted with pear-shaped water tubes. 
 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 403. 
 
 Kinsey's Horizontal Corrugated Water and Flame-spaced Boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 by introducing his arrangement, shown by 
 Fig. 404, in which a wagon-shaped shell 
 contains a fire box of the same form, fitted 
 with three tubular water chambers, sus- 
 pended by branch tubes, between which are 
 small syphon water tubes ; and above the fire 
 box are return flame tubes. What advantage 
 there is in all this complication is not apparent, 
 except perhaps to the inventor, who does not 
 express it ; and he is equally silent about his 
 tubular arrangement for Cornish boilers, as 
 shown by Fig. 405 ; but we will here give him 
 credit for that, because there is an evidence of 
 
 Fig. 404. 
 
 Smart s Horizontal Wagon-shaped Shell, containing a similar shaped fire box, in which are three cylindrical water 
 chambers, fitted with flame tubes, and a series of syphon water tubes. At the front end of the shell is a combustion 
 boi, connected by a series of horizontal flame tubes, above the fire box, to the chimney. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 forethought, of water and heat circulation in 
 the position and shape of the tubes. 
 
 Fig. 405. 
 
 Smart's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, having the flue tube fitted 
 with circular and radiating water tubes. Patented in the year 
 1868. 
 
 With the commencement of the year 1869, 
 commenced a Mr. Foster to invent horizontal 
 boilers ; and how he succeeded is illustrated 
 by Fig. 406, and sufficiently explained under- 
 neath it. 
 
 spaces, perforated with flame tubes, suspended 
 from horizontal pipes enclosed in brickwork 
 and a very good boiler it is. 
 Next appeared two arrangements of the 
 
 Fig. 407. 
 
 Ormson's Horizontal Cast Wagon Flue Boiler, shown in transverse 
 sectional elevation. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 406. 
 
 Foster's Horizontal Cast Wagon Flue Boiler, with syphon pipes at the sides. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Then came a Mr. Ormson, with three 
 arrangements, as shown by Figs. 407 to 409, 
 in transverse sectional elevation only. 
 
 The American improved boilers were repre- 
 sented next by a Mr. Miller, whose ideas on 
 the subject are illustrated by Fig. 410. This 
 arrangement consists of a series of water 
 
 " Elephant " boiler, by a Mr. Crosland, as 
 illustrated by Figs. 411 and 412, which are 
 really but a very close modification of those 
 arrangements shown on page 107 of this 
 work, and again illustrate how our Patent 
 law is made use of, as also does the next 
 example, shown by Fig. 413 ; being also an 
 
 - 
 
154 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 arrangement of the "Elephant" class of 
 boiler, fitted with flame tubes in the lower 
 
 and upper shells, as introduced by a French- 
 man named M. Gremrnell, who was followed by 
 
 Fig. 408. 
 
 Fig. 409. 
 
 Ormson's Horizontal Cast Wagon Flue Boiler, shown in trans- 
 verse sectional elevation. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Ormsou's Horizontal Cast Wagon Flue Boiler, shown in trans- 
 verse sectional elevation. Patented in the vear 1869. 
 
 Fig. 410. 
 
 - 
 o o:ap\b &js o ; o ; o o Q ;: 
 
 000,00 O %O (TOO O OO OOQ QJD 
 
 boiQQjO ; QQ aolpp Q o OOQ oxao: 
 p : o:oig o o o jg 090-0 o o o o ^o/gp 1 
 
 Miller's Horizontal Boiler, composed of hanging flat water spaces, perforated with flame tubes, sus- 
 pended from horizontal pipes. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 411. 
 
 Crosland's Horizontal " Elephant" Boiler. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
LAND STATIONABY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 155 
 
 a Mr. Horton with his arrangement of a 
 square flue fitted with water tubes in a cylin- 
 drical shell, as illustrated by Fig. 414. 
 
 Another " Elephant" boiler next appeared, 
 by a Mr. Hawksley, which might be termed 
 three combined boilers, because they are in 
 
 claimed merit ; and accordingly a Mr. Cockev 
 might have thought that metal bridges, 
 alternately secured, were equally patent, as 
 illustrated by Fig. 417, which he termed 
 " heat condensing plates." Such success, 
 doubtless, prompted a Mr. Hargreaves to 
 
 Fig. 412. 
 
 Crosland's Horizontal " Elephant " Boiler. Patented in the year 1869. 
 Fig. 413. 
 
 Gemmell's Horizontal " Elephant " Boiler, fitted with flame tubes. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 414. 
 
 Horton's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing a square flue tube, fitted with cross 
 water tubes. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 separate groups, connected on the top by 
 pipes, not shown in the illustration, Fig. 415. 
 An equal arrangement as a patent was next 
 patented by a Mr. Fraser, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 416, in which tubes -of a peculiar form 
 
 patent the bending of a pipe in a flue tube of 
 a Cornish boiler, as shown by Fig. 418. 
 
 As a wind up of the year, 1869, there 
 issued forth from the brain of Mr. Hamilton 
 an idea to obstruct the flame in the flue tubes 
 
 X 2 
 
156 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY HQEIZONTAL BOILEES 
 
 of Lancashire boilers, by securing water 
 spaces or pockets in the flue tubes, as illus- 
 trated in four views by Fig. 419. 
 
 But Mr. Hamilton forgot if he ever knew 
 
 of this work ; which illustrates also, with 
 Fig. 419, that our Patent law is very ac- 
 commodating to "all whom it may concern." 
 Early in the year 1870, a Mr. Hopkinson 
 
 Hawksley's Horizontal Boiler. Patented in the year 1869. 
 Fig. 416. 
 
 Fraser's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing a flue tube fitted with corrugated cross water tubes. 
 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 417. 
 
 -..- 
 
 
 Cockey's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with two flue tubes containing metal bridges. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 that Mr. Kendrick, not more than two 
 years previously, also invented and patented 
 water spaces secured at an angle of 45 in flue 
 tubes, as illustrated by Fig. 394, on page 148 
 
 brought forward his boiler improvements, 
 illustrated by Fig. 420, which is an arrange- 
 ment of a cylindrical boiler, fitted with flame 
 tubes, in connection by pipes with a common 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 
 157 
 
 shell, of a lesser diameter, termed a " vessel," 
 not exposed to the fire. 
 
 The fire grate, it will be noticed, is shown 
 at an acute angle across the shell ; but how 
 
 the generation, or rather the formation, of 
 
 steam. 
 
 About this period was patented also an 
 arrangement of cylindrical boilers, by Sir 
 
 Fig. 418. 
 
 Hargreave's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the flue tube has a bent pipe in it. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 419. 
 
 Hamilton's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the flue tubes are fitted with water pockets. 
 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 420. 
 
 Hopkins's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with small flame tubes ; the shell being in 
 connection with a common horizontal cylindrical shell, termed a " vessel," not exposed to 
 the fire. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 the fuel remains there, as illustrated, we have 
 nothing to do with, our present purpose being 
 to make known, occasionally, impossible, as 
 also possible arrangements of boilers, for 
 
 W. Fairbairn, Bart., as illustrated on the next 
 page by Fig. 421, where two fire tubes are 
 surrounded by water, enclosed in two larger 
 tubes, in connection with a shell directly 
 
 
 
158 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILEES. 
 
 above ; the three shells being set in brick- 
 work, as generally done. 
 
 We here pause in our chronological path, 
 and step aside to point out again how our 
 Patent law in this special instance is worse 
 than worthless. To begin with, see Fig. 298, 
 on page 109 of this work, and the very same 
 means for raising steam by an annular water 
 space, as Fairbairn's, is there shown to have 
 
 a flue arrangement, in connection with a 
 cylindrical boiler, which is illustrated by 
 Fig. 422, and sufficiently explained by the 
 description unde.r it. 
 
 Mr. Crosland then put in appearance again, 
 with a little variation in what he did in the 
 previous year, which variation is shown by 
 Fig. 423. 
 
 The beginning of the year 1871 was signi- 
 
 Fig. 421. 
 
 Sir. W. Fairbairn's Horizontal Cylindrical Boilers, in which the flame tubes are jointed with tram- 
 rail section rings, and surrounded by water, and the water spaces are in connection with one shell or 
 tube, centrally situated above. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 422. 
 
 
 Arnold's Horizontal Cylindrical Koiler, containing two short cylindrical fire boxes, opening to the 
 outer sides of the shell, into brick flues ; the flame then descends, and passes up through the 
 bottom of the shell, into an elliptical flue fitted with vertical water tubes in a line with the fire 
 boxes ; the flame next descends at the back end of the shell underneath it, and then passes to the 
 side flues leading to the chimney. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 been patented eighteen years previously. 
 Next, see Fig. 355, on page 133 of this work ; 
 and a veritable similar means for the expan- 
 sion and contraction of the flame tube is there 
 shown, as patented ten years before the date 
 of Fairbairn's patent, and notwithstanding that 
 the same law protects the inventors (sic). 
 A Mr. Arnold was induced next to patent 
 
 fled by the invention of a Mr. Mack's boiler, 
 which is shown by Fig. 424 ; and being an 
 American production, claims notice here. The 
 arrangement of the boiler is, that a cylindrical 
 shell is connected to two arched water boxes, 
 situated at each end under the shell, and con- 
 nected by horizontal tubes, thus forming an 
 arched or semicircular tubular flue. The 
 
LAND STATIONAEY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 159 
 
 flame from the fire grate, after circulating 
 amongst the tubes, passes forward through 
 the flue tube in the boiler, and from thence 
 splits, and passes back at the sides, and finally 
 up the chimney. 
 
 which, by the way, had been proposed 
 several years before. 
 
 A Mr t Atkins next appeared with a hori- 
 zontal cylindrical boiler, shown on the next 
 page by Fig. 426, the arrangement of which 
 
 Fig. 423. 
 
 Crosland's Horizontal "Elephant" Boiler. ^ Patented in the year 1870. 
 Fig. 424. 
 
 Mack's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in connection with a semicircular water tubular flue 
 under the shell, connected by water pipes. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 425. 
 
 Boulton's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the portion of the flue tube that is fitted with cros: 
 tubes is composed of flanged cylinders, connected by bolts and nuts. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 On page 155 of this work, is shown, by 
 Fig. 414, an arrangement of cross tubes, 
 secured in the flue tube, and by Fig. 425, a 
 similar arrangement is illustrated, with the 
 addition of flange rings, to form the flue tube 
 
 is, that there are two flue tubes, fitted with 
 horizontal and vertical tubes, at the top and 
 sides, for nearly the length of the boiler, 
 the remainder being a single flue tube with a 
 globular water pot in it. 
 
160 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 The Belgian engineers next entered in the 
 list of inventors, and the arrangement of boiler 
 illustrated by Fig. 427, made its appearance ; 
 which is a wagon-shaped shell, fitted with 
 
 The North British engineers were repre- 
 sented next by a Mr. Davidson ; his boiler 
 being shown by Fig. 428, which consists of a 
 cylindrical shell, containing two flue tubes, 
 
 Fig. 426. 
 
 'ooQOOooob:6;ooojDooooooooo 
 
 Atkins's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing two flue tubes, fitted at the top and sides with 
 horizontal and vertical tubes, for nearly the length of the boiler ; the remainder being a single flue 
 tube, fitted with a globular water pot. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 427. 
 
 Oocoooooo 
 
 i OOOO'OCOQi 
 
 OPOOOCJobO' 
 OOOOOOOO 
 
 bo.oopoooo 1 
 ,yo.ob6oaoa,l 
 00060000 I 
 
 Vansteenkiste's Horizontal Tubular Boiler, with the flame passing up an! 
 down amongst a twin set of tubes. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 428. 
 
 Davidson's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing two flue tubes, fitted with pipes, forming fire bars at one part, and pipes to 
 generate steam in the remaining part. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 tubes and water spaces, with the flame passing 
 up and down amongst the tubes. There is 
 nothing in this boiler to claim either pro- 
 tection of notoriety. 
 
 fitted with a double set of pipes, the front set 
 being for fire bars, and the back set, to generate 
 steam. As there are three views, we need not 
 explain further, but direct attention next to 
 
LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 161 
 
 Figs. 429 to 431, which are the productions of 
 M. Laharpe, a French engineer, who combined 
 the " Elephant " and tubular classes of boilers 
 to make up, as he thought, a novelty ; which, 
 after all, is but a sorry result, and the same 
 amount of thought it cost might certainly 
 have been far better expended in a more 
 sensible manner by increasing the heating 
 surface in the least possible space, instead of 
 spreading it out to make a display for the 
 sake of personal vanity. 
 
 Fig. 429. 
 
 Laharpe's Horizontal and Cylindrical Boilers, arranged over each 
 other, with the flame parsing down through the shells. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 When Mr. Arnold had completed his ar- 
 rangement of boiler illustrated by Fig. 422, 
 on page 158, he might with some credit have 
 considered that, as a flue arrangement, the 
 matter was complete ; but not so, thought a 
 Mr. Edge, who introduced the arrangement 
 shown by Fig. 432, proving that the same 
 effect is possible with a reverse arrangement. 
 
 Mr. Crosland not having exhausted his 
 
 ideas on " Elephant " boilers, introduced next 
 the arrangement illustrated by Fig. 433. 
 
 Fig. 430. 
 
 Laharpe's Horizontal Cylindrical Boilers, arranged over each other, 
 with the flame passing up through the shells. Patented in the 
 year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 431. 
 
 Laharpe's Semi-horizontal and Vertical Tubular Boiler, with the 
 flame passing down through the angular shell. Patented in the 
 year 1871. 
 
 The next novelty in horizontal land boilers 
 that we direct attention to, is a peculiar 
 
162 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 arrangement, invented and patented by 
 Mr. Hawksley, as illustrated by Fig. 434. 
 This boiler is cylindrical, fitted with a flue 
 tube that is constructed, for about a third of 
 
 furnace, and the telescopic part contains cross 
 water tubes ; but the pith of the patent is the 
 obstruction of flame by the flange connections, 
 and the puddling furnace in combination with 
 
 Fig. 432.- 
 
 Edge's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, containing two short cylindrical fire boxes, open to 
 the outer sides of the shell ; the flame then descends into a flue under the shell, and then 
 ascends at the back end into two short flue boxes in the shell in a line with the fire boxes, 
 having side flue tube openings into two side flues leading to the chimney. Patented in 
 the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 433. 
 
 
 Crosland's Horizontal "Elephant " Boiler. Patented in the year 1871. 
 Fig. 434. 
 
 Hawksley's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which is a flue tube, telescopic in shape, at 
 the back end, and there fitted with cross-water tubes, and at the front end fitted with a 
 puddling furnace. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 its length, telescopic in form, connected by 
 flanges, and the remainder of the tube is 
 parallel, surrounded with "["-iron to strengthen 
 it. The parallel portion contains a puddling 
 
 a boiler for raising steam both forming very 
 good claims for a patent. 
 
 A Mr. Heywood next brought out an ar- 
 rangement of several ideas blended into a 
 
LAND STATIONARY HOEIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 163 
 
 combination for the generation of steam, as 
 illustrated by Fig. 435. The shell is cylin- 
 drical, with the fire grate under it at the 
 front end ; the grate is divided centrally by a 
 water chamber, and similarly, on each side, 
 each grate is bounded by a similar chamber, 
 all three of which are connected by water 
 tubes to the shell : that contains the ordinary 
 flue tube, fitted with a side flame opening, 
 
 Fig 
 
 The action of the flame in Hey wood's boiler 
 is thus : on rising from the grate, the flame 
 passes through side flues into the bottom flue, 
 and from there ascends at the back end into 
 the boiler flue tube, from which it passes out 
 at the side flue tube opening, into the upper 
 flues that lead to the chimney. 
 
 Now if this " side flue tube opening " in the 
 flue tube is a part of Heywood's patent 
 
 435. 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 m^^i^^KF^^'* 
 
 Heywood's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, having a flue tube fitted with cross-water tubes and a side end flue ; also water 
 chambers in a line with the fire grates, central, and on each side : and at the bottom of the shell, beyond the chambers, 
 three rows of water cups. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 and beyond it, in the tube, are cross-water 
 tubes. 
 
 At the bottom of the shell are fitted three 
 rows of water cups, for the flame to act on, 
 which we think belongs to Barran, as shown 
 by Fig. 318, on page 118 of this work; only 
 there the cups are for flame action inside, 
 instead of outside but the "cups" are there, 
 nevertheless. 
 
 which he claims as such where, in the name 
 of Justice, is the use of the inventions, as 
 patents, as shown by Figs. 422 and 432, on 
 pages 158 and 162 of this work ; because 
 there are illustrated that the very side tube flue 
 openings referred to are the claims protected. 
 We end this chapter with the statement on 
 our part, that the present Patent law appears 
 to be a national snare. 
 
 Y 2 
 
164 
 
 LAND STATIONAKY TUBE JBOILEKS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 LAND STATIONAEY TUBE B01LEES. 
 
 THE first tube boiler proper was invented 
 and patented by a Mr. Moore, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 12, being a repetition of that illustra- 
 tion from page 5 of this work, and proving 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 Moore's Vertical Tube Boiler, with horizontal pipe rings, surrounded 
 with brickwork. Patented in the year 1824. 
 
 thereby that whatever credit has been given 
 by writers and speakers to Dr. Alban, a 
 German machinist, as the originator of high- 
 pressure boilers, that credit was misplaced, 
 
 and most certainly should rest on an English- 
 man ; because it was in the year 1824 that 
 Moore introduced his tube boiler, or sixteen 
 years before Dr. Alban invented his. We 
 preface our chapter thus, because " fair play " 
 is an Englishman's precept always. 
 
 Dr. Alban's boiler is illustrated by Fig. 436, 
 
 Fig. 436. 
 
 r^ -__.__^ 
 bo_ ic 
 
 oooo: ' -, 
 
 OOO J^ 
 
 POOQrr"- 
 
 Dr. Alban's Tube Boiler, composed of horizontal water tubes, con- 
 nected to a rectangular water chamber, in connection with two 
 cylindrical chambers above, containing water and steam. Con- 
 structed in the year 1840. 
 
 and is explained in his practical work on " The 
 High-pressure Engine," as follows : 
 
 I lay the tubes in eight rows or tiers, one 
 over another, and in such wise that the tubes 
 of each row stand over the interstices between 
 those of the row immediately below. There 
 are eight rows of tubes in the position above 
 
LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 165 
 
 described ; four alternate rows consisting of 
 one tube less than the other four, this 
 inequality being a consequence of the posi- 
 tion : I arrange them in such manner that the 
 lowest row has the greater number. The 
 space between the tubes I have made about 
 1^ inch. Between the outside tubes of the 
 widest rows, and the vertical walls of the 
 furnace, I allow | inch space. The manner 
 in which the fire current plays among the 
 tubes is easily seen in the figure. 
 
 The hearts, as I term them, are flat 
 chambers, from 6 to 8 inches deep. Their 
 height in the clear should in all cases reach 
 40 or 42 inches ; their width depends on the 
 number of tubes in the several rows ; the rule 
 obtains that they should be from 8 to 12 
 inches wider, in the clear, than the outside 
 width of one of the widest rows. The object 
 of this will appear presently. The hearts 
 are constructed of iron ; their sides I make 
 usually of cast iron, of such strength as to 
 remove all danger : wrought iron, however, 
 may be used. The front and back plates are 
 of very strong wrought iron plate, the former 
 ^ inch, the latter ^ inch thick. They are so 
 tied together by several rows of strong iron 
 bolts, that no bending or bulging out is 
 possible. They are also screwed to the side 
 plates with a proportionate number of bolts, 
 equally strong. The joint is made for the 
 back plate with the ordinary iron cement, 
 and for the front plate with lead, as the latter 
 has to be opened for cleaning. 
 
 The generating tubes fit into an annular 
 groove sunk in the back plate of the heart. 
 The oval openings which form the communica- 
 tion between the heart and the tubes must 
 
 come as close as possible to the upper and 
 lower surfaces of the interior of the tube : 
 this is particularly necessary with the upper 
 opening, in order that the steam may pass 
 freely away. The size of these openings is 
 1^- inch in the longer and 1 inch in the shorter 
 diameter. The manner in which the tubes 
 are secured to the heart is that the opposite or 
 front end of the tube is fixed upon the back 
 plate of the heart, and this end is surrounded 
 with a wrought iron ring l inch wide and 
 j inch thick, fast brazed on, in order to give 
 the requisite strength and firmness to this 
 part of the tube, and to present a wide surface 
 of iron for the purpose of fastening the joint 
 between the tube and the heart plate with 
 iron cement. On the inner surface of the 
 tube are riveted firmly two iron ears, set 
 about j inch from the end, each having a 
 square recess of about | inch wide hollowed 
 in its back end, in which lies the hinder part 
 or arm of the T-shaped tie-bolt, so as to hold 
 by these recesses upon the tube without turn- 
 ing round. The bolt itself is in the screw 
 about 1 inch diameter ; it passes through the 
 heart plate between the two oval openings, 
 and is screwed up on the front side by a 
 strong nut. The tube is thereby drawn 
 firmly into a groove J inch deep, prepared for 
 it in the heart plate, and the joint is made 
 tight by iron cement. By loosing this bolt, 
 any tube may be easily removed, and repaired 
 or replaced by a new one when necessary. 
 
 The next inventor who is noticed here, is a 
 Mr. Brayshays, whose boiler is illustrated by 
 Fig. 437; the arrangement being nine hori- 
 zontal tubes, connected by eighteen vertical 
 tubes, and set in brickwork, as shown. This 
 
166 
 
 LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 arrangement of tubes is the best possible, 
 where strength is required, as they are 
 " bound " together by their connections. 
 
 The next example of tube boiler is rather 
 more complicated, but being a French pro- 
 duction, is excusable on that account, as the 
 Fig. 438 illustrates. The arrangement con- 
 sists of a set of hanging tubes, containing 
 water to the top, in connection with another 
 
 tubes, while the steam generated escapes from 
 the boiler tubes by ascending towards the 
 plate between the interior surfaces of the 
 boiler tubes and the exterior of the dipping 
 tubes. A groove made in the length of each 
 hood gives easy passage to the steam to pass 
 into the conducting tubes, where it is super- 
 heated before passing to the chamber. 
 
 The steam tubes, like the boiler tubes, are 
 
 Fig. 437. 
 
 Brayshay's Tube Boiler, composed entirely of tubes being not unlike the " Elephant " boiler 
 on a small scale. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 438. 
 
 Joly's Vertical Tube Boiler, composed of hanging tubes and circulating pipes, in connection with a cylindrical superheating chamber. 
 
 Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 set of hanging tubes, to contain the steam. 
 The openings of each row of boiler tubes are 
 covered with a metal hood or bonnet ; this 
 hood carries a tube descending into each of 
 the boiler tubes; this dipping tube extends 
 nearly to the bottom of the boiler tubes, and 
 it is through this descending tube that the 
 water in the feed pump enters into the boiler 
 
 hermetically closed at their lower part, and 
 are suspended from and supported by a metal 
 plate in like manner. All the upper openings 
 of each superheating tube are covered by a 
 metal hood pierced with two holes facing 
 each of the said openings. A small dipping 
 tube is fixed firmly and immovably in one of 
 the two holes ; it is through this dipping tube 
 
LAND STATIONARY TUBE B01LEES. 
 
 167 
 
 that the steam enters and descends to the 
 bottom of the superheating tube, and in 
 reascending to the hood it is superheated by 
 contact around the exterior of the superheating 
 tubes ; it leaves the hood by the second 
 opening, which is entirely free. These small 
 dipping tubes placed in the boiler and super- 
 heating tubes, through which the water and 
 steam enter, are employed in order that the 
 water and the steam shall enter into larger 
 areas, and consequently flow at a slower rate 
 as they progress, which permits the one being 
 more easily vaporized and the other more 
 easily superheated. 
 
 In the year 1858, a native of North Britain, 
 known by the name of Meiklejon, patented a 
 combined boiler, that is illustrated by Fig. 439 ; 
 the arrangement consists of four water tubes, 
 disposed in two horizontal planes, being united 
 by a narrow cross-water space. The lower 
 twin tubes rest upon the curved ledges of the 
 brickwork, and from each of the pipes the 
 hollow water web extends upwards in an 
 angular and converging direction, the junction 
 of the lower surface of the web being some- 
 what below the centre of the fire chamber. 
 From this central part of the boiler the web 
 again diverges, until its junction with the 
 
 rr~p-ri 
 
 Fig. 439. 
 
 n 1 1 u 1 1 rmTi rrnriTTi mini 1 1 
 
 Meiklejon's Horizontal Tube Boiler, in connection with sheet water spaces. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 The hood of the superheating tubes covers 
 a whole length of the plate comprising a series 
 of tubes ; a channel made in the thickness of 
 the hood extends throughout the whole row 
 of one series of superheating tubes ; at the 
 opening of each superheating tube in the 
 channel itself, and between the two openings, 
 there is a partition, which causes the steam to 
 enter through the small dipping tubes into 
 the corresponding superheating tubes, and 
 leave by the other opening, and pass by means 
 of another part of the same groove into the 
 superheating tube contiguous thereto, and so 
 on until it reaches the main chamber, whence 
 it is employed for the engine. 
 
 upper twin tubes, which are parallel with the 
 lower tubes. 
 
 The upper tubes are united at the front end 
 of the boiler by the union pipe, on the back 
 part of which are cast or otherwise connected 
 the two sockets, which receive the ends of the 
 pipes, that are carried backwards below the 
 crown of the arch that forms the upper part 
 of the chamber, so that they receive the heat 
 of the gaseous and non-combustible matters 
 before they escape into the chimney. 
 
 The lower tubes at the back part or end of 
 the boiler extend out beyond the web, forming 
 two sockets, which receive the ends of the 
 feed water pipes. 
 
168 
 
 LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 The next example we notice is a tube boiler 
 proper, as illustrated by Fig. 440, invented 
 by Mr. Perkins, the well-known high-pressure 
 steam advocate. 
 
 Steam boilers constructed according to his 
 invention, have the water contained entirely 
 in welded wrought or drawn tubes, and these 
 are principally arranged in a nearly horizontal 
 position. The lower tubes serve as fire-bars, 
 and for this purpose they are arranged side 
 by side, with a suitable distance between 
 them for the passage of air to the fuel ; this 
 distance may be obtained by drawing down 
 
 and the smoke and heated products of com- 
 bustion from the furnace are caused to traverse 
 this flue before they escape into the chimney. 
 In order to provide for the escape of the steam 
 generated in these tubes, they are connected 
 together by other tubes of smaller size, which, 
 by preference, are screwed at their ends, and 
 enter tapped holes in the larger tubes. These 
 connecting tubes are also, by preference, ar- 
 ranged in a diagonal position ; thus the fire- 
 bar tubes are connected by diagonal connect- 
 ing tubes, with the tubes forming the walls of 
 the furnace, and these again by other diagonal 
 
 Perkins's Horizontal and Vertical Combined Tube Boiler, composed entirely of tubes set in 
 brickwork. The action of the flame is, first, forward second, back third, forward 
 fourth, back and up the chimney. Patented in the year Ib59. 
 
 the centre portions of the tubes smaller than 
 the ends. The walls of the furnace on each 
 side of the fire-bars are formed by placing a 
 number of horizontal tubes one above another, 
 and in close contact the one with the other ; 
 and the top of the furnace is formed of tubes, 
 arranged side by side in a manner similar to 
 the fire-bars, but close together, in place of 
 with spaces between them. Over the top of 
 the furnace a flue is formed, which is also 
 enclosed on the top and two sides by tubes 
 arranged in a similar manner to those which 
 form the top and two sides of the furnace ; 
 
 tubes, with the tubes forming the top of the 
 furnace, in a similar manner these latter are 
 connected with the tubes of the side walls of 
 the flue, and, lastly, the steam is led to the 
 tubes forming the top of the flue, from which 
 it is taken away for use by small pipes con- 
 nected with each of these tubes, and leading 
 into the main steam pipe. The feed water 
 may be introduced into the tubes forming the 
 fire-bars by means of small tubes, one in con- 
 nection with each of them, and which at their 
 other ends communicate with the main feed 
 pipe from the engine or donkey pumps. 
 
LAND STATIONAEY TUBE BOILEES. 
 
 169 
 
 Next Irish boilers were represented by the 
 arrangement illustrated by Fig. 441, which 
 shows that the main portion of the boiler is 
 a horse-shoe shaped figure, the lower part of 
 which rests upon the sole of the arched part 
 of the brickwork. The front part of the 
 furnace is enclosed by a door in the ordinary 
 way, and above this an opening is formed in 
 the brickwork, which gives access to the front 
 end of the boiler for the purpose of cleaning 
 the tubes. This aperture is also closed by a 
 door, as also is a corresponding opening 
 
 ' Extending longitudinally to each of the 
 inner end plates is a series of tubes, and ar- 
 ranged within each of these tubes is an 
 internal tube, which is attached to the outer 
 end plates or external shell of the boiler. 
 With this arrangement it follows that the 
 water within the boiler flows along the thin 
 water space formed between the tubes, and 
 thus completely surrounds the inner tubes. 
 
 Water is supplied to the boiler from the 
 side inlet pipe. 
 
 The introduction of the double tubes in this 
 
 Fig. 441. 
 
 Traye's Horizontal Saddle Shell Double Tube Boiler ; the action of the flame being to sur- 
 round the shell and the tubes. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 formed in the brickwork at the opposite end 
 of the boiler, which permits access to the tubes 
 of the boiler and to the flue or space surround- 
 ing it. 
 
 The boiler is formed of an external and 
 internal shell of boiler plates, which are 
 curved to the horse-shoe figure, and arranged 
 parallel to each other, so as to leave a com- 
 paratively thin water space between the inner 
 and outer shells. The ends of the boiler are 
 flat, and form vertical water spaces corre- 
 sponding to the arched portion. 
 
 boiler is the only part worthy of notice or 
 comment. 
 
 A Mr. Matheson then came on the scene, 
 with a tube boiler composed entirely of pipes 
 in the form of coils, as shown by Fig. 442. 
 The working of this apparatus is thus de- 
 scribed by the inventor : Steam as it is 
 generated is allowed to escape from the open 
 upper ends of the coiled pipes into the upper 
 part of the chamber which forms the water 
 reservoir above, and which therefore forms a 
 steam chest ; the pressure of steam in the 
 
 
170 
 
 LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 boiler and in this chamber is therefore 
 equalized, while the supply of water to the 
 bottom of the coils is from the small tank at 
 the end of the fire grate. This water reservoir 
 must, of course, be kept supplied with water 
 by means of a force pump, and as the upper 
 part of the coils will by the rapid evaporation 
 of the water be filled with steam, only this 
 steam will be superheated and made dry by 
 the action of the fire on this part of the coils. 
 This, of course, is a step in the right direc- 
 tion, with pure feed water. And so, un- 
 doubtedly, thought a Mr. Green, who in the 
 
 fire grate in the first four rings, instead of in 
 front, as in Matheson's boiler. 
 
 Mr. Green also introduced a vertical tube 
 
 Fig. 444. 
 
 Green's Vertical Tube Boiler, eutirely composed of tubes ; set in 
 brickwork. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 442. 
 
 Matheson's Horizontal Coil Tube Boiler, set in brickwork. Patented in the vear 1361. 
 
 Green's Horizontal Ring Tube Boiler, set in brickwork. Patented 
 in tli; year 1861. 
 
 same year as Mr. Matheson brought forward 
 a ring tube boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 443. 
 In this case a series of ring tubes are attached, 
 by flange connections, to two pipes, over and 
 under them, and set in brickwork, with the 
 
 boiler, as shown by Fig. 444 ; the arrangement 
 being a series of vertical water pipes, partly 
 filled, in connection with a larger pipe, an- 
 gularly situated above them, for the steam 
 chamber. 
 
 In the ensuing year, 1862, the American 
 opinion on tube boilers was represented by 
 a Mr. Harrison, as illustrated by Fig. 445. 
 This boiler is formed of short duplicate por- 
 tions, bolted together by long stay bolts and 
 nuts : thus forming pipes, closed at each 
 end, which are arranged to form the sides or 
 walls of the furnace and lower part of the 
 
LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 171 
 
 generator in columns, rising at an angle from 
 a vertical line, and falling back from the 
 front of the boiler, whilst the units of four 
 spheres, forming the upper or main steam 
 generating part of the boiler, are disposed in 
 tiers, of any given length, at or about right 
 angles to the sides or wall columns. These 
 tiers are inclined, such inclination being down- 
 wards from the front of the generator, and 
 they are also disposed one above the other 
 in two or more regular tiers. 
 
 Between, and resting upon the top of each 
 tier, a partition of fire-clay or other material 
 
 Fig, 
 
 vertical lines to the uppermost part of the 
 upper half of those tiers, also, without inter- 
 fering with the current of water in any great 
 degree, following the necks and enlargements 
 of the tier at the top, until the steam is dis- 
 charged at the upper end of these tiers. 
 
 The several rows of tiers are connected 
 rigidly together only at the end nearest the 
 furnace, thus all harm from irregular expan- 
 sion is prevented : the disconnection being 
 made by breaking joints with one of the 
 units; a unit of four spheres from the upper 
 range of one tier to the lower range of the 
 
 4-45. 
 
 Harrison's Angular Tube Boiler, composed of duplicate portions, secured together by long 
 stay bolts and nuts, set in brickwork. Patented in the year 1862. 
 
 is introduced, a free passage-way being left at 
 each end of the partition alternately for the 
 passage of the flame and gases from the fur- 
 nace, their course being thus rendered zig-zag 
 through the several tiers of units until the gases 
 reach the opening to the funnel at the top. 
 
 The units are also so disposed and con- 
 nected that the current of the water contained 
 therein will flow down the lower slope of each 
 tier, and upwards on the upper slope, whilst 
 the bubbles of steam at all the lower points of 
 the tiers filled with water, ascend in nearly 
 
 tier above, and a half unit being used at the 
 bottom and top for filling the vacant spaces. 
 
 When the boiler is in action, water is forced 
 so high in the two lower tiers that they are 
 quite filled with water, and a portion of the 
 water, as it rises by ebullition, is carried into 
 the tier just above, which tier is the " steam 
 tier," and is allowed to pass down towards the 
 lower end, depositing a portion of this over- 
 flow in the small pools formed in the bottom 
 spheres of this tier. This steam tier is only 
 connected with the water spaces of the boiler 
 
 z 2 
 
172 
 
 LAND STATION AEY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 at its highest end, and not by the connecting 
 pipes at the back of the boiler, as is the case 
 with the other tiers, consequently no water 
 enters therein except what boils over from 
 the tier below. The steam generator in the 
 lower tiers passes also down the lower half of 
 the steam tier not filled with water, until it 
 reaches a joint or junction neck, through 
 which it passes to the upper half of the said 
 tier, and from there is discharged at the upper 
 end into the next tier above, through which 
 the steam again descends a short distance, 
 and again turns to the point of the outlet to 
 the engine cylinders. 
 
 Should too great a quantity of water be 
 allowed to pass from the lower tiers, a portion 
 of it would be deposited at the lower end of 
 the steam tier, which would continue to re- 
 ceive such surplus until it reached the opening 
 through which the main body of steam must 
 pass. When this occurs, and so as to pre- 
 vent inconvenience from this cause, a series 
 of ball valves, shown in the second tier down, 
 are placed in a portion of the vertical necks 
 of the units in this tier, which are arranged 
 to lift when water impedes the regular open- 
 ing, beginning to lift at the bottom valve first, 
 the one nearest the rising water being always 
 open. These balls cover the same area of 
 opening, and are made lightest towards the 
 lower part of the tier, so that the lower balls 
 must lift first. 
 
 This is rather a complicated arrangement ; 
 but it, for all that, shows an evidence of 
 forethought, and has, to the present time, been 
 pretty largely used in the United States with 
 some success. 
 
 Mr. Elder next appeared with a water coil 
 
 tube boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 446 ; the 
 arrangement being that a hollow coil is set in 
 a vertical position in brickwork, and at both 
 ends is connected with a pillar, containing 
 water. The upper branch contains a screw 
 
 Fig. 446. 
 
 Elder's Spiral Coil Tube Boiler, in connection with a water and 
 steam pillar, fitted with a propeller to cause a circulation of the 
 water through the coil. Patented in the year 1862. 
 
 propeller or fan, that by its motion causes the 
 water to circulate down in the coil, and above 
 that branch is a steam chamber, fitted with 
 priming rings and valves. 
 
LAND STATIONARY TUBE BQILEES. 
 
 173 
 
 The worst feature in this arrangement is, 
 that the steam chest is not in the chimney, 
 so that the steam could be dried ; because it 
 will probably be very " wet," owing to the 
 action of the propeller. 
 
 Fig. 44 
 
 Inglis's Horizontal Tube Boiler, with vertical ends. Patented in 
 the vear 1863. 
 
 as illustrated by Figs. 447 and 448, which 
 are to a great extent reproductions ; before 
 patented by other inventors. 
 
 Mr. Twibill, however, represented N. B. 
 in the year 1865, and with something novel 
 too in the way of tube boilers, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 449. The arrangement being : that 
 there are two cylinders vertically situated on 
 two opposite supports of brickwork at dif- 
 ferent levels; and that connected on each 
 side of the cylinders, longitudinally, are a 
 series of tubes, connected across at the positive 
 angle by tubes of the same diameter ; thus 
 
 449. 
 
 Fig. 448. 
 
 Twibill's Angular Tube Boiler, formed with flanged pipes bolted together, and thus 
 forming a rectangular group for the flame to act in between. Patented in the 
 year 1865. 
 
 forming a rectangular group of tubes amongst 
 which the flame passes. The two cylinders 
 are connected at their tops to a longitudinal 
 chamber also in connection, by branches, to a 
 second upper chamber situated in the same 
 direction. 
 
 Another of Twibill's arrangements is illus- 
 trated on the next page by Fig. 450, but in 
 this case a perfect right-angle connection for 
 the tubes is maintained throughout. 
 
 Next came a French engineer, named Belle- 
 
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 Inglis's Horizontal Tube Boiler; with the fire-grate over the 
 multitubular portion ; with a return action for the flame. 
 Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Mr. Inglis, in the year 1863, introduced 
 two arrangements of horizontal tube boilers, 
 
174 
 
 LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 ville, with varied positions for horizontal 
 syphon tubes, enclosed in a brick furnace, for 
 the generation of steam, arranged as shown 
 by Fig. 451. 
 
 taneously into the generating tubes until its 
 level is the same in the tube as in the globe, 
 and consequently in the gauge glass on it. 
 The lowest tubes, that is to say, those nearest 
 
 Fig. 450. 
 
 Twibill's Vertical and Horizontal Tube Boiler, formed with vertical and horizontal pipes, 
 connected together in all directions. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 4.11. 
 
 Belleville's Horizontal Syphon Tube Boiler. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 The working of this boiler is as follows : 
 The water furnished by the feed pump enters 
 the upper part of the globe by the graduated 
 feed cock and by the valve ; the globe being 
 in communication with the upper and lower 
 syphons. From the globe the feed water 
 passes into the lower syphon, and rises simul- 
 
 the fire, are traversed by the current of water 
 at the least elevated temperature ; they are 
 thus not liable to injury from the fire. It is 
 in the second and third rows of tubes that the 
 boiling is the most active, and that the steam 
 bubbles as they become disengaged draw with 
 them a relatively large quantity of water ; 
 
LAND STATION AEY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 175 
 
 those bubbles, to which the steam acts as a 
 vehicle, are rapidly vaporised by contact with 
 the tubes of the upper rows, then the whole 
 of the steam thus formed is perhaps dried 
 before even reaching the superheating tubes 
 above, into which it issues by passing through 
 the tubes in connection. 
 
 Early in the year 1867 came a Mr. How- 
 ard with his idea of a tube boiler, as shown by 
 
 Fig. 452. 
 
 water in the boiler to the horizontal pipes ; 
 those pipes connect with the lower ends of 
 the vertical tubes, and constitute with a given 
 length of those tubes the water space of the 
 boiler. 
 
 A Mr. Lochhead next introduced a twin 
 tube boiler as illustrated by Fig. 453, and 
 sufficiently explained underneath it. 
 
 The French engineers were represented 
 
 next by M. Carville, whose invention is shown 
 
 Fig. 452. 
 
 Howard's Vortical and Horizontal Tube Boiler, in which the tubes are fitted with internal 
 circulating pipes. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 The boiler is composed of groups of vertical 
 tubes, which groups are formed by being 
 connected together at top and bottom by 
 transverse tubes or pipes, and those transverse 
 tubes or pipes are themselves brought into 
 connection by means of longitudinal pipes, the 
 upper longitudinal pipe forming a steam 
 chamber, and the lower pipe constituting a 
 water supply pipe ; and the boiler thus 
 formed is set in a brick furnace, the roof 
 being iron plates which cut off the upper 
 transfer tubes and longitudinal pipe from the 
 action of the heated gases. In order to 
 quicken the circulation of the water in the 
 vertical tubes there are internal tubes of 
 peculiar construction, which form channels 
 for conducting down the upper portion of the 
 
 on the next page by Fig. 454. The boiler is 
 composed of a series of tubes formed by two 
 
 Fig. 453. 
 
 Lochhead's Angular Tube Boiler, arranged as a twin boiler with 
 two fire grates. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 plates of metal bolted together, and arranged 
 vertically in connection by pipes with a hori- 
 zontal cylindrical shell. 
 
176 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY TUBE BOILEKS. 
 
 Towards the end of the year 1867, a Mr. 
 Root, of New York, America, laid claim for 
 English protection for the use of his tube 
 boiler as shown by Fig. 455, which is a series 
 of tubes angularly placed on brickwork. 
 
 connections of the tubes with each other in 
 each vertical series are established. To es- 
 tablish the connection between the tubes each 
 plate is provided with apertures, the one 
 above the other, and around each of such 
 
 Carville's Horizontal Tube Boiler in connection with a cylindrical shell, and a 
 water-bridge. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 455. 
 
 Root's Angular Tube Boiler, fitted with duplicate end connections, 
 but the tubes situated in a vertical line over each other. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 The mechanical arrangement consists of the 
 tubes being screwed into independent plates 
 of square or parallelograinic form, which 
 when combined and in their places constitute 
 the ends of the boiler, and through which the 
 
 apertures there is an annular socket within 
 which may be inserted an India-rubber ring, 
 and into these sockets the ends of return bend 
 pipes are fitted, and thus connect the upper 
 aperture at each end of one tube with the 
 lower aperture at the same end of the next 
 tube above. They are secured or held to their 
 places by clamping bars, lapping over on the 
 faces of lugs or projections, and fastened by 
 nuts and stud bolts connected with the plates, 
 the clamping bars being preferably so con- 
 structed and arranged that either one bar 
 serves to bear on or hold two of the return 
 bend pipes or more as required. 
 
 Cross water and steam pipes are arranged 
 above and below the tubes at opposite ends. 
 Those cross pipes are connected with the 
 
LAND STATIONAKY TUBE BOILEES. 
 
 177 
 
 upper and lower rows of the tubes by bend 
 pipes, thus connecting the nearest of the 
 apertures of the tubes with apertures in a 
 similar socketed manner to that used in estab- 
 lishing the connection of the return tube 
 pipes, and similarly held or secured by clamp- 
 ing bars and stud bolts connected with the 
 cross pipes. 
 
 The horizontal tubes are drilled and tapped, 
 and the short vertical tubes are screwed to fit 
 therein ; the lowest row of tubes forming the 
 group are the roof of the fire box, and the 
 bottom row of the grate. The flame passes 
 first back, second forward, and third back to 
 the chimney. 
 
 Mr. Inglis followed Perkins iu the same 
 
 456. 
 
 Perkins's Tube Boiler, composed entirely of small tubes connected horizontally and vertically 
 in a group. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 457. 
 
 Inglis's Horizontal Tube Boiler, composed of horizontal tubes connected to narrow 
 water chambers in connection with three egg-end cylinders forming water and steam 
 chambers. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 The annals of tube boilers of the year 
 1868 next claim notice, and the first on the 
 list of inventors is Mr. Perkins again ; with a 
 much more grouped arrangement of horizontal 
 and vertical tubes than before, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 456. 
 
 The mechanical construction is as follows : 
 
 year with an arrangement of tube boiler as 
 shown by Fig. 457, which is sufficiently 
 explained by the description underneath the 
 illustration. 
 
 Next a Mr. Mackie considered that tubes in 
 the main flue beyond the fire grate and tubes 
 beyond that in a brick chamber, and both sets 
 
 2 A 
 
LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 of tubes in connection with an egg and boiler 
 set in brickwork as shown by Fig. 458, was 
 worthy of a patent for heating feed water, 
 which really meant generating steam as well. 
 
 accomplished it is shown by Fig. 459. It 
 will be seen Mackie's pipes are outside the 
 shell, but Loader's are inside, and there the 
 difference ends ; but we must give Mackie the 
 
 Fig. 458. 
 
 Mackie's Horizontal Egg-eiid Boiler, in connection with tubes for tne generation of steam. Patented in 
 
 the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 459. 
 
 Loader's Horizontal arrangement of vertical syphon tubes fitted in the shell of a Cornish 
 Boiler. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 460. 
 
 Root's Angular Tube Boiler, fitted withduplicate end connections ; but the tubes 
 situated between each other. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 At the commencement of the year 1869, 
 came Mr. Loader with a parody on Mackie's 
 arrangement, and the manner in which Loader 
 
 credit of exposing his water pipes to the fire, 
 which Loader did not. 
 
 Mr. Root next again made his appearance, 
 
LAND STATIONAEY TUBE BOILEES. 
 
 179 
 
 or rather his modification did, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 460. In this case he proposed the 
 angular tubes should be situated between each 
 other vertically rather than in a line vertically, 
 as shown on page 176, by Fig. 455. 
 
 America was again represented, but this 
 time by a Mr. Babbitt, as shown by Fig. 461. 
 
 Fig. 461. 
 
 Babbitt's Vertical and Horizontal Cast Tube Boiler, with hollow 
 cast fire grate filled with water. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 angle branch tubes closed at their outer ends, 
 and are relative to each other, to form tiers of 
 tubes with free circulation for the flame be- 
 tween them both in vertical and horizontal 
 directions, as also around them. 
 
 The fire grate is also cast in one piece, and 
 is made hollow with an intermediate main 
 bar, and hollow branch bars projecting from 
 the main bar on either side of it : this con- 
 struction allows of a free supply of water 
 throughout the whole body of the grate, with 
 provision for independent expansion and con- 
 traction in the direction of their length of the 
 several bars of which it is composed, by reason 
 of the outer ends of the bars being left free or 
 disconnected from each other. 
 
 Water is pumped through the hollow pipe 
 into one end of the main bar to supply the 
 grate, and after passing through it the water 
 is conveyed by another bent pipe from the 
 
 Fig. 462. 
 
 [UNIVERSE 
 
 Wigzell's Horizontal Tube Boiler, fitted with projecting conical tubes closed at one end, 
 between the two side tiers. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 The boiler is made of cast iron, in a single 
 casting, by making it in " flasks " arranged to 
 form opposite halves. 
 
 The body consists of an intermediate lower 
 horizontal tube, connected to which are four 
 parallel vertical main tubes formed with right 
 
 opposite end of the main bar to the horizontal 
 main tube of the boiler, thus feeding the 
 latter with water heated by its passage through 
 the grate. 
 
 A Mr. Wigzell's scheme next appeared as 
 illustrated by Fig. 462, the arrangement 
 
 2 A 2 
 
180 
 
 LAND STATTONAEY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 being that a series of pipes are connected 
 together to form a parallelograrnic cage open 
 at each end, and each horizontal pipe is fitted 
 with conical tubes, closed at their small ends 
 projecting over the fire grate ; this arrange- 
 ment makes a good boiler for generating 
 steam undoubtedly, but how the insides of the 
 conical tubes are cleaned out without dis- 
 connecting them we do not know, because 
 the inventor appeared to have ignored that 
 important feature altogether. 
 
 boiler is illustrated by Fig. 463. In this case 
 a group of tubes are angularly situated and 
 connected at each end to cross tubes, that are 
 in connection with three steam chambers, 
 secured in the roof of the brick structure. 
 The tubes are connected together by bolts 
 and nuts, thus forming a ready means for dis- 
 connection. 
 
 A much more angular arrangement next 
 was patented by a Mr. Miller, which is shown 
 by Fig. 464. The inventor in this example 
 
 464. 
 
 Miller's Angular Circulating Tube Boiler. Patented in the year 1869. 
 Fig. 463. 
 
 Luders' Angular Tube Boiler, composed of tubes connected at each 
 end with cross tubes, the connection being made with bolts and 
 nuts. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 A Mr. Luders' arrangement of tube boiler 
 followed the previous example, and Luders' 
 
 evidently carried out the idea that circulating 
 tubes was the main point to accomplish, 
 which was done by securing tubes between 
 two plates and importing in those tubes others 
 of a smaller diameter that are secured in a 
 plate a little distance from the larger tube 
 plate, the entire set being set in brickwork as 
 shown. 
 
 Mr. Rowan's idea of what a tube boiler is, 
 is illustrated by Fig. 465, as our next example, 
 which consists of the arrangement of a set of 
 vertical tubes connected at each end to four 
 chambers, and there the matter terminates as 
 a patent, as also, very similar, does another 
 
LAND STATIONAEY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 181 
 
 arrangement of Rowan's patent terminate, as 
 shown by Fig. 466. 
 
 A Mr. Ashbury came forward next, and 
 introduced his notions of tube boilers by three 
 examples, as illustrated by Figs. 467 to 469. 
 
 Fig. 465. 
 
 Rowan's Vertical Tubular Boiler, composed of vertical small tubes 
 connected at each end to four horizontal chambers. Patented 
 in the year 1865. 
 
 Fi<r. 466. 
 
 Rowan's Vertical Tube . Boiler, entirely surrounded with brick- 
 work, with the steam chamber at the front of the structure. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 It occurs to us that Ashbury *s and Root's 
 boilers are very nearly related, if not twins 
 in arrangement. 
 
 Following Ashbury came Mr. Howard with 
 two arrangements of tube boilers ; the first 
 
 example being illustrated by Fig. 470. The 
 arrangement is, that the front and back ends 
 of the boiler are composed of vertical tubes 
 
 Fig. 467. 
 
 Ashbury's Tube Boiler, consisting of tubes connected at each end 
 by small bend pipes. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 468. 
 
 Ashbury's Tube Boiler, consisting of tubes connected at each end 
 by large bend pipes. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 469. 
 
 Ashbury's Tube Boiler, composed of tubes connected at each 
 end to flat water chambers. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 connected together by inclined water and 
 steam tubes. The water tubes are severally 
 fitted with an internal water circulating tube, 
 
182 
 
 LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 the upper ends of which are cut off at a sharp 
 angle. The lower circulating tubes extend 
 nearly across the vertical tube, but the others 
 that lie nearer the water level are shorter or 
 so as not to extend into the tube. By this 
 arrangement of the internal tubes they will 
 not be required in the vertical tubes for 
 facilitating the circulation. 
 
 Fte. 470. 
 
 Howard's Angular Tube Boiler, in which the water cross tubes 
 contain circulating tubes. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Openings are made in the front side of the 
 vertical tubes to provide ready access to the 
 cross tubes for cleaning them and for placing 
 and removing the internal tubes as required ; 
 these openings are closed by screw plugs as 
 shown. 
 
 Howard's second example is illustrated by 
 Fig. 471. In this case the ends of the boiler 
 are composed of sockets, which are fitted to- 
 gether, and thus form vertical tubes, which 
 are closed at top and bottom by cap pieces, 
 and the several sections of the boiler forming 
 the back tubes are connected by the steam 
 pipe on the top, and the front end tubes are 
 connected by the coupling pipe at the bottom, 
 
 through which feed water is supplied to the 
 boiler. 
 
 The short socket pieces are held together 
 by means of tie-rods, which are composed of 
 jointed links and pass up through the middle 
 of the compound tubes. The ends of the 
 jointed rods of the front tubes project through 
 the cap pieces, and are screwed to receive 
 tightening nuts. 
 
 A similar provision is made for the lower 
 ends of the tie-rods of the back tubes, but 
 their upper ends or heads rest in lugs cast with 
 the top pieces of the back tubes. This allows 
 of the insertion of short tubes in the top caps 
 
 Fig. 471. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Tube Boiler ; the ends being composed of 
 sockets connected by link tie-rods. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 of the back tubes for connecting each section 
 with the steam pipe. 
 
 The socket pieces are also cast with sockets 
 to receive the ends of the cross tubes, and 
 opposite these sockets are screwed openings 
 closed by screws for the purpose of giving 
 access to the joints of the tie-rods. 
 
 It will therefore be understood that by dis- 
 connecting the joints of the tie rods of any 
 section, any selected tube may be readily 
 withdrawn, a portion of the vertical tubes 
 being carried away with the removed tube. 
 
LAND STATIONAKY TUBE BOILEES. 
 
 183 
 
 About the middle of the year 1870, Mr. 
 Root put in appearance again with a third 
 modification of his tube boiler, as shown by 
 Fig. 472. In this example the cross tubes 
 
 their ends by cast iron heads and bends 
 
 through which the water and steam circulate. 
 
 Mr. Boot not being satisfied then about those 
 
 tube connections ; introduced directly after, a 
 
 Fig. 472. 
 
 [UNIVERSITY 
 
 Root's Angular Tube Boiler, composed of water tubes directly over the fire 
 grate, and above that a cluster of cross water and steam tubes, fitted with 
 circulating tubes. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 473. 
 
 Root's Angular Tube Boiler. The main feature of which is that each end 
 is formed in one casting with packing lugs to receive the cross tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 have circulating tubes fitted in them, and 
 below that group of tubes are cross water 
 tubes over the fire grate. 
 
 The upper cross tubes are connected at 
 
 fourth arrangement as illustrated by Fig. 473. 
 In this instance the tubes are screwed into 
 packing lugs formed with the ends of the 
 boiler, and a small cover with a rib inside 
 
184 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 to assist the circulation of the water are 
 secured opposite each tube. 
 
 At the beginning of the year 1871, a Mr. 
 Norton patented no less than five examples 
 
 An American engineer, named Allen, came 
 forward next from New York with a really 
 good boiler, 'composed entirely of tubes "put 
 in the fire," as illustrated by Fig. 479. The 
 
 Fig. 474. 
 
 Fig. 476. 
 
 Norton's Horizontal Tube Boiler ; titled 
 with circulating passages opposite the 
 tubes for the water to flow as indi- 
 cated by the arrows. Patented in the 
 year 1871. 
 
 Norton's Horizontal Tube Boiler ; fitted 
 with circulating passages formed in 
 the end portions connecting the tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Norton's Angular Tube Boiler; fitted with circulating passages 
 and pipes formed within the end portions connecting the tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 of land tube boilers ; the main features being 
 the various kinds of circulating passages at 
 the ends of the tubes, as illustrated by Figs. 
 474 to 478. There is a certain amount of 
 ingenuity displayed in those arrangements 
 which indicate that the inventor gave great 
 consideration to the circulation of the heat 
 and water in the tubes. 
 
 Norton's Angular Tube Boiler; fitted 
 with circulating passages formed in 
 the end portions connecting the tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 478. 
 
 Norton's Horizontal Tube Boiler ; fitted with a plain casing at the 
 front end and circulating passages at the back end. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 arrangement being that a row of tubes are 
 placed horizontally side by side ; and the 
 back ends of those tubes rest on rollers 
 attached to the back brick wall to allow for 
 
LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 185 
 
 the expansion and contraction while the for- 
 ward ends project partly into an opening 
 made in the front brick wall, closed by a 
 suitable pla.te to give easy access to the tubes 
 for the purpose of cleaning them. Above 
 these tubes and near their forward ends a 
 cylindrical chamber is arranged crosswise, to 
 the bottom of which the tubes are attached 
 by means of nipples having right and left- 
 handed threads. Small plates are riveted to 
 the inside of the chamber for the purpose of 
 strengthening the same where the nipples 
 
 circulation will be obtained in these pipes 
 without the necessity of placing any internal 
 tubes or loose plates into the same for the 
 purpose of creating the desired circulation. 
 
 The pipes forming the last row are connected 
 together at their lower ends by means of 
 right and left-handed nipples screwed into 
 suitable ~T' S fastened on the ends of said pipes, 
 whereby a connection of the different sections 
 is formed, the ends of said connection being 
 connected through by the outside pipes with 
 the bottom of the steam chamber whereby a 
 
 Fig. 479. 
 
 TL 
 
 Allen's Hanging Tube Boiler, arranged over the fire grate and in the combustion chamber. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 enter. Into the lower parts of the tubes 
 pipes are securely fastened inclining back- 
 wards at about 20 inclination. These pipes 
 are welded circular at the bottom, and each is 
 provided with a plug screwed into the end 
 for the purpose of cleaning the inside. 
 
 Above and near the fire these pipes are 
 made about four inches in diameter by four 
 feet in length, or about in that proportion of 
 area of tubes to the surface exposed, and 
 increase in length as the same are further 
 away from the direct effect of the fire. By 
 this arrangement of giving the tubes the 
 above-mentioned inclination, and by making 
 the same in the specified proportions a good 
 
 Fig. 480. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Tube Boiler, in which the cross tubes are 
 connected to the end casings by stay bolts and nnts. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 perfect circulation between the different sec- 
 tions forming the steam generator is obtained. 
 Mr. Howard appeared next with another 
 arrangement of tube boiler, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 480, in which the cross tubes are secured 
 by bolts and nuts, the bolts also acting to 
 
 2 B 
 
186 
 
 LAND STATIONAEY TUBE BOILEES. 
 
 stay the casings that form the ends of the 
 boiler. 
 
 Next came to light the invention of a Mr. 
 Mirchin, in which was claimed that by ar- 
 ranging cross tubes at alternate angles over 
 the fire grate and allowing only the straight 
 portions of those tubes to be acted on by 
 
 porting them, to receive the deposit, as shown 
 in two arrangements by Figs. 481 and 482. 
 
 The only advantage possible in those two 
 arrangements is the circulation of the heat by 
 the alternate angles of the pipes, but even 
 that advantage is counteracted by the radia- 
 tion due to the exposure of the ends of the 
 
 Fig. 481. 
 
 Mirchin's Return Angular or Zigzag Tube Boiler; the straight portion only of the tubes 
 being exposed to the flame. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 482. 
 
 Mirchin's Ztgzag Tube Boiler, in which the cross tubes are con- 
 nected at each end to vertical water tubes fitted with steam 
 chambers on their tops. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 the flame steam would be generated ; besides 
 which, if dirty water were used, Mirchin 
 proposed to have receptacles, in connection 
 with the tubes, beyond the brickwork sup- 
 
 Fig. 483. 
 
 Watt's Horizontal Tube Boiler, in which the cross tubes are con- 
 nected to the end casings by stay bolts and nuts. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 pipes to the atmosphere, whereas the whole of 
 them should be surrounded by the flame. 
 
 A Mr. Watt followed Mirchin with the 
 arrangement of tube boiler shown by Fig. 
 483, the main feature of which is that the 
 water spaces at the ends of the tubes are 
 
LAND STATIONAEY TUBE BOILEES. 
 
 187 
 
 stayed by the bolts that secure the cross tubes 
 which Mr. Howard proposed also, it will be 
 seen, on page 185 of this work ; which co- 
 incidence again proves the utility of our 
 Patent law. 
 
 If novelty of arrangement were the main 
 effect to be attained with tube boilers, then a 
 Mr. Dodge might claim honours for his ar- 
 rangement shown by Fig. 484, in which a 
 cylindrical shell contains a fire box, above 
 which are a series of short vertical tubes that 
 
 Fig. 484. 
 
 Dodge's Vertical Tube Boiler; in which the tubes are as stays 
 throughout. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 lead into a combustion chamber whose sides 
 and top instead of being surrounded by water 
 are exposed to the atmosphere, evidently to 
 induce radiation rather than evaporation. The 
 flame next descends through a set of long 
 vertical tubes into a smoke box fitted with air 
 tubes. Another peculiarity is, that at the 
 side of the long tubes, and contained in the 
 water, is a drum or chamber fitted with water 
 tubes, and the exhaust steam from the engine 
 passes amongst those tubes for the purpose 
 
 the inventor states of condensing it ; this is 
 the first surface condenser put in a boiler we 
 ever heard of, and we hope it is the last also. 
 
 A Frenchman, M. Jouet Pastres by name, 
 next introduced his ideas of a tube boiler, in 
 England, as illustrated by Fig. 485 ; the 
 
 Fig. 485. 
 
 Jouet Pastre"s Vertical Tube Boiler, composed of vertical tubes 
 connected to horizontal tubes, with a water and steam chamber 
 beyond the brickwork. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 486. 
 
 Mirchin's Horizontal Tube Boiler, with the end water casings out- 
 side the brickwork. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 arrangement being a series of tubes in con- 
 nection with an outside vertical casing or 
 chamber beyond the fire. Bad, however, as 
 this is, it is not so bad as Mirchin's arrange- 
 ment, shown by Fig 486, because he has two 
 
 2 B 2 
 
188 
 
 LAND STATIONABY TUBE BOILEKS. 
 
 casings beyond the brickwork enclosing the 
 fire; and "both those examples fully illustrate 
 the doubt, as to whether the inventors con- 
 sidered that the loss of heat by radiation from 
 the end casings must be a powerful waste of 
 evaporation. 
 
 A Mr. Parsell next thought that by the 
 introduction of an air or steam blast in the 
 fire box, the flame therefrom might be, with 
 advantage, forced through five sets of vertical 
 tubes, as illustrated by Fig. 487, and to 
 
 Fig. 487. 
 
 mfJ 
 
 Parsell's Vertical Tube Boiler, in which the flame, accelerated by 
 an air or steam blast, makes five up and down circuits before 
 passing around the superheater to the chimney. Patented in the 
 year 1871. 
 
 accomplish that two fire boxes and grates 
 were essential. 
 
 A Mr. Westerman's ideas on tube boilers 
 are next illustrated by Fig. 488,. which is an 
 arrangement of a group of tubes disposed at 
 right angles in tiers each tube being access- 
 ible by the removal of a cover secured opposite 
 each end. 
 
 Mr. Allen, in the year 1872, again intro- 
 duced his notions of tube boilers, as shown by 
 
 Fig. 489. The arrangement is that there are 
 four vertical chambers to which are connected 
 horizontal syphon pipes, the upper part being 
 
 488. 
 
 Westerman's Cross Tift>e Boiler, forming a group of tiers of tubes 
 at right angles throughout. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 489. 
 
 Allen's Tube Boiler, formed with syphon tubes horizontally 
 arranged, and connected to back flat vertical chambers that are 
 also connected to overhead-cross, steam and water chambers. 
 Patented in the year 1872. 
 
 on the level line, and the lower part at an 
 angle; above the pipes is a steam chamber, 
 and near it is a water tank, and both are con- 
 nected by pipes, to the lower part of the 
 vertical chambers. 
 
LAND STATIONAEY TUBE BOILEES. 
 
 189 
 
 The principle of this arrangement is that 
 in modern sectional steam generators, which 
 contain only a comparatively small quantity 
 of water, great care is necessary to maintain 
 a constant supply ; therefore, in Allen's boiler, 
 according to his statement, it is accomplished 
 as follows : As soon as the water falls below 
 the opening of the pipe that is at the water 
 level to be always maintained in the boiler, 
 steam will enter into this pipe pressing upon 
 the water in the water tank, and forcing thereby 
 the water in the same through the feed pipe 
 into the lower part of the vertical chambers 
 until the water rises again above the opening 
 of the pipe, closing thereby the same, and con- 
 sequently prevents the further entrance of 
 the steam into the pipe- when the pressure 
 upon the water in the tank will diminish, and 
 the flow of water out of the tank into the 
 boiler will stop, until the water falls again 
 below the water line, when the same operation 
 will be repeated. 
 
 The feed pump if at work will replenish 
 the water in this tank during the time the 
 water level in the boiler is above the level 
 
 line, or while the mouth of the pipe is below 
 the water line. When the feed pump becomes 
 deranged by accidents or is not in operation, 
 this tank will be capable of supplying the 
 boiler with water for some length of time. 
 
 Fig. 490. 
 
 ITT 
 
 Harrison's Improved Six-Ball-Unit Cast-iron Tube-Boiler, as con- 
 structed by him in America, in the year 1872. 
 
 Mr. Harrison also in the same year, 1872, 
 introduced an improvement in his boiler, as 
 illustrated by Fig. 490, which is composed of 
 a series of duplicate portions or units, and 
 secured together by stay bolts and nuts. 
 
190 
 
 INJECTION BOILEKS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 THE best commencement for this chapter is to 
 explain the meaning of the term " Injection 
 Boiler," which is a boiler containing but little 
 more water than is requisite for the steam re- 
 quired at each stroke of the engine it works. 
 The next supply of water is therefore injected 
 into the boiler, and by its minimum quantity 
 in proportion to the heating surface, is at once 
 generated into steam, and thus the process of 
 generation is repeated. With this operation, 
 however, one great drawback has been that, 
 as the steam is formed in jerks or flashes, 
 similarly the engine is worked, and therefore 
 a more steady supply is required to cause a 
 constantly even motion. 
 
 The first practical injection boiler was in- 
 vented by Mr. Jacob Perkins, an American 
 engineer, who introduced it in England, when 
 residing in Fleet Street, City of London, in 
 the year 1822 as illustrated by Fig. 491. 
 He preferred then to make the boiler of a 
 cylindrical shape, of copper three inches thick : 
 the principle of the invention being that, first, 
 the water that filled the boiler was heated 
 to a pressure of 7,5001bs. on the square inch ; 
 and, second, any more water forced in the boiler 
 displaced an equivalent amount, which at once 
 flashed into steam the safety valve and weight 
 regulating the required pressure at all times. 
 
 This was really a case where heated water 
 generated steam, inasmuch that the water first 
 in the boiler was made nearly red hot, and 
 
 Fig. 491. 
 
 la 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 BUT! 
 
 LMlli 
 
 Ej 
 
 
 Perkins's Injection Boiler; in which, first, the boiler is filled with 
 water ; secondly, the water heated to a pressure of 7,5001bs. on 
 the square inch ; and thirdly, any more water injected, the top 
 portion at once flashes into steam. Patented in the year 1822. 
 
 thus any more water put in with it rapidly 
 caused an increase of pressure ; the safety valve 
 then lifted, and the amount of heated water 
 displaced flashes into steam. We have no 
 hesitation in stating that Perkins, considering 
 the time he lived in, was a General in boiler 
 warfare, for warfare it was then against the 
 usual low pressures used in practice. 
 
 Two years elapsed, and forth came the 
 invention of a Mr. Paul in two methods, as 
 shown by Figs. 492 and 493. The first is a 
 spiral coil tube boiler composed of two coils 
 
INJECTION BOILEKS. 
 
 191 
 
 containing the fuel between them ; and the 
 fuel is dropped through the chimney, around 
 which is the feed injection water tank the 
 force pump being at the side of the shell 
 
 Fig. 492. 
 
 Paul's Injection Tube Boiler working pressure 1501bs per square 
 inch composed of spiral coils in connection with an over head 
 feed-water tank, and a force pump at the side below. Patented 
 in the year 1824. 
 
 Fig. 493. 
 
 1'aulV Cone Coil Injection Tube Boiler, working pressure ISOlbs. 
 per square inch, enclosed in a kiln, fed at the top, with fuel at 
 the top, and air at the bottom. Patented in the year 1824. 
 
 enclosing the larger coil. The second method 
 is a cone coil boiler, set in a kiln fed with 
 fuel at the top and air at the bottom. 
 
 The year following came, and also did the 
 invention of a Mr. Oilman, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 494, the arrangement of which is, that 
 there are four cylinders fitted with water 
 
 Fig. 494. 
 
 Oilman's Horizontal Injection Tube Boiler, fitted with cylinders 
 containing water agitators over the fire grate. Patented in 
 the year 1825. 
 
 Fig. 495. 
 
 Kaddatz's Molten-Boiler, containing vertical water tubes fed by 
 injection. Patented in the year 1825. 
 
 agitators or fans, driven by bevel gearing in 
 connection with a series of horizontal pipes 
 above the cylinders, and another series of 
 pipes on each side of the fire grate. 
 
 In the year 1825, the invention of a Mr. 
 Eaddatz appeared, as illustrated by Fig. 495, 
 which possesses the peculiarity of being a 
 molten-boiler with vertical water tubes in a 
 
192 
 
 INJECTION BOILEES. 
 
 cast-iron tank, containing a quantity of fusible 
 metallic mixture of tin and lead in the pro- 
 portions of one part of tin and two parts of 
 lead. The steam-generating tubes are closed 
 at their lower extremity and screwed at their 
 upper ends into a brass plate, which is fur- 
 nished with necks on its under surface for 
 that purpose, while on its upper surface a 
 groove is cut exactly over the open ends of 
 the generating tubes. Over this plate is 
 screwed a cover, having a corresponding 
 groove cut in its under surface, so that when 
 this plate is screwed down upon the under 
 plate a hollow space is formed over the 
 generating tubes, which constitutes a steam 
 chamber. 
 
 The feed pipe from an ordinary forcing 
 pump, is in a line with the grooves in the 
 plates, with small holes bored in its under 
 side for the emission of water, one over each 
 of the generating tubes; then, if water be 
 injected into the generating tubes through 
 the small holes in the feed pipe, by means of 
 a forcing pump, the water so injected will 
 instantly be converted into steam, which will 
 collect in the steam chamber, and thence 
 escape into the steam pipe as occasion may 
 require for the engine. 
 
 Mr. Perkins, in the year 1827, introduced 
 another injection boiler, as shown by Fig. 496, 
 in sectional elevation, and by Fig. 497, in 
 complete elevation ; the principles and me- 
 chanical arrangement being thus described by 
 the inventor : I have found by experience 
 that to generate steam by heating water in 
 tubes, all the parts of which are exposed to 
 the fire, steam will become more or less sur- 
 charged with caloric, and will often show 
 
 much higher temperature for the power it is 
 ixerting than would be the case if it had had 
 its proper proportion of water, thereby wasting 
 much of the caloric as it passes off with the 
 steam without a proportional power being 
 derived, at the same time injuring parts of 
 the engine by overheating them ; to effect 
 this important object, of ensuring to the steam 
 
 Fig. 496. 
 
 Perkins's Injection Tube Boiler, shown in sectional elevation, com- 
 posed of square tubes with round holes through them, in con- 
 nection with a steam chamber, force pump, and pressure valve. 
 Patented in the year 1827. 
 
 Fig. 497. 
 
 Complete elevation of Perkins's Injection Tube Boiler shown by 
 Fig. 496. 
 
 its due proportion of water, I have caused 
 a strong steam chamber to be fixed in some 
 non-conducting material, having no part of it 
 in contact with the fire. In this vessel I keep 
 constantly more or less water. I also insert in 
 the bottom of the steam chamber a steam tube, 
 which is connected immediately with the last 
 
INJECTION BOILEES. 
 
 193 
 
 generating tube ; this steam tube enters 
 through one side, and at the bottom of the 
 steam chamber it runs horizontally till it 
 conies in contact, or nearly so, with the other 
 side ; the under side of that part of the tube 
 which is inside the steam chamber is perforated 
 with a sufficient number of holes to allow the 
 surcharged steam to rush downwards, and 
 impinge on the bottom of the steam chamber ; 
 after which it rises by its own lightness 
 through the water, taking in its ascension its 
 
 We prefer Mr. Perkins' first arrangement 
 for its simplicity, but consider the boiler now 
 under notice much the better for the increase of 
 heating surface and distribution of the flame ; 
 however, in point of fact, both boilers were in 
 advance of their time. 
 
 The next example of injection boiler that 
 we direct attention to is of friendly interest 
 to ourselves, because it was in connection 
 with the first steam engine we worked, at the 
 age of fourteen years. The engine was the 
 
 Fig. 498. 
 
 Armstrong's Egg-end, Cast Iron Injection Boiler, supported at each end on nozzles ; with 
 a fire grate at the steam end, and the flame surrounding the body of the boiler. The 
 water entered at the left hand end and the steam escaped at the right hand end. Con- 
 structed and erected in Cornwall, in the year 1848. 
 
 due proportion of water necessary to form 
 perfect steam, or steam of its proper density, 
 with respect to its temperature. To ensure 
 a sufficient supply of water to the steam 
 chamber a small tube is connected with the 
 pipe of the feed pump, which is attached to 
 the bottom of the stearn chamber or the steam 
 pipe leading to it. To prevent the supply being 
 too great, a regulating stopcock is inserted in 
 this tube ; thus, by surcharging the steam and 
 afterwards allowing it to pass through the 
 water which is forced into the steam chamber 
 for that purpose, great economy is effected. 
 
 " Table " kind, with a horizontal tappet 
 motion to work the slide valve ; and the 
 boiler was then and there considered the 
 wonder of the age ; the boiler being an egg- 
 end cylindrical casting, supported at each end, 
 with the fire underneath it, as represented by 
 Fig. 498. 
 
 The inventor was the son of a gentleman 
 named Armstrong, living at Gunnislake, 
 Cornwall ; and the engine and boiler were 
 made at Tavistock, Devon, with the most 
 sanguine hopes from all concerned ; to such 
 an extent, however, were the hopes tortured 
 
 2 c 
 
194 
 
 INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 that the capitalists withdrew, because the 
 young inventor carried the matter with such 
 a high hand: and the result was that we 
 broke up the boiler for sale as old iron, and 
 used the engine as required. 
 
 Nothing further worthy of record in these 
 pages was done in injection boilers until the 
 year 1852, when a Mr. Belleville, a French 
 Republican, sent to England the fact that 
 tubes, horizontal and coiled, were available 
 for the generation of steam, as arranged 
 according to Fig. 499; the application of the 
 
 Fis;. 499. 
 
 Belleville's Injection Tube Boiler, composed of tubes arranged 
 horizontally and coiled, and set in brickwork. Patented in the 
 year 1852. 
 
 mechanical arrangement of which consists of 
 forcing water by means of a force pump into a 
 reservoir containing air, from whence when 
 it has attained a pressure regulated at pleasure 
 by a valve it passes into a spiral tube of small 
 diameter heated by means of a furnace in 
 the centre of the spiral at the lower part in 
 such a manner that one portion of the water 
 injected becomes converted into steam by cir- 
 culating in one part of the spiral, then meets 
 a further portion of the water as it is injected 
 
 at another part of the spiral, and the two 
 portions together pass up through the upper 
 part of the heated spiral tube, from which the 
 steam generated is taken off at the top end. 
 
 Next came a Mr. Hyde's invention to light 
 and knowledge, as illustrated by Fig. 500. 
 The bottom of the boiler is dish-shaped, with 
 a deep cover secured to it. The lower sur- 
 face is covered with ribs of deep angle iron 
 secured to the curved bottom across the fire ; 
 and the curved plate and the deep angle iron 
 will hold a considerable quantity of heat, 
 which will pass with certain regularity to the 
 
 Fig. SOO. 
 
 Hyde's Dish-shaped Injection Boiler, fitted with a feed water 
 heater at the back end in the fire box. Patented in the year 
 1852. 
 
 inner casing. The generator is provided 
 with a force pump of ordinary construction, 
 capable of forcing or injecting any required 
 quantity of water, according to the volume 
 of steam required. The water is taken 
 from the condenser and heated by passing 
 through pipes; and it is then injected into 
 the generator, and distributed over the in- 
 ternal surface by means of the feed pipe with 
 numerous small holes in it. The steam so 
 produced may be admitted into the cylinder 
 in the ordinary way. 
 
 "We need scarcely remark that this boiler 
 
INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 195 
 
 would be expensive in the consumption of 
 fuel, besides being weak in form. 
 
 In the year 1855, Mr. Perkins, junior, 
 brought out a very sensible arrangement of 
 tube boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 501, for the 
 generation of steam ; and for that purpose, 
 the circulation of water is employed to heat 
 and evaporate successive quantities of water 
 which are forced into one of a series of tubes 
 surrounding the water circulating pipe 
 by means of a plunger worked by steam 
 generated in the apparatus. 
 
 This system of circulating water which is 
 used in this invention, is that which is now 
 well known as Perkins' system, wherein the 
 
 the next, and becomes more highly heated and 
 completely expanded into steam as it arrives 
 in the last of the series of expanding tubes 
 which surround the water-circulating tubes. 
 From the last of those heating and generating 
 tubes the steam is taken for the purposes of 
 use, and part is employed for giving motion 
 to a plunger or plungers, which force regu- 
 lates the quantity of water required into the 
 first of the series of heating tubes. 
 
 A French engineer named Hediard, in the 
 year 1857, introduced in England a very 
 complicated arrangement of tube boiler, of 
 which it would be a charity to consider it 
 possible of construction. The arrangement is 
 
 Fig. 501. 
 
 Perkins" Horizontal Tube Injection Boiler, set in brickwork. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 circulating water is hermetically closed within 
 tubes, leaving space only for expansion. 
 
 A quantity of the tubing containing the 
 circulating water is subjected to the heat of a 
 fire, by which the water contained is caused to 
 circulate in the system of tubing from and to 
 that portion thereof which is heated by the 
 fire. On or around those portions of the 
 tubing which are away from the fire are 
 applied a certain number of tubes as steam 
 generators, communicating in succession with 
 each other, so that the water pumped into the 
 first, which is on the return tube nearest the fire, 
 becomes partly heated, passes to the next, and 
 
 a series of vertical tubes in connection with a 
 set of vertical coils with a steam chamber beyond 
 at the chimney end, as shown by Fig. 502. 
 
 Very soon after this event, and in the same 
 year, an American engineer, named Scott, 
 invented and introduced a revolving tube 
 boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 503 ; the arrange- 
 ment being a tube of iron coiled in the form 
 of a helix, each end being straight in a line 
 with the centre of the coil. Those ends are 
 suitably finished to constitute journals fitted 
 in bearings mounted on the ends of the sur- 
 rounding masonry, containing a furnace with 
 its fire door, fire bars, and bridge. 
 
 2 c 2 
 
196 
 
 INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 The products of combustion ascend among 
 the convolutions of the coiled tube and pass 
 down through the flue to the chimney. 
 
 The coil is enclosed at the upper part by 
 a semi-cylindrical double casing, which serves 
 for heating the water preparatory to forcing 
 it into the coil. This casing is supplied with 
 water by a feed pump, and the heated water 
 
 a suitable stuffing box to make a water and 
 steam-tight joint, and yet permit the coil to 
 rotate. 
 
 The back end of the coil is in like manner 
 connected by a stuffing box or steam-tight 
 joint to the lower end of a steam drum or 
 chamber provided with a safety valve and 
 other usual appendages of a boiler. This 
 
 Fig. 502. 
 
 Hediard's Vertical and Coil Tube Injection Boiler, set in brickwork as a combined apparatus. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 Fig. 503. 
 
 Scott's Revolving Coil Tube Injection Boiler ; the water enters at the right hand end, and steam escapes 
 at the left hand end to the engine. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 is drawn therefrom and forced into the coil as 
 required. 
 
 The water enters in small jets through the 
 meshes of one or more diaphragms of wire 
 gauze or perforated discs in the tube leading 
 to the end of the coil, and thence into the coil, 
 where it is converted into steam. The pump- 
 ing apparatus, which is to take the water 
 from the casing and force it into the generator, 
 is connected with the front end of the coil by 
 
 end of the coil is also fitted with a toothed 
 wheel, which is driven by a pinion on a shaft 
 receiving motion from any suitable means 
 which will rotate the coil at the rate of about 
 one revolution per minute. 
 
 As the coil rotates, every part of the cir- 
 cumference is exposed in succession to the 
 action of the heat in the furnace and flue, so 
 that the heat states the inventor will be 
 equalized instead of exposing some portions 
 
INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 107 
 
 to too high a degree of heat and others to a 
 much lower temperature. 
 
 This boiler has worked well and with some 
 advantage ; but the difficulty of cleaning the 
 inside finally led to its overthrow. 
 
 The next year, 1858, rolled on, and also 
 enrolled the invention of a boiler by a Mr. 
 Benson. 
 
 The boiler is composed of an inner and 
 outer shell ; the space between them serves as 
 a water and steam room, while the chamber 
 
 from the boiler water casing enclosing those 
 pipes, through a tank in connection directly 
 below the injection pipe. 
 
 There is an obvious absence of means for 
 ready cleansing or repair in this arrangement, 
 and it is also complicated, because a tank is 
 used beyond the boiler casing. 
 
 In the year 1859, a Mr. Carr from America 
 sent to England his ideas about an injection 
 boiler, believing, no doubt, that they were 
 the best of the period ; but how far he was 
 
 Fig. 50-k 
 
 o 
 
 
 Benson's Horizontal Tube Injection Boiler, in connection with steam and water spaces. 
 Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 which the water space surrounds is occupied 
 at the upper part by the arrangement of ser- 
 pentine pipes, through which the water to be 
 generated into steam circulates, and the lower 
 part of this chamber is the fire box. The 
 outer and inner shells are stay-bolted in the 
 usual manner, and furnished with fire-door 
 openings similar to other boiler shells of a 
 more general structure. 
 
 The feed water is injected by a pump into 
 the serpentine pipes, and the supply is taken 
 
 mistaken is obvious from the illustration, Fig. 
 505, illustrated on the next page. The arrange- 
 ment is a shell enclosing a fire chamber divided 
 horizontally into two parts ; the lower part 
 forms the fire-box where the grate is situated, 
 and the upper part is a steam chest, directly 
 above which is a water chamber, and above 
 this chamber is an air chamber. 
 
 A coil pipe is placed within the fire box, 
 and the upper end of this coil communicates 
 with the water chamber, and its lower end is 
 
198 
 
 INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 attached to a force pump. A vertical tube 
 passes down through the air chamber into the 
 water chamber, and has a loaded valve at its 
 upper end as a pressure valve. 
 
 To the bottom of the steam chest there are 
 bolted a series of inverted cone-shaped tubes, 
 which extend down over the fire. Inside the 
 steam chest there are placed a series of perfo- 
 
 Fig. 505. 
 
 Carr's Coil Tube Injection Boiler, in connection with vertical 
 water tubes perforated to permit the water to fall on conical 
 tubes that are surrounded by flame, and thus steam is generated. 
 Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 rated vertical tubes, which extend down within 
 the cone-shaped tubes. The upper ends of 
 the perforated tubes pass through the top 
 plate of the steam chest, and are made flush 
 with it, the tubes being open at their upper 
 ends, and perforated at their lower parts. 
 
 Over the top of the steam chest is placed a 
 circular disc, attached to the lower end of a 
 
 vertical shaft, which passes up through the 
 water and air chambers, and is connected in 
 any suitable way to the engine, so as to cause 
 the disc to be partially rotated or receive a 
 vibratory motion. The disc is perforated 
 with holes, the diameter of which is equal to 
 that of the perforated vertical tubes, and 
 concentric with them. 
 
 The operation is as follows : Water is 
 injected through the coil pipe into the water 
 chamber, and is heated during its passage 
 through the fire chamber. The disc, having 
 a vibrating or partially rotating movement, 
 is so arranged that its holes will register with 
 the orifices of the perforated vertical tubes at 
 the termination of each stroke, arid water will 
 be forced down the tubes, due to the pressure 
 of the water in the water chamber, which is 
 regulated by adjusting the weight on the 
 lever of the valve. 
 
 The water issues in jets through the perfo- 
 rations in the lower parts of the tubes, is 
 forced in spray form against the hot cone- 
 shaped tubes, is immediately converted into 
 steam, which fills the steam chest, and is then 
 conveyed by the steam pipe to the engine. 
 
 In the year 1860, a Dr. Grimaldi, an 
 Italian, introduced in England a revolving 
 boiler very much the same as Armstrong's 
 stationary boiler, shown by Fig. 498, on page 
 193 of this work. The Doctor's boiler is 
 illustrated by Fig. 506, and is also placed in 
 the furnace, and supported by two axles ; the 
 right hand axle is mounted on the bearing, 
 and is provided with a pulley driven by a 
 strap to give the generator a rotatory motion 
 of a suitable velocity. 
 
 The other axle consists of a tubular shaft 
 
INJECTION BOILEES. 
 
 199 
 
 opening into the generator, and connected 
 with the steam tube by a stuffing box, so as 
 to make a steam-tight joint, and yet not 
 impede the boiler from revolving. This tube is 
 
 plunger is set in motion. During the up- 
 stroke, the top passage being open and the 
 side passage shut, water flows into the barrel 
 through the outer foot valve opening; and 
 
 Fig. 506. 
 
 Dr. Grininldi's Revolving Cylindrical Injection Boiler, in connection with a 
 pot. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 superheating 
 
 supported on the bearing, and it conveys the 
 steam to the superheating steam chest. 
 
 Two small pipes also pass through the tube 
 within this tubular shaft into the generator. 
 One of those pipes is straight till it reaches 
 the centre of the generator, where it curves 
 a little downwards ; that is the feed pipe, and 
 is provided with a horizontal disc under its 
 opening, in order to let the water spread in 
 all directions. The other pipe approaches the 
 bottom of the boiler more directly and shows 
 the level of the water, being fitted outside 
 with a glass gauge, two stop cocks, one above 
 the other, and a blow-through cock. 
 
 A Frenchman named Sautter followed, the 
 Doctor, with a coil tube boiler, as shown by 
 Fig. 507, with an injection pump and a steam 
 and water chamber at the side of the coil 
 casing. .The action of this apparatus is as 
 follows : The chamber being partly filled 
 with water as indicated, and the coil tube 
 being full, the fire is lighted, and at the same 
 time, or preferably immediately before, the 
 
 during the down stroke it is sent, through the 
 inner foot valve opening, into the lower part 
 of the coil, displacing an equal quantity from 
 its upper extremity through the side passage 
 
 Fit;. 507. 
 
 Sautter's Injection Coil Tube Boiler, fitted with a self-acting 
 steam plunger injection pump at the side. Patented in the 
 year 1860. 
 
 into the top of the coil. On the succeeding 
 ascent of the plunger, the side passage is 
 
200 
 
 INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 closed, and the top passage open, the water 
 will be discharged into the steam space of the 
 chamber, while a fresh supply is taken into 
 the pump from below, to be in its turn sent 
 into the heater on the down stroke of the 
 plunger. 
 
 At the latter end of the year 1861, Dr. Gri- 
 maldi evidently considered that his first boiler 
 
 Fig. 
 
 The front trunnion of the boiler projecting 
 inside it, is fitted with six pairs of radial steam 
 pipes ; the main steam pipe tightly fitting 
 into the trunnion, which revolves round it. 
 One of the radial pipes communicates with 
 the blow-off pipe, while all the remaining 
 pipes communicate with that pipe, so that 
 they return any water that may be thrown 
 
 508. 
 
 I)r. Grimaldi V_Revolving^ Injection Cylindrical Boiler, fitted with horizontal flame and radial steam tubes. 
 
 Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 509. 
 
 Dr. Grimaldi's Stationary Injection Boiler, comprising a cylindrical shell fitted with fjame 
 tubes, opening through the sides at the front end. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 was not perfect : he consequently then intro- 
 duced a revolving cylindrical shell tube injec- 
 tion boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 508, showing 
 that the boiler is fitted with flame tubes two 
 inches and a half in diameter ; the front end 
 of the boiler is provided with two doors for 
 access to the radial steam pipes ; and the 
 other end is similarly provided with mud- 
 holes and doors not shown. 
 
 into them on their way up to replace the top 
 pipes. 
 
 The back trunnion of the boiler is fitted 
 outside the casing with a toothed wheel, by 
 means of which the donkey engine below 
 imparts to the boiler the rotatory motion. 
 
 The feed water pipe enters the boiler through 
 this trunnion, which is fitted also with the 
 water and steam pipes of the water gauge. 
 
INJECTION BOILEES. 
 
 201 
 
 But the Doctor, not being contented even 
 with that, introduced at the same time an 
 improved stationary injection boiler, as shown 
 by Fig. 509 ; in this case the shell is fitted 
 with four large flame tubes opening through 
 the sides at the front end. The injection 
 water enters the shell at the back end, and is 
 passed through the nozzle pointing down- 
 wards directly inside the shell the steam 
 pipe and fittings being at the opposite end. 
 
 fourths into the boiler ; this flue at the parallel 
 length of the boiler is fitted with seven radial 
 sheet flues that conduct the flame from the 
 flame space around the boiler to the central 
 flue, and from there to the chimney, a portion 
 of which is only shown. The result is, states 
 the inventor, that the plates forming the radial 
 flues heat the water and superheat the steam : 
 a fact we rather doubt, because during the 
 motion of the shell the steam and the water 
 
 Fie. 510, 
 
 Brown's Egg-end Shell Revolving Injection Boiler, fitted with a central flue that is fitted with radial flume arms or sheet flues that 
 conduct the flame from the fire grate to the central flue." Patented in the year 1835. 
 
 Fig. 511. 
 
 CTION PUMF 
 
 McCurdy's Flat Surface Water and Steam Casings Injection Boilers, each set of casings 
 being suspended over the fire grate. Patented in the year 1838. 
 
 From the period 1861 until the year 1865 
 nothing worthy of notice here was done in 
 injection boilers, and the first to break the 
 silence again was a Mr. Brown, who sent from 
 St. Petersburg the arrangement illustrated by 
 Fig. 510, which consists of an egg-end shell 
 having a central flue extending about three- 
 
 will be pretty well mixed together, and thus 
 saturation instead of superheating will be 
 mostly carried out. 
 
 The idea of generating steam by the ex- 
 posure of flat surfaces to the flame was first 
 introduced by Mr. McCurdy as far back as 
 the year 1838, as illustrated by Fig. 511, the 
 
 2 D 
 
202 
 
 INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 arrangement consists of a series of flat casings 
 connected by pipes suspended over the fire 
 grate with the flaine surrounding them. 
 
 American injection boilers were represented 
 also in the year 1865, by the arrangement 
 shown by Fig. 512, which consisted of a false 
 bottom fire grate situated over a coil of piping 
 filled with water from the boiler, and also in 
 connection with the steam chamber. 
 
 Fig. 512. 
 
 Thayer's Injection Boiler, fitted with a coil water tube fire grate. 
 Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 The shell of the boiler is cylindrical, con- 
 taining a fire box and a central chimney flue. 
 
 The fire box is also formed with a false 
 roof plate, which is attached to the upper end 
 of a casing loosely set in an annular space 
 around the furnace, and in this space water is 
 conveyed through a pipe, and as fast as 
 steam is formed it passes into the steam 
 chamber above. 
 
 This false roof, when the feed water is 
 properly supplied, rests at all times upon the 
 water in the chamber between the same and 
 the furnace roof proper, and is consequently 
 raised or lowered according to the agitation 
 thereof caused by boiling and the generation 
 of steam. 
 
 Attached to the upper surface of the false 
 roof is a circular raised lip forming a cup 
 around the annular space enclosing the chim- 
 ney, in which cup the sediments contained in 
 the water are deposited, they being carried 
 over from the boiler through the annular 
 
 Fig. 513. 
 
 Romminger's Injection Boiler, composed of horizontal cast iron 
 pipes lined with wrought iron tubing. Patented in the year 
 1865. 
 
 space by the steam in passing from the boiler, 
 but more fully by the priming of the boiling 
 water through the space, 
 
 A German production next appeared, by 
 a Mr. Romminger, illustrated by Fig. 513, 
 which consisted of two tiers of heavy cast iron 
 pieces laid on each other, and by their shape 
 horizontal flues were formed between them. 
 The boiler proper was a wrought iron tube 
 passing through each casting, and connected 
 at each end, the water entering through the 
 first tier, and the steam escaping from the 
 second tier below which is really a copy of 
 Perkins' arrangement, shown by Fig. 496, on 
 page 192 of this work. 
 
INJECTION: BOILEES. 
 
 203 
 
 A Mr. Sturgeon next introduced two sphe- 
 rical injection boilers, as shown by Figs. 514 
 and 515. In the first example the flame sur- 
 rounds the body, and in the second it passes 
 through it, and on those facts the patent rests. 
 
 It will be remembered that, on page 194 of 
 
 Fie. 514. 
 
 Sturgeon's Spherical Injection Boiler, with the flame surrounding 
 the boiler. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 from America, as illustrated by Fig. 516, and 
 explained underneath it. 
 
 A revolving injection boiler next appeared 
 in the same year also from America 
 fully illustrated by Fig. 517, and equally 
 well explained by the description below it. 
 
 Fig. 516. 
 
 Gould's Injection Boiler, in which steam is generated by the water 
 falling ou the upper side of the bottom of the boiler, and the pres- 
 sure of the steam regulates the supply of water by the lever 
 anl valve gear outside. Patented in the year 1837. 
 
 Fig. 517. 
 
 Sturgeon's Spherical Injection Boiler, with the flame 
 passing through the boiler. Patented in the year 
 1865. 
 
 this work, we illustrate an injection boiler 
 by Fig. 500, which generates steam by the 
 fall of water on the bottom of the boiler, and 
 we now direct attention to a similar system, 
 introduced in the year 1867, by a Mr. Gould, 
 
 Mitchell's Revolving Injection Boiler, fitted with vertical spray feed water pipes, to 
 cause the steam to mingle with the water as it is generated. Patented in the 
 year 1867. 
 
 But a very much better revolving boiler is 
 illustrated by Fig. 518, on the next page, being 
 the invention of a Mr. Duncan, introduced by 
 him as far back as the year 1853, and is the 
 best example of revolving injection boilers 
 recorded in this chapter, because the boiler 
 proper is tubes over the fire, and those tubes 
 are connected to hollow discs at each end; 
 
 2 D 2 
 
204 
 
 INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 and thereby a continual circulation of heat 
 and water is readily effected. The water 
 enters the front end trunnion, and the steam 
 passes out through the opposite trunnion, the 
 steam chamber being a cylinder centrally 
 connecting the tube plates. 
 
 We have, however, no faith in the revolving 
 or stationary injection boilers, for the reason 
 that the gush of feed water is followed by a 
 gush of steam, which, as we stated at the 
 commencement of this chapter, produces a 
 "jerking motion for the engine." 
 
 Fist. 518. 
 
 
 Duncan's Revolving Tube Injection Boiler, composed of two hollow discs connected by tubes, 
 and surrounded by the flames from the fire grate situated below. Patented in the year 
 1853. 
 
HAKINE BOILERS. 
 
 205 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 THE first marine boiler was, according to his- 
 tory, similar in shape to that shown by Fig. 9, 
 on page 4 of this work, and from that form 
 it grew into the square shell flue boiler. For 
 
 In the year 1827 a Mr. Steenstrup intro- 
 duced a water tube boiler, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 519, which is very ingenious and practical, 
 and more so considering when he invented it. 
 
 Steenstrup's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell with a flat bottom, containing a fire box 
 fitted with five rows of water tnbes, and the fire grates between them. Patented in the 
 vear 1827. 
 
 Fig. 520. 
 
 Church's Marine Boiler, being a square chamber containing large water and steam tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1829. 
 
 the present purpose it is not requisite to illus- 
 trate examples in use before the occurrence of 
 marked improvements, but to commence with 
 the best boilers from that period. 
 
 The arrangement is a cylindrical shell 
 placed on the side which is flattened, and the 
 fire box and combustion chamber are one 
 common chamber fitted with five rows of 
 
206 
 
 MAEINE BOILEES. 
 
 vertical water tubes that act as stays also, 
 the fire grate being between them. 
 
 The next marine boiler we notice is illus- 
 trated by Fig. 520, being invented in the 
 year 1829 by a Mr. Church, who considered 
 that a cluster of horizontal cylinders, con- 
 taining water and steam, enclosed in a 
 chamber containing also the fire grate, would 
 generate steam with advantage on " board 
 ship ;" which, however, we think doubtful. 
 
 A very sensible arrangement of marine 
 boiler for high pressure steam was introduced 
 in the year 1830 by a Mr. Summers, as shown 
 by Fig. 521, composed of annular tubes, the 
 water being in the annular space, and the 
 flame passing around the larger tube and 
 through the smaller. The tubes are grouped 
 and connected top and bottom by horizontal 
 tubes, as seen in the plan, and surrounded by 
 a square chamber containing the fire grates 
 under the tubes. 
 
 In the same year, 1830, Mr. Church came 
 to the front again with a worse arrangement 
 of marine boiler than before, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 522, and sufficiently explained under- 
 neath it. 
 
 In the year 1833 Mr. Joseph Maudslay 
 
 invented and patented a marine boiler, as 
 shown by Fig. 523, the principle of which 
 
 Fig. 521. 
 
 Summers' Marine Annular Vertical Tube Boiler, facing a high 
 square shell containing a group of annular tubes, with the 
 water in the annular spaces, and the flame passing around and 
 through the tubes. Patented in the vear 1830. 
 
 Fig. 522. 
 
 Church's Marine Boiler, being a series of cylindrical shells to form air casings around a cylinder containing water and flame 
 tubes in connection with a separate boiler containing the fire bo* and chimney. Patented in the year 1830. 
 
MA.EINE BOILEES. 
 
 207 
 
 is that the flame heat should act on the least 
 deptli of water possible over the plate, or 
 around it, in this case, which is effected by 
 a series of annular spaces for the flame to 
 
 In the year 1838 a Mr. Price employed 
 some of his time to prove to the world that 
 if flame could be made to pass forward, back- 
 ward, and forward again to the chimney 
 
 Fig. 523. 
 
 ZTJTI 
 
 Maudslay's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell containing a series of shells, which form annular flame and 
 water spaces in connection with a deep fire box and water space. Patented in the year 1833. 
 
 pass through, thus dividing the water into 
 cylinders enclosing the flame. 
 
 A Mr. Rickard, in the year 1835, had 
 
 Fig. 524. 
 
 Rickard's Marine Boiler, being an arrangement of backward and 
 forward flues, in consecutive connection over each other, sur- 
 rounded by a water casing below the water level. Patented in 
 the year 1835. 
 
 symptoms of the same nature for generating 
 steam, and he thought that an arrangement 
 of backward and forward flues, with water 
 tubes at each end, would be an improvement, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 524. 
 
 through tubes connected from the fire box, 
 that arrangement should be patented ; which 
 he did accordingly, as illustrated by Fig. 525, 
 and which we think might have been left 
 alone for the value it contains, because the 
 
 Price's Marine Boiler, being a rectangular shell containing flame 
 tubes within the water space, to cause the flame to pass forward, 
 backward, and forward again. Patented in the year 1838. 
 
 flame tubes are much too large to " split " up 
 the water sufficiently ; besides the draught 
 being blocked at each end of its circuit. 
 
 Inventors of marine boilers then halted 
 for a time ; but, in due course, forth budded 
 a new flue marine boiler, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 526, being the result of a Mr. White- 
 
206 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 vertical water tubes that act as stays also, 
 the fire grate being between them. 
 
 The next marine boiler we notice is illus- 
 trated by Fig. 520, being invented in the 
 year 1829 by a Mr. Church, who considered 
 that a cluster of horizontal cylinders, con- 
 taining water and steam, enclosed in a 
 chamber containing also the fire grate, would 
 generate steam with advantage on "board 
 ship ;" which, however, we think doubtful. 
 
 A very sensible arrangement of marine 
 boiler for high pressure steam was introduced 
 in the year 1830 by a Mr. Summers, as shown 
 by Fig. 521, composed of annular tubes, the 
 water being in the annular space, and the 
 flame passing around the larger tube and 
 through the smaller. The tubes are grouped 
 and connected top and bottom by horizontal 
 tubes, as seen in the plan, and surrounded by 
 a square chamber containing the fire grates 
 under the tubes. 
 
 In the same year, 1830, Mr. Church came 
 to the front again with a worse arrangement 
 of marine boiler than before, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 522, and sufficiently explained under- 
 neath it. 
 
 In the year 1833 Mr. Joseph Maudslay 
 
 Fig. 
 
 invented and patented a marine boiler, as 
 shown by Fig. 523, the principle of which 
 
 Fig. 521. 
 
 Q p_O_O O 
 
 ) (. '-. i . i] E g 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 Summers' Marine Annular Vertical Tube Boiler, being a high 
 square shell containing a group of annular tubes, with the 
 water in the annular spaces, and the flame passing around and 
 through the tubes. Patented in the year 1830. 
 
 522. 
 
 Church's Marine Boiler, being a series of cylindrical shells to form air casings around a cylinder containing water and flame 
 tubes in connection with a separate boiler containing the five box and chimney. Patented in the year 1830. 
 
MA.EINE BOILERS. 
 
 207 
 
 is that the flame heat should act on the least 
 depth of water possible over the plate, or 
 around it, in this case, which is effected by 
 a series of annular spaces for the flame to 
 
 In the year 1838 a Mr. Price employed 
 some of his time to prove to the world that 
 if flame could be made to pass forward, back- 
 ward, and forward again to the chimney 
 
 Fig. 523. 
 
 Maudslay's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell containing a series of shells, which form annular flame and 
 water spaces in connection with a deep fire box and water space. Patented in the year 1833. 
 
 pass through, thus dividing the water into 
 cylinders enclosing the flame. 
 
 A Mr. Rickard, in the year 1835, had 
 
 Fig. 524. 
 
 Kickard's Marine Boiler, being an arrangement of backward and 
 forward flues, in consecutive connection over each other, sur- 
 rounded by a water casing below the water level. Patented in 
 the year 1835. 
 
 symptoms of the same nature for generating 
 steam, and he thought that an arrangement 
 of backward and forward flues, with water 
 tubes at each end, would be an improvement, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 524. 
 
 through tubes connected from the fire box, 
 that arrangement should be patented ; which 
 he did accordingly, as illustrated by Fig. 525, 
 and which we think might have been left 
 alone for the value it contains, because the 
 
 Price's Marine Boiler, being a rectangular shell containing flame 
 tubes within the water space, to cause the flame to pass forward, 
 backward, and forward again. Patented in the year 1838. 
 
 flame tubes are much too large to " split " up 
 the water sufficiently ; besides the draught 
 being blocked at each end of its circuit. 
 
 Inventors of marine boilers then halted 
 for a time ; but, in due course, forth budded 
 a new flue marine boiler, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 526, being the result of a Mr. White- 
 
210 
 
 MAETNE BOILEES. 
 
 comprised the patent, as illustrated by Figs. 
 535 and 53G. 
 
 A Mr. Knowles also thought of subdividing 
 
 Fig. 533. 
 
 Mills' Marine Boilers, being box shells containing flat horizontal 
 sheet flues over the fire boxes, and double water bridges at the 
 end of the grates. Patented in the year 1851. 
 
 centrally, with a set of tubes between them 
 for what reason, is a mystery, because the flame 
 
 Fig. 535. 
 
 Selby's Marine Boiler, being a semi-cylindrical topped shell con- 
 taining a water box fitted with flame tubes behind the fire 
 grate, and the usual return tubes above. Patented in the year 
 1852. 
 
 Fig. 534. 
 
 Mills' Marine Boiler, being a box shell containing vertical flat sheet flues over the fire boxes, 
 and vertical water tubes behind the water bridge. Patented in the year 1851. 
 
 Fig. 536. 
 
 Selby's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell containing an oval fire box and smoke box fitted 
 with horizontal tubes in a line with each other, with an intermediate combustion chamber. 
 Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 the tubes longitudinally, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 537 ; but he introduced two fire boxes 
 
 has no tendency to enter those tubes and 
 tubes beyond each fire box in connection with 
 
MAEINE BOILERS. 
 
 211 
 
 outside smoke boxes that lead into a long flue 
 under the shell ; in fact, the entire affair as a 
 boiler is so far removed from correct principles 
 that we decline further explanation of it. 
 
 vours, as Fig. 538 represents, were not of a 
 very ambitious, but rather of a humble, nature, 
 that relates only to fixing a water chamber 
 fitted with flame tubes in the combustion 
 
 Knon-les" Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell containing a twin arrangement of fire box, tubes, and smoke box in connection with a 
 
 long flue under the boiler. Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 Fi<r. 539. 
 
 Glasson's Marine Boiler, in which horizontal oval tubes are the invention. Patented 
 
 in the year 1852. 
 
 Fig. 538. 
 
 Whytehead's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell containing a 
 cylindrical water box fitted with flame tubes, fixed by short 
 water tubes in the combustion chamber. Patented in the 
 year 1852. 
 
 Appearing next on the scene of boiler 
 actions was a Mr. Whytehead, whose endea- 
 
 chamber which, by the way, Mr. Dickson 
 did in the year 1842, as shown by Fig. 528, 
 on page 208 of this work, and also shows the 
 value of our patent law again. 
 
 This was followed by the introduction of 
 oval tubes, horizontally and vertically secured, 
 as illustrated by Figs. -539 and 540, as the 
 result of a Mr. Glasson's thoughts. 
 
 Mr. Adamson next brought forth his boiler 
 for public use, if the users paid him royalties, 
 
 2 E 2 
 
212 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 for which he permitted the arrangement 
 shown by Fig. 541, and fully explained 
 under it, to repay them, if possible. 
 
 That being a patent, and a very simple 
 one too, perhaps induced Mr. Kendrick to 
 
 worry himself into inventing six marine 
 
 Fig. 540. 
 
 Classen's Marine Boiler, in which vertical oval tubes are the invention. Patented 
 
 in the year 1852. 
 
 Fi". 541. 
 
 Adamson's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell containing two 
 flue tubes in connection with a combustion chamber fitted with 
 vertical flame tubes. Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 Fig. 512. 
 
 boilers, each possessing a certain merit 
 independently. 
 
 Fig. 542 illustrates the first example, 
 showing an amalgamation of water spaces 
 and tubes. Fig. 543 illustrates the second 
 
 Kendrick's Marine Boiler, being a flat, curved ends shell, contain- 
 ing flat water spaces, horizontal and vertical water tubes in the 
 combustion chamber, extending from the bridge to the up-take. 
 Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 ^99ET;:3S=f 
 
 Kendrick's Marine boiler, being a fiat, curved ends shell, contain- 
 ing fire boxes with corrugated crowns, and the combustion 
 chamber similarly formed at the back, in connection with sheet 
 flues transversely and longitudinally situated over the fire boxes. 
 Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 example, in which transverse and longitudinal 
 sheet flues are the main acquirement claimed. 
 Fig. 544, being the third arrangement, shows 
 by the plan that only one combustion 
 
MAEINE BOILERS. 
 
 213 
 
 chamber is connected direct to the up-take. 
 Fig. 545, as the fourth claim, possesses the 
 advantage of cross sheet water spaces over 
 the fire boxes. Fig. 546 embodies much 
 
 Kendrick's Marine Boiler, being a shell containing tubes in the 
 combustion chamber, and longitudinal sheet flues over the fire 
 boxes, the central chamber only connected to the up-take. 
 Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 545. 
 
 Fisr. 546. 
 
 Kendrick's Marine 
 
 Kendrick's Marine Boiler, being a flat, curved ends shell, contain- 
 ing cross sheet water spaces over the fire boxes. Patented in 
 the year 1853. 
 
 of the preceding boilers, with the addition 
 of a return action for the flame over the fire 
 boxes ; while Fig. 547 is a vertical boiler 
 with a zigzag combustion chamber fitted with 
 
 being a box shell containing cross water 
 spaces in the crowns 
 of the fire boxes, cor- 
 rugations in the back 
 of the combustion 
 chamber, vertical sheet 
 fl ues over the fire boxes, 
 vertical water tubes 
 in the smoke box, and 
 a return action for 
 the flame through the 
 _ double set of sheet 
 | " flues. Patented in the 
 year 1853. 
 
 Kendrick's Vertical 
 Marine Boiler, being a 
 cylindrical shell con- 
 taining a fire box cor- 
 rugated at the back, 
 and a zigzag combus- 
 tion chamber above it 
 fitted with vertical 
 water tubes. Patented 
 in the year 1853. 
 
214 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 water tubes ; and, altogether, Mr. Kendrick 
 showed skill in boiler engineering. 
 
 A French engineer, Erard by name, next 
 came forward with his invention of a marine 
 boiler, as shown by Fig 548, the principle 
 of which is that the water tubes should be as 
 near the fire as possible, which he accom- 
 plished by putting them in the fire boxes. 
 
 A Mr. Bristow's idea next appeared, as 
 
 Fig. 548. 
 
 I 
 
 Erurd's Marine Boiler, being a box shell containing a water tube 
 fire grate, and water tubes and water boxes over the fire grates, 
 so that all the tubes are in the fire boxes. Patented in the 
 year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 549. 
 
 Bristow's Marine Boiler, in which the patent is the connecting of 
 the fire boxes, near the crowns by flame tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1853. 
 
 shown by Fig. 549, being the connection 
 of the fire boxes near the crowns by flame 
 tubes. 
 
 The ensuing year, 1854, is remarkable 
 from the fact that a Mr. Hyde patented the 
 idea of putting two boilers with one set of 
 fire grates in one shell, as illustrated by Fig. 
 550 ; but why he did so we cannot explain, 
 and neither does he. 
 
 Mr. Henley, the well-known telegraphic 
 engineer, invented rhombus-shaped tubes in 
 section early in the year 1855, and arranged 
 them for marine boilers, as illustrated by Fig. 
 551 ; and he was followed by a Mr. Lee, who 
 ignored the fact, that to generate steam eco- 
 nomically the flame should be as close to the 
 water as possible, but patented an arrange- 
 ment of boilers as a combination, by which 
 
 Fig. 550. 
 
 Hyde's Marine Boiler, being a curved shell containing two boilers 
 with one set of fire grates. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 Fig. 551. 
 
 Henley's Marine Boiler, fitted with short cross rhombus-shaped 
 water tubes. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 the steam was first raised in an ordinary 
 boiler, reheated in a coil tube superheater, 
 and then used to raise steam in what he 
 termed a " working boiler," which steam, thus 
 generated again, worked the engine. The 
 arrangement is shown by Fig. 552. We 
 presume Mr. Lee thought by " burning " the 
 steam, it would, by immediate contact, make 
 the water boil quicker than flame acting on 
 
MARINE BOILEES. 
 
 215 
 
 plates of metal containing the water ; but in 
 thinking that, Mr. Lee forgot the difference 
 of the temperatures of the materials, as well 
 as the loss by radiation. 
 
 In the ensuing year, 1856, Mr. Dunn issued 
 his two marine boilers, as shown, in side 
 sectional elevation only, by Figs. 554 and 
 555, the main features being that the grates 
 
 Fig. 552. 
 
 Lee's Marine Boilers, being an amalgamation of an ordinary cylindrical tubular boiler, a 
 common egg-end working boiler, and a coil tube superheater, the water in the work- 
 ing boiler being heated by steam from the superheater, space in the hull in this case 
 being of no consideration. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 The prolonged action of flame by extending 
 it before reaching the smoke box through a 
 twin set of tubes, was introduced by a Mr. Pirn, 
 as shown by Fig. 531, on page 209 of this work. 
 But that did not deter a Mr. Stevens from 
 
 Fig. 553. 
 
 , : QOOOOO 
 fflpjOOOOOQ 
 "iSiOOOOOO 
 v KOOOOOO 
 aiiiiJOOOOOO 
 -3EOOOOOO 
 
 Stevens' Marine Boiler, being a square shell containing an oval 
 flame tube over each fire box to extend the combustion chamber 
 and to connect it with small tubes to the smoke box at the back 
 end. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 patenting a similar arrangement, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 553, in which one lower flame tube 
 to each fire box was introduced in the place 
 of a duplicate of those above it illustrating, 
 also, how our patent law guardians take 
 notice of their duties. 
 
 Fig. 554. 
 
 Dunn's Marine Boiler, being an arrangement of water spaces and 
 tubes to cause a return action of the flame under the level of 
 the fire grate, which is near the roof of the shell. Patented in 
 the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 555. 
 
 Dunn's Marine Boiler, being an arrangement of water spaces and 
 tubes to cause a right angle action of the flame under the level 
 of the fire grate, which is near the roof of the shell. Patented 
 in the year 1856. 
 
 are near the roof of the shell, instead of at 
 the base, as more general. 
 
216 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 Mr. Galloway next sent forth his marine 
 boiler to the world for public utility, as illus- 
 trated by Fig. 556. The patent part relates 
 to the combustion chamber being subdivided 
 and fitted with conical flame and water tubes. 
 
 A Mr. Morrison next introduced a marine 
 boiler fitted with horizontal conical flame tubes 
 
 Galloway's Marine Boiler, being a curved sides shell containing 
 vertical cone water and flame tubes in the combustion chamber 
 in "connection with horizontal flame tubes over the fire boxes. 
 Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fi?. 55 
 
 Morrison's Marine Boiler, being a square shell containing hori- 
 zontal conical flues over the fire grate. Patented in the year 
 1857. 
 
 or flues over the fire grate, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 557. 
 
 It occurs to us, that if Galloway's conical 
 tubes are a patent, how can Morrison claim 
 them also or, rather, why does the law permit 
 him to introduce them without reference to 
 Galloway ? 
 
 Morrison also patented conical fire boxes for 
 
 vertical cylindrical marine boilers arranged 
 in a group, as shown by Fig. 558, which 
 is a further fact that he had every con- 
 fidence in his right to the conical tube used 
 as a flue. 
 
 A Mr. Parsons next appeared, in the year 
 1858, with his invention in marine boilers, 
 as shown by Fig. 559, which consists in 
 taking the steam from the ordinary steam 
 
 Fig. 55. 
 
 ; , Morrison's Marine Boilers, being cylindrical vertical shells con- 
 taining in each one conical fire box. Patented in the year 
 1857. 
 
 chest of the boiler, and causing it to pass 
 througli and across the furnace, so that it 
 may be further heated thereby before it enters 
 the ordinary steam pipe leading to the engine. 
 For this purpose there is connected to the 
 ordinary steam chest a pipe leading to another 
 pipe which enters the back of the furnace 
 through the bridge, a regulating valve being 
 
MAEINE BOILEES. 
 
 217 
 
 inserted at the junction of these two pipes. 
 At the inner end of the latter or inlet pipe 
 is connected another pipe extending along- 
 one side of the furnace from the bridge 
 towards the front of the furnace, and there 
 
 Fig. 559. 
 
 Parson's Marine Boiler, being a square shell containing in the fire 
 boxes an arrangement of curved pipes for superheating the^ 
 steam. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 inserted in the two side-bearing pipes at the 
 proper intervals, to cause the steam as it 
 enters from the inlet pipe to pass across 
 the fire by the first hollow arch, return by 
 the second, and so on alternately, through as 
 many arches as may be required, into the 
 further end of the bearing pipe, and thence 
 through the outlet pipe out of the furnace. 
 By this continuous pipe or succession of pipes 
 the steam is made to pass from the ordinary 
 steam chest, enter the furnace, cross and re- 
 cross the fire, and pass out from the furnace 
 in a superheated state to be used as may be 
 required. 
 
 With the outlet pipe is connected a pipe 
 having a regulating valve in it leading to an 
 additional steam chamber for receiving the 
 
 Rowan's Marine Boiler, being a square shell containing water boxes fitted with flame tubes, arranged 
 so that the flame surrounds the boxes and passes through the tubes. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 is another similar pipe on the opposite side 
 of the furnace. These pipes are suitably 
 supported by brackets, and have formed on 
 their upper side sockets for the insertion 
 of a series of arched pipes or branches ex- 
 tending across the fire bars. Stops are 
 
 highly heated steam as it leaves the furnace, 
 the ordinary steam pipe for supplying the 
 engine being connected with this chamber. 
 
 Mr. Eowan's marine boiler is the next that 
 appeared, as shown by Fig. 560, the arrange- 
 ment being a series of long water boxes, 
 
 2 F 
 
218 
 
 MAEINE BOILEES. 
 
 square in section, fitted with flame tubes 
 four in each box, and between each pair of 
 boxes are transverse flame sheet flue open- 
 ings, to enable the flame to make a more 
 tortuous circuit than otherwise. The flame 
 also passes through the tubes, so that the boxes 
 are heated inside and out. This, doubtless, is 
 a most expensive boiler to make and keep 
 in repair, and we fail to see the advantage 
 of the boxes in the place of tubes. 
 
 A Mr. Eobson then made known the fact 
 that his notion of a marine boiler was a 
 square shell containing a serpentine flue fitted 
 with vertical water tubes over the fire box, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 561; but how the flue 
 
 Fig. 561. 
 
 Robson's Marine Boiler, being a square shell fitted with a serpentine 
 flue connecting the combustion chamber and up-take. Patented 
 in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 562. 
 
 Hunt's Marine Boiler, being a square shell containing vertical 
 sheet water spaces with flue holes in them in the combustion 
 chamber and over the fire braes. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 is ever cleaned inside, unless it be of huge 
 
 dimensions, is a puzzle we decline to unravel. 
 
 In the year 1859, a Mr. Hunt patented 
 
 a marine boiler, as shown by Fig. 562, in 
 which the combustion chamber and the flame 
 chamber above the fire boxes were formed 
 with vertical water and flame spaces ; and flue 
 openings through the water spaces at alternate 
 positions in each direction, permitted the flame 
 to pass tortuously, and thus gave time for eva- 
 poration. There is a certain amount of reason 
 
 Fig. 563. 
 
 Randolph's Marine Boiler, in which the usual rake for the tubes 
 are reversed or inclined down at the smoke box end, and a 
 separate chimney to each fire box. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Randolph's Marine Boilers, used as a combination to extend the 
 action of the flame. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 in this arrangement, but the chief objection 
 to it, is the difficulty of cleaning throughout, 
 and therefore the practical value is lessened. 
 Mr. Randolph next considered what could 
 
MAEINE BOILEKS. 
 
 219 
 
 be improved on in marine boilers, and the re- 
 sult was the arrangement shown by Fig. 563, 
 to begin with, which was extended imme- 
 diately to the combined boilers, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 564. 
 
 Following Randolph, came a Mr. Miller, 
 who introduced three examples of marine 
 boilers, as illustrated by Figs. 565 to 567, 
 in which the main feature as a patent in two 
 examples is, that the tubes are arranged at 
 
 ooo6o6'ctoO'6p~cop\>oo'ob 
 c oooooooooo.booboooop 
 oooooco opcode poo 0060 
 oooooocoOob oopboooo 
 " ooonooooooolboooo 
 
 O.OC.OGO o no OOOOOOOOC 
 
 Miller's Marine Boiler, being a square shell containing three fire 
 boxes, connected with each other directly above the fire grates 
 by transverse flame tubes, and at the roof of the steam space is 
 a tubular superheater. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Fig. 56(5. 
 
 Miller.'s Marine Boiler, being a square shell containing three tire 
 boxes, connected with each other directly above the fire grates 
 by transverse sheet flues, and at the roof of the steam space is a 
 sheet-tube superheater. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 right angles with the fire grates, and thus 
 connect the spaces above them. The third 
 example has an intermediate combustion 
 chamber between the tubes that are in a line 
 with the fire great above it, being the same 
 
 in principle as Selby's, shown by Fig. 536, 
 on page 210 of this work. 
 
 A Mr. Tapp next appeared with the ar- 
 rangement of marine boilers shown by 
 Fig. 568, and explained underneath it. 
 
 Next came the year 1860, and so did Mr. 
 Macnab's ideas on marine boilers, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 569, on the next page, and sufficiently 
 explained at the same place. 
 
 Fig. 567. 
 
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 Miller's Marine Boiler, having an intermediate combustion chamber 
 between the tubes above the fire boxes. Patented in the year 
 1859. 
 
 Fig. 568. 
 
 Tapp's Marine Boiler, being u curved shell containing two fire 
 boxes, each having a curved crown, but the bottom of each 
 raised to form a longitudinal water space connected by angular 
 water tubes to the crown. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 This example was soon followed by an- 
 other, as shown by Fig. 570. In this case, 
 Mr. Macnab exercised his ingenuity more by 
 arranging his new boiler as follows : The shell 
 is cylindrical, with a dome top ; the fire box is 
 cylindrical also, with a central air space sur- 
 rounded by a water space, which is connected 
 by vertical tubes to the water space over the 
 crown of the fire box. The bottom part of 
 the central water space is also connected by 
 
 2 F 2 
 
220 
 
 MAEINE BOILEES. 
 
 outside tubes to the upper water space. The 
 flame, after doing duty in the fire box, escapes 
 by the central flue up-take to the chimney. 
 
 Mr. Galloway's vertical marine boiler fol- 
 lowed Macnab's ; but Galloway preferred 
 water tubes connecting the upper water space 
 to a shallow water chamber which was con- 
 Fig. 569. 
 
 Macnab's Marine Boiler, being a vertical rectangular shell con- 
 taining flues and water tubes above the fire grates. Patented 
 in the year 1860. 
 
 patented his invention, as illustrated by Fig. 
 572, which consists of the fire boxes being 
 fitted on their crowns with vertical tubes in 
 
 Galloway's Vertical Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell, with 
 a dome top, containing in the fire box a shallow water chamber 
 over the fire grate, connected by water tubes to the water space 
 above. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 570. 
 
 Macnab's Vertical cylindrical Marine Boiler, in which the shell contains an annular fire 
 box fitted with vertical water tubes, and a central flue np-take ; the fire box has also 
 a central air space surrounded by a water space that is connected to the main water 
 space above the fire box by outside pipes. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 nected centrally by a tube also over the fire 
 grate, as illustrated by Fig. 571. 
 
 About the middle of the year 1861, an 
 Irish engineer, Patrick O'Hanlon by name, 
 
 connection with horizontal tubes above, so as 
 to divide the flame before it enters the com- 
 bustion chamber. 
 
 The Hibernian was followed by a Cornish 
 
MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 221 
 
 engineer, Anthony by name, with two ar- 
 rangements for extending the passage of the 
 flame from the combustion chamber to the 
 
 . '_ Fig. 572. 
 
 O'Hanlon's Marine Boiler, being a bos shell containing horizontal 
 flame flue tubes, connected and supported by vertical flame 
 tubes to the roof of the fire boxes. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 573. 
 
 Anthony's Mariue Boiler, being a box shell containing a water 
 space in the combustion chamber between the tubes, to extend the 
 passage of the flame to the up-take. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 574. 
 
 Anthony's Marine Boiler, being a box shell containing water spaces 
 in the combustion chamber and smoke box, to extend the passage 
 of the flame. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 up-take, as illustrated by Figs. 573 and 574, 
 and fully explained under each Fig. 
 
 Mr. Macnab's ideas on marine boilers again 
 appeared, as shown in sectional elevation 
 only, by Figs. 575 and 576, the arrangement 
 
 
 
 Fig 575. 
 
 Macnab's Vertical Marine Boiler, being a square and round shell 
 containing a square fire box fitted with a pan-shaped water pot 
 connected by water tubes to the roof of the fire box, which is 
 connected by flame tubes to the top of the boiler. Patented in 
 th year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 576. 
 
 Macnab's Vertical Marine Boiler, tilted with two pan-shaped 
 water pots over the fire grate, the remainder being as in 
 Fig. 575. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 being that the shell is a most peculiar shape 
 in plan, because the lower portion is square in 
 
222 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 horizontal section, whilst the top is hemi- 
 spherical or dome-shaped. A comparatively 
 narrow water space encloses the lower square 
 part enclosing the fire box, that has two doors 
 i n one of the sides. The fire box is crossed 
 from front to back at a short distance above 
 the fire bars by a horizontal pan-shaped water 
 pot, from which tubes, with the water inside 
 them, pass up in directions slightly inclined 
 outwards to the nearly horizontal plate form- 
 ing the roof of the fire box. The flame being 
 made to diverge laterally by the middle water 
 pot, pass inwards again across the tubes, and 
 meet in a central space, from whence they 
 pass up through a series of flue tubes that 
 connect the fire box and dome. A man-hole is 
 made through one of the side spaces to give 
 access to the flame space above the water 
 pan, to facilitate the cleaning of the tubes. 
 
 To provide for the circulation of the water, 
 pocket-shaped casings are fixed to the sides, 
 and communicate with the internal spaces at 
 the top and bottom, being rivetted to the 
 sides throughout their length. To enable the 
 boiler to sustain the internal steam pressure, 
 vertical stay rods are connected from the top 
 of the dome to the middle parts of the side 
 plates of the lower square portion, whilst the 
 corners of the latter are continued up within 
 the dome, being rivetted thereto at their 
 edges, whereby a very strong connection is 
 obtained. Stay rods also pass from the top of 
 the dome to the crown or roof of the furnace 
 space, and a few of these stays pass down 
 through the innermost tubes to the lower pan 
 space. The narrow water spaces forming the 
 square casing are also strengthened by nume- 
 rous cross stays, and the middle pan space is 
 
 strengthened by vertical stays and by hori- 
 zontal stays extending the whole way of it. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1802, a Mr. 
 Howden petitioned for the protection of his 
 invention iu marine boilers, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 577, which was granted, because the 
 arrangement consisted of three chambers fitted 
 with water tubes ; two chambers are vertically 
 secured, and the third horizontally between 
 them. There are also three cylindrical cham- 
 bers secured above. The action of the flame 
 is to rise amongst the upper tubes and then 
 pass down amongst the side tubes to the main 
 
 Pi?. 577. 
 
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 Howden's Marine Boiler, being two vertical chambers situated on 
 each side of a narrow horizontal chamber, which are fitted with 
 water tubes connecting end chambers that are attached to 
 cylindrical steam chambers situated above. Patented in the 
 year 1862. 
 
 flue under the ash pit. Where the advantage 
 is in this boiler we fail to see. 
 
 Directly after Howden, a Mr. Meriton 
 appeared with two arrangements of vertical 
 water and flame tubes fitted in the combustion 
 chamber, as illustrated by Figs. 578 and 579. 
 
 In the year 18G3, Mr. Howden put in ap- 
 pearance again as the inventor and patentee 
 of the arrangement of tube boiler shown by 
 Fig. 580, which is a decided improvement 
 over his previous example ; the present one 
 being an arrangement of tubes secured hori- 
 zontally in a casing forming a water chamber 
 
MAEINE BOILERS. 
 
 223 
 
 enclosing the tubes at the ends and sides in 
 connection with a cylindrical water and steam 
 chamber on the top. 
 
 England, to be patented, an arrangement of 
 tubes in marine boilers, as illustrated by Fig. 
 581, by which it is shown that according to 
 
 Fig. 578. 
 
 Meriton's Marine Boiler, in which the water spaces are omitted under 
 the fire grates, and the combustion chamber fitted wiih vertical 
 water tubes. Patented in the year 1862. 
 
 Meritou's Marine Boiler, in which 
 the combustion chamber is fit- 
 ted with vertical flame tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1862. 
 
 Fig. 580. 
 
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 Howden's Marine Tube Boiler, composed of horizontal tubes con- 
 necting flat water chambers. Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 the inventor the tubes are arranged in direct 
 vertical and horizontal rows, and the vertical 
 water spaces between the tubes gradually 
 increase in depth from the bottom side to the 
 top side of the tubes. The object of this is to 
 allow the steam which is generated below at 
 the lowest row of tubes ; and upon the surface 
 of each successive tube above, and which adds 
 volume to the upper current of steam and 
 water which is constantly flowing upwards at 
 these parts when the boiler is in operation ; to 
 
 581. 
 
 Stimers' Marine Boiler, in which the tubes are of unequal diameters, aud cause uuequal vertical 
 spaces between them. Patented in the year 1864. 
 
 Towards the latter end of the year 1864, 
 an American engineer, a Mr. Stimers, sent to 
 
 have a constantly increasing space, corre- 
 sponding, if not exactly, at least in part with 
 
224 
 
 MAEINE BOILEES. 
 
 the increasing volume. The results of this 
 are to permit a more quiet disengagement 
 of the steam from the water as it comes to 
 the surface, thereby preventing priming, and 
 supplying a larger proportion of water to the 
 upper tubes than would be in contact with 
 them in the ordinary tubular boiler, and 
 generating a proportionally larger quantity 
 of steam. 
 
 Fig. 582. 
 
 Adamson's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell containing foul- 
 cylindrical fire boxes with vertical tubes over them. Patented 
 in the year 1866. 
 
 This increase in the breadth of the water 
 spaces between the tubes at the upper part is 
 obtained by placing the tubes in regular 
 vertical rows, and making the upper tubes of 
 less diameter than the lower. 
 
 In boilers that have been constructed ac- 
 cording to this invention each tube is made 
 one-eighth of an inch smaller in diameter 
 
 than the one next below it. This diminution 
 of the diameters of the upper tubes, without 
 increasing their number, causes a greater 
 quantity of the heated gases to pass through 
 the lower tubes as compared with the upper 
 ones, and this greater quantity also passes 
 with a greater rapidity because the tubes are 
 of greater area with the same length. 
 
 Advancing now to the year 1866, we notice, 
 first, that Mr. Adamson patented the arrange- 
 ment shown by Fig. 582, and explained 
 underneath it ; and, secondly, that Captain 
 Hall, R.N., next laid claim for protection as 
 
 Fig. 583. 
 
 Hall's Marine Boiler, in which the fire box is fitted with vertical 
 conical water tubes with the fire grates between them, and a 
 cross flue up-take in. the steam space. Patented in the year 
 1866. 
 
 a patent, the fixing of vertical conical water 
 tubes in the fire boxes of marine boilers, and 
 cross flue up-takes in the steam spaces, as 
 illustrated by Fig. 583. 
 
 Now, if there is justice in the protection of 
 the vertical tube arrangement in this case, 
 how can the same law protect Steenstrup's 
 tube arrangement, as shown by Fig. 519, on 
 page 205 of this work ? 
 
 Another naval captain's ideas next appeared, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 584, relating to the 
 fixing of steam pipes in the combustion 
 
MAEINE BOILEES. 
 
 225 
 
 chambers of marine boilers for the purpose of, 
 by jets of steam, accelerating the draught. 
 
 Directly after that, Mr. Holt's improvements 
 made their appearance, which particularly 
 referred to the combustion chamber being 
 extended in the form of flues over the fire 
 boxes, which were formed with deep and 
 narrow vertical flame sheet spaces in the 
 
 Fig. 584. 
 
 Cochrane's Marine Boiler, in which the combustion chamber is 
 fitted with a steam pipe for the purpose of, by jets of steam, 
 accelerating the draught. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 585. 
 
 Holt's Marine Boiler, being a box shell containing fire boxes fitted 
 with deep and narrow sheet water and flame spaces in the 
 crowns, and combustion chamber flues above them. Patented 
 in the year 1866. 
 
 crowns, to increase the heating surfaces. The 
 illustration, Fig. 585, is an example of this 
 class; and Fig. 586 illustrates another boiler, 
 in which the combustion flues are similarly 
 formed as the fire boxes. Now, if we turn to 
 page 210 of this work, we shall see how far 
 Mr. Holt was anticipated. 
 
 Two arrangements of marine boilers, as 
 shown by Figs. 587 and 588, and explained 
 
 Fig. 586. 
 
 Holt's Marine Boiler, in which the fire boxes and combustion flues 
 are corrugated. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 587. 
 
 Lewis's Marine Boiler, being a curved shell containing an extended 
 combustion chamber formed with a wide flue and narrow water 
 spaces over the fire boxes, with vertical flame tubes connecting 
 the central fire box ; connecting vertical water tubes in the 
 flue, and a superheater in the up-take. Patented in the year 
 1866. 
 
 Ficr 588. 
 
 Lewis's Marine Boiler, fitted with side door openings in the mam 
 flue, and no superheater as in Fig. 587. Patented in the year 
 1866. 
 
 below them, were next introduced by a Mr. 
 Lewis, as shown above. 
 
 2 o 
 
226 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 In the year 1867, a Mr. Storey patented 
 a very peculiar arrangement of marine boiler, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 589, which consists of a 
 cylindrical .shell with a dome surrounded by a 
 flame casing that is surrounded also by a 
 
 Fig. 589. 
 
 have been limited, supposing it was ever 
 constructed and fitted in a ship. 
 
 A Mr. Mace appeared next as a boiler 
 
 Fig. 590. 
 
 Storey's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell with a dome and 
 two fire boxes and tubes enclosed by a flame space that is sur- 
 rounded by a water space casing. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 ' Fis;. 591. 
 
 Mace's Marine Boiler, being a s-et of sheet water spaces connected 
 to a semi-cylindrical steam chamber fitted with a central dome. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 592. 
 
 Fig. 59?. 
 
 Dunn's Marine Boiler, containing a down- 
 take combustion chamber fitted with 
 horizontal flame tubes below the fire box, 
 the crown of which is corrugated. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1867. 
 
 Dunn's Marine Boiler, containing a down- 
 take combustion chamber fitted with a 
 flue and sheet water spaces at the end 
 and below the fire grate. Patented in 
 the year 1867. 
 
 Dunn's Marine Boiler, containing a 
 down-take combustion chamber fitted 
 with horizontal and vertical water 
 tubes. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 water casing which contains feed water ; this 
 combination forms a complicated arrange- 
 ment, so much so, indeed, that its use must 
 
 improver, with his arrangement, as shown by 
 Fig. 590, which consists of a set of sheet 
 water spaces properly stayed, but not illus- 
 
MAIIINE BOILERS. 
 
 227 
 
 trated as such hung over the fire grate from 
 a semi-circular steam chamber that is fitted 
 with a central dome. 
 
 The flame, after passing between the spaces, 
 surrounds the upper part of the boiler, and 
 then proceeds up the chimney. The principle 
 of this arrangement is that the water and 
 flame spaces are equally divided, and thereby 
 the steam is generated. 
 
 Mr. Dunn's three arrangements of down- 
 take combustion chambers, fitted with tubes 
 and water spaces, next appeared, as illustrated 
 by Figs. 591 to 593. 
 
 The main feature in those arrangements is, 
 that the stoking foot plates are much higher 
 from the keel of the ship than in ordinary 
 arrangements of marine boilers ; the advan- 
 tage of which is, that the fires will not be as 
 soon quenched by water flooding the stoking 
 room when the ship is " under steam." 
 
 Mr. Holt's ideas being extensive, he next 
 brought forth three arrangements of sheet 
 flues for marine boilers, as shown by Figs. 594 
 to 596, and explained beneath them. 
 
 Mr. Kendrick next put in an appearance 
 again, and this time, to be more experimental, 
 he introduced water spaces in the combustion 
 chamber and also over the fire boxes, together 
 with tubes, in marine boilers, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 597 on the next page. 
 
 The ensuing year, 1868, commenced, and 
 shortly after a Mr. Allibon endeavoured to 
 show the world his abilities as a boiler inventor, 
 according to the arrangement illustrated by 
 Fig. 598, which is a cylindrical shell contain- 
 ing a water-spaced fire box surrounded by a 
 flame space ; the box is fitted directly over 
 the fire grate, with a deep water pot that is 
 
 connected by horizontal and vertical tubes to 
 the water space enclosing the fire box ; the 
 only worthy feature in this boiler is, that it 
 
 Fiz. 594 
 
 Holt's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell fitted with angular 
 sheet flues, situated horizontally over the fire boxes, with angular 
 tube' plates. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 595. 
 
 Holt's Marine Boiler, being a square shell containing sheet flues, 
 situated horizontally over the tjre boxes, with angular tube 
 plates. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Holt's Marine Boiler, being a box shell containing vertical sheet 
 flues, situated at an angle over the fire boxes, with angular 
 flue plates. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 can be easily constructed, but its economical 
 working after is rather doubtful. 
 
 2 G 2 
 
228 
 
 MA.EINE BOILEES. 
 
 A Mr. Whittle's marine boiler next ap- 
 peared, as illustrated by Fig. 599 ; the shape 
 of the shell and the arrangement of the 
 internal parts are as general, but the patent 
 consists of fixing plates at the sides of the 
 fire boxes and extending them above the 
 tubes or sheet flues, for the purpose of in- 
 creasing the circulation of the water and 
 heat to generate the steam quicker. 
 
 A French engineer, named Bezy, next 
 brought forward an ordinary shell fitted with 
 
 Fig. 597. 
 
 Keudrick's Marine Boiler, being a 
 box shell in which the com- 
 bustion chamber is fitted with 
 water spaces, and a similar set 
 with tubes over the fire boxes. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 horizontal water tubes over the fire box for 
 a patent, as illustrated by Fig. 600, but water 
 tubes had been patented in the year 1852, as 
 shown by Fig. 540, on p. 212 of this work. 
 
 It will be apparent that the previous 
 examples of marine boilers we have illustrated 
 in this chapter are compound in form inter- 
 nally, but we introduce to notice next a real 
 homogeneous-formed boiler, invented and 
 
 patented by Mr. Hawthorn, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 601. 
 
 Fig. 598. 
 
 Allibon's Vertical Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell con- 
 taining a cylindrical fire box having a water " pot " over the 
 fire grate and a flame space around the fire box. Patented in. 
 the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 599. 
 
 Whittle's Marine Boiler, fitted with circulating plates at the sides 
 of the fire boxes, and extending them above the tubes. Patented 
 in the year 1868. 
 
 The shell is cylindrical and contains two 
 internal fire boxes, as shown, fitted with bars 
 
MAEINE BOILERS. 
 
 229 
 
 and fire bridges. Both those boxes communi- 
 cate at the back end with a flame chamber, 
 subdivided by the fire-brick wall situated 
 
 Fig. 600. 
 
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 Bezy's Marine Boiler, fitted with horizontal water tubes over the 
 fire box. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 boiler, and pass at the back end into a back 
 chamber communicating with the two smaller 
 return flues, situated under the fire boxes. 
 Those two flues cause the flame to traverse a 
 third time the length of the boiler, and open 
 at their front ends into the up-take there 
 situated. 
 
 The ash pits are formed at the sides of the 
 boiler with cylindrical air pipes, communicating 
 with the bottom of the furnaces, and the entire 
 set of water tubes fitted are cylindrical also. 
 
 The next example, shown by Fig. 602 
 invented and patented by a Mr. Mordue is, 
 in the main, cylindrical also ; the arrange- 
 
 Fiz. 601 
 
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 UNIVERSITl 
 
 CROSS SECTION Oil LINE E.F SECTIONAL PLAN Oil LINEC-H CROSS SECTION ON LINEl.K 
 
 Hawthorn's Cylindrical Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell fitted with cylindrical fire 
 boxes, combustion chambers, return flues, and water tubes. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 opposite the centre line of the middle flue, 
 which is on the same horizontal line as the 
 centre of the boiler and of the two fire boxes, 
 and returns towards the front of the boiler, 
 where it communicates with the front flame 
 chamber that opens into the bottom or second 
 flue, that causes the flame to again traverse 
 the greater portion of the length of the 
 
 ment being that four cylindrical shells contain 
 in each a fire box of a smaller diameter that 
 is connected to a combustion chamber cen- 
 trally situated ; and that each shell is attached 
 by short vertical tubes to a large cylindrical 
 main shell that contains the combustion 
 chamber, and that two sets of small flame 
 tubes lead to an outside smoke box at each 
 
230 
 
 MAEINE BOILEES. 
 
 end that is connected by a horizontal cylin- 
 drical flue inside the main shell to the 
 
 an arrangement of marine hoiler, as shown by 
 Fig. 604, which is a cylindrical shell fitted 
 
 Fig. 602. 
 
 Mordue's Combined Marine Boiler, consisting of four fire boxes in connection with one 
 combustion chamber that is situated between two sets of small flame tubes that lead to 
 the smoke box at each end that are connected by an internal flue up-take to the chimney. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 603. 
 
 Howard's Marine Tube Boiler, composed of horizontal tubes connected to .flat water chambers. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 chimney, which is situated at the centre of the 
 main shell on the top. 
 
 In the year 1869, Mr. Howard introduced 
 a marine tube boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 603, 
 the arrangement of which is that horizontal 
 tubes are connected to a flat water chamber, 
 and, to promote a rapid circulation of heat 
 and water, each water tube is fitted with an 
 internal tube, and the steam tubes, situated 
 above, are fitted with longitudinal plates 
 connected to the chamber ; this structure 
 is mounted by cylindrical steam chambers 
 and a chimney in the centre of their posi- 
 tions. 
 
 After Howard, came a Mr. Crawford with 
 
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 Crawford's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell fitted centrally 
 with flame tubes, and under with water " legs," between the 
 fire grates, with a mud pocket. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 with flame tubes, and connected to the under 
 part of the shell are water " legs " that divide 
 
MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 231 
 
 the grate, under which is a mud pocket con- 
 nected by the legs to the shell. 
 
 Crawford also introduced a duplicate ar- 
 rangement with one combustion chamber, as 
 shown by Fig. 605. 
 
 A Mr. Bennett next introduced his arrange- 
 ments of marine boilers, as illustrated by 
 
 Fig. 605. 
 
 Crawford's Marine Boilers, being a twin arrangement with one 
 combustion chamber. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 606. 
 
 Bennett's Marine Boiler, being a curved-end cylindrical shell con- 
 taining a combustion chamber fitted with vertical water tubes 
 and a central water space fitted with cross flame tubes. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1869. 
 
 Figs. GOG and 607, and explained below 
 them. 
 
 An arrangement of flame boxes and short 
 tubes through water spaces was next brought 
 forth by a Mr. Miller, as shown by Fig. 608, 
 to obstruct the flame during its passage from 
 
 the grate to the up-take, which also did 
 a Mr. Fraser aim at doing, as shown by 
 Fig. 609, arid explained under it. 
 
 Fig. 607. 
 
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 Bennett's Marine Boiler, being a curved-end cylindrical shell con- 
 taining a flue combustion chamber below the fire boxes fitted 
 with vertical flame tubes and an internal up-take. Patented 
 
 in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 608. 
 
 Miller's Marine Boiler, in which the crown of the fire box and the 
 flame passage above it are fitted with water spaces, flame boxes, 
 and flame tubes. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 609. 
 
 Fraser's Marine boiler, in which the vertical water tubes are cor- 
 
 rugated. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Passing to the next burst of talent, we 
 have only one example of marine boiler 
 
232 
 
 MAEINE BOILEES. 
 
 worthy of recording in the year 1870, and 
 that relates to the introduction of " cups " in 
 the crown and sides of the fire box, as illus- 
 trated by Fig. 610. 
 
 Early in the next year, 1871, a Mr. Brough's 
 ideas on boilers appeared, as shown by Fig. 
 611, which illustrates an arrangement of four 
 boilers; each boiler is fitted with horizontal 
 flame tubes, and placed at a sufficient distance 
 apart from one another for fire grates to be 
 placed between them, the several sections are 
 also connected to one another at top and 
 bottom by tubes, and thus they are combined 
 together to act as one large boiler. 
 
 Fig. 610. 
 
 Lee's Marine Boiler, in which the crown and sides of the fire boxes 
 are fitted with " cups." Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Above each fire grate is placed an arch of 
 fire brick, and the products of combustion 
 from the fires in the fire grates pass through 
 the horizontal tubes which are below the 
 arches into a smoke box on the exterior of 
 each of these sections, and from those smoke 
 boxes they pass back through the horizontal 
 tubes which are above the arches into a 
 central smoke box fitted with a chimney. 
 
 A Mr. Ashton followed Brough, also with 
 a vertical boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 612 ; 
 the shell is cylindrical, with a dome top, 
 
 and the fire boxes are the same shape, with 
 a vertical flame flue tube on the crown of each 
 that leads into a combustion chamber fitted 
 with vertical water tubes. The flame, after 
 passing amongst those tubes issues through 
 the side opening into the chimney. This 
 
 Brough's Marine Boiler, being a group of four egg-end square 
 shells, fitted with cross flame tubes. Patented in the year 
 1871. 
 
 boiler is also fitted with a priming pipe, 
 through which the steam passes before enter- 
 ing the main steam engine pipe. 
 
 A Mr. (Brighton's boiler is next on the list 
 
MAEINE BOILERS. 
 
 233 
 
 of inventors' productions, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 613. This is a cylindrical shell contain- 
 ing three fire boxes, two return flues, and a 
 set of return tubes over the fire boxes. 
 
 Fig. 612. 
 
 Ashton's Vertical Mariue boiler, being a cylindrical shell contain- 
 ing four dome-crown tire boxes, above which is a combustion 
 chamber titled with vertical water tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1871. 
 
 Crightoa's Mariue boiler, being a cylindrical shell containing 
 three fire boxes, two return side Hues, and a set of return flame 
 tubes above the fire boxes. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 The two outside fire boxes are fitted with 
 
 grates for the burning of coal, the flame 
 from which passes through to a combustion 
 chamber at the end of the boiler, which com- 
 bustion chamber is separated from the main 
 combustion chamber of the centre fire box by 
 a thick division of fire clay, which, when 
 thoroughly heated, will add to the combustion 
 of the smoke. The flame then returns by two 
 tube flues through the boiler to the central fire 
 box, whose area is equal to the areas of the two 
 outer boxes. The central fire box is intended 
 to be fired with small quantities of coal and 
 the small cinders which fall through the fire- 
 bars of the two outside fire boxes, so as to keep 
 a hot fire without much smoke. The flues of 
 
 Fig. 614. 
 
 Erard's Marine Boiler, being a cylindrical shell fitted with water 
 tubes in the fire box and return flame flue tubes around the 
 crown. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 the two outer fire boxes return through the 
 boiler, and are conducted to the central 
 fire box, and so arranged as to supply above 
 or below the fire bars of the centre fire box 
 the heated gases and smoke, if unconsumed 
 from the outer fire boxes. 
 
 The object of this arrangement is, that the 
 central fire -box should be supplied with the 
 heated air and unconsumed smoke of the two 
 side boxes only, thereby creating greater 
 heat with less consumption of fuel, and more 
 perfect combustion of coal and gases, which 
 by the more general arrangement are now 
 
 2 H 
 
234 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 wasted and lost by the too direct and rapid 
 communication with the funnel. 
 
 Return flue tubes were not first introduced 
 by Crighton, because Erard anticipated him, 
 in the year 1853, as shown by Fig. 614. The 
 
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 ooooooooooV 
 
 
 . 
 
 o.ooo'ooooooooo 
 
 rOOQOO.OOO-OOOOO 
 OTOOO OOOOOO OOO 
 
 hoooo oooo o oooo 
 :oTpo,o~o:oo:o:o;o.oo.o 
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 fo'ooooooo-ooooo 
 
 Crosland's Marine Boiler, containing four fire boxes, above which 
 are a set of return tubes, and above those another set to be 
 used as a superheater. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 boilers by a French engineer, named Monteby, 
 in the year 1855, as shown by Fig. 616 : in 
 this case the superheater was in the flue. 
 About that period, also, water tube marine 
 boilers were rather popular, and two arrange- 
 ments were introdiiced by a Mr. MacFarlane, 
 as illustrated by Figs. 617 and 618. 
 
 Returning to the events of the year 
 
 Fig. 617. 
 
 MacKarlane's Marine Boiler, containing vertical oval water tubes 
 and an inside smoke box. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 616. 
 
 Monteby's Marine Boiler, containing tubes and a return flue in which is a coil-tube 
 superheater. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 arrangement of fire boxes and grates above 
 each other in marine boilers were also patented 
 as far back as the year 1856, by a Mr. Crosland, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 615. And flues in com- 
 bination with tubes were arranged in marine 
 
 1871, we notice next that Mr. Howard im- 
 proved on his tube boiler, shown by Fig. 
 603, on page 230 of this work, and the im- 
 provement is illustrated by Fig. 619, con- 
 sisting of cross tubes, secured by stay bolts 
 
MAKINE BOILEES. 
 
 235 
 
 and nuts, and fitted with an internal circu- 
 lating plate at the front end. 
 
 A Mr. Bartlett also, about the same time, 
 introduced a marine tube boiler, as shown by 
 Fig. 620, in which the invention is, that the 
 tubes are connected at right angles near 
 
 Fig. 618. 
 
 MacFarlane's Marine Boiler, containing vertical water tubes and 
 an outside smoke box. Patented in the year 1854. . 
 
 Fi;. 619. 
 
 Howard's Marine Tube Boiler, in which the cross tubes are secured 
 by stay bolts and nuts. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 each end by short small tubes screwed into 
 them, and fitted with screwed caps at the 
 extremities. 
 
 A Frenchman's ideas on marine boilers 
 next appeared, and very contrary they were 
 
 too ; because, in the first place, the inventor 
 put the fire box near the base of the boiler 
 
 Fig. 620. 
 
 Burtlett's Marine Tube Boiler, in which the tubes are capped with 
 screwed caps at each end, and connected together at right angles 
 by short screw tubes. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 621. 
 
 Laharpe's Marine Boiler, in which the fire box is near the base of 
 the shell, and the tubes are contained in a box through which 
 the flame ascends. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 622. 
 
 Laharpe's Marine Boiler, in which the fire box is near the roof of 
 the shell, and the tubes are contained in a box through which 
 the fiame descends. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 shell, and next he put it near the roof, as 
 illustrated by Figs. 621 and 622. 
 
 2 H 2 
 
236 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 A Mr. Watt finished the year 1871, as far 
 as he was concerned, with boiler inventions, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 623, the arrangement 
 of which is, that a series of inclined water 
 tubes are placed over the fire grate, with 
 
 The outer plates of the chambers are formed 
 with doors to allow the ends of any of the 
 tubes to be easily reached, examined, and any 
 one removed and another put in its place 
 without disturbing the others. The outer 
 
 Fig. 623. 
 
 O.OOO 
 
 oooooo'oa 
 0000.001 
 
 000000.00:00 
 "OO.OOOOOO.Oii 
 OO.OOOOO'O'O.O 
 ODOOOOOO.OO 
 
 Watt's Marine Boiler, being a combination of two sets of water tubes, directly over the 
 fire grates, with flat water chambers that are connected to six steam chambers situated 
 above. Patented in the vear 1871. 
 
 sufficient space between them to allow the 
 flames and heating gases to circulate freely. 
 Those tubes are connected at their ends to 
 two chambers in communication with the 
 cylindrical steam spaces situated above. 
 
 plates and the tube plates are stayed by stay 
 bolts, which pass through the former and 
 screw into the latter, being as sensible an 
 arrangement as any we have previously 
 illustrated in this chapter. 
 
LIQUID FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 237 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 LIQUID FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 LIQUID fuel consists of any liquid containing 
 carbon and hydrogen enough in it to permit 
 combustion. 
 
 Liquid fuel boilers refer mostly to the fire 
 boxes in which the usual coal or wood fire 
 
 Fig. 624. 
 
 Viney's Liquid Fuel Boiler, being a cylindrical shell containing a 
 series of concentric circular conical flues, at the bottom of which 
 is an oil chamber having a perforated bottom for the admission 
 of air. Patented in the year 1822. 
 
 grate is assisted or displaced by an apparatus 
 suitable for the burning of oil or any other 
 combustible liquid. 
 
 In the year 1822, a Colonel Viney patented 
 
 an arrangement of boiler as illustrated by 
 Fig. 624. This is a cylindrical shell contain- 
 ing a series of concentric circular conical flues, 
 at the bottom of which is an oil chamber 
 having a perforated bottom for the admission 
 of air, but how the supply of the liquid fuel is 
 regulated to permit the admission of the air is 
 not explained by the inventor. We presume, 
 however, that he had not forgotten it, because 
 he evidently, from the arrangement of his 
 boiler, understood the principles of combustion. 
 
 Fig. 625. 
 
 Biddle's Liquid Fuel Land Boiler, in which the fire box is fitted 
 with two dish-shaped brick pans to contain coal, on which the 
 oil flows through the fuel feed trough above. Patented in the 
 year 1862. 
 
 Strange to relate, nothing worthy of record 
 in these pages occurred again relating to 
 liquid fuel boilers until the year 1862 being 
 an interval of forty years when a Mr. Biddle 
 introduced his ideas as to what a liquid fuel 
 boiler should be, which is illustrated by 
 Fig. 625. The bottom of the fire box is solid, 
 
238 
 
 LIQUID FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 with brick dish-shaped pans to contain coals. 
 To ignite the fuel first, the oil passes up 
 through the central pipe between the pans, 
 and afterwards the further supply of oil is 
 from the feed trough situated above. 
 
 The following year, 1863, commenced, and 
 at the same time the liquid fuel apparatus, by 
 a Mr. Schmidt, was patented, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 626, which is an arrangement of a 
 
 Fig. 626. 
 
 proper height, say a few inches from the top, 
 the oil is then admitted through the pipe, and 
 rising through the water floats on its surface : 
 all that is then necessary is to ignite the oil, 
 which burns with intense heat and a large 
 amount of flame, and by properly regulating 
 the admission of air, the smoke is almost 
 entirely consumed. In this manner, states 
 Mr. Schmidt, not only carbon oil, but other 
 
 Fig. 627. 
 
 Schmidt's Liquid Fuel Land Boiler, under which the oil is ignited 
 on the surface of water contained in an iron box with brick 
 sides above the water line where the oil is burning. Patented 
 in the year 1863. 
 
 Schmidt's Liquid Fuel Marine Boiler, under which the oil and 
 water is contained in a swivel hung box having projecting splash 
 ribs at the insides. Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 628. 
 
 Richardson's Liquid Fuel Apparatus, consisting of oil channels, packed with porous material, 
 and water under the oil channel, with air and vapour pipes to assist combustion. Patented 
 in the year 1864. 
 
 cast-iron box with brick sides above the iron ; 
 water is contained in the iron part of the box 
 and oil in the brick part ; this is fixed under 
 the boiler at the front end for stationary land 
 boilers ; but for marine boilers, the box is 
 hung on swivel lugs ; and in other cases a 
 compass box attachment is preferred, as illus- 
 trated by Fig. 627. 
 
 The operation of the apparatus is this : 
 The box being supplied with water to the 
 
 fluids rich in carbon, of less specific gravity 
 than water, and which will not mix with it, 
 may be burned as fuel, for which purpose a 
 fluid composed of the pitchy residuum from the 
 distillation of carbon and coal oils dissolved 
 in benzole forms a suitable material. 
 
 In the year 1864, Mr. Richardson intro- 
 duced his idea on liquid fuel apparatus, 
 and the arrangement of it is illustrated by 
 Fig. 628. 
 
LIQUID FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 239 
 
 The oil is contained in four narrow chan- 
 nels packed at the top with a suitable porous 
 material ; below those channels are water 
 chambers filled from the boiler with hot water 
 and steam to heat the oil before ignition, as 
 well as to prevent the apparatus from burning. 
 
 The working of this apparatus is as fol- 
 lows : Each oil channel is packed properly 
 with porous material as shown, the oil enters 
 quickly, ascends, and completely soddens the 
 porous material, which soon shows an oily 
 surface ; when paper pressed upon it becomes 
 saturated, it can be lighted, the oil on the 
 surface vaporizes as soon as it becomes warm, 
 the vapour takes fire, and will continue to 
 
 boiler circulates through the grate and returns. 
 There is a shield also to prevent the air and 
 vapour tubes becoming too hot ; this shield is 
 shown in the sectional elevation. 
 
 The porous material extends at intervals to 
 the bottom of the oil chambers ; it sucks up 
 the oil, otherwise the latter would boil and 
 produce too much vapour, which would escape 
 to the vapour tube. 
 
 The kind of porous material to be used, its 
 thickness and depth, whether it should be of 
 one, two, or more sorts, must be according to 
 the work required and to the nature of the 
 oil. There are several kinds of porous mate- 
 rial suitable : thin slices or blocks of porous 
 
 629. 
 
 Richardson's Liquid Fuel Apparatus, fitted in the flue tube of a Cornish boiler. Patented in 
 
 the year 1864. 
 
 burn as long as there is any oil in the 
 chambers ; if sufficiently hard the porous 
 material remains uninjured ; the flame is 
 continued at will by admitting the oil. 
 
 The vapour chamber is placed in the hot- 
 test part of the grate ; it collects and forms 
 vapour ; this is conducted to a perforated 
 tube and allowed to escape ; taking fire from 
 the flame of the grate, it gives additional 
 heat and tends to burn the smoke ; air is 
 admitted to aid the operation. 
 
 To prevent the grate getting too hot, as 
 well as to obtain all the heat given out by 
 the combustion of the oil, the water from the 
 
 brick, pumice stone, lime, charcoal, or moulded 
 carbon, bath brick, natural or artificial porous 
 stone, loam, or sand core, as used in foundries, 
 lime, charcoal, or such like in powder, either 
 placed upon or between solids, sponge when 
 placed below other porous material ; the 
 thinner and more open the material, the 
 fiercer the combustion and the greater the 
 smoke; mineral salt with a thin top of 
 moulded carbon or charcoal makes a good 
 packing, but the salt by itself soon burns to 
 cinder and will not last, according to Mr. 
 Richardson's statement. 
 
 The illustration, Fig. fi29, shows the appli- 
 
 \ 
 
240 
 
 LIQUID FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 cation of this invention in the ordinary 
 Cornish boiler. 
 
 In the ensuing year, 1865, a Mr. Sim con- 
 sidered that the best way to use liquid fuel 
 was to burn it in combination with coal, and 
 accordingly he arranged and patented a 
 tubular retort, as shown by Fig. 630, as 
 adapted for a land boiler. 
 
 The retort shown in transverse section is 
 
 column of oil in the body of the pipe serves 
 to maintain an equilibrium of pressure of the 
 gas in the interior of the retort. The front 
 portion of the retort is moveable, for the 
 purpose of access being obtained into the 
 interior of the retort in case such may at any 
 time be required. The upper part of the 
 inner surface of the retort has a flange formed 
 around it, by which the oil is prevented from 
 
 Fig. 630. 
 
 Sim's Liquid Fuel Tubular Retort Apparatus, fitted in combination with the ordinary coal 
 fire grate in a land stationary tube boiler. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 631. 
 
 8OOO OOOO 
 
 OOOCi OOCOOO 
 
 OOOOOO= OOOCOiC 
 
 OOOOOO OQOOOIO 
 
 Sim's Liquid JFuel Tubular Retort Apparatus, fitted in combination with the ordinary 
 coal fire grates in a marine boiler. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 of a horse-shoe form, the interior hollow part- 
 containing the coal fire by means of which 
 the oil is gassificd. The oil is admitted 
 through the front end of the retort by means 
 of the pipe, a cistern containing the oil being 
 suspended over the pipe, and the oil is 
 allowed to fall therefrom into the recess ; the 
 
 running to other parts of the retort. The 
 outer surface of the retort is perforated with 
 several holes, into which " Bunsen " burners 
 are fitted, and an air-tight shield is fitted all 
 round the retort, so that no more cold air 
 than is necessary shall be admitted, the 
 quantity of air being at any time regulated 
 
LIQUID FUEL BOILERS. 
 
 241 
 
 by opening the doors in the front of the 
 furnace ; and a marine boiler, similarly fitted, 
 is shown by Fig. 631. 
 
 But the main difference in the fire box 
 from that generally used is shown by Fig. 
 632, which illustrates a sectional elevation of 
 a locomotive boiler fitted according to Sim's 
 patent, and the mode of operating with this 
 modification is as follows : A small quantity 
 
 that a thick layer of oil may never be present 
 in the pan. Immediately upon the gassifi- 
 cation of the oil, the gas itself rises through 
 the central tube, thence into the side tubes 
 between the first and second water spaces ; 
 these tubes being perforated, the gas issues 
 through the openings and ignites in the 
 flame space, and from there passes into the 
 tubes beyond. 
 
 Fig. 632. 
 
 Sim's Liquid Fuel Pan and Tube Apparatus, fitted in a locomotive boiler in combination 
 with the ordinary coal fire grate iu the fire box, having a flame space around it in 
 which are oil tubes connecting and supporting the pan over the fire grate. Patented 
 in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 633. 
 
 Sim's Liquid Fuel Tubular Boiler, in which the fire box is fitted with a brick retort 
 over the ordinary fire grate, which is removed after ignition occurs, and a perforated 
 brick slab put in its place. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 of coal being ignited upon the fire bars, the 
 oil pan becomes speedily heated, and when 
 having attained a high heat, the oil to be 
 converted into gas is admitted therein, from a 
 reservoir, preferably in a small continuous 
 stream or in drops, so that it may be 
 vaporized as soon as admitted, and, further, 
 
 Mr. Sim, however wise he might have 
 deemed himself in amalgamating coal and oil 
 for combustion, very soon after discovered his 
 error, and introduced the arrangement illus- 
 trated by Fig. 633, which consists of a tubular 
 brick retort that is fed with two horizontal 
 pipes in the fire box under the flat bottom of 
 
 2 i 
 
242 
 
 LIQUID FUEL BOILEKS. 
 
 the oil chamber, and an ordinary fire grate 
 below, which, when the fuel is first ignited, is 
 removed, and a perforated brick slab put in 
 its place, and the steam raised by liquid fuel 
 only during the working of the boiler. 
 
 Next appeared the arrangement of a Mr. 
 Wise, which consists of a " step " slab grate 
 
 Fig. 634. 
 
 Wise's Liquid Fuel " Step " Slab Grate, raised at the sides of the 
 fire box. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 635. 
 
 Wise's Liquid Fuel " Step " Slab Grate, raised at the centre of the 
 fire box. Patented in the year 1885. 
 
 Fig. 636. 
 
 Wise's Liquid Fuel " Step " Slab Grate, raised across the fire box 
 towards the back end. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 for the liquid fuel to burn on, by being 
 injected on the slabs by steam from the boiler ; 
 three examples of Mr. Wise's conception are 
 illustrated by Figs. 634 to 636. 
 
 The injector is illustrated in sectional eleva- 
 tion by Fig. 637, and the arrangement of the 
 entire fittings by Fig. 638. 
 
 Nothing else appeared, to warrant notice 
 in this chapter, until the year 1866, when a 
 Mr. Lees considered that liquid fuel should 
 be dispersed on red hot brick or metal balls 
 to promote combustion which, in fact, was 
 returning to Richardson's principles, if not 
 his arrangement as illustrated by Fig. 639. 
 
 The mode of operation is as follows : The 
 trough being empty, the stop-cock is opened 
 
 Fig. 637. 
 
 Wise's Liquid Fuel Injector, in connection with his " step " slab 
 grates. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Wise's arrangement of pipes, injectors, and " step " slab grate, for 
 burning liquid fuel. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 and the petroleum or other hydrocarbon runs 
 down the pipe into the trough. The smallest 
 of the balls are then placed at the bottom of 
 the trough through the door, after being 
 made sufficiently hot to cause the petroleum 
 or other hydrocarbon used to ignite ; hollow 
 and perforated balls of increasing diameters 
 are next placed in layers in the trough until 
 it is filled ; the door being now closed, the air 
 
LIQUID FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 243 
 
 required for combustion, and supplied through 
 the holes, is drawn under the bottom edge of 
 the baffle plate, and thereby brought in con- 
 tact with the external and internal surfaces of 
 the hollow balls, which, becoming red hot, 
 effect the perfect combustion of the gases as 
 they are evolved. 
 
 Early in the year 1867, a Mr. Barff patented 
 the apparatus for burning liquid fuel as 
 illustrated by Fig. 640, which is an arrange- 
 ment of a cylindrical retort for using steam 
 
 Before starting the apparatus, a small 
 quantity of oil or liquid hydrocarbon is 
 poured upon the coke and ignited, with a 
 view to raising the retort to the desired 
 temperature for vaporising the liquid hydro- 
 carbon. During this period, that is to say, 
 before the steam has been raised in the boiler, 
 air is injected into the retort by using a 
 suitable pipe for that purpose, and the air jet 
 supplies the necessary oxygen to burn the 
 hydrocarbon in that case. 
 
 Fig. 639. 
 
 Lees' Liquid Fuel Boiler, in which the heat is assisted by brick or metal balls being 
 piled in the fire box. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 640. 
 
 BarfFs Liquid Fuel Boiler, in which the apparatus consists of a cylindrical retort, below 
 which is a case containing an oil pipe that is surrounded by coke, and two side 
 burners are connected to this pipe also. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 and oil, and below it is the oil or burner pipe 
 and charcoal case. 
 
 The burner is enclosed in the case, the two 
 sides of which are inclined so as to contract 
 the open mouth. In this case coke or other 
 suitable porous material is disposed on each 
 side of the burner, and a number of air holes 
 along the lower part of the case are just 
 above the surface of the coke for the purpose 
 of combustion. 
 
 When steam has been generated the air jet 
 is shut off, and a jet of steam is introduced 
 through the nozzle or steam jet pipe, which 
 induces the hydrocarbon and blows it in the 
 form of spray into and along the retort. 
 This mixture of steam, hydrocarbon, and 
 vapour thus generated passes along the tube 
 and enters the burner, whence it issues 
 through the orifices, and is ignited by the 
 flame from the saturated coke on each side of 
 
 2 i 2 
 
244 
 
 LIQUID FUEL BOILERS. 
 
 the burner, when the apparatus thus continues 
 in operation so long as steam and oil are 
 supplied. 
 
 In conjunction with the central burner are 
 two argand side burners communicating with 
 the retort by the branch pipes, the air being 
 induced through the central opening in these 
 burners by the passage of the inflammable 
 vapour through the annular space or opening 
 of the burner. Any number of burners may 
 obviously be used in connection with one 
 retort, according to the capacity of such 
 retort and size of the boiler. 
 
 When once properly started, the case with 
 the porous material has fulfilled its function ; 
 but as its removal would in most cases be 
 inconvenient, it may be allowed to remain. 
 Its chief use is to generate sufficient heat on 
 first starting the apparatus to heat the retort 
 and generate steam. 
 
 A Mr. Dorsett's apparatus for preparing 
 and burning liquid fuel next appeared, in the 
 year 1868, as illustrated by Fig. 641, which 
 shows a section of a waggon or cylindrical 
 steam boiler, connected by a pipe to an oil 
 boiler that is inserted in a tank containing 
 the raw oil, that is vaporised in this boiler 
 for the purpose of raising steam in the larger 
 boiler ; and in the event of the pressure being 
 too great in the oil boiler, a condenser is 
 provided at the side with a coil and water 
 in it. 
 
 The action of the apparatus is as follows : 
 The creosote or mineral oil is pumped into 
 the oil boiler through the opening in the side 
 by means of the hand force pump. A small 
 quantity of lighted fuel is placed on the grate 
 in the oil boiler, and the fire is kept up 
 
 therein till the vapour given off from the 
 mineral oil has arrived at a sufficiently high 
 pressure for the purpose required. The valve 
 on the tube near the pump is then opened, 
 and the vapour issues from the perforations 
 in the tube in the fire box, and is ignited by 
 the fire beneath. The pressure can then be 
 maintained in the boiler by means of the 
 ignited vapour alone without the addition of 
 any more fuel. 
 
 The valve on the horizontal vapour pipe is 
 next opened, and the vapour rushes through 
 
 Fig. 641. 
 
 STKAM 1SOILER. OIL JKJILKB. C'OSDKNSEB. 
 
 Dorsett's Liquid Fuel Apparatus, being a small boiler inserted in 
 an oil tank, fitted with a feed hand pump and vapour pipe 
 that forms the burner in the fire box ; this boiler boils the oil, 
 and its vapour is used to generate steam in tlie larger boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 the perforations in the tube, where it is also 
 ignited upon or under the grate of the furnace 
 of the steam boiler. 
 
 In the event of there being too high a 
 pressure a condenser may be used, as shown ; 
 but, under ordinary circumstances, it is only 
 necessary to check the issue of the vapour 
 from the boiler to the tube that serves to 
 heat the said boiler or generator. 
 . The next liquid fuel boiler and preparing 
 
LIQUID FUEL BOILERS. 
 
 245 
 
 apparatus that we notice is illustrated by 
 Fig. 642, being the invention of a Mr. Stevens, 
 an American, the arrangement of which is, 
 that over the fire grate is arranged a steam 
 boiler with flues passing through it for the 
 flame from the fire to pass through. Over 
 the boiler is a mixing chamber separated 
 from the boiler by a flue space, for the 
 purpose of dry-heating the vapours that are 
 to be mixed in the chamber ; and through 
 
 Fig. 642. 
 
 Stevens' Liquid Fuel Preparing Apparatus and Boiler, consisting 
 of a retort steam boiler and various oil chambers. Patented in 
 the year 1868. 
 
 the chamber passes the flue pipe, which passes 
 from thence to the chimney. A pipe leads 
 from the top or steam space in the boiler up 
 into the mixing chamber for the passage of 
 the steam into the chamber, and through 
 another pipe a hydrocarbon vapour is forced. 
 These gases are then mixed, and to some 
 
 extent dried by contact with the fire-heated 
 surfaces in the mixing chamber, from which 
 the mingled vapours of the hydrocarbon and 
 hydro-oxygen steam are taken through a 
 pipe into a superheater, which is a closed 
 vessel placed in the smoke box. 
 
 From the superheater the mixed and dry 
 vapours may be taken off through a pipe to 
 the place where they are to be afterwards 
 used or further treated as follows : If the 
 object be to distil the hydrocarbon in order to 
 render it pure as a commercial article, then it 
 may be taken to a condensing apparatus of 
 any suitable well-known kind and construc- 
 tion through a pipe and condensed, and the 
 water of condensation separated from the 
 hydrocarbon, when the latter will be found 
 to be perfectly pure and clear of all crude 
 matter. 
 
 If the mixed vapours are to be burned as a 
 fuel for generating steam, or for heating 
 purposes of any kind, they may be taken 
 directly from the pipe to the point of com- 
 bustion ; and it will be found highly advan- 
 tageous and economical to mix with the 
 vapours at or near the point or place of com- , 
 bustion, atmospheric air, which intensifies the 
 burning and heating properties. 
 
 Following Stevens, came a Mr. Lafone, 
 with two oil burners for liquid fuel : the first 
 burner is shown by Fig. 643, on the next 
 page, which is a box with recesses on the top 
 to contain the oil ; and the second burner is 
 shown by Fig. 644, on the next page, which is 
 a perforated plate for the oil to pass through. 
 
 A Mr. Weir next introduced a simple 
 apparatus for burning liquid fuel, as illus- 
 trated by Fig. 645, on the next page also. 
 
246 
 
 LIQUID FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 In practically carrying out this invention, a 
 shallow tray of sheet iron is fixed horizontally 
 in the fire box, and is covered or filled to a 
 depth of a few inches with iron borings. 
 
 Fig. 643. 
 
 J5L 
 
 Lafone's Liquid Fuel Boiler, the oil burner being a box with 
 recesses on the top and air holes, and the oil being contained in 
 the recesses. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 644. 
 
 Lafone's Liquid Fuel Boiler, the oil burner being a perforated 
 plate for the oil to rise through. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 645. 
 
 Weir's Liquid Fuel Marine Boiler, in which the burner is a cast- 
 iron tray containing iron borings and brick slabs, under which 
 is the oil feed pipe. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 The oil is led into the turnace from a tank 
 placed by preference at a slightly higher 
 level than the tray by a pipe, which passing 
 up through the tray bottom is jointed to the 
 
 middle of a horizontal pipe placed slightly 
 above the tray bottom, and having holes 
 perforated along its under side. This position 
 of the pipe, with the perforations on its under 
 side, is adopted as the least liable to have the 
 flow of oil interrupted by the borings. 
 
 A series of fire-brick slabs are placed across 
 the tray, being partly embedded in the borings, 
 and when they become intensely heated, serve 
 to insure the thorough ignition of the vapours 
 rising from the oil ; these slabs may be made 
 with a number of holes through them, to 
 promote the intermixing of the gases, vapours, 
 and air. 
 
 The oil entering by the pipe rises to the 
 
 Fig. 646. 
 
 
 Smith's Liquid Fuel Boiler, in which the fuel is injected by steam 
 on to brick slabs or coals. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 surface of the borings, which act as a kind of 
 wick for it, and it burns at and above that 
 surface, the air necessary for its combustion 
 entering by an aperture or apertures provided 
 in the fire door. If required, the inward 
 flow of the air may be increased by jets of 
 steam or otherwise, and water in minute jets 
 or spray may be thrown on the flames to 
 improve the combustion. 
 
 Next came a Mr. Smith, full of the idea of 
 injecting by steam, liquid fuel on to burn- 
 ing slabs of brick or coals, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 646, which, by the way, is illustrated 
 
LIQUID FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 247 
 
 also on page 242 of this work by Fig. 638, 
 being another example of the hard, careful 
 study and attention devoted to the interests 
 of patentees by their legal guardians at the 
 Patent Office. 
 
 After which a Mr. Sauvage's opinion on 
 liquid fuel boilers was published as a patent, 
 as shown by Fig. 647. 
 
 The arrangement is adapted to a locomotive 
 boiler, and the oil fuel is contained in a tank 
 placed either on the engine or tender, and 
 descends by the oil feed pipe. This pipe 
 forms two branches, each of which is provided 
 
 A casing and two brick bridges supported 
 by iron stays direct the first course of the 
 flame. The door of the fire box is opened 
 to facilitate the repair of the tubes, but it is 
 closed when the engine is running. 
 
 The lighting is effected by the aid of a few 
 lighted shavings the cocks being slightly 
 opened assisted by the draught of the ordi- 
 nary chimney. If it is required to get up 
 the pressure very quickly, a supplementary 
 draught is employed, produced by a jet of 
 steam from any boiler near, or by a jet of air 
 from a fan. In running the engine, the 
 
 Fig. 647. 
 
 
 
 >, 
 
 Sauvage's Liquid Fuel Locomotive Boiler, containing m the fire box, horizontal brick bridges to direct the course of the 
 flame arising from a grate composed of a series of vertical bars, on which the oil burns. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 with a cock to regulate the arrival of the oil 
 at both ends of the long distributing pipe, 
 which itself fulfils the function of a feeder. By 
 means of a screw handle a uniform flow is 
 obtained into the small pipes which distribute 
 the oil to the fire bars through the orifices. 
 The fire bars are vertical, with the top face 
 of each having a gutter formed along it to 
 contain and direct the oil. 
 
 The air necessary for the combustion passes 
 through the spaces between the bars, its 
 admission being regulated by means of a 
 valve or damper, the handle for actuating the 
 same being within reach of the driver. 
 
 natural admission of the air may also be 
 replaced by an air blast. 
 
 A French engineer, named Eavel, next 
 came into notice, in England, for his patent 
 of an arrangement of automatical liquid fuel 
 burning and feed water apparatus, as illus- 
 trated by Fig. 648, on the next page. 
 
 The boiler is composed of a single series 
 of coil pipes connected at the lower extremity 
 with a water casing, and at the upper end 
 to a steam chamber formed by the shell. 
 The water enters at the lower part of the 
 casing by the water feed pipe, and, after filling 
 it, flows into the lower end of the bottom coil, 
 
248 
 
 LIQUID FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 in which it rises, and then passes in the form 
 of steam by the central top tube into the 
 steam chamber. 
 
 The oil burner is placed directly beneath 
 the lowest coil, and the gases there evolved 
 are compelled to ascend through the cylin- 
 drical coil space, and then to descend be- 
 tween the exterior of the coils and the interior 
 
 Fig. 648. 
 
 Ravel's Liquid Fuel Coil Tube Boiler, in connection with a dome- 
 shaped fire box enclosed by a shell that is partially surrounded 
 by a flame space. The feed water is regulated by a weight and 
 lever gear, and the liquid fuel supply is regulated by plungers, 
 springs, and levers actuated by the pressure of the steam. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 of the water casing, to pass through the flarne 
 space which surrounds the shell and up the 
 chimney, not shown. 
 
 The water is regulated by an apparatus 
 that consists of a cylindrical vessel communi- 
 cating at its upper part with the steam 
 chamber, and at its lower part with the 
 
 bottom coiled pipe. In the vessel is a float 
 which rises and falls with the level of the 
 water which is the same in the coil as in the 
 vessel and is held in position by means of the 
 rod and lever, which opens or closes a valve 
 communicating by a tube with the feed pipe. 
 
 The oil burner shown in section in the 
 elevation is composed of concentric annular 
 rings placed in a cylindrical box constantly 
 filled with petroleum or other mineral oil ; and 
 in these rings are suitable porous wicks, which 
 dip into the oil, and between these spaces the 
 air can pass as well as through the central 
 opening. 
 
 The quantity of air supplied and conse- 
 quently the intensity of the combustion of the 
 oil are regulated by the extent of opening the 
 lamp damper, which is actuated automatically 
 by the increasing or decreasing pressure of 
 the steam, by means of an apparatus consisting 
 of a lever plunger, a spring plunger, and a 
 system of levers acting on the damper. The 
 under side of the lever plunger is in com- 
 munication with the steam chamber. The 
 spring plunger works in a box, to the side of 
 which is connected the oil supply pipe. When 
 the pressure in the boiler is normal, the lever 
 plunger is lowered, and the spring plunger 
 allows the petroleum to flow ; but if the pres- 
 sure increases, the flowing is reduced. 
 
 The yenr 1868 came to an end, and with 
 it was introduced a Mr. Spartali's arrangement 
 of pipes and chambers for injecting and burn- 
 ing liquid fuel in marine boilers, in which 
 was contained an auxiliary boiler under the 
 main fire box to commence the process of 
 combustion, as illustrated by Fig. 649. 
 
 Next came from Canada an appeal for our 
 
LIQUID FUEL BOILERS. 
 
 249 
 
 patent law protection by a Mr. Taylor, because 
 he bad thougbt out an arrangement of liquid 
 fuel burning apparatus, as shown by Fig. 650, 
 
 Fig. 649. 
 
 Spartali's Liquid Fuel Marine Boiler, in which the fuel is injected 
 by steam on to porous slabs of brick or other suitable material, 
 and an auxiliary boiler, to commence the process of combustion, 
 is fitted below the main fire box. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 by Fig. 652, on the next page, which is the 
 invention of a Mr. Cutler. 
 
 The boiler is cylindrical, having a dome- 
 shaped top, and is set vertically upon a cast- 
 iron frame, which supports it. The part of 
 the boiler below the dome is covered with a 
 jacket ; the space between the jacket and the 
 boiler being filled with fire clay. 
 
 From the main gas pipe a number of smaller 
 pipes proceed, one of which is inserted into 
 each of the vertical pipes, and through the 
 upper part of each of those pipes small holes 
 are drilled, through which the gas passes and 
 mingles with the atmospheric air drawn in 
 through the lower holes. The gas and air 
 thus combined pass up the vertical pipes and 
 escape through ring-shaped caps, each formed 
 
 Fig. 650. 
 
 Taylor's Liquid Fuel Boiler, in which the fuel is ignited over and under a series of burners, with 
 guards and perforated seats, and air and steam introduced in the fire box to cause combustion. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 in which gas is used to ignite the oil, and gas 
 burners of a suitable form are introduced as 
 shown by the complete end elevation. 
 
 A Mr. Robinson next appeared with his 
 ideas of what a liquid fuel burning apparatus 
 should be, which is illustrated by Fig. 651, 
 on the next page, and also thereat explained. 
 
 "We close this chapter by illustrating and 
 describing a gas fuel boiler, as illustrated 
 
 by two metallic plates, which are kept at a 
 suitable distance apart by pins. 
 
 At those points the gas and air are ignited, 
 and the flame therefrom ascends in conse- 
 quence of the draught caused by the rush of 
 air through openings in the jacket ; spaces 
 being made for its admission. 
 
 The boiler is divided into two series of 
 horizontal chambers, one series containing 
 
 2 K 
 
250 
 
 LIQUID FUEL BOILERS. 
 
 water, and the other series as combustion 
 chambers ; the inventor states that both are 
 so arranged that in section they appear, when 
 the apparatus is in use, like " alternate layers 
 
 of fire and water," each compartment of the 
 same series having free communication with 
 the adjoining one, and the top chamber leads 
 to the chimney. 
 
 Fig. 651. 
 
 Robinson's Liquid Fuel Boiler and Apparatus, which consists of an arched brick bridge 
 to receive the liquid fuel above an ordinary coal fire. Patented in the year 1369. 
 
 Fig. 652. 
 
 Cutler's Gas Fuel Boiler, in which the flame passes through 
 openings alternately arranged in horizontal flat water spaces. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 251 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 THE first locomotive * was invented by 
 Mr. R. Trevithick, a Cornish engineer, in the 
 year 1803. It was constructed and worked at 
 
 Fig. 653. 
 
 The First Locomotive Boiler, invented by R. Trevithick in the 
 year 1803 ; constructed at Penydarran, South Wales. 
 
 Fig. 654. 
 
 General Arrangement of the First Locomotive Engine and Boiler, 
 invented by R. Trevithick in the year 1803. 
 
 Penydarran, South "Wales, and the boiler was 
 a cylindrical cast-iron shell with a wrought- 
 
 * 'Life of Richard Trevithick,' by Francis Trevi- 
 thick, C E. Spon. 1872. 
 
 iron return tube, as illustrated by Fig. 653. 
 The arrangement of the locomotive is illus- 
 trated by Fig. 654. The steam from the engine 
 exhaust pipe passed through the chimney, so 
 Trevithick invented the " blast pipe " in the 
 year 1803 also; and, in the year 1804, he 
 improved on that locomotive, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 655. 
 
 Fig. 655. 
 
 Trevithick's Improved Locomotive Engine and Boiler, constructed 
 and worked at Newcastle-on-Tyne in the year 1804. Diameter 
 of cylinder, 7 inches ; stroke of piston, 3 feet. Diameter of 
 boiler, 4 feet ; length, 6 feet 6 inches. Diameter of fire box, 
 2 feet 3 inches. Diameter of flue at chimney, 1 foot. 
 
 In the year 1826, a Mr. Neville invented 
 and patented a vertical tubular boiler, as 
 shown in sectional elevation and plan by 
 Fig. 656. The shell is cylindrical, with a 
 dome top, and the crown of the fire box is fitted 
 with vertical up-take flame tubes in connection 
 
 2 K 2 
 
252 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 with a semi-globular combustion chamber, to 
 which are connected return down-take flame 
 tubes that lead to a smoke box under the 
 ashes box and the water space which form 
 the base of the boiler. 
 
 Fig. 656. 
 
 Neville's Vertical Return Tube Tubular Boiler, composed of a 
 cylindrical dome-top shell, fitted internally with flame tubes over 
 and around the fire box. Patented in the year 1826. 
 
 It is worthy of remark that Mr. Neville 
 proposed that the steam should be superheated 
 in a tube suspended from the combustion 
 chamber over the fire grate. He stated also 
 
 that his arrangement of the tubes was equally 
 applicable for horizontal boilers ; and from 
 that statement we conclude that he invented, 
 in purpose, the tubular locomotive boiler 
 which George Stephenson introduced in the 
 year 1829, via the "Eocket," as illustrated in 
 sectional elevations by Fig. 657. 
 
 Stephenson was followed by Napier, in the 
 year 1831, with a cylindrical shell containing 
 a flue tube and return tubes, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 658. 
 
 In the year 1833, a Mr. Fraser ignored 
 tubes for the passage of the flame in a loco- 
 
 Fig. 657. 
 
 " Sectional elevations of the boiler of the " Rocket " Locomotive, 
 constructed by George Stephenson, who won the prize of 
 5001. in the year 1829. Diameter of boiler, 3 feet 4 inches. 
 Length of cylindrical part, 6 feet. Length of tubes, 6 feet. 
 Diameter of tubes outside, 3 inches. Width of fire grate, 3 feet; 
 length, 2 feet. Diameter of chimney, 14 inches. 
 
 motive boiler, and considered flat flues pre- 
 ferable, as shown by Fig. 659 ; and in the 
 same year Mr. Joshua Field ignored flues and 
 flame tubes also, and invented a water tube 
 locomotive boiler, composed entirely of tubes 
 enclosed in a casing, as illustrated by Fig. 660. 
 The locomotive boiler in actual use at that 
 period, 1833, was an improvement on the 
 " Rocket " boiler, and much credit is due to 
 Stephenson for developing that boiler into a 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 253 
 
 better arrangement, as shown by Fig. 661. 
 This boiler was more adaptable for locomotion, 
 and the entire arrangement of the details 
 
 thorn appeared with a return tube tubular 
 locomotive boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 662. 
 The flame in this case traverses the boiler 
 
 Fig. 658. 
 
 Napier's Locomotive Boiler, being a cylindrical shell with a cylindrical flue tube, se:ni- 
 globular combustion chamber, and return flame tubes on each side of the flue. Patented 
 in the year 1831. 
 
 Fraser's Locomotive Boiler, being a curved short shell, containing 
 a fire box in connection with flat flues and water spaces. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1833. 
 
 forth and back through two separate sets of 
 tubes ; the engine supply steam pipe is perfo- 
 
 Fig. 660. 
 
 Field's Water Tube Locomotive Boiler, composed of tubes enclosed 
 in a flame box. Patented in the year 1833. 
 
 Fig. 661. 
 
 Stephenson's Locomotive Tubular Boiler, as constructed and used in the year 1833. 
 
 show an evidence of care resulting from ex- 
 perience in practice. 
 
 Those matters, however, were not permitted 
 to rest long; for, in the year 1839, Mr. Haw- 
 
 rated with slots on its upper side, and extends 
 near the roof of the steam space in the boiler ; 
 the chimney is at the front end, and the 
 engine exhaust steam pipe passes from the 
 
254 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 smoke box over the boiler to the chimney; 
 therefore the internal arrangement was entirely 
 different from Stephenson's. 
 
 Hawthorn proposed also the use of twin 
 fire boxes, and the engine's exhaust pipe inside 
 the boiler, as shown by Fig. 663. 
 
 Nothing worthy of our notice here was 
 then done in locomotive boilers until the year 
 1842, when a Mr. Lewthwaite patented the 
 
 Fig. 
 
 The speed of the locomotive about that 
 period, 1842, was much increased, and the 
 diameter of the driving wheel was also de- 
 manding attention in relation to the height 
 of the boiler above the rails ; accordingly 
 Mr. Crampton brought forth his locomotive 
 boiler to suit those relations, as shown by 
 Fig. 665, and he also introduced a water 
 bridge in the fire box. 
 
 662. 
 
 Hawthorn's Locomotive Return Tube Tubular Boiler, in which the flame passes from the 
 fire box through tubes to the smoke box, and from there returns through a second set 
 of tubes over the crown of the fire box to the chimney at the front end. Patented in 
 the year 1839. 
 
 Fig. 663. 
 
 Hawthorn's Locomotive Return Tube Tubular Boiler, in which there are two fire boxes 
 and the passage of the flames is as in Fig. 662 but the engine blast pipe inside 
 instead of outside the boiler. Patented in the year 1839. 
 
 arrangement shown by Fig. 664, in which 
 the invention consists of a square shell con- 
 taining flat water and flame spaces instead of 
 tubes ; and to cause a draught a fan is placed 
 at the bottom of the chimney to " draw up " 
 the products of combustion. 
 
 Mr. Hackworth, in the year 1847, patented 
 the idea of arranging the tubes in vertical 
 rows over each other, so that a brush or 
 scraper could be passed down between them, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 666. 
 
 Very soon after Hackworth, came the ideas 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 255 
 
 of a Mr. Johnson, claiming legal protection 
 for the arrangement of the fire boxes and 
 
 Fig. 664. 
 
 I.ewthwaite's Locomotive Boiler, being a square shell, containing 
 flat water and flame spaces, and a blast fan at the bottom of 
 the chimney. Patented in the year 1842. 
 
 carried out in the ensuing year, 1848, as 
 shown by Figs. 670 to 672, on the next page. 
 In the year 1850, Mr. Paul Eapsey Hodge 
 patented the locomotive boiler as illustrated, 
 on the next page, by Fig. 673, the main feature 
 of which is the fixing of a tube superheater in 
 the smoke box ; and should the boiler be used 
 as a portable boiler, the engine cylinder would 
 be on the roof of the boiler, as shown. 
 
 Fig. 665. 
 
 SITY 
 
 Crampton's Locomotive Boiler, having a recess behind the dome 
 for the large driving wheel shaft to work in, and thereby 
 suspending the boiler " low " over the rails, and a water bridge 
 in the fire bos. Patented in the year 1842. 
 
 Whilst Hodge was in the humour, he 
 thought of another arrangement, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 674, on page 257, which is that the 
 boiler is fitted with return tubes, and the final 
 smoke box is situated over the fire box, and 
 the chimney is surrounded by the steam chest ; 
 
 Fig. 666. 
 
 Hackworth's Locomotive Boiler, in which the tubes are arranged directly over each other 
 in vertical rows. Patented in the year 1847. 
 
 central combustion chamber of locomotive 
 boilers, as illustrated by Figs. 667 to 669, for 
 the purpose of bringing the boiler " low " 
 over the rails, which Mr. Johnson further 
 
 also the blast pipe passes through the boiler, 
 most of which Hawthorn patented, and in- 
 vented too, in the year 1839, as shown by 
 Fig. 662, on page 254 of this work, again 
 
256 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 illustrating the arduous task fulfilled by our 
 Patent Commissioners. 
 
 Our first International year, 1851, was 
 
 water tubes in a locomotive boiler, as shown 
 by Fig. 675. 
 
 A Mr. Barran began the year, 1852, of 
 
 Fig. 667. 
 
 te. 6G8. 
 
 Fig. 669. 
 
 Johnson's Locomotive Fire Box, hav- 
 ing a water-space-bridge in it, 
 through which the driving wheel 
 shaft works. Patented in the year 
 1847. 
 
 Fig. 670. 
 
 Johnson's Locomotive Fire Box, hav- 
 ing a water bridge in it and a 
 space, through the boiler over the 
 crown of the fire box, for the 
 driving wheel shaft to work in. 
 Patented in the year 1847. 
 
 Fig. 671. 
 
 Johnson's Central Combustion Cham- 
 ber, fitted with an open space 
 through the boiler for the driving 
 wheel shaft to work in. Patented 
 in the year 1847. 
 
 Fi2. 672. 
 
 Johnson's Locomotive Fire Box, hav- 
 ing the roof low down for the 
 driving wheel shaft to work over 
 it in front of the steam chest. 
 Patented in the year 1848. 
 
 Johnson's Locomotive Fire Box, hav- 
 ing a space through the water and 
 steam spaces for the driving wheel 
 shaft to work in above the fire 
 box. Patented in the year 1848. 
 
 F lg . 673. 
 
 Johnson's Locomotive Fire Box, hav- 
 ing a space between the fire bars 
 for the driving wheel shaft to 
 work in through the fire box. 
 Patented in the year 1848. 
 
 Hodge's Locomotive Boiler, having a tube superheater in the smoke box, and a steam jacketed 
 engine cylinder on the roof of the boiler. Patented in the year 1850. 
 
 graced with the invention of a Mr. Stenson, 
 which was that he formed the roof of the fire 
 box with a projected flame space fitted with 
 
 inventions by inventing the increase of heat- 
 ing surface by fixing in the fire box sides 
 "cups," as illustrated by Fig. 676. 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILEKS. 
 
 257 
 
 Next a French engineer, Bresson by name, 
 informed the English community that, by 
 
 pumping air into a chamber, and passing it 
 in gusts through a fire, and from there into 
 
 Fig. 074. 
 
 Hodge's Locomotive Return Tube Tubular Boiler, in which the flame from the fire boi 
 passes through large tubes to the smoke box, and from there returns through small 
 tubes to the smoke box over the fire box. The back end smoke box is fitted with a 
 coil tube superheater and the blast pipe is in the boiler. Patented in the year 1850. 
 
 Fig. 675. 
 
 Stenson's Locomotive Tubular Boiler, in which the roof of the fire 
 box is fitted with water tubes and a narrow flame space pro- 
 jecting over the horizontal flame tubes. Patented in the year 
 1851. 
 
 Fig. 676. 
 
 Barran's Locomotive Fire Box, fitted with flame ' 
 in the year 1852. 
 
 cups." Patented 
 
 the atmosphere, the recoil became a motive 
 power for propulsion ; and here is his arrange- 
 ment of the same for a locomotive, shown by 
 Fig. 677, which illustrates also what mis- 
 placed confidence leads people to think and 
 how they act after. 
 
 It will, of course, have been remarked that 
 
 Fig. 677. 
 
 Bresson's Locomotive Vertical Boiler and Recoil Engine, the motion 
 of the carriage being obtained by the discharge of rarified air in 
 gusts into the atmosphere. Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 we, at every opportunity, point out the 
 glaring advantages or defects in all the 
 arrangements we have noticed in this work, 
 but now we come to an improvement worthy 
 of special notice, because it is a locomotive 
 
 2 L 
 
258 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 boiler constructed without angle iron, in the 
 year 1852, by Mr. Adamson, as shown by 
 Fig. 678 ; and, considering the period of the 
 invention, and the general use of angle iron 
 then, Mr. Adamson made a bold step of 
 advance in boiler construction, inasmuch that 
 the bending of curved plates meant " splitting 
 them " in those days generally. 
 
 In the year 1853, Mr. Beattie conceived 
 the idea that chimneys for locomotive boilers 
 could be dispensed with, provided the com- 
 bustion was perfect, or nearly so ; and the 
 mechanical question was answered, as shown 
 by Fig. 679, which consists in the arrange- 
 ment and combination of two furnaces and 
 
 Fig. 678. 
 
 Adamson's Locomotive Tubular Boiler, being the first that was 
 constructed entirely without any angle iron. Patented in the 
 year 1852. 
 
 three combustion chambers. The first cham- 
 ber is situated between the large and small 
 furnaces, and there are tubes leading from the 
 first furnace through the water space into the 
 chamber ; and tubes also through the water 
 space of that chamber, leading into the large 
 furnace, thus connecting the combustion 
 chamber and the furnaces together. 
 
 There are two more combustion chambers 
 attached to and situated between the short 
 cylindrical tubular portions, and connected 
 with the large furnace by tubes leading 
 therefrom. Those two chambers are in con- 
 nection with each other by the short tubular 
 
 portions, which will allow the flame and 
 heated gases to pass through into the last 
 chamber, and from thence through the long 
 tubes into the smoke box, in which is a 
 chamber at the top with a perforated bottom 
 plate, through which the gases ascend and 
 are drawn off by the smoke pipe, into which 
 the air pipe is inserted, having a trumpet 
 mouth ; and the other end of the pipe termi- 
 nates in the smoke chamber under the first 
 set of tubes which communicates with the 
 air-tight ash pan by a long slot or opening 
 running the entire length along the bottom, 
 and which can be closed or opened, or partially 
 
 Fig. 679. 
 
 Beattie's non-Chimney Locomotive Boiler, composed of two fur- 
 naces divided by water spaces and a small combustion chamber. 
 From the large furnace are three sets of tubes and two com- 
 bustion chambers, and the gases from the smoke box passes 
 back through a pipe into the large furnace, so that no chimney 
 is fitted. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 opened, by a flap valve. And another ar- 
 rangement is shown by Fig. 680, in which 
 water bridges in the combustion chambers 
 formed the main feature. 
 
 Mr. Beattie was a bold man to propose 
 even that a locomotive boiler could work 
 without a chimney, and bolder by showing 
 how he thought it could be done, which, by 
 the way, has yet to be accomplished. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1853, a 
 Mr. Scott proposed to divide the fire grate 
 with a vertical water bridge, and above that, 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 259 
 
 at an angle, to divide the fire box with another 
 water bridge the bridges in both cases being 
 perforated with flame tubes, as shown by 
 Fig. 681. 
 
 Scott was immediately followed by a Mr. 
 Shaw, who was desirous of improving on 
 return tube locomotive boilers by the use of 
 tubular flues and tubes, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 682. 
 
 Fig. 680. 
 
 Seattle's non-Chimney Locomotive Boiler, in which are coal and 
 coke furnaces, and two combustion chambers fitted with water 
 bridges, and the gases returning to the furnaces, as in the pre- 
 vious example. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 681. 
 
 Scott's Locomotive Fire Box, containing vertical and angular water 
 bridges perforated with flame tubes. Patented in the year 
 1853. 
 
 Directly after Shaw's boiler, came the idea 
 for heating feed water around the fire box, 
 and also a trumpet mouth combustion chamber 
 in front of the tubes of a locomotive boiler, as 
 shown by Fig. 683. 
 
 Mr. Dunn's fire box for a locomotive boiler, 
 as illustrated by Fig. 684, in which the crown 
 and sides are corrugated to increase the 
 
 Fig. 682. 
 
 Shaw's Locomotive Boiler, in which the shell is fitted with two 
 flame flues, between which are a series of small Same tubes for 
 the flame to return in, and then proceed through the central 
 flue to the smoke box. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 683. 
 
 . LIBKj 
 
 " 01' M'l-Jjj 
 
 UNIVERS 
 
 Newton's Locomotive Fire Box and Combustion Chamber, also a 
 feed water heating space around and above the fire grate. 
 Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 684. 
 
 Dunn's Locomotive Fire Box, having a corrugated crown and sides. 
 Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 surface, appeared next; and it was followed 
 by Kendrick's, with deeper corrugations, as 
 
 2 L 2 
 
260 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 shown by Fig. 685. But Kendrick extended 
 that idea, as shown by Fig. 686, where the 
 crown and the base of the fire box are con- 
 Fig. 685. 
 
 Kendrick's Locomotive Fire Boi, having deep corrugated sides. 
 Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 The next inventor was Mr. Allan, who 
 distinguished himself, as shown by Fig. 688. 
 
 The year 1854 made its appearance, and 
 very soon after Mr. Beattie's ideas on loco- 
 motive boilers again appeared, which were 
 more extensive than previously. In this case 
 he began with the arrangement shown by 
 Fig. 689, which is, that there are two fire 
 boxes or furnaces, as he called them having 
 an inclined transverse water space partition ; 
 the crown of the small furnace is roofed with 
 perforated fire tile segments having sufficient 
 openings to form a communication between 
 the two furnaces. In the large furnace are 
 placed vertical fire tiles, resting on a fire clay 
 lump, and bearing against the inverted water 
 bridge, which is fitted with tubes ; the tiles 
 are so formed as to have a space between 
 them, whilst their extreme side surfaces come 
 
 Fig. 686. 
 
 Kendrick's Locomotive Boiler, in which the fire box is constructed with narrow Harne and 
 water spaces in a line with the fire bars, connecting the base with the crown, and a 
 combustion chamber beyond in front of the tubes. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 nected by narrow flame and water spaces, and 
 a combustion chamber beyond, in front of the 
 tubes ; while a further belief in the corruga- 
 tion principle is illustrated by Fig. 687, in 
 which the tubes are even displaced by corru- 
 gations beyond the fire box. 
 
 together, and a combustion chamber is formed 
 by their ends, next to the tube plate of the 
 short tubes, being made circular or concave, 
 to allow the flame and gases to be fully 
 developed before entering the combustion 
 chamber through the short tubes. 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 261 
 
 The action of the combined furnaces is as 
 follows : The large furnace is charged with 
 carbonaceous coal or anthracite coal, and the 
 small furnace with bituminous or gaseous 
 
 surface of the incandescent fuel in the large 
 furnace before entering the interstices between 
 the fire tiles and the tile chamber leading into 
 the short tubes and combustion chamber, 
 
 Fig. 687. 
 
 Kendrick's Locomotive Boiler, in which the fire box is constructed as in the previous 
 example, but beyond the fire box vertical flame and water spaces are constructed in the 
 place of tubes. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 688 
 
 Allan's Locomotive Fire Box, containing an inverted water bridge 
 and a vertical brick bridge. Patented in the year 1 853. 
 
 where time and space are given to the gases 
 for final combustion ; and this object is aided 
 by the inverted water space bridge in the 
 combustion chamber, which is also fitted with 
 tubes, and which checks the current of flame 
 and gases before entering into the long tubes 
 leading from the combustion chamber to the 
 smoke box. 
 
 Fig. 689. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are two fire boxes and two grates ; leading 
 from the large fire box is a set of short flame tubes, in connection with a combustion 
 chamber having an inverted water bridge in 'the roof, and a set of long flame tubes 
 leading to the smoke box. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 coal. The flame and combustible gases pass 
 through the openings in the fire tile crown of 
 the small furnace, and are deflected over the 
 
 Another method for effecting combustion 
 was also proposed by Mr. Beattie, as shown 
 by Fig. 690, on the next page. 
 
262 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 A third, and further modification hy Mr. 
 Beattie, is illustrated by Fig. 691, showing 
 another combination of furnaces, which consists 
 of two furnaces and a preparatory combustion 
 chamber formed by a longitudinal water space 
 partition and a transverse partition, which is 
 provided with an aperture, and an opening is 
 formed also in the longitudinal partition. 
 
 and communicate with air passages in the 
 bottom of the chamber, and the air thus 
 admitted is brought into immediate contact 
 and admixture with the gases evolved from 
 the fuel in the furnaces ; the quantity of air 
 to be admitted is adjusted by a flap valve. 
 
 The final combustion chamber between the 
 tubes is provided with a double series of 
 
 Fisr. 690. 
 
 Seattle's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are three water bridges in the fire box, with 
 two grates, but the remainder of the arrangement very much as in Fig. 689. Patented 
 in the year 1854. 
 
 Fig. 691. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are twin fire boxes side by side and a water 
 bridge at the end of the grates, beyond which are fire tile columns and air pipes, in 
 front of the short tubes, and the intermediate combustion chamber is fitted with fire 
 tiles and an inverted water bridge also. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 The furnaces are provided with separate 
 fire doors, ash boxes, and dampers ; the pre- 
 paratory combustion chamber is fitted with 
 a fire tile bottom, on which are placed a 
 number of fire tile columns, some of which 
 are for air pipes, being hollow and perforated, 
 
 vertical fire tiles placed about two and a half 
 or three inches apart, so shaped and formed as 
 to leave an open mixing space at each end in 
 the centre of the chamber. 
 
 The operation of the furnaces and com- 
 bustion chambers will be as follows : When 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 263 
 
 the furnaces are charged alternately with 
 fresh coal, the products of combustion will be 
 well mixed in passing through the openings, 
 and are further mixed and mingled together 
 in passing between the fire tile columns before 
 entering by the short tubes the final chamber, 
 where the combustion of the gases is com- 
 pletely effected in passing between the vertical 
 fire tiles before entering the long tubes lead- 
 
 the entire length of the boiler and passes into 
 the return chamber, and through the tubes 
 into the chamber which is formed by the 
 water space partition in the furnace and 
 from there into a longitudinal flue which leads 
 to the smoke box and chimney. 
 
 A fifth modification, by the same inventor, 
 is illustrated by Fig. 693 ; in this case, he, to 
 a great extent, combined his former examples, 
 
 692. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are two fire grates divided by a vertical water 
 bridge in the fire box ; the combustion chamber is over the tubes, and below them is a 
 long return-back flue leading to the smoke box. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 Fig. 693. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are two fire boxes and grates, and the front of 
 the boiler constructed at an angle ; there are short tubes, and beyond them a combustion 
 chamber, and beyond it a set of return tubes, causing the chimney to be in the centre of 
 the length of the boiler. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 ing from the combustion chamber into the 
 smoke box. 
 
 A fourth, and entirely different arrange- 
 ment, by Beattie, is shown by Fig. 692, in 
 which there are two furnaces formed by the 
 water space partition ; the flame and gases 
 passing through the flues are delivered into 
 the top combustion chamber, which extends 
 
 but beyond the intermediate combustion 
 chamber was a set of return flame tubes, 
 causing the chimney to be in the centre of 
 the length of the boiler. 
 
 Mr. Beattie's sixth modification is illus- 
 trated by Fig. 694, showing an arrangement, 
 and combination of furnaces and cylindrical 
 retorts where coal entirely, or coal in combi- 
 
2G4 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 nation with coke, can be used, and the gases 
 more perfectly consumed. The two furnaces 
 are separated by the transverse water space 
 partition, and the inside furnace is charged 
 with coal at the outer end of the cylindrical 
 retorts, which are fitted with doors, as shown 
 in the drawing. The internal end, which 
 rests on the partition, is left open or partially 
 
 Fig. 
 
 In the space between the retorts another 
 similar retort may be placed, or vertical fire 
 tiles may be introduced instead, situated in 
 such a way as to have openings or spaces 
 between them to allow the flame thrown off 
 the coal in the outer furnace to ascend be- 
 tween them. 
 
 In the intermediate combustion chamber is 
 
 694. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are two fire grates; above the outer tire grate 
 are two horizontal cylindrical brick retorts, through which the fuel for the inner fire 
 grate is passed ; between and above the fire grates are two water bridges, and in front of 
 the inverted bridge are short tubes leading into a combustion chamber fitted with a 
 vertical brick retort filled with coke, and from this chamber are the long tubes leading 
 to the smoke box. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 Fi2. 695. 
 
 Fig. 696. 
 
 Fig. 697. 
 
 Fig. 698. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Fire Box, 
 containing two grates, two 
 water bridges, and brick tiles 
 in front of the tubes. Patented 
 in the year 1854. 
 
 containing two grates, two 
 water bridges, and brick tiles 
 above and on each side of the 
 water bridges. Patented in 
 the year 1854. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Fire Box, Beattie's Locomotive Fire Box, containing 
 
 three water bridges, brick tiles, and, beyond 
 the box, a combustion chamber fitted with 
 an inverted water bridge and brick tiles 
 also. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Fire Box, 
 fitted with two grates divided 
 by a vertical water bridge. 
 Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 open to allow the gas produced by the dis- 
 tillation of the coal to escape, and the coke 
 produced from the coal after distillation to be 
 delivered into the inner furnace by the fire- 
 man pushing it forward with a rake made for 
 that purpose. 
 
 placed a fire clay retort filled with coke, and 
 placed on the perforated fire tile stand. This 
 retort has holes or slots to allow the gases 
 and flame escaping from the furnaces to pass 
 through it and through the incandescent fuel 
 contained in it before entering into the long 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 265 
 
 tubes leading from the combustion chamber 
 through the boiler into the smoke box. 
 
 There is an opening, having a close fitting 
 cover leading into the top of the combustion 
 chamber through the water space over it, 
 through which the retort can be charged with 
 the coke. 
 
 In the year 1855, another French locomo- 
 tive boiler invention appeared, as shown by 
 Fig. 700, and this also is sufficiently explained 
 under the illustration. 
 
 Mr. Beattie next showed to the world that 
 his ideas on locomotive boilers were not 
 exhausted, which is evident from the facts of 
 
 699. 
 
 Blavier's Locomotive Boiler, arranged to have the base of the shell near the level of the rails 
 while the upper portion is higher than generally. Patented in the year 1854. 
 
 Fig. 700. 
 
 Montely's Locomotive Boiler, containing a tube flue fitted with a superheating steam coil, 
 and on each side of the flue are flame tubes passing through the water space. In the 
 chimney is fitted a tubular superheater or feed water heater, as may be required. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1855. 
 
 At the same period, appeared four different 
 examples of locomotive fire boxes, a,s illus- 
 trated by Figs. 695 to 698. 
 
 Directly after Beattie, came a Frenchman 
 with a most contradictory design which 
 nevertheless was allowed a patent by our 
 obliging law as illustrated by Fig. 699, and 
 equally well explained under it also. 
 
 the nine modifications we now illustrate and 
 explain. 
 
 Fig. 701 illustrates a locomotive boiler, in 
 which there are four fire boxes, a prolonged 
 combustion chamber fitted with sheet water 
 spaces, and short tubes leading to the smoke 
 box. Fig. 702 illustrates a locomotive boiler, 
 in which U-shaped water spaces, with tubes in 
 
 2 M 
 
266 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 the barrel, form the main feature. Fig. 703 
 illustrates curvous water spaces in connection 
 
 with those shaped as before in the barrel 
 combustion chamber, and the remaining five 
 
 Fig. 701. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are four fire boxes ; the two outer fire boxes are 
 arched with curved water spaces and perforated brick slabs, and the inner fire boxes are 
 fitted with brick bridges. In the combustion chamber beyond the fire boxes is a perforated 
 brick slab, and beyond it are three vertical narrow water spaces that divide the flame 
 before it enters the short tubes leading to the smoke box. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are two fire boxes ; the outer box is arched by a 
 water bridge and a perforated brick slab ; the crown of the inner box has an inverted 
 water bridge in it, and beyond is a prolonged combustion chamber ; the remainder of the 
 barrel of the boiler being fitted with U-shaped water spaces, between which are tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 703. 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are two fire boxes divided by an angular water 
 space ; the barrel combustion chamber is fitted with a perforated slab and curvous narrow 
 water spaces, blocked up between at the ends to cause the flame to make a return circuit 
 before passing through the concentric |J spaces beyond. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 267 
 
 examples refer to transverse sections of various 
 chambers, while the ninth example illustrates 
 
 with a tubular feed water heater. Fig. 711 
 differs only in the fire box, which is fitted 
 
 Fig. 704. 
 
 Fig. 705. 
 
 Fig. 706. 
 
 Fig. 707. 
 
 Transverse Section of Beattie's Transverse Section of Beattie's Transverse Section of Beattie's Transverse Section of Beattie's 
 
 Locomotive Barrel Combus- 
 tion Chamber, fitted with 
 vertical water spaces and 
 horizontal flame tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Locomotive Barrel Combus- 
 tion Chamber, fitted with 
 corrugated water spaces. 
 Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 709. 
 
 Fig. 708. 
 
 Transverse Section of Beattie*s 
 Locomotive Barrel Combus- 
 tion Chamber, fitted with 
 angular cross water tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Transverse Section of Beattie's 
 Locomotive Fire Box, fitted with 
 central vertical and transverse 
 horizontal water spaces, and also 
 projecting water spaces sup- 
 porting perforated brick retorts 
 and slabs. Patented in the 
 year 1855. 
 
 Beattie's extended ideas for a locomotive fire 
 box. 
 
 In the year 1866, Mr. Crosland patented 
 numerous arrangements of details for locomo- 
 tive boilers, of which we have selected eleven 
 examples. 
 
 Fig. 710 illustrates a locomotive boiler in 
 which the fire box is fitted with three cross 
 water tubes, with coal on them, situated above 
 the ordinary grate ; the chimney is fitted 
 
 Locomotive Barrel Combus- 
 tion Chamber, fitted with 
 curved and corrugated 
 water spaces. Patented in 
 the year 1855. 
 
 Locomotive Barrel Combus- 
 tion Chamber, fitted with 
 vertical water spaces pro- 
 jecting up and down. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 710. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Boiler, in the fire box of which there are three 
 cross water tubes and a horizontal moveable bridge, above the fire 
 grate, and the fuel is placed on the tubes and grate. The chimney 
 is fitted with a tubular feed water heater. Patented in the year 
 1856. 
 
 Fig. 711. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Boiler, in which the fire box is fitted with 
 a perforated water space with fuel on it situated over the fire 
 grate. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 with a perforated water space instead of cross 
 
 2 M 2 
 
268 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 tubes. Fig. 712 illustrates that the two 
 horizontal moveable brick bridges at the front 
 in the two previous examples were altered to 
 suit the back of the fire box, as shown. 
 
 Mr. Crosland next ignored fire bars, and 
 put tubes in their place, as shown by Fig. 71 3 ; 
 and besides that, he put the feed water heater 
 longitudinally on the shell. 
 
 Next appeared Grosland's six arrangements 
 of fire boxes and moveable brick bridges, as 
 illustrated by Figs. 714 to 719 ; and his 
 eleventh arrangement is shown by Fig. 720. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 712. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Boiler, in which the fire box has a horizontal 
 moveable brick bridge at the back, next to the back cross tube. 
 Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 713. 
 
 Fig. 714. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Boiler, in which the fire box has no fire bars, but longitudinal 
 water tubes are used instead, and above the shell of the boiler are longitudinal 
 tubular feed water heaters. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 715. 
 
 Fig. 716. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Fire Box, con- 
 taining two fire grates, a curved 
 water space above the bottom grate, 
 and a vertically moveable brick 
 bridge at the back of the fixed 
 bridge. Patented in the year 
 1856. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Fire Box, con- 
 taining two fire grates, the top 
 grate being contained in an air 
 space chamber through the fire box, 
 the back part of which is a water 
 bridge, and behind it 'is a moveable 
 brick bridge. Patented in the year 
 1856. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Fire Box, con- 
 taining two fire grates, a curved 
 water space over the bottom grate, 
 and at the back end of the top 
 grate an angular water bridge, and 
 behind it a moveable brick bridge. 
 Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 The next example of locomotive boiler 
 occurred in the year 1857, and that we intro- 
 duce merely as a novelty of idea rather than 
 
 a practical improvement, as the illustration, 
 Fig. 721, indicates. 
 
 The first day of the year 1858 gave birth 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 269 
 
 Fig. 717. 
 
 Vis. 718. 
 
 719 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Fire Box, con- 
 taining two fire grates, an angular 
 water space over the bottom grate, 
 and at the back end of the top grate 
 an angular water bridge, and behind 
 it a moveable brick bridge. Patented 
 in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 720. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Fire Box, con- 
 taining two fire grates, an angular 
 water space over the bottom grate, 
 and at the back end of the top 
 grate a vertical water bridge, and 
 behind it a moveable brick bridge, 
 and a combustion chamber beyond. 
 Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Fire Box, con- 
 taining two fire grates divided by 
 an arched water space for the wheel 
 shaft to pass through, and above 
 the grates are four cross water 
 tubes and an angular water space, 
 and behind it a moveable brick 
 bridge. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Twin Fire Boxes, surrounded by water 
 spaced chambers, and above them is another fire grate situated 
 opposite the tubes that lead to the smoke box. Patented in the 
 year 1856. 
 
 practicable an arrangement as need be shown, 
 but serves as a warning. 
 
 A Mr. Blinkhorn next informed the public 
 that he also knew something of locomotive 
 boilers, and the illustration, Fig. 723, on the 
 next page, is an example ; the arrangement 
 being, that the ordinary flame tubes are made 
 larger than general, and water tubes are 
 passed through them and prolonged at each 
 end through the fire and smoke boxes into 
 the water spaces. 
 
 Another arrangement was also patented by 
 
 Fi?. 721. 
 
 Jlolino's Locomotive Boiler, in which air pipes are situated in the crown of the combus- 
 tion chamber beyond the fire box, and a blast used to cause a rapid combustion. 
 Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 to the patent of a Mr. Clare, as illustrated on 
 the next page, by Fig. 722, which is as im- 
 
 Blinkhorn, as illustrated by Fig. 724, in 
 which the water tubes are divided longitudi- 
 
270 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 nally by a narrow water space chamber to 
 cause a return action for the flame. 
 
 In the year 1859, appeared a flue locomo- 
 
 tive boiler, by a Mr. Hunt, containing in the 
 flue cross narrow water and flame spaces and 
 short flame tubes leading into the smoke box, 
 
 Fig. 722. 
 
 Clare's Locomotive Boiler, in which there is an "egg" section flue tube fitted with 
 perforated brick slabs, and a twin set of return flame tubes on each side of the flue. 
 Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 723. 
 
 Blinkhorn's Locomotive Boiler, in which the barrel part of the shell is fitted with 
 flame tubes, through which smaller water tubes pass that are connected to the water 
 space plate of the fire box at the front ends, and the back ends are connected to the 
 water box in the smoke box. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 724. 
 
 Blinkhorn's Locomotive Agricultural Boiler, in which there are longitudinal water tubes 
 throughout the boiler, divided by a narrow water space to cause the return action of the 
 flame. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 as shown in four sectional views, by Fig. 725. 
 But Hunt did not originate the corrugated flue 
 locomotive boiler, because it appeared in the 
 year 1853, as shown on page 261 of this work. 
 After an interval of two years, a Mr. Martin 
 introduced tubular superheaters in the smoke 
 boxes of locomotives, as illustrated by Fig. 726. 
 Two more years elapsed, and forth budded 
 
 
 mixing of the gases to cause combustion in 
 
 
 
 front of the tubes ;" but other inventors had , 
 
 ^v '**. 
 
 had that in their minds before Martin, as, for 
 example, in the year 1852, a Mr. Selby evi- 
 dently thought about it, because he patented 
 the arrangement illustrated by Fig. 728, that 
 consists of an angular crown fire box having 
 a set of large tubes with curved ends, in 
 
 Fig. 725. 
 
 Hunt's Locomotive Boiler, in which the long tubes are omitted, and in their place cross 
 water and flame spaces are constructed with short flame tubes leading to the smoke 
 box. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Fig. 726. 
 
 Martin's Locomotive Smoke Box, fitted with twin tubular super- 
 heaters. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 the fruits of wisdom of another Mr. Martin ; 
 but in this case the whole of the boiler was 
 taken into consideration, as shown by Fig. 727, 
 the principle of the arrangement being " the 
 
 Fig. 727. 
 
 Martin's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are two fire boxes, 
 divided by a longitudinal water space, perforated above the 
 grates, at the back of which is a transverse water space, also 
 perforated, and a combustion chamber in front of the usual 
 flame tubes. Patented in the year 1864. 
 
 connection with an intermediate combustion 
 chamber, from which is a set of small tubes 
 leading into the smoke box. 
 
 In the year 1864, also came forth the ideas 
 of Mr. Fairlie on locomotive boilers ; but he 
 preferred the fire box to be iu the centre of 
 the arrangement, and two duplicate sets of 
 
272 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 tubes on each side to cause a return action 
 for the flame, with the smoke box and chimney 
 above the fire box, while he also proposed a 
 
 Fairlie could not fairly claim the return 
 tube arrangement, because Hawthorn intro- 
 duced it in the year 1839, as shown on 
 
 Fig. 728. 
 
 Selby's Locomotive Boiler, in which the fire box crown is angular, and fitted with large 
 tubes having curved ends, and an intermediate combustion chamber, situated between 
 those tubes and a set of small long tubes. Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 Fig. 729. 
 
 Kairlie's Locomotive Combined Boilers, in which there are return flame tubes in connection with the fire box and smoke 
 boxes that are situated above each other, but the smoke boxes in this case are angular chambers passing through the 
 water and steam over the fire box, which is in the centre of the arrangement, as also is the chimney. Patented in the 
 year 1864. 
 
 Fis. 730. 
 
 Fail-lie's Locomotive Combined Boilers, in which there are return flame tubes in connection with the fire box and smoke 
 box that are situated above each other in the centre of the arrangement, the chimney being central also, and separate 
 steam chests in the smoke box. Patented in the year 1864. 
 
 triple circuit for the flame with the chimneys 
 at each extremity ; arid these three arrange- 
 ments are shown by Figs. 729 to 73.1. 
 
 page 254 of this work, and, apart from that, 
 Stenson proposed return flame flue tubes, as 
 shown by Fig. 732, in the year 1851. 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS. 
 
 273 
 
 The next example is a vertical tubular 
 locomotive boiler, arranged as illustrated by 
 
 cation from the top pipe to the bottom pipe 
 with a forward and backward current. 
 
 Fig. 731. 
 
 Fairlie's Locomotive Combined Boilers, in which there are return flue tubes over the ordinary tubes, and above them a 
 return back flue tube, or a set of small flame tubes, to act as a superheater in either case, the chimnies being situated 
 one at each end. Patented in the year 1864. 
 
 Fig. 733, the patent of a French " house- 
 holder," as he styled himself. 
 
 Mr. Fair lie next put forth his ideas on 
 locomotives again ; but in this case they re- 
 ferred to the fire boxes only, which he per- 
 sisted in placing between a twin set of tubes. 
 He also proposed to burn either coal and oil 
 
 Fig. 732. 
 
 n 
 
 Stenson's Locomotive Boiler, in which there are return flame flue 
 tubes over the ordinary flame tubes, and the smoke box and 
 chimney over the fire box. Patented in the year 1851. 
 
 separately or both together, if better ; in 
 fact, the margin for discretion was so large in 
 the mechanical arrangement that yftie original 
 feature could be dispensed with entirely, as 
 shown by Fig. 734. And in the same year a 
 French engineer patented a locomotive tube 
 boiler, as illustrated by Fig. 735, the principle 
 of which is, that there is a perfect communi- 
 
 Fig. 733. 
 
 Loubat's Vertical Cylindrical Locomotive Boiler, in which the fire 
 box is cylindrical, above which are the tubes leading into a deep 
 conical combustion chamber fltted with a steam superheating 
 coil ; the chimney being at the side of the chamber. Patented 
 in the year 1865. 
 
 2 N 
 
274 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 Fig. 734. 
 
 Fairlie's Locomotive Central Fire Box, fitted with apparatus to 
 burn coal or oil, or both combined. Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 fire bars was patented in the ensuing year, 
 1866, which was perforations in the bottom 
 of the fire box, as shown by Fig. 736. 
 
 Fig. 736. 
 
 Woodward's Locomotive Boiler, in which the bottom of the fire 
 box is perforated, instead of using fire bars. Patented in the 
 year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 737. 
 
 Holt's Locomotive Boiler, in which the long tubes are omitted, and in their place vertical 
 water and flame spaces are fitted. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 735. 
 
 Belleville's Locomotive Tube Boiler, composed of horizontal water 
 tubes connected at each end by twin nozzles, so as to cause an 
 alternat'! end communication throughout. Patented in the 
 year 1865. 
 
 Mr Woodward's notion of a substitute for 
 
 Fig. 738. 
 
 Holt's Locomotive Boiler, in which transverse flat sheet longitudinal 
 flues are fitted in the place of ordinary tubes. Patented in the 
 vear 1867. 
 
 A Mr. Holt's locomotive boiler next ap- 
 peared, in which a corrugated flue was pro- 
 posed in the place of tubes, as shown by 
 Fig. 737 ; and, in 1867, Mr. Holt proposed 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 Ktt 
 275 
 
 
 
 sheet flues for the same purpose, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 738. 
 
 In the year 1868, a Mr. Bezy, a French 
 
 Fig. 739. 
 
 Bezy's Locomotive Boiler, in which there is a combustion chamber 
 fitted with longitudinal water tubes. Patented in the year 
 1868. 
 
 locomotive boilers, in which vertical water 
 spaces perforated with flame tubes were his 
 improvement, as illustrated by Fig. 740. 
 After Miller, came a French engineer, 
 
 Fig. 741. 
 
 Thirion's Locomotive Boiler, in which the long tubes are omitted, 
 and in their place vertical syphon tubes are fitted. Patented 
 in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 742. 
 
 Fox's Locomotive Boiler, in which the fire box is lined with fire brick to burn liquid fuel that is forced by 
 pumps into the box, from which the products of combustion are forced also by the pumps through a spiral 
 coil, and from it forced into the water in the boiler to assist the generation of steam. Patented in the year 
 
 1869. 
 
 Fig. 740. 
 
 Miller's Locomotive Boiler, in which the long tubes are omitted, 
 and in their place vertical water spaces, perforated with flame 
 tubes, are fitted. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 engineer, patented a water tube locomotive, 
 as shown by Fig. 739. 
 
 Next came the ideas of a Mr. Miller on 
 
 Thirion by name, with the arrangement of 
 vertical syphon tubes, U- sna P e d, i n the place 
 of the ordinary tubes, as illustrated by 
 Fig. 741. And, following the Frenchman, 
 came a Mr. Fox, who was filled with the 
 notion of putting flame directly into water to 
 raise steam, as illustrated by Fig. 742, and 
 explained as well beneath. 
 
 The year 1871 began next, and imme- 
 diately after that, a Mr. Norton invented a 
 locomotive or portable boiler, as illustrated 
 by Fig. 743, in which the tubes are water 
 tubes fixed across the fire box and combustion 
 
 2 N 2 
 
 
 tf\ 
 
276 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 chamber ; and at one end of the tube is a 
 communicative chamber in connection with 
 each tube separately, that finally leads to the 
 main end chamber ; and at the other end is a 
 single spaced main chamber only. 
 
 Following Norton's arrangement, came the 
 ideas of a Mr. Girdwood on locomotive boilers, 
 as shown by Fig. 744. The arrangement 
 
 bottom, which is for the admission of air to 
 complete the combustion of the fire gases 
 should they not be completely burnt on 
 leaving the first boiler. To insure ignition 
 of the gases in the fire box a small quantity 
 of incandescent coke may be kept on the 
 grating. 
 
 A vertical up-take and chimney is fitted to 
 
 Fig. 743. 
 
 o n o n o 
 
 sfsfs 
 
 Norton's Locomotive or Portable Boiler, in which the water tubes are secured across the 
 fire box and combustion chamber, which are formed by cast iron chambers, at the 
 sides only, the end and the top being brickwork. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 744. 
 
 Girdwood's Vertical Locomotive Boilers, in which there are one 
 fire grate in one boiler, and two fire grates in the other boiler, 
 and hanging water tubes in both boilers, but only one chimney. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 consists in having the main fire in only one 
 of a set of two boilers, and a flue to lead the 
 fire gases from the first boiler into a chamber 
 in the second or chimney boiler. The fire 
 box of the second boiler has two grates at the 
 
 the second boiler, for leading the fire gases 
 away from the chamber, and the exhaust 
 pipe of the engine is applied to increase the 
 draught by directing the exhaust steam up 
 the chimney, whilst to prevent the fire gases 
 from proceeding from the inlet flue by too 
 direct a course to the chimney, a vertical fire 
 brick slab is placed in the fire box, so as to 
 cause the gases to first pass down to the 
 lower part of the box. 
 
 A Mr. Laharpe's notion of a locomotive 
 boiler adapted for large driving wheels next 
 appeared, as illustrated by Fig. 745. And at 
 the same time came another arrangement by 
 the same inventor for two pairs of large 
 driving wheels, as shown by Fig. 746. 
 
 "We conclude this chapter by illustrating 
 and explaining a locomotive engine and boiler 
 
LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 277 
 
 invented and patented by Mr. Perkins, in 
 the year 1836. The engine is shown in 
 sectional views, by Fig. 747. The steam acts 
 only against one side of the piston ; no cover 
 or stuffing box is necessary to the other end 
 of the cylinder, and, according to the arrange- 
 ment shown, there only requires the guide 
 bar, against which the spindle of the piston 
 valve knocks at each stroke, in order to open 
 the same for the passage of the steam into 
 the atmosphere at the end of the stroke ; and 
 
 Fig. 745. 
 
 Laharpe's Angular Tube and Barrel Locomotive Boiler, adapted 
 for a pair of large driving wheels. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 ment consists of generating steam through 
 the medium of certain closed tubes containing 
 confined and surcharged steam. 
 
 The boiler consists of a series of tubes, the 
 one part of each tube projecting downwards 
 into the flame, the other extending above the 
 bottom of the boiler, and the tubes are conse- 
 quently surrounded by the water in the boiler. 
 The tubes are hermetically closed to prevent 
 the escape of steam. 
 
 Fig. 746. 
 
 Laharpe's Vertical Water Tube Locomotive Boiler, adapted for 
 two pairs of large driving wheels. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Perkins" Single Steam Action Locomotive Engine, requiring no piston or guide rods, or 
 stuffing boxes, the steam acting on the back of the piston only. Patented in the year 
 1836. 
 
 Perkins recommended that high pressure 
 steam should be employed and used expan- 
 sively, say two hundred pounds to the square 
 inch, and cut off at about one-eighth of the 
 stroke, and expand down to atmospheric 
 pressure. 
 
 The boiler is illustrated, on the next page, 
 by Fig. 748 ; and the principle of the arrange- 
 
 By this arrangement, states Perkins, im- 
 portant results will be obtained ; there will 
 be no incrustation of the interior of the tubes, 
 and the heat from the furnace will be quickly 
 transmitted upwards ; that the outer surfaces 
 of the tubes will not be liable to scaleage or 
 oxidation, which result will of course tend 
 much to preserve the boilers so constructed. 
 
278 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEKS. 
 
 The tubes are each to have a small quantity 
 of water depending on the degree of pressure 
 required to the engine ; and in order for the 
 working of this construction of boiler to the 
 greatest advantage, the density of the steam 
 in the tubes should be somewhat more than 
 that intended to be produced in the boilers; 
 
 Fig. 
 
 one thousand eight hundredth parts, and so on, 
 for greater or lesser degrees of pressure ; by 
 which means the tubes will, when the boiler 
 is at work, be pervaded with steam, and 
 any additional heat applied thereto will rise 
 quickly to the upper parts of the tubes, and 
 be given off to the surrounding water con- 
 
 748. 
 
 Perkins' Locomotive Boiler, in which vertical tubes containing surcharged steam assist the 
 flame to raise the steam for working the engine at a pressure of 200 Ibs. on the square 
 inch. Patented in the year 1836. 
 
 and for steam and other boilers under atmo- 
 spheric pressure, then the quantity of water to 
 be applied in each tube is to be about one 
 one thousand eight hundredth part of the 
 capacity of the tube ; for a pressure of 
 two atmospheres, two one thousand eight 
 hundredth parts ; for three atmospheres, three 
 
 tained in the boiler ; because steam already 
 saturated with heat requires no more heat to 
 keep the atoms of water in their expanded 
 state, consequently becomes a most useful 
 means of transmitting heat from the furnace 
 to the water in the boiler. 
 
BOILEE STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAE. 
 
 279 
 
 Fig. 749. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 BOILER STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAB. 
 Fig. 750. Fig. 751. 
 
 Fig. 752. 
 
 
 
 BOILER PL ATS 
 
 Papin's Safety Valve, 
 consisting of a disc 
 and rod seated in a 
 recess formed with 
 the boiler or digester, 
 as it was termed ; 
 the disc was acted 
 on by a weight lever". 
 Invented in the year 
 1695. 
 
 Fig. 753. 
 
 Locomotive Safety Valve, con- 
 sisting of a disc acted on by 
 a lever and box spring at 
 its end, as used first in the 
 year 1831. 
 
 Fig. 757. 
 
 Savery's Safety Valve, 
 consisting of a solid 
 cone seated on the 
 boiler plate and 
 acted on by a weight 
 lever. Used in the 
 year 1698. 
 
 Spencer's Safety Valve, consisting 
 of a double seated cone, the 
 bottom seat being formed in 
 the casing, and the top seat a 
 disc secured by a vertical sup- 
 port rod and nut. Patented in 
 the year 1852. 
 
 Fig. 754. 
 
 BOILER PLiTE 
 
 Watt's Land Stationary Safety 
 Valve, consisting of a disc 
 acted on by series of direct 
 weights, and a chain and 
 handle connected to the 
 valve rod above the weights 
 to raise them and the valve. 
 Invented in the year 1800. 
 
 Fig. 755. 
 
 Vacuum or Atmospheric Safety 
 Valve, for the purpose of per- 
 mitting the atmosphere to fill 
 the boiler when empty and 
 prevent collapsing. Used since 
 the year 1800. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Stephenson's Locomotive 
 Safety Valve, consisting 
 of a disc acted on by a 
 series of curved flat 
 springs adjusted by a 
 set screw. Invented in 
 the year 1833. 
 
 Fig. 758. 
 
 Locomotive Safety Valve, consist- 
 ing of a half globe acted on by 
 a lever fitted with adjustable 
 lever gear in connection with 
 the spring box. Used in the 
 year 1840. 
 
 Fig. 759. 
 
 Twin Safety Valves and Stop 
 Valve, used for land stationary 
 boilers since the year 1850. 
 
 Fig. 760. 
 
 Scott's Twin Safety Valves, consisting 
 of two discs that are acted on above 
 by a spring lever and a spring direct, 
 so that both valves lift the lever. 
 Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 1 PL TE 
 
 Tyler's Safety Valve, con- 
 sisting of a disc, the 
 seat for which is india- 
 rubber, and the spring 
 acting on the valve is 
 formed by layers of 
 india-rubber and metal. 
 Patented in the year 
 1853. 
 
 Ramsbottom's Safety Valves, consist- 
 ing of two cones acted on by a hand 
 lever in connection below with a 
 coil spring situated between the 
 seat pipes of the valves. Patented 
 in the year 1855. 
 
280 
 
 BOILEE STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAK. 
 
 Fig. 761. 
 
 Fig. 762. 
 
 Fig. 764. 
 
 Ramsbottom's Safety Valves, con- 
 sisting of two cones acted on by 
 a hand lever in connection above 
 with a coil spring that is ad- 
 justed with a uap and two nuts 
 on the rod. Patented in the 
 year 1855. 
 
 Ramsbottom's Safety Valves, consist- 
 ing of two cones acted on by a hand 
 lever in connection below with a 
 volute spring that is secured in 
 the recess between the valves. 
 Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Johnson's Safety Valves, consist- 
 ing of two valves opening up 
 and down for the escape of the 
 steam, and the " down " valve 
 acts as the ordinary suspension 
 pin for the lever. Patented in 
 the year 1855. 
 
 Rambottom's Safety Valves, consisting of three cones acted on 
 by a hand lever in connection below with one direct weight 
 situated between the seat pipes. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 767. Fig. 768. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Holt's Safety Valves, con- 
 sisting of two discs that, 
 when rising, permit the 
 escape of the steam 
 under and over the 
 seats, the weight being 
 direct on the top valve. 
 Patented in the year 
 1856. 
 
 Fig. 769. 
 
 BUILER PLATE 
 
 Holt's Safety Valves, consist- 
 ing of two discs that, when 
 rising, permit the escape of 
 the steam under and over 
 the seats, the weight being 
 hung from the top valve. 
 Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 770. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Holt's Safety Valves, consisting 
 of two discs that, when rising, 
 permit the escape of the steam 
 under and orer the seats ; the 
 lever is weighted at each end 
 in proportion to the relative 
 areas of the valves. Patented 
 in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 771. 
 
 Bodmer's Safety Valves, consisting of a cap 
 valve and weight lever in connection with 
 a ball and socket regulating feed water 
 valve. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 Fig. 772. 
 
 Bodmer's Combined Safety 
 Valves, consisting of a ball 
 and socket valve and piston 
 valve for the water pressure 
 and an annular valve for the 
 escape of the steam. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1857. 
 
 Bodmer's Combined Safety 
 Valves, consisting of a ball 
 
 and socket valve and piston Bodmer's Combined Safety Valves, consisting 
 
 valve for the water pressure of a ball and socket valve above the piston Bodmer's Combined Safety Valves, 
 
 and an annular valve for the valve for the water pressure and a descend- showing the steam escape valve 
 
 escape of the steam. Pa- ing disc valve for the escape of the steam. opened. Patented in the year 
 
 tented in the year 1857. Patented in the year 1857. 1857. 
 
BOILEE STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAE. 
 
 281 
 
 Fig. 773. 
 
 Fig. 774. 
 
 Bodmer's Regulating Feed Water Valves in 
 connection with the weight levers of the 
 steam escape valves. Patented in the year 
 1857. 
 
 Fig. 776. 
 
 Fig. 775. 
 
 Haste's Safety Valves, consisting 
 of a lever weight valve with 
 two seats, and a cylinder formed 
 within the smaller seat contain- 
 ing an independent direct weight- 
 ed valve, so that the opening of 
 the small valve will to some 
 extent permit the steam to more 
 readily open the large valve. 
 Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 780. 
 
 Clayton's Safety Valve, consisting 
 of a recessed cone portion below 
 the seat for the spring rod to 
 rest in, so that when the valve 
 rises or falls it is free from any 
 side motion of the spring, which 
 is contained in a box, and the 
 adjusting casing padlocked. 
 Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Bodmer's Regulating Feed Water Apparatus 
 in connection with the spring levers of 
 safety valves. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 Fig. 777. Fig. 778. 
 
 Bodmer's Safety Valve, consisting of a spring 
 lever in connection with a feed water 
 regulating piston valve and spring valve. 
 Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 Btn-fell 
 
 Illingworth's Safety Valve, con- 
 sisting of a cylindrical valve 
 with two seats, acted on by 
 a direct weight ; the steam 
 escaping from the lower seat 
 passes through the valve and 
 weight. Patented in the 
 year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 781. 
 
 BCILEH PLATE 
 
 Smith's Safety Valve, consisting of a disc 
 that is acted on by two volute spiral 
 springs contained in a box, the adjust- 
 ment being by a hand lever and screw 
 stud, which raises or lowers the box. 
 Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 782. 
 
 Harman's Safety Valve, 
 consisting of a recessed 
 cone portion below the 
 seat for the lever rod to 
 rest in, so that when 
 the valve rises or falls 
 it is free from the curve 
 motion of the lever. 
 Patented in the year 
 1859. 
 
 Fig. 783. 
 
 a OILER PLATE 
 
 German Safety Valve, with a right 
 angle branch for the passage of 
 the steam. Used since the year 
 1860. 
 
 German Safety Valves, consisting 
 of two separate discs acted on by 
 a weight lever and a direct load. 
 Used since the year 1860. 
 
 Galloway's Safety Valves, con- 
 sisting of two valves closing 
 and opening up and down, acted 
 on by a lever in connection 
 with a steam piston and rod 
 which assist to open the valves 
 as the pressure in the boiler in- 
 creases. Patented in the year 
 1861. 
 
 2 o 
 
282 
 
 BOILEE STEAM SAFETY VALVES A&D GEAE. 
 
 Fig. 784. 
 
 Fig. 785. 
 
 . Fig. 786. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Galloway's Safety Valve, con- 
 sisting of a double seat valve 
 acted on by a lever in con- 
 nection with a steam piston 
 and rod which assist to 
 raise the valve as the pres- 
 sure in the boiler increases. 
 Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Naylor's Safety Valve, consisting of a disc 
 with a deep recess for the lever rod to rest 
 in, and the curved end of the lever is pressed 
 up by the screw spring at the side of the 
 casing. Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 788. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Naylor's Safety Valve, consisting of a disc with a 
 deep recess for the lever rod to rest in ; the 
 curved end of the lever is pressed up by the 
 screw spring, but the straight end is also pressed 
 up by a screw spring acted on by a steam 
 piston under it, so that the resistance is made 
 more uniform. Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 789. 
 
 Naylor's Safety Valve, consisting of a disc with a deep 
 recess for the lever rod to rest in ; the curved end of the 
 lever is pressed up by the screw spring, but the straight 
 end is also pressed up by a screw spring acted on by 
 a steam piston under it, so that the resistance is made 
 more uniform ; an indicator is also fitted. Patented 
 in the year 1863. 
 
 Mash's Safety Valve, consisting of a disc valve, 
 over which is an ordinary weight lever, and 
 under it a set of compound levers in connection 
 with corrugated and drum cylinders filled with 
 mercury, which expand and contract accord- 
 ing to the surrounding temperature, and thus 
 actuate the valve. Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 German Balance Piston Safety 
 Valves, consisting of a piston 
 seat for a cone that is formed 
 with a cylinder in which 
 the piston is fitted, the 
 cylinder having a separate 
 seat. Used since the year 
 1864. 
 
BOILER STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAE. 
 
 283 
 
 Fig. 790. 
 
 Fig. 791. 
 
 Fig. 792. 
 
 Fig. 793. 
 
 Baldwin's Safety Valve, con- 
 sisting of a globe seated on 
 an eccentric seat, so that 
 when the valve rises the 
 area of the opening is in- 
 creased proportionately, the 
 weight being suspended 
 under the valve. Patented 
 in the year 1866. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Baldwin's Safety Valve, consisting 
 of a globe seated on an eccentric 
 seat, so that when the valve 
 rises the area of the opening is 
 increased proportionately, the 
 valve being acted on by a lever 
 and weight. Patented in the 
 year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 795. 
 
 I:R PLATIZ 
 
 Swann's Safety Valve, consisting 
 of a disc acted on by a weight 
 lever that is connected at the 
 back end to a spring rod, the 
 action of the spring being to 
 hold the lever down, as is the 
 weight at the opposite end. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Parson's Safety Valve, con- 
 sisting of a mushroom-sec- 
 tioned disc having a weight 
 suspended below it in the 
 boiler, so that the weight 
 and valve may oscillate 
 without the steam escaping. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. WWJKSt 
 
 ^ V OF THE 
 
 iNIVERSIl 
 
 Fig. 797. 
 
 Parson's Safety Valve, consisting 
 of a mushroom-sectioned disc 
 having a cross bar above and 
 two side rods suspending an an- 
 nular weight below around the 
 seating pipe above the boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 798. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Parson's Safety Valve, consist- 
 ing of a mushroom-sectioned 
 disc acted on above by a 
 bell-crank lever and sus- 
 pended weight below. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 799. 
 
 Parson's Safety Valve, consist- 
 ing of a mushroom-sectioned 
 disc formed with a box above 
 containing a spring in con- 
 nection with a fixed rod 
 passing through the valve. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 800. 
 
 OILER PLATE 
 
 Cooke's Safety Valve, consist- 
 ing of a deep cup valve 
 with a knife edge seating 
 and the lever rod pointed 
 at each end, so that the 
 action of the lever does not 
 affect the valve. Patented 
 in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 801. 
 
 Cameron's Safety Valve, consisting of a disc acted 
 on by two combined levers and a weight on the 
 end of the upper and longer lever. Patented in 
 the year 1867. 
 
 Richardson's Safety Valve, 
 consisting of a disc fitted 
 with an adjustable annular 
 cap between the plate and 
 the spring to cause a resist- 
 ance to the escape of the 
 steam independently of the 
 action of the spring. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1867. 
 
 Richardson's Safety Valve, 
 consisting of a dis6 formed 
 with an inverted recess to 
 cause a resistance to the 
 escape of the steam inde- 
 pendently of the action of 
 the spring. Patented in the 
 year 1867. 
 
 Sanders' Safety Valves, con- 
 sisting of two discs of un- 
 equal diameters ; and the 
 top disc is fitted with a 
 direct weight seated on four 
 screw springs to counteract 
 any vibration. Patented in 
 the year 1868. 
 
 2 o 2 
 
284 
 
 BOILEE STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAE. 
 
 Fig. 802. 
 
 Fig. 803. 
 
 Church's Safety Valve, consisting of discs and piston valves 
 having vertical and horizontal motions, and acted on by 
 springs, weights, and levers. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 805. Fig. 806. 
 
 Ashcroft's Safety Valves, consisting of a 
 cylinder with a top seat and two bottom 
 seats, which are contained ia a perforated 
 box screwed in the casing, the valves being 
 acted on by a weight lever above. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 807. 
 
 Ashcroft's Safety Valves, consisting of 
 two discs above and below the seat- 
 ings, the use of the lower disc being 
 to prevent any water escaping with 
 the steam and to close suddenly if 
 the spring on the top disc breaks. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 808. 
 
 fe LlBfl 
 
 y THB 
 
 Hopkinson's Safety Valves, con- 
 sisting of three cones, the upper 
 cone being acted on directly by 
 a heavy weight. Patented in 
 the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 809. 
 
 Hopkinson's Safety Valves, consisting 
 of three cones ; the top cone is acted 
 on by a hung weight, and the other 
 two cones by weights surrounding 
 the cylinders of the cones. Patented 
 in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 810. 
 
 Hopkinson's Safety Valves, consisting 
 of five cones ; the top cone is acted 
 on by a hung weight, and the second 
 and third cones by weights sur- 
 rounding the cylinders of the cones. 
 Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Hopkinson's Safety Valves, consisting 
 of three cones separately acted on 
 by separate coil springs surrounding 
 the seat pipe and the cylinder of 
 each valve. Patented in the year 
 1870. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Hopkinson's Safety Valves, 
 consisting of three cones, 
 the upper cone being 
 acted on by a coil spring 
 surrounding the seat 
 pipe. Patented in the 
 year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 811. 
 
 Wilke's Marine Safety Valve, consist- 
 ing of a disc with a cross bar and 
 two side rods to suspend the direct 
 weight below the casing, which is 
 hung in two side frames to allow 
 the weight and casing to oscillate. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Wilke's Marine Safety Valves, consisting of a disc acted on by a direct weight contained in the casing, which 
 is hung in two side frames to allow the weight and casing to oscillate. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
BOILEK STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAB. 
 
 285 
 
 Fig. 812. 
 
 Fig. 813. 
 
 Fig. 814. 
 
 Cowburn's Safety Valve, con- 
 sisting of a semispherical 
 disc in connection with a 
 dome casing attached to an 
 annular weight that sur- 
 rounds the seat pipe. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1871. 
 
 Mirchin's Safety Valve, consisting of a piston 
 and cylinder seat valve in connection with 
 a spring adjusted by a screw rod and hand 
 wheel ; the steam acting on the annular 
 space of the piston causes the valve to 
 open. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Mirchin's Safety Valve, consisting of 
 a ball attached to a lever connected 
 to a piston and spring above it ; the 
 steam acting on the annular space 
 of the piston causes the valve to 
 open. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 815. 
 
 Fig. 816 
 
 BOILER PLATS 
 
 Taylor's Safety Valve, con- 
 sisting of a disc acted on 
 by a series of flat curved 
 springs. Patented in the 
 year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 817. 
 
 BOILER PLATE BQ1LEB PLATE 
 
 Taylor's Safety Valve, consisting of a disc fitted with a 
 horizontal wheel and pinion for adjustment ; and the 
 valve is acted on by curved springs and a weight lever. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 818. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Lee's Safety Valve, consisting of a 
 disc with three circular seats 
 and three openings to correspond 
 in it and the seating. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 Watson's Marine Safety Valve, consisting of a 
 hollow globe fitted with a cap and a seat having 
 a groove in it to receive any lubricant ; the 
 small disc valve at the side forming no part of 
 this invention. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
286 
 
 BOILEE STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAK. 
 
 Fig. 819. 
 
 Fig. 820. 
 
 Fig. 821. 
 
 Fig. 822. 
 
 Watson's Marine Safety Valves, 
 consisting of a holluw globe 
 seated on a gland and packing ; 
 the top of the globe is formed 
 with a seat, on which is a disc 
 ralve acted on by a hung weight 
 contained in the casing attached 
 to the globe. Patented in the 
 year 1871. 
 
 MacDonald's Safety Valve and Weight Lever 
 in connection with the spring and piston 
 valve and box to assist the action of the 
 lever. Patented in the year 1872. 
 
 MacDonald's Spring and Piston 
 Valve and Box, to assist the 
 action of the lever of ordinary 
 safety valves. Patented in the 
 year 1872. 
 
 Giles' Land Safety 
 Valve, consisting of 
 a cylinder seated in 
 a recessed seat, so 
 that the steam, on 
 the valve rising, is 
 compelled to act on 
 the outer edge, and 
 thus compensate for 
 the increasing resist- 
 ance of the spring 
 as it is compressed. 
 Patented in the year 
 1872. 
 
 Fig. 823. Fig. 824. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 825, 
 
 Fig. 826. 
 
 Giles' Locomotive Safety 
 Valve, consisting of a 
 cylinder seated in a re- 
 cessed seat, so that the 
 steam, on the valve 
 rising, is compelled to 
 act on the outer edge, and 
 thus compensate for the 
 increasing resistance of 
 the spring as it is com- 
 pressed. Patented in the 
 year 1872. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Giles" Marine Safety Valves, 
 consisting of a cylinder 
 seated in a recessed seating ; 
 the valve is turned on its 
 seat by the twin handle 
 lever, and a lift hand lever 
 is also fitted to " ease " the 
 valve. Patented in the year 
 1872. 
 
 Giles' Safety Valve, consisting of 
 a disc seated on a cylinder with 
 a recessed seating j and two coil 
 springs are used with a cross 
 bar to act on the valve rod. 
 Patented in the year 1872. 
 
 BOILER PLKTE 
 
 Field's Safety Valve, consisting of a disc 
 having an annular seat and a recess for the 
 hand lever rod to rest in, the upper part of 
 the lever being in connection with the rods 
 of a coil spring adjusted above by a screwed 
 rod. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
BOILEK STEAM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAR. 
 
 287 
 
 Turton's Safety Valve Springs, 
 consisting of two pairs of struts 
 in connection with two cross 
 bars having between them two 
 spiral springs. Patented in the 
 year 1872. 
 
 Fig. 829. 
 
 Fig. 830. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Turton's Safety Valve Springs, 
 consisting of two struts in con- 
 nection with a series of curved 
 flat springs hinged and studded 
 at each end, and the struts act- 
 ing in the centre. Patented in 
 the year 1872. 
 
 Turton's Safety Valve Springs, 
 consisting of two struts in con- 
 nection with a series of curved 
 flat springs hinged on pins and 
 adjusted by set studs and a 
 bridle. Patented in the year 
 1872. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Turton's Safety Valve Springs, 
 consisting of two struts in con- 
 nection with a series of curved 
 flat springs hinged at the centre 
 line of the valve seat. Patented 
 in the year 1872. 
 
 Fig. 831. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Turton's Safety Valve Springs, 
 consisting of two struts in 
 connection with a series of 
 inverted curved flat springs 
 suspended by the struts and 
 bearing against the cross 
 bar. Patented in the year 
 1872. 
 
 Fig. 835. 
 
 Turton's Safety Valve Springs, 
 consisting of two struts in 
 connection with two single 
 bar springs looped under 
 pins below the struts and 
 adjusted above by a cross 
 bar and set screw, the bar 
 being suspended. Patented 
 in the year 1872. 
 
 Fig. 833. 
 
 Fig. 834. 
 
 BQILEa PLATE 
 
 Turton's Safety Valve Springs, 
 consisting of two struts in 
 connection with a series of 
 curved flat springs bearing 
 on the collar above the valve. 
 Patented in the vear 1872. 
 
 Fig. 836. 
 
 BOILER LJ LJ PLATE 
 
 Lockwood's Safety Valves, 
 consisting of a block and 
 cylinder in connection with 
 a water weight casing that 
 is connected and regulated 
 by pipes with the water in 
 the boiler. Patented in the 
 year 1872. 
 
 BCILER PLATE" 
 
 Turton's Safety Valve Springs, 
 consisting of two struts in 
 connection with india-rubber 
 springs. Patented in the 
 year 1872. 
 
 Fig. 837. 
 
 Cazier's Safety Valve, 
 consisting of a disc 
 opening downwards 
 and the weight lever 
 under the valve. 
 Patented in the year 
 1872. 
 
 CNSSN WXV.V.NNV.-.1 K , x , 
 
 BOILER PUATE 
 
 Turton's Safety Valve Springs, 
 consisting of two struts in 
 connection with two levers 
 that are attached to two 
 coil springs. Patented in 
 the year 1872. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Safety Valve, consisting of 
 an annular space for the 
 steam to act up against 
 a ring that bears on two 
 seats ; the ring is held 
 down by a coil spring 
 contained in the recess 
 of the inner seat. Pro- 
 posed by the "Engineer," 
 October 18th, 1872. 
 
288 
 
 BOILER ALARM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAR. 
 
 Fig. 839. 
 
 Fig. 840. 
 
 Fig. 841. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Annular Seat Safety Valve. 
 Proposed in the " Engineer," 
 November 8th, 1872. 
 
 WEIGHT LEVER 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Double Seat Safety Valve. 
 Proposed in the " Engineer," 
 November 8th, 1872. 
 
 Pollard's Safety Valves in combination with valves, levers, and 
 springs for the regulation of the steam pressure when passing 
 from the boiler to the engine. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 BOILER ALAEM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAR. 
 
 Fig. 842. 
 
 SITT 
 
 Fig. 843. 
 
 Fig. 844. 
 
 Alarm Whistle Valve, Float, Lever, 
 and Balance. Used since the 
 year 1840. 
 
 Alarm Float Chain- 
 wheel Balance and 
 Indicator. Used 
 since the year 1840. 
 
 
 Johnson's Indicating Alarm Float, by 
 means of a piston moving in a glass 
 cylinder, secured on the top of the 
 boiler. Patented in the year 1852. 
 
 Fig. 845. 
 
 Tayler's Alarm Safety 
 Valve, consisting of a 
 disc and rod acted on 
 by a coil spring con- 
 tained in a whistle box ; 
 the whistle being situ- 
 ated between the valve 
 and the spring. Patented 
 in the year 1853. 
 
BOILEE ALAEM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAE. 
 
 289 
 
 Fig. 846. 
 
 Fig. 847. 
 
 Fie. 848. 
 
 Fig. 849. 
 
 Tayler's Alarm Safety Valve Ap- 
 paratus, inside the boiler, con- 
 sisting of a disc float, chain, 
 wheel, and counterbalance, in 
 connection with the valve shown 
 by Fig. 845. Patented in the 
 year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 850. 
 
 Tayler's Alarm Safety 
 Valve, Whistle and 
 Spring. The valve 
 opens downwards 
 and is connected di- 
 rect to the float. Pa- 
 tented in the year 
 1853. 
 
 Fig, 851. 
 
 Tayler's Alarm Safety 
 Valve, consisting of a 
 sliding tube contained 
 in a fixed tube, and both 
 tubes perforated. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 852. 
 
 Tayler's Alarm Safety Valve 
 Apparatus, outside the boil- 
 er, consisting of a disc float, 
 chain, wheel, counterba- 
 lance, and whistle. Patented 
 in the year 1853. 
 
 Tayler's Alarm Safety Valve Ap- 
 paratus, outside the boiler, con- 
 sisting of an eccentric rimmed 
 wheel with a safety valve rod 
 acting on it and a steam whistle 
 to indicate when the valve is 
 lifted. Patented in the year 
 1853. 
 
 Hall's Alarm Safety Valve 
 Apparatus, consisting of a 
 disc connected to A fusible 
 plug on the fire box plate 
 and a water pipe under and 
 over the valve which, when 
 lifting, admits water in the 
 fire box besides through the 
 plug casing. Patented in 
 the year 1855. 
 
 Cowburn's Water Level Float, Lever, 
 and Counterbalance, in connection 
 with a direct loaded safety valve, 
 the hollow rod of which suspends 
 the float lever. Patented in the 
 year 1855. 
 
 Cowburn's Water Level Float and 
 Lever, in connection with a safety 
 valve and lever, on the casing of 
 which is a direct loaded safety 
 valve. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 2 P 
 
290 
 
 BOILEE ALAEM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAE. 
 
 Fig. 854. 
 
 Fig. 855. 
 
 Fig. 856. 
 
 Fig. 857. 
 
 Cowburn's Water Level 
 Float, Wheel, Chain, 
 and Counterbalance, 
 outside the boiler. 
 Patented in the year 
 1855. 
 
 Routledge's Alarm Flame Tube, 
 fitted with fusible plugs inside 
 the boiler. Patented in the 
 year 1856. 
 
 Routledge's Alarm Flame Tube, 
 fitted with fusible plugs. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 808. 
 
 JHIVERSITT 
 
 
 Johnston's Alarm Safety Valve 
 Apparatus, consisting of a ball 
 float that is directly connected 
 to a spindle valve that descends 
 to admit steam to the whistle 
 above. Patented in the year 
 1856. 
 
 York's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus, outside 
 the boiler, consisting of two floats and a 
 disc valve acted on by a spring ; at the 
 side of the casing is a whistle to indicate 
 when the valve opens. Patented in the 
 year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 859. 
 
 Fig. 860. 
 
 Fig. 861. 
 
 Knowelden's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus, 
 consisting of two safety valves ; one being 
 held down by a float lever inside the boiler, 
 and the other acted on by the weight lever. 
 Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Knowelden's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus, 
 consisting of a float and lever that is con- 
 nected to a weight lever which acts on a 
 disc valve ; the motion of the lever Is in- 
 dicated by a hand pointer and recording 
 quadrant. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Knowelden's Alarm Low Level 
 Safety Valve Apparatus, con- 
 sisting of a ball connected to a 
 long float that, when descend- 
 ing, admits the water in the 
 boiler in the fire boi. Patented 
 in the year 1856. 
 
BOILER ALAEM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAR 
 
 291 
 
 Fig. 862. 
 
 Fig. 863. 
 
 Fig. 864.' 
 
 Knowelden's High and Low Level Alarm 
 Safety Valve Apparatus, fitted to an egg- 
 end boiler. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 865. 
 
 Walley's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus, con- 
 sisting of a float and lever in connection 
 with the engine steam pipe throttle valve 
 and a chain wheel that is connected to the 
 flue damper. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Fig. 866. 
 
 Fig. 867. 
 
 Horton's Safety Valves in connection with a water 
 level float and lever, the action of the float and 
 small valves being to regulate the pressure of 
 the steam on the top of the piston of the large 
 valve. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 Fig. 868. 
 
 Parson's Safety Piston Valve in connection 
 with a series of metal and india-rubber 
 rings that are secured on the roof of the 
 fire box ; and the melting of the india- 
 rubber permits the valve to fall and 
 the steam to escape. Patented in the 
 year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 869. 
 
 Parson's Safety Piston 
 Valve in connection with 
 a cylinder of india-rub- 
 ber fixed in a casing on 
 the roof of the fire box ; 
 and the melting of the 
 india-rubber permits the 
 valve to rise and the 
 steam to escape. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1858. 
 
 Parson's Twin Safety Piston 
 Valves in connection with a 
 series of metal and india- 
 rubber rings that are secured 
 on the roof of the fire box, 
 for the same purpose as for 
 Fig. 866. Patented in the 
 year 1858. 
 
 Parson's Safety Plug Valve and India- 
 rubber Rings, for the same purpose 
 as for Fig. 866, connected by a lever. 
 Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 870. 
 
 Haste's Safety Valves, acted on by a spring lever and a direct weight 
 respectively ; the weight valve is raised by the float lever, which also 
 is in connection with a cylindrical safety valve that is lowered to open 
 when the water is low in the boiler. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Haste's Safety Valves, acted on by a spring lever and a direct 
 weight respectively; the weight valve is raised by the float 
 lever, which is also in connection with a cylindrical safety valve 
 that is lowered to open when the water is low in the boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 2 p 2 
 
292 
 
 BOILEE ALARM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAR. 
 
 Fig. 871. 
 
 Fig. 872. 
 
 Fig. 873. 
 
 Fig. 874. 
 
 FIRE BOX 
 
 Parson's Alarm Valve in con- 
 nection with lever gear in 
 the boiler and a fusible plug 
 at the side' open to the flue. 
 Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Parson's Alarm Valve 
 in connection with a 
 fusible plug on the 
 roof of the fire bor. 
 Patented in the year 
 1858. K,,. 
 
 Haste's Safety Valve, directly loaded, having at the side 
 a cylindrical safety valve in connection with a float 
 
 a cyl: , 
 
 lever that lowers the valve when the water is low in 
 
 the boiler. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 877. 
 
 Fig. 876. 
 
 Wright's Water Float, Rod, Chain 
 Wheel, Bevel Gearing, and Per- 
 forated Fire Door, for indicating 
 the water level and regulating 
 the draught. Patented in the 
 year 1858. 
 
 Wright's Water 
 Float Rod and 
 Chain Wheel in 
 connection with 
 the sliding fur- 
 nace door. Pa- 
 tented in the 
 year 1858. 
 
 Parson's Feed Water Whistle 
 Alarm, consisting of a piston 
 working by the steam on one 
 side and feed water on the 
 other ; and the whistle in- 
 dicates when more feed is 
 required. Patented in the 
 year 1858. 
 
 Bodmer's Alarm Valve and 
 Pipes inside and outside the 
 boiler, to indicate when the 
 water is below the inside 
 pipe. Patented in the year 
 1858. 
 
 Bodmer's Alarm Valve 
 and Whistle in con- 
 nection with the ap- 
 paratus shown by 
 Fig. 877. Patented 
 in the year 1858. 
 
BOILEE ALARM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAE. 
 
 293 
 
 Fig. 880. 
 
 Fig. 881. 
 
 Fig. 882. 
 
 ' P 7 
 
 Normanday's Alarm Valve and Appa- 
 ratus, consisting of a float and lever 
 gear outside the boiler in connection 
 with the damper and a whistle. 
 Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 883. 
 
 Archer's Alarm Valve Apparatus, 
 consisting of a float, outside 
 lever, safety valve, and steam 
 whistle. Patented in the year 
 1858. 
 
 Fig. 884. 
 
 Archer's Reverse Seats 
 Safety Valves in con- 
 nection with the ap- 
 paratus shown by 
 Fig. 880. Patented 
 in the year 1858. 
 
 Illingworth's Alarm Safety Valve Appa- 
 ratus, consisting of a cylindrical double 
 seat valve with a direct weight under 
 it, and below that a cone valve in con- 
 nection with a lever float and balance 
 weight ; the central pipe over the disc 
 valve being connected under a steam 
 whistle. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 885. 
 
 Illingworth's Alarm Safety Valve 
 in connection with a lever, float, 
 and balance weight inside the 
 boiler. Patented in the year 
 
 Fig. 88G. 
 
 Walker's Alarm Safety Valve and Apparatus, consisting 
 of a valve underhung with a weight, the rod being 
 in connection with a float lever that, by a pinion and 
 toothed quadrant, causes a whistle and hand pointer 
 to indicate when the water is low in the boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1859., 
 
 Fig. 887. 
 
 Fig. 888. 
 
 Davies' Alarm Safety Valve and Curved Pipe, 
 connecting the valve casing to the fire box, 
 so that on the valve rising the steam enters 
 therein. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 889. 
 
 Davies' Double Seat Alarm 
 Safety Valve and Casing, as 
 shown with the curved pipe 
 in Fig. 885. Patented in 
 the year 1860. 
 
 E-aai^bgg^ss^.^ft^ggjgri 
 
 Galloway's Alarm Valve Apparatus, consisting of float rod in 
 connection with a chain wheel shaft that is formed as a plug 
 cock to admit steam under the diaphragm valve that acts on 
 the lever of the safety valve. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 McCarthy's Alarm Safety Valve and 
 Apparatus, consisting of a direct 
 weighted valve outside the boiler 
 connected by a lever and rod to the 
 float in the boiler ; when the float 
 lever raises the valve, the water in 
 the boiler also flows through the 
 inside and outside pipes to the fire 
 boi. Patented in the year 1862. 
 
 McCarthy's Alarm Safety Valve 
 Float Lever Apparatus, con- 
 tained in a box outside the 
 boiler and connected to it by 
 pipes. Patented iu the year 
 1862. 
 
294 
 
 BOILER ALARM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAR. 
 
 Fig. 890. 
 
 Fig. 891. 
 
 Fig. 892. 
 
 Hackett's Alarm Safety Valve and Apparatus, consisting 
 of a valve in connection with a weight lever, float 
 lever, and two water pipes, that, on the valve rising, 
 conduct some of the water in the boiler to the fire 
 box. Patented in the vear 1866. 
 
 Turner's Alarm Safety Valve and Apparatus, con- 
 sisting of a float, wheel, and counterbalance, 
 also a float lever in connection with a throttle 
 steam valve; and an ordinary safety valve. 
 Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 895. 
 
 Bray's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus, 
 inside the boiler, consisting of a tube 
 seating, on which is a cone acted on 
 by a weight lever in connection with 
 a weight connected to the lever of 
 the safety valve outside the boiler ; 
 the tube also supports a float lever 
 that, when in contact with the 
 cone lever, admits the steam through 
 the tube into the fire box. Pa- 
 tented in the yeai 1866. 
 
 Fig. 896. 
 
 Bray's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus, inside 
 the boiler, consisting of a cone at the bottom 
 of the tube secured on the roof of the fire 
 box, and the action of the gear as in 
 Fig. 892. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 897. 
 
 Bray's Alarm Safety Valve Appa- 
 ratus, inside the boiler, consist- 
 ing of the float and lever in 
 connection with the lever and 
 safety valve that admits steam 
 into the fire box when the water 
 is low. Patented in the year 
 1866. 
 
 Fig. 898. 
 
 Bray's Alarm Safety Valve Appa- 
 ratus, inside the boiler, showing 
 the levers on the horizontal 
 line in connection with Fig. 894. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 899. 
 
 Swann's Alarm Valve 
 in connection with a 
 float and chain di- 
 rect. Patented in 
 the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 900. 
 
 Macpherson's Alarm Safety Valves and Ap- 
 
 paratus, consisting of two valves, one acted Cowburn's Alarm Fusible Plug, Cowburn's Alarm Fusible Plugs, 
 
 on by a weight lever and the other by a rod 
 connected to a float lever inside the boiler; 
 the float is also connected to a chain wheel 
 and feed water valve. Patented in the 
 year 1867. 
 
 that when melted admits the 
 steam and water in the boiler 
 through the removable tube 
 into the fire box. Patented in 
 the year 1867. 
 
 that when melted admits the 
 water in the boiler through 
 the removable tube into the 
 fire box. Patented in the year 
 1867. 
 
 Cowburn's Alarm Fusible 
 Plugs, that when melted 
 admits the water in the 
 boiler in the fire box. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1867. 
 
BOILEK ALARM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAE. 
 
 205 
 
 Fig. 901. 
 
 Kenyon's Alarm Safety Valve and 
 Apparatus, inside the boiler, 
 consisting of a tube secured to 
 the fire box, having a valve on 
 the top with a larger tube con- 
 nected to a lever float and coun- 
 terbalance; the lifting of the 
 valve permits the water to 
 enter the fire box. Patented 
 in the year 1867. 
 
 FIHE BOX 
 
 Hugh's Alarm Safety Valve and Apparatus, consisting of a lever 
 weight safety valve and also a direct underhung weight valve, 
 the weight being in the boiler and the rod in connection with a 
 lever float and counterbalance, and when that valve is lifted by 
 the lever float the water in the boiler flows through the pipes 
 into the fire box. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Benson's Alarm Safety Valve Water Pipe, consisting of a pipe vertical in the boiler and horizontal outside, 
 with a hollow ball in connection with a lever weighted safety valve, which rises when the water is out 
 of the pipe, to indicate the water is low in the boiler. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 906. 
 
 Fig. 904. 
 
 Hufh's Alarm Safety Valve and Apparatus, consisting of a valve 
 and box, underhung weight float lever and counterbalance, and 
 alarm water pipes. Patented in the vear 1869. 
 
 Pratt s Alarm Valve Whistle Water Globe, 
 
 * Safety Valve combined ; a quantity 
 of water in the boiler, being in connection 
 with the water in the globe, regulates the 
 action of the safety valve and whistle. 
 Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 907. 
 
 Fig. 908. 
 
 Langlet's Alarm Valve, Weight Lever, and 
 Float, inside the boiler ; the lowering of 
 the float causes valve to descend and the 
 steam to pass out through the casing pipe. 
 Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Kimball's Alarm and Whistle Float 
 Apparatus, situated outside the 
 boiler front ; the float rises and 
 falls as the water in the boiler 
 actuates when the steam valve is 
 open. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 909. 
 
 
 Hopkinson's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus, 
 consisting of two valve cylinders with 
 weights surrounding the lower parts and a 
 central valve with a hung weight in the 
 boiler, there, in connection with a lever 
 float and counterbalance, the central valve 
 is lifted by the lever when the water is low 
 in the boiler. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Adamson's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus, consisting of 
 one valve cylinder with weights surrounding the 
 lower part and a central valve with a hung weight 
 in the boiler, there, in connection with a lever float 
 and counterbalance ; the central valve is lifted by 
 the float lever when the water is low in the boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 >' XX 
 
 tor 
 
296 
 
 EOILEK FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 Fig. 910. 
 
 Fig. 911. 
 
 Fig. 912. 
 
 t? i i_i '/ 
 
 Cowburn's Alarm Safety Valve and 
 Apparatus, inside the boiler, con- 
 sisting of a direct weighted valve 
 in connection with a float lever and 
 balance ; the lowering of the float 
 assists to raise the valve. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 i UK 
 
 Lee's Alarm Safety Valve and Apparatus, 
 consisting of a perforated valve and seat 
 and a central curved valve underhung 
 with a weight in connection with a lever, 
 float, and counterbalance. Patented in the 
 year 1871. 
 
 BOILER PLATE 
 
 Kirk's Alarm Valve and Float in Mercury ; the ex- 
 pansion of the mercury causes the float to lift the 
 valve, and the steam blows the whistle above. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 v 3ITY 
 
 EOILER FEED PUMPS .AND ENGINES. 
 
 Fig. 913. 
 
 Fig. 914. 
 
 Cameron's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a piston rod- 
 slotted head to drive the crank pin direct and the slide valve of 
 the usual kind worked by a crank pin ; the pump plunger is 
 connected to the piston, and the pump valves are vertical, acting 
 at the other extremity of the casing. Patented in the year 
 1852. 
 
 Johnson's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of forming the 
 pump barrel with the back end cover of the engine cylinder. 
 Patented in the year 1852. 
 
BOILEE FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 207 
 
 Fig. 916. 
 
 Newton's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a piston and plunger 
 combined, the valves for the cylinder and pump being similar, and actuated 
 by a steam piston contained in a small cylinder situated between the engine 
 and pump ; the valve of the small cylinder is worked by a rack and half 
 pinion, the rod of which is moved by the plunger. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 917. 
 
 Knowelden's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of an 
 ordinary steam cylinder and slide valve that is actuated by a 
 small engine supported on a standard ; the piston is connected 
 direct to the slide valve, and the steam actuates the piston by 
 the lever and plug valve. Patented in the year. 1861. 
 
 fie. 918. 0*$' 
 
 EKSI 
 
 Cowan's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a twin barrel 
 pump and four pistons fitted with india-rubber valves, the engine 
 being the ordinary kind. Patented in the year 1862. 
 
 Fig. 919. 
 
 1 
 
 Duprey's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a direct actiag 
 engine and pump fitted with slide valves alike that are actuated 
 by a cross bar on the piston rod and rods and a lever. Patented 
 in the year 1864. 
 
 Fig. 920. 
 
 Cameron's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a piston and 
 ported slide valve for the engine, actuated by the steam admitted 
 by the tappet valves at the ends of the cylinder ; the pump 
 valves are metal discs with recesses for india-rubber and spiral 
 springs at the backs. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Tijou's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a steam cylinder 
 fitted with a cylindrical valve that oscillates from the motion 
 of a horizontal cam and a lever secured on the piston rod. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 2 Q 
 
298 
 
 BOILEE FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 Fig. 921. 
 
 Fig. 922. 
 
 Walker's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a cylindrical 
 piston which regulates the admission of the steam that actuates 
 the cylindrical slide valve. Patented in the year 1872. 
 
 Fig. 924. 
 
 Maxwell's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a cylindrical piston 
 containing a cylindrical valve with steam ports for supply and exhaust 
 in the piston, that is forced by the steam backwards and forwards in 
 the long cylinder. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 <-^t LIB 
 
 V" of ' 1!| 
 
 Ramsbottom's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a slide 
 valve actuated by a twisted bar and rod passing through the 
 engine piston and pump plunger, the motion of the valve being 
 at right angles to the motion of the piston. Patented in the 
 year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 926. 
 
 Ramsbottom's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a twin piston 
 and ported sliding valve combined, situated in a casing at the back end 
 of the cylinder, and the valve working at right angles to the motion of 
 the piston, the valve's motion gear being a twisted bar and rod fitted in 
 the piston rod. Patented in the year 18fi9. 
 
 Fig. 925. 
 
 Davey's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a double ported 
 slide valve, and above it a piston valve ; and both valves are 
 actuated by a lever that is actuated by the arm on the piston 
 rod. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 De Bergue's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a pump 
 barrel fitted with three pistons, two of which act as valves to 
 open and close apertures in the barrel that comimmicate with 
 the injection condenser and the pipe leading to the boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
BOILEE FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 299 
 
 Fig. 927. 
 
 Fig. 930. 
 
 liiStsi 
 
 nii.t' --$ 
 
 Clarkson's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a double 
 disc piston that regulates the admission of steam to the piston 
 valve casing above, by which means the valve is actuated, and 
 therefore regulates the supply and exhaust steam to and from 
 the cylinder. Patented in the year 1871, 
 
 Fig. 928. 
 
 Johnson's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, con- 
 sisting of two cylinders with pistons, ports, 
 and valves of similar arrangement and 
 design ; the crank pin is driven by a slotted 
 crosshead, and the valves actuated by 
 eccentrics. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 
 Cope's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of the fly wheel 
 bearing situated behind the back end cylinder cover, and a crank 
 pin, rod, and lever to impart motion to the slide valve. Patented 
 in the year 1872. 
 
 Fig. 929. 
 
 Wolstenholme's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a three- 
 piston slide valve that also oscillates, the motion being derived 
 from an arm secured on the piston rod with an angular grooved 
 end that fits into toothed bosses secured on the valve rod. 
 Patented in the year 1872. 
 
 Mellor's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a pistou 
 plunger, in the centre of which is a conical valve that is actuated 
 by a mercury loaded balance lever ; the steam from the boiler 
 to the valve is regulated by the float and its plunger. Patented 
 in the year 1855. 
 
 2 Q 2 
 
300 
 
 BOILEE FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 Fig. 932. 
 
 Fig. 933. 
 
 Cowburn's Boiler Feed Pnmp aud Engine, 
 consisting of an ordinary engine having 
 two side rods secured to the piston rod and 
 extended down to the cross bar of the 
 pump plunger that is guided by the tubular 
 projection on the bottom cover of the 
 cylinder. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Mellor's Boiler Feed Pump aud Engine, 
 consisting of a piston plunger in the 
 cylinder ; the steam to actuate the 
 piston is admitted and exhausted by 
 tappet valves contained in the plunger ; 
 the pump is secured to the top cover 
 of the cylinder. Patented in the year 
 1856. 
 
 Gargan's Boiler Feed Pump, consisting of a 
 plunger having openings on each side cor- 
 responding with similar openings in the 
 casing instead of valves. Patented in the 
 year 1860. 
 
 Knowelden's Boiler Feed Pump 
 and Engine, consisting of an 
 -ordinary slotted crosshead to 
 drive the crank pin ; the 
 pump plunger is hollow, with 
 a valve in the end. Patented 
 in the year 1861. 
 
 Brown's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting 
 of a crank motion contained in the steam 
 cylinder cover that moves the slide valve at 
 right angles to the steam piston's movement. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Kittoe's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of the connecting 
 rod being recessed in the piston, and the cylinder cover containing 
 the crank pin and shaft bearing, beyond which is a spur tooth 
 wheel that drives the wheel connected to the rotary steam valve. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
BOILEE FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 301 
 
 Fig. 938. 
 
 Fig. 940. 
 
 Kit toe's Boiler Feed Pump and 
 Engine, consisting of the cylinder 
 cover containing the connecting 
 rod, crank, and pin ; with the slide 
 valve at the side, worked by an 
 eccentric recess in the crank shaft 
 bearing. Patented in the year 
 I860. 
 
 Fig. 941. 
 
 Kittoe's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of two 
 cranks contained in the cylinder cover and a rotary steam 
 valve on the end of the shaft. Patented in the ye n 1866. 
 
 Kittoe's Boiler Feed Pumps and Engines, con- 
 sisting of a twin arrangement of valves, 
 pumps, and engines ; the steam valves, 
 with a tooth wheel between them, are 
 rotary, and driven by a spur wheel secured 
 on the left-hand crank shaft. Patented in 
 
 the year 1866. 
 
 >^v V O t- 
 
 TUK 
 
 *V 
 
 Fig. 942. 
 
 SamueTs Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consist- 
 ing of the steam cylinder being at the bottom 
 and the pump at the top, with a space for the 
 slotted crosshead between them contained in 
 a casing with slide valves alike for the engine 
 and pump. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Samuel's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, con- 
 sisting of a steam cylinder and pump in 
 a vertical line with each other, and above 
 the pump is a space for the slotted cross- 
 head, the slide valves for the pump and 
 engine being alike and fitted to one rod 
 that is worked by a slotted crosshead also. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 f\\ 
 
 Macabie's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, 
 consisting of three cylinders of unequal 
 diameters, the top and middle cylinder 
 being the engine and the bottom cylinder 
 the pump ; the steam slide valve is 
 actuated by the tappet gear, and the 
 pump valves are as usual. Patented in 
 the year 1868. 
 
302 
 
 BOILEE FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 Fig. 944. 
 
 Fie;. 946. 
 
 Ramsbottom's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of two water plungers and a steam cylinder 
 between them, the three oscillating, and one trunnion valve for the steam and water. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 Banmann's Boiler eej Pump and tyg 
 consisting of a pfetom vklve for the admis- 
 sion and exhaustion of the steam, wit 
 india-rubber springs, in . the ends of 
 casing to prevent noie> Patented in 
 year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 945. 
 
 r\ 
 
 Cope's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of twin arrangements with 
 the flywheel in the centre and a recess in each plunger for the crank 
 pin and connecting rod to work in. Patented in the year 1872. 
 
 Fig. 948. 
 
 Pearn's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of a single 
 plunger double acting pump with the valves on each side and 
 a " bow " connection for the two piston rods, in which the 
 crank and connecting rod work. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Cope's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine, consisting of twin arrangements, with 
 the flywheel in the centre and a recess in each plunger for the crank 
 pin and connecting rod to work in. Patented in the year 1872. 
 
BOILEE FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 303 
 
 Fig. 949. 
 
 Whitaker's Boiler Feed Rotary Pump, consisting of a three-opening 
 plug which, when revolving, passes water through a casing from the 
 tank to the boiler by centrifugal action. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Wilson's Boiler Feed Rotary Pump, consisting of an eccentric disc 
 fitted with four sliding slip pieces having packing at their outer ends, 
 which are always in contact with the cylindrical casing ; when the 
 disc revolves, it passes the water from the inlet to the outlet. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 951. 
 
 Fig. 953. 
 
 Giffard's Boiler Feed Injector, consisting of an arrangement of tubes 
 and valve openings to admit steam and water simultaneously through 
 them ; and the condensation of the steam causes a partial vacuum, 
 the effect of which, added to the pressure of the steam, forces the 
 water into the boiler. Patented in the year 1S58. 
 
 OK 
 Fig. 954. i" 
 
 Davy's Boiler Feed Rotary Pump, consisting of a wheel with a hollow 
 rim, through which water and steam passes from centrifugal action 
 to the boiler. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 952. 
 
 Faure's Boiler Feed Rotary Pump, consisting of a drum wheel composed 
 of a hollow ring, hollow arms, and a hollow shaft ; the steam and 
 water enter separately through the same end of the shaft, and the 
 rotation is caused by the water being admitted into and exhausted 
 from one side of the drum only and the steam at the other side, and 
 both meeting at the end of the bearing. Patented in the year 
 1870. 
 
 Giffard's Boiler Feed Injector, consisting of adjustable tubes and con- 
 nections in proportion to the pressure of the steam. Patented in 
 the year 1869. 
 
304 
 
 BOILEK FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 Fig. 955. 
 
 Fig. 956. 
 
 Fie;. 957. 
 
 Friedman's Boiler Feed Injector, consist- 
 ing of an addition of valves to Giftard's 
 injector ; also in spiral grooving the 
 water nozzle to impart impetus to the 
 steam and water. Patented in the 
 year 1869. 
 
 Wagstaff's Boiler Feed Tank and Steam Lever 
 Gear, consisting of a hollow lever with a ball 
 in it to act as a counterbalance to the float 
 connected at the opposite end ; the lever valve 
 admits steam into the tank which, pressing on 
 the water, forces it through the syphon pipe 
 into the boiler ; the water entering the tank 
 is regulated by the valve and wheel float. 
 Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 959. 
 
 Clark's Boiler Feed Apparatus, consisting of 
 a tank filled with water heated by steam 
 from the boiler, which also presses on the 
 water in the tank above and forces it into 
 the boiler through the steam casing tank. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 960. 
 
 Holman's Boiler Feed Pump, consisting of two pistons on one rod 
 that is actuated by a lever situated between the pistons that 
 have disc valves and spiral springs on the rod for discharge 
 valve, the suction valves being the usual loaded flap kind. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 961. 
 
 Macabie's Boiler Feed Water Apparatus, con- 
 sisting of an arrangement of a tank, valves, 
 float lever, and casing, so that steam can 
 be admitted to press or force the water 
 into the boiler as fast as it rises from the 
 tank. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Grindrod's Boiler Feed Water Appa- 
 ratus, consisting of a water casing 
 containing a float, valve, and 
 water injector ; the steam from 
 the boiler forces the water into 
 the boiler. Patented in the year 
 1871. 
 
 Holman's Boiler Feed Pump, consisting of two pistons in one barrel 
 and a corresponding set of valves for twin double action. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1867. 
 
BOILEE FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 305 
 
 Fig. 962. 
 
 Fig. 963. 
 
 Fig. 964. 
 
 Holman's Boiler Feed Pump, con- 
 sisting of a piston working in a 
 barrel with a twin set of valves 
 at each end. Patented in the 
 year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 965. 
 
 Macabie's Boiler Feed Apparatus, consisting of 
 an arrangement of two slide valves actuated 
 by an eccentric driven by gearing which 
 admits water at the bottom and steam above 
 to force water in the boiler. Patented in the 
 year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 966. 
 
 Maxwell's Boiler Feed Engi: 
 cylindrical piston containin: 
 that is actuated by the 
 the piston, as in Fig. 9 
 tented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 967. 
 
 im that actuates 
 QQ page 298. Pa- 
 
 Bishop's Boiler Feed Oscillating Piston 
 Pump, consisting of a flat piston 
 fitted with discharge valves, and 
 the suction valves, on seatings 
 below, contained in a cylindrical 
 casing. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 968. 
 
 Bishop's Boiler Feed Oscillat- 
 ing Piston Pump, consisting 
 of a flat piston fitted with 
 discharge valves, and the 
 suction valves, on seatings 
 below, contained in a cylin- 
 drical casing. Patented in 
 the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 969. 
 
 Kittoe's Boiler Feed Pump Valves and Seats, 
 consisting of metal and india-rubber combined. 
 Patented in the year 1 869. 
 
 Fig. 970. 
 
 Burgh's Pump Valves, consisting of cast iron ribbed discs 
 fitted with india-rubber rings to act as seats. Invented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 Turner's Boiler Feed Valves 
 and Casing, consisting of two 
 disc valves that are held up 
 by the spring on the rod. 
 Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Johnson's Feed Water Supply and Non-return 
 Valves combined. Patented in the year 1853. 
 
 2 R 
 
306 
 
 SECURING AND CONNECTING TUBES. 
 
 Fig. 971. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 SECUEING AND CONNECTING TUBES. 
 
 Fig. 975. 
 
 n r^ 
 
 TUBE 
 
 Howard's Central Water Circulating Branch 
 Connection for tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1868. 
 
 ^-i^-^ ..IP 7 1 
 
 Wahl's Method of seeming the end of 
 a tube by a split ferrule and wedge. 
 Patented in the yelar 1839. 
 
 
 Fig. 976. 
 
 TUBE 
 
 Dunn's Method of securing the ends of a tube 
 with a bolt and nuts. Patented in the 
 year 1853. 
 
 Fig. 973. 
 
 Johnson's Methods of closing the tubes in 
 boiler plates. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 TUBE 
 
 Allibon's Boiler Stay Tube screwed in the 
 plates at each end. Patented in the year 
 1868. 
 
 Fig. 977. 
 
 TUBE 
 
 Lungley's Method of fitting boiler tubes in 
 plates by taper internal and external 
 ferrules and screwed glands. Patented in 
 the year 1870. 
 
 i<;. 979. 
 
 Lungley's Method of securing boiler tubes at 
 an angle in vertical tube plates, having 
 projections on them to receive the screwed 
 ferrules. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 980. 
 
 Watts' Method of fitting boiler tubes in plates 
 by external and internal screwed glands 
 around and inside the tubes. Patented in 
 the year 1871. 
 
 974. 
 
 Fig. 978. 
 
 Langlois' Method of securing stay tubes by 
 screwing the tube in one plate and by a 
 ferrule in the other piate. Patented in 
 the year 1867. 
 
 
 pUwW|| 
 
 
 
 TUBE 
 
 Lungley's Method of fitting boiler tubes in 
 plates by taper external 'ferrules and 
 screwed glands. Patented in the year 
 1870. 
 
 Watts' Method of fitting boiler tubes to plates 
 by "closing" or' bending the tube and 
 clenching the connection with screwed 
 glands. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
SECURING WATEE CIECULATING TUBES. 
 
 307 
 
 Fig. 982. 
 
 Fig. 983. 
 
 Fig. 984. 
 
 \ P L AT 
 
 W//////. 
 
 Field's Water Circulating Branch Piece for 
 connecting tubes. Patented in the year 
 1833 (see Fig. 660 on page 253). 
 
 Hopkinson's Stay Tube Connection with inside 
 and outside nuts. Patented in the year 
 1858. 
 
 Harlow*s Set Screw Connection for vertical 
 water circulating tubes, which join hori- 
 zontal tubes. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 SECURING WATEE CIRCULATING TUBES. 
 
 Fig. 985. Fig. 986. 
 
 Perkins' Semi-globular Twin Land Boilers, fitted with vertical 
 annular water circulating hanging tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1831 (see Fig. 131 on page 52). 
 
 Perkins' Wagon Land Boiler, fitted 
 with water circulating plates. 
 Patented in the year 1831 (see 
 Fig. 399, page 150). 
 
 Fig. 987. 
 
 Perkins' Cylindrical Land Boiler, 
 fitted with water circulating 
 plates. Patented in the year 
 1831 (see Fig. 399, page 150). 
 
 Fig. 989. 
 
 Joly's Arrangements of Water Circulating 
 Vertical Tubes, as fitted in boiler tubes or 
 formed as boilers in combination without a 
 shell. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 Varley's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the flue tubes are fitted with water 
 pockets and stay water circulating tubes. Patented in the year 1859 (see also Fig. 419 
 on page 157). 
 
 2 R 2 
 
308 
 
 SECURING WATER CIECULATING TUBES. 
 
 Fig. 990. 
 
 Fig. 991. 
 
 Fig. 992. 
 
 Merry weather's Hanging Tubes, containing water 
 circulating tubes, perforated at the bottom end 
 and capped at the top. Patented in the year 
 1862. 
 
 Marshall's Hanging Water Circulating 
 Tube, fitted with a tube projecting 
 above the tube plate, and below that 
 is a plate having angular projections 
 and apertures at the bottom end. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1864. 
 
 Marshall's Hanging Syphon 
 Water Circulating Tube, 
 with one leg projecting 
 above the tube plate. 
 Patented in the year 
 1864. 
 
 Smith's Hanging Tubes, containing water circulating tubes of various sections with caps of various forms. 
 
 Patented in the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 995. 
 
 Fig. 996. 
 
 _ _ 
 
 Wise's Hanging Tubes, containing water circulating tubes and plates 
 of various sections, with bonnets acting as deflectors of various forms 
 to promote the circulation. Patented in the year 186S. 
 
 V 
 
 Miller's Vertical Water Circulat- 
 ing Tubes of various sections, 
 contained in an ordinary tube. 
 Patented in the vear 1866. 
 
 Feyh's Water Circulating 
 Branch Piece, adaptable for 
 three tubes. Patented in 
 the year 1866. 
 
SECUEING WATEE CIECULATING TUBES. 
 
 309 
 
 Fig. 997. 
 
 Fig. 999. 
 
 Perkins' Right Angle Tube Connection for 
 Tube Boilers. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Howard's Vertical Water Circu- 
 lating Tubes, in connection with 
 a horizontal larger tube. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1868. 
 
 Wiegand's Vertical Water Circulating Tubes, being formed 
 with screw projections and corrugated tops to assist the 
 circulation. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 " 
 
 Fig. 1000. 
 
 Fig. 1001. 
 
 "I 
 
 Thirion's Vertical Syphon 
 Tube, in which one leg is 
 fitted with a water circu- 
 lating tube. Patented in 
 the year 1869. 
 
 Desvigne's Vertical Syphon 
 Tubes, having an enlarged 
 ring connection at the 
 lower ends. Patented in 
 the year 1869. 
 
 Lee's Horizontal Cylindrical Boiler, in which the flue tubes are fitted with a water 
 circulating coil, and the fire boxes with " cups " and tubes for the same purpose. 
 Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 1003. 
 
 Fig. 1004. 
 
 Fig. 1005. 
 
 Fig. 1006. 
 
 Lee's Globular Evaporating 
 " Cup," fitted with a water 
 circulating tube. Patented 
 in the year 1870 (see Fig. 
 251 on page 96). 
 
 Nason's Water Circulating Tubes, 
 having a side connection below 
 the top of the outer tube ; 
 above the tube plate. Patented 
 in the year 1868. 
 
 Smith's Water Circulating 
 Tubes, having a side 
 opening between the two 
 plates. Patented in the 
 year 1868. 
 
 Nason's Water Circulating Tubes, 
 having a side connection below the 
 top of the outer tube; above the 
 tube plate. Patented in the year 
 1868. 
 
310 
 
 SECUEING BEANCH PIECES TO CIECDLATING TUBES. 
 
 Fig. 1007. 
 
 Fig. 1008. 
 
 Fig 1009. 
 
 Fis;. 1010. 
 
 Todd's Water Circulating Tubes, 
 having a side connection below 
 the top of the outer tube ; 
 above the tube plate. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 Todd's Water Circulating Tubes, 
 having a side connection 
 below the top of the outer 
 tube ; above the tube plate. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Todd's Water Circulating Tubes; 
 the inner tube is syphoned over 
 the tube plate, with sheet sup- 
 ports to suspend the tube. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1871. 
 
 Todd's Water Circulating Tubes ; 
 the inner tube being curved 
 back over the plate, with sheet 
 supports to suspend the tube. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 RANCH PIECES TO CIRCULATING TUBES. 
 
 Fig. 1012. Fig. 1013. 
 
 t 
 
 p 
 
 n n Q Q[ 
 
 n ' 
 
 
 Belleville's Water Circulating Branch 
 Piece, for connecting tubes. Patented 
 in the year 1865 (see Fig. 451 on page 
 174). 
 
 Fig. 1014. 
 
 Belleville's Perforated Water Circulating 
 Tube, contained in a tube fitted with 
 screwed branches, to connect on each 
 side to twin tubes, and thus maintain 
 a general circulation. Patented in the 
 year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 1015. 
 
 Carville's Tubes, formed by corrugated 
 plates bolted together. Patented in 
 the year 1867. 
 
 Root's Water Circulating Branch Connections, as secured 
 to a perforated tube plate. Patented in the year 1867 
 (see Fig. 455 on page 176). 
 
 Fig. 1016. 
 
 Root's Water Circulating Branches, arranged 
 to permit the flow from one tube to the 
 other through right angle passages. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1870. 
 
 Root's Water Circulating Branches in con- 
 nection with internal and external tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1870. 
 
SECUEING BKANCH PIECES TO CIRCULATING TUBES. 
 
 311 
 
 Fig. 1017. 
 
 CD <S> 
 
 e 
 
 <D 
 
 e 
 
 CD Q 1 
 0> <S 
 
 _ 
 
 TJULJ 
 
 Root's Water Circulating Branches, fitted 
 with corers having inside water guide 
 projections. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fi?. 1019. 
 
 Westerman's Water Circulating Branches, 
 that are connected by a square hand and 
 key. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1018. 
 
 Root's Water Circulating Branches, arranged to permit the flow from one tube to the 
 other through bend-passages. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 1020. 
 
 Watts' Water Circulating Branch, fitted with 
 stay bolts and plates in a line with the 
 tubes. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Watts' Flange Stay Bolts in connection with 
 tubes secured by screwed rings and central 
 bolts. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1022. 
 
 Fig. 1023. 
 
 Fig. 1024. 
 
 i&m \4%& 
 
 Watts' Flange Stay Bolts in connection with 
 tubes secured by screwed glands. Patented 
 in the year 1871. 
 
 Watts' Flange Stay Bolts in connection with 
 tubes secured by screwed glan Is and central 
 bolts. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Watts' Stay Bolts in connection with tubes 
 secured by screwed glands. Patented in 
 the vear 1871. 
 
312 
 
 COISOSTECTION OF TUBES AT EIGHT ANGLES, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 1025. 
 
 Fig. 1026. 
 
 Watts' Method of fitting boiler tubes to plates 
 by flanged glands and cross bar connections. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1028. 
 
 Mirchin's Water Circulating Branch Piece, to con- 
 nect twin tubes. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1029. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Stay Tube, containing a 
 water circulating tube, and both tubes com- 
 municating with a right angle tube. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1031. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Trough Water Circulat- 
 ing Tube, contained in a tube connected to 
 a stay plate. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Stay Water Circulating 
 Tube, enclosed in a tube connected to a 
 right angle tube. Patented in the year 
 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1032. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Trough Water Circulat- 
 ing Tube, contained in a tube connected to 
 a right angle tube by a band, bolts, and 
 nuts. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1027. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Stay Tube, containing a 
 water circulating tube, and both tubes 
 communicating with two right angle tubes. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fie-. 1030. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Trough Water Circulat- 
 ing Tube, contained in a tube connected to 
 a flange plate. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1033. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Trough Water Circulat- 
 ing Tubes, contained in tubes at right 
 angles secured by bolts and nuts. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1871. 
 
 CONNECTION OF TUBES AT EIGHT ANGLES, ETC. 
 
 Fig 1034. 
 
 Belleville's Water Circulating Tubes, in con- 
 nection with a large tube closed at one 
 end and flanged at the other, and screwed 
 branches at the side. Patented in the year 
 1865. 
 
 Fig. 1035. 
 
 ffl ffl 
 
 Turbill's Water Circulating Branches, to which the tubes are secured. 
 Patented in the year 1865_. 
 
CONNECTION OP TUBES AT EIGHT ANGLES, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 1036. 
 
 Fig. 1040. 
 
 Howard's Method of connecting Tubes at 
 right angles, to permit water circulation. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 1037. 
 
 on 
 
 
 Bartlett's Method of connecting Tubes at right angles by screwed tubes, nuts, and 
 packing washers, or lock nuts. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1041. 
 
 \ <!m 
 
 Howard's Water Circulating Branch Piece, 
 connected to the tubes by a ring gland 
 around the tube, that is attached to the 
 piece by bolts and nuts. Patented in the 
 year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 1038. 
 
 
 Lewthwaite's Water Circulating Sheet Tubes, connected by 
 screwed tubes and nuts. Patented in the year 1842. 
 
 Fig. 1042. 
 
 Howard's Horizontal Water Circulating Tubes 
 in connection with a transverse tube. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 1039. 
 
 Fig. 1043. 
 
 Marshall's Vertical Water Circulating Sheet- 
 box, fitted with a central plate having 
 apertures and angular projections at the 
 lower extremity to assist the circulation. 
 Patented in the year 1864. 
 
 Fig. 1044. 
 
 TUBE ' TUBE TUBE I 
 ~ 1 I J . 1 
 
 Howard's End Water Circulating Branch 
 Connections for tubes. Patented in the 
 year 1868. 
 
 Paxman's " Deflectors," or " Mushroom Caps," 
 consisting of discs having ribs that are 
 forced into the tops of the tubes; the caps 
 receive the impetus of the water rising out 
 of the tubes, and thereby assist the cir- 
 culation up the tube inside and down the 
 tube outside. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 ' Deflectors," or " Mushroom Caps," consisting of discs suspended 
 over the tubes from a bar, and secured by bolts and nuts. 
 Proposed in the year 1872 by Mr. Allison (see Plate 36A). 
 
 2 s 
 
314 
 
 PEKFOKATED FIEE BAES. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 PERFORATED FIRE BAES. 
 
 Fig. 1045. 
 
 Fig. 1046. 
 
 Moreau's Fire Bar, consisting of two shallow 
 side bars connected by lugs to a deep 
 narrow central bar, for the admission of 
 air amongst the fuel. Patented in th< 
 year 1852. 
 
 >7 v ui THE 
 
 Martin's Fire Bars, consisting of vertical 
 grooves between transverse and vertical 
 holes, for the admission of air amongst 
 the fuel. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Fig. 1049. 
 
 Fig. 1048. 
 
 V T? fl ^ T T YT 
 
 ?*: Stratford's Fire Bar, consisting of a double 
 
 , ^ rosr of vertical perforations on each side of 
 
 the: rili. fur the admission of air amongst 
 the fuel. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Harden's Fire Bar, consisting of vertical 
 grooves, holes and channels, for the admis- 
 sion of air amongst the fuel. Patented 
 in the year 1859. u. -Jg| 
 
 Fig. 1051. 
 
 Jackson's Fire Bar, consisting of transverse 
 and vertical holes, for the admission of air 
 amongst the fuel. Patented in the year 
 1861. 
 
 Fig. 1054. 
 
 Lewis's Fire Bars, consisting of transverse 
 perforations, for the admission of air 
 amongst the bars to keep them cool. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 1057. 
 
 Brown's Fire Bar, consisting of twin sides 
 connected by angular lugs, for the admis- 
 sion of air amongst the fuel. Patented in 
 the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 1060. 
 
 Raper's Fire Bar, consisting of two central 
 ribs between two sides and vertical holes, 
 for the admission of air amongst the fuel. 
 Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1052. 
 
 Mylrea's Fire Bar, consisting of transverse 
 openings between the sides, for the admis- 
 sion of air amongst the fuel ; and in some 
 cases the bar is cast hollow (as shown by 
 the enlarged section) to receive the ashes, 
 to prevent the bar from burning. Patented 
 in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 1055. 
 
 Fletcher's Fire Bar, consisting of grooves at 
 the sides and top, for the admission of air 
 amongst the fuel. Patented in the year 1 868. 
 
 Fig. 1058. 
 
 Cone's Fire Bar, consisting of vertical open- 
 ings through the bar on each side of the 
 central rib, for the admission of air amongst 
 the fuel. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 1047. 
 
 m u U t J U U U U u LTLT 
 
 Harden's Fire Bars, consisting of vertical 
 lugs and channels, for -the admission of air 
 amongst the fuel. Patented in the year 1859. 
 
 Fig. 1050. ' 
 
 Stratford's Fire Bar, consisting of a single 
 row of vertical perforations on each side of 
 the rib, for the admission of air amongst 
 the fuel. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 1053. 
 
 Harrison's Fire Bars, consisting of three or 
 more ribs joined by five lugs, thus forming 
 longitudinal spaces for the admission of air 
 amongst the fuel. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 1056. 
 
 Fletcher's Fire Bar, consisting of grooves at 
 the sides and top of the bar, for the admis- 
 sion of air amongst the fuel. Patented in 
 the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 1059. 
 
 Broughton's Fire Bar, consisting of angular 
 and vertical holes through the centre of 
 the ba v , for the admission of air amongst 
 the fuel. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 1061. 
 
 d ti d hi H H LI H hi hi 
 
 r- un_n_n_n_ji_ru LruiJT-Ti 
 
 Dilnut's Fire Bars, consisting of vertical 
 grooves at the sides, of unequal widths, for 
 the admission of air amongst the fuel. 
 Patented in the year 1872. 
 
WATER FIEE BARS. 
 
 315 
 
 Fig. 1062. 
 
 SOLID AND HOLLOW FIRE BARS. 
 
 Fig. 1064. 
 
 Fig. 1066. 
 
 Chanter's Fire Bar, consisting of grooves at 
 the sides and top of the bars and holes 
 through the sides, for the admission of air 
 amongst the fuel. Patented in the year 
 1844. 
 
 Fig. 1063. 
 
 Black-wood's Fire Bar, consisting of a lon- 
 gitudinal passage through the bar, for air 
 to pass through and prevent the bar from 
 being burnt. Patented in the year 1860. 
 
 Green's Fire Bars, consisting of angulated 
 bars, laid across the fire box. Patented in 
 the year 1865. 
 
 Fig. 1065. 
 
 Jord 
 
 rdan's Fire Bar, consisting of side lugs and 
 top " steps," for the admission of air 
 amongst the fuel, as it is shaken on the 
 " steps " by the rise-and-fall motion of the 
 bar. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 1067. 
 
 Jordan's Fire Bars, consisting of top steps 
 and side lugs, for the admission of air 
 amongst the fuel, as it is shaken on the 
 steps by the rise-and-fall motion of the 
 bar ; the cross sections refer to bars for 
 the same purpose, with steps also._, .Pa- 
 tented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fletcher's Fire Bars, consisting of an ordinary bar in connection with 
 central and side deeper bars having lateral openings in them, for the 
 admission of air amongst the fuel. Patented in the year 1869. 
 Fi S- 1068 - Fig. 1069. 
 
 -"V0-0-rr^=^ 
 
 Batchelor's Fire Bars, consisting of combined bars, the top part being 
 a plain bar, either dove-tailed or bolted to the bottom part, which 
 has grooves across the joint surface, for the admission of air amongst 
 the fuel. Patented in the year 1370. 
 
 Fig. 1070. 
 
 Whitelaw's Fire Bars, consisting of longitudinal grooves on 
 each side of the bar, for the admission of air along the 
 bar to the hollow bridge. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 WATER FIRE BARS. 
 
 Fig. 1071. 
 
 Hay wood's Fire Bars, consisting of two side pipes connected ty thirteen cross pipes placed in the 
 fire box at an angle as shown ; the boiler front is fitted with two vertical doors alternately raised 
 and lowered, to regulate the admission of the air amongst the fuel. Patented in the year 1856. 
 
 Miguet's Fire Bars, consisting of tubes secured longitudinally to a bridge box and a front box, 
 communicating by water pipes and valves ; above the bridge box are brick slabs to cause the 
 air above the grate to force the rlame dotcn under the bridge box. Patented in the year 1864. 
 
 2 s 2 
 
316 
 
 MOVABLE FIRE BAES. 
 
 Fig. 1072. 
 
 Fig. 1073. 
 
 Vicar's Fire Bars, consisting of two bars, one 
 within the other longitudinally, the outer 
 bar containing water to prevent the inner bar 
 from being burnt, which is also moved forward 
 and backward for the admission of air amongst 
 the fuel. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 1074. 
 
 Barlow's Water Tube Fire Bars in connection with a curved fire bar grate of ordinary 
 form, so that the smoke from the lower grate may be consumed by the fire on the tube 
 grate. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 1075. 
 
 Vicar's Fire Bars, consisting of two fire bars, 
 one within the other longitudinally, the outer 
 bar containing water to prevent the inner bar 
 from being burnt, which is also moved forward 
 arid backward for the admission of air amongst 
 the fuel. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 1076. 
 
 
 Vicar's Fire liars, consisting of two fire bars, one within the 
 other longitudinally, the outer bar containing water to 
 prevent the inner bar from being burnt, which is also 
 moved forward and backward for the admission of air 
 amongst the fuel. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. '1077. 
 
 Ellis's Fire Bars, consisting of a bar of an ordinary design, 
 formed with a return feed water pipe cast in the bar, but 
 passing through one end only. Patented in the year 1872. 
 
 Gaze's Fire Bars, consisting of bars of an ordinary design, formed in sets by 
 a feed water pipe passing through or under the thick part of the bar. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 MOVABLE FIRE BAES. 
 
 Fig. 1078. 
 
 Drew's Fire Grate, that is raised and lowered by levers, cross bar, 
 screw spindle, and bevel gearing, the object being to consume 
 the smoke from the fixed grate by the fire on the movable grate. 
 Patented in the year 1838. 
 
 Fig. 1079. 
 
 Chanter's Fire Bar Lever Motion, consisting 
 of a series of levers connected at the ends 
 of the bars, and by a hand crank lever the 
 bars are raised and lowered, also moved 
 forward and backward for the admission 
 of air amongst the fuel. Patented in the 
 vear 1844. 
 
MOVABLE FIEE BARS. 
 
 317 
 
 Fig. 1080. 
 
 Mash's Fire Bar Lever Motion, consisting of 
 a series of slabs packed close together, and 
 the shaft of each set fitted with a lever, 
 each lever being connected by a rod at- 
 tached to a hand crank lever, which, when 
 moved, causes the bar slabs to rise and 
 fall, for the admission of air amongst the 
 fuel. Patented in the vear 1856. 
 
 Fig. 1083. 
 
 1 -x\ 
 
 - 
 
 Annan's Fire Bar Lever Motion, consist- 
 ing of levers at each end that raise and 
 lower the bars and also move them forward 
 and backward at the same time ; the bars 
 have lugs on each side for the admission of 
 air amongst the fuel. Patented in the 
 year 1860. 
 
 Fig. 1081. 
 
 Johnson's Fire Bar Eccentric Motion, con- 
 sisting of eccentrics at the ends of the bars 
 that rise and fall, due to the action of the 
 eccentrics, which are actuated by a cam 
 and ratchet gear (shown by Fig. 1082) ; the 
 fuel is mechanically put on the bars by 
 the hopper bin set in motion by the large 
 eccentric. Patented in the year 1857. 
 
 Fig. 1084. 
 
 Colquhoun's Fire Bar Lever Motion, which 
 raises and lowers the bars, also moves 
 them forward and backward at the same 
 time, for the admission of air amongst the 
 fuel. Patented in the year 1861. 
 
 Fig. 1082. 
 fl fl 
 
 Johnson's Fire Bar Catch and Pinion Motion, 
 worked by a cam and counterbalance lever, 
 to raise and lower the bars for the admis- 
 sion of air amongst the fuel. Patented in 
 the year 1857. 
 
 V" O* 
 
 VEE 
 
 IFCU 
 
 lit 
 
 Shillito's Fire Bars, in connection with ver- 
 tical rods secured on a frame that receives 
 a vertical motion from a hand lever, for 
 the admission of air amongst the fuel. 
 Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 1086. 
 
 Fig. 1087. 
 
 Fig. 1088. 
 
 Jordan's Fire Bar Eccentric Motion, consist- 
 ing of an eccentric at the front end of each 
 bar, that rise and fall during the motion 
 of the eccentric, and thereby cause the fuel 
 to advance on the " steps " formed with the 
 bar, for the admission of air amongst the 
 fuel. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Lewis's Fire Bar Lever Motion, consisting ot 
 levers and bearing rods that raise and 
 lower the bars by rocking or tilting them 
 for the admission of air amongst the fuel. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Holt's Fire Bars, consisting of perforated 
 bars placed across the fire box, and therein 
 rocked forward and backward for the ad- 
 mission of air amongst the fuel. Patented 
 in the vear 1871. 
 
318 
 
 MECHANICAL PEED FUEL APPAEATUS. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 MECHANICAL FEED FUEL APPARATUS. 
 
 Fig. 1090. 
 
 Brunton's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of a revolv- 
 ing circular fire grate that is actuated by a pinion and wheel 
 driven by the steam engine ; the coal is admitted on the fire 
 grate through the hopper that is situated on the shell of the 
 boiler. Patented in the year 1819. 
 
 Jucke's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consist- 
 ing of a series of solid links connected by pins, 
 forming thereby endless chains, suspended at 
 each end on driving rollers having flat sides 
 corresponding with the length of each link ; 
 the fuel from the bin is admitted by raising 
 the vertical door, and then conveyed by the 
 motion of the links longitudinally while burn- 
 ing to the inner end, from which it falls into 
 the ashpit below. Patented in the year 1848. 
 
 Fig. 1092. 
 
 - ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Vicar's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, 
 consisting of endless chains suspended at 
 each end and worked by spur gearing ; the 
 fuel is thereby conveyed from the hopper 
 above to the fire box below in such quan- 
 tities as the speed of the chain regulates. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 
 WHEEL ANL 
 
 Taylor's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of solid links pinned together to 
 form endless chains suspended at each end on ribbed rollers that actuate the chain 
 towards the cross bridge end, and thus convey the burning fuel in that direction also, 
 the ashes falling below ; the quantity of fuel is regulated by the vertical slide. 
 Patented in the year 1868. 
 
MECHANICAL FEED FUEL APPAEATUS. 
 
 319 
 
 Fig. 1093. 
 
 
 Taylor's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of solid links pinned together to form 
 endless chains suspended at each end on ribbed rollers, the front roller being the " driver," 
 and over the back roller is a cross-water bridge ; the quantity of fuel is regulated by the 
 vertical slide at boiler front. Patented in the year 1868. 
 
 Fig. 1094. 
 
 Fig. 1095. 
 
 T- 0000001- 
 OOOOQJO-- 
 QOQQiOO- 
 
 D" OOOO Q 
 oooq 
 
 2OOQCLD: OOQ 
 
 Crosland's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, 
 consisting of solid links pinned together to 
 form endless chains, suspended on large rollers 
 at each end and small rollers between top and 
 bottom, so that the chains do not drop from 
 the straight line during working or at rest. 
 Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Taylor's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of endless chains suspended at each 
 end, and shown fitted to a marine boiler. Patented in the year 1868 
 
320 
 
 MECHANICAL FEED FUEL APPARATUS. 
 
 Fig. 1096. 
 
 Burnley's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of a series of links 
 forming endless chains, suspended at each end, and worked by angular rollers, 
 receiving motion from a wheel and worm driven by a pulley. Patented in 
 the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 1097. 
 
 Shillito's Corkscrew Fuel Feeder, worked by 
 a worm and pinion at the side of the boiler. 
 Patented in the year 1863. 
 
 Fig. 1098. 
 
 Turner's Corkscrew Fuel Feeders, consisting of fire retorts fitted with screw travellers, 
 to convey the fuel from the bin to the fire grate, which is composed of perforated cast- 
 iron slabs ; motion to the screw travellers is imparted by worm and pinion gear. 
 Patented in the year 1866. 
 
MECHANICAL FEED FUEL APPARATUS. 
 
 321 
 
 Fig. 1099. 
 
 ^N 
 
 Ripley's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of rollers or drums of unequal diameters set in motion by worms and pinions, 
 the main worm being driven by a pulley; the fuel is conveyed and burnt as the rollers revolve. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 1100. 
 
 Fig. 1101. 
 
 Church's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of a revolving 
 four-ribbed barrel in combination with a sliding " pushscoope " 
 below the barrel. Patented in the year 1829. 
 
 Fig. 1102. 
 
 
 i ' > . ' ' ,'-.* : 
 r . ,'',,' ',,'',,' f , ' T~ 
 
 - ~y~ 
 
 
 i i j ii r i ii 
 
 Si \ ' 
 
 Waller's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of a series of 
 revolving small cams, by which the solid fuel is crushed and 
 transmitted from the front end to the back end of the " series " 
 of cams, and then drops on the bars at the inner end, where it is 
 ignited. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Vicar's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of spur gearing and lever motion that moves the fire bars forward and 
 backward, by which the fuel is shaken on and air admitted at the same time ; the fuel descends at the boiler front and 
 through a tube, passing through the shell and fire box midway of the fire bars* length. Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 2 T 
 
322 
 
 MECHANICAL FEED FUEL APPAEATUS. 
 
 Fit;. 1106. 
 
 
 Vicar's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of spur gearing and lever motion that 
 moves the fire bars forward and backward in connection with a hopper and ' push " 
 plates at the fire boxes' front; the hopper and push plate convey the fuel on the end 
 of the bars, and their motion shakes it further on and admits air at the same time. 
 Patented in the year 1867. 
 
 Fig. 1104. 
 
 Leigh's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting 
 of an armed revolving roller to permit the fuel to 
 fall on molten iron contained in a fire-brick fur- 
 nace situated within the front of a marine boiler, 
 the ignition of the fuel and the molten state of the 
 metal being " kept up " by blast through the ail- 
 pipe, as shown. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Fig. 1107. 
 
 Butterworth's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of tubular fire bars filled with 
 water ; at the front of the fire box is a " push " plate to push the fuel on the fire bars 
 that are moved forward and backward by the cam and lever motion gear under the 
 bars. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 1105. 
 
 Leigh's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of an armed revolving roller to permit 
 the fuel to fall on molten iron contained in a fire-brick furnace situated in front of an 
 ordinary land boiler, the ignition of the fuel and the molten state of the metal being 
 "kept up" by blast through the air pipes, as shown. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
 Leigh's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting 
 of an armed revolving roller to permit the fuel to 
 fall on molten iron contained in a fire-brick fur- 
 nace situated in the fire box of a locomotive boiler, 
 the ignition of the fuel and the molten state of 
 the metal being " kept up " by blast through the 
 air pipe, as shown. Patented in the year 1866. 
 
FIKE-BOX DOOES. 
 
 323 
 
 Fig. 1108. 
 
 Fig. 1110. 
 
 Crosland's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of a coal box fitted with four 
 crushing rollers at the foot of a travelling bucket hoist in connection with rotary 
 horizontal feed discs situated at the front of the fire boxes ; the hoist and rollers are 
 worked by a horizontal engine. Patented in the year 1869. 
 
 Crosland's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, con- 
 sisting of two crushing rollers and a horizontal 
 rotary spreading fan for hurling the small 
 fuel on the fire grate. Patented in the year 
 1869. 
 
 Fig. 1109. 
 
 Crosland's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, con- 
 sisting of four crushing rollers at the foot of 
 a travelling bucket hoist in connection with 
 rotary horizontal feed discs situated at the 
 front of the fire bos. Patented in the year 
 1869. 
 
 Heginbottom's Mechanical Feed Fuel Apparatus, consisting of vertical feed tubes through 
 the boiler over the fire box for the fuel to pass through from hoppers fitted with 
 vertical slides that are actuated by vertical rods that are moved up and down by levers 
 receiving motion from an endless chain and " tappet " levers in connection ; the chain 
 is driven by toothed pinions. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 Fig. 1112. 
 
 FIRE-BOX DOOES. 
 
 Fig. 1113. 
 
 The Common Fire-box Door, that was used 
 against Chas. Wye-Williams' door in the 
 boiler experiments in the year 1857. 
 
 Wye- Williams' Fire-box Doors and Frame: 
 the top door admits the air over the grate 
 
 Fig. 1114. 
 
 the top door admits the air over the grate , 
 
 through the perforated plate inside the Wye-Williams Fire-box Door and Frame, that 
 
 door. Used at Newcastle in the vear 1857. was used m the boiler experiments at New- 
 
 castle in the year 1857. 
 
 2 T 2 
 
324 
 
 FIRE-BOX DOOES. 
 
 fie. 1115. 
 
 Fig. 1116. 
 
 Fig. 1117. 
 
 Beattie's Fire-box Door and Frame, contain- 
 ing a solid fiame plate in front of a per- 
 forated plate and a horizontally sliding air 
 plate, having an air hole in it corresponding 
 with an air hole in the door plate. Pa- 
 tented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 1118. 
 
 Beattie's Fire-box Door and Frame, contain- 
 ing a perforated curved flame plate, behind 
 which are two perforated air plates con- 
 tained in a box formed with the door, in 
 which is an air : door in connection with 
 the box. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Beattie's Fire-box Door and Frame, contain- 
 ing movable flame plates that are regu- 
 lated in position by a rod and curved 
 levers. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 1119. 
 
 Beattie's Fire-Box Doors and Frame, in which the small door is fitted 
 inside with air-distributing bars and a notched rod to keep the door 
 open at various angles. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Fis. 1120. 
 
 ; 
 
 i 
 
 IL 
 
 [ 
 
 
 Prideaux's Fire-box Door and Frame : the door is horizontally 
 apertured, and is fitted with metal strips that are shifted by 
 levers and a rod in connection with a piston in a cylinder that is 
 half filled with water which is compressed when the door is 
 opened, and when the door is closed the expansion of the water 
 causes the metal strips to cover the apertures in the door, and 
 thus the draught is lessened as the ignition of the fuel increases ; 
 the multiple strips inside the flame split the air. Patented in 
 the year 1853. 
 
 Prideaux's Fire-box Door and Frame, in which the air admitted through the 
 door is regulated by metal strips that are raised or lowered by levers and 
 rods, causing action as with a Venetian blind. Patented in the year 1855. 
 
FIRE-BOX DOOES. 
 
 325 
 
 Fig. 1121. 
 
 and close ; the piston is caused to rise and fall by the pressure of water. 
 Fig. 1122. 
 
 Patented in the year 1855. 
 
 Fig. 1123. 
 
 o) 
 
 Auld's Fire-box Door and Frame, in which the door is fitted outside with a sand box, 
 that by a lever and spring connection inverts the position of the box when the door 
 is opened, so that when it is closed the falling of the sand regulates the amount of 
 air gradually admitted over the grate for combustion. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 1124. 
 
 Prideaux's Fire-door Shutter Regulator, consisting of a cylinder fitted with a hollow 
 piston and rod that are moved by the action of the mercury in the cylinder 
 through an aperture in the bottom of the piston. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Fig. 1126. 
 
 Sectional Plan of Prideaux's Fire Door and 
 Frame, with the regulator contained in 
 the centre of the door. Patented in the 
 year 1870. 
 
 Prideaux's Fire Door and Frame, in which the air is admitted over the large 
 door through narrow apertures that are covered and uncovered by the hinged 
 shutter that is worked by the regulator, shown in the sectional plan ; the 
 air is dispersed by the gratings inside the door. Patented in the year 1870. 
 
 Prideaux's Inverted Regulators, for the actuation of fire-door 
 shutters, the motion being obtained from the action of the 
 mercury in the cylinder and the hollow piston ; the weight on 
 the rod contained in the bell top of the cylinder ensures the 
 descent of the piston : also a double rod regulator is shown. 
 Patented in the year 1872. 
 
326 
 
 FIRE-BOX DOOES. 
 
 Fig. 1127. 
 
 Prideaux's Fire Door and Frame, in which the air is admitted over 
 the grate by the motion of the angular door or shutter that is 
 opened and closed by the inverted regulator that is centrally 
 situated over the shutter. Patented in the year 1872. 
 
 Prideaux's Fire Door and Frame, actuated as in Fig. 1127, showing 
 gratings formed in the door and frame in elevation and sectional 
 plan. Patented in the year 1872. 
 
 Fig. 1129. 
 
 Martin's Patent Pendulous Fire Door, hung on hinges at the ends, 
 and swung open by an inward or outward action. As used in 
 the vear 1873. 
 
IGNITION OF COAL. 
 
 327 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Fig 1130. 
 
 Fig. 1131. 
 
 NORMAL CONDITION. 
 
 An illustration of Coal, of average quality, raised in a midland 
 county of England, 1873, and broken off to the proper size 
 for putting it on the boiler fire grate. 
 
 FIRST STAGE OF IGNITION. 
 
 An illustration of the piece of Coal in the first stage of ignition, 
 producing flame, steam, and smoke by the release of the 
 carbon from insufficient air to produce perfect combustion. 
 
 Fig. 1132. 
 
 .Fig. 1133. 
 
 Fig. 1134. 
 
 1 ^^ - ~ t "\ 
 
 :%^, Pj 
 
 -' - C\ *V. * 
 
 I '-. = 
 
 ? 
 
 SECOND STAGE OF IGNITION. 
 
 An illustration of the piece of Coal in the 
 second stage of ignition, producing sharper 
 flame, less steam, and but little smoke, 
 because the draught was increased. 
 
 Fig. 1135. 
 
 THIRD STAGE OF IGNITION. 
 
 An illustration of the piece of Coal in the 
 third stage of ignition, when the flame is 
 fuller, the steam the same, and the smoke 
 nearly nil, because the quantity of air over 
 and under the coal was -in better proportion 
 to the release of the carbon. 
 
 FOURTH STAGE OF IGNITION. 
 
 An illustration of the piece of Coal in the fourth 
 stage of ignition, when the flame is at the maxi- 
 mum power of heat, the steam reducing and the 
 smoke entirely nil, on account of the quantity 
 of air admitted over and under the grate being 
 in proper proportion to the heat in the fire box. 
 
 Fig. 1136. 
 
 FIFIH STAGE. FLAMING COKE. 
 
 An illustration of the piece of Coal when its constituents to 
 produce flame are nearly exhausted ; but it produces bright 
 white-red heat of the most immediate power, and assists the 
 process of ignition for the newer pieces of coai. 
 
 SIXTH STAGE. DEAD COKE. 
 
 An illustration of the piece of Coal converted into " Coke ;" which 
 means that the carbon is nearly burnt, and that the other 
 constituents have been nearly exhausted during the process. 
 
328 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT. OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 THE cause of combustion is the acquirement of 
 sensible heat from any combustible that contains 
 latent heat, which is released by the evolution of 
 the chemical constituents of which the combustible 
 is composed ; as, for example, coal is the best solid 
 combustible yet known for raising steam, because it 
 contains so much more latent heat than any other 
 equally available material. It is obvious, then, that 
 the combustible properties of coal should be con- 
 sidered here, because it is most adaptable for 
 marine and land boilers ; and the table below shows 
 the chemical constituents of coal now in every-day 
 use. 
 
 AVERAGE PROPORTIONS ov THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS or 
 COAL AS USED IN LAND AND MARINE BOILERS, 1873. 
 
 Water 1 
 
 Specific gravity 1 30. 
 
 100-00 
 
 Carbon is the solid part that contains the most 
 latent heat which, when liberated, becomes sensible 
 heat. 
 
 Oxygen is the gas of the greatest density, and 
 therefore heavier than the other gases, but is the 
 chief gas in combustion, and causes flame. 
 
 Hydrogen is the most inflammable gas, but burns 
 dull alone or in the absence of oxygen, which, 
 when added, increases the brilliancy of the ignition. 
 
 Nitrogen is an invisible gas, which if used alone 
 will not burn at all ; but, nevertheless, is available 
 in combustion as a diluent for the oxygen. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 . . 86-32 ' 
 
 Oxygen . 
 Hydrogen 
 Nitrogen . 
 Ashes 
 
 . . 7-21 
 . . 3-75 
 . . 0-41 
 . . 2-21 
 
 Sulphur . 
 
 . . 0-10 
 
 The two remaining constituents of coal, sulphur 
 and ashes, contain but little latent heat, and there- 
 fore, in the production of sensible heat, are nearly 
 useless, and, indeed, retard the action of the other 
 constituents. 
 
 Being now conversant with the chemical con- 
 stituents of the latent heat, we must dilate a little 
 on the chemical action of the sensible heat. Let it 
 be supposed a quantity of coals is put on a fire the 
 primary ignition of coals having been shown on the 
 preceding page which is composed of white red-hot 
 fuel emitting no smoke, but say little pale yellow and 
 light blue flames about two to two-and-a-half inches 
 high, which are of course immediately quenched by 
 the solid matter weighing them down. The portion 
 of the coal nearest the hot fuel robs the heat 
 therefrom, and the absorption must of course dis- 
 place the carbon, which it not only does, but it also 
 " sets on fire " the constituents of the coal, and 
 causes what is known as " live " fuel ; that is, coal 
 in a state of motion caused by the release of its gases. 
 
 Most of us have seen this even in a domestic grate, 
 where the coal is seen to expand at such a speed as 
 to be credible to the naked eye ; and when a split 
 occurs, the gas escapes and ignites. 
 
 When the fuel has warmed the coal sufficiently to 
 cause ignition at the points of contact, there is no 
 more robbing of heat, but rather a congeniality or 
 an affinity, and the new heat generating above 
 ascends and ignites the remainder of the coal until 
 the carbon is burnt out, when the affinity becomes 
 more general. The chemical action of the con- 
 stituents of coal is therefore set in motion by 
 borrowing or even so far as robbing, to commence 
 with a little heat to set the action in motion, 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 329 
 
 which, once accomplished, needs no more recourse, 
 but rather pays back than otherwise what it first 
 required. 
 
 This action therefore relates specially to sensible 
 heat, which is, as we have before explained, latent 
 heat set in motion ; and as that motion is a chemical 
 action causing combustion, we next describe the 
 constituents of combustion. 
 
 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 Proportions. Weight. 
 
 N 28 + 8 36 
 
 H 1 + 8 9 
 
 II 3 + N 14 17 
 
 064-08 14 
 
 6 4- O 16 22 
 
 S 16 + O Ifi 32 
 
 Gases. 
 Ail- 
 Water . . . 
 Ammonia . 
 Carbonic oxide 
 Carbonic acid 
 Sulphurous acid . 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen S 16 4- H 1 17 
 
 Bisulplmret of carbon S 32 4 C 6 38 
 
 These symbols and numerals also require a little 
 explanation, which is, that 
 
 Am is composed of nitrogen (N) of 28 parts in Ibs. 
 4 oxygen (0) of 8 Ibs. = 36 Ibs. 
 
 WATER is composed of hydrogen (H) of 1 part in 
 Ibs. 4- oxygen (Oj of 8 Ibs. = 9 Ibs. 
 
 AMMONIA is composed of hydrogen (H) of 3 parts 
 in Ibs. 4 nitrogen (N) of 14 Ibs. = 17 Ibs. 
 
 CARBONIC OXIDE is composed of carbon (C) of 6 
 parts in Ibs. 4- oxygen (0) of 8 Ibs. = 14 Ibs. 
 
 CARBONIC ACID is composed of carbon (C) of 6 parts 
 in Ibs. 4- oxygen (0) of 16 Ibs. = 22 Ibs. 
 
 SULPHUROUS ACID is composed of sulphur (S) of 16 
 parts in Ibs. 4- oxygen (0) of 16 Ibs. = 32 Ibs. 
 
 SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN is composed of sulphur 
 (S) of 16 parts in Ibs. 4- hydrogen (H) of 1 Ib. 
 = 17 Ibs. 
 
 BISULPHURET OF CARBON is composed of sulphur 
 (S) of 32 parts in Ibs. -j- carbon (C) of 6 Ibs. 
 = 38 Ibs. 
 
 Our next subject is the chemistry of those gaseous 
 compounds, as they are arranged. 
 
 AIR. -Air is a compound of nitrogen and oxygen. 
 The oxygen is the heavier of the two, bulk for bulk : 
 the nitrogen is necessary to the oxygen as a 
 diluent, but the nitrogen alone is a destroyer of 
 heat and life, while the oxygen is a promoter of 
 both. The action of air in combustion is, that the 
 
 oxygen combines with the hydrogen and carbon, 
 and accelerates the production of flame ; as, for 
 instance, in the case of applying a fan blast, the 
 flame becomes brighter, longer, and hotter than with 
 a natural draught. 
 
 WATER. Water is a compound of oxygen and 
 hydrogen, and when the hydrogen in the coal is 
 emitting, the oxygen in the air admitted for com- 
 bustion combines with it and forms water, which by 
 the heat is converted into steam and accelerates 
 combustion with a great deal of oxygen, but with 
 not enough oxygen the water makes smoke by 
 uniting the particles of carbon as they are released, 
 which is the cause of black smoke and soot. 
 
 AMMONIA. Ammonia is the result of putrefaction, 
 or the combination of hydrogen and nitrogen, which 
 occurs only with slow combustion, or what may be 
 termed a " sweating fire." 
 
 CARBONIC OXIDE. Carbonic oxide is the result of 
 carbon being imperfectly burnt, and thus it may be 
 said also to be the cause of smoke as well as a loss 
 of heat. 
 
 CARBONIC ACID. Carbonic acid is the result of 
 there being sufficient oxygen introduced so as to 
 effectually destroy the carbon and convert it into 
 a gas, from which no smoke emanates. 
 
 SULPHUROUS ACID. Sulphurous acid is the result of 
 the combining of sulphur and oxygen, and forming 
 a putrefied gas, which is poisonous as well as a non- 
 conductor of heat and a preventive of combustion, 
 but at the same time is formed in all cases during 
 combustion according to the quantity of sulphur in 
 the coal. 
 
 SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN. Sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen is composed of sulphur and hydrogen, and the 
 two are combined by the action of decomposition, or 
 when the sulphur putrefies, it combines with the 
 hydrogen, and thus the sulphuretted gas is formed. 
 
 BISULPHURET OF CARBON. -Bisulphuret of carbon 
 is the result of the separation of the sulphur from 
 the carbon after the sulphur combines with the 
 hydrogen sufficiently to make sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen, and is therefore a final gas. 
 
 Having fully digested the " cause " of combustion, 
 we must next devote attention to the " effect," or, 
 what is often termed in science, the evaporative 
 
 O TT 
 
 u 
 
330 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 value. The authorities on this subject, whether 
 English, Scotch, or French, put too much importance 
 on the laboratorial experiments, and take them as 
 the basis for calculations in practice, whereas we find 
 from experience that the evaporative power of coal 
 increases as the bulk is enlarged ; as, for example, 
 the late Professor Eankine, in a lecture " On the 
 economy of fuel," at the United Service Institution, 
 1867, stated : 
 
 " With regard to the total evaporative power of 
 different sorts of fuel as distinguished from the avail- 
 able evaporative power, we already possess very full 
 and accurate information. Numerous careful experi- 
 ments on that subject have been made in scientific 
 laboratories ; they have consisted in completely 
 burning small quantities of different combustible 
 substances and measuring the heat with scientific 
 apparatus of a very accurate kind, and taking special 
 care that no heat escaped measurement. For ex- 
 ample, in such experiments it has not always been 
 practicable to prevent hot gases, the products of 
 combustion, from passing away at an elevated 
 temperature. But then the volume of those gases 
 and their temperature could always be measured, 
 and the heat that so passed away by the chimney 
 calculated and allowed for. It is from experiments 
 of that sort that our knowledge of the total or 
 theoretical evaporative power of various combustible 
 substances is derived. 
 
 " I will now make some remarks specially upon 
 the total or theoretical evaporative power of certain 
 sorts of fuel as ascertained by the experiments to 
 which I have referred. 
 
 " We may distinguish the combustible substances 
 to which those experiments relate into two classes 
 elementary substances and compound substances. I 
 have stated the theoretical or total evaporative 
 powers of the only elementary substances that are 
 of any practical importance in this table : 
 
 Element. 
 
 (1) Hydrogen gns 
 
 (2) Carbnn, solid ..... 2f 
 
 (3) Carbon, solid, with half? ,, 
 
 supply of oxygen . . . $ 3 
 
 (4) Carbon, gaseous, in 2J parts) 
 
 of carbonic oxide 7 . . J - " 
 
 (5) Carbon, pure gaseous (inferred? , 
 
 by theory) ..... J ^ 
 
 O.\yuen Air per 
 
 per unit unit of 
 
 of weight. weight. 
 
 8 36 
 
 12 
 
 Units of 
 evaporation. 
 
 64-2 
 15-0 
 
 . 
 
 l 
 
 " You will observe that there are three columns 
 of figures following the name of the elementary 
 substance. The first expresses the weight of oxygen 
 that is required in order to burn completely an unit 
 of weight of that elementary substance. For ex- 
 ample, 1 Ib. of hydrogen requires 8 Ibs. of oxygen 
 for its complete combustion. In order to supply 
 that oxygen there are 36 Ibs. of air required ; and 
 in the second column of figures is stated the weight 
 of air. The third column gives the total or theo- 
 retical evaporative power, which in the case of 
 hydrogen is 64-2 times its own weight. It has the 
 greatest evaporative power of all known substances. 
 Then follows carbon. A pound of carbon requires 
 2 Ibs. of oxygen to burn it completely, and to 
 supply that oxygen 12 Ibs. of air are wanted ; and the 
 complete combustion of carbon produces heat enough 
 to evaporate 15 times its own weight of water. 
 
 " I may here observe that carbon exists in various 
 states of aggregation, such as charcoal, coke, plum- 
 bago, and diamond, and that the total heat of 
 combustion differs according to the state of aggre- 
 gation. The more hard and dense the carbon is, the 
 less is the heat we get by the combustion ; the 
 reason evidently being that a certain quantity of 
 that heat is expended in overcoming the attraction 
 of the particles of carbon for each other. For 
 example, diamond does not evaporate so much as 
 15 times its weight of water, because of the heat 
 required to overcome its own cohesion. That has a 
 bearing upon some other phenomena to which I will 
 presently refer. But the quantity I have here set 
 down is the result obtained from carbon in the 
 ordinary states of charcoal and coke. 
 
 " The third line in the table refers to the result 
 produced by carbon when burned with only half the 
 full quantity of oxygen. It is known to chemists 
 that carbon combines in two different proportions 
 with oxygen. One part of carbon by weight com- 
 bined with one part and one-third of oxygen produces 
 carbonic oxide. Carbonic oxide is itself a combustible 
 gas, and in burning it combines with just as much 
 additional oxygen as it already contains, so as to 
 form carbonic acid. If we have a furnace ill supplied 
 with air, so that the carbon only gets half the 
 quantity of oxygen that it needs in order to form 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 331 
 
 carbonic acid, then we have carbonic oxide as the 
 product. Each pound of carbon takes up 1^ Ib. of 
 oxygen, and to supply that oxygen 6 Ibs. of air are 
 required. The total evaporative power is diminished 
 not merely to one-half, but to a great deal less than 
 one-half : it is only 4 - 5, or three-tenths of 15, the 
 total evaporative power with a full supply of oxygen. 
 
 "If we next take that carbonic oxide, the weight of 
 which will be 2J Ibs., namely, 1 of carbon, and 1J 
 of oxygen, and burn it, it takes an additional 1^ Ib. 
 of oxygen to burn it ; and we get exactly the 
 quantity of heat necessary to make up the deficiency, 
 namely, 10^. The 4 units of evaporation during 
 the first process and the 10^ during the second 
 give 15 in all, making up the whole evaporative 
 power of carbon with a full supply of oxygen. 
 
 " A conclusion can be drawn from this, which I will 
 now explain. It is to be observed that in both those 
 stages of the combustion of carbon we have the 
 very same thing happening chemically ; we have 
 1J Ib. of oxygen combining with 1 Ib. of carbon. 
 But there is this difference in the two stages. In 
 the first stage, where the carbonic oxide is produced 
 from solid carbon, the solid carbon has to be con- 
 verted from the solid state to a state of vapour or 
 of gas. In the second stage we have the carbon 
 already in the state of gas. Hence it appears that 
 the cause of difference between the 4 units of 
 evaporation due to the first stage, and the 10^ due 
 to the second stage of the combustion, must be, 
 that during the first stage 6 units of evaporation 
 disappear in transforming the carbon from the solid 
 to the gaseous condition : in other words, the latent 
 heat of evaporation of carbon is six times that of water. 
 Thus we arrive at the conclusion, that the total 
 evaporative power of pure gaseous carbon is 21, 
 from which, if we subtract 6, the latent heat of 
 evaporation of carbon, there remains 15, the total 
 evaporative power of solid carbon. 
 
 " Now, as to the effect of the presence of oxygen 
 in fuel. It was established some time ago by the 
 researches of Dr. Joule, to whom science is im- 
 mensely indebted for many discoveries of a similar 
 kind, that a certain and definite quantity of heat 
 is produced by the union of two chemical elements, 
 and that precisely the same quantity of heat dis- 
 
 appears in the separating of those elements. He 
 verified that in a great number of cases, and es- 
 tablished it as a universal law of nature. It holds 
 in many other processes besides chemical combina- 
 tions and decompositions, whether we are speaking 
 of heat or of any other form of physical energy, that 
 whatsoever quantity of energy we obtain by a given 
 process, if we exactly reverse that process we have 
 to expend precisely the same quantity of energy 
 again. 
 
 " If 8 Ibs. of oxygen combine with 1 Ib. of hydrogen, 
 they produce heat enough to evaporate 64 Ibs. of 
 water. If we decompose that water by any con- 
 trivance, whether by the use of a galvanic battery, 
 by the superior affinity of carbon for oxygen, or by 
 any other process, precisely the same quantity of 
 heat disappears 'in overcoming the attraction of the 
 hydrogen and oxygen for each other. Now, if 
 oxygen enters into the chemical composition of any 
 fuel, we have this result : calculate how much 
 hydrogen that oxygen requires in order to form 
 water that is to say, one-eighth part of the weight 
 of oxygen ; then the oxygen present in the fuel 
 renders just that quantity of hydrogen unavailable 
 for the production of heat, and takes away from the 
 total evaporative power 64 times the weight of the 
 hydrogen so rendered unavailable. That being 
 known, we have the following rule in the shape of a 
 formula : 
 
 " E = 15 C + 64 H 8 0. 
 
 " This, then, is the rule for calculating the theo- 
 retical evaporative power of any sort of fuel whose 
 combustible materials are carbon and hydrogen from 
 its chemical analysis. Distinguish the constituents 
 into carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and refuse. The 
 refuse does harm as being a useless weight, but it 
 does not take away from the heating power of the 
 constituent parts that remain. For every unit of 
 carbon that remains in the compound we have 15 
 units of evaporation ; and for every unit of hydrogen, 
 in the absence of oxygen chemically combined with 
 it, 64 units of evaporation ; and if there is oxygen 
 in the compound fuel, we have to subtract eight 
 times the weight of that oxygen, because the oxygen 
 renders inoperative one -eighth of its weight of 
 
 2 u 2 
 
332 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 hydrogen; and one-eighth of 64 is 8. The re- 
 mainder gives the total evaporative power of that 
 fuel. 
 
 " The next formula shows the amount of air neces- 
 sary in order to supply oxygen for the complete 
 combustion of a compound fuel. It consists of 12 
 units of weight of air for each unit of carbon, and 
 36 for each unit of hydrogen, deducting 4^ for each 
 unit of oxygen in the compound ; or in symbols 
 
 'A= 12C + 36H 4JO. 
 
 "In an actual furnace it is seldom sufficient to 
 supply just the quantity of air that contains the 
 oxygen required for complete combustion. It is in 
 general necessary to supply a surplus of air in order 
 to dilute and sweep away the lurni gas, as we may 
 call it, and to insure that every particle of fuel shall 
 have air brought in contact with it. In furnaces with 
 a draught produced by a chimney in the common 
 way the practical result is, that we have to double 
 the quantity of air, or nearly so. But when we 
 produce a draught by a blast pipe, by steam jets, 
 by a fan, or by other means, which thoroughly mix 
 the air with the gaseous fuel, we reduce the surplus 
 air required very much. In some cases we need 
 only half ; in some cases we need no surplus at all. 
 Hence the quantity of air actually supplied ranges 
 from once to twice" the quantity necessary for the 
 oxidation of the fuel. 
 
 "Here follows a table of examples of the total 
 evaporative powers of some kinds of fuel, as cal- 
 culated from their chemical composition : 
 
 Charcoal 
 Coke . 
 
 Coal 
 
 Peat, dry 
 
 Wood, dry 
 
 93 
 
 88 
 84 
 85 
 87 
 85 
 75 
 56 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 15 
 05 
 05 
 05 
 06 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 04 
 06 
 05 
 31 
 40 
 
 A. 
 
 11-5 
 
 10-6 
 
 15-75 
 
 15-65 
 
 12-1 
 
 11-7 
 
 10-6 
 
 7-7 
 
 6-0 
 
 Evap. due to 
 C. 
 
 14-0 
 13-2 
 22-7 
 22-5 
 15-9 
 15-5 
 14-1 
 10-0 
 7-5 
 
 14-0 
 
 13-2 
 
 12-7 
 
 12-66 
 
 13-05 
 
 12-75 
 
 11-25 
 
 8-5 
 
 7-5 
 
 H. -0 
 
 8 
 
 
 10-0 
 
 9-84 
 
 2-85 
 
 2.75 
 
 2-85 
 
 1-5 
 
 
 
 " The first line refers to charcoal ; the second to 
 coke of average quality ; the third and fourth lines 
 give two examples of hydrocarbons, which comprise 
 between them the chief ingredients of rock-oil. In 
 the third, fourth, and fifth columns are stated the 
 proportions of the chemical constituents, ranging, 
 
 for the rock-oils, between 84 per cent, of carbon to 
 16 of hydrogen, and 85 per cent, of carbon to 15 of 
 hydrogen. The fifth column gives the net weights 
 of air required for the oxidation of the <:uel. In the 
 sixth column the theoretical evaporative powers are 
 set down : for rock-oils they are from 22'7 to 22'5, 
 or, in round numbers, we may say 22i. In two 
 additional columns are some figures to show how 
 much evaporation is due to carbon and how much to 
 hydrogen. In rock-oils, those quantities are 12J 
 due to the carbon, and 10 to the hydrogen, out of 
 the 22^ units of evaporation. Lines 5, 6, and 7 
 give a few examples of coal. These might be 
 immensely multiplied ; but I have given only three 
 specimens. They differ from the kinds of fuel 
 previously mentioned, in having some oxygen in 
 them, which somewhat lessens the evaporative power. 
 Here, too, the units of evaporation due to carbon 
 and to hydrogen are distinguished; for example, 
 line 6 shows 12f units of evaporation due to carbon, 
 and 2f due to hydrogen. Then follow some results 
 for peat and for wood, on which I need not enlarge." 
 
 The late Professor, it will be noticed, not only 
 treated of solid fuel, but estimated the evaporative 
 properties of liquid fuel also, of which much more 
 requires to be known ; therefore for the present we 
 shall proceed to the evaporative power of coal ; but 
 we must first dilate a little on the difference in 
 Latent heat and Sensible heats. 
 
 Latent heat is a power given by nature to any 
 body that is chemically formed to retain it, and also 
 by a chemical change can give it out to produce 
 Sensible heat ; but it does not follow that one body 
 must be hot and the other cold to produce the 
 effect, because, on the contrary, cold water and cold 
 lime mixed together produce sensible heat, and 
 likewise cold water and cold sulphuric acid mixed 
 will produce sensible heat. Ice also contains latent 
 heat, but of such a small quantity that while melt- 
 ing it continues nearly at the same temperature. 
 Latent heat is then practically Sensible heat con- 
 fined, and in our present case we wish to know the 
 best means of releasing it from coal, so that no 
 smoke or hydrocarbon shall escape up the chimney. 
 Our first purpose will be therefore to explain the 
 theory, and afterwards the practice. 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 333 
 
 The theoretical amount of heat in a pound of coal 
 is, according to the French authorities, MM. Favre 
 and Silbermann, 14,500 units, i. e., we must suppose 
 that they extracted all the heat in a pound of 
 coal they could, and, for the sake of convenience, 
 termed it 14,500 parts, or units, the term unit being 
 conventional, to express a certain amount of effect 
 accomplished. 
 
 The authorities we have quoted put this matter 
 in a tabulated form as follows : 
 
 r, ... , .. Evaporative 
 
 British units /. 
 
 ... power from 
 ot heat. 
 
 One pound of carbon imperfectly! 
 
 burned (C -|- 0) produces . f 
 One pound of carbon perfectly] 
 
 burned (C -f- A) produces . | 
 
 4,800 
 
 210. 
 
 5-00 
 
 14,500 15-00 
 
 The initial letters refer to carbon (C), oxygen (0), 
 and acid (A). The pound of carbon refers to a pound 
 of coal with the least possible amount of sulphur in 
 it, and therefore we are to suppose that 14,500 units 
 of heat is the maximum power that can be obtained 
 from that quantity. But we know in practice that 
 the carbon is more often imperfectly than perfectly 
 burnt ; and MM. Favre and Silbermann gave another 
 table also of the compound ingredients of fuel as 
 they more often occur in practice: 
 
 Compound ingredient. 
 
 Lbs. of re- 
 quired nir for 
 combustion. 
 
 I.ba. of 
 oxygen. 
 
 British 
 units of 
 heat. 
 
 Evapora- 
 tive power 
 from 210. 
 
 One pound of carbon pro- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ducing carbonic oxide 
 by imperfect combustion 
 
 6 
 
 1-50 
 
 10,200 
 
 11-00 
 
 C -f O . ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 One pound of liquid fuel) 
 or hydrocarbon . . . / 
 
 10 
 
 2-5 
 
 20,000 
 
 21 '00 
 
 One pound of oleflant gas 
 
 15 
 
 4-0 
 
 21,400 
 
 22-5 
 
 Alluding again to carbon, it will be remembered 
 that its maximum heat per Ib. is 14,500 units, and 
 if we compare those with the others quoted we shall 
 see the difference in practice 
 
 Units. 
 
 One Ib. of carbon with perfect combustion . . 14 , 500 
 One Ib. of carbon with practical combustion . 10 , 200 
 
 No. of units or loss of heat by imperfect combustion 4 , 300 
 
 from which it is evident that 29'65 per cent, of the 
 latent heat in coal is wasted by not being converted 
 into sensible heat. 
 
 Messrs. Favre and Silbermann made some interest- 
 ing experiments in the total heat of hydrogen with 
 the following results. The total heat in one pound 
 of hydrogen is 62-032 units, but M. Dulong, another 
 French professor, termed it to be 62 - 536 units, 
 which gave a mean thus : 
 
 TOTAL HEAT IN ONE POUND OF HYDROGEN. 
 
 British units. 
 
 According to MM. Favre and Silbermann . 62 , 032 
 M. Dulong 62,536 
 
 Mean No. of units . 
 
 2)124,568 
 . 62,284 
 
 We may add also, in passing, that there are three 
 French authorities on the carbon question, and that 
 all three have agreed to differ on the amount of heat 
 in one Ib. of carbon in the following manner : 
 
 TOTAL HEAT IN ONE POUND OP CARBON. 
 
 British units. 
 According to MM. Favre and Silbermann . 14 , 500 
 
 M. Dulong 12,906 
 
 ,, M. Despretz 14,040 
 
 Mean No. of units 
 
 3)41,446 
 . 13,815 
 
 But the 14,500 units are observed as the standard 
 by English engineers generally, and the loss by 
 imperfect combustion about 25 per cent., thus : 
 14,500 H-4 = 3825, then 14,500 - 3825 = 10,675, as 
 the practical number of units in a pound of coal as 
 it is generally burned in land and marine boilers ; 
 inasmuch that it is very plausible to claim the 14,500 
 units of heat in a pound of carbon, but if by im- 
 perfect combustion 25 per cent, is lost, then the 
 sum 10,675 must be used instead of the higher sum, 
 excepting where, by the introduction of more oxygen 
 and ample room and time for combustion, the loss is 
 proportionately reduced ; but for general practice, as 
 the boilers are now arranged and set, the 25 per 
 cent, loss is on the charitable side. 
 
 AMOUNT OF Am REQUIRED PER LB. OF FUEL TO CAUSE 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. The amount of air required 
 per Ib. of fuel to cause perfect combustion and dilu- 
 tion is best known from practical experiment, al- 
 though formulae have been introduced ; as, for ex- 
 
334 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 ample, a well-known formula is, that 12 Ibs. of air 
 is required for combustion, and 12 Ibs. of air for 
 dilution per Ib. of coal ; then the weight of air per 
 Ib. of fuel is 24 Ibs., while in other cases 6 Ibs. of air 
 is required for combustion to 12 Ibs. of air for dilu- 
 tion per Ib. of coal, thus making only 18,lbs. of air 
 to be required. 
 
 We must here explain that the air for combustion 
 is required to " fan " the flame, while the air for 
 dilution is required to release the latent heat or to 
 dilute the gases and admit the air to the ignition of 
 the fuel to commence combustion. Another formula 
 is W =12 x C +36 (H- ), when weight of air 
 is represented by W, carbon by C, hydrogen by 
 H, and oxygen by 0. The numeral 12 is Ibs. of air 
 to 1 Ib. of carbon ; the numeral 36 is Ibs. of air 
 to 1 Ib. of hydrogen ; and the numeral 8 is Ibs. of 
 oxygen to 1 Ib. of hydrogen. 
 
 Taking this question in its broad form, the follow- 
 ing table is computed for practical purposes : 
 
 TABLE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS REQUIRING A CERTAIN 
 AMOUNT OF AIE PER LB. OF FUEL TO CAUSE COMPLETE 
 COMBUSTION. 
 
 
 Material. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Oxygen and 
 Hydrogen. 
 
 Weight of Air 
 in Ibs. per 
 Ib. of Fuel. 
 
 
 Caking coal . 
 Cannel coal . 
 
 0-85 
 0-84 
 
 0-10 
 0-11 
 
 23-0 
 23-6 
 
 
 Flaming coal 
 Lignite coal 
 Bituminous coal 
 
 0-77 
 0-70 
 0-87 
 
 0-10 
 0-25 
 0-13 
 
 20-8 
 19-0 
 24-0 
 
 
 
 Anthracite coal . 
 
 0-915 
 
 0-06 
 
 24-9 
 
 
 
 Wood charcoal . 
 
 0-93 
 
 
 22-3 
 
 
 
 Peat charcoal 
 
 0-80 
 
 .. 
 
 19-0 
 
 
 
 Wood . . . 
 
 0-50 
 
 
 12-0 
 
 
 
 Mineral oil . 
 
 0-85 
 
 0-15 
 
 32-0 
 
 
 We must now quote two authorities on combus- 
 tion well known in scientific regions, T. S. Prideaux 
 and Charles Wye-Williams. Mr. Prideaux, in his 
 work on " The Economy of Fuel,"* states : 
 
 " Combustion is, strictly speaking, the develop- 
 ment of heat by chemical combination, but though 
 this may take place from the union of a variety 
 of bodies, the omnipresent agent, oxygen, plays 
 so vastly more important a role than all others 
 in the disengagement of light and heat, that the 
 
 * Lockwood and Co. 
 
 act of its combination with other bodies is pre- 
 eminently entitled combustion, and, except in the 
 mouths of chemists, has quite monopolised the 
 appellation. Since combustion, in the ordinary 
 acceptation of the word, is the only means had 
 recourse to in the arts for the development of arti- 
 ficial heat, perfect combustion may, for our purpose, 
 be defined to be the combination of a combustible 
 body with the largest measure of oxygen with which 
 it is capable of uniting. In fact, for all practical 
 purposes, the fuel or combustible body employed 
 may be regarded as composed exclusively of carbon 
 and hydrogen, so that our inquiry becomes narrowed 
 to the combinations of oxygen with these two elemen- 
 tary substances. 
 
 " Most of my readers are doubtless aware that 
 chemical combinations take place only in certain 
 definite proportions which are multiples of each 
 other. One atom of A, for instance, combines with 
 one, two, three or more atoms of B ; or two of A, 
 with three, five, or more of B ; from which fact it 
 follows, as a necessary consequence, that the chemi- 
 cal equivalents (or combining weights) of all bodies 
 may be considered as expressing the relative weight 
 of their atoms. Bodies may be mingled together in 
 any proportions, but it is only in certain definite 
 ones that they unite and form one homogeneous 
 whole. Thus six parts (by weight) of carbon com- 
 bine with eight (by weight) of oxygen to form car- 
 bonic oxide, and with twice this quantity, or sixteen 
 parts, to form carbonic acid ; and there exists no 
 intermediate combination of these two bodies in 
 which six of carbon is united with more than eight 
 and less than sixteen of oxygen. Carbonic oxide and 
 carbonic acid gases may, it is true, be mingled in 
 any proportion, and thus a gas obtained in which six 
 parts of carbon are present with more than eight 
 and less than sixteen parts of oxygen, but this is a 
 mixture and not a chemical unity, as may be shown 
 by the addition of potash, which will separate the 
 carbonic acid and leave the carbonic oxide behind. 
 
 " Different coals vary much in their component 
 parts, and in the proportion of these to each other ; 
 carbon and hydrogen, however, are the essential 
 ingredients of all, as far as their heating capabilities 
 are concerned; and throughout this essay I shall 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 335 
 
 assume as a convenient standard that 100 parts of 
 coal consist of 80 parts of carbon and 5 of hydrogen, 
 leaving out of view the other elementary substances 
 which enter into their composition (consisting of 
 oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and incombustible ashes 
 in various proportions), as only likely to complicate 
 the details without being essential to the argument. 
 
 "Assuming 100 Ibs. of coal to consist of 80 Ibs. of 
 carbon and 5 Ibs. of hydrogen, then, since the oxy- 
 gen is to the carbon, in carbonic acid, as 16 to 6, to 
 effect perfect combustion 80 Ibs. of carbon will re- 
 quire 313^ Ibs. = 2527 cubic feet of oxygen, to furnish 
 which 967-26 Ibs. = 12,635 cubic feet of atmospheric 
 air will be required, air consisting of 1 volume of 
 oxygen to 4 of nitrogen, or 8 parts by weight of the 
 former to 28 parts of the latter ; and since oxygen 
 is to hydrogen, in water, as 8 to 1, 5 Ibs. of hydrogen 
 will require 40 Ibs. = 473 cubic feet of oxygen or 
 181'5 Ibs. = 2,365 cubic feet of atmospheric air. 
 
 "967-29 Ibs. x 181-5 = 1148-76 Ibs. = 15,000 cubic 
 feet of atmospheric air required for the perfect 
 combustion of 100 Ibs. of coal. 
 
 " And the product resulting will be : 2527 cubic 
 feet of carbonic acid, 946 cubic feet of steam, and 
 12,000 cubic feet of uncombined nitrogen. 
 
 " We thus perceive tha each Ib. of coal requires 
 150 cubic feet of air for its perfect combustion, or, 
 in other words, for the conversion of all its carbon 
 into carbonic acid, and all its hydrogen into water ; 
 and it must be remembered, that just in proportion 
 as this proper quantity is deficient is combustion 
 imperfect and fuel wasted, whilst the supply of a 
 surplus quantity is but a change of evils, and equally 
 injurious in an economic point of view, since all the 
 air which passes through a furnace without giving 
 up its oxygen to the fuel serves only to abstract 
 heat, without yielding any in return. However 
 difficult may be the regulation of the admission of 
 just the proper quantity of air to the fuel, it is not 
 the less certain that exactly in proportion as we 
 deviate from the correct standard will be the loss 
 we incur, for the laws of chemical affinity are unerr- 
 ing and inexorable. 
 
 " It is commonly but erroneously supposed that 
 when no smoke appears at the chimney-top combus- 
 tion is perfect. Smoke, however, may be absent, 
 
 and yet the carbon may only have united with 1 atom 
 of oxygen, forming carbonic oxide (a colourless gas) ; 
 instead of with 2 atoms, forming carbonic acid, and 
 consequently have only performed half the duty, as 
 a fuel, of which it was capable, whilst the loss of 
 duty on the coal taken as a whole (supposing all its 
 hydrogen to have become oxydised) will be upwards 
 of 4.0 per cent. 
 
 " Hydrogen, having a stronger affinity than carbon 
 in the gaseous state for oxygen, when the supply is 
 short, still seizes on its equivalent, and leaves the 
 carbon minus. Thus, when coal gas (carburetted 
 hydrogen) is inflamed with an insufficient supply of 
 air to effect the perfect combustion of both its con- 
 stituents, the hydrogen is still converted into water, 
 whilst the carbon, in different proportions according 
 to the oxygen present, becomes deposited in the 
 form of soot converted into carbonic oxide, or partly 
 into carbonic oxide and partly into carbonic acid. 
 
 " This great cardinal point in economy of furnace 
 management, viz., the exact apportionment of the 
 supply of air to the wants of the fuel, so as to con- 
 vert all its carbon into carbonic acid, and all its 
 hydrogen into water, could be achieved with com- 
 parative ease were the same conditions always pre- 
 sent in the interior of the furnace, so as to cause 
 the quantity of air required by the fuel to be uniform. 
 In this case, the average rarefaction in the stack 
 being once attained, a steady supply would enter the 
 furnace according to the area of the grate-bar open- 
 ings, the size of which once adjusted, the equable 
 and economic working of the furnace would be 
 secured. Unfortunately, however, the reverse is the 
 case, and the great practical difficulty to be overcome 
 in apportioning the supply of air to the demands of 
 the fuel arises from the fact, that in furnaces of the 
 ordinary construction this demand is not only 
 variable, but fluctuates within very wide limits. 
 
 " Where a fresh supply of coal is put on a briskly- 
 burning fire, the first thing which takes place is, 
 that the coal softens and swells, attended with the 
 evolution of a large quantity of carburetted hydrogen 
 gas, requiring for its combustion a correspondingly 
 large supply of atmospheric air the coal under- 
 going, in fact, in the first stage of combustion, just 
 the same process as it does in the retort in the 
 
336 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 manufacture of gas, but with this difference in the 
 result : that the gas, which in the latter case is pre- 
 served and found so valuable a commodity, here 
 escapes unconsumed up the chimney, not only fur- 
 nishing no heat itself, but abstracting from the heat 
 arising from the combustion of the carbonaceous 
 portion of the fuel the heat for its own gasification 
 a circumstance which readily explains the fact, that 
 more heat is practically obtained in many kinds of 
 furnaces from coke (or, in other words, coal deprived 
 of ^ part by weight of that portion of its combustible 
 matter which is richest in furnishing material for 
 heat) than from coal in its pure state, with all its 
 hydrogenous portion intact. From the same cause 
 also (viz., the imperfection of our furnaces) the com- 
 mercial value of coal is often in the inverse ratio to 
 the quantity of its bituminous constituents and its 
 real heat-giving powers, had we the capacity to 
 render them practically available. It could not in 
 fact be otherwise. A furnace immediately after a 
 fresh supply of fuel requires more than double the 
 quantity of air it did the instant before, whilst we 
 have no contrivance for furnishing such a supply, 
 although without it, throughout the space of time 
 during which rapid gasification of the hydrogenous 
 portion is going on, more than half the fuel con- 
 sumed is wasted, and passes off unburnt, becoming 
 thereby not only totally unproductive in itself, but 
 absolutely an agent of evil, by robbing the furnace 
 of the heat absorbed in its own volatilization." 
 
 Mr. Williams, in his treatise on " Combustion of 
 Coal and Prevention of Smoke,"* states : 
 
 "A consideration of the nature of the products into 
 which the combustible constituents of coal are con- 
 verted in passing through the furnace and flues of a 
 boiler, will enable us to correct many of the practical 
 errors of the day, and ascertain the amount of useful 
 effect produced and waste incurred. These products 
 are : 
 
 " 1st. Steam highly rarefied, invisible, and in- 
 combustible. 
 
 " 2nd. Carbonic acid invisible and incombustible. 
 
 " 3rd. Carbonic oxide invisible, but combustible. 
 
 "4th. Smoke visible, partly combustible, and 
 partly incombustible. 
 
 * Lockwood and Co. 
 
 " Of these, the two first are the products of per- 
 fect combustion, the latter two of imperfect combus- 
 tion. 
 
 " The first steam is formed from that portion 
 of the hydrogen (one of the constituents oioal-gas) 
 which has combined chemically with its equivalent 
 of oxygen from the air, in the proportion of 1 
 volume of hydrogen to half a volume of oxygen ; or, 
 in weight, as 1 is to 8. 
 
 " The second carbonic acid is formed from that 
 portion of the constituent, carbon, which has chemi- 
 cally combined with its equivalent of oxygen in the 
 proportion of 16 of oxygen to 6 of carbon, in weight ; 
 or, in bulk, of 1 volume of the latter to 2 of the 
 former. 
 
 " The third carbonic oxide is formed from that 
 portion of the carbonic acid which, being first 
 formed in the furnace, takes up an additional portion 
 of carbon in its passage through the ignited fuel on 
 the bars, and is then converted from the acid into 
 the oxide of carbon ; thus changing its nature from 
 an incombustible to a combustible. This additional 
 weight of carbon so taken up, being exactly equal to 
 the carbon forming the carbonic acid, necessarily 
 requires for its combustion the same quantity of 
 oxygen as went to the formation of the acid. 
 
 " The fourth smoke is formed from such por- 
 tions of the hydrogen and carbon of the coal-gas as 
 have not been supplied or combined with oxygen, 
 and, consequently, have not been converted either 
 into steam or carbonic acid. 
 
 " The hydrogen so passing away is transparent 
 and invisible ; not so, however, the carbon, which, 
 on being so separated from the hydrogen, loses its 
 gaseous character, and returns to its natural and 
 elementary state of a black, pulverulent, and finely- 
 divided body. As such, it becomes visible, and this 
 it is which gives the dark colour to smoke. 
 
 " Not sufficiently attending to these details, we 
 are apt to give too much importance to the presence 
 of the carbon, and have hence fallen into the error 
 of estimating the loss sustained by the blackness of 
 the colour which the smoke assumes, without taking 
 any note of the invisible combustibles, hydrogen and 
 carbonic oxide, which accompany it. The blackest 
 smoke is, therefore, by no means a source of the 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 greatest loss ; indeed, it may be the reverse ; the 
 quantity of invisible combustible matter it contains 
 being a more correct measure of the loss sustained 
 than could be indicated by mere colour. 
 
 " This will be still more consistent with truth, 
 should any of the gas (carburetted hydrogen) escape 
 undecomposed or unconsumed, as too often is the 
 case. 
 
 " In the ordinary acceptation of the term ' smoke,' 
 we understand all the products, combustible and in- 
 combustible, which pass off by the flue and chimney. 
 When, however, we are considering the subject 
 scientifically, and with a view to a practical remedy 
 against the nuisance or waste it occasions, we must 
 distinguish between the gas as it is generated and 
 that which is the result of its imperfect combustion. 
 In fact, without precise terms and reasoning, we 
 disqualify ourselves from obtaining correct views 
 either of the evil or the remedy. 
 
 " Now, let us look at this gas, which we are 
 desirous of converting to the purposes of heat, under 
 the several aspects in which it may be presented 
 under the varying degrees of temperature or supplies 
 of air. 
 
 " In the first instance, suppose the equivalent of 
 air to be supplied in the proper manner to the gas, 
 namely, by jets, for in this respect the operation is 
 the same as if we were supplying gas to the air, as 
 in the Argand gas-lamp. In such case one-half of 
 the oxygen absorbed goes to form steam, by its union 
 with the hydrogen ; while the other half forms 
 carbonic acid, by its union with the carbon. Both 
 constituents being thus supplied with their equiva- 
 lent volumes of the supporter, the process would here 
 be complete perfect combustion would ensue, and 
 no smoke be formed ; the quantity of air employed 
 being ten times the volume of the gas consumed. 
 
 " Again, suppose that but one-half, or any other 
 quantity, less than the saturating equivalent of air 
 were supplied. In such case, the hydrogen, whose 
 affinity for oxygen is so superior to that of carbon, 
 would seize on the greater part of this limited 
 supply ; while the carbon, losing its connection with 
 the hydrogen, and not being supplied with oxygen, 
 would assume its original black, solid, pulverulent 
 state, and become true smoke. The quantity of 
 
 smoke then would be in proportion to the deficiency^ 
 of air supplied. 
 
 " But smoke may be caused by an excess as well 
 as a deficiency in the supply of air. This will be 
 understood when we consider that there are two 
 conditions requisite to effect this chemical union 
 with oxygen, namely, a certain degree of temperature 
 in the gas, as well as a certain quantity of air ; for, 
 unless the due temperature be maintained, the com- 
 bustible will not be in a state for chemical action. 
 
 " Now, let us see how the condition, as to tem- 
 perature, may be affected by the quantity of air 
 being in excess. If the gas be injudiciously supplied 
 with air, that is, by larger quantities or larger jets 
 than their respective equivalent number of atoms can 
 immediately combine inth, as they come into contact 
 a cooling effect is necessarily produced instead of a 
 generation of heat. The result of this would be, 
 that, although the quantity of air might be correct, 
 the second condition, the required temperature, 
 would be sacrificed or impaired, the union with the 
 oxygen of the air would not take place, and smoke 
 would be formed. 
 
 " Thus we perceive that the mode in which the air 
 is introduced exercises an important influence on the 
 amount of union and combustion effected, the quantity 
 of heat developed, or of smoke produced ; and, in 
 examining the mode of administering the air, we 
 shall discover the true cause of perfect or imperfect 
 combustion in the furnace as we see in the lamp. 
 This circumstance, then, as regards the manner in 
 which air is introduced to the gas (like the intro- 
 duction of gas to the air), demands especial notice, 
 as the most important, although the most neglected, 
 feature in the furnace, and in which practical engi- 
 neers are least instructed by those who have under- 
 taken the task of teaching them. 
 
 " We see, then, how palpably erroneous is the idea, 
 that smoke, once formed, can be consumed in the 
 furnace in which it is generated, and how irrecon- 
 cilable is such a result with the operations of 
 nature. The formation of smoke, in fact, arises out 
 of the failure of some of the processes preparatory to 
 combustion, or the absence of some one of the con- 
 ditions which are essential to that consummation 
 from which light and heat are obtained. To expect, 
 
 2 x 
 
338 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 then, that smoke, which is the very result of a 
 deficient supply of heat, or air, or both, can be 
 consumed in the furnace in which such deficient 
 supply has occurred, is a manifest absurdity, seeing 
 that, if such heat and air had been supplied, this 
 smoke would not have existed. 
 
 " Whence, then, it may be asked, does the visible 
 black of the cloud proceed ? Solely from the un- 
 consumed portion of black carbon, insignificant 
 though it may be in weight or volume. 
 
 " This carbon of the gas being the sole black- 
 colouring element of smoke, it is here necessary to 
 examine the several phases and conditions of its 
 existence and progress, before, during, and offer it 
 has been in the state of flame. Flame is not the 
 combustion of the gas. Flame itself has to undergo 
 a further process of combustion, being but a mass of 
 carbon atoms, still unconsumed, though at the tem- 
 perature of incandescence and high luminosity. 
 Flame is then but one of the stages of the process 
 of combustion. Its existence marks the moment, as 
 regards each atom, of its separation from and the 
 combustion of its accompanying hydrogen, by which 
 so intense a heat is produced as instantaneously to 
 raise the solid carbon atom, then in contact, to that 
 high temperature : thus preparing it the more 
 rapidly to combine with oxygen so soon as it shall 
 have obtained contact with the air, but not a moment 
 sooner. 
 
 " Instead, however, of administering the air while 
 the carbon is at this high temperature of 3000 (as 
 we see in our gas-burners), our custom is first to 
 allow it, or even force it, to cool down, by its contact 
 with metallic tubes, to the state of soot ; and then 
 to expect, by some mechanical apparatus, to restore 
 it to the necessary temperature from which it had 
 been so gratuitously reduced. 
 
 " But, it may be asked, why allow it to lose its 
 already acquired high temperature ? Why create a 
 necessity for the sake of overcoming it ? It seems 
 an act of mere stupidity to waste the high tem- 
 perature the carbon had thus naturally acquired, by 
 allowing the opportunity to pass before we adminis- 
 ter the only thing needful, namely, the air. 
 
 " We have seen how the carbon of the gas, in the 
 absence of air and its oxygen, returns to its normal 
 
 state of black solid atoms in the form of soot. It 
 will here, then, be useful to illustrate the well- 
 defined stages through which this carbon passes from 
 its invisible state, as a constituent of the gas, to its 
 visible state in smoke. 
 
 " First stage Invisible and intangible, the carbon 
 being then in chemical union, and surrounded by 
 the two atoms of hydrogen, forming carburetted 
 hydrogen gas. 
 
 "Second stage Visible, tangible, and raised by 
 the heat produced on the combustion of its accom- 
 panying hydrogen to the temperature of incandes- 
 cence, which, by their number, give the white 
 luminous character to flame. 
 
 " Third stage Invisible and intangible, after its 
 combustion, having then entered into union with 
 two atoms of oxygen, and forming invisible carbonic 
 acid. 
 
 " Fourth stage Visible and tangible, in the state 
 of lamp-black, or soot, having escaped combustion 
 by not having had access to the air before it was 
 cooled below the temperature required for chemical 
 action. 
 
 " Composition of Smoke. 
 
 " Eight atoms of invisible nitrogen from the four 
 of air that supplied the oxygen both to the hydrogen 
 and carbon of the gas. 
 
 " Two atoms of invisible steam from the combus- 
 tion of the hydrogen of the gas. 
 
 " One atom of visible carbon unconsumed, and 
 becoming the colouring matter of smoke. 
 
 " Two atoms of invisible carbonic acid from the 
 carbon of solid coke on the bars of a furnace. 
 
 " Eight atoms of invisible nitrogen from the four 
 of air that supplied the oxygen for the combustion 
 of the coke of the coal. 
 
 " Thus we see that out of the 21 atoms which are 
 the constituents of any given weight of smoke, the 
 only combustible one, the carbon, weighs but 6 ; 
 the incombustible and invisible portion weighing 286. 
 As to volume, we see, as above, the comparatively 
 insignificant space it occupies, although it possesses 
 the power of giving the black tint to the cloudy 
 mass. These volumes are here supposed to be at 
 atmospheric temperature. When, however, we con- 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 339 
 
 sider that, with the exception of the carbon, which 
 alone (heing a solid) retains its original diminutive 
 hulk, while all the others, being gaseous, will be 
 enlarged to double, possibly to treble, their previous 
 bulk, in proportion to their increased temperature, 
 we are amazed, not only at the comparative insigni- 
 ficance of the carbon, but at our own credulity in 
 believing that this merely blackened cloud could be 
 made available as a fuel and a source of heat. 
 
 ' Generally speaking, this black cloud is supposed 
 to be an aggregate or mass of carbon, in the form 
 of a sooty powder. This is, manifestly, an error, 
 since that would assume that the three other pro- 
 ducts, nitrogen, carbonic acid, and steam, in their 
 great volumes, had been neutralised, or otherwise 
 disposed of. As, however, that is impossible, smoke 
 must be taken as it is, namely, a compound cloud 
 of all these three gaseous bodies, together with the 
 portion, more or less, of the solid, uncombined, visible 
 free carbon, then in the fourth stage. Here, then, is 
 a definition of smoke, which is susceptible of the 
 most rigorous proof. 
 
 " We see the black cloud from a chimney extend- 
 ing for miles along the horizon, and hence conclude 
 that the quantity of carbon must be considerable to 
 produce such an effect. Nothing but strict chemical 
 inquiry could have enabled us to correct this error. 
 By it we ascertain that this black cloud is tinted, 
 literally but tinted, by the atoms of carbon, and 
 which, though issuing in countless myriads, are 
 comparatively insignificant in weight or volume, or 
 in commercial value as a combustible. In truth, the 
 eye is deceived as to the mass by the extraordinary 
 colouring effect produced by the minuteness, but 
 great number, of its atoms of carbon. 
 
 " And now as to the relative quantities of the 
 several constituents of smoke : 1st, of the invisible 
 nitrogen. As atmospheric air contains but 20 per 
 cent, of oxygen, the remaining 80 per cent, being 
 the nitrogen, passes away, invisible and uncombined. 
 If, then, a ton of coal requires absolutely for its 
 combustion the oxygen of oOO,000 cubic feet of air, 
 the 80 per cent., or 240,000 cubic feet of invisible 
 and incombustible nitrogen, forms the first ingredient 
 of this black cloud. 2nd, of the invisible carbonic acid. 
 This portion of the cloud may be estimated as equal 
 
 in volume to the 20 per cent, of oxygen which had 
 effected the combustion of the carbon both of the gas 
 and the coke of the coal. 3rd, of the invisible steam 
 formed by the combustion of the hydrogen of the 
 gas. In this will be found the great source of the 
 prevailing misapprehension ; yet no facts in chemis- 
 try are more accurately defined than those which 
 belong to the formation, weight, and volume of the 
 constituents of steam. 
 
 " The following extract from a paper read before 
 the Institution of Civil Engineers, being from the 
 report, is much to the point of this inquiry, par- 
 ticularly as regards the great volume of water 
 resulting from the combustion of the coal gas : 
 
 " ' All substances used for the purposes of illumi- 
 nation may be represented by oil and coal gas. Both 
 contain carbon and hydrogen, and it is by the com- 
 bustion of these elements with the oxygen of the air 
 that light is evolved. The carbon produces carbonic 
 acid, which is deleterious in its nature and oppressive 
 in its action in closed apartments. The hydrogen 
 produces water. A pound of oil contains about 0'12 
 of a pound of hydrogen, 0'78 of carbon, and - 1 of 
 oxygen. When burnt, it produces 1'06 of water, 
 and 2 - 86 of carbonic acid ; and the oxygen it takes 
 from the atmosphere is equal to that contained in 
 13'27 cubic feet of air. A pound of London gas 
 contains on an average 0'3 of hydrogen, and - 7 of 
 carbon. It produces, when burnt, 2'07 of water, 
 2'56 of carbonic acid gas, consumes 4'26 cubic feet 
 of oxygen, equal to the quantity contained in 19'3 
 cubical feet of air. A pint of oil, when burnt, pro- 
 duces a pint and a quarter of water ; and a pound of 
 gas, more than two and a half pounds of water, the 
 increase of weight being due to the absorption of 
 oxygen from the atmosphere one part of hydrogen 
 taking eight parts, by weight, of oxygen to form 
 water. A London Argand gas-lamp in a closed shop 
 window will produce, in four hours, two pints and a 
 half of water, to condense, or not, upon the glass or 
 the goods, according to circumstances.' 
 
 " To say, then, that above 900 Ibs. weight of water 
 (nearly half the weight of the ton of coal consumed) 
 passes from the furnace, and by the chimney, in the 
 form of steam, though produced by the 5 per cent, 
 of hydrogen alone, which the coal contained, may 
 
 2x2 
 
340 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 appear exaggeration : nevertheless, the fact is un- 
 questionable, the details of which it is here un- 
 necessary to repeat. Now, when we consider the 
 enormous mass of steam that would be produced by 
 the vapour of this nearly half a ton weight of water 
 (independently of the nitrogen and carbonic acid), 
 we can readily account for the magnitude of the 
 cloudy vaporous column of the smoke. 
 
 "The next consideration is, as to the value of the 
 carbon which produces the darkened colour of the 
 smoke cloud. Now, the weight of this carbon, in a 
 cubic foot of black smoke, is not equal to that of 
 a single grain. Of the extraordinary light-absorbing 
 property and colouring effect produced by the in- 
 appreciable myriads of atoms of this finely-divided 
 carbon, forming part of the cloud of the steam alone, 
 some idea may be formed by artificially mixing some 
 of it when in the deposited state of soot with water. 
 For this purpose, collect it on a metallic plate held 
 over a candle or gas-jet, and touching the flame. 
 Let a single grain weight of this soot be gradually 
 and intimately mixed on a pallet, as a painter would, 
 with a pallet-knife, first, with a few drops of gum- 
 water, enlarging the quantity until it amounts to a 
 spoonful. On this mixture being poured into a glass 
 globe containing a gallon of water, the whole mass, 
 on being stirred, will became opaque and of the 
 colour of ink. Here we have physical demonstration 
 of the extraordinary colouring effect of the minutely 
 divided carbon a single grain weight being sufficient 
 to give the dark colour to a gallon of water." 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1872, Mr. Prideaux 
 lectured at the United Service Institution, "On 
 Economy of Fuel in Ships of War," and said he : 
 
 " To evaporate the greatest weight of water from 
 the fuel employed involves two considerations : 
 First, the generating from that fuel the utmost 
 amount of heat it is capable of rendering, to be 
 accomplished by effecting perfect combustion in the 
 furnace. Secondly, the transference of the largest 
 practicable proportion of this heat to the water in 
 the boiler, to be attained by the judicious arrange- 
 ment of its heating surface. The first, a question 
 beset with complication ; the second, one of com- 
 parative simplicity. 
 
 " Coal is so much more extensively used than any 
 
 other combustible for the production of steam power, 
 that in so condensed an exposition of the subject as 
 the present must necessarily be, it will be most 
 profitable to restrict our remarks to its use. 
 
 " At the outset of our inquiry we are confronted 
 with the question, What proportion of the whole 
 heat coal is capable of yielding do we succeed in 
 utilising in raising steam, or, in other words, trans- 
 ferring to the water in the boiler ? 
 
 "After carefully investigating the subject, the 
 conclusion at which I have arrived is, that we cannot 
 assign to carbon a smaller heating power than 9000 
 centigrade, which is equivalent to the capacity for 
 evaporating fifteen times its own weight of water 
 from 100 Fahrenheit. The average duty obtained 
 in marine boilers at present must, I apprehend, be 
 set down at not more than 7J Ibs. of water eva- 
 porated by 1 Ib. of coal, or, in other words, we only 
 obtain half the duty which theory assigns to the 
 fuel. Let us console ourselves for so humiliating a 
 result by the reflection, that this very large margin 
 for waste is as encouraging to our future prospects 
 as it is discreditable to our present practice. 
 
 " The heat obtained from coal is evolved by the 
 chemical union of the hydrogen and carbon of the coal 
 with the oxygen of the atmosphere, forming with the 
 former substance, water, and, with the latter, carbonic 
 acid ; and just in proportion to the exactitude with 
 which we transform all the hydrogen of the com- 
 bustible into water, and all its carbon into carbonic 
 acid, without admitting any superfluous air, will be 
 the temperature produced, and (other conditions 
 being equal) the amount of water evaporated. 
 
 " Different coals vary in their component parts, 
 and in the proportion of these to each other. Carbon 
 and hydrogen, however, are the essential constituents 
 of all as far as their heating capacities are concerned, 
 and I shall assume as a convenient standard that 
 100 parts of coal consist of 80 parts of carbon and 
 5 of hydrogen, leaving out of view the other element- 
 ary substances which enter into their composition 
 (consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and in- 
 combustible ashes, composed principally of sand and 
 clay), as non-essential to the subject under dis- 
 cussion. There is a convenience in assuming these 
 proportions of 80 carbon and 5 hydrogen for the 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 341 
 
 composition of coal, for since hydrogen furnishes, 
 weight for weight, four times as much heat as 
 carbon, the 5 parts of hydrogen will furnish 20 per 
 cent, of the whole heat, and the 80 parts of carbon 
 80 per cent., being the same proportionate part of 
 the heat as it forms by weight of the fuel, and thus 
 the heating power of coal, as a whole, may be 
 treated as equivalent to an equal weight of carbon. 
 
 " The hydrogen in coal exists in chemical com- 
 bination with carbon, and when heated without the 
 access of air, passes off with the carbon, with which 
 it is combined in the gaseous form as carburetted 
 hydrogen, a gas consisting of 1 part by weight of 
 hydrogen and 3 of carbon, being in fact the coal-gas 
 we use for illuminating purposes. 100 Ibs., there- 
 fore, of coal containing 5 parts of hydrogen and 80 
 parts of carbon in the 100 Ibs. would yield 20 Ibs., 
 or 525 cubic feet of this gas, and 65 Ibs. of solid 
 carbon, or coke. 
 
 " As the 5 parts of hydrogen in coal-gas furnish 
 20 parts of the total heat of the coal, and the 
 15 parts of carbon 15 parts, the two combined 
 contain 35 per cent, of the total heating power of 
 the combustible. But here I must not omit to draw 
 your attention to the important fact that if, through 
 the defective regulation of the air-supply of the 
 furnace, you cause half this gas to pass off up the 
 chimney unburnt, the heat wasted is more than 
 17tj per cent., because the gas has robbed the furnace 
 of the heat employed in its own volatilisation or 
 transformation from the solid into the gaseous form. 
 7 per cent, is by no means an over-estimate of the 
 heat subtracted from the duty of the carbon by this 
 process, and hence we arrive at the result that, in 
 the case of a furnace so managed as to dissipate half 
 the carburetted hydrogen unburnt, the waste of fuel 
 through this channel alone reaches 25 per cent. 
 That this amount of waste does in practice often 
 take place from this cause is unquestionable, since I 
 have in numerous instances witnessed this per- 
 centage of saving affected by simply altering the 
 conditions governing the air-supply of the furnace 
 during the first five minutes after coaling, the period 
 at which, under the ordinary system of furnace 
 management, or rather mismanagement, this great 
 waste of unconsunied gas takes place. In short, I 
 
 have rarely seen an instance where experiment did 
 not prove that, with bituminous or north-country 
 coal, a saving of not less than two-thirds of this 
 amount, or from 17 to 18 per cent., was obtainable 
 by these means, so that I feel justified in saying 
 that in furnaces as constructed and fired at present, 
 i.e., with no provision for adapting the air-supply to 
 the changing conditions and consequent varying 
 requirements of the fuel, this waste of a large 
 proportion of the gaseous constituents of the coal 
 must be regarded as the normal state of things, and 
 inseparable from the rude, defective, and unintelli- 
 gent system of furnace management pursued. 
 
 " Although, as a general rule, the combustion of 
 the carbon of the fuel is effected without the large 
 proportion of waste attendant upon that of its 
 gaseous constituents, yet occasionally in such a 
 case, for instance, as one of which we have recently 
 heard, where, in the Southern Pacific, the flames 
 proceeding from the top of the funnel of one of 
 Her Majesty's ships at night were actually mistaken 
 for an eruption from a volcano in one of the peaks 
 of the Andes a great waste of carbon occurs. Such 
 a state of things as this, however, can only exist 
 with most defective furnace arrangements, involving 
 a really frightful sacrifice of fuel. 
 
 " I will endeavour to describe the conditions under 
 which alone I consider such an occurrence as de- 
 scribed to be possible. The flame emitted does not 
 extend from the furnace through the flues to the 
 funnel-head, as many suppose, but is produced by 
 carbonic oxide gas (generated in the furnace through 
 deficiency of the air-supply) passing off at such a 
 high temperature as to preserve the temperature 
 necessary for ignition, after mixing with the 2J 
 volumes of atmospheric air required to furnish the 
 oxygen needful for its transformation into carbonic 
 acid. Now, since an atom of carbon, in combining 
 with one atom of oxygen, and becoming carbonic 
 oxide, only yields one-third of its heating power, 
 the remaining two-thirds being set free upon its 
 combining with the second equivalent of oxygen, 
 and becoming carbonic acid, it follows that two- 
 thirds of the heating power of all the carbon passing 
 off as carbonic oxide is wasted. 
 
 " Even this statement does not adequately re- 
 
342 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 present the frightful sacrifice of heating power, of 
 which flames passing off at the funnel-head are the 
 sign ; for small as may be the proportion of the 
 heating power of the fuel developed in the furnace, 
 of this small proportion an unusually large part is 
 wastefully dissipated into the atmosphere, as is 
 shown by the high temperature of the gases issuing 
 from the funnel, such high temperature being the 
 result of the diminished subtraction of their heat by 
 the surface of the tubes, consequent upon the latter 
 being coated with soot. Unless there be something 
 more than ordinarily faulty, either in the construction 
 of the furnace, or the mode of firing pursued, the 
 coating of the tubes with soot may be regarded as 
 the necessary precedent to the exhibition of flame at 
 the funnel-head, as in fact begetting the conditions 
 under which it occurs. A deposition of soot on the 
 interior of the tubes simultaneously diminishes the 
 draught and, in a still greater ratio, the steam gene- 
 rated. Heavier firing is resorted to to keep up steam, 
 with the effect of aggravating the previously existing 
 evils. Flame makes its appearance at the top of the 
 funnel, and a vicious circle of evil consequences is 
 produced, which mutually react upon and aggravate 
 each other. 
 
 " The waste of a large proportion of the coal-gas, 
 or carburetted hydrogen contained in the fuel, during 
 say the first third, or first five minutes of the coal- 
 ing interval, which ordinarily takes place under the 
 present system of furnace management, by no means 
 presupposes such conditions in the arrangements 
 and working of the furnace as would subsequently 
 lead to the dissipation of carbon as carbonic oxide. 
 The fatal sign of flame at the funnel-head, however, 
 announcing as it does a thick layer of ignited 
 carbon on the bars and an insufficient air-supply, 
 may be accepted as indicative of conditions being 
 present in the furnace which must have been pro- 
 ductive of a more than average waste of carburetted 
 hydrogen at an earlier period. 
 
 " Great as are the evils which we have been 
 reviewing, proceeding from a deficient air-supply, 
 they are rivalled, and, perhaps, having regard to 
 its greater frequency (during the latter portion of 
 the coaling interval), exceeded in amount as a whole, 
 by the opposite fault of too much air entering the 
 
 furnace. The excess of air acts prejudicially, not 
 by interfering with the perfect combustion of the 
 carbon, none of which under these altered conditions 
 can escape transformation into carbonic acid, but 
 by diluting the temperature of the furnace by the 
 admixture of cold air, which, after receiving a large 
 accession of temperature, passes off through the 
 funnel, robbing the furnace of heat that should 
 have been employed in raising steam. All good 
 firemen are awake to the evil consequences of 
 allowing their fire to burn through at the back, 
 admitting a free ingress of air, or the still more 
 fatal results of perforations in the door or bridge. 
 Let us analyse the conditions under which these 
 evil consequences ensue, and the causes on which 
 they depend: 
 
 " One hundred pounds of coal require, in order to 
 obtain the equivalent of oxygen necessary for its 
 perfect combustion (or the transformation of all its 
 hydrogen into water and all its carbon into carbonic 
 acid), 15,000 cubic feet of air, and the temperature 
 resulting may, to speak in round numbers, be set 
 down at 4200. No such exact adjustment of the 
 air-supply is possible in working a furnace, and 
 there are reasons why, in practice, a better result is 
 obtained by admitting an increased quantity, say one- 
 third more than the amount required to furnish the 
 exact combining equivalent of oxygen. Assuming, 
 therefore, the admission of one-third more, or 20,000 
 cubic feet, we get a temperature of 3150, of which, 
 taking the temperature of the gases when they 
 leave the heating surface of the boiler and enter the 
 funnel at 600, 81 per cent, is absorbed by the 
 heating surface of the boiler, and profitably em- 
 ployed. If instead of 20,000 feet twice the quantity, 
 or 40,000 feet, enter the furnace, we only get a 
 temperature of 1575; and supposing the tempera- 
 ture of the gases entering the stack to be the same, 
 viz. 600, we only get 62 per cent, absorbed by the 
 heating surface and performing the duty of raising 
 steam. In reality, however, since twice the volume 
 of gas traverses the flues in the same time, it must 
 pass over the heating surface at twice the velocity. 
 The area of the heating surface therefore becomes 
 halved in proportion to the quantity of gas passing, 
 and, as a consequence, the products of combustion 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 343 
 
 will pass off at a higher temperature, so that in 
 reality less than 62 per cent, will be absorbed. 
 
 " The supply of air which enters a furnace depends 
 upon the ratio existing between the pull exerted by 
 its chimney or stack and the obstruction caused by 
 the layer of fuel on the grate-bars, and a more or 
 less confined ashpit. The force of the pull, or 
 suction, exerted by the stack is the difference in 
 weight between the column of heated gas it contains 
 and a similar column of air at the temperature of 
 the atmosphere. The higher the temperature and 
 the taller the stack, the greater the force of the 
 draught, and vice versa. The great practical difficulty 
 which stands in the way of obtaining the regular 
 flow of the right quantity of air into the furnace is 
 the fact that the demand is not a constant, but 
 a varying, quantity. 
 
 "Assume a coaling interval of 15 minutes, and 
 that towards its end the carburetted hydrogen 
 having passed off, a layer of ignited carbon alone is 
 left on the bars, through which the current of air 
 has gradually worn for itself a series of channels or 
 perforations, till their united area is more than 
 sufficient to admit the right quantity of air under 
 the existing amount of draught. Let us then examine 
 the condition of the same, furnace a few minutes 
 later, after the act of coaling has taken place, and 
 we shall find a thicker layer of fuel on the bars, the 
 channels for the passage of air which previously 
 existed in the thinner layer obliterated, and the 
 temperature of the furnace greatly lowered by the 
 abstraction of heat consequent upon the introduction 
 of the charge of cold fuel, and the volatilisation of 
 its gas going forward. Thus the diminished tempe- 
 rature in the stack diminishes the draught at the 
 period when the resistance offered by the fuel to the 
 passage of air is greatest, and the demand of the 
 furnace for air is at its highest point, in consequence 
 of the large quantity of oxygen required for the 
 ignition of the carburetted hydrogen gas now in 
 course of rapid evolution. As the necessary sequel 
 to these conditions, the gas generated passes off 
 unburnt, worse than simply wasted, because it has 
 abstracted a portion of heat from the ignited carbon 
 in undergoing transformation into the gaseous form. 
 We here get an explanation of the fact that more 
 
 heat is practically obtained in some kinds of furnaces 
 from coke, or, in other words, coal deprived of one- 
 third part by weight of that portion of its combustible 
 matter which is richest in heating material, than 
 from coal in its pure state. From the same cause also, 
 viz., defective furnace management, the commercial 
 value of coal is often in an inverse ratio to the 
 quantity of its bituminous constituents and heat- 
 giving power, were proper means employed to make 
 them practically available." 
 
 Thus far the subject of combustion may be said to 
 be exhausted sufficiently, and we next treat of the 
 temperature of heat in a furnace during the proper 
 process of burning the fuel in it, the specific heat 
 products of which are tabulated as follows by 
 Eankine : 
 
 Specific Value. 
 Carbonic acid gas . . . . '217 
 
 Nitrogen '245 
 
 Air -238 
 
 Ashes -200 
 
 Steam '475 
 
 5) 1375 
 275 
 
 And if it is required to know the maximum amount 
 of heat in a furnace, the following formula is used : 
 Divide the total heat in 1 Ib. of coal by the amount 
 of air in Ibs., plus 1 Ib. of fuel multiplied by the 
 mean specific heat, and the quotient equals the 
 number of degrees Fahr. Suppose, for example, the 
 following figures : 
 
 Total heat, say 14,000 
 
 Amount of air requisite for combustion 22 Ibs. 
 
 Coal in Ibs 1 Ib. 
 
 Specific heat in the fuel . . . . -275 
 Temperature of furnace 
 
 H 
 A 
 C 
 
 S 
 T 
 
 Then 
 
 H 
 
 A + C x S 
 
 = T, or 2245 Fahr. 
 
 We next refer to reliable results in a practical 
 form, as carried out in the years 1857 and 1858, 
 and to others which are compiled from the Admiralty 
 returns as requested in the House of Commons, dur- 
 ing the years 1871 and 1872. 
 
344 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 TABLE OP THE DUTY OF " HARTLEY'S " COAL, BY MESSRS. AKMSTSONG, LONGRIDGE, AND BICHARDSON, BY PRACTICAL 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AT NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE, 1857. 
 First Series. Second Series. 
 
 WORK DONE. 
 
 Hard Firing. 
 Much Smoke. 
 
 Hard Firing. 
 No Smoke. 
 
 
 WORK DONE. 
 
 Hard Firing. 
 Much Smoke. 
 
 Hard Firing. 
 No smoke. 
 
 Coal burned per square foot of fire grate i 
 
 Lbs. 
 18-50 
 
 Lbs. 
 21 
 
 
 Coal burned per square foot of fire grate j 
 
 Lbs. 
 21 
 
 Lbs. 
 17-34 
 
 Water evaporated from 60 Fah. perf 
 square foot of fire grate per hour . .\ 
 Total evaporation per hour from GO / 
 Fah \ 
 
 Cub. Feet. 
 2-197 
 Cub. Feet. 
 60-5 
 
 Cub. Feet. 
 2-932 
 Cub. Feet. 
 83'5 
 
 
 Water evaporated from 60 Fah. peri 
 square foot of fire grate per hour . . 1 
 Total evaporation per hour from 60 ( 
 Fah \ 
 
 Cub. Feet. 
 2-909 
 Cub. Feet. 
 56 
 
 Cub. Feet. 
 2-937 
 Cub. Feet. 
 56J 
 
 Water evaporated from 212 Fah. by 1 Ib. ( 
 
 Lbs. 
 8'til 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 10-10 
 
 
 Water evaporated from 212 Fah. by 1 Ib.f 
 
 Lbs. 
 10-06 
 
 Lbs. 
 12-27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Showing an increase of work done of 38 per cent., 
 and a superior economy of fuel of 17 per cent., 
 whilst making no smoke. 
 
 In the above series of experiments we had 
 
 Area of fire grate 284- square feet. 
 
 Heating surface (total) 749 , , 
 
 Eatio of fire grate to heating surface . 1 to 26J. 
 
 TABLE OF AVERAGE RESULTS FROM THE EXPERIMENTS WITH NORTH COUNTRY AND WELSH COALS, WITH WILLIAMS' 
 APPARATUS FOR CONSUMING SMOKE, TO COMPARE THE EVAPORATIVE VALUES OF THE Two DESCRIPTIONS OF COAL. 
 
 
 
 
 Eesnlts calcu ated from the latent Heat of Steam, being 
 966, as taken by Messrs. Armstrong. Longridge, 
 and Kichardson, in their Reports to the Steam Collieries 
 Association of the North of England. 
 
 Results calculated from the 
 latent Heat of Steam, being 
 988, as adopted by the 
 Admiralty in their Reports 
 of Trials of Coals. 
 
 
 
 DATE op 
 EXPERIMENT. 
 
 Description 
 of Coal 
 experimented upon. 
 
 Area of 
 Fire Grate. 
 
 Economic 
 Value on the 
 Evaporation 
 from 2 12 by 
 1 Ib. of Coal 
 in Ihs. of 
 Water. 
 
 Rate of 
 Combustion, 
 or Number of 
 Ibs. of 
 Coal burnt 
 per Square 
 Foot of Fire 
 Grate per 
 Hour. 
 
 Rate of 
 Evaporation 
 from 60 per 
 Square Foot 
 of Fire Grate 
 in Cubic Feet 
 per Hour. 
 
 Totll 
 Evaporation 
 from 60 in 
 Cubic Feet 
 per Hour. 
 
 Lbs. of Water 
 evaporated 
 by 1 Ib. of 
 Coal, cal- 
 culated from 
 constant 
 Temperature 
 of 100. 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 of Water 
 evaporated 
 per Hour, 
 calculated 
 from constant 
 Temperature 
 of 100. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1858: 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Cubic Feet. 
 
 Cubic Feet. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Cubic Feet. 
 
 North 
 Cou ntry. 
 
 Welsh. 
 
 26 June 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-39 87-16 
 
 11*14 86-89 
 
 3 July 
 
 North Country Coal, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9-84 77-06 
 
 10-39 75-85 
 
 26 ,, 
 
 West Hartley Dis- 
 
 22 
 
 11-05 
 
 26-21 
 
 3-82 
 
 84-08 
 
 10-39 
 
 87-16 
 
 9-65 57-21 
 
 9-97 31-54 
 
 29 ,, 
 
 trict 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-44 70-57 
 
 9-93 69-11 
 
 30 ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40-32 292-00 
 
 41-43 263-39 
 
 19 ,, 
 
 North Country Coal, I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-08 73-00 
 
 10-35 65-84 
 
 20 ,, 
 22 ,, 
 
 and from Woolwich > 
 Dockyard . . .] 
 
 22 
 
 10-97 
 
 23-61 
 
 3-38 
 
 74-35 
 
 9-84 
 
 77-06 
 
 The whole of the experi- 
 ments from which these 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 averages 
 
 have been 
 
 28 June 
 2 July 
 
 1 Welsh Coal , Powell's \ 
 ( Duffryn . . ./ 
 
 22 
 
 12-44 
 
 21-53 
 
 3-81 
 
 83-86 
 
 11-14 
 
 86-89 
 
 taken were made with 
 the air-passages of Wil- 
 liams' apparatus open. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and no en 
 
 loke issuing 
 
 - 
 
 Welsh Coal, Blaeng- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 from the 
 
 top of the 
 
 n V, 
 
 21 ,, 
 
 warn Mcrthyr, sent 
 from Woolwich 
 
 22 
 
 11-98 
 
 20-36 
 
 3-33 
 
 73-15 
 
 10-39 
 
 75-85 
 
 boiler chimney, except- 
 ing when Welsh coal 
 was burnt, and then the 
 
 
 Dockyard . , . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 air-passage 
 
 s were closed. 
 
 28 
 
 North Country small 
 
 22 
 
 10-78 
 
 17-31 
 
 2-51 
 
 55-20 
 
 9-65 
 
 57-21 
 
 
 
 24 ,, 
 
 Welsh small. . . 
 
 22 
 
 11-13 
 
 9-16 
 
 1-38 
 
 30-43 
 
 9-97 
 
 31-54 
 
 
 
 2 August 
 
 North Country Coal 
 
 18 
 
 11-66 
 
 24-89 
 
 3 "78 
 
 6,S 09 
 
 10-44 
 
 70-57 
 
 
 
 6 July 
 
 Welsh Coal . . . 
 
 IS 
 
 11-08 
 
 24-12 
 
 3-71 
 
 66-72 
 
 9-93 
 
 69-11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This experiment was 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 made to 
 
 observe the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 quantity of smoke issu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing from 
 
 ho chimnev- 
 
 5 ,, 
 
 North Country Coal 
 
 22 
 
 9-75 
 
 29-53 
 
 3-94 
 
 86-63 
 
 8-73 
 
 89-87 
 
 top, and also to ascer- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tain the 
 
 evaporative 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 value of U 
 
 e coal when 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 making smoke and when 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 not making 
 
 ; smoke. 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 345 
 
 STATEMENT SHOWING THE QUALITY OF LAND ENGINE AND SMITHERY COALS CONSUMED IN THE DOCKYARD AND 
 
 FACTORY DUEING THE QUAKTEE ENDED 30iH SEPTEMBER, 1870. 
 
 Keyham Yard, 22nd October, 1870. 
 
 
 No. of Ibs. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 of Water 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 
 
 
 DESCRIPTION OP COAIS. 
 
 evaporated 
 
 i 1 IK F 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Smoke. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 by 1 ID. ot 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Clinker. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 
 
 
 Townhill 
 
 6-78 
 
 3-7 
 
 2-85 
 
 6-55 
 
 Black. The land ensine coals are fit for the service. 
 
 
 6-48 
 6-64 
 6-93 
 
 3-12 
 2-27 
 4-34 
 
 3-22 
 3-03 
 2-38 
 
 6-34 
 5-3 
 6-72 
 
 Dark. 
 Dark. 
 Dark. 
 
 observing that the evaporative power is 
 low, and the refuse generally high. The 
 smithery coals consumed during this 
 
 Lassodie and Elgin . 
 
 Mixed Coal .... 
 
 7-37 
 
 3-57 
 
 2-7 
 
 6-27 
 
 Black. Tanfield Moor, and were found to be uni- 
 
 Batcs's West Hartley 
 Premier Steam Coal . 
 Scotch 
 
 6-88 
 6-69 
 6-43 
 
 2-22 
 5- 
 4-34 
 
 1-75 
 2-63 
 1-63 
 
 3 97 Dark. formly clear and free from sulphur, but 
 rj cq small and light, and will not stand a 
 ' ^ ^ g v powerful blast. Screened Tanfiel.l Moor 
 '"' Uark. issued for use at the steam-hammer 
 
 Aston Hall Steam Coal . 
 
 7-27 
 
 5- 
 
 2-32 
 
 7 32 Dark. furnaces have been of larger size, and 
 
 North Wales Coal Pit 
 
 7-22 
 
 2-5 
 
 2- 
 
 4-5 Dark. 
 
 well adapted for that service. 
 
 
 7-35 
 
 4-34 
 
 2-27 
 
 6-61 ; Dark. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 STATEMENT SHOWING THE QUALITY OF LAND ENGINE COALS AND SMITHEHY COALS CONSUMED IN THE DOCKYARD AND 
 
 FACTORY DURING THE QUARTER ENDED 31si DECEMBER, 1870. 
 
 Keyham Yard, 24^ January, 1871. 
 
 
 No. of Ibs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Water 
 
 Percentage of 
 
 
 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF COALS. 
 
 evaporated 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Smoke. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 by 1 Ib. of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Clinker. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 
 
 
 Mixed Coal .... 
 
 7-38 
 
 3-84 
 
 4-16 
 
 8- 
 
 Dark. 
 
 The land engine coals used during this 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 quarter are fit for the service, observing 
 
 West Hartley .... 
 
 6- 
 
 5-26 
 
 5-55 
 
 10-81 
 
 Black. 
 
 the evaporative power is very fair, but 
 the percentage of clinker and ash is 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rather above the average. The smithery 
 
 Aberdare Black Vein . 
 
 6-69 
 
 5-55 
 
 2-43 
 
 7-98 
 
 Black. 
 
 coals consumed during tlie quarter have 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 been Tanfield Moor, and were found to 
 
 
 6-38 
 
 5- 
 
 3-25 
 
 8-25 
 
 Dark. 
 
 be uniformly clear and free from sulphur, 
 but small and light, and will not stand 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a powerful blast. Since the 8th Sep- 
 
 
 7-11 
 
 3-44 
 
 2-38 
 
 5-82 
 
 Dark. 
 
 tember screened Hartley coals have 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 been issued for the use of the steam- 
 
 Townhill 
 
 7-16 
 
 3-84 
 
 2-43 
 
 6-27 
 
 Dark. 
 
 hammer furnaces, and they have been 
 found in every respect fit for the service, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and superior to the screened Tanfield 
 
 Vernon Steam Coal . 
 
 7-2 
 
 5-55 
 
 4-76 
 
 10-31 
 
 Black. 
 
 Moor coals previously issued. 
 
 
 the small Welsh coal enables it to be burnt with 
 
 THE USE OF COAL m HEE MAJESTY'S SHIPS. 
 
 great advantage. Her Majesty's ships and the coal 
 
 Admiralty, Wth July, 1870. 
 
 depots abroad have, therefore, been supplied with 
 coal from the South Wales collieries mixed with 
 
 " The Welsh smokeless coal, which, since 1867, 
 
 bituminous coal. 
 
 has been the only coal supplied to Her Majesty's 
 
 " These coals are to be supplied to Her Majesty's 
 
 ships, readily falls to pieces in the bunkers of ships, 
 
 ships in the following proportions : 
 
 and especially when stored in tropical climates, and 
 
 " For Eoyal yachts a special supply of Nixon's 
 
 the small coal so produced is almost entirely wasted ; 
 
 navigation steam coal will be obtained. 
 
 a combination, however, of north-country coal with 
 
 " For trials at the measured mile and at the six 
 
 2 Y | 
 
346 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 hours' trial at sea, good 
 
 hand-picked Welsh coal of 
 
 " The consumption of 
 
 smaller ships is to be 
 
 any of the following descriptions, viz. : 
 
 limited in the same proportion. 
 
 " Ynsfaio Merthyr, 
 
 " If a speed of between four and five knots can be 
 
 " Davis's Merthyr, 
 
 obtained by a smaller consumption of fuel than the 
 
 " Ferndale, 
 
 
 
 
 maximum 
 
 allowance, it will be the duty of the 
 
 " Powell's Duffryn, 
 
 commander-in-chief to enforce the smaller con- 
 
 " Sqwborwen 
 
 Merthyr, 
 
 
 
 sumption on all ordinary occasions of steaming. 
 
 " Fothergill's 
 
 Aberdare, or 
 
 " On every occasion of a 
 
 ship making a passage, 
 
 a 
 
 " Nixon's Navigation. 
 
 summary of the log on the accompanying form is 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 be transmitted either to 
 
 the senior officer corn- 
 
 " No ship, unless ordered to be at a given port by 
 
 manding the station, or 
 
 to the Secretary of the 
 
 a given date, or unless 
 
 her safety would be en- 
 
 Admiralty: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dangered by observing this rule, is ever to steam 
 when she has a fair wind capable of sending her 
 between four and five knots, or when she has afoul 
 
 " The number of hours from port to port . 220 
 The number of hours under steam . . . 192 
 Total distance in knots made by log under 
 
 wind sufficiently strong 
 
 to prevent her 
 
 carrying 
 
 steam 
 
 
 
 8S3 
 
 
 royals, unless when going in or out of harbour. 
 
 Total consumption of coal 
 
 , in tons, under 
 
 " The maximum supply of coal 
 
 is to be 
 
 limited. 
 
 steam 
 
 
 
 240 
 
 
 
 
 and the best speed obtainable at that limitation is to 
 
 Average 
 steam 
 
 speed in knots per hour, under 
 4-6 
 
 be strictly enforced on 
 
 all ordinary occasions, as 
 
 Average 
 
 consumption of coal, in cwts., per 
 
 follows : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 " For ships which have engines of from 1200 to 
 
 Average force of the wind, in numbers, 
 
 4 to 5 
 
 
 1350 horse-power, the maximum consumption 
 
 General direction of the wind relative to 
 
 
 
 is to be limited to 25 cwt. per 
 
 hour. 
 
 
 the ship's course while under steam . 
 
 ahead. 
 
 
 "For ships which have engines of 1000 horse- 
 
 Maximum force of the wind when steaming 6 to 7 
 
 J; 
 
 power, but 
 sumption is 
 
 less than 1200, the maximum con- 
 to be limited to 22 cwt. per hour. 
 
 Speed of the ship in knots at that time . 3 
 Consumption of coal per hour, in cwts., at 
 that time 35 
 
 "For ships of 800 and less 
 
 than 1000 horse- 
 
 Direction 
 
 of the wind at the time . 
 
 ahead. 
 
 
 power, the 
 
 consumption is to be limited to 
 
 Maximum speed in knots under steam . 
 
 6-6 
 
 
 20 cwt. per 
 
 hour. 
 
 
 
 
 Direction 
 
 of the wind with reference to) 
 
 starboard 
 
 " For ships of 
 
 500 and 
 
 less than 
 
 800 horse-power, 
 
 the ship's course at that time . . f 
 Force of the wind 
 
 quarter. 
 4 to 5 
 
 the maximum consumption is 
 
 to be limited to 
 
 Consumption of coal, in cwts., per hour, at 
 
 
 
 18 cwt. per 
 
 hour. 
 
 
 
 
 that tin 
 
 le 
 
 
 28" 
 
 
 
 
 TABLE RESPECTING 
 
 THE COALS CONSUMED ON BOARD SHIP. 
 
 
 Pate of 
 
 Supplied to Ship. 
 
 Quantity of eac 
 
 ( 
 
 Remarks on the Kind and Quality of Coal. 
 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 
 COALS. 
 
 Supply to 
 Depot. 
 
 From which 
 Depot. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1 'escription, JUH 
 Toial (Quantity 
 during the 
 
 Generating of 
 
 Str.im. 
 
 Kmlitoion of Smok -. 
 
 Consumption of Fuel. 
 
 Peicf-ntage 
 of Ash and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Three Months. 
 
 
 
 
 Clinker. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1671. 
 
 Tons. Cwt. 
 
 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Davis's Merthyr 
 
 20 April 
 
 Malta . 
 
 20 June 
 
 5U 
 
 Very good 
 
 A little brown 
 
 Moderate . 
 
 5 
 
 
 Hastings' Hartley 
 
 21 April 
 
 Malta . 
 
 21 June 
 
 50 
 
 Good . . 
 
 Much dark brown 
 
 Moderate . 
 
 6 
 
 
 Powell's Duffryn 
 
 1 June 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 1 July 
 
 80 
 
 Very good 
 
 Very little . . 
 
 Below average 
 
 4 
 
 
 Cowpen Hartley 
 
 1 Juae 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 1 July 
 
 40 
 
 Fair . . 
 
 Dark, moderate . 
 
 Quick burning 
 
 GJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . 
 
 220 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Memo. Some of Davis's Merthyr rather small; other kinds all in good condition. Ci.als used mixed, and kept steam well. 
 
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 347 
 
 Mr. McCulloch and his colleagues, in their report 
 to the Admiralty, dated January, 1872, state : 
 
 " SMOKE NUMBERS. 
 
 " No. 0. No smoke visible. 
 
 " No. 1. Smoke great, visible. 
 
 " No. 2. Light brown, fully visible. 
 
 " No. 3. Brown ; sky visible through the smoke. 
 
 " No. 4. Brown smoke, nearly opaque. 
 
 " No. 5. Dark brown, opaque. 
 
 " No. 6. Black smoke. 
 
 " No. 7. Dense black smoke. 
 
 " Point 4 is answered in the answer to point 3. 
 
 " As regards point 5, we beg to say, that while it 
 is a matter of the highest importance to have the 
 coal thoroughly mixed, the act of mixing is one 
 very easy of accomplishment, especially at home 
 ports and at places like Malta. 
 
 " The plan we recommend, where bags alternately 
 filled with north-country and Welsh cannot be 
 
 obtained, is for two barges of equal size to be 
 brought alongside, one filled with north-country 
 and one with Welsh, and the contents of the barges 
 started into the bunkers by baskets alternately filled 
 with the two kinds of coal. 
 
 " We think it very necessary that the coal should 
 be mixed before or in the process of delivery into 
 ships' bunkers, and that it should not be left to be 
 mixed on board. 
 
 "Upon point 6, we beg most emphatically to 
 point out, that however good the conditions under 
 which the furnaces are fitted, however good the 
 coal, and perfect the mixture, these advantages are 
 certain to be, to a large extent, thrown away unless 
 due care be taken to secure proper stoking, and due 
 attention be paid to the air-slides and the other 
 simple elements of smoke consumption. Great as 
 have been the economical results of the experi- 
 ments lately tried compared with the consumption 
 formerly necessary, we think that even better 
 results might come from more special attention to 
 this point." 
 
 CHANNEL SQUADRON TRIAL. 
 
 EESULTS OBTAINED DURING A TKIAL OF THREE HOUES' DURATION BY HEB MAJESTY'S SHIP " NORTHUMBERLAND," 
 
 WITH FOUR BOILERS. 2so OCTOBER, 1871. 
 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Revolutions. 
 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 "o 
 
 Wind. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0. 
 
 c 
 
 
 *s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0)3 
 
 
 
 fa 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 OT 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. * 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ja 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 si 
 
 0. 
 
 & 
 
 So 
 
 1 
 
 
 = 
 
 J? 
 
 '3 
 
 .; 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 Hours. 
 
 Pressure by I 
 cator iMugri 
 
 Indicated Hoi 
 I'ower. 
 
 Consumption 
 indicated 11 
 Power. 
 
 Consumption 
 Huur. 
 
 Consumption 
 Mile. 
 
 Burnt on a Sr 
 Foot of Fire 
 per Hnur. 
 
 The Descripti 
 and Propor 
 
 Per Minute. 
 
 Total as shon 
 Counter. 
 
 | 
 
 Number of B 
 
 Mean Amoui 
 generated. 
 
 Temperature 
 
 i 
 
 Direction. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Tns. Cwta. 
 
 Cwts. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 !_* . 
 
 
 
 Knots. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12-62 
 
 22G1-9 
 
 4-11 
 
 4 4 
 
 9-1-8 
 
 27-34 
 
 adlf 40- 
 
 2,357 
 
 8-5 
 
 4- 
 
 4-83 
 
 112 
 
 2-3 
 
 E.N.E. 
 
 Used the four 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 forward boilers 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t~ 5 oj c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fitted with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 smoke-consum- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fc n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing apparatus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t fe -* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 per Admiralty 
 
 2 
 
 11-675 
 
 2013-7 
 
 3-45 
 
 3 2 
 
 7-3 
 
 20-18 
 
 * 1 
 
 38-5 
 
 2,346 
 
 8-5 
 
 4- 
 
 4-66 
 
 110 
 
 2-3 
 
 E.N.E. 
 
 plan. During 
 the whole of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 -^ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the trial the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *V > 5P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 slides were 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *I| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kept wide open. 
 
 3 
 
 12-66 
 
 2226-3 
 
 3-5 
 
 3 10 
 
 8-38 
 
 22-75 
 
 i|S 
 
 39-25 
 
 2.3C8 
 
 8-35 
 
 4- 
 
 5-4 
 
 118 
 
 2-3 
 
 E.N.E. 
 
 
 2 Y 2 
 
348 
 
 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 CHANNEL SQUADRON TRIAL continued. 
 
 Time of 
 
 
 
 Coal. 
 
 ing obser- 
 vations. 
 
 Amount of Smoke 
 
 as per Number at tbe undermentioned Periods of Five Minutes each, 
 after commencing Observations. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Proportion of 
 North Country to 
 
 
 
 
 
 Welsh used. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 5 in. 
 
 10 m. 
 
 15m. 
 
 20m. 
 
 25m. 
 
 30m. 
 
 35m. 
 
 40m. 
 
 45 in. 
 
 50 m. 
 
 55 m. 
 
 60 m. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Welsh J Ynsfaio Merthyr, 
 
 Welsh and north 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 Mixed (Powell's Duffryn, 
 N. C. Hastings' Hartley. 
 
 country in equal 
 proportions. 
 
 Smoke emitted from the funnel to be represented by Numbers : 
 
 0. No smoke visible. 
 
 1. Smoke just visible. 
 
 2. Light brown fully visible. 
 
 3. Brown, sky visible through the smoke. 
 
 4. Dark brown, nearly opaque. 
 
 5. Dark brown, opaque. 
 
 6. Black smoke. 
 
 7. Dense black smoke. 
 
 HEE MAJESTY'S SHIP "TOPAZE" AT VIGO, 23rd October, 1871. 
 EESULTS OBTAINED WHILE PERFORMING EVOLUTIONS UNDER STEAM, ON THE ISra AND 21sT OCTOBEI:, 1871. 
 
 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Coal 
 
 Revolutions. 
 
 
 
 Wind. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mean. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 % 
 
 c 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 DATE. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 - . 
 
 in 
 
 5 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 g 
 
 S 
 
 K 
 
 _a> 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 
 iS 
 
 1 
 
 lli 
 
 
 &|J 
 
 I 
 
 
 -5 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 S 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 8" 
 
 a 
 
 <5 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 Z 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 1871: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 October 
 
 11 a.m. 
 
 12-5 
 
 818 
 
 4-1 
 
 3,360 
 
 12-07 
 
 
 rft 
 
 i 
 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 98 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 12 ., 
 
 12-5 
 
 818 
 
 4-1 
 
 3,360 
 
 12-07 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 98 
 
 2 
 
 N.N.W. 
 
 Coals small and 
 
 21 October 
 
 3 p.m. 
 4 , i 
 11 a.m. 
 
 14-1 
 14-1 
 
 13-25 
 
 1,058 
 1,058 
 815 
 
 4-65 
 4-65 
 4-94 
 
 4,928 
 4,928 
 4,032 
 
 13-27 
 13-27 
 14-49 
 
 
 E3 ffi 
 
 or 
 
 ^ c 
 
 a 
 "3 
 
 
 30 
 30 
 28 
 
 39 
 39 
 36 
 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 
 106 
 106 
 90 
 
 2 to 3 
 Ci 
 2 
 
 ilm. 
 ) 
 
 of inferior 
 quality, burn 
 very fast. 
 
 
 12 ,, 
 
 13-4 
 
 851 
 
 4-73 
 
 4,032 
 
 14-49 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 90 
 
 2 
 
 N.E. 
 
 
 > * 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 14-5 
 
 1,004 
 
 4-35 
 
 4,368 
 
 15-68 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal. 
 
 
 
 
 Time of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DATE. 
 
 commenc- 
 ing Obser- 
 
 Amount of Smoke as per Number at the undermentioned periods of Five Minntes each, 
 after commencing Observations. 
 
 | 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 vatiorj. 
 
 
 o. 
 
 -g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1871: 
 
 H. M. 
 
 5 m. 
 
 10m. 
 
 15m. 
 
 20m. 
 
 25m. 
 
 30 m. 
 
 35 m. 
 
 40m. 
 
 45m. 
 
 50m. 
 
 55 m. 
 
 60m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 October 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 ( ( 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 C 0? 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 fj 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 21 October 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 t , 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 If 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
THE 
 
 CAUSE AND 
 
 EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 349 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HER 
 
 MAJESTY'S SHIP " MONARCH," AT VIGO, 23rd October, 1871. 
 
 RESULTS OBTAINED 
 
 WHILE PERFORMING EVOLUTIONS UNDER SlEAM, ON THE 18lH AND 21ST 
 
 OCTOBER, 187 1\ f- 
 
 
 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Revolutions. 
 
 d 
 
 
 \ V> 
 
 Wind. \^ A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Description. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "o 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 & 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Xjv' 
 
 
 
 
 
 (H 
 
 c g 
 
 
 DATK. 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 & 
 
 2 if 1 !- 
 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 ti- 
 
 ^. 
 
 |g| 
 
 Proportion 
 used. 
 
 fe 
 
 & 
 a 
 
 & 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Direction. 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 
 ll! 
 
 1 a 
 
 = = 
 
 5 =3 "o 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 g 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 o- 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lta 
 
 
 Cwt 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 No. No. 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 October 
 
 11 a.m. 
 
 6-34 
 
 1262-65 
 
 4-25 
 
 48 
 
 12-3 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 16 
 
 41 4 
 
 124 
 
 2 
 
 N.W. 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 12 a.m. 
 
 7-23 
 
 1589-83 
 
 3-64 
 
 51-75 
 
 13-3 
 
 Po 
 
 ,, 
 
 q 
 
 
 14 
 
 44 4 
 
 126 
 
 2 
 
 N.W. 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 7-23 
 
 1589-83 
 
 3-64 
 
 51-75 
 
 13-3 
 
 Duffryn and 
 
 
 24 
 
 40 4 
 
 130 
 
 2 
 
 S.W. 
 
 21 
 
 
 October 
 
 4 p.m. 
 11 a.m. 
 
 6-24 
 6-22 
 
 1080-28 
 1070-06 
 
 3-94 
 3-63 
 
 44-50 
 34-75 
 
 11-5 
 8-9 
 
 Ynsfaio 
 Merthyr, 
 Hastinirs* 
 
 Half of each. 
 
 24 
 16 
 
 43 4 
 39 4 
 
 128 
 118 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 s.w. 
 
 E.N.E. 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 12 a.m. 
 
 6-22 
 
 1070-06 
 
 b-63 
 
 34-75 
 
 8-9 
 
 Hartley. 
 
 
 16 
 
 40 4 
 
 118 
 
 2 
 
 E.N.E. 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 6-22 
 
 1070-00 
 
 3-98 
 
 38 
 
 9-8 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 40 4 
 
 116 
 
 3 
 
 N.E. by N. 
 
 
 DATE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal. 
 
 
 Time of 
 commenc- 
 
 Amount of Smoke as per Number at the undermentioned periods of Five Minutes each, 
 
 f 
 
 fl 
 
 
 ing Obser- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 aftei 
 
 comm* 
 
 ncii 
 
 g Observations. 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 vation. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1871: 
 
 H. M. 
 
 5 m. 
 
 10 
 
 m. 
 
 15 m. 20 i 
 
 n. 25 r 
 
 a. 30 
 
 111. 
 
 35 m. 40 m. 
 
 45 m. 50 m. , 
 
 55 m. 60 m. 
 
 j 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 18 October 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 6 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 3 
 
 
 
 fel? 
 
 ^j- 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 B 
 
 t ^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 j ( 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 6 
 
 4 4 
 
 J 
 
 si" 3 
 
 
 
 21 October 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 3 
 
 3 4 
 
 g 
 
 o'& 
 
 !s 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 2 
 
 4 4 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 3 
 
 2 1 
 
 4 ' 2 
 
 ! 
 
 
 TRIALS OP MIXED COAL 
 
 (NORTH 
 
 COUNTRY AND WELSH) MADE DURING THE TRIALS or THE ENGINES or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HER 
 
 MAJESTY'S 
 
 SHIP "ACTIVE." 
 
 Three hours' trial of " 
 
 Active " 
 
 at Sea, 22nd August, 1870. 
 
 The coal used (Powell's 
 
 Duffryn 
 
 and Cowpen Hartley, 
 
 mixed) generated steam 
 
 well. The amount of smoke 
 
 during the six hours, as 
 
 per scale from 
 
 to 7, was 3-069 ; it never fell below 2. There 
 
 was no 
 
 period 
 
 clear of smoke 
 
 during the trial. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Six 
 
 hours' trial of Her Majesty's Steam Vessel " Active," 1870. 
 
 Three 
 
 Hours' 
 
 Running. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Half 
 Hours. 
 
 Pressure of 
 Steam. 
 
 Temperature of 
 Steam. 
 
 Vacuum in 
 Condensers. 
 
 Devolutions of 
 Engines. 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature of 
 Engine-room. 
 
 Temperature of 
 forward Stokehole. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mean 
 
 
 *S3 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pr 
 
 essure 
 
 Indicated 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 Power. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Square 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 Consumption 
 
 
 
 
 
 tj 
 
 
 
 
 
 -2> 
 
 Inch on 
 
 Horses. 
 
 a" 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Coals. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 V 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 ^| 
 
 B 
 
 Piston. 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 *"' 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 ji 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 "So 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 .2 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 "H 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tons. Cwt. 
 
 1 
 
 
 31-75 5 
 
 9-00 
 
 278 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 5 2i 
 
 !17- 7 
 
 3-90 
 
 20-450 
 
 3899-49 
 
 85 
 
 
 84 
 
 96 
 
 113 
 
 
 77 
 
 1 18 
 
 2 
 
 
 31-00 '< 
 
 8-25 
 
 283 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 5 2219- 7 
 
 3-96 
 
 20-750 
 
 3959-91 
 
 86 
 
 
 85 
 
 85 
 
 113 
 
 
 75 
 
 2 14 
 
 8 
 
 
 32-00 '< 
 
 9-25 
 
 290 
 
 26-25 
 
 21! 
 
 25 2230- 7 
 
 4-33 
 
 21 
 
 050 
 
 4037-25 
 
 91 
 
 
 87 
 
 84 
 
 111 
 
 
 81 
 
 3 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 30-25 i 
 
 !7'50 
 
 286 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 5 .2197- 7 
 
 3-23 
 
 20-425 
 
 3859-41 
 
 91 
 
 
 87 
 
 85 
 
 111 
 
 
 82 
 
 3 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 29-75 5 
 
 ,7-00 
 
 288 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 2*; 
 
 5 2178- 7 
 
 2-60 
 
 19-775 
 
 3704-44 
 
 90 
 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 113 
 
 
 82 
 
 3 8 
 
 6 
 
 29-25 i 
 
 !6'50 
 
 291 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 2t; 
 
 75 2197' 7 
 
 3-23 
 
 20-375 
 
 3849 -9G 
 
 89 
 
 
 85^ 
 
 114 
 
 129 
 
 
 79 
 
 16 
 
 Mec 
 
 n . 
 
 30-6 
 
 ; -. 
 
 S7-91 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 50 2i 
 
 i06'3 7 
 
 3-54 
 
 2C 
 
 (-470 
 
 3884-29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . 
 
 
 15 14 
 
 
 
 
 
350 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF COMBUSTION. 
 
 AVERAGE EESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS. EVAPORATIVE POWER OF DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF COAL AND COKE IN 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES. 
 
 Proceedings of Institution Mechanical Engineers, 1860. 
 
 
 Numbers 
 
 
 
 Distance 
 
 Fuel consumed. 
 
 Water evaporated. 
 
 Percentage 
 
 Pressure 
 of Steam 
 
 of Experi- 
 ments. 
 
 District. 
 
 Description of Fuel. 
 
 run. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per Ib. 
 
 and Slag. 
 
 per Square 
 Inch. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mile. 
 
 
 of Fuel. 
 
 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Us. 
 
 Us. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 1-11 
 
 
 Staveley Coal . 
 
 1408 
 
 68,824 
 
 48-9 
 
 473,481 
 
 6-9 
 
 4-7 
 
 99 
 
 12-14 
 
 
 Staveley Coal . 
 
 438 
 
 11,312 
 
 25-8 
 
 73,593 
 
 6-5 
 
 6-1 
 
 85 
 
 15-22 
 
 
 Beggarlee Coal 
 
 1024 
 
 54,544 
 
 53-3 
 
 360,849 
 
 6-6 
 
 4-5 
 
 106 
 
 23-25 
 
 
 Pentrich Coal . 
 
 384 
 
 10,136 
 
 26-4 
 
 67,329 
 
 6-6 
 
 5-6 
 
 106 
 
 26-29 
 
 
 Grassmore Coal 
 
 477 
 
 24,864 
 
 52-1 
 
 160,639 
 
 6-5 
 
 8-4 
 
 97 
 
 80-32 
 33-34 
 
 Derbyshire 
 
 Babbington Coal . 
 Molyneux Coal 
 
 384 
 256 
 
 20,384 
 14,336 
 
 53-1 
 56-0 
 
 131,694 
 92,341 
 
 6-5 
 6-4 
 
 9-4 
 11-3 
 
 92 
 
 75 
 
 35-38 
 
 
 Portland Coal . 
 
 538 
 
 13,160 
 
 24-5 
 
 85,031 
 
 6-5 
 
 5-5 
 
 81 
 
 39-42 
 
 
 Shipley Coal . 
 
 484 
 
 12,320 
 
 25-5 
 
 80,635 
 
 6-5 
 
 9-9 
 
 77 
 
 43-48 
 
 
 Winger worth Coal 
 
 816 
 
 23,380 
 
 28-7 
 
 154,379 
 
 6-6 
 
 5-8 
 
 85 
 
 49-50 
 
 
 Biddings Coal 
 
 318 
 
 9,744 
 
 30-6 
 
 62,673 
 
 6-4 
 
 4-8 
 
 78 
 
 51-56 
 
 
 Shire Oak Coal . 
 
 888 
 
 18,981 
 
 21-4 
 
 133,185 
 
 7-0 
 
 6-8 
 
 105 
 
 57-58 
 59-61 
 
 ! Durham 
 
 St. Helen's Coal . 
 Kepaier Coal . 
 
 256 
 425 
 
 12,656 
 16,016 
 
 49-4 
 37-7 
 
 96,922 
 121,005 
 
 7-7 
 7-6 
 
 4-9 
 4-3 
 
 96 
 107 
 
 62-63 
 
 I South 1 
 
 Edmund's Main Coal 
 
 220 
 
 5,264 
 
 23-9 
 
 41,110 
 
 7-8 
 
 4-7 
 
 79 
 
 64-67 
 
 | Yorkshire \ 
 
 Kilnhurst Coal 
 
 440 
 
 11,200 
 
 25-5 
 
 85,096 
 
 7-6 
 
 5-3 
 
 81 
 
 68-69 
 70-73' 
 
 [Leicestershire 
 
 Ibstock Coal . 
 Swadlincote Coal . 
 
 220 
 
 472 
 
 5,628 
 14,266 
 
 25-6 
 30-2 
 
 36,798 
 90,281 
 
 6-5 
 6-3 
 
 7-0 
 
 4-8 
 
 82 
 81 
 
 74-77 
 
 ) South 1 
 
 Lord Ward's Coal 
 
 484 
 
 11,746 
 
 24-3 
 
 69.707 
 
 5-9 
 
 8-7 
 
 86 
 
 78-80 
 
 1 Staffordshire ( 
 
 Lord Ward's Coal 
 
 384 
 
 18,480 
 
 48-1 
 
 123.274 
 
 6-7 
 
 5-5 
 
 105 
 
 81-85 
 
 Forest of Dean 
 
 Forest of Deau Coal 
 
 640 j 32,816 
 
 51-3 
 
 228,040 
 
 6-9 
 
 7-4 
 
 100 
 
 86-88 
 89 
 
 1 Bristol 
 
 Yate Coal . . . 
 Kingswood Coal . 
 
 384 
 128 
 
 19,712 
 6,720 
 
 51-3 
 52-5 
 
 150,722 
 48,078 
 
 7-6 
 
 7-2 
 
 6-7 
 8-3 
 
 105 
 
 72 
 
 90-93 
 94-99 
 
 V 
 
 1 South Wales | 
 
 Aberdare Coal 
 Ehondda Valley Coal 
 
 521 
 
 888 
 
 21,504 
 16,658 
 
 41-3 
 18-8 
 
 180,866 
 129,765 
 
 8-4 
 7-8 
 
 7-4 
 8-2 
 
 95 
 103 
 
 
 
 CORK. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100-102 
 
 
 Tapton Coke . 
 
 384 
 
 24,052 
 
 62 6 
 
 170,501 
 
 7-1 
 
 t g 
 
 97 
 
 103-104 
 105-107 
 
 Derbyshire 
 
 Tapton Coke . 
 Staveley Coke 
 
 296 
 444 
 
 6,772 
 11,144 
 
 22-9 
 25-1 
 
 52,580 
 75,414 
 
 7-8 
 6-8 
 
 
 
 61 
 92 
 
 108-109 
 
 
 Staveley Coke 
 
 200 
 
 9,426 
 
 47-1 
 
 63,562 
 
 6-7 
 
 9-7 
 
 94 
 
 110-116 
 
 
 Brancepeth Coke . 
 
 896 
 
 49,723 
 
 55-5 
 
 399,646 
 
 8-0 
 
 
 94 
 
 117-118 
 119-127 
 
 Durham 
 
 Brancepeth Coke . 
 Pease's West Coke 
 
 296 
 1152 
 
 7,244 
 64,268 
 
 24-5 
 55-8 
 
 54,492 
 507,711 
 
 7-5 
 7-9 
 
 
 
 79 
 98 
 
 128-129 
 
 
 Pease's West Coke 
 
 296 
 
 6,692 
 
 22-6 
 
 53,350 
 
 8-0 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 STATIONARY ENGINE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 130-141 
 
 Derbyshire 
 
 Staveley Coal .... 
 
 62,440 
 
 
 
 420,275 
 
 6-7 
 
 4-9 
 
 50 
 
 142-147 
 148-158 
 
 I Durham < 
 
 Brancepeth Coke 
 Pease's West Coke . 
 
 30,128 
 26,824 
 
 
 
 219,681 
 203,299 
 
 7-3 
 
 7-6 
 
 4-6 
 6-4 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 154-159 
 
 
 Mixed Coal and Coke 
 
 27,160 
 
 
 
 190,187 
 
 7-0 
 
 4-4 
 
 50 
 
 ___ _ 
 
ACTION OF FLAME AND RAISING OF STEAM. 
 
 351 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 ACTION OF FLAME AND RAISING OF STEAM. 
 
 THE action of flame relates to the opportunity of the 
 heat to pass through the hoiler plate or tube to 
 enter the water to raise steam, which to accomplish 
 in the best manner is, that the flame must " beat " 
 or cause an impact on the plate or tube. With 
 land boilers of the Cornish and Lancashire types, 
 set in brickwork, the flame acts on the flue tubes 
 in an undulating manner, and therefore only one- 
 half of the total surface can be said to be really 
 heating surface ; and when the flame reaches the 
 back end, it in most cases divides to act on a portion 
 of that part, and then returns through the side flues 
 to the forward end. Now, the action of the flame, 
 when passing through those flues, is entirely de- 
 pendent on their width, because, if they are too 
 wide, the flame has space to undulate, and glides 
 lightly on the plate ; and also, if they are too 
 narrow, the flame is choked in its passage. But 
 with a proper width which we have given in the 
 rules the flame impinges, at an angle, of course on 
 the plate, and therefore the heat has time, which 
 is " opportunity," to enter through to the water. 
 The flame, on descending to the bottom flue, glides 
 fiercely on the plate, because it turns at right angles 
 in its line of progression to the bottom flue, where 
 the undulation is again to a great extent in action 
 and the heat the least. 
 
 The best means of reducing the undulation of 
 flame in the flues is to bridge them with slabs pro- 
 jecting towards the boiler plate ; the flame will then 
 at the points of bridging impinge with more effect, 
 because the line of progression is broken, and the 
 area of passage is reduced at intervals. 
 
 In locomotive boilers, the action of the flame is 
 mostly in the fire box, which is the reason for 
 making that portion so comparatively large, with 
 
 bridges and other means for dividing the flame, as 
 shown in Chapter VII. Combustion in that instance 
 being in relation to space combined with time, while 
 the action of the flames through the tubes is undu- 
 lating also, and the longer they are, the more time is 
 permitted for the " opportunity " of heat passage ; 
 while, if too long, a choking occurs, as with a too- 
 narrow flue. 
 
 Taking marine boilers next into consideration, we 
 must remark, that but very little improvement has 
 been made in them practically during the last ten 
 years. We have certainly grown from the square 
 shell to the round, where the pressure demanded it, 
 but beyond that the differences are but small. 
 
 Supposing the common arrangement, with the 
 fire boxes under the tubes and the smoke box at 
 the front end, the action of the flame will be that 
 only a portion of the crown of the fire box will be 
 acted on say one-third as the least, and one-half as 
 the most then the flame, after passing the bridge, 
 will, of course, incline towards the tube openings, 
 but not towards the bottom tubes first ; in fact, 
 they receive the residue of the worst part of the 
 flame, and therefore become choked earliest, and, 
 consequently, are of but little use for evaporation 
 throughout an interval of a voyage. The cause for 
 this is, that the heavier portion of the flame, by its 
 weight, will fall, and it therefore impedes the action 
 of the lower portion of the flame in the combustion 
 chamber, and as that falling is at right angles to the 
 line of progression, the flame carries into the tubes 
 more solid matter below than above, while the speed, 
 by being reduced, allows time for congregation. 
 
 The action of the flame in tubes is much the same 
 as in a flue tube, on account of the proportionate 
 quantity of flame being the same in relation to the 
 
352 
 
 ACTION OF FLAME AND EAISING OF STEAM. 
 
 contents of the tube in nearly all cases. It becomes 
 then a question of the least amount of tube-openings 
 leading from the combustion chamber a boiler should 
 have, and not the most ; because it is evident, that if 
 the openings permit a rapid passage of flame there 
 is no time for the absorption of heat by the water. 
 Looking, then, at this fact as imperative, we must con- 
 clude that the capacity of the combustion chamber 
 regulates the evaporative power of a boiler to a 
 great extent, because the flame has to rest therein 
 before entering the tube openings ; but the word 
 " rest " in this case does not mean " still," but 
 rather time for amalgamation without passage ; and 
 by that circumstance the process of combustion is 
 better performed. 
 
 With a modern tube boiler, with the structure 
 composed of tubes and the water inside them, there 
 is a much better chance for the action of the flame 
 impinging on the surfaces, adapted to receive the 
 blow from impact ; because, by the alternate position 
 of the tubes, the flame is compelled to encircle them 
 to a great extent, although not entirely by impact. 
 
 Our next subject is the " raising of steam," which 
 is another term for the description of the " circula- 
 tion of heat " in the water from which the steam is 
 raised. 
 
 We may well here correct the erroneous notion 
 that the " circulation of water " is the main feature 
 to be noticed, for the reason that the water being 
 naturally passive, it is only set in motion by the 
 heat ; therefore the heat must have attention first, 
 and the water will follow of its accord, i.e., give 
 the heat permission to act, and the water will be 
 " taken up." 
 
 Fig. 1137. 
 
 An illustration of the action of flame sliding along the plate, thus 
 raising steam very slowly, because there is no impact or time 
 allowed for the flame to drive its heat through the plate. 
 
 of progression. In that case the particles of heat, 
 it will be noticed, are very shallow above the flame 
 plate ; while in the next example, shown by Fig. 
 1138, the plate being at an angle, the contrast is 
 
 Fig. 1138. 
 
 An illustration of the action of flame against an angular surface, 
 showing that by the impact of the flame the water immediately 
 on the plate is converted into steam rapidly. 
 
 An illustration of the action of flame against a plate at right 
 angles to the line of progression, thus raising steam most 
 rapidly, because the blows from the impact drives the heat 
 through the plate without cessation. 
 
 Fig. 1140. 
 
 An illustration of the action of flame in a tube, showing the 
 unequal conversion of steam, and the loss therefrom by the 
 flame acting on nearly one-half of the tube surface only. 
 
 Leading, then, from that conclusion, we direct 
 attention to Fig. 1137, which shows the result of obvious ; and the difference is still more expressed 
 the flame acting on a plate parallel with the line by the illustration, Fig. 1139, where the plate is 
 
ACTION OF FLAME AND EAISING OF STEAM. 
 
 353 
 
 shown at right angles to the line of the flame's 
 progression. 
 
 In a nearly similar manner tubes are operated on 
 inside, as illustrated by Fig. 1140, from which it is 
 evident that if the tube is not properly filled with 
 flames a proportionate amount of evaporative loss is 
 incurred, that illustrates the value of conical tubes, 
 which we have advocated for some years. 
 
 Fig. 1141. 
 
 Those tubes, it must be explained, are open at 
 each end and connected to plate boxes thereat, 
 forming what is now known as the " tube boiler," 
 which, if not designed and carried out from scientific 
 principles, will not permit the circulation of heat 
 properly. 
 
 A contrary method of connecting the tubes to 
 one plate only is illustrated by Fig. 1143, which 
 
 Viz. 1142. 
 
 An illustration of the action of tiauie amongst tubes, and showing An illustration of the section of tire bars., coals, and flames, above 
 
 also the circulation of the heat under the water in the upper which are a series of water tubes, illustrating the formation of 
 
 part of the tube from which the steam is produced. steam in water tube boilers. 
 
 Fig. 1143. 
 
 An illustration of the action of flame around the syphon tubes of Moy and Shill's patent " non-radiating engine," 
 showing that the evaporation commences in the lower tube and increases in the upper tube of each syphon, by 
 which the circulation of heat in the water is permitted without cessation, and thereby the steam rises through 
 the water in the casing. Patented in the year 1871. 
 
 When the water is contained in the tube and the 
 flame acts on the exterior, the result is best ex- 
 pressed by the illustration, Fig. 1141, which clearly 
 shows the " licking " or impact of the flame around 
 the lower portion of the tube, and also the circula- 
 tion of the heat in the water at that part ; while 
 Fig. 1142 illustrates a series of tubes with the coals 
 and the fire grate under them. 
 
 consists of a syphon-tube arrangement connected 
 to a casing or reservoir surrounding the engine 
 cylinders. 
 
 The generation of the steam is attained most 
 rapidly and efficiently. The flame attacks the 
 lowest surfaces of the syphon tubes first, and it is 
 natural that the water contained therein, as it is 
 rendered lighter by the heat, should ascend to the 
 
 2 z 
 
354 
 
 ACTION OF FLAME AND EAISING OF STEAM. 
 
 upper return part of the tubes, the water in the 
 reservoir keeping up the supply for the lower tubes, 
 and the steam bubbles in the upper tubes ascending 
 through the upper body of water in the reservoir 
 into the space above, from which the steam is used 
 in the engine cylinder ; thus no radiation of heat 
 occurs during its working, because the cylinder is 
 surrounded by heat as hot as the steam. 
 
 The result of this close connection of the heat in 
 the water and fire also permits of more rapid con- 
 duction of heat, and thus the evaporation of the 
 water is proportionately increased ; as, for example, 
 according to the various authorities on the subject 
 of evaporation, it was agreed that 14,500 thermal 
 units equal 1 Ib. of coal, and 1241 Fahr. equal 
 300 Ibs. on the square inch including latent heat 
 of steam ; and the formula for evaporation is 
 
 T 
 
 == = = about 14 Ibs. of water per Ib. of coal, 
 
 H -b 
 
 when T = thermal heat, H = temperature of the 
 steam, and F = feed water at a temperature of 210 
 Fahr. Now, it will be observed, in this instance 
 no notice is taken of the actual temperature of the 
 fire relative to the temperature of the steam. Next, 
 as the temperature of a proper fire equals 3000 
 Fahr., and as the temperature of steam at 300 Ibs. 
 on the square inch is 25 per cent, above the tem- 
 perature of 60 Ibs. on the square inch, the formula 
 is extended thus 14 -4- 4 = 3'5 ; then 14 + 3'5 
 
 tubes, and arranged that the flame encircles them, 
 and the heat is continuous in the fire or combustion 
 
 Fig. 1144. 
 
 An illustration of the action of flame in Burgh's treble combustion 
 chamber tubular boiler, causing the flame to have " time " for 
 prolonged impact, and thereby increased evaporation and raising 
 of steam. 
 
 chamber, while also the quantity of water in the 
 tubes is not more than ten times the quantity of 
 water forming the steam used per minute. 
 
 Fie. 1145. 
 
 An illustration of the action of flame in Burgh's horizontal cylindrical tubular boiler, having a properly pro- 
 portioned combustion chamber to the area of the fire grate, by which the evaporation is increased 30 per cent. 
 
 = 17'5 Ibs. of water evaporated per Ib. of coal con- 
 sumed when steam at 300 Ibs. on the square inch is 
 kept up in a proper boiler, composed entirely of 
 
 The next method of raising steam is illustrated 
 by Fig. 1144, which is a vertical boiler, designed by 
 ourselves in the year 1871, and for quick steaming 
 
ACTION OF FLAME AND EAISING OF STEAM. 
 
 355 
 
 in a small compass is not excelled. Another of our 
 designs is illustrated by Fig. 1145, which refers to 
 our horizontal arrangement, with a very large com- 
 bustion chamber between the fire boxes and the 
 tube plate the water bridge and vertical tube in 
 the combustion chamber permitting the circulation 
 of heat. In this boiler no smoke is possible, because 
 the combustion chamber prevents that occurrence. 
 
 The action of flame and raising of steam in an 
 ordinary cylindrical marine boiler may not be un- 
 interesting. We therefore illustrate that by Fig. 
 1146; and also as in a pair of marine boilers of 
 general construction by Fig. 1147. 
 
 As the temperature of the burning of the fuel in 
 the fire box has been the main question in the 
 formula expressed in this chapter, we have thought 
 it best to finish it by illustrations of pyrometers. 
 
 Fig. 1146. 
 
 Fig. 1148. 
 
 An illustration of the action of flame in a modern cylindrical marine boiler, showing also 
 the surfaces from which the evaporation is most effective, and also the proportion of v 
 the steam room to the water space required according to the arrangement. In the 
 uptake is illustrated the " boil " of the smoke, subject to a small combustion chamber. 
 
 An illustration of the action of flame in a pair of marine boilers ; the uptakes leading into 
 one chimney, with a steam space around it for superheating : the fire bars being dis- 
 pensed with, and perforated water spaces in their place. See also Fig. 166, on page 65. 
 
 ' 1149 ' Fig. 1150. 
 
 Casartelli's Pyrometer, consisting of a central 
 tube connected to the lever of the quadrant 
 rack that actuates the hand of the dial 
 plate ; the expansion of the tube indicates 
 the increase of temperature. Patented in 
 the year 1872. 
 
 Bailey's Pyrometer, in connection with a 
 galvanic battery and extra dial plates, 
 which assists the indication of the tem- 
 perature and also rings a bell. Patented 
 in the year 1868. 
 
 Wood's Pyrometer, consisting of a tube in connection with a quadrant rack that actuates the hand of the dial 
 plate, to indicate the temperature by the expansion of the tube. Patented in the year 1866. 2 
 
356 
 
 CAUSES OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 CAUSES OP BOILER EXPLOSION'S. 
 
 THE causes of boiler explosions are more venture- 
 some than accidental, inasmuch that it is often very 
 wonderful that some boilers have not exploded from 
 
 Fig. 1151. 
 
 An illustration of a burnt plate, on account of the sediment on it 
 being a non-conductor of heat to the water. 
 
 neglect before they are worn out, and on examination 
 the illustration is merciful in most cases ; as, for 
 example, it is too often the case that the internal 
 
 illustration, Fig. 1152, shows where the sediment 
 settles mostly in a boiler. 
 
 In a lecture we gave at the Society of Arts, 
 London, in the end of the year 1867, " On the 
 Principles that govern the future Development of 
 the Marine Boiler Engine and Screw Propeller," we 
 stated that the properties of sea water are 
 
 "Water 964-745 
 
 Chloride of sodium 27-059 
 
 Chloride of potassium 0-766 
 
 Chloride of magnesium .... 3-666 
 
 Bromide of magnesium 0'029 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia 2-296 
 
 Sulphate of lime 1-406 
 
 Carbonate of lime 033 
 
 100-000 
 
 " Generally there are only traces of iodine and 
 ammoniacal salt, and the average specific gravity of 
 
 Fig. 1152. 
 
 Illustration of the main surfaces in a marine boiler where sediment is certain to 
 settle if allowed to collect at all, also showing the necessity of surface " blow 
 off" and bottom "blow out." 
 
 deposit is so extensive on the plate acted on by the 
 flame, that the heat could not reach the water before 
 burning the plate, as shown by Fig. 1151, and the 
 
 the water is about 1-0274 at 60 Fahr. Now it is 
 evident from the above figures that about ^th of 
 the total bulk is soluble matter. 
 
CAUSES OF BOILEE EXPLOSIONS. 
 
 357 
 
 " The effect of incrustation on the heating surfaces 
 is, that in proportion to the amount of solid mat- 
 ter accumulated, combined with its non-conductive 
 property, so will the evaporation be retarded, and 
 the relative plate exposed to the action of the flame 
 be burnt, so that two evils are produced actually 
 from one cause. Now there is no difficulty in the 
 present day in preventing incrustation entirely, 
 simply by using surface condensed steam water as | 
 feed water ; but when this is used alone, the boiler i 
 suffers from the galvanic action of the mineral 
 property and grease in the water, which the latter 
 has robbed from the surface condensers and cylinder. 
 It will be remembered we have stated that the in- 
 crustation formed by the sea water is almost a non- 
 conductor of heat ; it is also a non-conductor of 
 galvanic action to some extent ; therefore, by allow- 
 ing a certain amount of sea water to mingle with 
 the surface condenser feed water, the internal sur- 
 face of the boiler below the water level is coated to 
 a thickness of about one-sixteenth of an inch, and 
 thus the pitting or wearing of the plate is prevented." 
 
 Another cause of explosion arises from the water 
 becoming below the level of the roof of the com- 
 bustion chamber, or fire box, or flue tube ; and a 
 third cause is from the tubes in marine boilers 
 becoming covered with salt and saline substances. 
 
 The internal wear of a boiler is due mostly to 
 galvanic action, which is caused by the water from 
 the surface condenser being surcharged with acids 
 from the tallow in the cylinders of the engines, that 
 rob the tubes of the condenser of some of the metal 
 which is conveyed into the boiler with the feed- 
 water, and impinging on the plate, an electric 
 current is set up that corrodes or eats the metal, i 
 known as " pitting " ; and as an illustration of this | 
 we quote from our work, " Modern Marine Engineer- ! 
 ing":- 
 
 " In port, before starting, a number of new boilers ', 
 were filled with fresh water, while another number 
 were filled with salt water. An examination after 
 the first voyage, during which only distilled water ( 
 had been used for feeding the boilers, showed the 
 following effects, which were increased in every 
 subsequent voyage, until the practice was adopted 
 of feeding with, say, from one-sixth to one-tenth of 
 
 salt water. First : Both above and below the water 
 line, the surfaces of the plates, tubes, and rivets 
 were covered with a deposit resembling hydrated 
 oxide of iron, which when the water was evaporated 
 was in the state of a fine impalpable brownish 
 coloured powder. This deposit was thickest above 
 the water line, sometimes averaging f inch thick. 
 When the boilers were emptied a thick slimy deposit 
 adhered all over the inside, an analysis of which 
 showed that it consisted of 
 
 "Oxide of iron 77-50 
 
 Moisture . 19-75 
 
 Grease 0-85 
 
 Sulphate of lime 0-80 
 
 Oxide of copper 0-60 
 
 Traces of alumina and chloride of 
 sodium and magnesium .... 
 
 Loss . 0-50 
 
 100-00 
 
 " Secondly : Underneath this deposit the plates 
 and tubes were found to be eaten into, indented, or 
 ' pitted.' The indentations varied in diameter from 
 the smallest speck to f inch, and in depth from the 
 merest impression to the entire thickness of the 
 plates or tubes. And although they were formed 
 all over the boilers, they were most frequently found 
 and were most numerous just over the fireplaces, 
 and in those parts immediately in connection with 
 the greatest heat. In some of these parts the 
 surface was entirely covered with the indentations ; 
 while in other parts as much as a square foot of 
 plate, although subjected to the greatest heat, was 
 free from them. The plates and tubes in all cases 
 have been of the best iron and by good makers, and 
 the ' pittings ' occur in what looks like iron of good 
 quality, with a good fibre, no slag or cinder being 
 perceptible. So destructive was this ' pitting ' in 
 boilers, using the same water over and over again, 
 that in one instance the tubes of new boilers were 
 actually eaten through at the end of two or three 
 voyages, extending over only a few months altogether, 
 and it became necessary to put in new tubes, and to 
 use a portion of salt water for feed, to keep up an 
 incrustation, so that the boilers should not be acted 
 upon. If the iron of the boilers had been all of one 
 make, it would naturally have been concluded that 
 
358 
 
 CAUSES OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS. 
 
 the ' pitting ' was due to the quality of the iron ; 
 but as the iron of different boilers had been 
 obtained from different makers from time to time, 
 the quality of the iron could not be blamed. 
 
 " The presence in the boiler of a soft metal, such 
 as copper from the condenser tubes, it was con- 
 sidered, would induce a galvanic action such as 
 might affect the iron in some way. But the 
 analysis which was made of the deposit scraped 
 from the boiler shows that there was scarcely a 
 trace of any foreign metal there. Indeed it might 
 have been concluded that a soft metal could not be 
 present, for the tubes of the condenser and the 
 copper pipes were all in a perfect condition. Even 
 at the joints, made tight by india-rubber, hardened 
 by vulcanising, there was scarcely a speck of 
 corrosion. 
 
 "A search was then made to ascertain whether 
 the gluey deposit was present that arises from the 
 decomposition of the tallow and oil used for lubrica- 
 tion. For the purpose of ascertaining this, the mud 
 cocks of a vessel were not opened for some time 
 before arriving in port ; and the fires were then . 
 put out on arrival and the mud discharged, when 
 the only substance found was the watery brownish 
 deposit before referred to. The deposit remaining 
 in the bottom of the boiler was carefully examined, 
 but here again there was only the same deposit. As 
 it was believed that the lubricating material carried 
 into the boilers with the feed might, by continued 
 subjection to heat, form an acid capable of producing 
 the effects observed, the kind of lubricating material 
 employed was noticed, in order to ascertain whether 
 animal or vegetable oils acted most injuriously ; but 
 it was found that the action went on as much with 
 the one oil as with the other. In case, however, a 
 fat acid, formed as already mentioned, might be the 
 cause, pieces of chalk were put into the boilers, and 
 from time to time fresh pieces were added ; car- 
 bonate of soda was also mixed wifh the feed water 
 in regular doses ; but all to no purpose, the action 
 went on getting worse and worse. 
 
 " No other alternative was therefore left but to 
 feed the boilers with a portion of salt water suf- 
 ficient to keep a thin incrustation over the surface 
 of the iron. It was suggested that the deposit was 
 
 nothing else than rust or oxide of iron, and that it 
 was formed by the chlorine present in the small 
 proportion of salt water, which would combine with 
 the iron to form chloride of iron ; and this being 
 readily decomposed by oxygen, oxide of iron would 
 result. The difficulty here, however, was to know 
 whence the oxygen was obtained ; for the quantity 
 of air entering with the feed water must have been 
 very small indeed. It was also suggested that 
 hydrochloric acid might be present from the small 
 quantity of sea water that may have found its way 
 into the boilers ; but then the difficulty was to know 
 where a quantity of the acid was to come from, 
 sufficient to act over such an extended surface, and 
 as rapidly as the results showed," which was the 
 experience of a marine engineering firm. We may 
 add, in passing, that by Fig. 1153 is illustrated the 
 
 Fig. 1153. 
 
 An illustration of the corrosion of a boiler plate by galvanic ] 
 action, commonly termed "pitting;" showing also the 'pro- 
 portionate extent of the excavation to the thickness of the 
 plate. 
 
 appearance of a " pitted " plate, showing a series of 
 indents of unequal depths and shapes, not as occur- 
 ring by burning where the metal is shrunk up and 
 cracked, but the indents appear as if they had been 
 " cut " out with a dull tool, and the recessed surface 
 highly polished afterwards with a coating. 
 
 There have been explosions occur after a boiler 
 Las been " standing," or at rest, when on starting 
 
CAUSES OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS. 
 
 359 
 
 the engine, or rather the boiler, an immediate 
 explosion occurred. The cause of that was from a 
 sudden release of latent heat in the boiler, because 
 the sensible heat, being locked up, when unlocked 
 converted the latent heat into its own nature, and the 
 sudden expansion overcame the strength of the boiler. 
 But the worst of all causes of boiler explosions 
 is bad workmanship and worse material ; there 
 being no excuse in those cases. The main fault 
 lies not so much with the manufacturer as with the 
 buyer, because it is often the case that tenders are 
 sent in for the delivery of a boiler, or set of boilers, 
 to a purchaser, and he selects the cheapest, or 
 rather the lowest in cost, irrespective of pressure of 
 steam, in relation to the risk which the manufacturer 
 must entail from cheap material and cheap work- 
 manship, the both meaning the use and result of 
 unskilled labour and the weaker material. What 
 boiler-makers do, who understand their profession, 
 is to take all the risk of explosion, and charge 
 fairly for the responsibility; and thus the loss of 
 life and destruction of property are reduced, while 
 the boiler is properly worked and duly inspected. 
 In fact, the inspection of boilers must be imperative, 
 and the Association formed for that purpose deserves 
 great credit for their exertions. Mr. E. H. Marten, 
 at Stourbridge, is the Engineer, and has contributed 
 much valuable information on the subject to the 
 Institution of Mechanical Engineers ; and in his 
 paper, read in 1870, he summarised the causes of 
 explosions as follows : 
 
 CAUSES OP EXPLOSIONS SUMMARISED BY MR. MARTEN IN 
 A PAPEB BEAD AT THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL 
 ENGINEERS, 1870. 
 
 Faults in construction or repair. 
 
 Faults which should be detected by periodical exami- 
 nation. 
 
 Faults which should be prevented by careful attendants. 
 Causes extraneous or uncertain. 
 
 Practically those faults are 
 Weak tubes. 
 
 Weak combustion cham- 
 bers. 
 
 Weak ends. 
 Weak domes. 
 Weak manholes. 
 Bad repair. 
 External corrosion. 
 
 Internal corrosion. 
 
 Shortness of water. 
 
 Burning of plates. 
 
 Scale or mud. 
 
 Undue pressure. 
 
 Too much flame on one 
 
 part. 
 Want of stays. 
 
 Cornish. 
 Lancashire. 
 
 Plain cylindrical elephant- 
 Upright agricultural. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 Crane locomotive. 
 Marine domestic feed- 
 water heaters, and 
 Bag-steamers. 
 
 The causes of explosions from bad workmanship 
 refer principally to the " drifting," the punched 
 holes, and riveting, after which the connection is as 
 shown by Fig. 1154. Bad caulking, also, is a cause 
 
 Fig. 1154. 
 
 An illustration of the result of defective punching, fitting, 
 drifting, riveting, and caulkiYig, therefrom causing liability to 
 explosion, and permitting leakage at the least. 
 
 for leakage, which leads to explosion, should the 
 leakage not be choked by sediment or rust. But 
 should the holes be drilled, and the plates properly 
 fitted so that the rivet holes are " in a line," then 
 the riveting and caulking will remain as shown by 
 Fig. 1155. 
 
 Fig. 1155. 
 
 7 
 
 An illustration of the result of proper drilling, fitting, riveting, 
 and caulking, therefrom preventing leakage and liability to 
 explosion. 
 
 Boilers that have exploded from the collapsing 
 of the fire boxes are very numerous, and the cause 
 of the disaster lies in two paths of error : the one is 
 the burning of the plate seamed longitudinally ; 
 and the other is the burning of the seams when 
 across the crown. 
 
3GO 
 
 CAUSES OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS. 
 
 The illustration Fig. 1156 shows the collapse of a 
 fire box, and the illustration Fig. 1157 shows the 
 collapse of two fire boxes that occurred in the same 
 steamer and at the same moment. In those three 
 cases the seam was on the crown longitudinally. 
 
 Fig. 1156. 
 
 Illustrations of the collapse of one of the fire boxes in one of the 
 marine boilers in H.M.S. " Thistle," in the year 1869. 
 
 Fig. 1157. 
 
 Illustrations of the collapse of the fire boxes of one of the marine 
 boilers in H.M.S. " Thistle," in the year 1869. 
 
 The illustration of the cross seam is shown by 
 Fig. 1158, which collapsed more violently than the 
 previous examples. 
 
 Besides those matters explained, there are others 
 of equal importance, which refers to the " setting " 
 
 Illustrations of the collapse of the fire box of a Cornish boiler, in 
 the year 1867. 
 
 being non-examinable, as the cause of explosion ; 
 as, for example, a boiler may be " set " so that any 
 leakage runs into the flues and poses on the side of 
 the boiler, from which a corrosion occurs, where the 
 brickwork and the plate are in contact, and as that 
 circumstance is hidden, the fault accrues until the 
 disaster stops it. 
 
 The remedy for all those liabilities is good work- 
 manship, attention in working, and scientific inspec- 
 tion ; indeed, no owner of boilers, in work, should 
 be permitted to neglect that. 
 
 We look, therefore, on the causes of boiler ex- 
 plosions, not as errors now, but rather the apathy 
 on the part of our legislation in empowering qualified 
 professional men to instruct those who are too wise 
 in their own wisdom. 
 
BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 361 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 BOILEK-MAKING requires more primary consideration, 
 talent, scientific education, and practical knowledge 
 in construction than any other branch of engineer- 
 ing yet known. To begin with, the nature of 
 the strains that have to be resisted demand inves- 
 tigation, which of course depends mainly on the 
 shape of the shell. Commencing with the Cornish 
 or Lancashire arrangement, we must notify that it 
 is the strongest shape yet known, but made in the 
 weakest manner in proportion to its dimensions; 
 those being in all cases too large for high pressures, 
 but for steam pressure below 100 Ibs. on the square 
 inch the sizes are admirable. The weak points in 
 those boilers are the weight of the material in pro- 
 portion to the normal strength of the structure, and 
 the unequal method of heating the boiler for raising 
 the steam by the flame acting inside and outside the 
 shell at intervals rather than equally throughout : 
 as, for example, when the side flues are too large, 
 the flame acts only here and there on the shell of 
 the boiler, and when the boiler front is open to the 
 atmosphere, the flame acts on but a portion of the 
 back end only, and therefore the strain on the 
 material by unequal expansion must be considerable, 
 while also with long boilers the strain is increased 
 by the upper weight of the metal pressing down- 
 wards, and causing unequal strains. 
 
 The result of this unequal action of the flame does 
 not confine itself to the loss of evaporation, but it 
 is extended to the general deterioration of the boiler, 
 and so much so, that the portions the least acted on 
 are often the first to give way, which consist of the 
 ends connected to the flue tubes. Those connections 
 often puzzle the best of boiler-makers; and many 
 are the devices to allow for expansion and contraction 
 
 by heating and cooling during the intervals between 
 working and rest of the boiler. The original con- 
 nection of the flue tube with the boiler front was 
 by angle iron, and it is much adopted now, while 
 the later method is shown by Fig. 1159, which con- 
 sists of a bold curved flange formed with the end 
 plates of the flue tube. In cases where the angle- 
 iron connection is still used, the flue tube is formed 
 
 Fig. 1159. 
 
 Fig. 1160. 
 
 Expansion Joint for the flue 
 tube of Cornish and Lan- 
 cashire boilers. Introduced 
 in the year 1851. 
 
 Adamson's Expansion Joint, fitted 
 in flue tubes of boilers so as to 
 preserve the end plate connec- 
 tions from disturbance during 
 the relative actions from heat 
 and cold. Patented in the year 
 1850. See Fig. 678, on page 258. 
 
 Fig. 1161. 
 
 Hill's Expansion Ring, fitted in flue tubes of boilers so as to pre- 
 serve the end plate connections from disturbance during the 
 relative actions from heat and cold. Patented in the year 1860. 
 See Fig. 355, page 133. 
 
 in short lengths, with curved flanges and a ring 
 between them, as shown by Fig. 1160. This was 
 invented by Mr. Adamson as far back as the year 
 1850, when boiler-making might be termed " sledge- 
 hammer engineering." In the year 1860, Mr. Hill 
 came forward with his idea of an expansion con- 
 nection, as shown by Fig. 1161. 
 
 3 A 
 
362 
 
 BOILER-MAKING. 
 
 The connecting of plates by riveting is the general 
 method at present, and in some cases it is well 
 done, while in more plentiful cases " piece-work " 
 is resorted to for economy, and therefore bad work- 
 manship results. This cheap method consists of 
 " roughing off" the edges of the plates in a shearing 
 machine, punching the holes, fitting the plates by 
 bolts and nuts, and then " drifting " the holes to 
 bring the two or three plates as the case is in 
 position, next riveting with rivets often of bad 
 iron and at quick speed, and lastly, caulking the 
 edges of the plates only, and supposing that the 
 rivet is sufficiently jointed by snapping without 
 caulking. This then is the category of bad work- 
 manship without mechanical appliances, whereas 
 with proper means and good workmanship the dif- 
 ference is at least 40 per cent, on the safe side 
 against explosions. We will therefore explain how 
 boiler-making is properly done. 
 
 (1.) Level or flatten the plates by passing them 
 between the rollers of the "bending machine," to 
 make the plates straight and take away any indent 
 or uneven surfaces, as also to test the quality of the 
 material, whether it is liable to crack or become 
 hollow from imperfect manufacture. 
 
 (2.) Lay the plates on the rack table and screw- 
 clamp them for fixing ; next punch, but better drill, 
 the rivet holes on one side only : each plate is then 
 pegged in positipn to make the holes at the other 
 side and ends. 
 
 (3.) " Clamp " each plate on the planing machine 
 table, and plane the edges perfectly clear from any 
 imperfections. 
 
 (4.) Pass the plates between the rollers of the 
 bending machine for curving, the rolls being avail- 
 able to be fixed for that purpose, as for levelling or 
 flattening. 
 
 (5.) Connect the curved plates or straight plates 
 that form the sides, top, and bottom of the shell 
 together by bolts and nuts at about a foot pitch 
 commonly termed " fitting." 
 
 (6.) All the rivet holes being " fair " or " true " 
 with each other, commence to rivet, which can be 
 done by machine or by hand, the machine being the 
 strongest and the hand the " handiest." 
 
 (7.) Take away shell from machine if used 
 
 and rivet on back end, piece by piece or in full, as 
 most available, the former means being mostly 
 adopted. 
 
 (8.) Construct fire boxes and combustion chamber 
 similarly as the shell, and " caulk " or " set back " 
 the edges of the plates and rivets to make the joints 
 perfect ; but this can be done after in the shell. 
 
 (9.) Connect fire boxes and combustion chamber 
 by constructing the front end of the shell. 
 
 (10.) Caulk all joints edges of plates and rivets 
 of shell ; this may be done before " staying," in 
 some cases, but it is always desirable to permit the 
 " set " to occur as much as possible before the final 
 caulking. 
 
 (11.) Fit in all the stays and tubes after the front 
 tube plate is fitted. 
 
 (12.) Test the boiler to at least double the working 
 steam pressure. 
 
 (13.) Attach fire box door frames, smoke box doors, 
 fire bar bearers, general doors for clearing deposit 
 and inspection, gauge fittings and cocks, blow off 
 and blow out cocks, scum trough, safety valve, man- 
 hole door, and any other appliance required. 
 
 (14.) Fit on uptake and connect lower part of 
 chimney to it, and arrange the connections for air 
 casings; and should the chimney be telescopic, as 
 in Plate 31, arrange for the working gear and chain 
 motion to be within the casing. 
 
 The practical difficulties in boiler-making are 
 illustrated by Plates A, B, and C, and are so com- 
 plete and named in detail, that they need no 
 description here ; but, in passing, we add that one 
 of the main features in boiler-making is the uniform 
 strength of the entire structure, because if one part 
 is stronger than the other, an unequal contraction 
 and expansion is always straining the weakest 
 portion of the boiler, and the fracture is certain 
 to occur sooner or later. 
 
 In punching the holes, care should be taken that 
 the punch cuts the iron or steel without tearing It ; 
 but the safest method is by drilling, which is 10 per 
 cent, strength added to a punched hole. In riveting, 
 care should be taken not to burn the rivets ; and in 
 closing, to strike fairly. 
 
 LAPS. The laps of plates demand much attention, 
 and it will be noticed that, in the Plates A, B, and C 
 
Rivet as 
 
 Riveting around front of H oiler 
 
Plate A 
 
 MESS?? MAUDSLAY SONS & FIELD. 1873. 
 
 cus forged;. Scales 
 
 Norway &( 
 
 U-oss, London. 
 
Joints ~un/ Platen 
 jtcte, of 
 
 orv 
 
 Front* ofHoilcr 
 Scaie hcdf sv&. 
 
 Scale/ Tualf si$e> 
 
Plate B . 
 
 MESS 1 ?? MAUDSLAY SONS & FIELD. 1873. 
 
 Front, Plate; of oiler 
 
 I xm^ Cross, London- 
 
FLUE TUBE AND FLANGE 
 CONNECTION . 
 
 half 
 
 FLUE TUBE AND ANGLE IRON 
 CONNECTION. 
 
 LL0WAY 
 
 TUlBE 
 
 JvrrTiZa- to Ze- cut frorru 
 ^v,. , j^. Sttam, -pipe;. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Jfethcd* of (ftaying 
 
S R ? HODGE & SONS, 1873. 
 
 Plate C . 
 
 TH R EE PLAT E LA P 
 CONNECTION. 
 
 T 
 
 3-0-0 9-0 &e 0-0-O-KKJ-0-eO $-] 
 
 ^erji C W. 4-3, Ca 
 
OB** 
 
BOILER-MAKING. 
 
 363 
 
 that branch has been particularly illustrated, even 
 to the extent of from single, double, treble, and 
 quadruple laps. 
 
 The single lap is two plates joined, the double lap 
 is two plates " butting " and a third plate connecting 
 the joint, the treble lap is two plates " butting " and 
 two plates on each side connecting the joint, and the 
 quadruple lap is three plates that are " bound " by a 
 fourth to make good the connection. 
 
 Fig. 1162. 
 
 Beattie's method of assisting the strength of two welded plates 
 by a third plate riveted on each side of the weld. Patented in 
 the year 1858. 
 
 Fig. 1163. 
 
 Beattie's method of assisting the strength of a two-plate single 
 riveted connection by a third plate single riveted on each side 
 of the connection. Patented in the year 1858. 
 
 Mr. Beattie paid some attention to this subject, as 
 shown 4)y Figs. 1162 and 1163. 
 
 LAGGING. The term lagging consists of covering 
 a boiler with the best non-radiating material possible 
 to keep the heat in; and the most general means 
 
 at present in use is by felt or coarse flannel, with 
 wooden strips over it, to prevent any wear from 
 damp or ripping off, and then by a sheet of lead 
 protect the wood, where wet is liable or foot pressure 
 is requisite. We perhaps had better explain that 
 the wooden strips are secured to other strips attached 
 by studs to the plates, as shown in Plate B. 
 
 Lagging, however, is but imperfectly carried out 
 at present, inasmuch that the radiation from the 
 front of the boiler is entirely neglected which, 
 by the way, is where the radiation is most and 
 permits from 20 to 30 per cent, of the total heat in 
 the fuel to be wasted in some boilers from that cause 
 only, to say nothing of other neglects. 
 
 EEP AIRING. This subject is entirely apart from 
 boiler-making, and as such we must treat it, although 
 included in the same chapter. In the event of a 
 boiler requiring repair, the first step should be to 
 examine the strongest portions nearest the weakest, 
 for the purpose of knowing where to best make the 
 jointing of the new plate with the old ; because if the 
 new plate is connected to a weak portion of the old 
 plate, a leakage will sooner or later occur from the 
 unequal tenacity of the two materials. Indeed, the 
 great art in repairing a boiler is to make it of as 
 much equal strength as possible. 
 
 We have seen an instance where a portion of the 
 top of a marine boiler shell was worn by decay very 
 thin, or an eighth of an inch in thickness, and yet 
 withheld a pressure of twenty pounds on the square 
 inch, but on fitting a three-eighth inch plate to 
 cover the weak part, it split that part in less than a 
 week, proving the truth of our prior remarks. 
 
 In no case whatever should a boiler be what is 
 termed " patched," which is really bolting a plate 
 on instead of riveting, because by bolting, the joint 
 cannot be made perfect, on account of the caulking, 
 which if not done will permit an early leakage. 
 
 The correct way then to repair a boiler, is to cut 
 away all the weak parts and make the boiler as 
 nearly of equal strength as possible, as we said 
 before. 
 
 3 A 
 
364 
 
 TABLES, KULES, AND MEMORANDA FOE BOILER-MAKING. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 TABLES, RULES, AND MEMORANDA FOR BOILER-MAKING. 
 TABLE OF THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS USED IN BOILER-MAKING IN THE TEAR 1873. 
 
 
 TENSION. 
 
 TENSION. 
 
 COMPRES- 
 SION. 
 
 COMPRES- 
 SION. 
 
 TORSION. 
 
 TORSION. 
 
 SHEARING. 
 
 SHEARING. 
 
 Practical working strains one-tenth of 
 
 
 
 Breaking 
 
 Yielding 
 
 Breaking 
 
 Yielding 
 
 Breaking 
 
 Yielding 
 
 Breaking 
 
 Yielding 
 
 
 
 
 square Inch 
 inlbs. 
 
 square inch 
 inlbs. 
 
 square inch 
 in Ibs. 30 
 
 square inch 
 in Ibs. 30 
 
 square inch 
 inlbs. 
 
 square inch 
 in Ibs. 
 
 square 
 inch. 
 
 square 
 inch. 
 
 Ten- 
 sile * 
 
 Compres- 
 
 Tor- 
 sion * 
 
 Shearing.* 
 
 
 
 
 
 diameters. 
 
 diameters. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Steel bars . . 89,600 
 
 67,200 
 
 49,280 
 
 47,040 
 
 25,497 
 
 20,397 
 
 64,960 
 
 51,968 
 
 8,960 
 
 4,928 12,549 
 
 6,496 
 
 
 Wrought-iron bars 64,960 
 
 51,968 
 
 37,000 
 
 36,000 
 
 17,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 40,800 
 
 6,496 
 
 3,700 
 
 1,700 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 Wrought-iron plates 50,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 36,000 
 
 34,000 
 
 t . 
 
 
 . . 
 
 .. 
 
 5,000 
 
 3,600 
 
 
 
 
 Cast iron . . 17,000 
 
 13,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 85,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 6,500 
 
 20,000 
 
 19,000 
 
 1,700 
 
 9,000 
 
 700 
 
 2,000 
 
 
 Gun metal . . 35,000 
 
 28,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 9,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 3,500 
 
 1,200 
 
 900 
 
 2,500 
 
 
 Copper sheets . 28,000 
 
 24,000 
 
 IS, 000 
 
 12,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,800 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 
 Copper bars . . 33,600 
 
 26,680 
 
 18,000 
 
 14,400 
 
 11,200 
 
 8,800 
 
 21,000 
 
 19,000 
 
 3,360 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,120 
 
 .2,100 
 
 
 * Lbs. on the square inch. 
 
 Sir William Fairbairn has contributed much in- 
 formation on the strength of boilers ; and although 
 many recent experiments have been made on the 
 strength of riveted plates, no more reliable con- 
 clusion has been arrived at than Sir William's. 
 
 GENERAL SUMMARY OF RESULTS AS OBTAINED FROM 
 EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 No. of 
 experi- 
 
 Cohesive strength 
 of the plates. 
 Breaking weight in 
 
 Strength of double- 
 riveted joints of equal 
 section to the plates, 
 taken through the line 
 
 Strength of single- 
 riveted joints of equal 
 section to the plates, 
 taken through the line 
 
 ments. 
 
 Ibs. per square 
 
 of rivets. Breaking 
 
 of rivets. Breaking 
 
 
 inch. 
 
 weight in Ibs. per 
 
 weight in Ibs. per 
 
 
 
 square inch. 
 
 square inch. 
 
 i 
 
 67,724 
 
 52,352 
 
 45,743 
 
 2 
 
 61,579 
 
 48,821 
 
 36,606 
 
 3 
 
 58,322 
 
 58,286 
 
 43,141 
 
 4 
 
 50,983 
 
 54,594 
 
 43,515 
 
 5 
 
 51,130 
 
 53,879 
 
 40,249 
 
 6 
 
 49,281 
 
 53,879 
 
 44,715 
 
 7 
 
 43,805 
 
 m t 
 
 37,161 
 
 8 
 
 47,062 
 
 
 
 Mean. 
 
 52,486 
 
 53,635 
 
 41,590 
 
 The relative strengths will therefore be 
 
 For the plate 1,000 
 
 Double-riveted joint . . . 1,021 
 Single-riveted joint ... 791 
 
 From the above it will be seen that the single- 
 riveted joints have lost one-fifth of the actual 
 strength of the plates, whilst the double-riveted 
 have retained their resisting powers unimpaired. 
 These are important and convincing proofs of the 
 superior value of the double joint ; and in all cases 
 when strength is required this description of joint 
 should never be omitted. It appears when plates 
 are riveted in this manner, that the strength of the 
 joints is to the strength of the plates of equal 
 sections of metal as the numbers 
 
 Plate. 
 
 1,000 
 In a former analysis it was 1 ,000 
 
 Double- Single- 
 
 riveted riveted 
 
 joint. joint. 
 
 1,021 and 791 
 933 and 731 
 
 1,000 
 
 977 and 761 
 
 Which gives us a mean of 
 
 which in practice we may safely assume as the 
 correct value of each. Exclusive of this difference, 
 we must however deduct 30 per cent, for the loss of 
 metal punched out for the reception of the rivets ; 
 and the absolute strength of the , plates will then be 
 to that of the riveted joints as the numbers 100, 68, 
 and 46. In some cases, where the rivets are wider 
 apart, the loss sustained is not so great; but in 
 
TABLES, EULES, AND MEMOEANDA FOE BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 365 
 
 boilers and similar vessels, where the rivets require 
 to be close to each other, the edges of the plates 
 are weakened to that extent. In this estimate we 
 must take into consideration the circumstances 
 under which the results were obtained, as only two 
 or three rivets came within the reach of experiment ; 
 and, again, looking at the increase of strength 
 which might be gained by having a greater number 
 of rivets in combination, and the adhesion of the 
 two surfaces in contact, which is considerable, in 
 the compressed rivets by machine, we may fairly 
 assume the following relative strengths as the values 
 of plates with their riveted joints : 
 
 Taking the strength of the plate at . . . .100 
 The strength of the double-riveted joint will be 70 
 And the strength of the single-riveted ... 56 
 
 These proportions may therefore in practice be 
 safely taken as the standard value of joints such as 
 are used in vessels where they are required to be 
 steam or water-tight, and subjected to pressure 
 varying from 10 to 100 Ibs. on the square inch. 
 
 BIVETS. On this subject we have to consider the 
 diameter, pitch, and length necessary to be observed 
 in forming sound and tight joints without injury to 
 the plates beyond the amount of metal punched out 
 for the reception of the rivets. I have investigated 
 the subject with great care, and, from my own per- 
 sonal knowledge and that of others, have collected 
 a number of practical facts, such as long experience 
 alone could furnish. From these data I have been 
 enabled to compute the following table, which for 
 practical use I have found highly valuable in pro- 
 portioning the distances and strengths of rivets in 
 joints requiring to be steam or water-tight : 
 
 TABLE EXHIBITING THE STRONGEST FORMS AND BEST PRO- 
 PERTIES FOE ElVETED JOINTS, AS DEDUCED FROM THE 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. 
 
 Thickness of 
 plates in 
 inches. 
 
 Diameter of 
 rivets in 
 lndis. 
 
 Length of 
 rivets in 
 inches. 
 
 Distance of 
 rivets from 
 centre to 
 centre in 
 
 Quantity of 
 lap in single 
 joints in 
 inches. 
 
 Quantity 
 of lap in 
 double 
 joints in 
 
 
 
 
 inchei 
 
 3. 
 
 
 inches. 
 
 19 = ft 
 
 38 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 1-251 
 
 
 1-25) 
 
 i 
 
 4) 
 
 "25 = 1 
 31= ft 
 38 = ft 
 
 50 
 63 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 I'll 
 
 1-38 
 1-63 
 
 4-5 
 
 1-50J 
 1-631 
 1-75J 
 
 6 
 .5 
 
 I-88J 
 
 2-00-5-5 
 
 HI! 
 3 S 
 
 -50 = ft 
 
 81 
 
 
 2 '25 
 
 
 2-00 
 
 
 9-25) 
 
 J'22'3"" 
 
 
 94 
 
 1-5 
 
 2-75 
 
 
 2-50 
 
 4 
 
 2-75J4-5 
 
 Sill 
 
 
 1-13 
 
 
 3-25 
 
 
 3-00 
 
 
 3-25) 
 
 " 
 
 The figures 2, 1-5, 4'5, 6, 5, &c., in the preceding 
 table are multipliers for the diameter, length, and 
 distance of rivets, also for the quantity of lap allowed 
 for the single and double joints. These multipliers 
 may be considered as proportionals for the thick- 
 nesses of the plates to the diameter, length, distance 
 of rivets, &c. For example, suppose we take three- 
 eighths plates, and required the proportionate parts 
 of the strongest form of joint, it will be 
 
 375 x 2 = -750 diameter of rivet, f inch. 
 
 275 x 4 = 1 688 length of rivet, 1 inches. 
 
 375 x 5 = 1 875 distance between rivets, 
 
 1| inches. 
 
 375 x 5 = 2 063 quantity of lap, single- 
 
 riveted joint, 2 inches. 
 
 375 X 5 + f = 3-438 quantity of lap, double- 
 riveted joints, 3 inches. 
 
 75, 1-68, 1-87, 2-06, and 3 -43 are therefore the 
 proportionate quantities necessary to form the 
 strongest steam or water-tight joints on plates 
 three-eighths of an inch thick. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE BURSTING AND SAFE WORKING PRES- 
 SURE OF BOILERS, AS DEDUCED FROM EXPERIMENT WITH 
 A STRAIN OF 34,000 LBS. ON THE SQUARE INCH AS THE 
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF EIVETED JOINTS. 
 
 
 Diameter 
 of boilers. 
 
 Working 
 pressure 
 for jj-inch 
 plates. 
 
 Bursting 
 pressure 
 for jj-inch 
 plates. 
 
 Working 
 pressure 
 per -inch 
 plates. 
 
 Bursting 
 pressure 
 for ^-inch 
 plates. 
 
 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 118 
 
 708 
 
 157i 
 
 944^ 
 
 
 
 3 3 
 
 109 
 
 653f 
 
 145 
 
 871J 
 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 101 
 
 607 
 
 134f 
 
 809i 
 
 
 
 3 9 
 
 94 i 
 
 566 
 
 125J 
 
 755^ 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 88 i 
 
 531 
 
 118 
 
 708| 
 
 
 
 4 3 
 
 83^ 
 
 500 
 
 111 
 
 666^ 
 
 
 
 4 6 
 
 781 
 
 472 
 
 104? 
 
 6291 
 
 
 
 4 9 
 
 74i 
 
 447 
 
 99; 
 
 696} 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 70} 
 
 425 
 
 94; 
 
 566| 
 
 
 
 5 3 
 
 67^ 
 
 404f 
 
 89i 
 
 5391 
 
 
 
 5 6 
 
 64J 
 
 386| 
 
 m 
 
 515 
 
 
 
 5 9 
 
 6l| 
 
 369 
 
 82 
 
 492f 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 59 
 
 354 
 
 78f 
 
 472 
 
 
 
 6 3 
 
 56J 
 
 340 
 
 751 
 
 453i 
 
 
 
 6 6 
 
 54 
 
 326| 
 
 721 
 
 4353 
 
 
 
 6 9 
 
 52 
 
 314J 
 
 69J 
 
 419! 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 50i 
 
 3031 
 
 671 
 
 4041 
 
 
 
 7 3 
 
 48f 
 
 293 
 
 65 
 
 396| 
 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 47 
 
 283^ 
 
 62| 
 
 377| 
 
 
 
 7 9 
 
 45i 
 
 274 
 
 60| 
 
 3651 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 44 
 
 265f 
 
 59 
 
 354 
 
 
 
 8 3 
 
 42| 
 
 257| 
 
 57 
 
 343J 
 
 
 
 8 6 
 
 l 
 
 250 
 
 55 
 
 333i 
 
 
366 
 
 TABLES, EULES, AND MEMOEANDA FOE BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 Kule for fth-inch plates. Divide 4250 by the 
 diameter of the boiler in inches ; the quotient is the 
 working pressure, being one-sixth of the strength 
 of the joints. 
 
 Rule for J-inch plates. Divide 5666'6 by the 
 diameter of the boiler in inches, and the quotient 
 will be the greatest pressure that the boiler should 
 work at. when new ; that is, at one-sixth the actual 
 strength of the punched iron. 
 
 The strength of the flue tubes of boilers varies in 
 the inverse ratio of their diameters, inversely as the 
 lengths and directly as a power of the thickness ; or 
 it may be stated that the strengths decrease in the 
 ratio of the increase of the diameters and the lengths, 
 and increase nearly as the square of the thickness of 
 the plates. 
 
 Kule for the collapsing pressure in Ibs. per square 
 
 .. T 2 x 67166 
 
 inch to crush in flue tubes = =- = 
 
 D x L 
 
 when T = thickness in inches, 
 
 D = diameter in feet, 
 
 L = length in feet. 
 
 Kule for the bursting pressure in Ibs. per square 
 inch of cylindrical boilers along the sides = 
 
 T x t 
 
 B = 
 
 K 
 
 when T = tensile breaking strain of the material in 
 
 construction, such as riveted joints, 
 t = thickness of the plate in inches, 
 K = radius of boiler's diameter in inches, 
 B = bursting pressure. 
 
 TABLE TO FIND THE WORKING PRESSURE FOB CYLINDRICAL 
 BOILERS WITH A GIVEN THICKNESS OF SHELL PLATING. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness of 
 plate. 
 
 Single 
 riveting 
 
 Double 
 
 riveting. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness of 
 plate. 
 
 Single 
 riveting. 
 
 Double 
 riveting. 
 
 T5T 
 
 274 
 
 346 
 
 7 
 
 4,715 
 
 5,894 
 
 TV 
 
 554 
 
 693 
 
 tV 
 
 4,992 
 
 6,241 
 
 
 831 
 
 1,039 
 
 3TT 
 
 5,269 
 
 6,587 
 
 1 
 
 ff 
 
 1,109 
 
 1,387 
 
 
 
 5,547 
 
 6,935 
 
 
 1,306 
 
 1,733 
 
 H 
 
 5,824 
 
 7,281 
 
 ~fs 
 
 1,664 
 
 2,080 
 
 n 
 
 6,102 
 
 7,620 
 
 5? 
 
 1,941 
 
 2,426 
 
 3* 
 
 6,379 
 
 7,974 
 
 J 
 
 2,219 
 
 2,774 
 
 i 
 
 6,657 
 
 8,322 
 
 A 
 
 2,496 
 
 3,120 
 
 25 
 
 6,934 
 
 8,668 
 
 ft 
 
 2,773 
 
 3,467 
 
 II 
 
 7,211 
 
 9,015 
 
 B 
 
 3,050 
 
 3,813 
 
 
 
 7,488 
 
 9,361 
 
 t 
 
 3,328 
 
 4,161 
 
 
 7,766 
 
 9,709 
 
 
 3,605 
 
 4,507 
 
 t 
 
 8,043 
 
 10,055 
 
 yV 
 
 3,882 
 
 4,854 
 
 M 
 
 8,321 
 
 10,402 
 
 M 
 
 4,159 
 
 5,200 
 
 M 
 
 8,598 
 
 10,748 
 
 4 
 
 4,438 
 
 5,548 
 
 i 
 
 8,876 
 
 11,096 
 
 Divide the tabular No. opposite the thickness of shell 
 plating and under the heading of the respective class of 
 riveting by the extreme diameter of the boiler in inches ; 
 the quotient will be the pressure in Ibs. per square inch 
 at which the boiler may be worked while in good order. 
 
 Pressure per square inch on solid stays to be not) 
 more than f 
 
 Pressure per square inch on screw stays, taking) 
 the diameter over the threads ) 
 
 Kule for the area in square inches of gussets and 
 stays for the flat ends of cylindrical boilers when 
 the thickness of the plates = thickness of side 
 
 A x P x F 
 
 plates X '6, then T = - = , and 
 
 A = area of end of boiler in square inches, 
 
 P = pressure of steam in Ibs. per square inch, 
 
 F = factor of safety, 
 
 B = breaking tensile strain in Ibs. per square inch. 
 
 T = total area of stays and gussets in square inches. 
 
 TABLE OF THE STRENGTHS OF FLUE TUBES (FAIRBAIRN). 
 
 
 
 Collapsing 
 
 Thickness of plates in inches. 
 
 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 pressure in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 flue tube. 
 
 Ibs. on the 
 
 Flue tube 
 
 Flue tube 
 
 Flue tube 
 
 
 
 
 square inch. 
 
 10 feet long. 
 
 20 feet long. 
 
 30 feet long. 
 
 
 
 Ft. ins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 291 
 
 399 
 
 480 
 
 
 
 . 1 6 
 
 
 350 
 
 480 
 
 578 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 399 
 
 548 
 
 659 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 450 
 
 442 
 
 607 
 
 730 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 480 
 
 659 
 
 794 
 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 
 516 
 
 707 
 
 851 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 548 
 
 752 
 
 905 
 
 
 COBNISH AND LANCASHIRE BOILERS FOB LAND PURPOSES. 
 
 Proportions in practice. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 H.P. 
 
 No. of square 
 feet of heating 
 surface per 
 
 Divisor. 
 
 Length 
 of shell. 
 
 Diameter 
 of shell. 
 
 Diameter 
 of single 
 
 
 
 
 nom. H.P. 
 
 
 
 
 tube. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12-375 
 
 7-22 
 
 Ft. ins. 
 17 
 
 Ft. ins. 
 4 3 
 
 Ft. ins. 
 2 1J 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12-33 
 
 7-97 
 
 18 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 3 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 11-96 
 
 8-97 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 2 6 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 11-33 
 
 9-49 
 
 23 6 
 
 5 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 10 '98 
 
 10-32 
 
 26 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 10-27 
 
 10-83 
 
 28 6 
 
 6 3 
 
 3 1J 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 10-00 
 
 10-52 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 3 6 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 H.P. 
 
 Diameter 
 of two 
 tubes. 
 
 Working 
 pressure of 
 steam Ibs. 
 per square 
 inch. 
 
 Thickness 
 of shell, 
 double 
 riveted. 
 
 Thickness 
 of single 
 flue tube, 
 T-iron 
 rings. 
 
 Thickness 
 of two 
 flue tubes, 
 T-iron 
 rings. 
 
 
 
 
 Ft. ins. 
 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 6J 
 
 100 
 
 | 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 7| ! 100 
 
 
 7 5 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 1 10 ! 100 
 
 | 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 Of 
 
 100 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 30 
 
 2 3| 
 2 4f 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 2 8J 
 
 100 
 
 U 
 
 ? 
 
 I 
 
 
TABLES, KULES, AND MEMOEANDA FOE BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 367 
 
 Total heating surface of boiler 
 
 Length of boiler = ... . , . 
 
 divisor as per table 
 
 Diameter of boiler = A , . , 
 4 to 4-5 
 
 diameter of boiler 
 Diameter oi single tube = = 
 
 Depth of water line from top of boiler = 
 
 diameter of boiler 
 
 8 
 Height of water line from top of tube = 
 
 diameter of boiler 
 
 When two tubes are used in the boiler, their 
 position from top of boiler must be as for a single 
 tube. 
 
 Vertical length of flues = diameter of tube. 
 Heating surface of tube = total surface of tube x '5. 
 Heating surface of bottom flue = total surface of 
 
 boiler exposed in flue. 
 Heating surface of side flues = surface of boiler 
 
 exposed in both side flues x '5. 
 Grate or fire bar surface = 1 to of a square foot 
 
 per H.P. 
 
 area of grate surface 
 Area of side flues = ^-^ 
 
 Area of bottom flue = area of side flues. 
 Width of bottom flue = diameter of tube. 
 
 Width of side flue = , - r 
 
 length 
 
 _ ,1 /. <> i f area of grate surface 
 
 Length ot fire bar ot grate = r . 
 
 diameter of flue 
 
 Height of bridge = f of diameter of flue. 
 
 SAFETY VALVES. Area of safety valve = 1 to '75 
 square inch per H.P. of boiler. 
 
 , . diameter of boiler 
 
 Length of lever as to design = - 
 
 o 
 
 Weight in Ibs. on end of lever = 
 
 pressure against the valve in Ibs. X by distance 
 from centre of valve to centre of suspension 
 
 distance from centre of suspension to centre of 
 weight 
 
 Pressure on valve in Ibs. = 
 
 weight in Ibs. on end of lever x length of lever 
 
 from centre of suspension to centre of weight 
 distance from centre of valve to centre of suspension 
 Distance from centre of suspension to centre of 
 
 length of lever 
 valve = - ritT/! 
 
 9 to 10 
 
 Pressure in Ibs. per square inch = 
 
 pressure in Ibs. on or against the valve 
 
 area of the valve in square inches 
 Pressure on or against the valve in Ibs. = pressure 
 per square inch x area of valve in square inches. 
 
 SQUAKE AND CYLINDRICAL SHELLS, MARINE BOILEES. 
 
 Total heating surface of the tubes = H.P. x 12 to 
 10 as a minimum, for boilers above 200 H.P. j 
 H.P. x 14 to 16 as a maximum below 150 H.P. 
 
 Diameter of tubes externally = 2 to 3 inches. 
 
 Length of tubes = 5 to 7 feet. 
 
 ,, , , , total surface 
 
 .Number ot tubes = j 
 
 surface oi one tube 
 
 Kake or inclination of tubes = f to f of an inch per 
 
 foot. 
 
 Water space = 4 to 6 inches. 
 Diameter of stays = 1 to 1^ inch. 
 Position of stays at right angles above fire boxes = 
 
 14 to 16 inches. 
 Position of stays at sides and bottom of fire boxes = 
 
 12 to 14 inches. 
 
 These rules for stays are for a pressure of 40 Ibs. 
 per square inch on the total surface of boiler. 
 
 Number of tubes to one fire box should never exceed 
 125. 
 
 Width of fire box at tube = pitch of tubes x number 
 of tubes transversely. 
 
 Fire bar or grate surface = H.P. x '75 to '5, using 
 the latter for boilers above 150 H.P. 
 
 Length of fire bar grate surface = 7 feet as a maxi- 
 mum, 5 to 6 feet being generally adopted. 
 
 TIT- 1,1 f & i surface of grate 
 
 Width of fire box at grate = , 5 
 
 length ot grate surface 
 
 Eadius for top and bottom curves of fire box = 
 width of fire box. 
 
 width of fire box 
 
 Eadn of small curves = 
 
 4 to 5 
 
 Width of fire door opening 18 inches as a minimum ; 
 
 above this width the fire door opening = width of 
 
 fire box x '875. 
 Area of fire box at grate = grate surface x '5. 
 
 area of grate surface 
 Area ot space above bridge = 2 -r 
 
368 
 
 TABLES, EULES, AND MEMOEANDA FOE BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 HMO: 
 
 Cubic contents (in feet) of steam capacity = H.P. 
 
 X 2 as a minimum, and H.P. x 4 as a maximum. 
 Height of water line above fire box at tube end = 
 
 6 to 8 inches. 
 Width of fire box at back end = 18 inches ; this will 
 
 allow room for closing or riveting the end of the 
 
 tubes when renewed. 
 Width of smoke box at bottom = 14 inches as a 
 
 minimum. 
 Area of opening in uptake = total area of tubes 
 
 as a minimum; total area of tubes x 1'25 as a 
 
 maximum. 
 
 , f , . total area of grate surface 
 
 Area oi chimney = - 3 --- 
 
 8 to 11 
 
 In war ships the following should be observed : 
 Top of boiler should be one foot below water line 
 as a minimum ; funnel to be telescopic, raised and 
 lowered by two chains on a barrel, keyed on a shaft, 
 to which motion is given by a worm and wheel on 
 each side of the funnel. 
 
 Diameter of shaft = 2 to 3 inches. 
 Diameter of wheel = 18 to 24 inches. 
 Pitch of teeth = 1 to 2 inches. 
 
 T>. diameter of wheel 
 
 Diameter of worm = - 
 
 4 
 
 Kadius of handle = 14 inches. 
 
 In order to reduce the temperature between deck 
 and the stokehole, the funnel is surrounded by two 
 casings, 4 to 6 inches of space between each, com- 
 mencing on the main or weather deck, and ter- 
 minating on the orlop or lower deck ; by this means 
 a continuous current of air passes through. The 
 stokehole is further ventilated, and draught in- 
 creased in some cases by tubes, the tops of which 
 are termed cowls, from being enclosed semicircularly, 
 having the opening at the side, the top being 
 rotative, and its position subservient to the wind. 
 
 MARINE SAFETY VALVES. These valves are mostly 
 weighted, as shown on Plate 4A, and the following 
 are the rules : 
 
 Area of valve in square inches = 
 
 total area of grate's surface in feet 
 ~~~ 
 
 TV f I in 
 
 Diameter of valve spindle = 
 
 diameter of valve 
 
 Diameter of weight = diameter of valve x 2. 
 Pressure in Ibs. against the valve = pressure per 
 
 square inch x area of the valve. 
 Cubical contents of weight, including weight of 
 valve and spindle = 
 
 pressure in Ibs. against the valve 
 4103 if lead and -2631 if cast iron 
 
 T J.L f -LI. cubic contents of weight 
 Length ol weight = ^= 
 
 area of weight 
 
 Thickness of casing = \ to f of an inch. 
 
 Depth of guide ribs of valve = diameter of valve 
 
 X -5. 
 Diameter of lifting lever weight shaft = diameter of 
 
 valve spindle. 
 Length of lifting lever = diameter of weight -f- \ 
 
 inch for clearance between weight. 
 
 T T, f T diameter of valve 
 
 Lilt oi valves = 
 
 4 
 
 When spring safety valves are used, their design 
 is shown by Plates 13A and 45, from which also the 
 proportions can be obtained. 
 
 FIBE BAKS. Length should never exceed 3 feet 6 
 inches. 
 
 Inclination for marine boilers = 2 inches per foot. 
 Inclination for land boilers = 1 inch per foot. 
 Depth of bar at centre = 1 to If of an inch per 
 
 foot of length. 
 Depth of bar at ends = of an inch per foot of 
 
 length. 
 
 Width of bar at ends = f to 1 inch. 
 Taper of sides of bar = ^ of an inch per inch. 
 Clearance for ashes = to f of an inch. 
 Depth of centre bearing bar = depth of fire bar at 
 
 centre. 
 Width of centre bearing bar = depth of fire bar at 
 
 end x 2. 
 Width of end bearing bar = depth of fire bar at end. 
 
 MARINE COAL BUNKERS, &c. Thickness of plates, 
 &c.: 
 
 Top plates, |- of an inch. 
 Bottom plates, -f^ of an inch. 
 Eadii of curves, 6 to 12 inches. 
 Corner angle iron, 1 x 1 X ^. 
 Stay angle iron, 2 X 2 x f s . 
 Stays, 3 feet pitch. 
 
TABLES, KULES, AND MEMOEANDA FOE BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 369 
 
 Temperature tubes, number = 1 per 30 tons of coals, 
 
 in bunkers containing above 200 tons. 
 Number of cubic feet per ton of coals = 46. 
 Space between boilers, or width of stokehole = 9 to 
 
 10 feet. 
 Minimum space allowed for passing behind cylinders 
 
 or thrust block 'in screw alley = 12 inches; 
 
 maximum space 18 inches. 
 
 TABLE FOE CALCULATING THE WEIGHT IN LBS. PER SQUARE 
 FOOT OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS IN PLATES. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness in 
 inches. 
 
 Wrought 
 Iron. 
 
 General 
 Steel. 
 
 Wrought 
 Copper. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Brass. 
 
 
 TV 
 
 2-5 
 
 2.59 
 
 2-903 
 
 2-301 
 
 3-701 
 
 2-705 
 
 When the plate exceeds y^h f an inch in thick- 
 ness, multiply the proportional excess by the weight 
 of the normal thickness in Ibs. = the total weight 
 in Ibs. : as, for example, suppose a wrought-iron 
 plate = inch in thickness, then as J inch = || of 
 an inch, 12 x 2-5 = 30 Ibs. per square foot, which 
 will give the actual result as if from a table, without 
 the liability of confusion. 
 
 TABLE OF THE WEIGHTS OF ANGLE IRON OF EQUAL SIDES. 
 
 Width of each 
 side in inches. 
 
 Thickness in 
 inches at root. 
 
 Thickness in 
 inches near edge. 
 
 Weight in Ibs. 
 per lineal foot. 
 
 Ji 
 
 fg base 
 
 i base 
 
 2-653 
 
 If 
 
 5 
 
 Tff 
 
 } 
 
 3-251 
 
 2 
 
 AMI 
 
 Ifnll 
 
 3-874 
 
 2i 
 
 TV 
 
 fVMl 
 
 5-011 
 
 % 
 
 ft 
 
 I 
 
 6-512 
 
 2f 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 8-251 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 10-381 
 
 i 
 
 ffoH 
 
 jfull 
 
 12-101 
 
 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 TG 
 
 T 9 TT 
 
 14-561 
 
 TABLE OF THE WEIGHT OF A LINEAL FOOT OF BOUND 
 AND SQUARE BAR IRON IN LBS. 
 
 DIam. 
 
 or side. 
 
 Square 
 Bars. 
 
 Round 
 Bars. 
 
 !Diam. 
 or side. 
 
 Square 
 Bars. 
 
 Round 
 Bars. 
 
 Diam. 
 or side. 
 
 Square 
 Bars. 
 
 Round 
 Bars. 
 
 \ 
 
 209 
 
 164 
 
 11 
 
 5-25 
 
 4-09 
 
 3 
 
 30-07 
 
 23-60 
 
 T* 8 
 
 326 
 
 256 
 
 i| 
 
 6'35 
 
 4-96 
 
 31 
 
 35-28 
 
 27-70 
 
 
 470 
 
 369 
 
 if 
 
 7'51 
 
 5-90 
 
 34 
 
 40-91 
 
 32-13 
 
 I 
 
 640 
 
 502 
 
 if 
 
 8-82 
 
 6-92 
 
 3f 
 
 46-97 
 
 36-89 
 
 k 
 
 835 
 
 656 
 
 if 
 
 19-29 
 
 8-03 
 
 4 
 
 53-44 
 
 41-97 
 
 \ 
 
 1-057 
 
 831 
 
 il 
 
 11-74 
 
 9-22 
 
 41 
 
 60-32 
 
 47-38 
 
 f 
 
 1-305 
 
 1-025 
 
 2 
 
 13-36 
 
 10-49 
 
 4 
 
 67-6353-12 
 
 i 
 
 1-579 
 
 1-241 
 
 2S 
 
 15-08 
 
 11-84 
 
 4f 
 
 75-35 
 
 59-18 
 
 
 1-879 
 
 1-476 
 
 21 
 
 16-91 13-27 
 
 5 
 
 83-51 
 
 65-58 
 
 a 
 
 2-205 
 
 1-732 
 
 21 
 
 18-84 
 
 14-79 
 
 51 
 
 92 4672-30 
 
 I 
 
 2-556 |2-011 
 
 2J 20-87 16-39 
 
 54 
 
 101-0379-35 
 
 
 
 2-936 2-306 
 
 2| 23-11 18-07 
 
 5f 
 
 110-4386-73 
 
 i 
 
 3-34 
 
 2-62 
 
 2| 25-28 19-84 
 
 6 
 
 120-2494-43 
 
 H 
 
 4-22 
 
 3-32 
 
 2? 
 
 27-61 21-68 
 
 
 
 
 
 To convert into weight of other metals, multiply 
 tabular No. for cast iron by '93, for steel x 1'02, 
 for copper x 1'15, for brass x 1'09, for lead x T47, 
 for zinc X '92. 
 
 TABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. 
 
 Weight of a Cubic 
 Inch in Lbs. 
 
 Copper, Cast -3178 
 
 Iron, Cast -2631 
 
 Iron, Wrought .... -2756 
 
 Lead -4103 
 
 Steel -2827 
 
 Gun Metal -3177 
 
 TABLE OF GRAVITY OF WATER. 
 
 1 cubic foot = 6 25 imperial gallons. ' 
 
 11 - 2 imperial gallons = 1 cwt. 
 
 224 , , =1 ton. 
 
 1 cubic foot of sea water = 64 2 Ibs. 
 
 34-9 ,, ,, = Iton. 
 
 277 274 cubic inches = 1 imperial gallon. 
 
 1 gallon of fresh water =10 Ibs. 
 
 1 gallon of sea water = 10-25 Ibs. 
 
 TABLE OF HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF METALS. 
 
 Copper 1,000 
 
 Brass 468 
 
 Wrought Iron 336 
 
 Cast Iron 
 
 Lead 
 
 Brick 
 
 311 
 
 161 
 
 10 
 
 TABLE OF THE TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES FAHR. 
 WHEN CERTAIN MATERIALS MELT. 
 
 Wrought Iron .... 3,800 
 
 Cast Iron 3,350 
 
 Copper 2,600 
 
 Brass 2,000 
 
 Zinc 700 
 
 Lead 599 
 
 ALGEBRAIC SIGNS AS APPLIED IN MECHANICAL 
 CALCULATIONS. 
 
 = Sign of equality, and signifies equal to, as 2 added to 
 
 5 = 7. 
 -j- Sign of addition, and signifies plus or more, as 4 + 2 
 
 = 6. 
 Sign of subtraction, and signifies minus or less, as 
 
 7-5=2. 
 X Sign of multiplication, and signifies multiplied by, 
 
 as 7 x 6 = 42. 
 4- Sign of division, and signifies divided by, as 20 ~ 5 
 
 = 4. 
 
 n/ Sign of square root I evolution, or the extraction of 
 ;/ Sign of cube root (roots, thus V 81 = 9 If 729 = 9. 
 
 3 B 
 
370 
 
 TABLES, EULES, AND MEMOEANDA FOE BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 TABLE OF THE PKOPEETIES OF SATURATED STEAM. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Relative 
 
 
 
 
 
 Relative 
 
 
 
 Pressure 
 above the 
 Atmosphere. 
 
 Sensible 
 Temperature 
 in Fahrenheit 
 Degrees. 
 
 Total Heat 
 in Degrees 
 from Zero of 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Weight of 
 One Cubic 
 Foot of 
 Steam. 
 
 Volume of the 
 Steam com- 
 pared with the 
 Water from 
 which it was 
 
 Pressure 
 above the 
 Atmosphere. 
 
 Sensible 
 Temperature 
 in Fahrenheit 
 Degrees. 
 
 Total Heat 
 in Degrees 
 from Zero of 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Weight of 
 One Cubic 
 Foot of 
 Steam. 
 
 Volume of the 
 Steam com- 
 pared with the 
 Water from 
 which it was 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 raised. 
 
 
 
 
 
 raised. 
 
 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 
 Lb. 
 
 D 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 216-3 
 
 1179-4 
 
 0411 
 
 1515 
 
 55 
 
 302-9 
 
 1205-8 
 
 1648 
 
 378 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 219-6 
 
 1180-3 
 
 0435 
 
 1431 
 
 56 
 
 303-9 
 
 1206-1 
 
 1670 
 
 373 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 222-4 
 
 1181-2 
 
 0459 
 
 1357 
 
 57 
 
 304-8 
 
 1206-3 
 
 1692 
 
 368 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 225-3 
 
 1182-1 
 
 0483 
 
 1290 
 
 58 
 
 305-7 
 
 1206-6 
 
 1714 
 
 363 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 228-0 
 
 1182-9 
 
 0507 
 
 1229 
 
 59 
 
 306-6 
 
 1206-9 
 
 1736 
 
 359 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 230-6 
 
 1183-7 
 
 0531 
 
 1174 
 
 60 
 
 307-5 
 
 1207-2 
 
 1759 
 
 353 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 233-1 
 
 1184-5 
 
 0555 
 
 1123 
 
 61 
 
 308-4 
 
 1207-4 
 
 1782 
 
 349 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 235-5 
 
 1185-2 
 
 0580 
 
 1075 
 
 62 
 
 309-3 
 
 1207-7 
 
 1804 
 
 345 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 237-8 
 
 1185-9 
 
 0601 
 
 1036 
 
 63 
 
 310-2 
 
 1208-0 
 
 1826 
 
 341 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 240-1 
 
 1186-6 
 
 0625 
 
 996 
 
 64 
 
 311-1 
 
 1208-3 
 
 1848 
 
 337 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 242-3 
 
 1187-3 
 
 0650 
 
 958 
 
 65 
 
 312-0 
 
 1208-5 
 
 1869 
 
 333 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 244-4 
 
 1187-8 
 
 0673 
 
 926 
 
 66 
 
 312-8 
 
 1208-8 
 
 1891 
 
 329 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 246-4 
 
 1188-4 
 
 0696 
 
 895 
 
 67 
 
 313-6 
 
 1209-1 
 
 1913 
 
 325 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 248-4 
 
 1189-1 
 
 0719 
 
 866 
 
 68 
 
 314-5 
 
 1209-4 
 
 1935 
 
 321 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 250-4 
 
 1189-8 
 
 0743 
 
 838 
 
 69 
 
 315-3 
 
 1209-6 
 
 1957 
 
 318 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 252-2 
 
 1190-4 
 
 0766 
 
 813 
 
 70 
 
 316-1 
 
 1209-9 
 
 1980 
 
 314 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 254-1 
 
 1190-9 
 
 0789 
 
 789 
 
 71 
 
 316-9 
 
 1210-1 
 
 2002 
 
 311 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 255-9 
 
 1191-5 
 
 0812 
 
 767 
 
 72 
 
 317-8 
 
 1210-4 
 
 2024 
 
 308 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 257-6 
 
 1192-0 
 
 0835 
 
 746 
 
 73 
 
 318-6 
 
 1210-6 
 
 2044 
 
 305 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 259-3 
 
 1192-5 
 
 0858 
 
 726 
 
 74 
 
 319-4 
 
 1210-9 
 
 2067 
 
 301 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 260-9 
 
 1193-0 
 
 0881 
 
 707 
 
 75 
 
 320-2 
 
 1211-1 
 
 2089 
 
 298 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 262-6 
 
 1193-5 
 
 0905 
 
 688 
 
 76^ 
 
 321-0 
 
 1211-3 
 
 2111 
 
 295 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 264-2 
 
 1194-0 
 
 0929 
 
 671 
 
 77 
 
 321-7 
 
 1211-5 
 
 2133 
 
 292 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 265-8 
 
 1194-5 
 
 0952 
 
 655 
 
 78 
 
 322-5 
 
 1211-8 
 
 2155 
 
 289 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 267-3 
 
 1194-9 
 
 0974 
 
 640 
 
 79 
 
 323-3 
 
 1212-0 
 
 2176 
 
 286 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 268-7 
 
 1195-4 
 
 0996 
 
 625 
 
 80 
 
 324-1 
 
 1212-3 
 
 2198 
 
 283 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 270-2 
 
 1195-8 
 
 1020 
 
 611 
 
 81 
 
 324-8 
 
 1212-5 
 
 2219 
 
 281 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 271-6 
 
 1196-2 
 
 1042 
 
 598 
 
 82 
 
 325-6 
 
 1212-8 
 
 2241 
 
 278 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 273-0 
 
 1196-6 
 
 1065 
 
 585 
 
 83 
 
 326-3 
 
 1213-0 
 
 2263 
 
 275 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 274.4 
 
 1197-1 
 
 1089 
 
 572 
 
 84 
 
 327-1 
 
 1213-2 
 
 2285 ' 
 
 272 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 275-8 
 
 1197-5 
 
 1111 
 
 561' 
 
 85 
 
 327-9 
 
 1213-4 
 
 2307 
 
 270 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 277-1 
 
 1197-9 
 
 1133 
 
 550 
 
 86 
 
 328-5 
 
 1213-6 
 
 2329 
 
 267 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 278-4 
 
 1198-3 
 
 1156 
 
 539 
 
 87 
 
 329-1 
 
 1213-8 
 
 2351 
 
 265 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 279-7 
 
 1198-7 
 
 1179 
 
 529 
 
 88 
 
 329-9 
 
 1214-0 
 
 2373 
 
 262 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 281-0 
 
 1199-1 
 
 1202 
 
 518 
 
 89 
 
 330-6 
 
 1214-2 
 
 2393 
 
 260 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 282-3 
 
 1199-5 
 
 1224 
 
 509 
 
 90 
 
 331-3 
 
 1214-4 
 
 2414 
 
 257 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 283-5 
 
 1199-9 
 
 1246 
 
 500 
 
 91 
 
 331-9 
 
 1214-6 
 
 2435 
 
 255 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 284-7 
 
 1200-3 
 
 1269 
 
 491 
 
 92 
 
 332-6 
 
 1214-8 
 
 2456 
 
 253 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 285-9 
 
 1200-6 
 
 1291 
 
 482 
 
 93 
 
 333-3 
 
 1215-0 
 
 2477 
 
 251 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 287-1 
 
 1201-0 
 
 1314 
 
 474 
 
 94 
 
 334-0 
 
 1215-3 
 
 2499 
 
 249 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 288-2 
 
 1201-3 
 
 1336 
 
 466 
 
 95 
 
 334-6 
 
 1215-5 
 
 2521 
 
 247 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 289-3 
 
 1201-7 
 
 1364 
 
 458 
 
 96 
 
 335-3 
 
 1215-7 
 
 2543 
 
 245 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 290-4 
 
 1202-0 
 
 1380 
 
 451 
 
 97 
 
 336-0 
 
 1215-9 
 
 2564 
 
 243 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 291-6 
 
 1202-4 
 
 1403 
 
 444 
 
 98 
 
 336-7 
 
 1216-1 
 
 2586 
 
 241 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 292-7 
 
 1202-7 
 
 1425 
 
 437 
 
 99 
 
 337-4 
 
 1216-3 
 
 2607 
 
 239 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 293-8 
 
 1203-1 
 
 1447 
 
 430 
 
 100 
 
 338-0 
 
 1216-5 
 
 2628 
 
 237 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 294-8 
 
 1203-4 
 
 1469 
 
 424 
 
 101 
 
 338-6 
 
 1216-7 
 
 2649 
 
 235 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 295-9 
 
 1203-7 
 
 1493 
 
 417 
 
 102 
 
 339-3 
 
 1216-9 
 
 2674 
 
 233 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 296-9 
 
 1204-0 
 
 1516 
 
 411 
 
 103 
 
 339-9 
 
 1217-1 
 
 2696 
 
 231 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 298-0 
 
 1204-3 
 
 1538 
 
 405 
 
 104 
 
 340-5 
 
 1217-3 
 
 2738 
 
 229 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 299-0 
 
 1204-6 
 
 1560 
 
 399 
 
 105 
 
 341-1 
 
 1217-4 
 
 2759 
 
 227 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 300-0 
 
 1204-9 
 
 1583 
 
 393 
 
 106 
 
 341-8 
 
 1217-6 
 
 2780 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 300-9 
 
 1205-2 
 
 1605 
 
 388 
 
 107 
 
 342-4 
 
 1217-8 
 
 2801 
 
 224 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 301-9 
 
 1205-5 
 
 1627 
 
 383 
 
 108 
 
 343-0 
 
 1218-0 
 
 2822 
 
 222 
 
 
 
TABLES, EULES, AND MEMORANDA FOE BOILER-MAKING. 371 
 
 TABLE OF 
 
 THE PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Relative 
 
 
 
 
 
 Relative 
 
 
 
 Pressure 
 above the ' 
 Atmosphere. 
 
 Sensible 
 Temperatur 
 n Fahrenhei 
 Degrees. 
 
 Total Heat 
 i in Degrees 
 , from Zero of 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Weight of 
 One Cubic 
 Foot of 
 Steam. 
 
 Volume of the 
 Steam com- 
 pared with the 
 Water from 
 which it was 
 
 Pressure 
 above the 
 Atmosphere. 
 
 Sensible 
 Temperature 
 n Fahrenheit 
 Degrees. 
 
 Total Heat 
 in Degrees 
 from Zero of 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Weight of, 
 One Cubic 
 Foot of 
 Steam. 
 
 Volume of the 
 Steam com- 
 pared with the 
 Water from 
 which it was 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 raised. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 raised. 
 
 
 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 
 Lb. 
 
 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 343-6 
 
 1218-2 
 
 2845 
 
 221 
 
 
 150 
 
 366-0 
 
 1224-9 
 
 3714 
 
 169 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 344-2 
 
 1218-4 
 
 2867 
 
 219 
 
 
 155 
 
 368-2 
 
 1225-7 
 
 3821 
 
 164 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 344-8 
 
 1218-6 
 
 2889 
 
 217 
 
 
 160 
 
 370-8 
 
 1226-4 
 
 3928 
 
 159 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 345-4 
 
 1218-8 
 
 2911 
 
 215 
 
 
 165 
 
 372-9 
 
 1227-1 
 
 4035 
 
 155 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 346-0 
 
 1218-9 
 
 2933 
 
 214 
 
 
 170 
 
 375-3 
 
 1227-8 
 
 4142 
 
 151 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 346-6 
 
 1219-1 
 
 2955 
 
 212 
 
 
 175 
 
 377-5 1228-5 
 
 4250 
 
 148 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 347-2 
 
 1219-3 
 
 2977 
 
 211 
 
 
 180 
 
 379-7 1229-2 
 
 4357 
 
 144 
 
 
 116 
 
 347-8 
 
 1219-5 
 
 2999 
 
 209 
 
 
 185 
 
 381-7 
 
 1229-8 
 
 4464 
 
 141 
 
 
 117 
 
 348-3 
 
 1219-6 
 
 3020 
 
 208 
 
 
 195 
 
 386-0 
 
 1231-1 
 
 4668 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 348-9 1219-8 
 
 3040 
 
 206 
 
 
 205 
 
 389-9 
 
 1232-3 
 
 4872 
 
 129 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 349-5 
 
 1220-0 
 
 3060 
 
 205 
 
 
 215 
 
 393-8 
 
 1233-5 ' -5072 
 
 123 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 350-1 
 
 1220-2 
 
 3080 
 
 203 
 
 
 225 
 
 397-5 
 
 1234-6 
 
 5270 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 350-6 
 
 1220-3 
 
 3101 
 
 202 
 
 
 235 
 
 401-1 1235-7 
 
 5471 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 351-2 
 
 1220-5 
 
 3121 
 
 200 
 
 
 245 
 
 404-5 1236-8 
 
 5670 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 123 
 
 351-8 
 
 1220-7 
 
 3142 
 
 199 
 
 
 255 
 
 407-9 
 
 1237-8 
 
 5871 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 352-4 
 
 1220-9 
 
 3162 
 
 198 
 
 
 265 
 
 411-2 
 
 1238-8 
 
 6070 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 352-9 
 
 1221 
 
 
 
 3184 
 
 197 
 
 
 275 
 
 414-4 
 
 1239-8 
 
 6268 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 126 
 
 353-5 
 
 1221 
 
 2 
 
 3206 
 
 195 
 
 
 285 
 
 417-5 
 
 1240-7 
 
 6469 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 127 
 
 354-0 
 
 1221 
 
 4 
 
 3228 
 
 194 
 
 
 335 430-1 
 
 1252-3 
 
 6643 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 128 
 
 354-5 
 
 1221 
 
 6 
 
 3250 
 
 193 
 
 
 385 444-9 
 
 1266-8 
 
 6921 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 129 
 
 355-0 
 
 1221 
 
 7 
 
 3273 
 
 192 
 
 
 435 
 
 456-7 
 
 1277-6 
 
 7200 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 355-6 
 
 1221 
 
 9 
 
 3294 
 
 190 
 
 
 485 
 
 467-5 1286-5 
 
 7456 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 131 
 
 356-1 
 
 1222 
 
 
 
 3315 
 
 189 
 
 
 585 
 
 487-0 1305-7 
 
 7681 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 132 
 
 356-7 
 
 1222 
 
 2 
 
 3336 
 
 188 
 
 
 685 
 
 504-1 1321-3 
 
 7842 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 357-2 
 
 1222 
 
 3 
 
 3357 
 
 187 
 
 
 785 
 
 519-5 1357-7 
 
 9010 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 357-8 
 
 1222 
 
 5 
 
 3377 
 
 186 
 
 
 885 
 
 533-6 
 
 1349-5 i -9231 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 358-3 
 
 1222 
 
 7 
 
 3397 
 
 184 
 
 
 985 
 
 546-5 
 
 1361-5 
 
 9400 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 361-0 
 
 1223 
 
 5 
 
 3500 
 
 179 
 
 
 1000 
 
 600-6 
 
 1414-8 
 
 9682 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 145 
 
 363-4 
 
 1224 
 
 2 
 
 3607 
 
 174 
 
 
 1500 
 
 750-8 
 
 1550-8 
 
 1-0928 
 
 19 
 
 
 TABLE or THE PROPORTIONS 
 
 AND WEIGHTS OF MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Area of 
 
 
 Weight of Water 
 in Boiler. 
 
 
 
 
 N olIliTI::' 
 
 
 Ar6fl of 
 
 Fire Box 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 Plate. 
 
 Power ol 
 Boiler. 
 
 Area of 
 Fire Grate. 
 
 Tube 
 Surface. 
 
 and Com- 
 bustion 
 
 Diameter 
 of Shell. 
 
 Length 
 of Shell. 
 
 Weight of Boiler. 
 
 Maker's Name. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chamber 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Surface. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Square ft. 
 
 Square ft. 
 
 Square ft. 
 
 i n 
 
 i ti 
 
 Tons. cwts. qrs. Ibs. 
 
 Tons. cwts. qrs. Ibs. 
 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 37-76 
 
 977-76 
 
 142-62 
 
 9 2f 
 
 9 8 
 
 7 
 
 19 3 20 
 
 15 19 2 24 
 
 N. P. Burgh. 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 25-6 
 
 674-55 
 
 143-9 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 436 
 
 10 14 
 
 Messrs. Laird & Son. 
 
 11 
 
 160 
 
 38-0 
 
 1615 
 
 216-74 
 
 11 
 
 12 8 
 
 16 
 
 14 7 
 
 22 6 3 12 
 
 Messrs. E. Napier & Sons. 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 24-74 
 
 697-06 
 
 206-02 
 
 8 6 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 18 1 6 
 
 12 10 1 4 
 
 Messrs. Hodge & Sons. 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 22-5 
 
 548-8 
 
 92-12 
 
 6 7J 
 
 15 1J 
 
 10 
 
 000 
 
 18 2 1 12 
 
 Messrs. James Watt & Co. 
 
 14 
 
 117 
 
 70-72 ] 
 
 1306 
 
 367 
 
 9 lOf 
 
 20 li 
 
 17 
 
 815 
 
 23 2 
 
 Messrs. James Watt & Co. 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 17-2 ] 
 
 050-6 
 
 161-36 
 
 10 4JS 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 14 13 3 22 
 
 Messrs. Maudslay, Sons, & Field. 
 
 These examples of boilers are selected as the best in modern practice ; the general fittings are not 
 
 included in the weight of each boiler. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 B 2 
 
372 
 
 TABLES, EULES, AND MEMOEANDA FOE BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 WEIGHT OF BOILER ON PLATE 11. 
 
 WEIGHT OP BOILER ON PLATE 1. 
 
 DETAIIB. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Cwts. 
 
 Qrs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 DETAILS. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Cwts. 
 
 Qrs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Shell . . 
 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 10 
 7 
 10 
 1 
 7 
 7 
 2 
 
 4 
 8 
 13 
 5 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 12 
 10 
 15 
 
 
 8 
 11 
 8 
 
 2 
 15 
 11 
 12 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 Shell 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 15 
 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 
 6 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 5 
 6 
 2 
 5 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 21 
 5 
 
 2 
 2 
 11 
 
 Ends of Boiler 
 Fire Boxes 
 Doors and Fittings .... 
 Bearing Bars 
 
 Back End ....... 
 
 Front End 
 
 Laps of Ends 
 
 Fire Boxes 
 
 Fire Bars 
 
 Doors and Fittings .... 
 Bearing Bars 
 
 Brick Bridges . 
 
 Combustion Chamber 
 Tubes .... . . 
 
 Fire Bars 
 
 Upright Tube in Combustion ) 
 Chamber | 
 
 Smoke Boxes .... 
 
 Ancflfi Trnn .'..., 
 
 Horizontal Tube in Combustion i 
 Chamber | 
 
 Stay Bolts and Eods .... 
 Dogs 
 
 Back Plate of Combustion Chamber 
 Tubes 
 Back Tube Plate 
 Smoke Box 
 
 Steam Pipe 
 
 Total weight 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Angle Iron . 
 
 We have selected this example as a contrast to 
 the opposite Table, because the arrangements are 
 entirely different, which can be understood on com- 
 paring the plates. 
 
 Stay Eods 
 
 Stay Bolts 
 
 Total Weight . . 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 TABLE or THE WEIGHTS OP WROUGHT IRON PIPES (HURST). 
 
 
 Inside diam. 
 in Inches. 
 
 Thickness in Inches and Length One Foot. 
 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 T! 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 i 
 
 A 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 208 
 
 497 
 
 869 
 
 1-324 
 
 1-861 
 
 2-481 
 
 3-184 
 
 3-969 
 
 
 
 
 289 
 
 661 
 
 1-116 
 
 1-653 
 
 2-273 
 
 2-976 
 
 3-761 
 
 4-629 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 372 
 
 827 1-364 
 
 1-984 
 
 2-687 
 
 3-472 
 
 4-340 
 
 5-291 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 455 
 
 1-092 1-612 
 
 2-315 
 
 3-100 
 
 3-968 
 
 4-919 
 
 5-952 
 
 
 
 
 
 537 
 
 1-157 
 
 1-860 
 
 2-645 
 
 3-513 
 
 4-464 
 
 5-497 
 
 6-613 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 620 
 
 1-323 2-108 
 
 2-976 
 
 3-927 
 
 4-960 
 
 6-076 
 
 7-274 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 703 
 
 1-488 2-356 
 
 3-307 
 
 4-340 
 
 5-456 
 
 6-654 
 
 7-936 
 
 4 
 
 
 11 
 
 868 
 
 1-819 2-852 
 
 3-968 
 
 5-167 
 
 6-448 
 
 7-812 
 
 9-258 
 
 
 
 ij 
 
 1-033 
 
 2-149 
 
 3-348 
 
 4-629 
 
 5-993 
 
 7-440 
 
 8-969 
 
 10-581 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 1-199 
 
 2-480 
 
 3-844 
 
 5-291 
 
 6-820 
 
 8-432 
 
 10-126 
 
 11-904 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1-364 
 
 2-811 
 
 4-340 
 
 5-952 
 
 7-646 
 
 9-424 
 
 11-284 
 
 13-226 
 
 
 
 2i 
 
 1-529 
 
 3-131 
 
 4-836 
 
 6-613 
 
 8-473 
 
 10-416 
 
 12-441 
 
 14-549 
 
 
 1 
 
 2J 
 
 1-695 
 
 3-472 
 
 5-332 
 
 7-274 
 
 9-300 
 
 11-408 
 
 13-598 
 
 15-872 
 
 
 
 2f 
 
 1-860 
 
 3-803 
 
 5-828 
 
 7-936 
 
 10-126 
 
 12-400 
 
 14-756 
 
 17-194 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2-025 
 
 4-133 
 
 6-324 
 
 8-607 
 
 10-953 
 
 13-392 
 
 15-913 
 
 18-517 
 
INDEX OF PLATES. 
 
 373 
 
 INDEX OF PLATES. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 Adamson's Land Stationary Boiler and Setting . . 19 
 Allibon and Noyes' Vertical Marine Boilers, as fitted 
 
 in S.S. " Kirkstall " 16 
 
 Allison's Patent Vertical High Pressure Boiler . . 36A 
 Ashton's Vertical Water Tube Marine Boiler . . 36 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler and Fittings ... 22 
 Boiler-making (Marine), by Messrs. Maudslay, Sons, 
 
 and Field A&B 
 
 Boiler-making (Land), by Messrs. Hodge and Sons . C 
 Brotherhood and Hardingham's " Paragon " Donkey 
 
 Pump 26 
 
 Burgh's Boiler ' . . . 1 
 
 Burgh's Arrangement of Boilers, Fittings, and Super- 
 heater 2 
 
 Burgh's Arrangement of Superheater and Safety 
 
 Valve Fittings of Boilers 3 
 
 Burgh's Arrangement of Combustion Casing and 
 
 Funnel of Boilers 4 
 
 Burgh's Details of Boilers 4A 
 
 Burgh's Patent "Warranted" Steam Engine Pump 
 
 i Gallon 32 
 
 Burgh's Improved Safety Tube Boiler .... 44 
 
 Burgh's Vertical and Horizontal Boilers .... 39 
 
 Burgh's Spring Safety Valve 45 
 
 Day, Summers, and Co.'s Boilers for the Eoyal Mail 
 
 Co. S.S. "Liffey" 24 
 
 Despatch Boats' Boilers 6 & 7 
 
 Dudgeon's Marine Boilers of S.S. " Euahine " . 8 & 9 
 Dudgeon's Launch Boiler 41 
 
 Elder and Co.'s Boilers, fitted in H.M.S. " Hydra " 
 
 and " Cyclops " 23 
 
 Fairbairn's Land Sationary Boiler, fitted with twin 
 
 water space fire tubes 42 
 
 Galloway's Patent Forge Furnace Boilers ... 37 
 
 Galloway and Son's Patent Galloway Boiler ... 38 
 
 Gifford's Feed Injector 35 
 
 Hart and Co.'s Improved Jukes' Patent Smoke Pre- 
 venting Furnace 43 
 
 Hawkesley, Wild, and Co.'s Safety Steam Boiler . 18 
 
 Hawkesley, Wild, and Co.'s Flanged-flued Boiler . 18 
 Hayward, Tyler, and Co.'s Patent " Universal " Steam 
 
 Pump 27 
 
 Hodge and Son's Return Tubular Boiler .... 12 
 
 Howard's Patent Safety Marine Boiler .... 20 
 
 Howard's Patent Stationary Safety Boiler ... 21 
 
 Laird Bro.'s Marine Boiler and Superheater . . 5 & SA 
 
 Laird and Son's Tubular Marine Boiler . . 10 
 Laird and Son's Uptake, Casing, Lifting Gear, and 
 
 Chimney, as fitted in American S.S. " Alabama " . 31 
 
 Laird Bro.'s Cylindrical Valve Donkey Engine . . 40 
 
 Laird Bro.'s Steam Launch Boiler and Fittings . . 40 
 
 Maudslay, Sons, and Field's Superheating Apparatus, 
 
 as fitted in H.M.S. " Sirius " 29 
 
 Maudslay, Sons, and Field's Tubular Boilers . . 15 
 
 Napier and Sou's Boilers, fitted in S.S. " Africa " . 11 
 
374 
 
 INDEX OF PLATES. 
 
 Perkins and Son's Marine Tubular Boiler 
 
 PLATE 
 
 17 
 
 Eavenhill, Hodgson, and Co.'s Superheater and Fit- 
 tings, as fitted in S.S. " Nubia " 30 
 
 Boot's Tube Boiler 25 
 
 Smeaton and Co.'s Vertical Tubular Boiler Plate . 863 
 
 Tweddell's Patent Hydraulic Rivetter and Accu- 
 mulator . 28 
 
 PLATE 
 
 Walker's Direct Acting Steam Pump . . 27 
 
 Watt and Co.'s Boilers, as fitted in H.M.S. " Foam " 13 
 Watt and Co.'s Safety Valve, as fitted in H.M.S. 
 
 "Foam" 13A 
 
 Watt and Co.'s Three Boilers, as fitted in S.S. 
 
 " Atrato " 14 
 
 Watt and Co.'s Donkey Engine 33 
 
 Watt and Co.'s 24 in. Donkey Engine, for Launch 
 
 Engines 34 
 
INDEX OP ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 375 
 
 , INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 
 LAND STATIONARY VERTICAL BOILERS. 
 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. Page Fig. Date. NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 A? IOKK (Atkinson's Vertical Cylindrical Water \ 00 
 S55 | Tube Boiler f 22 
 
 157] . 
 to > 1865 Barclay's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . < 
 160 1 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 161] 
 
 162 
 
 202] 
 
 
 163 L 1866 Adamson's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler j r? 
 
 and I 1868 Bezy's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 77 
 
 and 
 
 203 1 
 
 
 164 
 
 222) 
 
 
 201 1867 Allibon's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 76 
 212 1868 Arnold's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 81 
 
 and} 1869 Barclay's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 223) 
 
 84 
 
 236 1869 Allibon's Vertical Boiler .... 89 
 
 226] 
 
 
 259] 
 
 and > 1859 Barran's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 85 
 
 and> 1871 Ashton's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 98 
 
 227J 
 
 
 260J 
 
 228 
 
 
 267 1871 Adams's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 100 
 
 and > 1855 Barran's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 86 
 
 
 229J 
 
 
 HA IQCO IBalmorth's Vertical Cylindrical Tubu-) ,. 
 
 232 
 
 
 *" \ lar Boiler f 
 
 and> 1869 Barker's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 87 
 
 j\ 10 en I Bellford's Vertical Cylindrical Tubu-) , , 
 and J 1852 | ^ ^^ / } 
 
 233J 
 244 
 and I 1870 Barker's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 92 
 
 
 OQ\ 
 
 I 1QKO [Bellford's Vertical Cylindrical Shell) 10 
 *89j i Water-spaced Boiler . . . . [ 
 
 245J 
 10 1780 Cylindrical Boiler with Spiral Flue . 
 
 4 
 
 64] 
 
 11 1822 Clark's Vertical Tubular Boiler . . 
 
 4 
 
 to > 1856 Bougleux's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 28 
 
 22] . 
 
 19 
 
 67) 
 70 
 
 and V 1852 Craddock's Vertical Tubular Boiler J 
 23J 
 
 13 
 
 and> 1858 Bowman's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 31 
 
 f Cameron's Vertical Cone-central and] 
 
 
 71 j 
 
 27 1852 ! Cone-annular Water-spaced Cylin-l 
 
 15 
 
 92] 
 
 
 
 and I 1860 Burch's Vertical Boiler .... 37 
 
 31 1853 Cowper's Vertical Cellular Boiler 
 
 16 
 
 93) 
 
 40 
 
 
 941 
 and} 1860 Burch's Vertical Boiler .... 37 
 
 'H 1855 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler. 
 
 21 
 
 95 j 
 
 42 
 
 
 96] 
 
 75] 
 
 
 and} 1860 Burch's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 38 
 
 andV 1859 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler. 
 
 32 
 
 97J 
 
 76J 
 
 
 102 
 
 77) 
 
 
 and V 1861 Bremner's Vertical Square Boiler . 40 
 
 and V 1859 Chaplin's Vertical Boiler . . . . 
 
 33 
 
 103 j 
 
 78J 
 
 
 104 1861 Bremner's Vertical Square Boiler . 41 
 
 107 
 
 
 105] 
 
 and I 1861 Cater's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 43 
 
 and} 1861 Burch's Vertical Boiler .... 42 
 
 108) 
 
 
 106 j 
 
 147 1865 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler. 
 
 59 
 
376 INDEX OF ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. NAME. Page 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. Page 
 
 241 
 
 1869 Chaplin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler. 91 
 
 207 1868 Galloway's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 79 
 
 269) 
 
 219 1869 Green's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 83 
 
 and > 1871 Clark's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 101 
 
 242 1870 Green's Vertical Tube Boilers . . 91 
 
 270J 
 
 17) 
 
 
 
 andl 1827 Hancock's Vertical Flat Cellular Boiler 9 
 
 46 
 
 
 18J 
 
 47 
 
 EDcl 
 
 10Ke (Dunn's Vertical Cylindrical Semi-glo-1 o/l 
 3 | bular End Boiler ) 
 
 on too*? (Holmes's Vertical Annular Flue) ,, 
 5 | Boiler f 
 
 48 
 
 
 28 1852 Huddart's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 15 
 
 49 
 
 IQKC (Dunn's Angular Conical Semi-gobular) o , 
 J \ One End Boiler f 
 
 56) 
 to V 1856 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 26 
 
 50} 
 
 
 59J 
 
 to 1 
 
 1856 Dunn's Vertical Boiler .... 25 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 
 to y 1856 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 27 
 
 144 
 
 1865 Durand's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 57 
 
 63j 
 
 1501 
 and 
 
 15lJ 
 
 IOCK (Davis's Vertical Cylindrical Tubular) cf . 
 5 i Boiler .... . .f 
 
 ^l 1861 J Hu g hes>s Vertical Water Tube Coil) ^ 
 
 
 lllj 
 
 179 
 
 1866 Dickins's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler. 68 
 
 122 
 
 187) 
 
 
 and I 1861 Hewett's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 49 
 
 to 
 
 1867 Dunn's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 71 
 
 123J 
 
 190J 
 
 
 165 1866 Howard's Vertical Tube Boiler . . 64 
 
 220 
 
 1869 Desvigne's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 83 
 
 169) 
 
 271) 
 
 
 to I 1866 Holt's Cylindrical Boiler .... 66 
 
 to 
 
 1853 Dunn's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 102 
 
 172J 
 
 274J 
 
 
 194) 
 
 
 
 and I 1867 Holt's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 74 
 
 45 
 
 IQKC (Ferinhougli's Vertical Water-leg) 00 
 3 \ Boiler f 26 
 
 195J 
 201 1868 Howard's Vertical Tube Boiler . . 76 
 
 68 
 
 1857 Fowler's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 29 
 
 
 177] 
 
 
 148) 
 
 and I 
 
 1866 Field's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 68 
 
 and I 1865 Jordan's Vertical Tube Boiler . . 59 
 
 178J 
 
 
 149J 
 
 182) 
 
 
 253 
 
 to } 
 
 1867 Fisken's Vertical Boiler .... 70 
 
 and I 1871 Jeffery's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 96 
 
 184J 
 
 
 254J 
 
 192 
 
 1867 Field's Angular Tube Boiler ... 73 
 
 
 196] 
 and> 
 197J 
 
 1867 J-^i s ^ en ' s Vertical Wedge-combined) . 
 
 09-1 
 j i o c o 1 Kendrick's Vertical Eadial Flat Water- ) 1 7 
 and V 1853 | d Boiler \ 18 
 
 
 " " J - ' 
 
 205 
 224] 
 and> 
 
 1868 Fawcett's Vertical Tube Boiler . . 78 
 1869 Fletcher's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 85 
 
 3 jl , , j Kendrick's Vertical Eadial Flat Water-) 1Q 
 and V 1853 | space d Boiler f 18 
 
 ooj 
 
 225 j 
 
 
 36 1853 Kendrick's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 18 
 
 239 
 
 
 37 1853 Kendrick's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 19 
 
 and> 
 
 1869 Eraser's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 90 
 
 116) 
 
 240J 
 
 
 and V 1861 Kinsey's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 47 
 
 
 
 117J 
 
 29] 
 
 
 235 1869 Kinsey's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 88 
 
 and I 
 
 1853 Galloway's Vertical Tubular Boiler . 16 
 
 250 1870 Kenyon's Vertical Conical Tube Boiler 95 
 
 30J 
 
 
 251) 
 
 44 
 
 1855 Golding's Screw Flued Vertical Boiler 23 
 
 and > 1871 Lee's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 96 
 
 90] 
 
 
 252J 
 
 andl 
 
 1860 Giles's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 36 
 
 
 91) 
 
 
 185) 
 
 .112 
 
 
 and V 1867 Lochhead's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 70 
 
 and> 
 113J 
 
 1861 Galloway's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 45 
 
 186J 
 221 1869 Loader's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 83 
 
 114] 
 
 
 263] 
 
 and> 
 
 1861 Galloway's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 46 
 
 andl 1871 Laharpe's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 99 
 
 115J 
 
 
 264] 
 
 173 
 to I 
 176J 
 
 1866 Green's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 67 
 
 iorr-1 1 Laharpe's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler,) lnA 
 J j ] L i with twin Fire-boxes . . . . \ ] 
 
INDEX OF ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 377 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 12 
 
 1824 
 
 Moore's Vertical Tube Boiler . 
 
 5 
 
 132) 
 
 19 
 
 1834 
 
 McDowell's Vertical Tube Boiler 
 
 10 
 
 and I 1863 
 
 Eoberts's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 53 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 133J 
 
 73 
 and 
 
 . 
 1848 
 
 Millward's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 31 
 
 193 
 247 
 
 1867 
 
 1870 
 
 Eegan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 Eiche's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 73 
 
 93 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1698 
 
 Savery's Steam Boiler .... 
 
 1 
 
 and 
 
 > 1861 
 
 Matheson's Vertical Boiler 
 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 1711 
 
 Savory's Cylindrical Vertical Boiler . 
 
 2 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1769 
 
 Smeaton's Haycock Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 4 
 
 127' 
 
 18G2 
 
 Mcriton's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 51 
 
 21 
 
 1851 
 
 iStenson's Pot- Vertical Eeturn Tubular) 
 
 19 
 
 129 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( Boiler f 
 
 J. A 
 
 130 
 
 1 SfiO 
 
 1 Merry weather's Vertical Cylindrical 1 
 
 KQ 
 
 69 
 
 1858 
 
 Soame's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 30 
 
 and 
 
 AOUM 
 
 ( Boiler | 
 
 WM 
 
 124 
 
 
 
 
 131 
 
 1361 
 
 
 
 
 125 
 and 
 
 1861 
 
 Selby's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 50 
 
 and 
 
 > 1863 
 
 Meyn's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 54 126 
 
 
 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 1863 
 
 Shand's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 54 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 
 145 
 
 1865 
 
 Smith's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 57 
 
 and 
 
 > 1864 
 
 Marshall's Vertical Square Boiler 
 
 56 167) 
 
 141 
 
 
 
 
 andV 1866 
 
 Schaubel's Vertical Boiler . 
 
 65 
 
 180 
 and I 1866 
 
 Miller's Vertical Boiler .... 
 
 69 
 
 168 j 
 
 191 1867 
 
 Shand's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 72 
 
 181] 
 
 209) 
 
 198 : 
 
 1 Qll7 1 
 
 
 
 and I 1868 
 
 Shand's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 80 
 
 to 
 200 
 
 lot) i 1 
 
 " 1869( 
 
 Messenger's Vertical Cylindrica I Boiler 
 
 75 
 
 210] 
 211 1868 
 
 Smith's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 80 
 
 204 
 
 1868 
 
 Moreland's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 77 
 
 213 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 206 
 
 1868 
 
 Morris's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 78 
 
 to 
 
 > 1868 
 
 Smart's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 82 
 
 230) 
 
 218 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 and I 1869 
 
 Miller's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 87 
 
 237 
 
 
 
 
 
 281 j 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 > 1869 
 
 Salisbury's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 89 
 
 243 
 
 1870 
 
 1 Montgomery's Vertical Cylindrical) 
 I Boiler | 
 
 92 
 
 238 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 268 
 
 1871 
 
 Martin's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 101 
 
 13 
 
 1825 
 
 jTeissier's Circular and Vertical Tube) 
 1 Boiler | 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 and 
 
 > 1710 
 
 Newcomen's Globular Vertical Boiler 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 1825 
 
 J Teissier's Vertical Angular and Curved 1 
 \ Tube Boiler ......( 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 . 
 
 1714 
 
 v 
 
 Newcomen's Globular Vertical Boiler 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 jind 
 
 ISO^ 
 
 1 Teissier's Vertical and Angular Water-) 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1711 
 
 1 Newcomen's Haycock Cylindrical ) 
 
 a 
 
 16 
 
 * -LOJ'J 
 
 \ spaced Flue Boiler { 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 i. f 1J. 
 1711 
 
 1 Boiler f 
 
 o 
 
 128 
 
 1862 
 
 (Tolhausen's Vertical Cylindrical) 
 j Boiler | 
 
 51 
 
 I Newcomen's Haycock Cylindrical ) 
 
 
 1(11 
 
 I Boiler | 
 
 
 142) 
 
 
 
 
 138 
 
 1864 
 
 Oakley's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 55 
 
 and I 1865 
 143 1 
 
 Thomson's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 56 
 
 2611 
 and 
 
 > 1871 
 
 Gram's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 98 
 
 234 
 
 1869 
 
 Thirion's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler. 
 
 88 
 
 262 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 ssf 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 > 1861 
 
 Vavasseur's Vertical Tubular Boiler . 
 
 40 
 
 oo 
 
 to 
 
 > 1860 
 
 Pullan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 35 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 88] 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1663 
 
 J Worcester, Marquis of, Steam Water- ) 
 
 \ TfL f 
 
 ] 
 
 and 
 
 89 
 
 . 1860 
 
 1'ullan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 36 
 
 118 
 
 
 1 lilt ( 
 
 
 
 248] 1870 f 
 and > and \ 
 
 Paxmau's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 94 
 
 119 
 and 
 i on 
 
 1861 
 
 I Williamson's Vertical Annular Water) 
 \ Steam Tube Boiler f 
 
 47 
 48 
 
 
 040 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 l^U 
 
 
 
 
 _J I . ' _l i ' 1 A ^ 
 
 255) 
 to V 1871 
 257J 
 
 Pendred's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 97 
 
 121 
 135 
 
 1861 
 1863 
 
 I Williamson's Twin Vertical Annular! 
 | Water Steam Tube Boiler . . . [ 
 Winan's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 49 
 54 
 
 Tfl" 1 
 
 
 
 
 139 
 
 1864 
 
 1 Winslanley's Vertical Cylindrical 1 
 
 55 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) Boiler 
 
 
 to 
 
 . I860 
 
 Eowan's Vertical Tubular Boiler . 
 
 34 
 
 146 
 
 1865 
 
 Wise's Vertical Tubular Boiler . 
 
 58 
 
 84J 
 
 
 
 
 152 
 
 1865 
 
 Wheeler's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 c 
 
 
378 
 
 * 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAMK. 
 
 Page 
 
 FiB. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 153) 
 to y 
 156 
 
 1865 
 
 Wilson's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler . j 
 
 61 
 62 
 
 208 
 246 
 
 1868 
 
 1870 
 
 jWilkins's Vertical Square Shell) 
 \ Boiler [ 
 Wilkins's Vertical Cylindrical Boiler 93 
 
 " J 
 
 16G 
 
 1866 
 
 j "Woodward's Vertical Cylindrical | 
 
 65 
 
 258 
 
 1871 
 
 I Winstanlev's Vertical Cylindrical 
 | Boiler .* | 
 
 97 
 
 CHAPTEB 
 
 II. 
 
 
 
 LAND STATIONARY HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 HAME. 
 
 Page Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAMK. 
 
 Page 
 
 346 
 
 1858 
 
 Adshead's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 129 362 
 
 1862 
 
 Eastwood's Cylindrical Boiler. 
 
 137 
 
 368 
 
 1865 
 
 Amos's Cylindrical Combined Boiler 
 
 139 ! 432 
 
 1871 
 
 Edge's Cylindrical Boiler .... 
 
 162 
 
 402 
 
 1868 
 
 Arnold's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 152 
 
 
 
 
 422 
 
 1870 
 
 Arnold's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 158 812 
 
 1853 
 
 Fearnley's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 116 
 
 426 
 
 1871 
 
 Atkins's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 160 361 
 
 1861 
 
 Faiishawe's Spiral Boiler .... 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 
 
 378 
 
 I860 
 
 Field's Cylindrical Boiler .... 
 
 142 
 
 279 
 
 1800 
 
 Brindley's Granite Boiler .... 
 
 103 406 
 
 1869 
 
 Foster's Cast Wagon Flue Boiler 
 
 153 
 
 285 
 
 1811 
 
 ( " Butterley " Horizontal Cylindrical ) 
 ( Boiler | 
 
 ! 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 
 Eraser's Cylindrical Boiler 
 Fairbairu's Cylindrical Boilers 
 
 156 
 158 
 
 290 
 
 1820 
 
 "Breeches" Tube Boiler .... 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 291 
 
 1822 
 
 " " Breeches " Twin Tube Boiler . 
 
 106 803) 
 
 
 
 
 313 
 
 1853 
 
 Bellhouse's Cylindrical Twin Boilers 
 
 116 andl 
 
 1853 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal Boiler . 
 
 111 
 
 318 
 
 1853 
 
 Barran's Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 118 804] 
 
 
 
 
 384 
 
 1867 
 
 Beeley's Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 145 
 
 305 
 
 1853 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal Boiler . 
 
 112 
 
 425 
 
 1871 
 
 Boulton's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 159 
 
 321 
 
 1853 
 
 Green's Horizontal Curved-end Boiler 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 
 
 322 
 
 1853 
 
 Green's Horizontal Twin Boiler . 
 
 120 
 
 284 
 
 1810 
 
 
 105 
 
 345 
 
 1858 
 
 Green's Horizontal Boiler. 
 
 128 
 
 5285 
 
 1811 
 
 Cornish Boiler (Water Tube) . 
 
 105 3561 
 
 
 
 1 1 33 
 
 311 
 
 1853 
 
 Culpin's Horizontal Boiler 
 
 115 and I 
 
 1860 
 
 Galloway's Horizontal Boiler . 
 
 1 J_*>O 
 
 1 134- 
 
 330 
 
 1855 
 
 Cowburn's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 122 357J 
 
 
 
 t -LO^t 
 
 341 
 
 1857 
 
 Cater's Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 126 364) 
 
 
 
 
 382 
 
 1866 
 
 Chevalier's Horizontal Boiler . 
 
 144 andl 
 
 1863 
 
 Galloway's Retort Boiler .... 
 
 138 
 
 398 
 
 1868 
 
 Chamberlain's Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 149 365) 
 
 
 
 
 411 
 
 1869 
 
 Crosland's Elephant Boiler 
 
 3Qfl 
 
 18fi7 
 
 jGuyet's Horizontal and Vertical) 
 
 149 
 
 412 
 
 1869 
 
 Crosland's Elephant Boiler . 
 
 155 
 
 -LOU t 
 
 1 Tubular B liler j 
 
 J-^t i7 
 
 417 
 
 1869 
 
 Cockey's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 156 413 
 
 1869 
 
 Gemmell's " Elephant " Boiler 
 
 155 
 
 423 
 
 1870 
 
 Crosland's Elephant Boiler 
 
 159 
 
 
 
 
 
 433 
 
 1871 
 
 Crosland's Elephant Boiler 
 
 162 295 
 
 1836 
 
 Holmes' Wagon-Flued Boiler . 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 
 296 
 
 1836 
 
 Holmes' Saddle Boiler 
 
 108 
 
 293 
 
 1825 
 
 Double Horizontal Boilers 
 
 107 300 
 
 1 QKQ 
 
 1 Hopkins's Cylindrical Horizontal ) 
 
 
 309 
 
 1853 
 
 Dunn's Cylindrical E^g-end Boilers . 
 
 113 duu 
 
 J. OlJ J-l 
 
 1 Boiler | 
 
 
 310 
 
 1853 
 
 Dunn's Cylindrical Flat-end Boilers . 
 
 115 
 
 316 
 
 1853 
 
 Horton's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 117 
 
 331] 
 
 
 
 [123 
 
 324] 
 
 
 
 
 to y 
 
 1855 
 
 
 to 
 
 and y 
 
 1854 
 
 Holt's Cylindrical Boiler .... 
 
 121 
 
 887 j 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 325 j 
 
 
 
 
 379 
 
 1866 
 
 Daglish's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 143 
 
 326 
 
 
 
 
 386 
 
 1867 
 
 Dunn's Cylindrical Boiler .... 
 
 145 
 
 and> 
 
 1855 
 
 Henley's Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 121 
 
 387 
 
 1867 
 
 Dunn's Cylindrical Boiler. 
 
 146 
 
 327J 
 
 
 
 
 388 
 
 1867 
 
 
 146 ! 339) 
 
 
 
 
 389 
 
 1867 
 
 I Dunn's Horizontal and Vertical) 
 \ Boiler ( 
 
 , A e and > 
 146 340 1 
 
 1856 
 
 Holt's Cylindrical Boilers .... 
 
 126 
 
 890 
 
 1867 
 
 Dunn's Cylindrical Boiler. 
 
 147 
 
 349 
 
 1858 
 
 Hopkinson's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 129 
 
 391 
 
 1867 
 
 Dunn's Cornish Boiler 
 
 147 
 
 350 
 
 1859 
 
 Hunt's Cylindrical Boiler .... 
 
 130 
 
 428 
 
 1871 
 
 Davidson's Cylindrical Boiler. 
 
 160 
 
 352 
 
 1859 
 
 Harman's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 
 
 354 
 
 1859 
 
 Horton's Cylindrical Boiler . 
 
 132 
 
 232 
 
 1804 
 
 1 Evans's Cylindrical Horizontal) 
 ( Boilers j 
 
 104 
 
 355 
 359 
 
 1860 
 1861 
 
 Hill's Cylindrical Boiler .... 
 Harlow's Cylindrical Egg-ends Boiler 
 
 133 
 135 
 
 '292 
 
 1825 
 
 Elephant Boiler 
 
 107 
 
 360 
 
 1861 
 
 Harlow's Two-Flue Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 135 
 
 294 
 
 1830 
 
 Elephant Horizontal Boiler (Fire Box) 
 
 107 
 
 377 
 
 1866 
 
 Holt's Cylindrical Boiler .... 
 
 142 
 
 308 
 
 1853 
 
 Evans's " Wagon " Boiler . 
 
 113 
 
 393 
 
 1867 
 
 Holt's Cylindrical Boiler .... 
 
 148 
 
 317 
 
 1853 
 
 Erard's Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 118 
 
 397 
 
 1867 
 
 Hopkinson's Cylindrical Boiler 
 
 149 
 
INDEX OF ILLUSTKATIONS. 379 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. Page 
 
 400 1868 Hepworth's Cylindrical Boiler . . 151 
 401 1868 JH e P wort h' 8 Egg-ends Cylindrical) ,-, 
 | Boiler ) 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. Page 
 
 358 1861 Boddowig's Cylindrical Boiler . . 134 
 OQI ionn (Setting of a Cylindrical Horizontal) ,. 
 
 ZOl loUU \ -n ! -ii rt n TT J / 1U4 
 
 ( Boiler with Curved Ends . . . f 
 OSQ loin jSettingof a "Single Tube" Horizontal) 1ri . 
 | Cylindrical Boiler f ] 
 
 414 1869 Horton's Cylindrical Boiler ... 155 
 415 1869 Hawkesley's Horizontal Boiler . . 156 
 418 1869 Hargreave's Cylindrical Boiler . . 157 
 419 1869 Hamilton's Cylindrical Boiler. . . 157 
 420 1870 Hopkins's Cylindrical Boiler . . . 157 
 434 1871 Hawslcy's Cylindrical Boiler ... 162 
 435 1871 Heywood's Cylindrical Boiler ... 163 
 
 363 1863 Inglis' Cylindrical Boiler . . . . 138 
 
 302 1852 Johnson's Cylindrical Boiler ... Ill 
 328 1855 Jeffrey's Cylindrical Boiler ... 122 
 383 1867 James's Cylindrical Boiler ... 144 
 
 314) 
 and 1 1853 Kendrick's Cylindrical Boilers . . 117 
 315J 
 394 
 andV 1867 Keudrick's Cylindrical Boiler. . . 148 
 395J 
 /inQ iQfio (Kensey's Corrugated Water and] , K0 
 5 t Flaine-spaced Boiler . . . . f 152 
 
 287 1811 ! " I jancas hi re " Horizontal Cylindrical) ,Qg 
 ( Boiler . ( 
 
 284) lglo 
 and> 1011 > Setting of Horizontal Cornish Boilers 105 
 285J 18111 
 286 1811 Setting of a " Butterly " Boiler . . 105 
 287 10111 
 
 OQQ J-OX J. 1 . - ~p. 
 
 j 1814 1 Setting of " Lancashire Boilers " . 
 and 181q f f 106 
 
 289 J 
 290 1820 Setting of the "Breeches "Tube Boiler 106 
 001 IQOO (Setting of a "Twin Breeches" Tube! 1fu , 
 iS2J t Boiler f J 
 
 292 1825 Setting of the " Elephant " Boiler . 107 
 293 1825 Setting of the " Double " Boilers . . 107 
 oo/i ivqn (Setting of the "Tubular Double") 1n7 , 
 t Boiler f J 
 
 299 1852 Schofield's Cylindrical Boiler ... 109 
 329 1855 Stovens's Cylindrical Boiler ... 122 
 366) 
 and I 1863 Stewart's Cylindrical Boiler ... 139 
 367J 
 370 1865 Smith's Cylindrical Boiler .... 140 
 385 1867 Storey's Cylindrical Boiler ... 145 
 404) ,, 
 and \ 1868 Smart's Wagon-shaped Shell Boiler . {^t 
 405J 
 
 mdl 1857 J Ta y lor ' 8 "Water Chamber Elliptical) 127 
 ml \ Boiler . 1 
 
 288 1814 Lancashire Boiler (Egg Ends) . . 106 
 289 1819 Lancashire Boiler (Return Tube) . . 106 
 297 1849 Leigh's Cylindrical Boiler ... 109 
 298 1852 Lawes's Cylindrical Boiler ... 109 
 369 1865 Lake's Cylindrical Boiler .... 140 
 429) 
 to I 1871 Lnharpe's Cylindrical Boilers ... 161 
 431J 
 
 306 1853 Murgatroyd's Cylindrical Boiler . . 112 
 353 1859 Musgrave's Cylindrical Boiler . . 132 
 381 1866 Miller's Cylindrical Boiler . . . 144 
 410 1869 Miller's Horizontal Boiler. ... 154 
 424 1871 Mack's Cylindrical Boiler . ... 159 
 
 407 1869 Ormson's Cast Wagon Flue Boiler . 153 
 408) 
 and V 1869 Ormson's Cast Wagon Flue Boiler . 154 
 409J 
 
 307 1853 Pearce's Cylindrical Boilers ... 113 
 338 1856 Pearce's Horizontal Corrugated Boiler 125 
 347 1858 Price's Cylindrical Boiler (Flue Tube) 129 
 348 1858 Price's Cylindrical Boiler .... 129 
 392 1867 Pollit's Cylindrical Boiler. ... 147 
 
 301 1852 Eamsell's Twin Fire Tube Boiler. 110 
 319) 
 and I 1853 Remond's Cylindrical Boiler . . . 119 
 320J 
 
 343J 
 344 1857 Taylor's Water Tube Elliptical Boiler 128 
 351 1859 Tapp's Cylindrical Boiler .... 130 
 371) 
 to } 1865 Townsend's Cylindrical Boilers . . 140 
 373] 
 376 1866 Thomson's Cylindrical Boiler ... 141 
 380 1866 Twibill's Cylindrical Boiler ... 143 
 
 427 1871 Vanstcenkiste's Tubular Boiler . . 160 
 275 1788 Watt's Wagon Boiler 103 
 
 276 1789 Watt's Wagon Boiler 103 
 277) 
 andl 1793 Watt's Wagon Boiler 103 
 
 278J 
 280 1800 Watt's Wooden Boiler 104 
 323 1854 Weatherley's Cylindrical Boiler . .120 
 374 1865 Wilson's Cylindrical Boiler ... 141 
 375 1866 Woodward's Cylindrical Boiler . . 141 
 399 1868 Whittle's Cylindrical Boiler ... 105 
 
 3 c 2 
 
380 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 LAND STATIONARY TUBE BOILERS. 
 
 Bl. 
 
 Dale. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 43<i 
 
 1840 
 
 Alban's Tube Boiler 
 
 164 
 
 12 
 
 1824 
 
 IVIoore's Vertical Tube Boiler . . 
 
 164 
 
 467] 
 
 
 
 
 439 
 
 1858 
 
 Meiklejon's Horizontal Tube Boiler . 
 
 167 
 
 to 
 
 1869 
 
 Aslibury's Tube Boilers .... 
 
 181 
 
 442 
 
 1861 
 
 Matheson's Coil Tube Boiler . 
 
 170 
 
 469) 
 
 
 
 
 458 
 
 1868 
 
 Mackie's Egg-end Boiler .... 
 
 178 
 
 479 
 
 489 
 
 1871 
 1872 
 
 Allen's Hanging Tube Boiler . 
 Allen's Tube Boiler 
 
 185 
 
 188 
 
 464 
 
 1869 
 
 (Miller's Angular Circulating Tube) 
 | Boiler | 
 
 180 
 
 437 
 451 
 
 1856 
 1865 
 
 Brayshay's Tube Boiler .... 
 
 166 
 174 
 
 481] 
 andl 
 482 J 
 
 1871 
 
 (Mirchin's Eeturn Angular or Zigzag) 
 \ Tube Boilers j 
 
 186 
 
 Belleville's Syphon Tube Boiler . 
 
 
 461 
 
 1869 
 
 Babbitt's Cast Tube Boiler . . . 
 
 179 
 
 486 
 
 1871 
 
 Mirchin's Horizontal Tube Boiler 
 
 187 
 
 454 
 
 1867 
 
 Carville's Tube Boiler 
 
 176 
 
 4741 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 1871 
 
 Norton's Angular Tube Boilers . 
 
 184 
 
 484 
 
 1871 
 
 Dodge's Vertical Tube Boiler . 
 
 187 
 
 478J 
 
 
 
 
 446 
 
 1862 
 
 Elder's Spiral Coil Tube Boiler . . 
 
 172 
 
 440 
 
 1859 
 
 Perkins's Combined Tube Boiler . 
 
 168 
 
 444 
 
 443 
 
 1861 
 1861 
 
 Green's Vertical Tube Boiler . 
 Green's Horizontal King Tube Boiler 
 
 170 
 170 
 
 456 
 485 
 487 
 
 1868 
 1871 
 1871 
 
 Perkins's Tube Boiler 
 
 177 
 187 
 188 
 
 Pastre's Vertical Tube Boiler . 
 Parsell's Vertical Tube Boiler 
 
 445 
 452 
 
 1862 
 1867 
 
 Harrison's Angular Tube Boiler . 
 Howard's Tube Boiler 
 
 171 
 175 
 
 455 
 
 1869 
 
 Boot's Angular Tube Boiler . 
 
 176 
 
 4701 
 
 
 
 
 460 
 
 1869 
 
 Boot's Angular Tube Boiler . 
 
 178 
 
 and> 
 
 1869 
 
 Howard's Tube Boilers .... 
 
 182 
 
 465] 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 471 
 
 
 
 
 and> 
 
 1865 
 
 Rowan's Tubular Boilers .... 
 
 181 
 
 4/1J 
 
 480 
 
 1871 
 
 Howard's Tube Boiler 
 
 185 
 
 466J 
 
 
 
 
 490 
 
 1872 
 
 1 Harrison's Six-Ball-Unit Cast-iron) 
 ( Tube Boiler ) 
 
 189 
 
 472 
 and> 
 
 1870 
 
 Boot's Angular Tube Boilers . 
 
 183 
 
 447] 
 
 
 
 
 473J 
 
 
 
 
 andl 
 448 j 
 
 A^7 
 
 1863 
 
 18R8 
 
 Inglis's Tube Boiler 
 
 173 
 
 441 
 
 1860 
 
 jTraye's Saddle Shell Double Tube) 
 | Boiler f 
 
 169 
 
 
 i > t 
 
 XODO 
 
 
 
 449 
 
 1865 
 
 Twibill's Angular Tube Boiler 
 
 173 
 
 438 
 
 1857 
 
 Joly's Vertical Tube Boiler . 
 
 166 
 
 450 
 
 1865 
 
 Twibill's Vertical Tube Boiler . . 
 
 174 
 
 453 
 
 1867 
 
 Lochhead's Angular Tube Boiler 
 
 175 
 
 4-fiQ 
 
 1869 
 
 Wigzell's Tube Boiler 
 
 179 
 
 459 
 
 1869 
 
 Loader's Syphon Tube Boiler . 
 
 178 483 
 
 1871 
 
 Watt's Horizontal Tube Boiler . . 
 
 186 
 
 463 
 
 1869 
 
 Luder's Angular Tube Boiler . 
 
 180 488 
 
 1871 
 
 Westerman's Cross Tube Boiler . 
 
 188 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INJECTION BOILERS. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 498 
 
 1848 
 
 (Armstrong's Egg-end Cast-iron Injec-1 
 
 1q _ 
 
 494 
 
 1825 
 
 
 
 \ tion Boiler j 
 
 J. JO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 506 
 
 1860 
 
 499 
 
 1852 
 
 Belleville's Injection Tube Boiler 
 
 194 
 
 508 
 
 1861 
 
 504 
 
 1858 
 
 Benson's Tube Injection Boiler . 
 
 197 
 
 509 
 
 1861 
 
 510 
 
 1865 
 
 (Brown's Egg-end Shell Eevolving In- 1 
 ( jection Boiler J 
 
 201 
 
 516 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 1852 
 
 505 
 
 1859 
 
 Carr's Coil Tube Injection Boiler 
 
 198 
 
 502 
 
 1857 
 
 518 
 
 1853 
 
 (Duncan's Eevolving Tube Injection) 
 1 Boiler 
 
 204 
 
 511 
 
 1838 
 
 NAME. Page 
 
 Oilman's Injection Tube Boiler . . 191 
 
 506 1860 J Grimaldi's Eevolving Cylindrical Iii-l ,gg 
 | jection Boiler ...... f 
 
 Grimaldi's Eevolving Injection Boiler 200 
 
 Grimaldi's Stationary Injection Boiler 200 
 
 Gould's Injection Boiler .... 203 
 
 Hyde's Dish-shaped Injection Boiler . 194 
 
 Hediard's Coil Tube Injection Boiler . 196 
 
 IOQQ (McCurdy's Flat-surface Water and) om 
 
 3 I Steam Casing Injection Boilers . f Mi 
 

 
 INDEX 
 
 OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 381 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Pate. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 517 
 
 1867 
 
 Mitchell's Revolving Injection Boiler 203 
 
 495 
 
 1825 
 
 Raddatz's Molten Boiler .... 
 
 191 
 
 
 
 
 
 513 
 
 1865 
 
 Romminger's Injection Boiler . 
 
 202 
 
 491 1822 
 492) 
 
 Perkins's Injection Boiler 
 
 . 190 
 
 503 
 
 1857 
 
 1 Scott's Revolving Coil Tube Injection ) 
 | Boiler j 
 
 196 
 
 andl 1824 
 493J 
 
 Paul's Injection Tube Boilers . 
 
 . 191 
 
 507 
 514 
 
 1860 
 
 Sautter's Injection Coil Tube Boiler . 
 
 199 
 
 496 
 andl 1827 
 497J 
 
 Perkins's Injection Tube Boiler . 
 
 . 192 
 
 and 
 515 
 
 > 1865 
 
 Sturgeon's Spherical Injection Boilers 
 
 203 
 
 501 
 
 1855 
 
 Perkins's Tube Injection Boiler . 
 
 . 195 
 
 512 
 
 1865 
 
 Thayer's Injection Boiler .... 
 
 202 
 
 
 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 MARINE BOILERS. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Hate. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 541 
 
 1852 
 
 Adamson's Marine Boiler . 
 
 . 212 
 
 540 
 
 1852 
 
 Glasson's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 212 
 
 573 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 556 
 
 1856 
 
 Galloway's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 216 
 
 and 
 
 > 1861 
 
 Anthony's Marine Boilers . 
 
 . 22i 
 
 571 
 
 1860 
 
 Galloway's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 220 
 
 574 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 582 
 598 
 612 
 
 1866 
 1868 
 1871 
 
 Adamson's Marine Boiler . 
 Allibon's Vertical Marine Boiler . 
 Ashton's Vertical Marine Boiler . 
 
 . 224 
 . 228 
 . 2^3 
 
 550 
 551 
 562 
 
 1854 
 1855 
 1859 
 
 
 214 
 
 214 
 218 
 
 Henley's Marine Boiler .... 
 Hunt's Marine Boiler 
 
 549 
 600 
 
 1853 
 
 1868 
 
 Bristow's Marine Boiler . 
 Bezy's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 . 214 
 229 
 
 577 
 580 
 
 1862 
 1863 
 
 1 Qfifi 
 
 Howden's Marine Boiler .... 
 Howden's Marine Tube Boiler 
 
 222 
 223 
 
 606) 
 
 
 
 585' 
 
 .1.OOO 
 
 
 
 andl 1869 
 607J 
 
 Bennett's Marine Boilers . 
 
 . 231 
 
 and 
 
 586 
 
 > 1866 
 
 Holt's Marine Boilers 
 
 225 
 
 611 
 
 1871 
 
 Brough's Marine Boiler 
 
 . 232 
 
 594 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 620 
 
 1871 
 
 Bartlett's Tube Boiler .... 
 
 . 235 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tind 
 
 1867 
 
 Holt's Marine Boilers 
 
 227 
 
 520 
 
 1829 
 
 Church's Marine Boiler 
 
 . 205 
 
 596 
 
 
 
 
 522 
 584 
 
 1830 
 1866 
 
 Church's Marine Boiler 
 Cochrane's Marine Boiler . 
 
 . 206 
 . 225 
 
 601 
 603 
 
 1868 
 1869 
 
 Hawthorn's Cylindrical Marine Boiler 
 Howard's Marine Tube Boiler 
 
 229 
 230 
 
 604) 
 andl 18G9 
 
 Crawford's Marine Boilers. 
 
 . 230 
 
 619 
 
 1871 
 
 Howard's Marine Tube Boiler 
 
 235 
 
 605 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 613 
 
 1871 
 
 Crighton's Marine Boiler . 
 
 . 233 
 
 537 
 
 K A fl 
 
 1852 
 
 Knowles' Marine Boiler 
 
 211 
 
 615 
 
 527 
 
 1856 
 
 1 
 
 Crosland's Marine Boiler . 
 
 . 234 
 
 542 
 to 
 547 
 
 , 1853 
 
 Kendrick's Marine Boilers 
 
 1212 
 (213 
 
 and 
 
 I 1842 
 
 Dickson's Marine Vertical Boilers 
 
 . 208 
 
 597 
 
 1867 
 
 Kendrick's Marine Boiler . 
 
 228 
 
 528 
 
 I . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 529 
 
 
 
 
 552 
 
 1855 
 
 Lee's Marine Boiler 
 
 215 
 
 and 
 
 1 
 1848 
 
 Dundonald's Marine Boilers 
 
 209 
 
 587 
 
 
 
 
 530 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 1866 
 
 Lewis's Marine Boilers .... 
 
 225 
 
 554 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 588 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (. 1856 
 
 Dunn's ^darinc Boilers 
 
 215 
 
 610 
 
 1870 
 
 Lee's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 232 
 
 555 
 
 
 
 
 6211 
 
 
 
 
 591 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 > 1871 
 
 Laharpe's Marine Boilers .... 
 
 235 
 
 592 
 and 
 
 . 1867 
 
 Dunn's Marine Boilers 
 
 . 226 
 
 622 
 
 
 
 
 593 
 
 
 
 
 523 
 
 1833 
 
 Maudslay's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 207 
 
 
 
 
 
 532 
 
 18S1 
 
 
 209 
 
 548 
 
 1853 
 
 Erard's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 214 
 
 533) 
 
 
 
 614 
 
 1853 
 
 Erard's Marine Boiler 
 
 233 
 
 andl 1851 
 
 
 210 
 
 
 
 
 
 534J 
 
 
 
 609 
 
 1869 
 
 Fraser's Marine Boiler 
 
 . 231 
 
 557) 
 
 
 
 
 
 andl 1857 
 
 Morrison's Marine Boilers 
 
 216 
 
 539 
 
 1852 
 
 Glasson's Marine Boiler 
 
 . 211 
 
 558J 
 

 382 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Hate. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 565) 
 
 
 
 
 559 
 
 1858 
 
 Parson's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 217 
 
 5661 
 j > 
 
 1859 
 
 Miller's Marine Boilers .... 
 
 219 
 
 
 
 
 
 and ( 
 
 
 
 
 524 
 
 1835 
 
 Rickard's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 207 
 
 567) 
 
 
 
 
 560 
 
 1858 
 
 Rowan's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 217 
 
 569] 
 "and> 
 
 1860 
 
 Macnab's Vertical Marine Boilers 
 
 220 
 
 561 
 5631 
 
 1858 
 
 Robson's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 218 
 
 570 1 
 575] 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 andV 
 
 564J 
 
 1859 
 
 Randolph's Marine Boilers 
 
 218 
 
 and> 
 
 1861 
 
 Macnab's Vertical Marine Boilers 
 
 221 
 
 
 
 
 
 576J 
 
 P-fTQ-i 
 
 
 
 
 519 
 
 1827 
 
 Steenstrup's Marine Boiler 
 
 205 
 
 578 j 
 and> 
 
 1862 
 
 Meriton's Marine Boilers .... 
 
 223 
 
 521 
 535] 
 
 1830 
 
 Summer's Annular Vertical Tube Boiler 
 
 206 
 
 579J 
 590 
 
 1867 
 
 Mace's Marine Boiler 
 
 226 
 
 and> 
 536J 
 
 1852 
 
 Selby's Marine Boilers .... 
 
 210 
 
 C02 
 608 
 
 1868 
 1869 
 
 Morduc's Combined Marine Boiler . 
 Miller's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 230 
 231 
 
 553 
 
 581 
 
 1855 
 1864 
 
 Stevens' Marine Boiler .... 
 Stimer's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 215 
 
 223 
 
 617] 
 and> 
 618 
 
 1854 
 
 MacFarlane's Marine Boilers . . 1 235 
 
 589 
 
 1867 
 
 Storey's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 226 
 
 616 
 
 1855 
 
 Monteby's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 234 
 
 568 
 
 1859 
 
 Tapp's Marine Boiler . . . . . 
 
 219 
 
 
 572 
 
 1861 
 
 O'Hanlon's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 221 ; 526 
 
 1841 
 
 Whitehouse's Marine Flue Boiler 
 
 208 
 
 
 
 
 538 
 
 1852 
 
 Whytehead's Marine Boiler 
 
 211 
 
 525 
 
 1838 
 
 Price's Marine Boiler 
 
 207 599 
 
 1868 
 
 Whittle's Marine Boiler .... 
 
 228 
 
 531 
 
 1850 
 
 Pim's Marine Boiler 
 
 209 623 
 
 1871 
 
 
 236 
 
 
 
 OH 
 
 AFTER 
 
 VI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 LIQUID 
 
 FUEL BOILEES. 
 
 ' Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 625 
 640 
 
 1862 
 
 1867 
 
 Biddle's Liquid Fuel Land Boiler 
 Barffs Liquid Fuel Boiler 
 
 237 
 243 
 
 630] 
 and> 
 631J 
 
 1865 
 
 (Sim's Liquid Fuel Tubular Retort] 
 1 AnDaratus . 1 
 
 240 
 
 
 652 
 
 1868 
 
 Cutler's Gas Fuel Boiler .... 
 
 250 
 
 032] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and) 
 
 1865 
 
 Sim's Liquid Fuel Tubular Boilers . 
 
 241 
 
 641 
 
 1868 
 
 Dorsett's Liquid Fuel Apparatus . 
 
 244 
 
 633 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 642 
 
 1868 
 
 Stevens' Liquid Fuel Boiler . 
 
 245 
 
 639 
 
 1866 
 
 Lee's Liquid Fuel Boiler .... 
 
 243 
 
 646 
 
 1868 
 
 Smith's Liquid Fuel Boiler 
 
 246 
 
 643] 
 andv 
 
 1868 
 
 Lafone's Liquid Fuel Boilers . 
 
 246 
 
 647 
 
 1868 
 
 (Sauvage's Liquid Fuel Locomotive) 
 ( Boiler j 
 
 247 
 
 644J 
 
 
 
 
 649 
 
 1868 
 
 Spartali's Liquid Fuel Marine Boiler 
 
 249 
 
 628) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and> 
 629J 
 
 1864 
 
 Richardson's Liquid Fuel Apparatus .< 
 
 238 624 
 239 
 
 1822 
 
 Viney's Liquid Fuel Boiler 
 
 237 
 
 648 
 
 1868 
 
 Ravel's Liquid Fuel Coil Tube Boiler 
 
 248 : 65 
 
 18G9 
 
 Taylor's Liquid Fuel Boiler . 
 
 249 
 
 651 
 
 1869 
 
 Robinson's Liquid Fuel Boiler 
 
 250 634) 
 
 
 
 
 626) 
 
 
 
 to \ 
 
 1865 
 
 Wise's Liquid Fuel " Step " Slab Grate 
 
 242 
 
 and I 
 
 1863 
 
 Schmidt's Liquid Fuel Land Boilers . 
 
 238 6381 
 
 
 
 
 627J 
 
 
 
 645 
 
 1868 
 
 Weir's Liquid Fuel Marine Boiler 
 
 246 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILEES. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 678 
 688 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 Adamson's Locomotive Tubular Boiler 
 Allan's Locomotive Fire Bos . 
 
 258 ; 679 
 
 261 
 
 1853 
 
 IBeattie's non-Chimney Locomotive) 
 | Boiler | 
 
 258 
 
 676 
 
 1852 
 
 Barran's Locomotive Fire Box 
 
 257 
 
 680 
 
 1853 
 
 IBeattie's non-Chimney Locomotive) 
 { Boiler f 
 
 259 
 
 677 
 
 1852 
 
 Bresson's Locomotive Vertical Boiler 
 
 257 , 689 
 
 1854 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 261 
 
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 383 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Pago 
 
 690 
 
 : . 
 
 
 
 667) 1847) 
 
 691 
 
 : . 
 
 
 OfiO 
 
 to V and 
 
 Johnson's Locomotive Fire Box 
 
 256 
 
 692 
 and 
 
 1854 
 
 
 ffa& 
 
 263 
 
 672J 1848J 
 
 693 
 
 
 
 
 685 
 
 
 
 
 694 
 to 
 
 > 1854 
 
 Beattie's Locomotive Fire Box 
 
 686 
 264 and 
 
 1853 
 
 Kendrick's Locomotive Boilers 
 
 1260 
 1261 
 
 698 
 
 I 
 
 
 687 
 
 
 
 
 699 
 
 1854 
 
 Blavier's Locomotive Boiler . 
 
 265 
 
 
 
 
 
 701) 
 to f 1855 
 709) 
 
 | Beattie's Locomotive Boilers and) 
 | Fire Boxes ) 
 
 266 
 267 
 
 664 
 733 
 
 1842 
 1865 
 
 Lewthwaite's Locomotive Boiler . 
 ILoubat's Vertical Cylindrical Loco-1 
 \ motive Boiler J 
 
 255 
 273 
 
 
 723 
 and 
 724 
 
 . 1858 
 
 J Blinkhorn's Locomotive Agricultural | 
 ( Boilers f 
 
 270 
 
 745) 
 andl 1871 
 746 
 
 jLaharpe's Angular Tube and Barrel! 
 \ Locomotive Boilers . | 
 
 277 
 
 
 735 
 
 1865 
 
 Belleville's Locomotive Tube Boiler 
 
 274 ; 
 
 
 
 
 739 
 
 1868 
 
 Bezy's Locomotive Boiler .... 
 
 275 , 700 
 
 1855 
 
 Monteley's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 2(55 
 
 
 
 
 721 
 
 1857 
 
 Molino's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 269 
 
 665 
 
 1842 
 
 Crampton's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 255 726 
 
 1861 
 
 Martin's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 271 
 
 710 
 
 
 I 
 
 267 727 
 
 1864 
 
 Martin's Locomotive Smoke Box . 
 
 271 
 
 to 
 
 > 1856 
 
 Crosland's Locomotive Boiler . . ,'. 
 
 268 740 
 
 1869 
 
 Miller's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 275 
 
 720 
 
 
 ( 
 
 269 
 
 
 
 
 
 722 
 
 1858 
 
 Clare's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 270 
 
 656 
 
 1826 
 
 Neville's Return Tubular Boiler . 
 
 252 
 
 
 
 
 658 
 
 1831 
 
 Napier's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 253 
 
 684 
 
 1853 
 
 Dunn's Locomotive Fire Box . 
 
 259 
 
 683 
 
 1853 
 
 Newton's Locomotive Fire Box 
 
 259 
 
 
 
 
 
 743 
 
 1871 
 
 Norton's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 276 
 
 659 
 
 1833 
 
 Eraser's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 253 
 
 
 
 
 
 660 1833 
 729) 
 and I 1864 
 
 Field's Water Tube Locomotive Boiler 
 Fail-lie's Locomotive Combined Boilers 
 
 253 
 
 272 
 
 747 
 748 
 
 1836 
 1836 
 
 I Perkins' Single Steam Action Locomo- ) 
 
 277 
 278 
 
 Perkins' Locomotive Boiler 
 
 730J 
 
 
 
 
 
 731 
 734 
 742 
 
 1864 
 1865 
 1869 
 
 Fairlie's Locomotive Combined Boilers 
 Fairlie's Locomotive Central Fire Box 
 Fox's Locomotive Boiler .... 
 
 273 ^ R r7 
 
 274 
 275 j 6?5 
 
 1829 
 1833 
 1851 
 
 Stephenson's " Rocket " Locomotive . 
 Stephenson's Tubular Locomotive 
 Stenson's Tubular Locomotive 
 
 252 
 253 
 257 
 
 744 
 
 1871 
 
 Gird wood's Vertical Locomotive Boiler 
 
 276 682 
 
 1853 
 1853 
 
 Scott's Locomotive Fire Box . 
 Shaw's Locomotive Boiler .... 
 
 259 
 259 
 
 662) 
 
 728 
 
 1852 
 
 Selby's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 272 
 
 and I 1839 
 
 Hawthorn's Eeturn Tubular Boilers . 
 
 254 : 732 
 
 1851 
 
 Stenson's Locomotive Boiler . 
 
 273 
 
 663J 
 
 666 
 
 1847 
 
 Hackworth's Locomotive Boiler . 
 
 255 : 653' 
 
 >1 QAQ\ 
 
 
 
 673 
 
 1850 
 
 Hodge's Locomotive Boiler 
 
 256 to 
 
 loUo I 
 
 i snir 
 
 Trevithick's Locomotive Boilers . 
 
 251 
 
 674 
 
 1850 
 
 Hodge's Return Tubular Boiler . 
 
 257 655 
 
 XOU 1 ! ] 
 
 
 
 725 
 
 1859 
 
 Hunt's Locomotive Boiler .... 
 
 271 741 
 
 1869 
 
 Thirion's Locomotive Boiler . . . 
 
 275 
 
 737 
 
 1866 
 
 Holt's Locomotive Boiler .... 
 
 274 
 
 
 
 
 738 
 
 1867 
 
 Holt's Locomotive Boiler .... 
 
 274 : 736 
 
 1866 
 
 Woodward's Locomotive Boiler . 
 
 274 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 BOILEE STEAM SAFETY VALVES 
 
 AND GEAE. 
 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAMK. 
 
 Page Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 803) 
 
 
 
 
 780 
 
 1859 
 
 Clayton's Safety Valve .... 
 
 281 
 
 and 
 
 - 1868 
 
 Ashcroft's Safety Valves 
 
 284 
 
 797 
 
 1867 
 
 
 283 
 
 804 
 
 
 
 
 798 
 
 1867 
 
 Cameron's Safety Valve .... 
 
 283 
 
 839 
 
 18791 
 
 Annular Seat Safety Valve 
 
 288 
 
 802 
 
 1868 
 
 Church's Safety Valve 
 
 284 
 
 rr f> o\ 
 
 
 
 812 
 
 1871 
 
 Cowburn's Safety Valve .... 
 
 285 
 
 768) 
 
 tn I 18^7 
 
 JBodmer's Safety Valves and Regu-1 
 
 280 
 
 837 
 
 1872 
 
 
 287 
 
 
 IO / <JU I 
 
 775 j 
 
 ) latiug Feed Apparatus. . . . j 
 
 281 
 
 
 
 
 
 790) 
 
 840 
 
 1872 
 
 Double Seat Safety Valve .... 
 
 288 
 
 and 
 
 . 1866 
 
 Baldwin's Safety Valves .... 
 
 283 
 
 
 
 
 
 791 
 
 
 
 
 826 
 
 1871 
 
 Field's Safety Valve 
 
 286 
 
384 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Flf?. Date. 
 781) 
 
 andl I860 
 782J 
 
 783 1861 
 
 784 1861 
 789 1864 
 822] 
 
 to I 1872 
 825 
 
 NAME. Page 
 
 German Safety Valves 281 
 
 Galloway's Safety Valves .... 281 
 
 Galloway's Safety Valves .... 282 
 
 German 'Balance Piston Safety Valve 282 
 
 Giles' Safety Valves 
 
 765] 
 
 766! 
 
 I 1856 Holt's Safety Valves 
 
 and 
 767! 
 
 776 1858 
 779 1859 
 805] 
 
 to I 1870 
 809 J 
 
 777 1858 
 764 1855 
 
 753 1831 
 755 1840 
 817 1871 
 836 1872 
 
 788 1863 
 813) 
 
 andl 1871 
 814 1 
 820] 
 
 andl 1872 
 821 J 
 
 785] 
 to I 1863 
 
 787J 
 
 749 1695 
 793] 
 
 to I 1867 
 796J 
 841 1867 
 
 760 1855 
 761] 
 
 to I 1855 
 763J 
 799 1 
 
 andl 1867 
 800 1 
 
 750 1698 
 
 754 1833 
 
 755 1840 
 
 757 1852 
 
 758 1853 
 778' 1858 
 792 1866 
 801 1868 
 838 1872 
 
 Haste's Safety Valves . 
 Harman's Safety Valves 
 
 Hopkinson's Safety Valves 
 
 Illmgworth's Safety Valve 
 Johnson's Safety Valve 
 
 286 
 
 280 
 
 280 
 
 280 
 
 284 
 
 281 
 
 280 
 
 Locomotive Safety Valve .... 279 
 
 Locomotive Safety Valve .... 279 
 
 Lee's Safety Valve 285 
 
 Lockwood's Safety Valve .... 287 
 
 Mash's Safety Valve 282 
 
 Mirchin's Safety Valves .... 285 
 
 JMacDonald's Spring and Piston Valve) OQ ,, 
 
 I and Box f Jbt 
 
 Naylor's Safety Valves. 
 
 Papin's Safety Valve . 
 Parson's Safety Valves 
 Pollard's Safety Valves 
 Eamsbottom's Safety Valves 
 Kamsbottom's Safety Valves 
 
 Richardson's Safety Valves 
 
 Savery's Safety Valve . 
 Stephenson's Safety Valv.e . 
 Safety Valve, Locomotive . 
 Spencer's Safety Valve 
 Scott's Twin Safety Valve 
 Smith's Safety Valve . 
 Swann's Safety Valve . 
 Sander's Safety Valve . 
 Safety Valve (" Engineer ") 
 
 282 
 
 279 
 283 
 288 
 279 
 280 
 
 283 
 
 279 
 279 
 279 
 279 
 279 
 281 
 283 
 283 
 287 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. p.,ge 
 
 756 1850 Twin Safety Valve .... 279 
 
 759 1853 Tyler's Safety Valve .. 279 
 
 285 
 287 
 279 
 
 and V 1871 Taylor's Safety Valves . . 
 816J 
 827) 
 
 to I 1872 Turton's Safety Valve Springs 
 835J 
 
 752 1800 Vacuum Safety Valve . . . 
 
 751 1800 Watt's Safety Valve ..... 279 
 
 810] 
 
 andl 1871 Wilke's Marine Safety Valve . 284 
 
 811 j 
 
 818 1871 Watson's Marine Safety Valve . . 285 
 
 819 1871 Watson's Marine Safety Valve . . 286 
 
 BOILER ALARM SAFETY VALVES AND GEAR. 
 
 Whistle ' Float > Lever ' and 
 
 288 
 
 and 1840 
 
 843J Balance ........ f 
 
 880 1858 Archer's Alarm Valve ..... 293 
 
 881 1858 Archer's Eeverse Seats Safety Valves. 293 
 
 909 1871 Adamson Alarm Safety Valve Appartus 295 
 
 877) 
 
 andl 1858 Bodmer's Alarm Valve and Whistle 292 
 878) 
 892 
 
 to I 1866 Bray's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus 294 
 895J 
 
 902 1868 J Benson ' s Alarm Safety Valve Water-) ,. 
 I pipe ......... f ' 
 
 andl 1855 JCowbuin's Water Level, Float, and) 2g9 
 853J er ........ I 
 
 854 1855 I Cowburn's Water Level, Float, Wheel, 1 
 
 ( and Cham ..... f ' 
 
 898) 
 
 to I 1867 Cowburn's Alarm Fusible Plugs . 294 
 
 900J 
 
 910 1871 J Cowburn ' s Alarm Safety Valve and) 9qp 
 
 ( Apparatus ....... \ 
 
 885 1860 
 
 J D ' Alarm Saf ety Valve andl , g 
 ( Curved Pipe ....... f 
 
 886 1860 P?' D 1 u ^ le Seat Alarm Safet yl 993 
 ( Valve and Casing 
 
 887 1861 Galloway's Alarm Valve Apparatus . 293 
 
 851 1855 Hall's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus 289 
 
 864 1857 Horton's Safety Valves . 291 
 
 869) 
 
 andl 1858 Haste's Safety Valves . 291 
 
 870J 
 
 871 1858 Haste's Safety Valves ..... 292 
 
 891 1866 Hackett's Alarm Valves . . 294 
 
 903) 
 
 andl 18C9 Hugh's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus 295 
 904J 
 
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 385 
 
 Fig. 
 
 908 
 
 882 
 and 
 883 
 
 814 
 855 
 
 859 
 to 
 
 862 
 
 901 
 906 
 912 
 
 907 
 911 
 
 888] 
 andl 
 889J 
 
 897 
 
 879 
 
 865] 
 
 andl 
 
 866] 
 
 867 
 
 868 
 
 872] 
 
 andl 
 
 873J 
 
 874 
 
 905 
 
 856] 
 andl 
 857J 
 
 896 
 
 845 
 846) 
 to I 
 850J 
 890 
 
 863 
 
 875] 
 andl 
 876] 
 884 
 
 858 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 1852 
 
 1856 
 
 3 
 
 1Qc;R 
 3 
 
 1870 
 
 Torri 
 1871 
 
 1871 
 
 1Qr7 . 
 
 J.OU ( 
 
 1858 
 
 IHopkinson's Alarm Safety Valve) 
 ( Apparatus . J 
 
 filling worth's Alarm Safety Valvel 
 \ Apparatus f 
 
 Johnson's Indicating Alarm Float 
 (Johnson's Alarm Safety Valve Appa-1 
 { ratus ) 
 
 JKnowolden's Alarm Safety Valvel 
 { Apparatus | 
 
 IKenyon's Alarm Safety Valve and) 
 
 | Apparatus f 
 
 I Kirnball's Alarm Whistle Float Appa- ) 
 
 | ratus f 
 
 I Kirk's Alarm Valve and Float in) 
 | Mercury ( 
 
 I Langlet's Alarm Valve, Weight Lever,) 
 
 t and Float | 
 
 j Lee's Alarm Safety Valve and Appa- \ 
 \ ratus j 
 
 (McCarthy's Alarm Safety Valve Float) 
 ( Lever ( 
 
 I Macpherson's Alarm Safety Valves) 
 \ and Apparatus f 
 
 I Normanday's Alarm Valve and Appa-1 
 I ratus . .... . | 
 
 Page 
 
 293 
 
 288 
 
 290 
 291 
 
 095 
 
 OQ ,, 
 ' 
 
 OQQ 
 
 ' 
 
 1858 Parson's Safety Piston Valve . . . 
 
 1858 Parson's Twin Safety Piston Valves . 
 
 1858 Parson's Safety Plug Valve and Eings 
 
 1858 Parson's Alarm Valve . 
 
 1858 
 iorrn 
 1870 
 
 Parson's Feed Water Whistle Alarm . 
 (Pratt's Alarm Valve, Whistle. Water 
 i Globe, and Valve ..... 
 
 1856 Eoutledge's Alarm Flame Tube 
 
 291 
 
 291 
 291 
 
 292 
 
 292 
 295 
 
 290 
 
 295 
 288 
 289 
 294 
 
 1866 Swann's Alarm Valve 
 
 1853 Tayler's Alarm Safety Valve ... 
 
 1853 Tayler's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus 
 
 1863 Turner's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus 
 
 1856 JWalley's Alarm Safety Valve Appa-) ngj 
 ( ratus f 
 
 1858 Wright's Water Float Eod ... 292 
 
 1859 Walker's Alarm Safety Valve . . . 293 
 1856 York's Alarm Safety Valve Apparatus 290 
 
 1866 
 
 IOTA I Bishop's Boiler Feed Oscillating Piston) _ 
 18/U \ Pump f c 
 
 1871 Burgh's Pump Valves 305 
 
 944 
 
 936 
 965 
 and 
 966 
 968 
 
 913 
 
 919 
 917 
 932 
 
 947 
 and 
 
 948 
 928 
 957 
 
 927 1871 
 
 BOILER FEED PUMPS AND ENGINES. 
 
 Date. NAME. Page 
 
 (Baumann's Boiler Feed Pump and) Qr . 
 
 I Engine ........ f d 
 
 Brown's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine 300 
 
 I Cameron's Boiler Feed Pump and) ^gg 
 
 ( Engine | 
 
 (Cameron's Boiler Feed Pump and) nny 
 
 ( Engine | 
 
 1862 Cowan's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine 297 
 
 1852 
 1866 
 
 1855 
 
 jCowbum's Boiler Feed Pump and) 
 
 ,f 
 
 ( Engine 
 1872 Cope's Feed Pump and Engine 
 
 1872 Cope's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine 
 1869 Clark's Boiler Feed Apparatus 
 
 jClarkson's Boiler Feed Pump and) 
 
 300 
 
 \ Engine 
 
 302 
 
 299 
 304 
 
 299 
 
 925 
 951 
 
 926 
 918 
 
 952 
 955 
 
 934 
 953 
 and 
 954 
 
 959 
 
 960 
 and 
 961 
 962 
 
 914 
 930 
 970 
 
 935 
 
 916 
 
 937 
 938 
 to 
 940 
 967 
 
 Davy's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine 
 
 Davy's Boiler Feed Eotary Pump 
 
 De Bergue's Boiler Feed Pump and) 
 
 Engine j 
 
 1Q ,,. IDuprey's Boiler Feed Pump and) 
 1 t Engine f 
 
 1871 
 1867 
 
 1871 
 
 298 
 303 
 
 1870 Faure's Boiler Feed Eotary Pump 
 1869 Friedman's Boiler Feed Injector . 
 
 303 
 
 304 
 
 300 
 303 
 
 1860 Gargan's Boiler Feed Pump . . 
 1858 Gifiard's Feed Injector ... 
 
 1or7 , (Grindrod's Boiler Feed Water Appa-1 
 1871 ratus . . . . 
 
 1867 Holman's Boiler Feed Pump ... 304 
 1867 Holman's Boiler Feed Pump ... 305 
 
 IOEO (Johnson's Boiler Feed Pump and) OQ< , 
 
 852 i Engine f J 
 
 IOEO (Johnson's Boiler Feed Pump and) OQQ 
 
 1853 i Engine ......... f " 
 
 j, Johnson's Feed Water Supply and) 
 
 1853 
 
 \ Non-return Valves . 
 
 1861 Knowelden's Boiler Feed Pump . . 300 
 ,.. (Knowelden's Boiler Feed Pump and) OQ - 
 
 1861 i Engine f 5 
 
 1866 Kittoe's Boiler Feed Pump ... 300 
 
 1866 Kittoe's Boiler Feed Pump 
 
 301 
 
 1869 Kittoe's Feed Pump Valves and Seats 305 
 
 3 D 
 
38G 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Fig. Date. 
 
 933 1856 
 
 943 1868 
 
 958 1870 
 
 963 1868 
 
 964 1868 
 
 921 1868 
 
 931 1855 
 
 NAME. Page 
 
 Mellor's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine 300 
 jMacabie's Boiler Feed Pump and) 
 
 ( Engine I 
 
 jMacabie's Boiler Feed Water Appa-1 
 } ratus ) 
 
 Macabie's Boiler Feed Apparatus 
 
 Maxwell's Boiler Feed Engine 
 
 Maxwell's Boiler Feed Pump and) 
 Engine ......... | 
 
 Mellor's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine 299 
 
 301 
 
 304 
 
 305 
 305 
 
 298 
 
 915 1853 Newton's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine 297 
 945 1870 Pearn's Boiler Feed Pump ... 302 
 
 
 I Eamsbottom's Boiler Feed Pumps and) OQQ 
 ..... V .[29* 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. Page 
 
 o/i 1871 j Eamsbottom's Boiler Feed Pump and) ono 
 
 i/atO -L o ( J. \ -in > oU,(j 
 
 I Engine . . . | 
 
 941] 
 
 and V 1868 Samuel's Boiler Feed Pump 
 
 942J 
 
 301 
 
 920 1868 Tijon's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine 297 
 
 (Turner's Boiler Feed Valves and) 
 | Casing 
 
 969 1863 I*""* ?* lu l 305 
 
 949 1856 Whiteker's Boiler Feed Eotary Pump 
 
 950 1867 Wilson's_ Boiler Feed Eotary Pump . 
 
 956 
 922 
 
 303 
 303 
 186 JWagstaffs Feed Tank and Steam) . 
 
 } Lever Gear f 
 
 1872 Walker's Boiler Feed Pump and Engine 298 
 929 1872 ! Wolstenholme's Boiler Feed Pump and ) 
 \ Engine f 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 SECUEING AND CONNECTING TUBES. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 976 
 972 
 
 982 
 
 Date. NAME. Page 
 
 1868 Allibon's Boiler Stay Tube ... 306 
 
 IQKQ 1 Dunn's Method of Securing the Ends) orifi 
 of Tubes f dl " 
 
 1833 Field's Water Circulating Branch Piece 307 
 
 nrr-- 10 co (Howard's Central Water Circulating) Qnfi 
 
 975 * | Branch Connection ..... f 
 
 983 1858 Hopkinson's Stay Tube Connection . 
 
 984 1861 Harlow's Set Screw Connection . . 
 
 n-ro IOKK (Johnson's Method of Closing Tubes) 
 
 973 1855 | in Boiler p]ates ...*.. 
 
 307 
 307 
 
 1QC7 lLanglois' Method of Securing Stay) 
 * b ' " 
 
 t Tubes ..... . . .f 
 
 Q77l 
 
 and 
 
 " | 
 
 1870 
 
 of Fitting Boiler) 
 ...... I 
 
 Q7Q i7n jLungley's Method of Securing Boiler) qf)fi 
 LB7U l 
 
 Method 
 ( Tubes m Plates 
 
 Tubes at an Angle 
 
 0.71 IQQQ I Wahl's Method of Securing the Ends) Qnfi 
 ' of Tubes . . ...... f 
 
 ndl 
 981 1 
 
 iQ-71 I Watt's Method of Fitting Boiler Tubes) qn( , 
 
 L t to Plates f ' 
 
 SECUEING WATER CIRCULATING TUBES. 
 
 1001 1869 Desvigne's Vertical Syphon Tubes . 309 
 
 996 1866 Feyh's Water Circulating Branch Piece 308 
 
 998 1868 Howard's Water Circulating Tubes . 309 
 
 988 1857 Joly's Water Circulating Tubes . . 307 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 309 
 309 
 
 308 
 
 1002 1870 Lee's Cylindrical Boiler ... 
 
 1003 1870 Lee's Globular Evaporating Cup . 
 
 990 1862 Merryweather's Hanging Tubes . 
 
 991) 
 
 andl 1864 J Ma j; stall 's Hanging Syphon Water) g()8 
 
 lube ......... ' 
 
 Circulatin g} 308 
 
 992 
 
 995 1866 
 
 1004 1868 Nason's Circulating Tubes 
 1006 1868 Nason's Circulating Tubes 
 
 309 
 309 
 
 OBK 
 yoo 
 
 (Perkins' Semi-globular Twin Land) 
 < T> -i i?Ai j -J_-L T- A i f 
 
 ( Boiler, fitted with hanging tubes 
 
 986 1831 J^ er ^ ins ' Wagon Boiler, fitted with) 
 
 I water circulating plates . . . f "" 
 
 997 1868 Perkins' Boiler Tube Connections . 309 
 
 993 1865 Smith's Hanging Tubes .... 308 
 1005 1868 Smith's Water Circulating Tubes . . 309 
 
 1007) 
 
 to V 1871 Todd's Water Circulating Tubes . . 310 
 1010J 
 
 1000 1869 Thirion's Syphon Tube .... 309 
 
 989 1859 ! V ar l e y' 8 Cylindrical Boiler fitted with) 
 
 \ Water Pockets ( l 
 
 994 1865 Wise's Hanging Tubes .... 308 
 999 1868 JWiegand's Vertical Water Circulating) 
 
 \ Tubes f l 
 
 SECUEING BRANCH PIECES TO CIRCULATING 
 TUBES. 
 
 j 
 and 
 
 1012 
 
 . 
 
 ( IQCK (Belleville's Water Circulating Branch) 01rv 
 > lbJ) < -: > > 8*0 
 
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Fig. 
 1014 
 
 1027] 
 to I 
 
 1029J 
 
 1030) 
 to I 
 
 1033J 
 
 1026 
 
 Date. NAME. 
 
 1867 Carville's Tubes . 
 
 310 
 
 1871 Howard's Stay Tubes ..... 312 
 
 1Q71 I Howard's Trough Water Circulating} Q10 
 
 -1.O I J. "\ rrt i f O J.^2 
 
 \ Tubes ........ j 
 
 Torn IMircliin's Water Circulating Branch) 010 
 
 loll < -p.. > OJ.^ 
 
 ( Piece ......... I 
 
 CONNECTION OF TUBES AT EIGHT ANGLES, 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. 
 
 1044 1872 Allison's " Deflectors " . 
 
 ,,.,,, 
 
 313 
 
 1013 
 
 1015) 
 
 to I 
 
 1018J 
 
 1019 
 
 1020 
 1021 
 
 to 
 1024 
 
 1025 
 
 (Root's Water Circulating Branch) , ] 
 \ Connections ....... | 
 
 1870 Root's Water Circulating Branches 
 
 1310 
 ' 1311 
 
 I Westerman's Water Circulating) Q11 
 \ Branches ........ f l 
 
 311 | 
 
 1871 Watt's Water Circulating Branches 
 1871 Watt's Flange Stay Bolts . 
 
 1034 1865 Belleville's Water Circulating Tubes . 312 
 
 1040 1871 Bartlett's Method of Connecting Tubes 313 
 
 1036 1866 Howard's Method of Connecting Tubes 313 
 
 1037 1866 J Howard>s "Water Circulating Branch) , 
 
 ( Piece ......... | f 
 
 1038 1868 Howard's Water Circulating Tubes . 313 
 
 Water Circulating) 
 
 1039 1868 
 
 J H rd '* 
 
 \ Branch Connections 
 
 311 
 
 1071 I Watt's Method of Fitting Boiler) Q10 
 1871 \ Tubes to Plates f 312 
 
 J Tubes ..... . . f 
 
 1042 1864 J Marshall>s Water Circulating Sheet) , 
 
 \ Tubes ........ ( c 
 
 1043 1870 Paxman's " Deflectors " .... 313 
 1035 1865 Turbill's Water Circulating Branches 312 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 PEEFOEATED FIEE 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1057 
 IAKO 
 
 Date. 
 
 1869 
 
 NAME. Page 
 
 Brown's Fire Bars with Twin Sides . 314 
 
 (Broughton's Fire Bars, with angular) Q1 . 
 
 I holes through the centre . . . f d 
 
 1058 1870 Cone's Fire Bar, with vertical openings 314 
 
 1061 
 
 1055) 
 and V 
 1056) 
 
 1048 
 1047 
 1053 
 
 1051 
 1054 
 
 1045 
 1046 
 
 1052 
 1060 
 
 (Dilnut's Fire Bars, with vertical) 
 
 < , ,i_ i > 
 
 ( grooves at the sides . . . . | 
 
 18f8 
 1859 
 
 1866 
 1861 
 
 J^l e t c ^ er ' s F"' e Bar, with grooves at) .., 
 } side and top ....... ) l 
 
 Harden's Fire Bar, with vertical grooves 314 
 j Harden's Bars, with vertical lugs for) 01,1 
 
 f 
 
 ar 
 
 Harrison's Fire Bars, with air spaces . 314 
 
 Jackson's Fire Bar, with vertical holes 314 
 
 (Lewis's Fire Bars, with transverse) ,, 
 
 \ perforations f 
 
 Moreau's Fire Bar 314 
 
 (Martin's Fire Bars, with vertical) , . 
 
 \ grooves | 
 
 jMylrea's Fire Bar, with openings ati gi A 
 
 \ sides | 
 
 1871 Raper's Fire Bar, with vertical holes . 314 
 
 1852 
 10Kf , 
 1859 
 
 1049) 
 and > 
 1050J 
 
 BAES. 
 
 Date. 
 
 ( 
 
 NAME. Page 
 
 ire Bars, with single and) 
 
 1063 
 1068 
 
 1860 , , . 
 
 \ double row of perforations . . . j "" 
 
 SOLID AND HOLLOW FIEE BAES. 
 
 iSfin JBlackwood's Fire Bar, with longitu-) Qlr 
 
 ] \ dinal passage through the bar . . f l 
 1870 Batchelor's Combined Fire Bars . . 315 
 
 10R9 1JU4. (Chanter's Fire Bar, with grooves at) Q , ,, 
 
 IMiLj Io44: \ >i i , 111 ,1 i -i > old 
 
 [ side and top, and holes through sides) 
 
 1067 1869 J ^etcher's Fire Bars, having central) ,,, 
 
 ( openings | l 
 
 I Green's Fire Bars, with angulated bars) , r 
 
 I laid across the fire box . . . . ( c 
 
 1064 
 
 1065) 
 and > 
 106GJ 
 
 1069 
 
 1868 > Fire BarS ' with top 
 
 \ side lugs 
 
 and l 
 f 
 
 315 
 
 fWhitelaw's Fire Bars, with longi-) 
 1871 < tudinal grooves on each side of the^ 315 
 bar 
 
 1072 
 1077 
 
 WATEE FIEE BAES. 
 1867 Barlow's Water Tube Fire Bars . 
 
 316 
 
 (Ellis' Fire Bars, with a feed water) , 
 
 \ , . ,-i ^ f oJLD 
 
 [ pipe cast in the bar ( 
 
 3 n 2 
 
388 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1076 
 
 1071 
 1070 
 
 1073 
 to 
 
 1075 
 
 1083 
 
 1079 
 1084 
 
 Date. 
 
 18P9 
 
 NAME. Page 
 
 's -Fi re Bars, with a feed water) gjg 
 t pip 6 passing through the bar . . j 
 
 1856 Haywood's Water Tube Fire Bars . 316 
 
 1864 Miguet's Water Tube Fire Bars . . 315 
 
 f Vicar's Fire Bars, consisting of two) 
 
 1868 < bars, one within the other, the outer > 316 
 
 ( bar containing water . . . .J 
 
 MOVABLE FIRE BAES. 
 
 1860 Annan's Fire Bars and lever motion . 317 
 
 1844 Chanter's Fire Bar, lever motion . . 316 
 
 1861 Colquhoun's Fire Bar, lever motion . 317 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1078 
 1088 
 
 1081 
 1082 
 1086 
 
 1087 
 1080 
 
 1085 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Pago 
 
 i SQS J Drew's Fire Grate, which is raised and) , 
 3 t lowered by levers . . . . . p 
 
 1871 J Bolt's -^ re Bars, with perforated bars) , 
 \ placed across the fire box . . . j 
 
 IQKT (Johnson's Fire Bars, with eccentric) Qir , 
 
 J.OOI "Si- ( Oil 
 
 I motion ........ | 
 
 iQ K r7 (Johnson's Fire Bar, with catch and) ,,, 
 
 1857 { pinion motion . ..... [ 317 
 
 1868 JJ r ^ an ' s -Fire Bar, with eccentric) ,,-, 
 \ motion ........ f 
 
 1868 Lewis's Fire Bar, lever motion . . 317 
 
 1856 Mash's Fire Bar, lever motion . . 317 
 
 (Shillito's Fire Bars, with vertical) .,_ 
 \ motion ... ..... f 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 MECHANICAL FEED FUEL APPARATUS. 
 
 Fig. Date. 
 
 1089 1819 
 1096 1870 
 1104 1870 
 
 1095 1869 
 1101 1829 
 11081 
 
 mo) 1869 
 
 1111 1871 
 
 1090 1848 
 1106i 
 
 1866 
 
 1099 1866 
 
 1097 1863 
 
 1092 1868 
 
 1093] 
 
 and I 1868 
 
 1094J 
 
 1098 1866 
 
 1091 1867 
 
 1102) 
 
 and I 1867 
 
 1103J 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Brunton's Feed Fuel Apparatus . 
 Burnley's Feed Fuel Apparatus . 
 Butterworth's Feed Fuel Apparatus 
 
 Crosland's Feed Fuel Apparatus . 
 Church's Feed Fuel Apparatus 
 
 Crosland's Feed Fuel Apparatus . 
 
 Heginbottom's Feed Fuel Apparatus 
 Jucke's Feed Fuel Apparatus . 
 
 Leigh's Feed Fuel Apparatus . 
 
 Eipley's Feed Fuel Apparatus 
 Shillito's Corkscrew Fuel Feeder 
 Taylor's Feed Fuel Apparatus 
 Taylor's Feed Fuel Apparatus 
 Turner's Corkscrew Fuel Feeder . 
 Vicar's Feed Fuel Apparatus . 
 Vicar's Feed Fuel Apparatus . 
 
 1100 1870 Waller's Feed Fuel Apparatus 
 
 jfage 
 318 
 
 FIRE-BOX DOORS. 
 
 
 320 
 
 
 
 322 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 
 1122 1870 Auld's Fire-box Door and Frame . . 
 
 325 
 
 319 
 
 
 
 321 
 
 
 
 
 1115) 
 
 
 
 to V 1858 Beattie's Fire-box Doors and Frames 
 
 324 
 
 323 
 
 1118] 
 
 
 323 
 
 
 
 
 1121 1855 Cliff's Fire-box Door and Frame . . 
 
 325 
 
 318 
 
 1112 1857 Common Fire-box Door .... 
 
 323 
 
 322 
 
 1129 1873 Martin's Pendulous Fire Door . . 
 
 326 
 
 321 
 
 1119 1853 Prideaux's Fire-box Door and Frame . 
 
 324 
 
 
 1120 1855 Prideaux's Fire-box Door and Frame . 
 
 324 
 
 320 
 
 1100 IOTA (Prideaux's Fire Door, Shutter, and) 
 L87U t Regulator f 
 
 325 
 
 318 
 
 1124) 
 
 
 
 and I 1870 Prideaux's Fire Doors and Frames . 
 
 325 
 
 319 
 
 1125J 
 
 
 
 1126 1872 Prideaux's Inverted Eegulators . . 
 
 325 
 
 ' 320 
 
 1127) 
 
 
 
 and I 1872 Prideaux's Fire Doors and Frames . 
 
 326 
 
 318 
 
 1128J 
 
 
 1321 
 
 
 
 1322 
 
 1113 1857 Wye-Williams' Fire-box Door . . 
 
 323 
 
 321 
 
 1114 1857 ! Wye- Williams' Fire-box Doors and) 
 
 323 
 
 
 
 
INDEX OF ILLTJSTKATIONS. 
 
 339 
 
 Fig. Date. 
 
 1130 1873 
 
 1131 1873 
 
 1132 1873 
 
 1133 1873 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 IGNITION OF COAL. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Normal Condition . 
 First Stage of Ignition 
 Second Stage of Ignition 
 Third Stage of Ignition 
 
 Page 
 
 327 
 327 
 327 
 327 
 
 Fig. Date. 
 
 1134 1873 
 
 1135 1873 
 
 1136 1873 
 
 XAJ1E. 
 
 Fourth Stage of Ignition . 
 Fifth Stage Flaming Coke 
 Sixth Stage Dead Coke . 
 
 Page 
 
 327 
 327 
 327 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1137 
 1138 
 
 1139 
 
 1140 
 1141] 
 and > 
 1142 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 ACTION OF FLAME AND EAISING OF STEAM. 
 
 i -i A A 
 
 114:4: 
 
 Date. NAME. Page 
 
 1873 Action of flame sliding along the plate 352 
 
 1070 (Action of flame against an angular) - 
 
 | surface ........ f 
 
 1873 I Action of flame against a plate at right) oco 
 \ angles ........ f 
 
 1873 Action of flame in a tube .... 352 
 
 1873 Action of flame amongst tubes . . 353 
 
 1Q7Q (Action of flame around syphon tubes) Qf;Q 
 
 1 | (Moy and Shill's patent) . . . f l 
 
 I Action of flame in Burgh's treble com-] OK , 
 
 < , : 1 , , , 1 , ! > O04: 
 
 ( bustion chamber tubular boiler . f 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. Page 
 
 IIAK ia7Q (Action of flame in Burgh's cylindrical) OKA 
 
 .1. 1 I r ) -*-O/O'S,-LT'|_*-| f 004 
 
 { tubular boiler | 
 
 i -i AC iQiro I Action of flame in a modern cylindrical 1 Q K > 
 
 ll^tu lo/O \ . i i / i>OO 
 
 ( marine boiler | 
 
 11 /IT iQrro (Action of flame in a pair of marine) QKK 
 
 114:/ lO/O S T_ "1 ^ OOO 
 
 ( boilers | 
 
 1150 1868 Bailey's Pyrometer . . . . .355 
 
 1148 1872 Casartelli's Pyrometer 355 
 
 1149 1866 Wood's Pyrometer ...... 355 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 CAUSES OF BOILEE EXPLOSIONS. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1151 
 1152 
 
 Date. NAME. 
 
 1873 Illustration of a burnt plate 
 
 356 
 
 10170 Illustration of the sediment in a marine) OK 
 
 lo/o < , ! > ODD 
 
 I boiler | 
 
 1153 1873 
 
 1154 1870 
 
 ( Illustration of the corrosion of a boiler) 
 
 ( plate f 
 
 I Illustration of the result of defective i 
 I punching and riveting plates . . f 
 
 358 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Page 
 
 1156] 
 
 ICOTO (Illustration of the result of proper) Q KQ 
 L87d | drilling and riveting plates . . . f l 
 
 and > 1869 Illustrations of the collapse of a fire-box 360 
 
 1157] 
 
 11 to ioerr j Illustration of the collapse of a fire-box! q n 
 
 1158 1867 | of a Cornish boiler : . . . .f l 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Date. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 BOILEE-MAKING. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 1159 1851 Expansion Joint for flue tube of boUer 361 
 
 (Adamson's Expansion Joint for flue) QC1 
 
 f.i.,.1.-! > obi 
 
 { tube of boilers | 
 
 Fig. Date. NAME. 
 
 1161 1860 J Hill>8Ex P ansioii:Bill g f ' orfluetube8of l 361 
 ) boilers f 
 
 1162) 
 
 and I 1858 
 
 1163 
 
 J Beat * ie ' s Strengthening Plates for 
 
 I boilerS 
 
 ) 
 
 ' 
 
390 
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECT-MATTER. 
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECT-MATTER. 
 
 ACTION OF FLAME 
 
 in Cornish and Lancashire Boilers . ' . 
 
 in Locomotive Boilers 
 
 in Marine Boilers 
 
 along a Plate 
 
 at an Angle of a Plate ..... 
 at Eight Angles to a Plate .... 
 
 in a Tube 
 
 amongst Tubes 
 
 to cause the utmost Evaporation of Water 
 
 in a Vertical Boiler 
 
 in a large Combustion Chamber . 
 in a small Combustion Chamber . 
 in a Pair of Marine Boilers . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 351 
 351 
 351 
 351 
 352 
 352 
 352 
 352 
 353 
 354 
 354 
 354 
 355 
 355 
 
 BOILER EXPLOSIONS, 
 
 Causes of 359 
 
 Collapsing of Tubes 360 
 
 Corrosion of Boiler Plates 358 
 
 Deposit in Boilers 356, 357 
 
 Defective Riveting . . . . . . . 359 
 
 Good Workmanship, Prevention of ... 359 
 
 Grease causing Galvanic Action . . . 357 
 
 Properties of Sea Water 357 
 
 Properties of Deposit 357 
 
 Pitting, Cause of 358 
 
 BOILER-MAKING 361 to 362 
 
 Illustrative Plates 362 
 
 Cornish and Lancashire, Defects of . . . 361 
 
 Correct Method of 362 
 
 Expansion Joints for Flue Tubes ... 361 
 
 Laps of Plates 363 
 
 Lagging of Boilers 363 
 
 Repairing of Boilers 363 
 
 COMBUSTION. 
 
 Average Proportion of the Chemical Consti- 
 tuents of Coal 328 
 
 Amount of Air required per Ib. of Fuel . 333 
 
 Chemical Constituent of 329 
 
 Combustion 328, 329, 331, 332, 334, 335, 336, 340 
 
 Combustible Substances 330 
 
 Carbon 330 
 
 Heat in Carbon 333,343 
 
 Heat in a Furnace 343 
 
 Latent Heat 332 
 
 Sensible Heat 332 
 
 Smoke, Cause of 329, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 
 
 341, 342, 343, 347 
 
 Smoke, Composition of 338 
 
 Smoke Numbers 347 
 
 COMPOSITION OF 
 
 Air 329 
 
 Ammonia 329 
 
 Bisulphurate of Carbon 329 
 
 Carbonic Oxide 329 
 
 Carbonic Acid 329 
 
 Sulphurous Acid 329 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen 329 
 
 Water 329 
 
 TABLES OF 
 
 Chemical Constituent of Coal .... 328 
 
 Chemical Constituent of Combustion . . 329 
 
 Combustible Substances 330 
 
 Total Evaporative Powers of Fuel . . . 332 
 
 Units of Heat 333 
 
 Compound Ingredients of Fuel .... 333 
 
 Amount of Air per Ib. of Fuel .... 334 
 
INDEX OP SUBJECT-MATTER. 
 
 391 
 
 TABLES OF 
 
 Specific Heat 343 
 
 The Duty of Coiil (Experiments at Newcastle- 
 
 on-Tyne, 1857) 344 
 
 Average Result of North Country and Welsh 
 
 Coals 344 
 
 Quality of Land Engine and Smithery Coal 
 
 (Keyham Yard, 1870) 345 
 
 Quality of Land Engine and Smithery Coal 
 
 (Keyham Yard, 1871) 345 
 
 Respecting the Coals Consumed on Board 
 
 Ship ........'.. 346 
 
 Smoke Numbers 347 
 
 Trial of H.M. Ship " Northumberland," 1871 347 
 
 Trial of H.M. Ship " Northumberland," 1871 348 
 
 Trial of H.M. Ship " Topaze," 1871 . . 348 
 
 Trial of H.M. Ship " Monarch," 1871 . . 349 
 Trial of Mixed Coal in H.M. Ship Active," 
 
 1870 349 
 
 Evaporative Power in Locomotive Engines, 
 
 1860 350 
 
 Use of Coal in H.S. Ships 345 
 
 BOILER-MAKING. 
 RULES FOR 
 
 Diameter of Rivets 364 
 
 Pitch of Rivets 365 
 
 Laps of Plates .365 
 
 Collapsing Pressure of Boiler Flue Tubes . 366 
 
 Bursting Pressure of Cylindrical Boilers . 366 
 
 Working Pressure of Cylindrical Boilers . 366 
 Area of Stays and Gussets for the Ends of 
 
 Cylindrical Boilers 366 
 
 CORNISH AND LANCASHIRE BOILERS, 
 
 Length of 367 
 
 Diameter of 367 
 
 Flue Tubes of 367 
 
 Flues in Brickwork for 367 
 
 Grate or Fire Bar Surface for . . . . . 367 
 
 Safety Valves (Land Boilers) 367 
 
 MARINE BOILERS, 
 
 Tube Surface for 367 
 
 Diameter of Tubes 367 
 
 Length of Tubes 367 
 
 Rake of Tubes 367 
 
 Number to one Fire Box 367 
 
 MARINE BOILERS continued. 
 
 Position of Stays in 367 
 
 Fire Bar of Grate Surface 367 
 
 Proportions of Fire Box 367 
 
 Fire Door Opening 367 
 
 Steam Room Capacity 368 
 
 Water Line above Tubes 368 
 
 Proportions of Smoke Box . . . . . 368 
 
 Proportions of Uptake 368 
 
 Area of Chimney or Funnel 368 
 
 Proportions for Telescopic Chimney . . 368 
 
 Air Casings around Telescopic .... 368 
 
 Safety Valves . 368 
 
 Fire Bars 368 
 
 Coal Bunkers 368 
 
 Coal Capacity 369 
 
 Stoking Space between Boilers . . . . 369 
 
 [Proportions of Locomotive Boilers can bo 
 obtained from Plate 22, which is perfectly 
 complete for that purpose.] 
 
 RULE TABLES OF THE 
 
 Algebraic Signs 369 
 
 Bursting and Safe Pressures of Boilers . . 365 
 
 Gravity of Water 369 
 
 Heat Conducting Power of Metals . . . 369 
 
 Melting Temperatures of Metals . . . 369 
 
 Properties of Steam 370 
 
 Properties of Steam 371 
 
 Proportions of Cornish and Lancashire 
 
 Boilers 366 
 
 Proportions of Weights of Marine Boilers . 371 
 
 Specific Gravities 369 
 
 Strength of Materials 364 
 
 Strength of Materials 365 
 
 Strength of Riveted Joints 364 
 
 Strength of Riveted Joints 365 
 
 Strength of Flue Tubes 366 
 
 To find the Working Pressure of Cylindrical 
 
 Boilers 366 
 
 Weights of Angle Iron of Equal Sides . . 369 
 Weight in Ibs. per Foot of different Materials 
 
 in Plates .369 
 
 Weight of Marine Boilers in Details . . 372 
 
 Weight of Round and Square Bars ... 369 
 
 Weight of Wrought Iron Pipes .... 372 
 
 LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, 8TAMPOBD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. 
 
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