■;V,^'7-"- •'•*•; ''•'•>r'>?'>*'^T-*':*.-:*>H'-t'!^?^ - mummmmmmmmmtm^mtmMmm 1 ^ K ^=^^= r^ 7 ^^i == > «=^ 3 — ^^ THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Bennett's ILattn .Series A NEW LATIN COMPOSITION BY CHARLES E. BENNETT aOLDWIX S.MHII professor ok latin JN CORNELL L'NIVERSri'V PART ONE o»to AT. L Y N AN 1) BACON Ijcision ; Xe\ii llork ; (TliieaciO COPYRIGHT. 1912 and loj?. BY CHARLES E. BENNETl Kottaooti jpnaa J. S. Cusiiing Co. — Berwick & Smith Cc, Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. PREFACE. Part I of the present work is based exclusively on Caesar. The illustrative examples are drawn directly from Caesar's own writings, either unchanged or with unessential alterations designed to adapt the passage for practical use. The sentences of the Exercises bring into use only Caesar's vocabulary — chiefly the common words — and Caesar's constructions. The passages of continued discourse in Part I are devoted partly to a summary of the familiar episodes of the early books of the Gallic War, but deal mainly with the stirring events of tlie year 54 u.c. as narrated in Pook V. Part II is based on Cicero, and follows in detail the plan of Part I. The passages of continuous discourse interspersed among the Exercises deal with Cicero's life up to his consulship. The remainder give a somewhat detailed account of the career of Verres. Part III is intended for the last year of the high school or academy, and consists of some thirty passages of con- tinuous discourse, dealing with the subject-matter of the Fourteen Philijipic Orations of Cicero. In comjjliance with tht; i-ccjuest of a large luimber of tcacliers, I have included material for oral exercises in connection with Parts 1 and H of this book. ClIAULKS K. HKNNKTT. rniA( A, May, I'.tl'J. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. I. Subject Xomiiiative. Tredicafo Nouns. Apposi fives. The \'ocaliv(! ..... IT. Agreeiiu'iit of Adjectives and ^'e^bs ... 6 III. Relative rroiiouiis. rossi\ssive Pronouns . . ly. The Accusative. .Vccusative ot Direct Obj-.'t^t V. The Accusativf.' (^continued). Two Accusatives, Accusali\e of Time, S])acc, ]>iniit of ^lotion etc 15 n, Tlie Dative. Tlie Dative of Indirect 01)ject . IS VII. Tlie \)-d{\\i' {conlinueil). l^ative of Agency. Pos- session, etc. ........ 21 rilf. The (ieniti\e. (Jenitivc of Possession. Subjec- tive (ienitive. Objective Genitive, etc . . l21 IX. The Geuiti\e (coiifi/nie'l). Genitive with .Adjec- tives; Avith Yt'rbs ...... '27 X. The Ablative. Ablative of Se]>aratioii ; of Source ; of Comparison, etc. ...... ^iO XI. The Ablative (fonhm/r,!). Ablative with Depo- nents, r/c. ; Ablative of Cause .... ;>:] XII. The Ablative (nnitimu-il). Ablative of :\Ianner; of Attendant Circumstance; of Accompaniment; of Degree of Difference ; of (Quality . . . ''>6 XIII. The Ablative (conliiiunl). Ablative of Specifica- tion; Ablativt; Absolute; of I'lace A\'here ; of Place from Which ;!n XIV. The Alilative (con/inuei!). The Locative Case. Ablative of Time. Roman Dates ... 42 TahJe of Contents. XV. Syntax of Adjectives. Adjectives ii>(,>d Sul)- stanti\cly; \\ilh the Force of Adverl)s; the Coinpai'ative and Superlative; Adjectives denoting a VA\i; primus, Jirat w/to; ultimus, last irJio ........ XVI. Pronouns. Tersonal, Reilexive. lleciprocal Pronouns; Demonstrative Pi'ououns XVIT. Pronouns Q-ontiuued). Indefinite Pronouns. Pronoininal Adjectives . . . . . XVIII. Tenses of the Indicative . . . . . XIX. Purpose Clauses. Serpience of Tenses XX. Clauses of Characteristic. Clauses of liesult . XXr. Causal Clauses. Temporal Clauses with post- quam, ut, ubi, simul ac . . . . . XXII. Temporal Clauses {mntiniicd). Cum-Clauses; antequam and />nusg«Gm- Clauses; dum. donee, and ^uoacf-Clauses ...... XXIII. Suhstantive Clauses. I)evelo])ed from the Jus- sive ; from the Dcliherat ive : after \'erl>s of hhii/erini/. jirtrt titiiif/. vie. . . . . XXIV. Sulistantiv(» Clauses (r/,),h)nic>f). D.'Vi'lopcd from tlic Optative; of Kesult; introduced iiy quod ....... XXV. Indirect (Questions ..... XX\'I. Conditional Sentences .... XXVII. Indirect Discourse XXVIII. TIk! Inlinitive. With Sul)jecl Accusitive ^vitllout Sulijrci Accusal iv(» . XXIX. Particiiilcs. 'i'.'uscs of the I'articipl.s Use o I'aiticiplcs XXX. The rici'und. The Ccrundivc (dnslruction The Supine ...■■■ Sup]ile.mentary Passages in Conliiiued I)i,>eour>e VoCAl'.n.AIiY 41 48 51 55 57 GO 05 67 81 84 .s7 01 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Grammatical references not preceded by any Initial are to the Revised Edition ol the author's Latin Grammar. A. & G. . Allen & Greenougli's New Latin Grammar abl. . . ablative. ace. , accusative. adv. adverb. c. common (gender), cf. , compare. conj. . conjunction. dat. . dative. dep. . deponent. e.g. . for example i. feminine. gen. genitive. II. Ilarkness's Complete Latin Grammar. i.e. that is. imper . impersonal. indecl indeclinable. intran s. or ntr. intransitive. lit. literally. 111. masculine. n. neuter. obj. , object. Pl. plural. pred. , predicate. prep. preposition. semi-dep. . semi-deponenti subj. . subject. trans. or tr transitive. LESSON I. SUBJECT NOMINATIVE. PREDICATE NOUNS. APPOSITIVES THE VOCATIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Subject Nominative. 166, 166. 2 ; A. & G. 339; II. 387 and 1. 2. Predicate Nouns. 107, 108. 2; A. & G. 283, 281; II. 393 aud 8. 3. Appositives. 109. 1, 2, 5; A. & G. 282; H. 393 and 4. 4. The Vocative. 171 ; A. & G. 34U ; II. 402. EXAMPLES. The heavy-face figures in parenthesis following the examples correspond to the heavy-face numerals under the Grammatical References. Tiius (1) indicates that the Example illustrates the Subject Nonnnative ; (2) Predicate Nouns ; etc. The other numer- als refer to the Notes on the Examples. 1. Mosa ex monte Vosego pr6fluit,i the Meuse floios forth from the Yosges Mountains. (1) 2. Germani impetiis gladidrum exceperunt,i the Germans mpt the attack of the swords. (1) 3. Usipetes et Tencteri fliimen Rhenum transierunt,i the Usi- petes and Tencteri crossed the liirer Hhine. (1) 4. aperto Htore naves constituit,^ he stationed the ships on an open beach. (1) 5. is^ legationem ad civitates suscepit,' he undertook the emhassy to the states. (1) 6. ejus belli haec fuit^ csiussi, this vjas the cause of that rear. (I 7. extremum oppidum Allobrogum est ^ Genava, the oiitermnsi town of the Allobroijes is Geneva. (2) •6 4 Subject Nominative. 8. in v'cd qui appellatur ^ Octodurus, in the village ivhich is called Oclddurus. (2) 9. vir fortissimus, Piso Aquitanus, a very gallant man, Fiso, an Aquitania)i. (3) 10. duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una'' Sueba, altera'^ Norica there were ttco ir/iv.s of Ariovistus, the one a Snebian icoman, the ather JVaric. (3) 11. desilite, comnnliibnes I* jump doiC7i, comrades! (4) Notes on the Examples. 1. The verb in tlie Latin .sentence regularly stands last (348 ; A. & G. 5!)0 and a ; 11. 004), but it often precedes a predicate noun or adjective. 2. Tiie subject is here empliatic ; hence the pronoun is ex- pressed. 3. una and altera are in partitive apposition witli tlie subject, ux5res. 4. The Vocative reguhxrly follows one or more words of the sentence. VOCABULARY. horseman, eques, itis, m. lead across, tradiico, ere, duxi, ductus. leader, dux, duels, m. lead forth, educo, ere, duxi, ductus. messenger, nuntius, i, m. alarm, commoveo, ere, movi motus.* barbarians, barbari, orum, 7/i. brother, frater, tris, m. build, facio, ere, feci, factus. camp, castra, 5rum, n. centurion, centurio, onis, m. come, venio, ire, veni, ventum. j tribe, gens, gentis, /. direction, quarter, pars, partis,/, troops, copiae, arum, /. drawup, instruo, ere, iixi, uctus. winter quarters, hiberna, orum, foot-soldier, pedes, itis, m. n. friendship, amicitia, ae, /. woman, mulier, eris, /. * In giving the princiiial parts of ver))s, the perfect jiassivo parti- ciple is given instead of ihe .sui)iiie; if the verb is transitive, the participle is given in the masculine form, otherwise in the neuter. Where the perfect passive participle is not in use, the future active participle is given, if it occurs. Subject Nor)iinatwe. EXERCISE. 1. You, Titus,-^ were the leader of these horsemen. 2. Tlie Ubii, a German tribe, had made friendship with the Ivomans and had already given many hostages. 3. Cliildren and ---vomen were seen on the wall. 4. We shall lead forth all the foot-soldiers and draw (theni)^ up before the cajnp. 5. The barbarians were alarmed and sent messengers in^ all directions. 6. Quintus, brother of Marcus, was a lieutenant of Caesar. 7. JSTarbo and Tolosa, most flourishing cities, were in the Roman Province. 8. In this great forest were many strange anijiials. 9. The Germans slew Sextns ]3aculus, a cen- turion and brother of Publius J>aculus. 10. lie quickly built the bridge and led his troo])S across. 11. Divi- tiacus, the Haeduan, brother of Dumnorix and friend of Liscus, came to Caesar. 12. Vesontio, the winter quar- ters of Labienus, was a town of the Sequani. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. Words not given in the special vocabularies may be found in the general vocabulary at the end of the b(_)ijk;. 2. Words in parenthesis are not to be translated. 3. in : translate : iiito. LESS ox ir. AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES AND VERBS. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Attributive and Predicate Adjectives. '2oo. 2 ; A. & G 285. 1 and 2. 2. Agreement of Adjectives.* '2:54 and 1, 2o5 to bottom of p. l.");]; A. & a. 2S6 and a, 2S7. 1 ; II. 30i, ;595. 1, 2. 3. Agreement of Verbs. -2^. 1-8, 255. 1-8, 5; A. & G. 316 and 6; 317 and b-d; II. 388, 3S!). 1 ; 390, 391, 392. 1, -i. EXAMPLES. 1. magna alacritas et studium, ijrcat ear/erness and zeal. (2) 2. res multae operae ac laboris. a matter of much effurt and laJior. (2) 3. C. Volusenus. vir magni consili et virtutis. Gains Volusenus, a man ofijreat icisdorn and valor. (2) 4. locus castrorum erat editus et acclivis, the site of the camp was elevated and sloping. (2) 5. filiu3 et fratris filius a Caesare remissi sunt, his son and his brother's son were sent hack hy Caesar. (3) 6. equitatusnondum venerat,^ the cavalry had not yet come. (3) 7. mittitur- ad eos C. Arpineius et Q.Junius, Gains Arpineins and Qiiintus Junius were sent to them. (3) 8. quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat,'' a great part of which things the short- ness of the time and the onrush (f the enemy prevented. (3} * Xote that the principles for tlie ajjjreenient of adjectives cover also the use of participles in the coiupouud tenses of the passive, as well as In the periphrastic conjugations. 6 Agreement of Adjectives and Verhs. 7 0. neque agricultura neque usus belli intermittitur, neither farm- ing nor the practice of loar is interrupted. (3) Notes on the Examples. 1. When the subject is a collective noun, the verb usually stands in the singular. 2. The verb here agrees with the nearer subject. 3. The two subjects are here felt as constituting one idea; hence the singular verb. chieftain, princeps, ipis, 7n. construct, aedifico, 1.* consul, consul, is, m. district, regio, onis, /. either . . . or, aut . . . aut. gate, porta, ae. /. influence, auctoritas, atis. /. neither . . . nor, neque (nee) neque (nee), pilot, gubernator, oris, m. praise, laudo, 1.* VOCABULARY. prudence, priidentia, ae, /. rower, remex, igis, m. see, video, ere, vidl, visus. send, mitto, ere, misi, missus. ship, navis, is, /. ; ship of war, navis longa, lit. long ship, steadfastness, constantia, ae, /. surround, circumeo, ire, ii. itus. tear down, diruo, ere, rui, rutus. wall, miirus. i. m. wife, uxor, oris, /. EXERCISE. 1. Messala and Piso had been consuls. 2, Xeither the gate nor the wall will be torn down. 3. We praise Sabinus, a man of the greatest prudence and steadfastness. 4. In this district we saw many towns and villages. 5. Either the father or the son was sent. G. INIanj ships of war had been constructed, and many rowers and pilots had been secured. 7. The influence of these maritime tribes was very great. 8. A large multitude of * Regular verbs of the first conjiigatioii are indicated by the nu- meral 1. 8 Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs. men had surrounded tlie town and was hurling stones and javelins. 9. The Senate and Ilonian people ' decreed a thanksgiving. 10. The camp had been placed on a small hill. 11. The wite and daughter of this chieftain had been captured. 12. These two great wars had been completed in one summer. Suggestion on the Elxercise. 1. Senatus populusque Romanus : this phrase regularly takes a singular verb. LESSON III. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Relative Pronouns. 250. 1-3, 251. 1, 5, 6; A. & G. 305 and a, :!0G, 308. a,/and X.; H. 396 and 2, 398 and 1. 2. Possessive Pronouns. 2i3 and 1, 233. 3; A. & G. 302 and a, e ; II. 501. EXAMPLES. 1. Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos habent, tJie AUobroges vjho have villages across the lihone. (1) 2. genus hoc erat pugnae qu5 se Germani exercuerant, tfiis ivas the sort of battle in ivhich the Germans had trained them- selves. (1) 3. Casticus regnum occupavit in civitate sua quod pater ante habuerat, Casticus seized the royal poiver in his own state which his father had held before him. (1, 2) 4. Titurius et Cotta qui in Menapiorum fines legiones diixerant, Titurius and Cotta vjho had led their legions into the territory of the Menapii. (1, 2) 5. sagittarids et funditSres mittebat quorum magnum numerum habebat, he sent archers and slingers, of ivhom he had a great number. (1) 6. iisus ac discipllna quae a nobis acceperant, the experience and discipline v:hi<'h they had received from 2ts. (1) 7 Vesontionem venit, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, he came to Vesontio, vj/iich is the largest toivn of the Sequani. (1) 8. Senones quae est civitas firma inter Gallos, the Senones who are a strong state among the (lauls. (1) 9. auxilium suum pollicentur. they jiromise their old. (2) 10. vestrae saliitis causa suum periculum neglexerunt, for the sake of your safety they made light of their own danger. (2) 9 10 Relative Pi^onoims. VOCABULARY. ancestors, majores, um, m., lit. elders. arrival, adventus, us, m. before, adv., ante. freedom, libertas, atis, /. grant, concedo, ere, cessi, cessus. guard, servo, 1. hear, hear of, audio, ire, Ivi, itus. magnitude, magnitiido, inis, /. maintain, retineo, ere, ui, tentus. pacify, paco, 1. pitch (a camp), pono, ere, posui, positus. remaining, reliquus, a, um. reproach, incuso, 1. set out, proficiscor, i, profectus. set on fire, incendo, ere, cendl, census. surrender, dedo, ere, dedidi, de- ditus. throw into confusion, perturbo, 1. EXERCISE. 1. You will set out for'' your province, and I for mine. 2. The Nervii reproached the remaining Belgians who had surrendered themselves to the lloman people. 3. The Gauls were alarmed by the magnitude of the works which they had neither seen nor heard of before.^ 4. AYe will remain in our own camp which we have pitched here. 5. They set on fire all the villages and buildings which they had seen. 6. The enemy Avere thrown into confu- sion by the suddenness of our arrival. 7. We shall main- tain the glory and freedom which we received from our ancestors. 8. The mother and daughter whom you cap- tured were guarded in our camp. 9. Sabinus will with- draw his forces to the nearest hill. 10. These are the tribes which we pacified. 11. The Suebi, who had come to the banks of the Rhine, returned into their own territory. 12. Ariovistus, king of the Germans, was holding abodes in Gaul which had been granted by ^ the Sequani. Relative Pronouns. W Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. for: use in with the accusative. 2. The adverb regularly precedes the word which it modifies, 3. hy : use a with the ablative. LESSON IV. THE ACCUSATIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. fAccrsATivE OF Direct Object.) 1. Simple Uses. 175. 1, 170. 1 ; A. & G. 387 ; H. 404 and 1. 2. With Compound Verbs. 175. 2. a; A. & G. 388. h ; H. 100. 3. Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives used as Accusative of Result Produced.' 170. 2 ; A. & G. 390. c; II. 409. 1. 4. Two Accusatives. — Direct Object and Predicate Accusative 177. 1; A.c^c Ct. 393; II. 410 and 1. 5. Adjective as Predicate Accusative. 177. "2 ; A. & G. 393. X.; 11. 410. 3. 6. Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs. 177. 3; A. & G. 393. a ; H. 410. 1. EXAMPLES. 1. post eas legiones impedimenta collocaverat, behind these legions he had placed the baggage. (1) 2. milites nostri Atrebates in fliimen compulerunt, our soldiers drove the Atrebates into the river. (1) 3. Caesar in Rheno pontem fecit, Caesar built a bridge over the Rhine. (1) 4. Remos reliquosque Belgas adiit, he visited the liemi and the ref-i of the Eehjae. (2) 5. complures equites hunc unum peditem circumsistebant, several horsemen vjere surrounding this one foot-soldier. (2) 3. horum auctoritas apud plebem plurimumi valebat, the influ- ence of these was very powerful with the common people. (3) 12 The Accusative. 13 7. Sequani nihil- responderunt, the Sequani made no answer. (3) 8. pauca^ responderunt, they replied briefly. (3) 9. summo magistratui praeerat, quern vergobretum appellant, he loas in charge of the highest office {the man) whom they called '■ vergohret.'' (4) 10. hoc consilium hostes alacriores ad pugnam efFecerat, this plan had made the enemy more eager for battle. (5) 11. amicus ab senatii nostrd appellatus erat, he had been called friend by our Senate. (6) Notes on the Examples. 1. plurimum valebat: Ht. availed very much; Accusative of Result Produced. 2. nihil responderunt ; lit. replied nothing. 3. pauca responderunt: \it. replied a few things. VOCABULARY. attack, oppugno, 1. | fortification, miinitio, onis, /. avail, valeo, ere, ui, valiturus. call (name), appello, 1. choose, deligo, ere, legi, lectus circumstance, res, rei, /. comrade, commilito, onis, m. courageous, fortis, e. cross, transeo, ire, ii, itus. embankment, agger, eris, m. fickleness, levitas, atis, /. get ready, trans.., comparo, 1. go around, circumeo, ire, ii, itus. grain, friimentum, i, n. high, altus, a, um. precede, antecedo, ere, cessi, cessurus. surpass, praecedo, ere, cessi, ces- siirus. EXERCISE. 1. This circumstance made the troops more courageous. 2. The Moi'iui went around the fortifications of the Romans. 3. AVe feared the fickleness of the Gauls, who are often changeable. 4. AVe got ready grain, chose horsemen, and ^ crossed the Kiver Seine. 5. Xear ^ the Ocean the Rhine makes many large ''islands. 6. The 14 TJie Accusative. enemy attacked the foot-soldiers who had preceded oui army. 7. They had made the camp more extensive and the embankment higher. 8. Our efforts will avail very little.* 9. He called me friend and comrade. 10. The Arverni surpassed the remaining Gauls in courage^ and steadfastness. 11. We were called friends and com- rades. 12. This speech of Liscus was of no avail.® Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. For the proper employment of connectives in enumerations, see 341. a-c ; A. & G. 323. c. 1, 3 ; H. 657. 6 and N. 2. near : use prope, prep, with ace. 3. many large : the Latin says : many and large. 4. very little : compare the 6th example. 5. in courage : use tlie simple ablative. 6. of no avail: translate: availed nothing. LESSON V. THE ACCUSATIVE (continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Two Accusatives, — Person Affected and Result Produced 178. 1. a-e ; A. & G. 394, 390 and a ; II. 411. 2. Passive Construction of these Verbs. 178. 2 ; A. & G. 396. b; 11.411. 1. 3. Two Accusatives with Compound Verbs. 179. 1-3 ; A. & G. S95 and X. 2 ; H. 413. 4. Accusative of Time and Space. 181. 1 ; A. & G. 423, 425; H. 417. 5. Accusative of Limit of Motion. 182. 1-4; A. & G. 426. 2, 427. 2, 428. a, b, J ; IT. 418 and 1, 419 and 1, 2. 6. Accusative as Subject of Infinitive. 184; A. & G. 397. e; H. 415. 7. Other Accusative Uses. 185 ; A. & G. 397. a ; H. 416. 2, 3. EXAMPLES. 1. interim cottidie Caesar Haeduos friimentum flagitare, ineari' ichile Caesar daily demanded the grain of the llaedui. (1) 2. milites navibus fliimen transportat, he sets his traops across the river by hoats. (3) 3. Belgae sunt Rhenum traducti, the Belgians loere led across the lihine. (3) 4. ab Suebis complures annos bello premebantur, far very many years they tvere harried in v:ar hy the Suehi. (4) 5. Caesar biduum in his locis moratur, Caesar tarried ttoo days in these places. (4) 6. erant duae fossae quindecim pedes latae, there were two ditches, fifteen feet broad. (4) 16 16 The Accusative. 7. hie locus ab hoste sescentos passus aberat, this place loas six hundred paces distant from the enemy. (4) 8. domos redeunt, they return to their homes. (5) 9. in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit, he hastened to Gaul and arrived in the vicinity of Geneva. (5) 10. Bibracte ire contendit, he hastened to go to Bihracte. (5) 11. legatos reverti jussit, he ordered the envoys to return. (6) 12. maximani partem lacte vivunt, they subsist for the most part on milk. (7) Remarks. 1. Verbs of demanding more commonly take a with the ablative, instead of the accusative of the person. This is regularly true of pet5, as tribunatum a Caesare petivi, / asked a trihuneship of Caesar. 2. To denote duration of time for a small number of days or years, it is customary to use biduum, triduum, quadriduum, txoo days, three days, four days; and biennium, triennium, quadrien- nium, two years, three years, four years. VOCAB ask, peto, ere, petivi or petii, petitus. auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, n. delay, moror, 1. demand, flagito, 1. eight hundred, octingenti, ae, a. extend, pateo, ere, ui. field, ager, agri, m. forest, silva, ae, /. hasten, contendo, ere, tendi, tentum. help, auxilium, i, n. ULARY. legion, legio, onis, /. month, mensis, is, m. of, with verbs of asking, a (ab), prep, loith the abl. pace, passus, us, m. part, pars, partis, /. remain, maneo, ere, mansi, man- siirus. tarry, moror, 1. transport, transporto, 1. winter, hiems, mis, /. EXERCISE. 1, These -fields extended about eight hundred paces. 2. The Gauls are in large part fickle. 3. You had de- The Accusative. 17 layed many days in the vicinity of Tolosa. 4. The fortifications were forty feet high. 5. Sabinus ordered the auxiliaries to be sent home. G. We asked help of the Britons. 7. Ariovistus had remained four months in these forests and swamps. 8. You had demanded money of us. 9. We transported these troops across the River Rhone and hastened to Geneva. 10. During the remaining part of the winter these legions remained in the vicinity of Aquileia. 11. The horsemen were led across the river. 12. We tarried two days near Tolosa and then came to Xarbo. 13. Caesar informed Sabinus of ^ his departure. 14. Sabinus was informed of ^ Caesar's departure. Suggestion on the Exercise. 1. of: use de with the abl. LESSON VI. THE DATIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. (Dative of Indirect Object.) 1. Indirect Object in Connection with a Direct Object aftei Transitive Verbs. 187. I and a; A. & G. 362 ; H. 424. 2. Indirect Object with Intransitive Verbs. 187.11; A. & G. 366, 367; H. 424, 426. 1, 2. 3. Indirect Object with Compoimd Verbs. 187. III. 1, 2; A. &G. 370; H. 429 and 1. EXAMPLES. 1. unam legionem C. Fabio dedit, he gave one legion to Gains Fabius. (1) 2. id Caesari nuntiatum est, that teas reported to Caesar. (1) 3. Haeduorum civitati Caesar indulserat, Caesar had favored the state of the Haedui. (2) 4. neque mulieribus neque pueris pepercit, he spared neither women nor children. (2) 5. Treviri ejus imperio n5n parebant, the Treviri did not obey his order. (2) 6. aciem suam carris circumdederunt, they placed their line of battle around the icago7is. (3) 7. minus facile finitimis bellum inferre poterant. they loere less easily able to icage v:ar against their neighbors. (3) 8. ei munition! quam fecerat T. Labienum praefecit, he placed Titus Labienus in charge of that fortification which he had made. (3) 9. Brutus huic class! praeerat, Brutus was in charge of this fleet. (3) 18 The Dative. 19 VOCABULARY. (account) on account of, prop- ter, prep, with ace. arms, weapons, arma, orum, n. bravely, fortiter. bring upon, iafero, ferre, tuli, illatus. charge, be in charge of, praesnm, esse, fui, futurus, inth dat. ; put in charge, praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, xoith dat. of in- direct object. favor, faveo, ere, favi, fautiirus. band over, trado, ere, tradidi, traditus. hostage, obses, idis, m. lieutenant, legatus, I, m. obey, pareo, ere, ui, pariturus. persuade, persuadeo, ere, suasi, suasum. place around, circumd5, dare, dedi, datus. province, provincia, ae, /. reduce, redigd, ere, redegi, re- dactus. resist, resisto, ere, restiti. spare, parco, ere, peperci, par- surus. trust, c6nfid6,ere, conflsus, aemi- dep. young man, juvenis, is, m. EXERCISE. 1. The Roman people did not reduce to^ a province those tribes which it had s})ared. 2. These young men obeyed the friend who had favored tliem. 3. The arms and hostages had ah-eady been handed over^ to the lieu- tenant who was in command of these troops. 4. The Sequani had given lands and money to Ariovistus. 5. We placed a great multitude of horsemen around the foot-soldiers. 6. These Roman envoys persuaded the tribes to which they had been sent. 7. We saw Sabinus, who was in charge of the winter quarters near Vesontio. 8. You will spare this chieftain and his sons. 9. We put Galba in charge of tliis business. 10. We shall bravely resist those tribes whicli bring^ war upon us. 11. The commander trusts this legion on account of (its) valor. 12. I favored neitlier you nor your brother. 20 TJie Dative. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. to : use in with tlic ace. 2. handed over : make the participle agree witli the nearei subject. 3. bring upon : use tlie future tense- LESSON VII. THE DATIVE {continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Dative of Agency. 189. 1, 2; A. & (i. ;57i ; II. l:]!. 2. Dative of Possession. 190 ami 1; A. & (r. 873 and a, H. 4:}(). 3. Dative of Purpose or Tendency. 191. 1,2; A. & (J. 382 and 1,2; II. 433 and 3. 4. Dative with Adjectives. 192. 1,2; A. & G. 383, 384 ; II. 434 and 2. EXAMPLES. 1. omnes cruciatiis Sequanis perferendi sunt, all tortures must he endured by the Sequani. (1) 2. Caesari omnia uno tempore agenda erant, all things had to he done hy Caesar at one time. (1) 3. praeter agri solum nobis nihil est, except the sail of the Ji eld, ire liace nothing, lit. nothing is to us. (2) 4. mihi erit perpetua amicitia tecum, / shall have everlasting friendship loith you. (2) 5. dies coUoquio dictus est, a day I'-as set for a conference. (3) 6. German! auxilio a Belgis arcessiti sunt, the Gi-rmans u:cre summoned, hy the Belgians for aid. (3) 7. iina res nostris magno usul erat, one thing vas ef great advan- tage to our men. lil. to our men for great advuitage. (3) 8. quinque cohortes castris praesidio reliquit, he left five cohorts as a guard for tlie cam}). (3; 9. proximi sunt Germani.s. they are )icxt to the Germans. (4) 10. maxime plehi acceptus erat, lie vas especially acceptable to the common people. (4) 21 22 The Dative. Remarks. 1. Note the special neuter impersonal use of tlie second peri- phrastic conjugation in connection witli tlie Dative of Agency, e.g. nobis non exspectandum est, ive must not wait., lit. it must not he waited by us ; nSbis resistendum est, we must resist. 2. The chief verbs, besides sum, that take a Dative of Purpose or Tendency are : relinquo, deligo, dico, mitto, venio. 3. Among tlie commoner Datives of Purpose or Tendency are; auxilio, Usui, impedimento, praesidio, subsidio. VOCABULARY. abode, domicilium, i, ?i. army, exercitus, iis, m. assistance, auxilium, i, n. at once, statim. cavalry, equitatus, iis, m. do, facio, ere, feci, factus. javelin, pilum, i, 7i. leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus. protection, praesidium, i, n. set, appoint, constituo, ere, ui, iitus. suitable, idoneus, a, um. undertake, suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus. use, iisus, lis, m. wait, exspectS, 1. where, ubi. EXERCISE. 1, Labienus had s'et this day for the battle. 2. The same thing must be done by all the Gauls which we have done. 3. We have no place ^ which we call suitable for an abode. r^4. All these maritime tribes were near to the places where Publius Crassus had waged war. 5. He has already sent one cohort as (for) assistance to us. 6. Courageous soldiers ought to be praised by their leaders. 7. These soldiers have neither javelins^ nor swords. 8. This embassy must be undertaken by your two sons. 9. We shall order Galba to leave these two legions as (for) a protection to the camp. 10. Our ships The Dative. 23 Avere nearest to tlie sliore. 11. AVe must not wait, but must set out at once.^ 12. I'he caviiliy of the llae- duans was of (for) great use to the Roman army. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. have no place ; have neither javelins : see Examples 3, 4. 2. See Remark 1. The Belg-ae Conspire against Caesar. Caesar liad conquered the Helvetii and driven Ariovis- tus out of Gaul across the Rhine into Germany. He himself was in Hither Gaul, where he heard frequent rumors concerning the i)lans of the Belgians. These feared the army of the Roman ])eople, and were con- spiring and giving hostages to each other. ^ Caesar was alarmed by the letters and messages which he received and enrolled two new legions in Hither Ciaul and sent Quintus Pedius (as) lieutenant with these into Farther Gaul. After a little- he set out himself and canre to the borders of the Belgians in about fifteen days.' Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. to each other : inter se. 2. fffter a little : paulo post (afterwards by a little^. 3. in about fifteen days: use the simple abl. LESSOi^ VIII. THE GENITIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Genitive of Origin. 196. 2. Genitive of Possession. 198. 1, 3; A. & G. 343 and b\ H. 440. 1. 3. Subjective Genitive. 199; A. & G. 343. N. 1 ; H. 440. 1. 4. Objective Genitive. 200; A. k G. 347, 348; H. 440. 2. 5. Genitive of the Whole ('Partitive Genitive'). 201 entire; A. & G. 346. a. 1-3, c,e; H. 440. 5 and X., 441, 442, 443. 6. Genitive of Quality, 203. 1-5 ; A. & G. 345. a,b;K. 440. 3, EXAMPLES. 1. fnius Galbae regis, the son of King Galba. (1) 2. Haedu5rum fines, the territory of the Ilaeduans. (2) 3. signa decimae legionis, the standards of the tenth legion. (2) 4. Gallia est AriovistI, Gard belongs to Ariovistus, lit. is of Ariovistus. (2) 5. imperatoris est hoc facere, it is the function of the commander to do this, lit. is of the commander. (2) 6 fuga totius exercitiis, the flight of the entire army. (3) 7. eorum clamor fremitusque, their crying and shouting. (3) 8. regni cupiditate inductus, impelled by a desire of regal poiver. (4) 9. dom.u.va.rediiidms STpea, the hope of retrir7iing home. (4) 10. Orgetorigis filia atque iinus e filiis, the daughter of Orgetorix and one of his sons. (1 and 5) 11. quinque milia passuum, flve miles, lit. five thousands of paces, (5) 24 Tlie Getiitive. 25 12. castris satis praesidi reliquit, Jie left sufficient guard for the camp, lit. suflicittU of guard. (5) 13. quantum auctoritatis ? quantum temporis? hoio much influ' ence ? how much time ? (5) 14. vir magnae auctoritatis, a man of great influence. (6) 15. cbnsilidi e]nBm.o(\.\, designs of that sort. (6) 16. miirus in altitudinem sedecim pedum, a ivall sixteen feet high lit. (f si.cteen feet into height. (6) 17. auxili causa, /ur i/ie s.xA'e y/aA>('s?rtwc6'. (2) Remark Causa is much commoner than gratia in the sense : on account of, for the sake of. VOCABULARY. accomplish, perficio, ere, feci, fectus. capture, capio, ere, cepi, captus. cut to pieces, concido, ere, cidi, cisus. departure, discessus, iis, m. distant, be distant, absum, ab- esse, afui, afuturus. enough, satis, indecl. greatly, magnopere. hate, odi, odisse. kill, occido. ere, cidi, cisus. lose, amitto, ere, misi, missus. mile, mille passiis, lit. thousand paces ; plu. milia passuum. sake, for the sake of, causa (a/>/.) icithgen.; the gen. alioays pre cedes. terrify, terreo, ere, ui, itus. thousand, mille ; plu. milia. utter, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. warlike, bellicosus, a, um. EXERCISE. 1. Orgetorix wa.s a man of the greatest influence among tlie Helvetii, but he liad no prudence.^ 2. Vty the de- parture of the Koiuau horsciueu tin; harbariaiis were made more eager. '.'>. lie liad already accomplished all the things for the sak(i of which lu; had led his army across the lihiue into Germany. 4. Trocillus was among the 26 Tlie Genitwe. noblest men of the Gallic rrovince. 5. You have not sent enough assistance ^ to these cohorts. (5. There were two daughters of this chieftain, of whom one was cafH tured, the other (was) killed. 7. The Usipetes were greatly terrified by the sudden arrival of the Komans ; four thousand of them came into the power of Caesar. 8. The tribe of the iSTervii was by far the largest and most warlike of all the Belgians. 9. The River Rhone was five miles distant from this town. 10. You see the fury of all those who hate the rule of the Roman people. 11. We cut to pieces three thousand Germans who had lost all hope of safety. 12. Some opinions of this kind were uttered. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. had no prudence : translate: natlihuj of prudence was to himu 2, enough assistance : see Example 12. 8, from : use ab. LESSON IX. THE GENITIVE {continue^. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Genitive with Adjectives. 204. 1-3 ; A. & G. 349 and a h, 385. c and 2 ; II. 450, 451. 1, 2 and N. 1, 3. 2. Genitive with meminl, remimscor, obhviscor. 206. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 350. a, b, c, d; II. 451 and 1, 455. 3. Genitive with Verbs of Judicial Action. 208. 1, 2, a ; A. & G. 352 and a, 353. 1 ; II. 450 and 3, 4. 4. Genitive with Impersonal Verbs. 209. 1; A. & G, 354. h, c ; II. 457. 5. Genitive with interest. 210; 211. 1 ; A. & G. 355 and a; H. 449. 1-4. EXAMPLES. 1. Dumnorix erat cupidus rei'um novarum, Dumnorix loas de- xiroiis of a rcvnhUion, lit. ( if new Lhiiuj^. (1) 2. agri erant plenissimi friimentl, the fields icere very full of (jrain. (1) 3. reminisceretur pristinae virtiitis Helvetiorum, let him rcmem her the pristine v(dor (f the llelvel.ii. (2) 4. veteris contumeliae non oblivlscitur, lie does not forget the old insidt. (2) 6. Vercingetorix proditionis insimulatus est, Vereinrix ican accused (f treason. (3) fi. summae iniquitatis condemnatur, he is ronvirted of the (jreatest injustice. (3) 7. saepe consilia ineunt. quorum eos paenitet. thetj (ffin initiate plans I'dn'rh thei/ repent o/, lil. if inhi<-h it repents them. (4) 8. hoc commiinis saliitia interest, this concerns the common safely. (5) 87 28 The Genitive. yOCAB accuse, insimulo, 1. blameless, innocens, entis. concerns, it concerns, interest, esse, fuit, imp. confidence, fiducia, ae, /. convict, condemno, 1. custom, consuetudo, inis, /. eager for, cupidus, a, um, icithgen. entirely, omuino. forget, obliviscor, i, oblitus. full, plenus, a, um. inexperienced in, imperitus, a, um, loith gen. ULARY. military science, res militarist rei militaris. /. opinion, sententia, ae, /. present, be present, adsum, esse, adfui, adfutiirus. remember, reminiscor, i. repent, it repents, paenitet, ere, uit, imp. republic, res piiblica, rei pQb- licae, /. versed in, peritus, a, um, v:ith gen. EXERCISE. 1. The Haedui repented of their fickleness and weak- ness. 2. This concerns the republic. 3. Your horse- men were all full of confidence and hope. 4. I shall never forget, comrades, the controversies and dissensions of which I was the cause. 5. These barbarians, in- experienced in our customs, had brought war on the Eoman people. 6. We remember the great dangers which you undertook for the sake of our safety. 7. They will send you leaders versed in military science. 8. In the opinion^ of all who were present you had been convicted of these wrongs. 9. These tribes were eager for horses and beasts of burden. 10. You were entirely inexperienced in this kind of battle. 11. Those men who are blameless will not be accused of avarice. 12. They have not forgotten the many wrongs they suffered. Suggestion on the Exercise. 1. in the opinion : use the simple ablative. The Genitive. 29 The Remi alone Offer Aid to Caesar, Of all the states of the Belgians, the Remi alone had not conspired against the Roman people. But all the remaining Belgae were in arms, and had even summoned the Germans who dwelt this side the Rhine. These Belgians had in ancient days^ inhabited Germany, but they had been led across the Rhine and had settled on ^ the lands of the Gauls whom they had driven out. They were very brave and had kept from their borders the Cimbrians and Teutons, who once had ravaged Gaul. There were many Belgian tribes and all had promised troops for^ this war. Sug'g'estions on the Exercise. 1. in ancient days : antiquitus (adv.). 2. settle on : occupo, 1. 8. for: ad- LESSON X. THE ABLATIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Ablative of Separation. 214 entire; A. & G. 400, 401^ 402. a ; II. 462, 465. 2. Ablative of Source. 215 entire; A. & G. 403. a; H, 467, 469. 1, 2. 3. Ablative of Agent. 210 entire; A. & G. 405; H. 468 and 1. 4. Ablative of Comparison. 217. 1-4; A. & G. 406 and a, 407 andc; 11.471 and 1, 4. 5. Ablative of Means. 218; A. & G. 409; II. 476. EXAMPLES. 1. Caesar XTbios obsidione liberavit, Caesar freed the JJhtl from oppression. (1) 2. murus defensoribus nudatus, a icall stripped of its defend- ers. (1) 3. Caesar proelio abstinebat, Caesar refrained from battle. (1) 4. principes Britanniae frumento nostros prohibebant, the chieftains of Britain kept our men from grain. (1) 5. ex castris discedere coeperunt, they began to vnthdravj from camp. (1) 3- vir fortissiraus araplissimo genere natus. a very gallant man born of a very noble family. (2) 7. loco natus honesto, born in an (lit. from an) honorable station. (2) 8. Belgae erant orti ab Germanis, the Belgae loere descended from the Germans. (2) 9. haec a Caesare geruntur, these things were doyie by Caesar. C3) 30 TJie Ablative, 31 10. de his rebus per^ nuntios certior factus est, he was informed of these things through messengers. 11. hi sunt ceteris humaniores, these are more civilized than the rest. (4) 12. non amplius octingentos equites habuerunt, they did not have more than eight hundred cavalry. (4) 13. magno dolore afficiebantur, they loere afflicted ivith great dis- tress. (5) 14. eos frumento jiivit, he assisted them loith grain. (5) Note on the Examples. 1. When a person is viewed not as an independent agent, but rather as one tlirough whose instrumentahty sonietliing is done, this relation is expressed by per witli the accusative^ VOCABULARY. l. All withdi-ew from that part of *".he village which had been granted by (ialbato tlie (iauls 32 The Ablative. 7. This young man was bom of a most ancient family. 8. We lost less than seven hundred foot-soldiers. 9. They fortified this place with a wall and a ditch. 10. The Belgians were tampered with by some Gauls. 11. These soldiers had already fought with javelins and swords more than two hours. 12. This circumstance was announced to the enemy through runaway slaves of Sabinus. 13. By our help you were freed from the tribute Avhich you had paid to the Germans (for) three years. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. lives : the Latin uses the sing, in such cases. 2. in war : express by the Ablative of Meu.^^ LESSON XI. THE ABLATIVE {continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Ablative with the Deponents, utor, fruor, etc. 218. 1 ; A &G. 410; 11.477. 1. 2. Ablative with frUus. 218. 3 ; A. & G. 431. o; H. 476. 1. 3. Ablative in Special Phrases. 218.7; 11.47(3.4. 4. Ablative with Verbs of Filling and Adjectives of Plenty. 218. 8; A. & G. 409. a; 11.477. IT. 5. Ablative of Way by Which. 218. 9; A. & G. 429. a; II. 476, 6. Ablative of Cause. 219 entire ; A. & G. 404 ; IT. 475. EXAMPLES. 1. German! jiimentis importatis non iituntur, the Germans do nut use imported horses. (1) 2. iisi sunt eodem rlnce,^ they tised the same man as leader. (1) 3. hi omnibus commodis fruuntur, these enjoy all advantages. (1) 4. eodem ille munere fungebatur, he performed the same duty. (1) 5. magno pecoris numerS potitui", he secures possessioii of a great quantity of cattle. (1) 6. tud, amicitia fretus sum. I rely on your friendship. (2) 7. castris se tenuit, he kept himself in camp. (3) 8. proeli5 nostros lacessere coeperunt, they began to provoke our rni-n to battle or ojfer battle to our men, lit. hai'ass by battle. (3) 9. equestri proelio cottidie contendit, he contended daily in a cavalry battle. (3) 34 Tlie Ablative. 10. totum montem liominibus compleri jussit, hp ordered the icJiole moiDit'iiu to he curerrd icith men. (4) 11. frumentum flumine Arari navibus subvexerat, he browjht itp the {/rain i>i huats Vdj vay of the Arar lUnr. (5) 12. levitate animl novis imperils student, on acroxint <>f their jicMenexs of di^puxition the>j desire a change of control (6) 13. rei friimentai-iae jussu Caesaris praeerat, h>j Caesar^s order he v:as in charge of the grain supply. (6) Note on the Examples. 1. Note that iitor may take a second ablative in predicate rela- tion to the first. The predicate ablative may be either a noun or an adjective. VOCABULARY. advance, progredior. i. gressus. arrogantly, insolenter. baggage, impedimenta, orum, n., lit. hindrances. boa.st, glorior, 1. contend, contendo, ere. tendl, tentum. fear, noun, timor. oris, ?«. fill, fill up, compleo, ere, evi, etus. hurdle, crates, is. / keep, confine, teneo, ere, ui. (offer) offer battle, proelio la- cesso, ere, cessivi, cessitus, lit. harass in battle, perform, fungor. I. functus. (possession) gain possession, potior, iri. itus. why ? cur. \Yithin. intra, prep, xcith ace. EXERCISE. 1. Why did these men boast so arrogantly on account of their victories? 2. The enemy gained possession of all our arms and baggage. 3. Who enjoys war and plunder ? 4. All tliese tribes use the same language, laws, and ^ customs. 5. The Roman soldiers filled up the trenches of this camp with stones and hurdles. 6. You performed the duty of a brave soldier. 7. Re- lying on their own valor, these men advanced bravely The Ablative. 35 into the forests. 8. The Haedui had contended in war with the Sequani more than five years. 9. On account of the fear of the Suebi the Ubii kept them- selves in the swamps. 10. AYhy did tliese five hundred horsemen offer battle to two thousand of the enemy ?. 11. The arms of which we have gained possession will be carried by way of the Rhone Iliver to Vesontio. 12. On account of tlieir confidence in ^ the place, our soldiers remained within their fortifications. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. For the employment of conjunctions in enumerations, see Lesson IV, Suggestion 1. 2. confidence in the ph(Ci' : the Latin says : confidence of the place. The Two Armies Take Positions. Caesar encouraged the llemi and ordered them to bring hostages to him.^ ^Feanwhile all the forces of the Belgians had assembled and were approaching the camp of the Romans, as Caesar learned from the scouts whom he had sent (out). They were not far away when Caesar pitched his camp near the River Aisne, wliich was between the territory of the Remi and the Suessiones. This camp he fortified with a rampart^ and a ditch. The camp of the Belgian,=' was less than two miles distant. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. Use tlie reflexive. 2. rampart : vallum, i, n. LESSON XII. THE ABLATIVE {continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Ablative of Manner. 220 entire; A. & G. 412 and a; H. 47:3. ;3 and X. 2. Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. 221. 3. Ablative of Accompaniment. 222; A. & G. 413 and a\ 11.47:3. 1; 474.x. 1. 4. Ablative of Degree of Difference. 223, A. & G. 414; II. 479; cE. B. 3.17. 1; A. & G. 424./; II. 488. 5. Ablative of Quality. 224; A.&G.415; II. 47:3. 2 and N. 1 EXAMPLES. 1. magna fiducia ad nostras naves procedunt, thejj advance vnth great confidence to on?' shi'i^s. (1) 2. mSribus suis Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam dicere coege- runt, according to their custonm they compelled Orgetorix to plead his cause in chains. (1) 3. eos longo intervallo sequebatur, he follotved them at a long interval. (2) 4. silentio egressus est cum tribus legionibus, he set out silently ivith three legions. (3) 5. omnibus copiis ad castra Caesaris contenderunt, with all their forces they hurried to Caesaris camp. (3) 6. haec gens paucis ante mensibus ad Caesarem legates miserat, this tribe had sent envoys to Caesar a few months before. (4) 7. bxduo post, tioo days afterwards. (4) 8. carinae aliquantd planiores, hulls somev:hat flatter, (4) 9. nondum bono animo in populum Romanum videbantur, they did not yet seem of good disposition towards the Boman people, (5) 'Hie Ablative. 37 10, German! erant ingenti magnitudine corporum, the Germans icere of enormous size of body. (5) 11, vir summa auctoritate, a man of the highest authority. (5) Remarks. 1 , The Ablative of ]\lanner is best regarded as restricted to ab- stract words such as celeritas, dignitas, lenitas, prudentia, etc. 2. The Ablative of (Quality primarily designates qualities which are more or less transitory. The observation sometimes made that the genitive denotes internal qualities, and the ablative external ones, is not sufficiently exact. In the phrase hortatur ut bono animo sint, he urges them to be of good courage, the quality is in- ternal : yet the genitive could not here be used ; for while the quality is internal, it is transitory. The theoretical distinction be- tween the Genitive of Quality and the Ablative of Quality is that the genitive denotes permanent, the ablative transitory, qualities. Yet where ambiguity would not result, the ablative may be used to denote a permanent quality. Thus one may say vir summae vir- tQtis or summa virtiite, a, man of the highest character. In all numerical designations of toeight, dimension, etc., the genitive is used. VOCABULARY. almost, paene. | infantry, as adj., pedester, tris, assemble, i)itrans., convenid. Ire, veni, ventuni. boundless, inflnltus, a, um. common people, plebs, is, /. disposition, animus, a, m. extent, magnitudo, inis, /. incredible, incredibilis, e. tre. later, adj'., post. pains, diligentia, ae, /. popularity, gratia, ae, /. preserve, conservo, 1. towards, in, prep, icith ace. war chariot, essedum, I, /u EXERCISE. 1. This state was of the ^n'eatest power and influence among the maritime tribi.'s. '2. These forces which have assembled are much greater. o. They made this wall ten. feet higher. 4. Tliree days* later we crossed 38 The Ablative. the valley and river with less danger. 5. ])umnorix was of the greatest boldness and of great popularity among the common people. 6. This stream is of incredible smoothness. 7. A few years before they were of friendlier disposition toward us. 8. They fortified this camp with greater pains.' 9. In accordance with his custom Caesar preserved this state. 10. They advanced with their cavalry and war chariots. 11. The woods which you saw are of almost boundless extent 12. These men had advanced a little farther^ for the sake of water. 13. He hastened to the camp with his v.: fantry forces. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. See Lesson Y, Keniark 2. 2. pains : use the singular. 3. farther: longius. LESSON XIII. THE ABLATIVE (continued) GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Ablative of Specification. 226 entire; A. & G. 418; R. 480. 2. Ablative Absolute. 227. 1, 2; A. & G. 419 and a, 420; H. 489 and 1. 3. Ablative of Place Where. 228 entire; A. & G. 426. 3, 427. 3, 429. 1, 2 ; H. 483; 485. 2. 4. Ablative of Place from Which. 229 entire ; A. & G. 420. 1, i27. 1, 428. a, b ; II. 461, 4(i2 and 3, 4. EXAMPLES. 1. fama. nobiles er-^.nt potentesque bell5, they were eminent in fame and 2)oiverful in rear. (1) '2. equitatii superior, superior in cavalry. (1) 8. Helvetii reliquos Gallos yirtute praecedunt, the Ilelvetii sxir- pass the other Gauls in valor. (1) 4. M. Messalla. M. Vlsbne cbnunWhvLB^in the cmisulship of IMarcus MesfidUa and Jlarois Fiso, lit. Marcus Messalla and Marcus Plso (hei)i(j) consuls. (2) 6. re friimentaria comparata equitibusque delectis iter facere coepit, having got ready grain and chosen horsemen, he began to march, lit. grain having been got ready, etc. (2) 6. Germanicd bello confecto, having romplefed the German ivar, or, v:hen the German v:ar had In en ronvpleted. (2) 7. totis castris, in the I'dtole ram]); omnibus locis, i)i all places ; in Gallia, in Gaul. (3) 8. multi viri fortes Tolosa et Narbone evocati sunt, many brave men were summoned from Tolosa and Narbo. (4) 39 40 The Ablative. n. expellitur ex oppido Gergovia, he is driven out of the toicn Gergovia. (4) 10. a Gergo-een in llip arm;/ af Sulla, and aftPnrards in that of Marcui Crasaus. (5) 10. legionem neque earn plenissimam despiciebant, they d''^-":ised the li'/jiiiii, and that not a rer>j full one. (5) 11. ejus adventu, eorum adventu ; by his arrival, by their arrival. (5) 12. id quod accidit suspicabatur, he v:as suspecting that which hajipened. (5) 13. eadem opinio quam reliquae gentes habent, the same opinion as tlie remaining tribes have. (6) 14. ips5 terrors equorum ordines perturbantur, the raiiks are thrown into confusion by the very terror inspired by the horses. (7) 15. Ipse erat Dumnorix, Dumnorix icas the very man. (7) Note on the Examples. 1. TLts Ulustrates the indirect reflexive. VOCABULARY. against, in, prej). with ace. confer (with), colloquor, i, locii- tus. defend, defendc, ere, fendi, fen- sus. former (latter), ille, a, ud. go. e5, ire, ivi, itum. good, bonus, a, um. latter, of two already mentioned, liic, haec, hoc. (lend), be lent, be added, accedo, ere, access!, accessiirus. protect, protego, ere, texi, tectus. route, iter, itineris, n. shield, sciitum, i, n. summit of, summus, a, um. support, noun, subsidium, i, n. EXERCISE. 1. Two legions were now figliting on the very batik of the river. 2. Three coliorts, and those the best of the tenth higion, wore sent as a snpi)ort^ to these. 3. l>y their arrival hope w^as lent to our men. 4. Tituritis 50 Pronouns. hastened to the hridt^^o by the same route as the enemy had gone.' o. He used the following words. 6. We shall always bravely defend ourselves and our posses- sions. 7. The town itself was on the summit of the hill. 8. Of these two soldiers, tliey protect-ed the for- mer with their shields; against the latter they hurled their javelins. 9. They withdrew on account of fear of you. 10. On that very day I saw what ^ you now see. 11. These chieftains conferred together.* 12. AYe did this for the sake of your safety and that of all of us.* Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. See Lesson YII, Examples 6, 7, 8. 2. as the enemy had gone : translate: by ichich the enemy had gone. 3. what: translate: that which. 4. together: translate: between themselves^ 6. See Example 2. LESSON XVII. PRONOUNS {continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Quis (Indefiiiite). 252. 1 ; A. & G. 310 and a ; H. 512 and 1 2. Aliquis. 252. 2; A. & G. 311; II. 512. 3. Quldam. 252. 3 and a; A. & G. 310; II. 512. 6. 4. Quisquam. 252. 4; A. & G. 312; 11. 513. 5. Quisque. 252. 5; A. & G. 313 and o; II. 515. 6. Alius, Alter. 253. 1-3 ; A. & G. 315 and c; H. 516 and 1. 7. Ceteri. 253. 4; A. & G. 315. 8. ReliquL 253. 5 ; A. & G. 315. 9. Uterque. 355. 2 j A. & G. 313 ; H. 516. 4. EXAMPLES. 1. si quid animi in nobis est, if there is any courage in ns. (1) 2. hostes ubi aliquos ex navl egredientes conspexerant. adorie- bantur, lohen the enemy had seen some disemharking, they attacked them. (2) 8, cum quibusdam adulescentibus colloquitur, he converses with certain young men. (3) 4. quidam ex his nocte ad Nervios ])erYenex\x.ni. certain of these cane to the Xervii by niijht. (3) 5. neque vestitiis praeter pelles habent quicquam, nor do they have any clothing except skins. (4) 6. neque quisquam loco cessit, nor did any one xcithdrav^ from his post. (4r) 7. sibi quisque consulebat, earh one toas looking out for him" self. (5) SI 52 Pronouns. 8. alii vallum scindere, alii fossas complere inceperunt, .svntte began to tear duv:ii the rampart, others to fill the trenches. (6) 9. legiones aliae alia in parte hostibus restiterunt, the legions some in one quarter, others in another resisted the enemy, (6) 10. alterius factionis principes erant Haedui, alterius Sequani, ('/ the one faction, the Haedui v:ere leaders, of the other the Sequani. (6) 11. ceteros amicos populi R5mani defendemus, v:e shall defend the other friends of the liomaii people. (7) 12. reliquum exercitum Sabino dedit, he gave the rest of the army to Sahinus. (8) 13. suas uterque copias instruxit, each drexu tip his forces. (9) 14. utrumque orant, they entreat both, or each. (9) Remark. 1. Note that in Latin the singular of uterque is regularly used where in Englisli we say both, if the reference is to two individuals, as utrumque vidi. When the reference is to two groups the plural is used. VOCABULARY. al)andon,desero, ere, serui.sertus. ' mountain, mons, mentis, m. betake oneself, recipio, ere, cepi, | rashly, temere. ceptus, icith the reflexive. council, concilium, i, n. crowd, multitiido, inis, /. fiercely, acriter. lead on, impel, indiico, ere, diixi, ductus. rise up, consurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum. speak, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. take possession, occupo, 1. EXERCISE. 1. The Menapii had fiekls and buildings on' each bank of the river. 2. Both (sides) fought fiercely. 3. Wlien any one speaks in the council, the rest rise up. 4 The Pronouns. 53 remainder of the crowd of children and women fled in^ all directions. 5. The one general was forty miles dis- tant, the other a little more.^ 6. The one (party) betook themselves to the mountain, the other to their baggage. 7. The tenth legion took possession of a certain hill, 8. Some are led on by avarice, others by desire for poAver. 9. Toil took possession of one hill, we of another. 10. Tlie IJritons had surrounded the rest with their cavalry and war chariots. 11. The remainder betook themselves home. 12. Each held his own* place. 13. ^yhy does any one so rashly abandon his duty ? 14. Both (persons) are present. Suggestions on tha Exercise. 1. on : use ad. 2. in: translate: into. 3. a little more : translate : more by a little. 4. Note that when suus and quisque are combined, suus precedes Submission of the Suessiones and Bellovaci. On the following day Caesar advanced more than twenty-seven miles by forced' inarches to Noviodunum, the largest town- of the Suessiones, and at once attempted to take it by storm. But the wall was very higli and the town was surrounded ^ by a deep ditch. The Romans therefore desisted from this attempt aiid were assaulting the town, when the Gauls asked (for) peace, and, on the peti- tion of the Kemi,* secured tlieir request. 1 faving received tlie Suessiones' in surrender,*' he tlicn led liis army against the liellovaci, who were at J^>ratuspaiitiiuii. Tliest; also soon surrendered themselves to Caesar. 54 Pronouns. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. forced: translate; as (jrcat as possible; see Lesson XV, Exaiiipit; 11. 2. the largest town : see Review, p. 47, Sentence 6. 3. surrounded : cinctus, a, um. 4. on the petition of the Itemi : translate by the Ablative Absohite, -the Bemi requesting (it). it. having received the Snessiones : translate b}^ the Ablative Absolr.te, 6 in surrender : translate • into surrender LESSON XVIII. TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. The Present. 259. 1-1; A. & G. 405, 466, 467, 469; 11 5o2 and 1, 2, o ; 5:Jo. 1 ; 5'o0. 2. The Imperfect. 260.1-4; A. & G. 470, 471. a-c ; H. 534 and 1, 2, o ; 5-j5. 1 ; 5:50. 3. The Future. 261. ], 2; A. & G. 472 and 6; II. 536. 4. The Perfect. 262. A and B; A. & G. 473, 476; 11. 537. 1,2; 538.4. 5. The Pluperfect. 263 and a; A. & G. 477; H. 539. 6. The Future Perfect. 261: and a. b; A. & G. 478; 11. 510 and 2. EXAMPLES. 1. fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt, men generallu believe what they vish. (1) 2. Caesar Haeduis ubsides imperat, Caesar demands hostages of the llnednaiis. (1) 3. jam riimores adferebantur, alremhj rumors vere being brouglit. (2) 4. crebras excursiones faciebant, they kept making frequent sallies. (2) 5. hostes nostros intra munitiones progredi prohibebant, the enemy tried to prevent our men from advancing v:ithi)i the fortijleations. (2) 6. se in currus recipere consuerunt, thiy are tpont (lit. have ac customed themselves) to return to the chariots. (4) 7. Haeduos appropinquare cognoverant, they knevj that the Uai'dui 'were ap]jroachi)i'j C5^. 66 Tenses of the Indicative. VOCABULARV body, corpus, corporis, n. I know. T know, perf. o/cognosca develop, nourish, alo, ere, alui, altus or alitus. dismount, desilio, ire, silui or silii, sultum. enormous, immanis, e. fact, res, rei, /. ,'famiiiar), am familiar with, perf. of cognosce, ere, n5vi, nitus, trans. harbor, portus, us, m. ere, novi, nitus. procure, paro, 1. rouse, soUicito, 1. sail, verh, navig5, 1. size, magnitiido, inis, /, strengtli, vires, ium, /. suspect, suspicor, 1. visit, adeo. ire, ii, itus. (wont), am wont, perf. of con- suesco, ere, suevi. suetum. EXERCISE. 1. The Helvetii are wont to receive hostages, not to give them. 2. We did not yet know your plans, but were suspecting them. 3. This fact develops their strength and makes men of enormous size of body.* 4. Meanwhile ships of war were being built, weapons were being procured, and^ the Jieighboring tribes were being roused. 5. The Britons used to dismount from their war chariots and to fight on foot.® 6. We shall soon know all the things which he has heard. 7. The Yeneti were wont to sail with their ships'* to Britain. 8. They kept hurling stones and javelins from the wall against our men. 9. I have visite^^ this island and am familiar with its shore and harbors. iO. The barbarians were trying to surround our camp Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. hody : use tire plural. 2. and: see Lesson lY, Suggestion 1. 8. on foot : use the simple ablative, in tlie plural, 4. with their ships : use the simple ablative (of Means)- LEssox xrx. PURPOSE CLAUSES. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Purpose Clauses with ut, ne, quo. 282. 1. a-e ; A & G, 631. 1 and a; II. 568 and 7. 2. Relative Clauses of Purpose. 282. 2; A. & G. 531. 2; H. 590. 3. Relative Clauses with dignus, indignus, idoneus. 282. 3 ; A. & G. 535. ,y ; il. 501. 7. 4. Sequence of Tenses. 207. 1-3 ; 2G8. 1, 3 ; A. & G. 482. 1, 2; 483; 485. a, e\ 11. 513-510. EXAMPLES. 1. legates ad Dumnorlgem mittunt ut a Sequanis impetrarent,! tlicy i>('nt e.nvdijs to Duuinoric in order that they might ob- tain their request /rem the Se'jxani. (1) 2. jubet portas claudi. ne castra niidentur,- he orders the gates to be closed in oriler that the camp may not be exposed. (1) 3. portas clausit, ne nuam oppidani injiiriam acciperent. he closed the gates that the tov3nspee)ple might not receive ayiy injnry. (1) 4. quo paratiSres essent ad insequendum, in order that they might he more prepared for pursuing. (1) 5. equitatum oranem praemittit qui videant,- he sends forward all the cavalry to sec (2) 6 hunc idoneum jiidicavit quern ad Ponipeiuni mitteret, hi judged him suitabh' to send to l'omji>y. (3) Notes on the Examples 1. Note the secondary .scMiucncc; after the historical present. 2. Note the primary seciuence after the historical present. 67 58 Purpose Clauses. Remark. Note that the Latin uses ne quis, in order that no one; ne quid, 171 order that nothing ; ne uUus, ne qui, in order that no ; similarly, neusquam, in order that nowhere; ne unquam, in order that never. VOCAB ambassador, legatus, i, rn. attack, impetus, iis, m. bar, obstruo. ere, striixi, striictus. before, in front of, pro, prep. v:ith the abl. beg for, oro, 1, trans. better, adv., melius block, intercliido, ere, cliisi, cliisus. burn, combiiro, ere, bussi, biistus. easily, facile. ULARY. occur, fio, fieri, faclus. return, noun, reditus, iis, m. road, iter, itineris, n. send ahead, praemitto, ere, misi, missus. station, colloco, 1. suitable, idoneus, a, um. take away, tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus. withstand, sustineo, ere, lu, tentus. EXERCISE. 1= lie stationed the legions before the camp, in order that no sudden attack might occur. 2. They sent en- voys to ask help, in order that they might more easily withstand the attack of the enemy. 3. In order that no one might block the roads, he sent men to guard them. 4. They send ambassadors to him to beg for peace. 5. He set out for Aquitania, in order that help might not be sent from these districts into Gaul. 6. They burned all their grain in order that all hope of a return might be taken away. 7. He sent Crassus ahead to choose a suitable place for a camp. 8. There was no one suitable to be put in charge of the winter qiuirters. 9. He fled that he might not be captured. 10. Pompey barred the gates that he might better withstand the attack of Caesar. Purpose Clauses. 59 11. Caesar made a bridge across tlie Ehiiie^ in order to terrify the Germans. Suggestion on ttie Exercise. 1. across the Rhine : the Latin says, in the lihine. Caesar Extends Clemency to the Bellovaci. In order that Caesar might not inflict punishment on the Bellovaci, but might exercise his (usual) clemency towards them, Divitiacus, the Haeduan, spoke in their behalf.^ For the Bellovaci had always been friends of the Haedui, and had revolted and waged war against the Eomans not of tlieir own accord,^ but impelled by their chieftains, who had now fled to P)ritain. Caesar, there- fore, in order to increase the influence^ of the Ilaedul among all the Belgians, received the liellovaci under his protection ■• and spared them, but in order that they might not again revolt, he demanded six hundred hostages. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. in their behalf: translate: for (pro) the^n. 2. of their ovm accord : sua sponte. 3. increase: amplifies, 1. 4. under his protection : in fidem. LESSON XX. CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC. CLAUSES OF RESULT. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES, 1. Simple Clauses of Characteristic, 283. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 535 and a, h ; II. 501. 1, 5. 2. Clauses of Characteristic introduced by qu'in. 283. 4 ; A. & G. 559. 2; H. 594. II. 2, end; 595. 4. 3. Clauses of Result introduced by ut and ut non. 28 1. 1 ; A. & G. 537 and 1 ; II. 570. — For Sequence of Tenses in Result Clauses, see 268. 6 ; A. & G. 485. c ; II. 550. 4. Result Clauses introduced by quin. 284. 3 ; A. & G. 559, 1 ; 11. 594. 11. EXAMPLES, 1. reperti compliires nostri milites qui in phalangem insilirent, very many of our soldiers icere found icho leaped into the phalanx. (1) 2. neque adhuc repertus est quisquam qui mortem recusaret, nor as yet has any one been foimd v:ho refused death. (1) 3. niilla fuit civitas quin legates mitteret, there loas no state ifhich did not send envoys. (2) 4. nemo fuit quin vulneraretur, there was no one who v:as not wounded. (2) 5. tantus timor omnem exercitum occupavit, ut omnium mentes perturbaret, so great fear seized the whole army that it unsettled the minds of all. (3) 6 multis vulneribus confectus est, ut se sustinere non posset, he was exhausted by many icounds, so that he could 7io longer hold out. (3) 7 nemo est tam fortis quin rei novitate perturbetur, no 07ie is so steadfast as not to be confused by a strange occurrence. lit. by the strangeness of an occurrence. (4) 60 Clauses of Characteristic. 61 VOCABULARY. arise, spring up, coorior, iri, coor- \ charioteer, auriga, ae, m. tus. I drive back, repello, ere, reppuli, borders, fines, ium, ??i., lit. ends. I repulsus. bring about, faciq^ ere, feci, fac- equal, adaequo, 1. tus ; be brougnt about, fio, only, solus, a, um. fieri, factus. report, fama, ae, /. convey, perfero, ferre, tuli. latus. retreat, receptus, tis, m. change, commiitatio, onis. /. throw, jacio, ere, jeci, jactus. EXERCISE. 1. There is no lionor wliicli he does not seek. 2. There was no one in this "whole cohort who was not captured by the eneni}'. 3 So great a storm arose that very many of Caesar's ships ^ were lost. 4, The charioteers so station the war chariots that they have an easy retreat to their (friends). o. There was no one left wlio sui'])ass('d him in steadfastness. 6. By the arrival of these so great a change of affairs was brought about that our men renewed the battle. 7. So many wea})ons were thrown into the ditch that the heaps of them almost equalled the height of the wall. 8. There is no one who does not know all these things. 9. These were the only (ones) who in the memory of our fathers kept the Cimbrians and Teutons away from their borders, 10. The report of this victory was con- veyed with incredible swiftness, so that it arrived at' the camp before midnight. 11. Our men fought so bravely that they drove back the enemy into the forests. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. vprn many af Caet'ar''s ships: translate: very many ships oj C^aesar. 2. at : translate ; to. LESSON XXI. CAUSAL CLAUSES. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Causal Clauses. 280. 1 and b; 280. 2; A. & G. .510. 1, 2j 549; H. 588. I, II, and 2; r)98. 2. Temporal Clauses introduced b3' postquam, ubi etc., denot- ing a single past act. 287. 1 ; A. & (r. 'A:] ; II. 002. 3. Clauses introduced by ut, ubi, simul ac, denoting a repeated act. 287. 2 ; II. 002. 2. EXAMPLES. 1 in his locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturae sunt hiemes, the v:intprs are early in these places, becanse all Gaul stretches toirard the north. (1) 2. graviter eos acciisat, quod ab eis non sublevetur, he bitterly accuses them because he is not assisted by them. (1) 3. cum se defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt, since they could not defend themselves, they sent ambassa- dors to Caesar. (1) 4. postquam id animadvertit, copias in proximum collem subdii- cit, after he noticed that, he withdrew his forces to the nearest hill. (2) 5. id ubi audivit, ad hostes contendit, ivhen he learned that, he hastened toicard the enemy. (2) 8. simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem lega- tes mittunt, as soon as the.u recovered from flight, they sent envoys to Caesar. (2) 7. ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex navi egredientes conspexe- rant, adoriebantur, tchenever they saw any disembarking separately, they attacked them. (3) S2 Causal Clauses. 63 Remark. Observe that where in English we use the pluperfect with after^ as soon as, etc., the Latin regularly employs the perfect, not the pluperfect. VOCABULARY. approach, adventus, iis, m. arrest, comprehendo, ere, hendl, deep, altus, a, um. demand, posco, ere, poposci. depart, decedo, ere, cessi, cessij- rus. destroy, break down, rescind5, ere, scidi, scissus. move out, intr., demigro, 1. thither, eo. hensus. arrive, pervenio, ire, veni, ven- tum. believe, credo, ere, didi, ditum, with dat. blame, culpo, 1. complain, queror, i, questus. EXERCISE. 1. "Whenever tliey had come to a deep river, tliey made a bridge by means of boats. 2. Since they were alarmed by the approach of so great a multitude, they moved out from these buildings and crossed the river. 3. As soon as the envoys of the Germans liad coine to Caesar's camp, they were all arrested. 4. The JIaedui were complaining because the Germans were ravaging their ^ territory. 5. IJecause the rest of the army ip farther distant, ^ve will not wait. 6. After Caesar had arrived there,- he demanded hostages, arms, and horses. 7. When this report arrived, there was no one who be lieved it. 8. As soon as tlu^y saw these horsemen, they became much more eager.''' 9. After they had conferred with each other ^ more; than two liours,' Ariovistus with- drew. 10. We blame you because you have deserted us. 11. Since these things are so, we must de])art.* lU. As soon as he destroyed the bridge, he returned into Gaul. 64 Causal Clauses. Suggestions on the Exercise 1. their: use the reflexive, suus. 2. there: the Latin says : thither. 3. much more eager : translate : more eager oy much. 4. icith each other : translate: between themselves. 5. more than two hours: see Lesson X, Example 12. 6. tee must depart: see Lesson VII, Remark 1. The Nervii and Tlieir Allies Lay an Ambush for the Romans The Nervii and their neighbors,-^ the Atrebates and Vivomandui, were the only (ones) who were now in arms. Tliese were the most distant- and were the bravest of all the Belgae. They had hidden their women, children, and old men in the swamps, and had encamped''' across the River Sambre,* where they were awaiting the arrival of the Romans. Caesar had sent men ahead to choose a suitable place and to fortify a camp, and was himself following with all his forces,wlien suddenly the Nervii flew out* from the woods, where they were holding them selves in hiding.*' Sug-g-estions on the Exercise. 1. neighbors : use the adjective neighboring as a substantive. 2. were the most distant: translate : were farthest distant. 3. encamp : consido, ere, sedi, sessum. 4. Sambre : Sabis. is. 5. fly out: evolo, 1, 6. in hiding in occulto. LESSON XXII. TEMPORAL CLAUSES (continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1 Cz/m-Clauses. 288. l-'i ; 289 ; A. & G. dio and a, 546 and I, 547, 548 ; II. GOO. I and 1, II, 001 and 2. 2 Antequam and priusquam. 291. 1, 2; 292, 1, 2 ; A. & G. 551. a-c . 11. 605. I, II. 3. Dum, dunec, quoad. 29;]. I-TII ; A. & (i. .053, 554, 555, 556 ; II. GOo. 1. 11, 1,2. EXAMPLES. 1. ad equos se celeriter, cum usus est, recipiunt, they retreat sioiftly to their horses, ivhen there is need. (1) 2. cum Caesar in Galliam venit, duae factiones erant, ichen Caesar ecnie into Gaid, there v:ere tiro factions. (1) 3. jam Galli fugere apparabant, cum matres familiae repente procurrerunt, the Gaids luere making ready to Jlee, when suddenly the matrons rushed forth. (1) 4. cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios Bri- tanni ex silvls emittebant, ivhenever our cavalry rushed out into the country, the Britons loould send their chariot- eers out from the xroods. (1) 5. cum ad .oppidum accessisset castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque pacem petierunt, ichen he had dravni 7iear to the tmrn and rca.v pitching camp there, the ivomoi and children sought peace. (1) 6. non prius fugere destiterunt quam ad Rhenum pervenerunt, they did not cease fleeing before titey reached the Iihine. (2) 7. legiones omnes in unum locum coegit prius quam de ejus adventu niintiari posset, he assembled all his legions in one place before his arriv(d could be announced. (2) 05 G6 Temporal Clauses. 8. dum haec geruntur. ceteri discesserunt, while these things irere being done, the rest departed. (3) 9. exspectavit Caesar, dum naves convenirent, Caesar vaited for the ships to assemiile, lit. till the ships should assemble. (3) VOCABULARY attack, adorior, iri, ortus. drag, drag along, traho, ere, traxi, tractus. fall in with, incido, ere, incidi, construed with in and, ace. go away, abeo, ire, abii, abitiirus. join (battle), committo, ere, misi, missus, land, verb, expono, ere, posui, positus. scarcely, vix. there, ibi. till, dum, donee. while, dum. EXERCISE. 1. While he v.'as tarrying a few days in the vicinity of Geneva, envoys eanie to him. 2. ^Yhenever this cohort had made an attack, the enemy were driven back. 3. They Avaited for their cavalry to return. 4. V\q went away before you arrived. 5. When the foot- soldiers had been landed from the shi])s and were hasten- ing to camp, tlie ]\[orini attacked them. 6. Our troo})S had scarcely marclunl out from the camp, when the Gauls joined battle. 7. As Procillus was being dragged along by the Germans, he fell in Avith Caesar. 8. When they had come to this river, they })itched their camp there. 9. We remained here three days till our friends should arrive. 10. I saw no one until you came. 11. They fled before he should capture their town. 12. When he saw this, he retreated to the hill. 13. While Caesar was conferring Avith Ariovistus, the German horsemen attacked the Romans. LESSON XXIIL SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES, 1. Substantive Clauses developed from the Jussive. 295. 1, 2, 4, 5, (3, 8; cf. A. & G. 5G3, and e, d, e, 5G5 ; II. 50 1. I, II and 1. 2. Substantive Clauses developed from the Deliberative. 295, 7; 298; cf. A. k G. 558. a ; II. 595. I, 591. 4. 3. Substantive Clauses after verbs of hindering, preventing, etc. 295. 3; A. & G. 558. L; II. 595. 2, 590. 2. EXAMPLES. 1. postulavit ut locum coUoquio deligerent, he demanded that they shoidd choose a place for a conference (i.e. he demanded, let them choose a place). (1) 2. orant ut civitati subveniat. they beij that he icill come to the help of their state (i.e. they beg, let him come). (1) 3. milites cohortatus est ne suae pristinae virtiitis obliviscerentur, he exhorted thp soldiers not to forget tlieir former valor (let them not forget). (1) 4. civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis exirent, he persuaded the state to go forth from their territory {let thera go forth) . (1) 5. huic permisit ut in his locis legionem collocaret, he permitted him to station his legion in these districts. (1) 6. non dubitant quin de omnibus obsidibus gravissimum sup- plicium sumat, they do imt duuht that he viU ixTlict the severest punishment on all the hostages, lit. take putiish- mt-nt from. (2) 7. hi multitiidinem deterrent ne friimentum conferant, these pre- vent tfie people from contributing tlie grain. (3) fi7 66 Temj)oral Clauses. 8. diim haec geruntur. ceteri discesserunt, while these things irere heimj dime, the rest departed. (3) 9. exspectavit Caesar, dum naves convenirent, C/. Non quaero quid dicas, would iiaturally mean: I do not ask what you are saying. VOCABULARY. always, semper. i perceive, sentio, ire, sensi, ask, quaero, ere, quaesivi, ; sensus. situs. report, nuntio, 1. headship, principatus, iis, m. : scout, explorator, oris, m. how, in indir. questions, ut, | show, ostend5, ere, endi, entus. u-Jie/i modifying the clause as . still, adhiic. a lohole ; to denote cZe^/'ee, [ what nature, of what nature, quam. ' quails, e. if, v:ith exspecto, etc., si. , wonder, miror, 1. EXERCISE. 1. Caesar showed how the Ilaediii had always hehl the headship of Gauh 2. AVe were waiting (to see) Avhat they would do.^ 3. These men reported to the enemy what things were done in our camp. 4. We were wondering how soon they Avould break down the bridge. 5. I ask^d wliat you had said in the council of the Gauls. C. I wonder wliy Ariovistus did not con- tend in battle on this day. 7. I do not know wlietlier Caesar is still in Germany or has retui'ned into Gaul. 8. He incpiired of- the captives what states were in arms. 9. They did not know wdiether these states were in arms or not. 10. Tin; scouts showed him of what nature the mountain was. 11. A^olusenus reported what tribes he had visited. 12. 1 perceive what you will do.» Indirect Questions. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. See the Keiiiark on the mode of expressing future time in indirect questions. 2. of: with quaero this is expressed by tlie prep, ab or ex. The Battle on the Sambre (mntinufid). It thus happened that the Koiuan camp was exposed ' in front- and on the left side. Then the Xervii, crowded together in a dense swarm, hastened up the hilP towards the camp and the two legions. Caesar saw the danger at once. The soldiers of the twelfth legion were huddled together* so (closely) that they could not use their swords ; nearly all the centurions were either killed or wounded. Sextius Baculus, the first centurion/ was so weakened by wounds tliat he could no longer stand. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. expose : niido, 1. 2. in front, on the side : express by the ablative with a. 3. ?;;:> the hill: colle adverse, lit. the hill being against (them) 4. huddled together use confertus here also. 5 first centurion centuri5 primi pfli. LESSON XXVI. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. First Type. Nothing Implied. o02. 1-1; A. & G. 515 and a; 518. a, b; 510. a; 11. 57-1 and 2, 580. 1. 2. Second Type. Should . . . would Type. 303 ; A. & G. 516. b; II. 57(J. 3. Third Type. Contrary to Fact. 30i entire ; A. & G. 517 and a, c, d; II. 579 and 1, 582, 58^). 4. Conditional Clauses of Comparison. 307. 1, 2; A. & G. 521 and X. 2; II. 581 and 1, 2. 5. Subordinate Adversative Clauses introduced by etsl and cum. 309. 2, 3; A. & G. 527. c ; 519; II. 585; 598. EXAMPLES. 1. si hoc dicis, erras, if you sa>/ this, you arc mistaken. (1) 2. si hoc dicebas, errabas. if you loare saying this, you were mistaken. (1) 3. si hoc dices, errabi.-^, if you say (i.e. shaU say) this, you icill be mistaken. (1) 4. si hoc dixisti, erravisti, if you said this, you were 7nis- taken. (1) 5. si hoc dicas, erres, if you should say this (ivere you to say this), you would be mistaken. (2) 0. si hoc diceres, errares, if you were saying this, you icuuhl be making a mistake. (3) 7. si hoc dixisses, ei'ravisses, if you had said this, you xcould have made a mistake. (3) 8. si quis equitum deciderat, pedites circumsistebant, if any one (f the horsemen fell, the fool-soldiers gathered around him. (1) 75 7G Conditional Sentences. 9. Ariovisti absentis crudelitateni liorrebant, velut si adesset, thi'y slniddii-f'd at the cruelty of Ariovistus at a distance, as though Jw u-cw at hand. (4) 10. etsi prope exacta aestas erat, in Morinds exercitum addiixit, although tlw summer teas almost over, he led his army among the Mnrini. (5) 11. hos cum Suebi expellere non potuissent, tamen vectigales sibi fecerunt. though the Suebi had been unable to drive these out, yet they made them tributary to themselves. (5) VOCABULARY. although, etsi. as if, velut si. concerning, de, prep, with abl if, SI ; if . . . not, nisi. letter, litterae, arum,/. near, prope, prep, with ace. news, nuntii, orum, r.i., from nuntius, message, regard, habeo, ere, ui, itus. unless, nisi. EXERCISE. 1. Unless the news concerning Caesar's victory had been brought at that time, this town would have been lost. 2. Unless you AvithdraAv ^ from these districts, I shall regard you as an enemy.- 3. Although the winter was at hand, yet Caesar set out for Britain. 4. He spoke as if he had visited Britain. o. If auy one should announce these things to Ariovistus, he^ would infiict* the severest punishment on us. 6. We should fear nothing, if he were present. 7. Unless you do ^ this, I shall not send the letter. 8. They would have come, if they had knoAvn this. 9. "Were he to know this, he would send us aid at once. 10. He would have joined battle, if he had seen these forces near the camp of the enemy. 11. Uuless help is at hand, we have no hope of safety. 12. Although he did not know their plans, yet he suspected that which Conditional Sentences. 77 happened, 13. If 3'ou do not come to us, we shall come to you. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. The pupil should observe when the English present has future force, and should make the Latin tenses conform to the actual time indicated. 2. as an enemy : pro hoste. 3. he: hie. 4. Compare Lesson XXIII, Suggestion 1. LESSON XXVII. INDIRECT DISCOURSE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. Moods. 1. Declaratory Sentences. ;314. 1, 3; ;};51. I; A. & G. 580, II. Gi-2, 64:3. 3, 4. 2. Interrogative Sentences. 315. 1-3; A. & G. 586, 587; H. 642 and 2, 3. 3. Imperative Sentences. 3J 6 and a ; A. & G. 588 and a ; H. 642. Tenses. 4. Of the Infinitive. 317 and a; A. & G. 584 and a ; II. 644, 617. 5. Of the Subjunctive. 318 and a; A. & G. 585 and a; H. 641. EXAMPLES. 1. Ariovistus respondit sese non esse ventiirum, Ariovistns rpplied that he loould 7i(tt come. (Direct: nonveniain.) (1) 2. referunt. esse silvam inflnita magnitudine. quae Bacenis ap- pellatur, they bring back icord that there is a forest of limitless extent, vMch is called Bacenis. (Tlie direct statement here is est silva ; the clause quae appellatur is an addition of the writer.) (1) R, Caesar respondit, eo sibi minus dubitationis dari, quod eas res, quas legati Helvetii commeraorassent, memoria tene- ret, Caesar answered that less hesitation v:as afforded him because he remembered those things v:hirh the Helvetian ambassadors had stated. (1) 4. Caesari respondit se prius in Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum. Quid sibi vellet ? Ciir in suas possessiones 78 Indirect Discourse. 79 veniret ? he ansu'ercd Caesar that he had come into Gaid before the Itomnn people. What did he icant? Why did he come into /lis domains' (Direct; ego prius veni Quid vis ? Cur venis ?) (1 and 2) 6. si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet, num etiam recentium injiiriarum memoriam se deponere posse, if he were ivill- ing to forget the former indignity., coidd he also banish the recollection of recent lorongs? (Direct: si velim, num possum?) (1 and 2) / /l«oi(.' you icere doing this. (Direct : age- bas.) (4) I knov yon did this. (Direct: egisti.) (4) / know you had done this. (Direct: ege- ras.) (4) 7. quid metueret, ^'7p/ ,s7;o?(A? he fear? (Direct: quid metuam , Deliberative Subjunctive.) (2) Remarks. 1. Note that a dependent perfect inlinitive is treated as an his- torical tense, whenever, if resolved into an ecjuivalent indicative, it would be historical. 2. Note that for the sake of \ividness a present tense of the direct discourse is not infreciuently retained in the indirect after an historical tense. This is called repraesentatio, 'a bringing back to the present." VOCABULARY. 6, scio te hae egisse, cruelly, criideliter. follow, sequor, i, seciitus. know, scio, ire, scivi, scitus. rule, impero, 1. think, existimo, 1 ; puto, 1. wish, volo, velle, volul. EXERCISE. 1. The envoys said that they wouhl report these things to tlieir (c(MiTitrymen). 2. \'ohisenus said that he liad visited JJritain and seen many tribes and towns. .'). Tlie cliieftains of the Nervii said that tliey wished tliese tilings. 4. We thouglit tliat yon were folk)\ving ns. 5. Wlien Caesar tliought that (Jaul had been subdued, a 80 Indirect Discourse. sudden war broke out. 6. They tliought they would persuade the Koiuaus to give them lands. 7. They thought the Romans were withdrawing from these places. 8. He knew that they would return home if they wished. 9. He said that he had conquered all with whom he had contended. 10. He said that it would happen^ in a few years that all the Germans would cross the Rhine. 11. We know that Ariovistus, after he conquered the Gauls, ruled cruelly. 12. Caesar perceived that all the Gauls were conspiring. Suggestion on the Exercise. 1. happen : use the future inf. of esse to express this. The Battle on the Sambre {continued). Some at the rear^ were abandoning their posts, with- drawing from the battle, and avoiding the spears of the enemy. Meanwhile the Kervii kept advancing in great numbers. Caesar, therefore, fearing that his men would be surrounded by so great a multitude, hastened to the first line, and exhorted the legions to be ^ of good courage. Thus new strength was added to them, and all strove valiantly to \vithstand the assault of the enemy. At the same time, the two legions which had been protecting the baggage^ hastened toward the camp with the greatest speed. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. at the rear: a novissimis. 2. to be : Lesson XXIII, Example 3. 3. had been protpctinij the baggage . translate; had been Jor a protection to the baggage. LESSOX xxviri. THE INFINITIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Infinitive without Subject Accusative, used as Subject 327. 1, 2 and a ; A. .^ G. -152. X. 2, 4.55. a ; II. G15, G12. 3. 2. Infinitive without Subject Accusative, used as Object. 328. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 456 ; II. 007 and 1. 2, 008. 4. 012 and 1. 3. Infinitive with Subject Accusative, used as Subject. 330 ; A. & (r. 455. 2; II. 015. 4. Infinitive with Subject Accusative, used as Object. 331 entire; A. & G. 459 ; II. 013. 1-3. 5. Passive Construction of Verbs which in the Active are fol- lowed by the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. 332 entire ; n. Oil. 1,2 audXotes 1, 3. EXAMPLES. 1. necesse est nobis Gergoviam contendere, it is necessary for us to hnsff'ti to Gcryovia. (1) 2. oportebat friimentum militibus metiri. it was his duty to measure out rp'a'n to the soldiers. (1) 3. placuit castra defendere. it teas resolved (lit. it pleased them) to deffiid the camp. (1) 4. licet id facere, it is permitted to do that. (1) 5. nemo progredi ausus est, no one dand to advanre. (2) 6. debetis adventum nostrum exspectare, you ought to avmit our arrival. (2) 7. agri nostri vastari non debuerunt, our lands <>ufjht not to have been laid vxiste. (2) 8. Gallia debet libera esse, Gaul omjht to he free. (2) 81 The Infinitive. 0. non aequum est Germanos in Galliain transire, it is not right for the (TcniKiiis to cmss over into Gaul. (3) 10. polliciti sunt se obsides daturos esse, they promised that they icotihl (jive hostaf/es. (4) 11. Orgetorigem ex vinculis caiisam dicere coegerunt, they c:jm- pcllcd Onjetorix to plead his cause in cliaijis. (4) 12. arma tradere jussi sunt, they u'ere ordered to surre)ider their arms. (5) 13. Suebi centum pagos habere dicuntur, the Suehi are said to have one luoidred cantons. (5) VOCABULARY. able, be able, possum, posse, potui. command, mandatum, i. n. comi)el, cogo, ere, coegi, coactus. dare, audeo, ere, ausus, seyni- dep. difficult, difficilis, e. duty, it is a duty, oportet, ere, oportuit, impers. forbid, veto, are, ui, itus. inflict (something on somebody), Infero, ferre, intuli. Hiatus, u-ith ace. of direct obj. and dat. of indirect. necessary, it is necessary, ne- cesse est. ought, debeo, ere, ui, itus. promise, polliceor, eri, itus. spear, teluni, i, n. try, Conor, 1. EXERCISE. 1. You ought to remember my favors. 2. It Avas difticult to fortify the camp and at the same time to avoid the spears of the enemy. 3. He did not dare to confer with us concerning these plans. 4. The Treveri were said to be tampering with the Germans. 5. You ought to have ^ obeyed our commands. 6. It is necessary to depart at once for Britain. 7. I do not know who com- pelled you to do his. 8. It is our duty to aefend tliis province. 9. I forbade him to do this, in order that he might not seem to inflict injuries on our allies. 10. They ought to promise that they will come to us. The Infinitive. 83 11. Caesar seemed to be able to do all tliinys. 12. The soldiers were ordered to tear down the bridge. 13. The Veneti tried to capture the Eomau ships of war. 14. They thought that they could- drive us back. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. See Example 7. 2, could drive: i.e. were able to drive. LESSON XXIX. PARTICIPLES. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Tenses of the Participle. 3:30. 1-5; A. & G. 489 and 491j H. G40 and 1. 2. Use of Participles. ooT. 1-3, 5, 8, a, h. 1). 2) ; A. & G. 491; 19G, 497 and d ; 500 and 1, 2, 4; II. G38, 1-3, 639, G13. 5. EXAMPLES. 1. audio te loquentem, I hear you as yori speak. (1) 2. audivi te loquentem, / heard you as you were speaking. (1) 3. audiam te loquentem, I shall liear you as you speak, i.e. as you shall be speakhig. (1) 4. locutus tacet, he lias spoken and is silent, lit. having sp)oken, he is silent. (1) 5. lociitus tacuit, he had spoken and v:as silent. (1) 6. lociitus tacebit, he v:iU speak and then he silent. (1) 7. liaec flens a Caesare petiit, he asked these things of Caesar, tceeping. (1 and 2) 8. in nostros venientes tela coniciebant, they hurled their spears against our men as they came on. lit. coming. (1 and 2) 9. regni cupiditate inductus conjiirationem fecit, impelled by o desire of regal pouter, he made a conspiracy. (1 and 2) 10. perfidiam veriti. domum reverterunt, fearing treachery, theit returned home. (1 and 2) 11. Ariovistus ferendus non videbatur, Ariovistus did not seen* endurable. (1 and 2) 12. non putabat concedendum esse, he did not think that conees sion should be made, lit. that it (impers.) ought to he conceded. (2) 84 Particij^les. 13. pontem faciendum curat, he had a bridge built, lit. cared for a bridije to be built. (2) 14. hos Haeduis cUstodiendos tradidit, he handed these over to the Haedui to be guarded. (2) VOCABULARY. admire, admiror, 1. attempt, conor, 1. dismiss, dimitto, ere, misi, mis sus. fear, timeo, ere, ui. ] fregl, fractus lead, diico, ere, duxi, ductus. repair, reficio, ere, feci, fectus. treacliery, insidiae, arum, /. \Yithout, sine, prep, icith abl. wreck (of vessels), frango, ere, EXERCISE. 1. They did not dare to follow our men farther as they retreated.-"- 2. Having followed the enemy more than four miles, Sabinus led his soldiers back to camp. 3. Having given these commands,- he dismissed the ambassadors from him. 4. When Procillus attempted to answer, Ariovistus prevented ^ him. 5. He did not think that fear ought to be entertained^ by himself* without cause. 6. Caesar, fearing treachery, not yet having learned the cause ^ of their departure, kept his (men) in camp. 7. We saw the Xervii crossing this river. 8. This circumstance is worthy of admiration.'' 9. He had as many ships as possible* constructed in that winter. 10. He gave one legion to Gains Fabius, a lieutenant, to be led against the IMorini. 11. Ali the ships which had been wrecked, he found repaired 12. We shall hav(; these prisoners guarded. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. as they retreated : translate: retreating. 2. Express by the Ablative Absolute. 86 Participles. 3. prevented: use prohibeS. 4. that fear ouijht to be entertained : translate : tluU it ought to be feared. Compare Example 12. 5. by himself: see Lesson VII, Examples 1, 2. 0. 7iot yet having learned the cause: express by the Ablative Absolute, — the cause not yet having been learned. 7. worthy of admiration : express by the Gerundive. 8. as many as possible : see Lesson XV, Example 11. The Battle on the Sambre {continued). Thus the battle was renewed, and although the Nervii fought most courageously, yet the Koinans iinally de- feated them and reduced their tribe almost to extinc- tion.^ Within a few days came envoys from the old men of the Xervii to beg that Caesar would exercise clemency towards them. They said that out of sixty thousand men scarcely five hundred Avere left, and out of six hundred senators only three. Caesar spared these suppliants^ and permitted them to retain^ their towns and villages. On the following day he began to march against the Aduatuci, who were coming to the help of the Nervii. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. extinction: internecio, onis, f. 2. suppliant: supplex, icis, m. 3. to retain : see Lesson XXIII, Example 6. LESSON XXX. THE GERUND; THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION; THE SUPINE. GRAMMATiCAL REFERENCES. 1. The Gerund. 3:!8. 1-5; A. & G. 502; 504 and /; ; 505 and a; 506 and X. 2; 507; II. 62 i, 626, 627, 628 and footnote 2, 629. 2. The Gerundive Construction. 3.'59. 1-5; A. & G. 50:3; 501 and b, 505, 506, 507; 11. 621, 623 and 1, 628. 3. The Supine. .340 entire; A. & G. 509, 510 and N. 2; il. 632 and 1, 633, 635 and 1, 2, 4. EXAMPLES. 1. fTnem orandi fecit, he made an c"'' ^ entreating. (1) 2. cupidus bellandi, fond of loaging %car. (1) 3. ea quae ad proficiscendura pertinebant, tJw^e things ivhich had to do with their setting out. (1) 4. reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, Caesar also found out upon inquiring. (1) 5. Galli subito belli renovandi legionisque opprimendae con- silium cej)erunt, the Gauls suddenly formed the jdan of renexrAng the vxir and crushing the legion. (2) 6. in spem potiundorum castrorum venire, to come into the expectation of getting possession of the camp. (2) 7. paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda, bettc^ prepared for undergoing all dangers. (2) 8. sui colligendi ^ hostibus facultatera non reliquit, he did not leave to the enemy the opportunity of collecting them- selvis. (2) 9. legatos ad Caesarem mitturt rogatum auxilium, they sent envoys to Caesar to ask help. (3) 10, horridiores sunt aspectii, they are wilder to look upon. (3) 87 88 The Gerund. Note on the Examples. 1. Colligendi agrees merely in form with sul ; in sense it is plural. VOCABULARY. beginning, initium, i, n. Casticus, Casticus, i, m. difficulty, difficultas, talis. /. end, finis, is, m. excuse, piirgo, 1. forage, procure forage, pabu- lor, 1. gain possession of, potior, iri, itus. matter, res. rei, /. regal power, regnum, I, n. skilled in, peritus, a, um ; with gen. such, talis, e. EXERCISE, 1. This day had been set for attacking* all the winter quarters of Caesar, 2. He said that this thing was easy to do. 3. Caesar says that the Germans came to his camp^ on the following day for the sake of excusing themselves. 4. Such were the difficulties of waging war in these places, 5. They thought that there was enough time for accomplishing- all these matters. 6. He sent me to ask that you spare him. 7. These horsemen came to procure forage. 8. They remained at home for the sake of preserving themselves. 9. Cas- ticus and Orgetorix formed a conspiracy for gaining possession '■' of the regal power. 10. We finally made an end of following. 11. As soon as our men made a be- ginning of crossing, the enemy attacked them. 12. The Veneti were skilled in sailing. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. for attacking : use the dative. 2. his camp : 249. 3 ; A. & G. 300. 2. h ; H. 509. 6. 3. for accomplishing ; for naming possession : express by ad. The Gerund. 89 REVIEW. 1. Having heard of the revolt^ of the Haetlui, the Bellovaci began to p?'e})are for war. 2. In the third watch he ordered them to break camp and advance silently four miles and to await him there. 3. Caesar rebnked^ the soldiers because they thought they knew what ought to be done. 4. It concerned the common safety that these forces be kept apart.^ 5. The rest of the legions did not hear the sound'* of the trumpet,* be- cause wide valleys lay between.^ G. The cavalry fol- lowed the Suessiones before they should recover^ from fear. 7. They made their departure seem^ like a flight. 8. He showed the lieutenants whom he had placed in charge of the separate" legions what he wished to be done. 9. "Wondering '° why they had withdrawn from the shore, Caesar inquired of captives the cause. 10. When he ordered this man to be arrested, he learned that he had fled a little (while) before. 11. He said that the Haedui were the only state which interfered with" the most certain triumph^- of Gaul. 12. It was resolved that Litaviccus should be placed in charge of these troops. Sug'gestions on the Exercise. 1. having heard of the revolt: exjjress by tlie Ablative Abso- lute ; for revolt use defectiS, onis, f . 2. rebuke : reprehendo, ere, hendi, hensus. 3. keep apart: distineo, ere, ui. 4. sound: sonus, i, m. 5. trumpet: tuba, ae f. 6. lie hetvjeen : intercedo, ere, cessi, cessurus. 7. recover: se recipere (recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus"). 90 The Gerund. 8. made, their departure seem: translate: made that their de parture seemed. 9. separate : singuli, ae, a. ''0. wondering : see Lesson XXIX, P^xample 10. 11. interfere unth ; distineo, ere, ul, lit. put off. 12. triumph ; victoria, ae, f SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES IN CONTINUED DISCOURSE. 13.* Intrigues of Dumnorix. When Caesar set out a second time ^ for Britain, he took with him all the chiefs whom he feared. Among these was Dumnorix, who, (just) as he was most popular^ with^ the common people of the Gauls, so was a most bitter* enemy of the Romans. A little while before, he had said to the Haedui that Caesar had decided to make him^ kiug. Though this was not true, it stirred up great indignation^ among the Haeduans ; nor was it pleasing' to Caesar, wlio was unwilling to leave Gaul, unless the Haeduans should be*^ of a good disposition towards him." Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. a second time : iterum. 2. popular: acceptus, a, um. .3. vjith : translate : to. 4. hitter: acerbus, a, um. 5. him : ipsum. 6. indirjnation : dolor, oris, m. 7. pleading: gratus, a, um. 8. sJiould he: this is a Subordinate Clause of Indirect Discourse and must stand in the subjunctive. 9. him : use the reflexive. * Twelve passages of continued discourse have been interspersed among the preceding lessons. 91 92 Exercises in Continued Discourse. 14. Intrigues of Dumnorix {continued). Dumnorix was unwilling to go with Caesar, because he saw that he would never again find so good an oppor- tunity of conspiring against the Koman people. Accord- ingly he begged that he might be permitted' to remain at home; (saying) that he was inexperienced in sailing and feared the sea ; that besides there were religious observ- ances^ which he could not perform, unless he should remain in Gaul. When this had been refused by Caesar, Dumnorix then tried to persuade the other chiefs to remain at home against Caesar's wishes.^ Suggestions on the Exercise 1. that he mitjJit he permitted : translate: that it might be per- mitted to him. 2. religious observances : use the plural of religio, onis, f. 3. against Caesar's loishes : trans,\a,te: Caesar being unwilling. 15. Intrigues of Dumnorix (continued). ..n order to accomplish this purpose,^ Dumnorix said that Caesar was taking -them all to Britain that he might put them to death, and that no one of those who went' would ever return to Gaul. All these things were reported to Caesar through spies.* Meanwhile the ships were de^ tained by adverse ^ winds '' in the Portus Itius." When finally a favorable* wind sprang up^ and Caesar was set- ting sail,^" Dumnorix along with the cavalry of the Haeduans began to return home. Exercises in Continued Discourse. 93 Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. accomplish this i^urpose : translate: accomplish (impetro, 1^ ihese things. 2. take : adduco, ere, duxi, ductus. 3. icent : translate: should have gone. 4. spy : speculator, oris, m. 5. adverse : adversus, a, um. 6. tvind ; ventus, I, in, 7. Portus Itius : Portus Itius. Portus Itii, m. 8. favorable : secundus, a, um. 9. spring up : coorior, iri, coortus. 10. set sail : naves solvo, ere, solvi, solutus, lit . loose or unmooi the ships. 16. Death of Dumnorix. As Dumnorix and his horsemen began to flee, Caesar immediately stopped ^ the departure and sent cavalry to overtake him and kill (him) if he should attempt to resist. When Caesar's cavalry demanded that Dumnorix should surrender, he began to defend himself by violence - and to implore^ the assistance of his (followers). When these hesitated* to bear him aid, he was cut down^ by the Romans, shouting'' that he was free and a citizen of a free state. The Haeduans then returned with the Romar cavalry to the Port. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. stop : intermitto. ere, misi, missus. 2. violence: vis (vis), f. 3. implore : imploro, 1. 4. hesitate: dubit5, 1. 5. cut dovni : translate: killed 6. shout: clamito, 1. 94 Exercises in Co7itinued Discourse. 17. Conditions in Gaul In the Winter of 54 B.C. In that year in which Caesar had crossed the second time into Britain, tlie harvest had been poor.* In order therefore to secure enough grain, it was necessary to dis- tribute the legions tlrat winter in many places. Fearing an uprising, he decided to pass the winter among the Belgae, and stationed one legion among the j\[orini, who had recently ^ surrendered to Labienus. Another, in charge of which he had placed Quintus Cicero, brother of Marcus, he stationed among the Xervii ; three others he sent among the Bellovac.i ; one was led to Aduatuca, which ^ is a town of the Eburones.* Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. See Lesson XV, Example 7. 2. recently: translate: a little before 3. See Lesson III, Example 7. 4. Ehurones : Eburones, um, m. 18. Assassination of Tasgetius. In those states in which the nobles had driven out the kings, Caesar was wont ^ to reward with regal power the chiefs who had lent help to him. One of these, Tasge- tius,^ he made king of tlie Carnutes,^ a tribe which* dwelt between the Seine '^ and the Loire.^ How he used his power, we do not know; but soon after*' Caesar re- turned from Britain, Tasgetius Avas assassinated. As soon as Caesar heard of this, he sent Plancus with one Exercises in Continued Discourse. 95 legion to arrest all avIio had been j^articiDants ^ in* the deed and to prevent the rest from revolting. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. he wont : soleo, ere, solitus, semi-dep. 2. Tasgetius : Tasgetius, i, m. 3. Carmites : Carnutes, um, m. 4. a tribe which dwelt : translate : which tribe dwelt. 5. Seine: Sequana, ae, m. ; Loire, Liger, is, m. ; ace. sing., Ligerim. 6. soon after: translate: after by a little. Note that after is here the conj. 7. participants: participes, um, m. 8. in : translate : of. 19. Indutiomarus. The murder of Tasgetius showed of what disposition the Carnutes were towards the Komans. There was also a chief of the Treveri, Indutiomarus by name, who al- ready for a long time had been hostile to Caesar. Annu- ally he called together all the Gallic chieftains in order that he might test ^ their temper.^ Caesar, fearing that the state of the Treveri might revolt, having gathered a large force, marched into their territory before he set out for Britain, in order that he might restore the prestige of the Roman people. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. test: tempto, 1. 2. temper : animus, i, in. 20. Indutiomarus (/■o/itinwd). When Caesar came among ^ the Treveri, he found two chieftains, Indutiomarus and Cingetorix,^ who were con- 96 Exercises in Continued Discourse. tending with each otlier for the su])remacy.^ The lattei at once came to Caesar and informed him what was being done by Indutiomarus. He* meanwliile had gathered troops and was pre})aring to fight. ^Nfany (of the) sena- tors, however, in(hic(Hl^ by the antliority of Cingetorix, because they knew how powerful the lloman legions were,*' came to Caesar's camp and put themselves under his protection.'' Tlien Indutiomarus, since he saw that no one lent him help, attempted to excuse himself. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. among : use in with the ace. 2. Cingetorix : Cingetorix, igis, m. 3. supremacy : principatus, Qs, m. 4. he : ille. 5. induced: adductus, a, um. 6. how powerful the lioman legions ivere : translate : hovj much the Boman legions icere able ; Lesson IV, J^xample G. 7. put oneself under the protection : se dedere in fidem (alicujus), 21. Indutiomarus {continued). Caesar, since he thought he ought to set out^ at once, demanded nothing except hostages from Indutiomarus. At the same tiine he did all things which he could for increasing the prestige - of Cingetorix. The next winter, after Caesar had returned from Britain, Indutiomarus, who resented (the fact) that^ his power among his (coun- trymen) had been impaired, began to seek an opportu- nity of avenging the injury. This was easier because the Eoman camps which had been established among the Belgians were far distant fromi each other, so that one ■* could not lend lielp to another. -Exercises in Continued Discourse. 97 Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. that he ought to set out : translate : that it ought to be set out by hi77i (impersonal construction). 2. fur increasing the prestige : use the gerundive construction with ad. 3. resent (the fact) that: moleste fero (ferre, tuii, latus), lit., bear hard: f(.)llo^ved by the inf. with subj. ace. 4. one . . . to another : see Lesson XVII, Example 9. 22. The Attack on Aduatuca. Ten days after -^ the legions had fortiiied their camp at Aduatuca among the Eburones, Indutiomariis persuaded Ambioi'ix^ and Catuvolcus,- each of whom held one half^ of the lands of the Eburones, to attack the Roman camp. Caesar was more than two hundred miles away. In the camp, in charge of wdiich w'cre Sabinus and Cotta, there were scarcely six thousand soldiers, of wdiom the larger part had jnst'' been enrolled. The Gauls thought there- fore that au excellent opportunity * of securing possession of the camp'' had been offered them. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. ten days after : translate: after Inj ten days than (quam). 2. Ambiorix: Ambiorix, igis, m. ; Catuvolcus: Catuvolcus, i, m. 3. one half: dimidia pars, dimidiae partis, f. 4. just : proxime. 5. excellent opportunity : the Latin expresses this by summa (or maxima) facultas. n. of securing possession of the camp : see Lesson XXX, Ea ample 6. 98 Exercises in Continued Discourse. 23. The Attack on Aduatuca {continued). A few clays afterwards Anibiorix and Catuvolcus, hav- ing gathered a hirge band of their (tribesmen), sud- denly attacked the camp of the llomans. But the camp was strongly ^ fortified and had been placed on high ground.- Our men quickly took arms and mounted^ the rampart.'* Meanwhile (some) Spanish horsemen, having made a sally, ^ drove back the Gauls with great slaughter. Then their leaders begged that some one would come out from the camp to confer with tliem. Two lloman knights were accordingly sent to them. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. strongly : egregie, lit. pxrpUentJy. 2. on high ground : superiore loco. 3. mount: ascend5, ere, endi. ensus. 4. rampart : vallum, i, n. 5. having made a sally : translate : a sally having been made. 24. Ambiorix's Speech to the Romans. Three years before, Caesar had relieved Ambiorix from the tribute which he had been forced to pay to the Aduatuci, and had also restored to him his son and his brother's son, Avhom the Aduatuci held as hostages. In the beginning of his speech Ambiori.K mentioned these favors and declared that he desired to make a return^ for^ them. Ke said that he had not" attacked the camp of his own accord, but forced by his tribesmen. These he said would not have brought war on the Romans, unless they Exercises in Continued Discourse. 09 had been compelled by the common conspiracy of all the Gauls. SuggGstions on the Exercise. 1. make a return : gratiam refero (ferre, rettuli, relatus). 2. for: pro, prep, with abl. 3. said that . . . not: for ' say that not,' the Latin regularly uses nego, are, avi, atus. 25, Ambiorix's Speech (r-onthiued). Ambiorix added': That his very weakness^ proved^ that he was speaking the truth,'* for lie was not so foolish^ as to think that his forces could resist tlie Komans ; that the states of Gaul had leagued themselves together" for the recovery of their freedom ;'' that on that very day all the Roman camps would be attacked at one and the same time; let Sabinus therefore be on his guard ;'^ a very large multitude of Germans also had crossed the Eliine and would attack him within a few days. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. add: addo, ere, addidi, ditus. 2. weakness : humilitas, atis, f. 3. prove : probo, 1 . 4. speak the truth: vera dico (ere, dixi, dictus), lit. speak trite things. 5. foolish : stultus, a, um. 0. league themselves together: translate: conspire among themselves. 7. for the recovery (f the freedom : translate: fir freedom to be recovered (Gerundive Construction). For recover use recupero, 1. 8. let him he on his guard: an Imperative Clause in hulinict Discourse; hence the subjunctive is to be used. 100 Exercises in Continued Discourse. 26. Ambiorix's Speech (continued). If the two generals would follow his advice, they would abandon their eanip at once and hasten to the winter quarters of Cicero or Labienus lie promised that no oue would attempt to attack them on the march. After he had delivered this speech/ Amhiorix with- drew, and the two knights returned to the camp and reported to Sabinus and Cotta what they had heard. These thought that the words of Ambiorix ought not to be despised ; and that one tribe would not have dared to make Avar on the Roman people,- unless it were relying upon the help of the others.''' Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. after he had delivered tliiti speech: imuslate : this speech having been delivered. 2. on the linman people : use the dat. 3. the others: i.e. the other tribes. 27. A Council of War is Held. Accordingly the tribunes and centurions of the first rank' were summoned to a council (of war), which was held^ in the middle of the camp. Cotta spoke first, (saying) that without the order ^ of Caesar they ought not to leave the eamp ; that (protected) by their fortifications they could resist all enemies who could be led against them ; that they had already repulsed those who had attacked the camp; that a large supply* of grain was on hand and that more was expected daily ; ^ finally that Exercises in Continued Discourse. 101 nothing was more foolish than to follow the advice of an enemy. Sug-g-estions on the Exercise. 1. of the first rank : priml pili (gen.). 2. hold: habeo, ere, ui. itus. 3. icithout the order : injussu. 4. supply : copia, ae, f . 5. daily: cottidie. 28. The Council of War (continued). ]\rost (of the) tribunes and centurions were of the same opinion, but Sabinus said that the Eburones would not have attacked them unless they knew that Caesar had already gone back to Italy ; that from him therefore no help could be expected ; that the (Jermans, who dwelt near by/ and the Gauls desired to avenge the wrongs they had suffered; that he himself urged that they with- draw ; that if Ambiorix had told the truth, ^ this was their one hope of safety; if he had spoken falsely,^ they incurred ^ no risk. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. near by : prope. 2. tdl the truth, speak falsely : vera dicere, falsa dicere (say true thin'js, say false things). 3. incur : subeo, ire ii, itus. 29. The Romans Decide to March Out. Although Sabinus could not })ersuade the tribunes and centurions that this was best^ to do,^ yet tlie rest yielded to him, and tlie command was given ^ to nuirch out from the camp at dawn.'* Aleanwhile Ambiorix and the 102 Exercises in Continued Discourse. Ebiiroiies, hearing the voices^ from the camp, perceived that the Koinans had decided to follow their advice, and prepared to attack them from an ambush, as they marched® (along). That night they hid ^ themselves in the woods* Through which the road led,^ and there awaited the approach of the Romans. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. that this vxtft best: express by the inf. 2. to do : Lesson XXX, Example 10. 3. the command icas given : translate : it was commanded. 4. at dau-n : prima liice, lit. at first light. 5. hearing voices: translate by the Ablative Absolute; voices having being heard. 0. as they marched : translate : (them) marching, the participle. 7. hide: abdo, ere, didi, ditus. 8. in the woods: the Latin idiom is: into the woods. 9. lead : f ero, ferre, tuli, latus. 30. The Romans are Overwhelmec. Sabiniis had decided to go to the cam;? of Cicero. When they had marched about two miles, the Eomans come to a defile.^ The last cohort had entered this, when suddenly Ambiorix and the Ebnrones rushed forth ^ from the woods and attacked the Roman army So sudden ■was the onset and so crowded were the cohorts that they could not withstand the mtdtitude of Gauls who pressed upon ' them ]N[ost (of them) were killed ; a very few escaped through the woods to the camp of Labienus. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. defile : angustiae. arum, f. 2. rush forth : se eicere (eici5, ere. ejeci, ejectus). 3. press upon : urgeo, ere, ursi ; trans. Exercises in Conthiued Discoiirse. 103 31. The Attack on Quintus Cicero. After this victory Anibiorix did not delay, but set out immediately with his horsemen for^ the camp of Quintus Cicero, which was about forty-five miles away ; the in- fantry he ordered to follow him. On the following day he came into the territory of the Xervii, Avho had not for- gotten the battle in which, three years before, Caesar had reduced their tribe nearly to extinction.^ Anibiorix told their chiefs that Cicero's camp was near by ;'^ why should they not do* as he had done,^ attack* the legion, and recover * their freedom ? Sug-g-^stions on the Exercise. 1. for : ad. 2. extinction : internecio, onis, f. 3. near by: use the adjective, finitimus, a, um. 4. ichy should they not do, etc. : for the mood, see Lesson XXVII, Example 7. 5. as he had done : a Subordinate Clause in Indirect Discourse. 32. The Attack on Quintus Cicero {continued). Kindled^ by these words of Anibiorix, the Kervii and other neighboring tribes joined^ themselves with the Eburones, and the whole multitude set out for the Eoman camp. Our men, as soon as they saw the Gauls approach- ing, quickly rushed '' to arms and mounted the rampart * to ward off the enemy Cicero immediately sent messengers to inform Caesar of the danger, and ])romised them large rewards, if they should deliver^ the letters. jNIean while 104 Exercises in Continued Discourse. to tlie Gauls, asking a conference, Cicero replied that the Romans never accepted terms from an enemy in arms.^ Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. kindled: incitatus, a, um. 2. jcjin : conjungd, ere, jiinxi, junctus. 3. rush: concurro, ere, curri, cursum. 4. mount the rampart: see Selection 28, Suggestions 3, 4. 6. deliver: defero, ferre, lull, latus. 6. in arms : use tlie adj., armatus, a, um. 33. The Message in the Spear-Shaft. When the messengers whom Cicero had sent to Caesar had been captured in sight of the Romans, Cicero by promises of the largest rewards persuaded a Gaul whom he had in the camp, to try to make his Avay^ to Caesar. The letter which C'icero gave him was concealed- in a spear. Carrying this the Gaul easily made his way'^ to Caesar, and informed him of the dangers of Cicero and the legion. On the following day Caesar set out with one legion and about four hundred^ cavalry, and hastened to come to Cicero's aid. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. maJce one^s v-ay : pervenio. Ire, veni, ventum. 2. conceal: celo, 1. 3. four hundred : quadringenti, ae, a. 34. The Gauls Raise the Siege. As soon as the Gauls heard that Caesar was approach- ing, they set out to intercept' his army and cut it to Exercises in Continued Discourse. 105 pieces. That night Caesar was informed of their depar- ture through a letter of Cicero, and encouraged his men for the conflict.- On the following day, having advanced about four miles, he came to a sn-all stream, on the oppo- site side of ^ which the enemy were waiting. Soon their )'iorsemen crossed the stream and oifered battle to our jj'icn, who by Caesar's order at once retreated. Suggestions on the Elxercise. 1. intercept: intercipio, ere, cepi, ceptus. 2. fur the conflict: ad dimicandum. 3. on the opposite side of: ultra, prep, with ace. 35. The Gauls are Defeated. Caesar had ])itched his camp on the top of a hill, and had ordered his men to remain within the fortilica- tions in order to give ^ the appearance of panic. Thus it happened that the Gauls boldly advanced up hill - against the camp, thinking that they would easily defeat the Ptomans. They had arrived at the ditch and were fill- ing it up, when suddenly from all sides the Romans fell apon ^ tliem and ])ut them to rout. About the ninth ^ hour on that same day Caesar's legions arrived at Cicero's 3amp. Sugg-estions on the Exercise. 1. f/irp.- hcii; use praebeo. ere, ui. itus. 2. np hill : colle adverso. III. the hill heiug against. 3. fall njiiiii : adorior, iri, ortus. 4. ninth : nonus, a, um. VOCABULARY GENERAL VOCABULARY. Note. — Words enclosed in parenthesis are not themselves defined but are inserted to assist ia the definition of other words, lleguhu verbs of the first conjugation are indicated by the numeral 1 following the present indicative. abandon, desero, ere, m, sertus. able, be able, possum, posse, potui. abode, domiciliuin, I, n. about, concerning, de, 2^''C2-'- wiUi ahl. u'ith numerals, fere, absence, absentia, ae, /. absent, absens, oiitis. absent, be absent, alisum, esse, afuT, afutfirus. accept, afcipiu, ere, cej)T, eop- tus. accompanied by, eoinitatiis, a, uiti, n\ .simple ahl. accompany, comitor, 1. accomplice, socius, I, m. accomplish, clTieio, ere, foel, fcctus ; ])crficid, ere, l'rc\, f(K;tus ; eouficid, ere, feci, fcctus. accord, (of one's) accord, spontc, ahl. .si/iij. fcDi. accordingly, itacjUf. (account;, on account of, ijrop- tcr, prej). villi, arr. ; on that account, ijroplcna.. accuse, Tnsinuild, 1 ; accusu, 1. accustomed, am accustomed, perfecl l< ii.si'.s of cdnsucscri, ore, suovl, suetus. achieve, gero, ere, gessi, gestiis. acquainted, be acquainted with, perfect tenses of cognoseo, ere, novi, nitus. acquit, absolvo, ere, solvl, so- lutus. acquittal, absolfitio, onis, /. across, trans, prep, icith ace. act {noun), factum, T, n. act {verb), ago, ero, cgT, actus. add, addd, ere, didi, ditiis; be added, accGdo, ere, cossT, ccssilrus ; literally, upprodcJt; it is added, accedit, vn\ accessit. adjudge, judicd, 1. administer, admiuislro, 1. admire, admlror, i. Aduatuca, Aduatuca, a(\ /. Aduatuci, Adiiatuci, drum, m. advance, jM-dgrcdior, T, grcssus sum. advantage, filililas, ati--, /. ; coinmodiiiii, J, /;. ; usus, us, ///. advice, cdnsilium, T, /;. advise, rnoncd, ere, uT, ilus. affair, rds, n i", /. affect, ;iftlcid, ore, feci, fcctus. afraid, be afraid, timcd,crc, uL after, conj., j)osi(iuatn Ncio Latin Co7nposition. after, prep., post, with ncc. afterwards, postea. again, a second time, iterum. against, in, prep, with ace. against, contrary to, contra, prep, with ace. (age), at the age of, natus, construed with tfie ace. of the age. ago, ante, adv. agriculture, agricultura, ao, /. aid, subsidiiim, I, n. ; auxilium, I, n. air, spiritus, iis, m. Aisne, Axona, ae, tn. alarm, commoveo, ere, movi, motus. Alesia, Alesia, ae, /. alive, vivus, a, um. all, omnis, e. all the best, noblest, etc., quisque, with ■■^upcrl. allies, soeii, orum, m. Allobroges, Allobroges, um, in. allow, sino, ore, sivl, situs ; patior, 1, passus. almost, paone. alone, finus, a, um. along, una, ; along with, una cum. Alps, Alpes, ium, /. already, jam. already for a long time, jam diu. also, etiam ; quoque, post-posi- tive. although, though, quamquam ; etsi ; quamvis ; cum. always, semper. ambassador, legatus, I, ?«. ambush, insidiae, arum, /. among, apud, prep, with ace. among, between, in the midst of, inter, prep. with ace. among, in, in, prep, with abl. or ace. ancestors, majores, um, m. ancient, antlquus, a, um ; pris- tinus, a, um. and, et ; -que (enclitic) ; at- que. and not, neve, neu ; neque. and yet, quamquam ; atqul. anger, ii-a, ae, /. angry, iratus, a, um. animal, animal, alis, n. announce, nfuitio, 1. annually, quotannis. another, alius, a, ud. answer (noun), responsum, 1, n. answer (verb), respoiideo, ere, spondr, s])oiisum. Antonius, Antoiiius, i, tyi. anxious, sollicitiis, a, um. any, lillus, a, um. anybody, any one, anything, quisquam, quaequam, quicquam ; quis, quid, appearance, species, el, /. appease, placo, 1. Appian Way, Api)ia Via, ae, /. Appius, Appiiis, 1, 7)1. appoint, eoastituo, ere, ul fitus. appoint, elect, creo, 1 ; ap- point (a dictator), dico. ere, dLxi, dietus. Vocabulary. approach, adventus, us, m. approach somebody or some- thing, adeo, ire, ii, itus {trans.) ; approach {in- trans.), appropinquo, 1 ; accedS, ere, eessi, cessu- rus. followed by ad with ace. approve, probo, 1. (April), cf April, Aprilis, e. Aquileia, Aquileia, ae, /. Aquitania, Aquitania, ae, /. archer, Scigittarius, I, ?«. Ariovistus, Ariovistus, i, m. arise, spring up, eoorior, irl, eocrtus ; orior, irl, ortus. arise, stand up, surgo, ere, surrexT, surreetum. arm, armo, 1. armed, armatus, a, um. arms, weapons, arma, orum, ?;. army, exercitus, us, m. army (on the march), agmen, inis, 71. Arpinum, Ari)Inum, I, ?i. arrest {noun), coinprehensio, onis, /. arrest, comprehendd, ere, licridl, heiirius. arrival, adventus, us, m. arrive, advenid, Ire, veni, venliim; p('r\enio. Ire, venI, veiitum. arrogantly, Tnsolenter. Arverni, Arvernl, uruiii, ni. as, lit. as, when, cuni ; u1 ; uiii. as, corrclalivc irlth. previous so or as, ([uam. as = .so, tam. as if, as though, velut si; quasi. as long as, dum. as not to, after so, such, e^c. in a negative clause, quin. as soon as, simul atque (acj. as to the fact that, quod, ashamed, it shames, pudet. ere, uit, impersonal. Asia, Asia, ae, /. ask {a question), rogo ; inter- rogo, 1. ask, inquire of, quaero, ere, quaeslvl, quaesitus. ask, request, peto, ere, petivl, petltus ; oro, 1 ; rogo, 1. assassinate, oceldo, ere, eldl. eisus. assassination, eat-des, is, /. assault (noun), oppugnatio. onis, /. assault (verb), oppugno, 1. assemble (irUrans.), eonvenio, ir(}, veni, ventum ; trans. eon\'()ed, 1. assign, atlrihuo, ere, ul, ulus. assist, adjuvd, are, jQvi, jiltus. assistance, auxiliiim, i, /;. at, ad, prr/). irilh ace; also in, prep, irilh fihl. fat hand), be at hand, ad- sum, esse, adi'ul, adl'u- turus. at all, oniiilrd. at first, prlrtid. at last, i)osl rrMud. at least, snllcni. at once, stalini. Atrebates, Atrel)ates, uin, w. Kew Latin Composition. attack {nou7i), impetus, us, m. attack {verb), adorior, In, ortus sum. attack, assault (a town, troops, or camp] op- \ a^no, 1 atiack assail (^an individual), peto, ere, ivi, Itus. attain, assequor, I, seefitus. attempt (/i6M?0,c6nritus, us. ni. attempt {verb), coiior, 1 ; tem- pto, 1. attend, e^company. ccmitor, 1. auspices, auspieia, «jrum, n. author, Auctor, oris, m. authority, auetoritas, atis. /. auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, a. avail, vale5, ere, ui, :turus= avarice, avaritia, ae, /. avenge uleiseor, i, ultus. avoid, vito, I. await, (>xsppeto, \ away, be away, be distant, absum, esse, atui. 3futu- rus. B Baculus, Baeulus, T, //;. bad, inalus, a, um. baggage, impedimenta, orum, 71. band, manus, us, /. bank, rlpa, ae, /. bar, obstrud, ere, strfixT, slructus. barbarians, ijarbarl, drum, m. battle, proelium, I, n. ; pugna, ae, /. be, sum. esse, ful, fulurus. > be without, eareo, ere, ul, iturus. bear, f(>ro, ferre, tull, latus. bear in mind, memini, issGj ivith ace. or gen. beast of burden, jumenturn, 1, n. beautiful, pulcher, chra, ehrum. because, quod ; quia ; cum. become, fio, fieri, factus sum, before, in the presence of, ap-iid, ad, preps, -with ace; in front of, pro, prep, ivith rbl. before {adv.), ante; antea. before (conj.), autequam, oru.squam. beg. r,io, 1. begin, coepT, coepisse ; vdicn gorcritiiif/ a pass. inf. Ihe pcrf. ind.. is regularly coeptus est. begin [.a thing), inslituo, ere, uI, utus; begin battle, ])roelium eommitto, ere, misT, missus. beginning, iuitium, I, /?. (behalf) in behalf of, pro, -]>rep. vitli abL behold, spcctd, 1. behoove, it behooves, oport-^t, ere, uit, i nipersnnrd. Belgians, Bclj^'-ae, arum. >n. believe, cnldd, ere, eredidl, credit us. irith daf. Bellovaci, Bellovacl. drum, m. bench, suI)S"bium, T, a. besides (aiiiw. ])raeterea. besiege, ob^ided, ere, sedi, sessus. best, superL of bonus. Vocahulary. bestow upon, imperlio, Ire, il, itus. betake one's self, reeipio, ere, cepi, ceptiis, with a re- flexive. better, adj., melior ; adv., melius. between, inter, prep. ivitJi ace. Bibracte, Bibracte, is, /(. Kibrax, Bibrax, aetis. /. Bibulus. Bibulus, i, m. bid, jul>eo, ere, jussi, jussus. Bituriges, Bituriges, um, m. blame (verb), culpo, 1. blameless, innocens, eiitis. block, obstruct, itil(>r('lu(lo, ere, elilsi, elusus r obstnic ere, strilxT, struetus. blood, sanguis, inis, ni. bloodshed, eaedes, is, /. boast, make a boast, glor.er, 1. boat iiavis, is, /. : naviguim. T, n. body, ''orpus, oris, ri. bold, audax, acis. boldly, audact cr. boldness, audacia, a(>, /. borders, flnrs, in in, in. born, be born, nascnr, \, nal us. born, nat us, a, urn. both . . . and, ct . . . (>t. both, each, iitc/'que, ulraquc, ul ruiiiquc boundless, InCfnTlus, a, urn. boy, piicf, cri", tu. Bratuspantium, Brat u spa ii- t ill HI, T, //,. brave, I'ort is, c bravely, i'ortittir. bravery, fortitiido, inis, /. break {of camp), moveo, ere, movT, motus ; break, im- pair, imminuo, ere, ul fit us. break down, rescindo, ere, scidl, seissus. break out, arise, coorior, Iil. coortus sum. bribe, largltio, onis, /. bridge, pons, pontis, ?n. briefly, breviter. bring {nf things), affero, ferre. attull, allatus ; (of per- sons), addueo. ere, diixi, duet us. bring about effieic, ere. feci. t'eetu--. be brought about, flo, fieri faetus sum. bring back, i-edueo, ere, duxl, ductus. bring back word, refero, ferre, rettulT, relatus. bring out, elTerd, ferre, ('\1 ub, ("latus. bring in, into, inl rrxbicd, ere dn.xl, (bictus, fdlii.ircfl hi in and arc. bring on or upon, Tnferd Ferre, int uli, illatiis ; with daf. of iiidir. ohj. Britain, Ib-itannia, ac, /. Britons, I^>ri1aiinl, drum, ni. broad, l,~(f us, a, utn. brother, f rater. Iris, //;.. Brundisium, l^runcbsiuin, T, a. build (a hridiji'), ra,('id, vvv,. feci, fad us. building, acidificium. I, n. 6 New Latin Composition, burn {tr.) {of things), eom- buro, ere, ussi, ustus ; {of persons), erem5, 1. business, negotium, i, n. but {if strongly adversative), sed. but {denoting transition), autem, post-positive. but if, sin. buy, emo, ere, emi, emptus. by {of personal agent), a, ab, prep, with ahl. Caecilius, Caeeilius, i, m. Caesar, Caesar, is, m. call, name, appcllo, 1. call, summon, voco, 1. call together, eonvoeo, 1. camp, eastra, orum, 7i. can, be able, possum, posse, potul. Capital, Capitolium, I, n. captive, captlvus, i, m. capture, eapio, ere, cepi, eap- tiis. carry, porto, 1. case, causa, ae, /. Cassius, Cassius, i, m. Casticus, Casticus, i, rn. Catiline, Catillna, ae, m. Cato, Cato, onis, to. Catulus, Catulus, i, 7n. cause, causa, ae, /. cavalry, equitatus, us, to. ; equites, um, ?«. pL; as adj., equester, tris, tre. Cenabum, Cenabum, I, n. centurion, ecnturio, onis, to. certain, certain one, quidam, quaedam, quiddam ol quoddam ; certain, sure, eertus, a, um. Cethegus, Cethegus, i, m. change {noun), commutatio, onis, /. change {verb), muto, 1. changeable, mobilis, e. chapel, sacrarium, i, 7i. character, nature, natura, ae,/. charge {noun), crimen, inis, n. charge, be in charge, praesum, esse, fui, construed with dat. charge, put in charge, prae- fieio, ere, feci, fectus, con- strued with dat. chariot, war chariot, essedum, I, n. charioteer, auriga, ae, to. chief, prineeps, ipis, m. chieftain, prineeps, ipis, to. children, llberl, orum, to. ; pucrT, orum, m. choose, dr4igo, ere, legi, lectus, Cicero, Cicero, onis, to. Cimbrians, Cimbri, orum, to, circumstance, res, rei, /. citadel, arx, arcis, /. citizen, fellow-citizen, civis, is, m. city, urbs, url:)is, /. civil, civilis, e. class, genus, eris, n. Claudius, Claudius, i, ?«. clemency, dementia, ae, / cohort, cohors, ortis, /, colleague, eollega, ae, w. collect, coUigo, ere, legi, leC' tus. Vocabulary. colony, col5nia, ae, /. come, venio, ire, veni, ventum. come out, come forth, pro- deo, ii-e, il, iturus. come together, convenio, ere, "\'etil, veulum. command {noun), instruction, mandfitiim, i, n. ; con- mand, control, imperiuni, 1, n. command (isrb), imporo, 1 ; be in command, praesuir, esse, fill, u'ith dat. commander, dux, ducis, m. ; iinperator, oris, tn. commit, comniitto, ere, inlsl, missus. common, communis, e. common people, plel)s, is, /. compare, comparo, 1. compel, cogo, ere, eoegl, eoac- tus. complain, queror, I, quest us sum. complete, pcrficio, ere, i~e\, fectus. comrade, r'omnillito, onis, w. conceal, cS'lu, 1 ; occulto, 1. concern, it concerns, inten^st, esse, fuit ; r("f(!rt, forrc, relulit, imj,ersnnrd. Both verbs govern Ihe gen. concerning, de, -prrp. v-iih ohl. concord, concordia, ae, /. condemn, eondcmnd, 1. condition, f-oiidi'-io, dnis, /. conduct, escort, dedOcd, ere, dfixT, diK'tus. confer (jvitl/.), coUoquor, I, locutus conference, colloquium, i, n. confess, eonfiteor, eri, fessus. confidence, fiducia, ae, /. ; trustworthiness, fides, ei, /■ confine, contineo, ere, ui, ten- tus. conflagration, incendium, I, n congratulate, gratulor, ari atus sum, with the chit. conquer, vinco, ere, vici, vie- tus. consider, regard, puto, 1 ; ex- Istimo, I. considerate, mitis, e. consideration, ratio, onis, /. conspiracy, conjuratio, ouis, /. conspirators, conjurati, drum, ni. conspire, conjuro, 1. constantly, semper, construct, aedifieo, 1. consul, consul, is, m. consular, consularis, e. consulship, consulatus, fis, m consult, cdnsuld, ere, in, sultus. contemplate, cdgitd, 1. contempt, contemptid, dnis, /. contend, eonlendd, ere, endl entiim ; dlmicd, 1. contract, contract for, locd, 1 . contrary to, coulra, prep, with lire. controversy, conf rd\'ersia,ae,/, convey, jx'rfcrd, fciTo, tuli lalus. convict, ''oiidcinnd, 1. corrupt, iiuprolxis, a, um. Cotta, ( "otia., ae, m. council, concilium, i, «. 8 JSfeio Latin Composition. counsel, consilium, T, n. country, native country, patria, ae, /. country (as opposed to the city), rus, ruris, n. courage, animus, I, m. ; forti- tudo, inis, /. courageous, fortis, e. courageously, fortiter. court, judicium, i, n. cowardice, ignavia, ae, /. Crassus, Crassus, i, m. crime, scclus, oris, n. cross, transoo. Ire, il, ittirus. crowd, mullitudo, inis, /. in crowds, fr(>quens, entis. crowded, crowded together, coiifertus, a, um. cruel, erudelis, e. cruelly, crudeliter. cruelty, crudrliias, atis, /. crush, opprinio, er(>, pressl, pressus. cultivate, colo, ere, colui, cul- tus. custom, consuetudo, inis ; mos, moris, //;. cut off, intereludo, ere, clOsI, elusus. cut to pieces, concldo, ere, cldl, cisus. D dagger, slea, ae, /. daily, cottklie. damage, laedo, ere, laosT, laesus. danger, perleulum, T, n. dangerous, perlculosus, a, um. dare, audeo, ere, ausus. daughter, fllia, ae, /. day, dies, el, m. dear, earns, a, um. death, mors, mortis, /. (December), of December, December, bris, bre. deceive, fallo, ere, fefelll, falsus. decide, eonstituo, ere, ul, lit us. declare, deelaro, 1. decree {noun), deei-etum, I, n, decree {verb), deeerno, ere, erevi, cretus. deed, factum, I, n. deep, altus, a, um. defeat, suptn-o, 1. defence, defensio, onis, /. defend, defendo, ere, fendi, fensus. defender, defensor, oris, m. Deiotarus, Deiotarus, T, in. delay {verb), moror, 1. delay {nnun'^, mora, ae, /. deliberate, dellbero, 1. deliver ('/ speech), habeo, ere, Ul, it us. deliver from, llbero, 1 . demand {verb), postulo, 1 ; flagito, 1 ; i)0sc6, ere, po- poscl. demand {noun), postulatiim, I, /(. democratic, populfiris, o. Demosthenes, Demostncnes is, //;. dense, drnsus, a, ;im. deny, iicgo, 1. depart, drfedd, ere, eessi, ce:^ siii'us. Vocabulary. 9 departure, profectio, onis, /. ; discessus, fis, m. depend, nitor, i, nisus or uixiis sum. deprive, privo, 1. descend, descendo, ere, endl. desert, desero, ere, ui, sertus. deserve, mereo, ere, iiI, itus. design, consilium, I, n. desire, wish, cupio, ere, cupivi, or il, itus. desire, eagerness, eupiditus, atis, /. ; liludo, inis, /. desirous, eupidus, a, um ; avidus, a, um. desist, desisto, ere, destitl. despise, contemno, ere, tem- psl, templus. destroy, break down, re- sfindd, ere, scidi, Sf-issii.s. detain, n.'linco, vvi\ uT, teutus. determine, c-Gnstiluo, enj, ul, uUis. develop, alo, ere, alul, alius or alitus. devote, devote one's self to something, d'"(lr), ere, de- didl, deflitus, irilh (i rc- ilcrlrc, pro IK) an. devoted, dedilus, a, um. dictator, dictator, oris, m. die,morior,morT,mort uussuni. difficult, diffK-ilis, e. difficulty, dii'ficidlas, atis, /. ; with difficulty, \ ix. dignity, c, ere, ul, ilus. from, a, ab ; from, out of, e, ex ; down from, dr ; prep- ositions Willi (ihl. from the vicinity of, a, ah, vritli tilil. from (after rerhs nf Jiinder- inij. etc.), fjud minus, ne, fliilu. front, i'rons, frontis, /. fruit, frfK't us, us, in. Fufius, Fufius, T, m. Fulvia, Fulvia, ac, /. full, jjlr-nus, a, um. furnish, j)racbhrc- r/a/rd Cn. go, C'd, Ifc, r\i, i( um. go around, cii-cuincr), Tit, il, ilus. go away, nlx'd, Tre, ii", iturus. go back, fcdcd, \ri\ if, if urus. go out, forth, even, Tre, ii, il UMI. god, dciis, 1, m. 14 New Latin Composition. good, bonus, a, um ; good fortune, fortuna, ae, /. Gracchus, Gracchus, i, m. gradually, paulatim. grain, frumentum, i, n. ; grain supply, res frumentaria, rel frumentariae, /. grant, concedo, ere, cessi, ces- SUS. I great, magnus, a, um. greatest {of qualities), sum- mus, a, um. greatly, magnopere. Greece, Graecia, ae, /. greed, avaritia, ae, /. guard, a guard, custos, odis, m. guard (vcrli), servo, 1 ; custo- dio. Ire, ivi, Ttus; be on one's guard (against), ca- veo, ere, cavl, eauturus. H Haeduan (adj.), Haeduus, a, um ; as noun, Ifaeduus, m. ; Haedui, Ilaedul, orum. hand, manus, us, /. hand, be at hand, adsum, esse, adfui, adfuturus. hand, be on hand, suppeto, ere, ivl or il. hand over, trado, ere, didi, ditus. happen, be done, ful, fieri, fac- tus ; aeeido. ere, I. harangue, eontio, onis, /. harbor, portus, us, m. harm {noun), detrlmeutum, i. n. harm, do harm, noceo, ere, ui, iturus, with dat. of indi' red obj. harmony, concordia, ae, /. hasten, press on, eontendo, ere, endi, entum. hate, odi, odisse. hateful, odiosus, a, um. hatred, odium, i, n. have, habeo, ere, ui, itus ; have something done, euro, 1, tuith gerundive. he who, is qui. heap, acervus, I, m. headship, prineipatus, us, m. hear, hear of, audio, ire, Ivi, itus. heavy, gravis, e. height, altitudo, inis, /. heir, heres, edis, m. help {noun), auxilium, i, n. Helvetii, Helvetians, Helvetii, orum, m. hence, hine. her, suLis, a, um, reflexive. here, hie. hesitate, dubito, 1. hide, eelo, 1 ; oeeulto, 1. high, altus, a, um. high {of price), magnus, a, um. higher, at a higher price {icith verbs of \-aluing, buying, a ltd selling), pluris. highest {of qualities), sum- mus, a, um. hill, eoUis, is, m. himself, herself, sul, sibi. se. hinder, inipcdio, Ire, Ivi, Itus. his, suus, u, um, rvjlcxive. Vocabulary. 15 hither, eiterior, us. hitherto, aiitea. hold, teneo, ere, ui ; of office, gero, ere, gessi, gestus. hold, regard, habco, ere, ui, itus. home, domus, us, /. ; at home, domi ; from home, domo. home, to one's (their) home, doinum ; domos. honor (noiiii), liouor, oris, >/i. ; honestas, at is, /. hope, spes, el, /. hope, hope for, sptlro, 1, trans. horse, equus, I, m. horseman, eques, itis, to. Hortensius, Ilortensius, I, m. hostage, obses, idis, m. hostile, inirnlcus, a, um. hour, hora, ac;, /. house, domus, us, /. ; in one's house, do ml. how, if used to introduce the ■sentence (is a whole, qui or quo modo in direct questions, quo modo or ut in indirect; quam, if used to mod if 11 on adjective or (idverl) in, the sentence. how great, how high, quant us, a, um. how many, (piot, indcrj. how much, quantum; nfh'n. folio well by yen. of ilie wliole. however, au((;in, post-positive. hundred, fcnt um. hurdle, orates, is,/. hurl, corucio, en;, conjecl, eon- I, ego, mel. Ides, Idus, uum, /. if, si, conj. if not, nisi ; si non ; si minus when the verb is omitted. ignorant, ignarus, a, um. illustrious, illiistris, e. immediately, statim. immortal, iramortalis, o. impair, imminuo, ere, uT, utus. impel, induc6,ere, dtixi, ductus, impious, impius, a, um. in, in, prep, witii abl. inasmuch as, quoniam. increase, augeo, ere, auxl, aue- tus. incredible, incredibilis, e. induce, induco, ere, dlixi, duc- tus. indulge, indulgeo, ere, dulsl, dullurus. indulgence, leiiitas, atis, /. Indutiomarus, Tndutiomarus, I, ni. inexperienced, imperltus, a, um. infantry, jjedilatus, us, m. ; as ro, IT'cI, r;i''t us. be informed, ecrtior fI6: f'" '-f. factus. 16 New Latin Comjjosition. inhabit, ineolo, ere, iil, cultus. inherit, receive, aeeipio, ere, cepi, ceplus. initiate, ineo, ire, il, itus, injure, noeeo, ere, ul, itiirus, with the diit., used of per- sons; laedo, ere, laesi, lae- sus, used of both persons and things. injury, injuria, ae, /. innocent, inuoeens, eniis. inquire, quaero, ere, quaeslvi, itus. institution, Institutum, I, n. insult, eontumelia, ae, /. intact, integer, gra, grum. intend, eogito, 1. intervene, iiitersum, esse, fui, fu turns. into, in, prep, with ace. invite, invito, 1. island, insula, ae, /. Italy, Italia, ae, /. it, is, ea, id. its, ejus ; suns, a, um. (January), of January, Janua- rius, a, um. javelin, jaeulum, i, n.; pllum, i, n. join (battle), comniitto, ere, misi, missus. join (oneself), conjungo, ore, junxl, junctus. journey, iter, itineris, n. joy, gaudium, I, n. judge (noun), judex, ieis, m. judge (verb), jOdieo, 1. Julius Caesar, Jfilius Caesar, Jul! Caesaris, ?«. (June), of June, Junius, a, um. Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis, m. just, Justus, a, um. just, just now, modo. just as, sleut. K Kalends, Kalendae, arum, /. k-jep, keep in, confine, teneo, ere, ui. keep apart, distineo, ere, ul, tentus. keep away, ward off, areeo, ere, ui. keep from, keep away from (tr.), i)rohibeo, ere, uT, ilns. kill, oeeido, ore, cTdT, clsus. kind, genus, oris, /;. ; modus, 1, m. kindness, benefieium, I, n. king, rex, regis, ni. knight, eques, itis, m. know, understand, seio, Ire, ivi, itus. know, be familiar with, per- fect tenses of eognoseo, ere, ndvi, nitus. not know, neseio, Ire, ii. knowledge, scientia, ae, /. Labienus, Labienus, i, 7n. labor, labor, oris, tn. lack (verb), careo, ere, ui, itu« rus ; be lacking, desum, deesse, deful. defuturus. Yocalmlary. V land {noun), agcr, agri, m. land, as opposed to the ivater, terra, ao, /. land (verb) trans., oxpono, ere, posuT, positus. language, lingua, ac, /. large, magnus, a, um. in large part, magnam par- tem ; bouam partem. so large, tantus, a, um. last, final, ultimus, a, um. last, previous, proximus, a, um. later, post, postea. latter, the UiUer of two al- ly ml ij mentioned, Inc, liaec, Iidc. law, the law. jus, juris, n, law, statute, Irx, legis, /. law-court, basilica, ae, /. lay aside, lay down, depOnd, ere, ])osur, itus. lay bare, patefaeiu, ere, fec-i, I'ai'lus. lay upon, Iiiiero, ferre, tull, illfdus. lay waste, vasld, 1. lead, lead on, duco, ere, duxT, (lu'-t us. lead across, traducd, ere, duxT, (hu'tus. lead back, ndricd, ere, duxl, (luetus. lead forth, lead out, ("dried, ere, (blx!, dud, us. lead on, indued, ere, duxT, (bie1 us. leader, dux, dueis, ///. leading man, prineeps, i[)is, m. learn {by study), disco, ere, didici. learn, find out, comperio, ire, peri, partus. leave, relinqud, ere, liqui, lic- tus. left, remaining, reliquus, a, um. left (hand), sinister, tra, trum, legion, legid, dnis, /. lend (help), ferd, ferre, tuli, latus ; be lent, be added, aeccdd, ere, cessi, ces- surus. Lentulus, Lentulus, I, m. less, adj., minor ; adv., minus, lest, lie. let go, emittd, er(% mlsl, missus. letter, of the alphid)et, littera, ae, /. ; letter, epistle, lit- terae, arum, /.; or epi.s- tula, ae, /. liberty, llbertas, atis, /. lieutenant, legal us, I, in. life, vita, ae, /. like, similis, e. likewise, ilem; also (:.rj)ressed III/ Idem, /// agreci/iettt irllh suhj.rl. Lilybaeum, Lilxbacum, T, n. line, line of battle, aeies, el, f. Liscus, Lisi-iis, I, >n. listen, listen to, audid, Ire, IvT. Illis. irilh are. Litaviccus, Lila\ieeus, I, tn. little, a little, paiibim. very little, nnniinum ; f)au]- bllinii, iriih ijrn. little while before or ago, paul<) autu. IS Neiu Latin Composition. live, VIVO, ore, vixi, viclurus. live, dwell, habito, 1. long, longus, a, iini. long, long time, difi, adv.; already for a long time, jam diu ; no longer, jam non. lose, amitlo, ere, mIsT, mis?;ns, ilic general irord; perdo, ere, perdidi, itus, v:licrc the respoit^ibilil!/ of Ihv siihjccf. is implied. loss, damnum, T, n. love, amor, oris, vi. love, amo, t. low {of price), parvus, a, um. lower. Inferior, us. loyal, lidelis, e. loyalty, fides, ei, /. Lucius, Lfieius, I, dk, al)i)re- viated L. LucuUus, Lueullus, I, m. M Macedonia. ^Maeedouia, ae, /. magistracy, magistrate, magis- trfitus, us, I)}. magnitude, magnitildo, iiiis, /. maintain, reliueo, ere, uT, 1<>n- tus. make, fae,(l, ere, feel, faetus. make answer, rc-spondcnl, ere, s])ondr, spousus. make {■■iomehnd ij or soine- thiiig saf(, J/ald, char, etf'.), r(Ml(lu, ere, reddidi. reddilus ; facio may aha be u--<( d. man, homo, iuis, m., the ijev- eral term; man as opposed to woman, or as a compli mentary designation, vir virl, m. manage, adminisfro, 1. Manlius, ^Nlanlius, i, m. many, multi, ae, a ; so many, tot, indecl. march (jtuun), iter, itineris, n. (March), of March, INlartius, a, uin. march (rerh), iter faeio, ere, feel, fact us. march forth, march out, egredior, i, gressus sum. Marcus, INIareus, i, 7)i. ; abbrc' via ted ]M. maritime, maritimus, a, um. Marseilles, ]\lassilia, ae, /. massed together, eoiiferlus, a, um. matter, thing, res, rel, /. (May), of May, Majus, a, um. may, licet, ere, lieuit, iviih the subjtuictire or inf. meanwhile, interea. meet {trans, or iutrans.), con- venio, ire, venT, ventus; meet, encounter, oppeto, ere, Ivi, Itus. memory, inemoria, ae, /. Menapii, INIeua])!!, oruni, m. mention, eommemoro, 1. merely, tantum. message, ml n tins, I, ni. Messalla. Messalla, ae, //;. Messana, ^vlcssana, ae, /. messenger, nuntius, I, ni. Metellus, Ixletelhis, i, //;. middle, middle of, medius, a um. Vocahulan/, lU midnight, media xiox, mediae noctis, /. midst, midst of, mcdius, a, iim. mile, mlllf ])ari.-;'a.s, ///., thou- sand paces; pi., milia passuum. military, inililariri, e ; military science or matters, res nillitaris, rvi lullilaris, /. mind, aiumus, T, in. mindful, memor, oi'is. mine, incus, a, uiu. minor, lesser, minor, us. mistake, make a mistake, jx'cco, 1. Mithridatic, Milliridaticus, a, um. Molo, M(j1o, onis, m. money, pecunia, ae, /. month, mensis, is, in. monument, monumcntum, I, it. more, ainplius ; ma^is, ddr. more, })lus, pluris, n., suh- .st'iidire. Morini, MoriiiT, drum, m. m.ost, plrTlqiic, acf[uc, a(iu(\ for the most part, maxiniam \ii\r\vin. mother, nialci", mali-is,/. mountain, nions, nion!i>, //,'. move, affect, inoxco, crc, ind\T, mdl us ; move (iiinl.-r, a inoliiin), censed, vrv, ul, census. move out, move away, dc- niii^-d, 1 . much, iiiiill lis, ;i, win; inlrcrh- /'/////, mull uin. multitude, mull it Tidd, ini-, /. murder {noun), caodes, is,/. murder, occidd, ere, cidl, elsus. murderer, interfector, oris, m. my, meus, a, um. N name {noim), ndmen, iris, n, name {verb), ndmind, 1 Nantuates, Xantuates, ium, m, Naples, Xeapolis, is, f. Narbo, X'arl^d, dnis, in. near, neighboring, finitimus, a, um. near, iclth toirn nainrs, ad, prej). icith (ICC. ; icUli oilier icords, prope, ]>rep. with ace. nearer, propius, odv. and prep. ivlth, ace. nearest, proximus, a, um. nearly, jirope. necessary, it is necessary, nccesse est. need, there is need, opus est. nefarious, nefarius, a, um. neglect, ne,!,dc<,^d, ere, lexT, Icc- (us. neighbor, vlclnus, I. //;. neighborhood, in, or to, the neighborhood of, ad, jjrij). villi arc. neighborinc- iriiifimus, ;i, um neither . . . nor, iii(iuc . . ncijiic ; iicc . . . nc;;. Nervii, \iT\ir, dnnn. m. never, iiuiii(|u;iiii. nevertheless, f ;i men. nev/. no\iis, ;i, iiiii. news, iiunlius, f, m., or nunliT, ririiiii ; (/.s iji n. of llic tvluAn- uovi. 20 New Latin Composition. next, proximus, a, um. Niger, Nigez-, gri, 711. night, nox, noctis, /. ninth, nonus, a, um. no, nullus, a, um. no, with adjectives used sub- stantively, nemo {defective) . no one, nemo {defective) ; no quis. nobility, nobilitfis, atis, /. noble, n5bilis, e ; nobles, no- biles, ium, m. Nones, Nonae, arum, /. nor, neque or ncc. not, non, ne. if . . . not, nisi, (not), is not'.' does not? ci'c., nonne. not even, ne . . . quidem, ivitli tJie emphatic word between. not know, nescio. Ire, Ivi, or il. not only . . . but also, non solum . . . sed ctiam. not that, non quo. not yet, nondum. nothing, nihil. (November), of November, November, l)ris, o. Noviodunum, Xoviodunum, 1, n. now, already, jam. now, at present time, nunc. now, accordingly, igilur. nowhere, nusquam. number, numerus. I, ?». numbers, muKitfKM, inis, /. (numbers), in great num- bers, frcquens, entis. O, O, interjection. oath, jus jurandum, juris, jii- randi, n. obey, pareo, ere, uT, iturus. observe, servo, 1. occupy, occupo, 1. occur, fio, fieri, faetus. Ocean, Oceanus, I, m. Octavian, Octavianus, T, -m. Octavius, Octavius, 1, m. (October), of October, Octo- ber, ]n"is, bre. Octodurus, Octodurus, 1, m. of, from, a, ab, ])re]). icitJi abl. of, concerning, de, jircp. icith iihl. of {p(irtitive), e, ex. offer, do, dare, dedi, datus. offer battle, proelio lacesso, ere, lacesslvl, lacessltus ; lit. harass by battle. office, li(»n(;r, oris, vi. ; nu)gis- trfitus, us, ni. often, saepe. old, vctus, oris. old man, senex, senis, ??z. omit, omit to, ere, misl, missus. on, in, prep, tcitft abl. on, concerning, de, prep. with, (ibl. on all sides, from all sides, undique. once, once upon a time, quon- dam ; olim. at once, statim. one, fimis, a, um. one another, u.sr the reflexive pronoun. VocahuJary. 21 one . . . another, alius . . . alius. the one . . . the other, al- ter . . . alter. only, tantum. only one, unus, a, um ; sSlus, a, um. onset, impetus, us, ???. open, aperio. Ire, ul, ertus. openly, aperte ; ]);ilam. opinion, deliberate judgment, scntentia, ae, /. opportunity, faeultas, atis, /. ; occasio, onis, /. oppress, premd, ere, press!, pressus. optimates, oplimates, ium, m. or, aut ; vcl. or, in second vicmhcr of a double queslion, an or -ue. or not, in que.slio?is, annon, necne. oration, oratio, onis, /. orator, drat(jr, oris, ?«. order {noH.n), mandatum, T, n. order, by the order, or at the order, jussil. in order that, ul, fjud ; in order that not, ik". order {vcrh), jnljcd, vr(\ jussT, jnssus. Orgetorix, Orj^^dorTx, rT-^is, v). other, another, ;ilii/s, ;i, u, verti, versus. owe, debeo, ere, iii, itus. pace, passus, us, m. pacify, paed, 1. pain, dolor, oris, m. pains, care, dllij^entia, ae, /. pains-taking, dilig-ens, entis. panic, pavor, oris, //i. pardon, venia, ae, /. part, ]:)ars, })artis, /. particularly, praeci pue. partly, i)artim. party, partes, ium, /. pass over, oiuiltd, ere, mTsT, uvissus. pass the winter, hiemd, 1. patience, ])a(ien(ia, ae, /. pay iiioini), slTpcudium, T, n. pay (rcrb), jjeudd, ("r(>, ])epiMi(!T, jjriisus ; sol\d, ere, sohl, solnt us. peace, pax, jtacis, /. Pedius, Pf'dius, I, in. penalty, poena, .'se, /. people, ])()pnlus, i", ///. perceive, senlid, Ire, sf'iisT, sen- sus. perform, fun^or, T, fniicliis sum. peril, pei-Teulinu, T, //. period of life, aelils, alls, /. perish, die, iiilered, \r(\ il, ilurus. .)9 JS^ew Lathi Composition. permanent, sempiternus, a, xim. permit, pormitto, ere, misl, missus ; sino, ere, sIvT, situs ; be permitted, it is permitted, lieet, ere, uit. persuade, persuadeo, ere, suiisl, suJisum. Philippic, Philippiea, ae, /. philosopher, sapiens, entis, 711. picked, chosen, delectus, a, uui. pilot, gubernator, oris, 7n. pirate, praedo, onis, m. Piso, Prs5, onis, m. pitch, pclno, ere, posui, it us. pity, it excites pity, niiseret, miserere, miseruit, imper- sonal; also misereor, eri, itus. place, locus, I, /». place, collocd, 1 ; place, pitch {(I ra/n J)), 1)0110, ere, posul, ])osiius. place around, circunido, are, dedr, datus. place before, antepond, ere, posuT, posit us. place in charge, place in command over, place over, praeficio. ere, IT'ci, fectus, with the dot. of in- direct obj. plan (noun), consilium, T, ??. plan {verb), eof^jto, 1. Plancus, Plancus, 1, m. please, placed, ere, uT, iturus. plot (noun), itisidiae, arum,/. plot 'rtrb), cdf^itd, 1. plunder (noun), j)raeda. ae /. plunder (verb), spolid, 1. Pompey, Pompejus, eT, ?«. popularity, gratia, ae, /. possess, possided, ere, sedi, ses« sus. (possession), gain possession of, potior, Irl, Ilus sum. post, place, locus, I, m. ; pi. loca, drum, n. power, potestfis, atis, /. ; po- tentia, ae, /. powerful, poleiLs, cutis, m. practice, usus, us, m. praetor, prat.'lor, oris, m. praise (jioun\, laus, laudis, /. praise (verb), Jaudd, 1. precede, autecedd, ere, eessi, cf^ssurus. prefer, maid, lufdle, maluT. prepare, prepare for, {);ud, 1, trith ore. prepared, ])aralus, ;i, uin. present, be present, adsum, esse, fuT, fulilrus. preserve, cdiiscrvd, 1. prestige, aucldi-itas, alis, /. pretend, siiuuld, 1. prevail over, vincd, ere, \\n, victus. prevent, del erred, ere, uT. ilus ; ])i-ohi1)ed, ere, ul, ilus ; arced Ti-c, uI. previously, before, an tea. cdv. prisoner, captive, caj)! hus, i, private. prT\alus, a, uiu. Procillus, Procillus, ;, //;. procure, get ready, p;ird, 1. profession, ars, arti-. /. promise ynonni, pollicitalid, duis, /. Vocahulary. 23 promise {verb), polliceor, eri, itus ; promitto, ere, misi, missus. propose, propono, ere, posul, positus. proscribe, proscribe, ere, serlpsi, scriptus. prosecutor, actor, oris, in. protect, protef^o, ere, texi, lectus ; tueor, erI. protection, praesidium, T, n. provide, provide for, euro, 1. provided, provided that, dam ; provided onlj'-, dum mode, province, pruviiicia, ac, /. provincials, socii, orum, m. prudence, prudeiitia, ae, /. public, j)ubIieLis, a, um. publish, edd, ere, T'didl, itus. Publius, J?ul)lius, 1, til. ; abhrc- viiiLe'l, P. punishment, supplieium, f, /;. purpose, consilium, I, ri. pursue, sequor, T, sccfitus; perse(|uor, I, seem us. pursuit, sludium, T, n.. put in charge, ])ra<'li('ir), ere, feel, f'ectus; f/orcrn.H ace. (irul ihit. put to death, itderficio, ere, fT'cT, rectus, put to flight, to rout, fiij^d, 1. quaestor, quacslor, oris, m. quickly, fc|crii(>r. Quinctius, (^iiTiiclius, T, //;. Quintus, 9iiyiifiis, T, /«. ; ab- brcvialed, (j. Quirites, Roman citizens, Quirltes, ium, m. R rank, dignitas, atis, /. rashly, temere. ratify, conflrmo, 1. ravage, vexo, 1 ; populor, 1. read, lego, ere, legi, leetus. read {aloud), recito, 1. ready, paratus, a, um. reap, eapio, ere, cepi, eaptus. reason, causa, ae, /. receive, aeeipio, ere, cepI, eep- tus. recent, rccens, ontis. reckon, uumero, I : lit'beo. recognize, cogTiosco, ere, gnovl, gnitus. recollection, memoria, a(\ /. recount, emimerd, 1. recover, r(>cnperr), 1. reduce, redigd, ere, ("gl, actus. refuse. i-ecOsd, 1. regal power, rrgnnin, T. 7i. regard, habed, ere, uT, itus; exist i in d, 1. regret, it causes regret, pacui- 1 et, ere, uit, im pi rsotidl. reject, rcspiid, ere, u\, rejoice, gniidrd, vvr. gfuTsiis. relieve, free from, llhcrd, 1. relying, i'rri us, a, uin. remain, iiiancd, dre, mausT, tiiaiisrinis. remaining, remainder of. In jiln., rcliijuus, .'I, um ; far ■■■nnj. use. fcli((iia, i)arH icilli (l( prndint (/en. 24 New Lathi Comjoosltlon. remember, bear in mind, me- mini, isse ; reininiseor, i, supplies the present parti- ciple of meminl. Remi, RemI, drum, m. remind, admoneo, ere, uT, itus. remove, tollo, ere, sustull, sub- let us. render (thanks), ago, ere, egl, actus. renew, renovo, 1. repair, reficio, ere, feel, feetus. repent, it repents, paenitet, ere, uit, impersonal. reply, respondeo, ere, respond!, responsus. report, announce, iiuntir), 1 ; defero, ferro, tuli, latus. report, fama, ae, /. ; nuiilius, i, m. reproach, ineOsd, 1. republic, res puhliea, rei pfib- licae, /. repulse, repelld, ere, r(>ppuli, pulsus. reputation, fama, ae. /. request, peto, ero, ivT, or ii, Itus. resist, resisto, ere, restiti, v:ith flat. resolution of the Senate, se- natus eonsultum, T, n. (resolve), it is resolved, placet, ere, uit, lit., it pleases. rest, the rest, ceteri, ae, a ; )rith the sinr/., reliqua ]xir3. restore, replace, restituo, ere. uT, utus ; restore, return, reddo, ere, reddidi, red- ditus. retain, retineo, ere, ul, tentus. retreat (noun), reeeptus, us, 7n. retreat (verb), recipio, ere, cepT, ceptus, with the re- flexive. return (noun), reditus, us, ??i. return (verb), go back, redeo, Ire, il, itura ; revertor, I. return (trans.), reddo, ere, reddidi, itus. reveal, indico, 1 ; patefaeio, ere, feci, factus. review, recognoseo, ere, novl, nitus. revolt, deficid, ere, feci, feetus. reward (noun), praemium, i, /;. reward (verb'), remuneror, 1. Rhine, Rheiius, I, ni. Rhone, Tvliodanus, I, m. rich, (lives, it is. right, jus. juris, n. rightly, recte. rise up, cdusurg-d, ere, surrexi, surrecfum. risk, perlculum. I, ?;. river, flumen. iuis, n. road, iter, itiueris, /;.; via, ae, /. Roman, Rdmaiius, a, um ; as noun, Rduiamis. I, m. Rome, Rdma, ae, /. Roscius. Rd-^fius, I, m. rouse, solli'-itd, 1. rout, put to rout, fugd, 1. route, iter, itiiu^ris, n. rower, remex, igis, m. ruin, rulna, ae. /. rule (noun), imperium, I, n. Vocahulary. or^ rule (verb), impero, 1. rumor, nlmor, oris, ?w. runaway slave, fu,<,ntlvus, T, m. Sabiius, SabTnus, T, ni. sacred, sacor, era, erum ; sanetus, a, Tim. saf 3, tutus, a, um salviis, a, um. safety, salus, Otis, /. sail (verb), navigo, 1. sake, for the sake, causa (abl.) with gen.; the gen. alwcnj-^ precedes. sally, eruplid, onis, /. salute, salutd, 1. same. Idem, cadcm, idem, save, scrvf), 1. say, died, ere, dixT, dietus. scale (fnni>i.), transeondd, ere, cudi, scarcely, \lx. scattered, rarus, a, um. Scipio, Sclpid, dnis, m. scout, cxpldr'atoc, oris, m. sea, mni'i', is, n. seal, sii^iium, T, n. seamanship. r("s nauli('a(>, n~- ruiii !i;iu1 icaiMim, /. second, sccundus. ;i. um. second time, ilcrum. secure procure, p;ird, 1 ; se- cure one's request, im- jx'trd, 1 . see, \iilcd, vrv, \idi, \Tsus ; see t3 it, pfd\ idcd ; (-ufd, 1. seek, petd, ere, u [ (ili. Tins, seem, \ idi'Dr, vn, \fsus. Seine, iSrquana, ac, /. seize, oeeupd, 1. self, oneself, sui, sibi, se. self, i.e., I inyself, you your- ticlf, c/c.,ipsei/i apposition with a noun or pronoun. sell, vendd, ore, vendidi, ven- ditus. Senate, senatus, us, m ; sen- ate-house, curia, ae, /. senator, senator, oris, m. send, mittd, ere, misT, missus. send ahead, praemitfd, ere, mIsT, missus. send back, remittd, ere, mlsi, missus. (September), of September, September, bris, bre. Sequani, SequanT, drum, //;. serious, f^ra\is, e. set, appoint, const it ud, (>r(\ uT fitus. set forth [trnns.), expdud, ere, I)osur, posit us. set on fire, ineemld, ere, cendl, census, set out, proficTseor, T, f(>cti'-.:. set up, collocd, 1 . settle, collocd, 1 . seven, septem. seven hundred, s(>ptinp;eiitT. a(\ a. seven hundredth, septini;('ii- ti'simus, a, um. seventh, sept iuius, ;i, um. several, complfu'cs. a or ia severe ' nf /yr/-.>:o//xi. se\ cms, a, i;ui ; ( nf Ihi iiii.-<] . t,"-;! \ is, e. severity, scscrilils, ;iii:', f. Sextius. ScxI iu-:, T, ///. Sextus, Sext us, 1, ni. 26 Neio Latin Composition. shield, scutum, I, n. ship, navis, is, /. ; ship of war, navis longa. shore, Iltus, oris, n. short, brevis, e. shout, elamo, 1. show, ostendo, ere, endi, en- tus ; show {oneself), praesto, are, praestiti, praestitus. side, latus, eris, n. Sicilians, Sicull, orum, m. Sicily, Sicilia, ae, /. (side), from all sides, on all sides, undique ; this side of, eitra, prep. v:ith (icc. siege, obsidio, onis, /. sight, conspectus, us, m. Silanus, Sllauus, T, m. silent, be silent, become si- lent, taced, ero, uT, itus. silently, silent id. since (causnl), cum; as prep., ex, icith abl. six, sex. six hundred, sexcenti, ae, a. sixteen, sedocim. sixteenth, sextus decimus. sixth, sextus, a, um. sixty, sexaginta. size, magnitudo, inis, /. skilled, peritus, a, um. slaughter, caedes, is, /. slave, servus, I, m. slavery, sorvitus, uli.s, /. slay, occldo, ere, cidi, cisus. slinger, funditor, oris, ?n. small, parvus, a, um. smoothness, lenitas, atis, /. so (q/ degree) , tam, adeo. so, thus (of manner), sic, ita so great, tantus, a, um. so greatly, tantopere. so many, tot, indeclinable. so much, tantopere. soldier, miles, itis, m. some, something, aliquis, ali- qua, aliquid or aliquod* nonnfillus, a, um. some one, aliquis. some . . . others, alii . . . alii. some (persons), nonnfiUi, orum. somehow or other, nescio quo pactu. son, fllius, 1, VI. soon, quickly, mox, cito; soon after, ])aulo post. as soon as, simul atque (ae). sooner, c-itius. Spain, Hisi)ruiia, ae, /. Spanish, Uispauus, a, um. spare, ])arcd, ere, pepercl, ])ar- surus, irilh dal. speak, loquor, \, locutus ; dleo, ere, dlxT, dictus. spear, tehnn, I, n. speech, oratio, dnis, /. speed, C'cl.'ritas, atis,/. spend, df'gd, ere, degl. spring, ver, veris, 7i. stand, std, are, steti, staturus; stand around (trans.), cir- eumstd, are, stiti. standard, signum, i, n. state, ei\'ilas, atis, /. station, collocd, 1. statue, statua, ae, /. ; signum I, 71. Vocabulary. 27 stayer, supporter, Stator, oris, m. steadfastness, eonstantia, no, /. still {temporal), adhuc ; still ( = nevertheless), tamen, stir up, ':;xeito, 1. stone, lapis, idis, vi. storm, tempestas, atis, /. (story), the story goes, tradi- tur, tradl, traditum est, lit. it is Juinded down. strange, novus, a, um. stream, fhlnicn, inis, n. strength, vires, iuin, /. ; /jL of vis. Strengthen, fortify, inuiiio, Ii'o, ivi. It us. strict, severus, a, um. strive, Jiltor, I, ulxus or iilsus. strong, \alidus, ;i, um. sturdy, fori is, o. subdue, pacify, ^nu-o, 1. substitute, siil)s(il ud, ere, ulj fit us. such, ifdis, (,' ; such as, quftiis, c. sudden, rfjx'ullnus, a, um ; suliil us, ;i,, urti. suddenly, s.liilo. suddenness, ffIiTli;ls, atis,/. Suebi, Sur'l>I, orum, di. Suessiones, Siic-^sioiirs. \\\n.vi. Sugambri, Sii,t,f;iiiilirl, oi-uiii, ///. suffer, ]);!ti()r, j, piissus sum. suffer from, ];il)drd, 1. sufficient, sufhciently, s'liis. suitable, iddiicus, ;i, iii,i. suited, ;icci)iiim()(l;ll IIS, a, uiti. summer, acslas, atis, /. summit of, sumraus, a, um, limiting a substantive. summon, vocd, 1 ; eonvoco, 1 , arecsso, ere, IvI, Itus. supplies, eommeatus, us, m. support, aid {noun), subsidium, I, n. support {verb), defendo, ere, fendl, fensus. surpass, pz'aeeedo, ere, cessi, cessurus ; supero, 1. surrender {noun), deditio, onis, /. surrender {verb), of persons, dodo, ere, dedidi, deditus, ivith rc/lc.rirc pron. ; oj things, tradd, ere, tradidi, Iraditus. surround, eireuuneuid, Ire, vdiil, veiilus; cii'cuiued. Ire, il, ii us ; cirt'uuidd, dare, dcdl, daf us. suspect, suspieor, 1 . suspicion, sus])Icid, duis, /. swamp, palus, udis, /. swarm, a^'tu(>ii, iiiis, n. swiftness, celerilfis, atis,/. sword, frladiiis, I, ;//. Syracuse, Sxracusae, firuin,/. Syracusans, (Syraensfuil, druin, )n. T take, capid, ei'c, e( |)i, cnptus; t)f pii iii:lr'bis. tribute, sITpeiidinm, T, n. troops, cdpiai', rirurii, /. true, vrnis, a, inn. trust, cdnrrdo, ei-e, f[siis, :.rmi- trusty, lidf'lis, e. try, Conor, 1 . turn, convcrld, ere, verti, \'efsiis. Tusculum, Tiisi'iibini, T, //. twelfth, diiodcciinds, a, um, twelve, duodeciui. 30 I^cio Latin Comi^osition. twenty, vlginti. two, duo, duae, duo. two days, biduum, i, n. two hundred, dueenti, ae, a. two years, biennium, i, n. tyrant, tyranuus, T, in. Is Ubii, I'liil, (Iruin, ni. unbroken, uninjured, integer, gra, gruin. uncertain, infcrtus, a, um. uncle, avunculus, I, m. undergo, sul)eo, ire, ii, iturus. understand, intellego, ere, lexT, lee t us. undertake, suseipio, ere, cepT, eeptus. unharmed, iueoluinis, e. unjust, iujilstus, a, um. unless, nisi. unless indeed, nisi vero, nisi forte. unpopularity, invidia, ae, /. until, dum, dor.ee, quond ; r/x prep., ad icilJi ncc. unwilling, invltus, a, uin. be unwilling, nolo, ndll(\ noluL uprightness, prol)itas, atis, /. uprising, tuniultus, us, //;. ; nidtus, us, in. urge, hortor, 1. us, nos, nostrum, nostri, pi. nj ego. use {noun), usus, us, //;. use frtrb), fit or. I. u>us. Usipetes, I'sipetrs, um, ni. utter, (lied, ere, dixi, dictus. utterance, vo.x, voeis, /. valiantly, fortiter. valley, vallis, is, /. valor, virtus, ntis, /. value, aestimo, 1. vanquish, vinco, ere, vici, vietus. Veneti, Venetl, orum, m. (vengeance), take vengeance on, ulelseor, I, idtus. venture, audeo, ere, a usus. Veragri, \'eragrl, orum, ni. Vercingetorix, VereingetorLx, rigis, //;. Verres, Verres, is, in. versed in, perltus, a, um. very, irilh (i'lj('clire.s, crj/nssed by the ^•Ujivrldlirc diijrcc; elsnrhi re, \'alde. ivHh ■•oihstn nitres, ipse, a, um ; with superldtires, vel. very many, eomplures, ia. Vesontio, Vesontid, dnis, in. Vestal Virgin, virgd Veslalis, virginis VestTdis, /. veteran, vi^tei'anus, a, um. vice, improbitas, atis./. vicinity, in the vicinity of, for the vicinity of, ad, irilh ace. victory, ^i(•tdria, ae, /. village, \ T(-us, I, m. violate, ■. iold, 1. Viromandui, Viromandul, drum, in. virtue, \i'-tus, ulis. /. visit, adcd. Ire, ii, it us; visit (irit/i pii nisltinent. ite.). aliicid, ere, I'eei, feet us Vocahulary. 3] voice, vox, vocis, /. Volusenus, Volusenus, I, ni. W wage, gero, ere, gessi, gestus. wait, cxspecto, 1. wall, murus, i, /n. ; wall of a house, i)aries, elis, //;. war, Ijellum, i, n. war-chariot, esseduui, i, >i. ward off, depello, ere, pull, pulsus. warlike, hellicosus a, uin. warn, nioneo, ere, ul, itus. (warning), give a warning, ad- iiioned, ere, iiT, it us. watch, \igilia, ae, /. water, aqua, ae, /. way, manner, modus, i, )n. way, route, iter, ilineris, n. weak, del)ilis, e. weakness, Infirniita-, alis, /. weakened, eoufectus, a, uin. wealth, dr\itiae, arutn,/. wealthy, dives, it is. weapons, anna, orum, n. welcome, gratus, a, uin. well, bene. what (inlcrraf/.), (plid, suhst.; what kind, nature, of what nature, cjiirdis, c whatever. f|iii-(|ui-, (jui'-fiuid. when? (luandu. when I nhii'irc I, cum, ut, uKi. whenever, nt, cum. where? iilii. where inhi/irr), idii; wher ever, uljicunqiie. whether, num, ~ne. whether ... or, utruni . . , an ; whether . . . not, nonne. which, qui, quae, quod. while, dum, donee, coiij. whither, quo. who? quis. who, which (rel. pron.), (jui, quae, quod. who (does) not, who (is) not, quTn. whole, tolus, a, um. why? eur, quid, quam ol) rem why not, aj'icr nOlla eause est, etc., quin. wicked, seeleralus, a, um. wickedness, seel us, eris, a. wide, latus, a, iim. wife, uxcjr, oris, /. will, testamentum, I, ii. willingly, readily, lilxnler. win, attain, adijjiscor, I, adc[i- tus; win over, concilid, 1. winter, liiems, cmis, /. winter quarters, liTlierna, drum, /(. wisdom, sapicntia, ac, /. wise, sapiens, cnl is. wish, void, \cllc, \(iluT. with, cum, ///■' ji. irilh iilil. with (nc' i iii-iiiri i/ij pnrlln- /ml inn), at the house of, a pud, ji'i ji. iri'lli (!(■<•. withdraw itrnii:-:.), sulidficd, ( I'c, diixT, duct ns ; { i n- Irntis. ), dT'cr-di), vvv. cc^si, ccssfir-u-^. within, intra, jirvji. wilii ace. 82 New Latin Composition. without, sine, prep, with abl. be without, earec, Ore, iii, iturus. withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, tentus. witness, testis, is, m. woman, mulier, eris, /. wonder, miror, 1. wonderful, mirabilis, e. wont, am wont, perf. of eon- suesco, ere, suevi, suet us. woods, silva, ae, /. word, verbum, i, n. work (a tvork), opus, eris, n. worship, veneror, 1 ; eolo, ere, colul, cultus. worthy, dignus, a, um. wound, vulnus, eris, n. wounded, saucius, ;i., um. wreck {of vessels), frango, ere, fregl, fractus. wrest, extorqueo, ere, torsi, tortus, with d it. of person from whom. wretched, miser, a, um. write, scrlbo, ere, scrips!, scrip- tus. wrong, injuria, ae, /. ; wrong- doing, injuriae, arum, /. year, annus, i, m. yet, nevertheless, famen, not yet. nondum. yield, cedd, ere, cessi, eessu- rus. you, to, tul; vos, vestrum or vestj'I. young man, juvenis, is, m. your, your own, tuus, a, um ; vester, tra, trum. youth, period of youth, adules- eenlia, ae, /. zeal, studium, I, ru DATE DUE ■:j r ■ ; ■:964 II HftR 2 M9r7' FEP ^ ^ 1 - ,' ■ 7 ! 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 i 1 \—-- CILITY