Date due is stairped on slip in back of item. Material roost be returned the unit f ran which it was checked out. DO NOT RH-DVE THIS BAND (i) DO NOT REMDVE 1HIS BAND Southern Regional Library 405 Ililgard Avenue Tos Ancieles. PA Qfn:>d Ex Libr C. K. OG1 . THE PANTHEON, REPRESENTING THE FABULOUS HISTORIES OF THE HEATHEN GODS AND MOST ILLUSTRIOUS HEROES, IN A PLAIN AND FAMILIAR METHOD. BY ANDREW TOOKE, A.M. THIRTY-FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED. ILLUSTRATED BY TWENTY-EIGHT PLATES, ENGRAVED FROM NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS. LONDON : PRINTED FOR F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON; SCATCHERD AND LETTERMAN ; LACKINOTON, HUGHES, HARDING, AND CO. ; LONGMAN, HURST, AND CO.; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOT} J. RICHARDSON; C. AND W. B. WHITTAKER ; J. MAWJIAN ; W. GINGER; J. ROBINSON ; E. WILLIAMS ; AND R. SCHOLEY. 1819. LONDON: BV THOMAS DAVISON, TO THE READER. IT is confessed that there are already many books published on the present subject, two or three of which are in our own tongue ; and those, without doubt, will, by some men, be thought enough. But since this can be the opinion but of a few, and those unexperienced people, it has been judged more proper to regard the advice of many grave persons of known skill in the art of teaching; who, though they must acknowledge that Goodwin, in his Anti- quities, has done very well in the whole, yet cannot but own that he has been too short in this point : that Rosse also, though he deserves commendation for his Mythology, is yet very tedious, and as much too large ; and that Gal- truchius, as D'Assigny has translated and dished him out to us, is so confused and artless in his method, as well as unfortunate in his corrections, that it in nowise answers the purpose it was designed for ; and hereupon this work was recommended to be translated, being first well ap- proved by learned gentlemen, as is above mentioned, for its easy method and agreeable plainness. Besides, it having been written by so learned a person, and that for the use of so great a prince, and so universally received in our neighbour nations, as to have sold several impressions in a short time, there was no room to doubt of its being well re- ceived here. As for the quotations out of the Latin poets, it was considered awhile, whether they should be trans- lated or not : but it was, at last, judged proper to print them in English, either from those who already rendered them well, or, where they could not be had, to give a new translation of them, that so nothing of the whole work 2015133 TO THE READER. might be out of the reach of the young scholar's under- standing, for whose benefit chiefly this version \vaa in- tended. In this impression, care has been taken, not only to move the citations to the ends of the pages, sections, or chapters, which before lying in the body of the discourse, and making part of it, the sense was greatly interrupted, the connexion disturbed, and thereby a confusion often created in the understandings of some of those younger scholars, into whose hands it was put, by such an undue and improper mixture of English and Latin, of prose and verse ; but furthe^, to make it still more plain and fami- liar, and thereby better suited to their capacity, and more proper for their use, such ambiguous expressions and ob- scure phrases have been removed, and such perplexed periods rectified, as had been found either to cause misun- derstanding of the author's meaning, or to lead the scho- lar into barbarism, in rendering any part of it into Latin, when such translations have been imposed as a task. And lastly, a complete and significant Index, instead of a verbal one before, has been added to this impression, whereby any thing material in the whole book may be readily found out ; the usefulness of which need not be mentioned here, since the want of it, in all former editions, has been much complained of by most of those many masters who have made use hereof in their schools. ANDREW TOOKE. CHARTERHOUSE, June 30, 17JS. % In this thirty-second edition, the citations are all placed at the bottom of the pages, and several errors and omissions rectified, by re- ferring to the different authors. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRTY-THIRD EDITION. IT is now more than a century since THE PANTHEON was first published. During this period, it has main- tained a high reputation in our public schools, and other places devoted to classical erudition, as the most extensively useful introduction to ancient Mythology. Its superiority over every other work of the kind is derived as well from the vast fund of knowledge which it contains, as also on account of the perpetual refer- ences to, and large quotations from, the principal works of antiquity, which are the objects of our youthful and more mature studies. In this view, THE PANTHEON has ever been regarded not only as a capital introduc- tion to, but companion and illustrator of the writings of Homer, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Sec. &c. The Proprietors, in return for the liberal patronage, which their work has so long experienced, feel anxious that it may still merit the public approbation, and lay just claim, by improvements in its style and embellish- VI ADVERTISEMENT. ments, to that eminence which it has hitherto main- tained. They have accordingly spared no expense in rendering it at once an interesting and practically useful school-book. It will be seen, that for this edition, a set of new and beautiful out-lined plates have been drawn from antique statues, and engraved by an artist of considerable reputa- tion, to supersede others that were much worn, and in the execution of which there was certainly a deficiency of taste, that ill corresponded with the improved state of the arts. The letter-press has undergone a complete and dili- gent revision : numerous alterations, corrections, and additions, have been made throughout: obsolete, coarse, and indelicate phrases and expressions, have been ob- literated, and others substituted, which may accord with modern usage, and which will neither administer fuel to youthful passions, nor excite the blush of female inno- cence. THE PANTHEON,then, in its present corrected state, is equally adapted to persons of every age, and of each sex; which was the more desirable, because classical literature has of late become an objectof considerable importance in female education. In conformity with the wishes of many of the pre- ceptors in our best schools, the Editor has laid aside the form of dialogue, which was ill supported, and, ADVERTISEMENT. VH in its stead, has introduced, at the end of each section or chapter, a series of questions, by means of which the assiduity and improvement of the pupils, either indivi- dually or in classes, may be ascertained without any ad- ditional labour to the teacher. LONDON, May \, 1810. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION PAGE 1 PART I. The Celestial or Heavenly Gods 11 The Celestial Goddesses 78 PART II. The Terrestrial or Earthly Gods 120 The Terrestrial Goddesses Vesta, &c 144 The Gods of the Woods, and Rural Gods .1/1 The Goddesses of the Woods 182 The Nymphs Ip4 The Inferior Rural Deities ] 99 PART III. The, Marine Gods, or Gods of the Sea 2O2 The Monsters of the Sea 210 PART IV. The Infernal Deities 215 The Fates, Furies, &c 223 The Judges of Hell, &c 227 The most famous of the Condemned in Hell 229 The Monsters of Hell, and the Elysian Fields 236 PART V. The Subordinate and Miscellaneous Deities 242 PART VI. The Adscriptitious Gods, Demi-Gods, and ^ Heroes 255 APPENDIX. The Virtues and Vices tvhich have been deified . . 297 THE FABULOUS HISTORIES OF THE HEATHEN GODS INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. THE APPROACH TO THE PANTHEON. THE ORIGINAL OF IDOLATRY, THE Fabulous Pantheon is, as its name imports, the Temple of all the Gods, which the superstitious folly of men have feigned, either through a gross ig- norance of the true and only GOD, or through a con- tempt of him. It may be right, in the outset of our description, to give some account of the Pantheon, of which you have a view in the plate that faces the title-page. It is un- certain by whom this beautiful edifice was erected : some suppose it to have been built by Agrippa,.the son-in-law of Augustus ; but others contend that be only enlarged and adorned it, and added to it a magni- ficent portico. Its body is cylindrical, and its roof c* dome spherical: its inner diameter was 144 feet, and the height from the pavement to the grand aperture on its top was also 144 feet. Its exterior was built after the Corinthian order of architecture. The inner cir- cumference is divided into seven grand niches, six of which are flat at the top, but the seventh, which is op- posite to the entrance, is arched. Before each niche are two columns of antique yellow marble, fluted, and of one entire block. The whole wall of the temple, as high as the grand cornice inclusive, is cased with dif- ferent kinds of precious marble, in compartments. The frieze is entirely of porphyry. Above the grand cornice rises an attic, in which are wrought, at equal distances, fourteen oblong square niches, between each of which were four marble pilasters, and be- tween the pillars marble tables of various kinds. This attic had a complete entablature ; but the cor- nice projected less than that of the grand order below. The sperical roof springs from the cornice, which is divided by bands, that cross each other like the meridians and parallels of an artificial ten- restrial globe. The spaces between the bands de- crease in size as they approach the top of the roof, to which they do not reach, there being a consider- ble space left plain between them and the great opening. The walls below were formerly decorated with works of carved brass or silver, and the roof was covered on the outside with plates of gilded bronze. The portico is composed of sixteen columns of gra- nite, four feet in diameter, eight of which stand in front, with an equal intercolumniation. To these columns is a pediment, whose tympanum, or flat, was ornamented with Iras-reliefs in brass : the cross beams, which formed the ceiling of the portico, were covered with the same metal, and so were the doors. Such was the Pantheon, the richness and magnificence of which induced Pliny and others to rank it among the wonders of the world. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius, in the reign of Tiberius, did much damage to this fine edifice, which was, however, repaired by Domilian; and the temple subsisted in all its grandeur till the incursion of Alaric, who plundered it of its precious metals. The build- ing continues to this day ; but it was, in the beginning of the seventh century, converted, by Boniface IV., into a Christian church, and dedicated to the " Virgin Mary and all the Saints :" thus the same place that was eminent for heathen idolatry of the worse kind has been equally notorious for a species of worship as absurd and idolatrous as that which it superseded. The causes which have chiefly conduced to the establishment and continuance of idolatry are thus enumerated. 1. The first cause of Idolatry was the extreme folly* ant\ vainglory of men , who have denied to Him, who is the inexhausted fountain of all good, the ho- nours which they have attributed to muddy streams : " Digging," b as the prophet complains, " to them- selves broken and dirty cisterns, and neglecting and forsaking the most pure fountain of living waters." It ordinarily happened after this manner. c If any one excelled in stature of body, if he were endued with greatness of mind, or noted for clearness of d wit, he first gained to himself the admiration of the ignorant vulgar ; this admiration was by degrees turned into a profound respect, till at length they paid him a greater honour than men ought to receive, and ranked the man among the number of the gods : while the more prudent were either carried away by the torrent of the vulgar opinion, or were unable, or afraid, to resist it. 2. The sordid fattery of subjects toward their princes was a second cause of Idolatry. To gratify their vanity, to flatter their pride, and to soothe them Sap. xiv. 14. >> Jerem. ii. 13. c Diodor. 1. 17. Plut. in Ly- and. d Val. Max. L 8. c. ult. Cic. de Rep. apud Aug. de Civ. Dei. 3* B 2 in their self-conceit, they erected altars, and set the images of their princes on them; to which they offered incense, in like manner as to the gods; e and not un- frequently while they were still living. 3. A third cause of Idolatry was an f immoderate love of immortality in many, who studied to attain it, by leaving effigies of themselves behind them ; imagining that their names would still be preserved from the power of death and time, so long as they lived in brass, or in statues of marble, after their funerals. 4. s A desire of' perpetuating the memories of ex- cellent and useful men to future ages was the fourth cause of Idolatry. h For, to make the memory of such men eternal, and their names immortal, they made them gods, or rather called them so. The contriver and assertor of false gods was Ninus, the first king of the Assyrians, who, to render the name of his father iBelus, or Nimrod, immortal, worship- ped him with divine honour after his death, which is thus accounted for. After Ninus had conquered many nations far and near, and built the city called, after his name, Nine- veh ; in a public assembly of the Babylonians he ex- tolled his father Bel us, the founder of the empire and city of Babylon, beyond all measure, representing him, not only worthy of perpetual honour among all pos- terity, but also of an immortality among the gods above. He then exhibited a statue of him, curiously and neatly made, to which he commanded them to pay the same reverence that they would have given to Belus while alive : he also appointed it to be a com- mon sanctuary to the miserable, and ordained, " that if at any- time an offender should fiy to this statue, it e Athen. 1. 6. deipnosoph. c. 6. de Demetrio Poliorcete. Sueton. in Julio, c. 7G &c 84. { Fontan. 1. 1. c. de Saturn. s Thucyd. 1. 7. Plutarch. Apopht. Liicon. 4. Cic. de Nat. Deor.'l. 1. Sap. 14, 15. h Vid. Annal. Salian. anno 2000. > Hier. in Ezech. & in Oseam. should not be lawful to force him away to punish- ment." This privilege easily procured so great a veneration to the dead prince, that he was thought more than a man, and therefore was created a god, and called Jupiter, or as others write, Saturn of Baby- lon ; where a most magnificent temple was erected to him by his son. After this beginning of Idolatry, several nations formed to themselves gods ; receiving into that num- ber not .only mortal and dead men, but brutes also ; and even the most mean and pitiful inanimate things. For it is evident, from the authority of innumerable writers, that the Africans worshipped the heavens, as a god ; the Persians adored fire, water, and the winds ; the Libyans, the sun and moon ; the Thebnns, t-heep and weasels; the Babylonians of Memphis, a whale; the inhabitants of Mendes, a goat; the Thessalians, storks; the Syrophreiiicians, doves; the Egyptians, dogs, cats, crocodiles, and h^ *'"- and ai; ; vJ ; - iar 'J. t'i i*> Bureau ., - i\l. - "i dpt'il Vf ' " O sanctas gentes, quibus haec nascuutur in hortis Nuniina" Religious nations sure, and bless'd abodes, Where ev'ry orchard is o'erruri with gods. The ancient Romans, who were so superior in arms, in arls, in eloquence, and in almost every thing that can adorn human nature, were plunged into the grossest idolatry. They reckoned among their gods, not only beasts and things void of all sense, but, which is a far greater madness, they sometimes worshipped as gods the very worst of mankind. Besides their own country gods and family gods, they worshipped all strange deities that came to the city, and which were made free of it. Whence it came to pass, in time, that when they saw their pre- cincts too narrow to contain so many, necessity -forced them to send their gods into colonies, as they did their men. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION ON THE FOREGOING CHAPTER, What is meant by the fabulous Pantheon ? Give some account of the Pantheon at Rome. Write a. description of it from memory. By what accident was it injured ? To what purpose was it devoted by Pope Boniface? What causes have conspired to the establishment of idolatry ? Who was the contriver of false gods, and how is the circumstance accounted for ? Whom or what did the Africans, Persians, and others worship as gods? Did the ancient Romans exhibit more wisdom in this respecl ? To what had they recourse when their deities became very numerous ? THE ENTRANCE INTO THE PANTHEON. A DISTRIBU- TION OF THE GODS INTO SEVERAL CLASSES. NOTWITHSTANDING the crowd of dead deities, whose figures you see painted and described upon the walls, this is the smallest part of them. For the very walls of the city, although it be so large, much less the walls of this temple, can scarcely contain even their titles. But these gods were not all of the same order and dignity. As the Roman people were distributed into three ranks ; uarnely, of k senators or noblemen, knights or gentlemen t plebeians or citizens; as also into * noble, new-raised, and ignoble (of which the new-raised k Patricii, equites, et plebeii. * Nobiles, novi, et ignobile*. Cic. pro Muraei). were those who did not receive their nobility from their ancestors, but obtained it themselves by their own vir- tue) ; so the Roman gods were divided, as it were, into three classes. The Jirst class is of m superior gods, for the people paid to them a higher degree of worship ; because they imagined that these gods were more eminently employed in the government of this world. These were called also "select, because they had always the title of celestial gods, and were famous and eminent above others, of extraordinary authority and renown. Twelve of these were styled consentes ; because, in affairs of great im- portance, Jupiter admitted them into his council. The images of these were fixed in the Forum at Rome : six of them were males, and six females ; commonly, without other additions, called The Twelve gods ; and whose names Kiiotus comprises in a P distich. These twelve gods were believed to preside over the twelve months ; to each of them was allotted a month ; January to Juno, February to Neptune, March to Minerva, April to VenUf, May to Slpollo, June to Mercury, July to Jupiter, August to Ceres, September to Pulcan, . October to Mars, November to Diana, December to fiesta. 'iThey likewise pre- sided over the twelve celestial signs. If to these twelve Dii Consentes, you add the eight following, Janus, Saturnns, Genius, Sol, Pluto,, Bacchus, Tel- /us, and Lima, you will have twenty, that is, all the select gods. The second class contains the gods of lower rank and dignity, who were styled Dii Minorum Gentium ; ra Dii Majorutn Gentium. Select). Consentes, quasi con- stntientes. Sencc. 1. 2. Quaest. Nat. Lucian. dial, dc Deorum eoncil. Plaut. in Epidico. P Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, , Mercurius, Nepiunus, Jupiter, Vulcanus, Apollo. Dempster paralip. ad c. 3. In posterior hoc venm alii leg'jnt Jovis, non Jupiter ; et melius meo judici); olirn enira Jovis in nominativo dicebatur; elisa, metri gratis, ultimjl litera. Kosiu. Antiq. 1. 2. ^Manila Astron. 1. 2. 8 because they shine with a less degree of glory, and have been placed among the gods, as r Cicero says, by their own merits. Whence they are called also s Adscrip- titii Minuscularii, i Putatii t and u lndigetes: because now they wanted nothing ; or because, being translated from this earth into heaven, they conversed with the gods ; or being fixed, as it were, to certain places, committed peculiarly to their care, they dwelt in them, to perform the duty entrusted to them. w Thus vEneas was made a god, by his mother Venus, in the manner described by Ovid x . The gods of the third and lower class are sometimes called y Minuti, Vcsci, and Miscellanei, but more usually z Semones, whose merits were not sufficient to gain them a place among the celestial gods ; yet their virtues were such, that the people thought them su- perior to mortal men. They were called a Patellarii, from certain small b dishes, in which the ancients offered to the gods their sacrifices, of which c Ovid makes mention. To these we ought to adjoin the gods called d No- vensi/es, which the Sabines brought to Rome by the command of king Tatius ; and which were so named, r De Nat. Deor. 2. Var. apud August. ' Lucian dial, de Deor. concil. u Indigetes qued nullius rei indigerent, quod in Diis agerent, vel quod in iis (sc. locis) degerent. Serv. in ./En. 12. "Liv. 1. I. x " Lustratum genitrix divino corpus odore "Unxit, et ambrosia cum dulci nectare mixta. Contigit os, fecitque Deum, queru turba Quirini Nuncupat Indigetem, temploque, arisque recepit." IMet. 14. His better parts by lustral waves refined, More pure and nearer to etherial mind ; With gums of fragrant scent the goddess strews, And on his features breathes ambrosial dews. Thus deified, new honors Rome decrees, Shrines, festivals; and styles him Indiges. i Hor. Carm. 3. * Semones vulgo dicebantur quasi semi homines, antiqui enim hominem dicebaut hemonem. Ap. Guther. de jur. Man. 1. 1. c. 4. Lips. 1. 2. ante lect. '2. 18. Plaut. in Cistell. b Ful- gent. Placid, ad Chalcid. c " Pert missos Vestae pura patella cibos." Fast. 6, To Vesta's deity, with humble mess, In cleanly dish served up, they now address. d Liv. 1. 8. Varro de lingua Lat. 9 as some say, because they were e latest of all reckoned among the gods ; or because they were * presidents over the changes, by which the things- of this world subsist. Circius believes them to have been the strange gods of conquered nations ; whereof the numbers were so vast, that it was thought fit to call all in general s No- vemnlesy lest they should forget any of them. And lastly, to this class also we must refer those gods and goddesses by whose help and means, as '' Cicero says, men are ad- vanced to heaven, and obtain a place among the gods; of which sort are the principal virtues, as we shall show in the proper place. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Were the heathen gods all of one degree of rank ; if not, into how many classes were they divided ? What is said of the first class ? Why were they called select? Why were some of them called consentts ? Over what did the Twelve Gods preside ? Enumerate them. Which others make up the twenty Select Gods ? Which is the second class of gods, and why are they so styled ? Repeat the lines from Ovid, and translation. What are they denominated, and why ? What are the gods of the third class, and how are they denominated? What are the " Novensiles?" Who are they supposed to have been ? 'Quod novissimi omnium inter Deos numeral! sint. f Novitatum presides, quod omnia novitate constant aut redintegrentar. Apnd. Gyr. synt. K f Arnob. 3. adv. Gentes. " De Nat. Deor. 2. B 5 10 CHAPTER III. A SUPPOSED VIEW OF THE PANTHEON. A MORE COMMODIOUS DIVISION OF THE GODS. HAVING already described to you the structure and or- naments of this wonderful building, within the niches of which the statues of the gods were placed, it is right you should be informed, that the three classes, mentioned above, are here divided into six, and painted upon the several parts of the Pantheon. 1. The celestial gods and goddesses are upon an arch. . The terrestrial, upon the wall on the right hand. 3. The marine and river gods upon the wall on the left. 4. The infernal, upon the lower compartment by the pavement. 5. The minuti or semones, and miscellanei, before you. 6. The adscriptitii and indigetes behind you. Our discourse shall likewise consist of six parts ; in each of which I shall lay before you whatever 1 have found most remark- able among the best authors upon this subject. Let us, however, first sit down together awhile ; and, as the place is free from company, we will take a deliberate view of the whole army of gods, and inspect them one after another; beginning, as is fit, with the celestial, and so with Jove, according to the direction of the poet : " Ab Jove principium Musae : Jovis omnia plena." Virg. Eel. 3. From the great father of the Gods above My Muse begins : for all is full of Jove. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Into how many classes are the gods in the Pantheon divided ? How are they ranged ? Whence does the description begin ? Repeat the line from Virgil, and translation. PART I. OF THE CELESTIAL DEITIES. CHAPTER I. SECT. 1. JUPITER. HIS IMAGE. THE Gods commonly called Celestials are Jupiter, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, and Bacchus. The celestial Goddesses are Juno, Vesta, Minerva or Pallas, Venus, Luna, and Bellona. We will begin with Jupiter, the king of them all, who is a the father and king of gods and men, whom you see sitting in a throne of ivory and gold, under a rich canopy, with a beard, holding thunder in his right hand, which he brandishes against the giants at his feet, whom he formerly conquered. His sceptre, they say, is made of cypress, which is a symbol of the eternity of his empire, because that wood is free from corrup- tion b . On his sceptre sits an eagle, either because he was brought up by it c , or because an eagle resting upon his head portended his reign, or because in his wars with the giants' 1 an eagle brought him his thun- der, and thence received the title of Jupiter's armoig'- bearer e . He wears golden shoes, and an embroidered cloak, adorned with various flowers and figures of animals. "Divura pater atque hominum rex. Virg. flLn. 1. Pausan, in Eliac. Lucian. de Sacrif. *> A pud Laert. 1. 8. c Majro ap. Nat, Com. d Senr. in^En. I. Jovis Armiger. Virg. ./En. 5. 12 This cloak, it is reported, Dionysius the tyrant took from him in Sicily, and giving him a woollen cloak in- stead of it, said, " f That would be more convenient for him in all seasons, since it was warmer in the winter, and much lighter in the summer." Yet you must riot be surprised, if by chance you should see him in another place and in another dress : for he is wont to be decked in several fashions, according to the various names he assumes, and according to the diversity of the people among whom he is worshipped. You may see him among the s Lacedaemonians without ears ; whereas the Cretans are so liberal to him in this particular, that they give him four. So much for the figure of Jupiter : for, if it were my design to speak of his statue, I should repeat here what h Verrius says, that his face upon holy- days ought to be painted with vermillion ; as the statues of the rest of the gods used to be smeared with oint- ments, and adorned with garlands, according to an ob- servation of 'Plautus. The learned k Hetrurians teach us, that the power of hurling thunder and lightning was committed to nine gods ; but to which of them it does not plainly ap- pear. Some, beside Jupiter, mention Vulcan and Mi- nerva ; whence the phrase Minervales manubia sig- nifies thunder (as the books of those ancient Hetrusci called strokes of thunder manubias), because the noxious constellation of Minerva is the cause of tem- pests in the vernal equinox. l Others say, that thun- der was also attributed to Juno, to Mars, and to the south wind ; and they reckon up several kinds of thun- ders; " fulmina m peremptalia, pestifera, popularia, perversa, renovativa, ostentatoria, clara, familiaria, bruta, consiliaria." But the Romans commonly took notice of no more than two ; the n diurnal thunder, f Cic. de Nat. Deor. 3. sPlaut. de Osir. & Isid, h Ap. Guther. de Jur. Man. Plin. l.,33. c. 7. *l\\ Asinar. kPlin. I. 2. c. ol. Serv. in yn. 1. 2. ^erv. in JEn. 8. ">Plin. 1. 2. c. 43, 51, 52. Amm. Marcel. 1. 2. Kffaovs&rtua wx.le{Mct, 5u;:ai/voo?u v'juffixa. 13 which they attributed to Jupiter ; and the nocturnal, which they attributed to Summanus, or Pluto. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Which are the celestial gods ? Who is Jupiter ? Of what is his sceptre the symbol ? What does the eagle on his sceptre denote ? What happened to him with respect to his cloak ? How was he represented by the Lacedaemonians and Cretans ? To whom was the power of hurling thunder given ? What is the phrase for thunder ? Mention the several kinds of thunder. To whom did the Romans attribute the diurnal and nocturnal thunder? SECT. 2. JUPITER'S DESCENT AND EDUCATION. P Those \vho were skilled in the Heathen Theology, reckon up three Jupiters ; of which the first and second were born in Arcadia. The father of the one was ./Ether ; from whom Proserpine and Liber are said to be born. The father of the other was Ccelus : he is said to have begot Minerva. The third was a Cretan, the son of Saturn, whose tomb is yet extant in the isle of Crete. 9 But Varro reckoned up three hundred Ju- piters ; r and others mention a much larger number; for there was hardly any nation that did not worship a Jupiter of their own, and suppose him to be born among themselves. But of all these, the most famous Jupiter, according to the general opinion, is he, whose mother was Ops, and whose father was Saturn ; to whom there- fore all that the poets fabulously wrote about the other Jupiters is usually ascribed. He was educated at the place where he was born, Ap. Guther. de jur. Man. 1. I.e. 3. P Cic. de Nat. Deor. 3. * Apud Aug. de Civ. Dei. r Euseb. Cses, 1. 2. praep. Evang, 14 that is, upon the mountain Ida in Crete, but it is not agreed by whom he was brought up. s Some affirm, that he was educated by the Curetes and Corybantes; some say, by the Nymphs, and some, by Amalthflea, the daughter of Melissus, king of Crete. Others, on the contrary, have recorded, that the bees fed him with honey ; and some maintain, that a goat gave him milk. Not a few say, that he was nourished by cloves ; some, by an eagle ; many, by a bear. And further, it is the opinion of some, concerning the aforesaid' A malthaea, that she was not the daughter of Melissus, as we now mentioned ; but the very goat which suckled Jupiter, whose thorn he gave afterward to his nurses, with this admirable privilege, " that whoever possessed it should immediately obtain every thing that he desired." They add besides, that after this goat was dead, Jupiter took the skin and made a shield of it ; with which he singly- combated the giants; whence that shield was called jEgis u , from a Greek word that signifies a she-goat, which at last he restored to life again, and, giving her a new skin, placed her among the celestial constella- tions : QUESTIONS FOR EXAB1INATION. How many Jupiters were there, and whence do they derive iheir Mijfa? Which was the most famous Jupiter? What is ascribed to him ? Where was he educated ? What do authors say of those who brought him up ? What is said of the horn of the goat which is thought to have suckled Jnpiter ? Why was his shield called the ^Egis? Vid. Nat. Com. in Jove. * Cornu Amalthaew. " ATTO -Kit; ctlyi;. \ 15 SECT. 3. EXPLOITS OF JUPITER. He overcame, in war, the Titans and the Giants, of whom we shall say more when we speak of Saturn. He also delivered his father Saturn from imprisonment ; but afterwards deposed him from the throne, and ba- nished him for a conspiracy, and then divided the pa- ternal inheritance with his two brothers, Neptune and Pluto. Jn fine, he so assisted and obliged all man- kind by the great favours which he did, that he not only thence obtained the name of w Jupiter, but he was ad- vanced also to divine honours, and was esteemed the common father both of gods and men. Among some of his most illustrious actions, we ought to remember the story of Lycaon. For, when Jupiter had heard a report concerning the wickedness and great impiety of men, it is said that he descended from heaven to the earth, to know the real truth of it ; and, that being come into the house of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, where he declared himself to be a god, while others were pre- paring sacrifices for him, Lycaon derided him : nor did he stop here, but added an abominable wickedness to his contempt ; for, being desirous to try whether Jupiter was a god, as he pretended, he kills one of his domestic servants, roasts and boils the flesh of him, and sets it on the table as a banquet for Jupiter; who, abhorring the wretch's barbarity, x fired the palace with lightning, and turned Lycaon into a wolf. His other exploits are dishonourable and Irighly cri- minal ; for there was scarcely any kind of lewdness of which he was not guilty, or any mark of infamy that is not branded upon his name. I will only mention a few actions of this sort among many. 1. In the shape of a crow>' he ruined his sister Juno, " Jupiter, quasi juvans Pater. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 2. * Ovid. Met. 1. x Doroth. 2. Metam. 16 deluding her with promises of marriage. 2. He violated the chastity of Danae, the daughter of Acrisius, king of the Argives, though her father had shut her up in a tower ; because the oracle had foretold, that he should be slain by his grandson. For, changing himself into a 2 shower of gold, he slid down through the roof and tiles of the place into the lady's lap. 3. He corrupted a j_eda, the wife ofTyndarus, king of Laconia, in the similitude of a swan. 4. He abused h Antiope, the wife of Lycus, king of Thebes, in the likeness of a satyr. 5. He defiled c Alcmena, the wife of Amphytrion, in her husband's absence, in the likeness of Amphytriou himself. 6. He inflamed d ^Egina, the daughter of /Esopus, king of Bceotia, with love, in the similitude of fire, and robbed her of her chastity. 7. He acted the same part with e Clytoris, a virgin ofThessalia, a great beauty, by turning himself into an ant. 8. He debauched f Calisto, the daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, counterfeiting the modesty and countenance of Diana : and yet he did not protect her from the disgrace that afterwards followed. She was then changed into a bear, advanced to heaven, and made a constellation ; which by the Latins is called Ursa Major, and by the Greeks, Helice. 9. He sent an Seagle to snatch away Ganymede, the son of Tros, as he hunted upon the mountain Ida : or rather he himself, being changed into an eagle, took him into his claws, and carried him up to heaven. He offered the same violence to As- teria, the daughter of Coeus, a young lady of the greatest modesty r to whom he }l appeared in the shape of an eagle, and, having accomplished his foul purpose, carried her away in his talons. 10. He abused iEu- ropa, the daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, in the form of a beautiful white bull, and carried her into * Ovid. Met. 4. a Arat. in Phsenom. b Ovid. Met. 6. c Idem ibid. d Idem ibid. * Arnod. ap. Gyf. * Bocart. de Gen. Deor. 5. K Virg. ^En. 5. Ovid. Met. 10. Fulgent. Plan, ' Ovid. Met. 6. 17 Crete with him. The bull is supposed to have Ven the ship upon which a bull was painted, in which Europa was carried away. In like manner the horse Pegasus, which was painted upon Bellerophon's ship, and the ram, which was painted on that of Phryxus and Helle, created ample matter of fiction for the poets. But to return to our fable : Agenor imme- diately ordered k his son Cadmus to travel, and search every where for his sister Europa, which he did, but- could nowhere find her. Cadmus dared not to re- turn without her, because, ' by a sentence not less un- just to him than kind to his sister, his father had ba- nished him for ever unless he found her. Wherefore he built the city of Thebes, not far from the mountain Parnassus ; and as it happened that his companions who were with him were devoured by a certain serpent, while they went abroad to fetch water ; he, to avenge their death, slew that serpent; whose teeth he took out, and by the advice of Minerva, sowed them in the ground ; and suddenly sprouted up a harvest of armed soldiers, who, quarrelling among themselves, with the same speed that they grew up, mowed one another down again, excepting five only, by whom that country was peopled afterward. At length Cadmus and his wife Hermione, after much experience, and many proofs of the inconstancy of fortune, were changed into serpents. He is said to have m invented sixteen of the letters of the Greek alphabet ; a, @, y, $, s, t, K, A, p, v, r>, or, p, " Cam paler ignarus Caclmo perqnkere raptara Imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, audit Exilium, facto pius et scekrutus eodero. 1 ' Ovid. Met. 3. When now Agenor had Ids daughter lost, HP 'cnt his son to search on ev'ry coast ; And sternly bad him to liis arms restore The darling maid, or see his face no more, But live an exile in a foreign clime : TLus was the father pious to a crime. Pi. 1. 5. c. 39. Cses. 39.24. 18 brought out of Phoenicia into Greece : two hundred and fifty years after this, Palamedes added four more letters, namely, , 0, they believed that he had neither father nor mother ; arid therefore he was thought the first of all gods. In dif- ferent places and languages he was afterwards called Beei, Baal, Beelphegor, Beelzebub, and Belzemen. Jupiter was called P Capitolinus, from the Capitoline hill, upon the top of which he had the first temple that ever was built in Rome ; this Tarquin the Elder deter- mined to build, Tarquin the Proud did build, and Horatius, the consul, dedicated. Ka;was also called Tarpeius, from the Tarpeian rock, on which this temple was built. He was likewise styled 'I Optiiuue jVInviiruia,. from his DO\V'T :>'"' ".'Uin^""" *>" profit all men. He was also called r Gustos. There is in Nero's coins an image of him sitting on his throne, which bears in one hand thunder, and in the other a spear, with this inscription, Jupiter Custos. In some forms of oaths he was commonly called * Diespiter, the father of light; as we shall further re- mark presently under the word Lapis; and to the same purpose he was by the l Cretans called Dies. Beros. 1. 4. Euseb. 1. 1. pra?p. Evang. Hier. I. in Oseam. P O Ca- pitolino, quein, propter bcneficia, populns Ruiuanus Optimum, prop- ter vim, Maximum appellavit. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1. 1 Plin. Liv. Pint. Tacit. 19. ' Apul. de mundo. Senec. 2. qu.nat. Quasi die! pater. V;r. de liugu Latina. * Macrob, in Saturn, cp. Bochart. io Geogr. 20 The title; of Dodonaeus was given him from tiie city Dodoua in Chaonia, which was so called from Dodona, a nymph of the sea. Near to this city there was a grove sacred to Jupiter, which was planted with oaks ; and famous, because it was .the most ancient oracle of all Greece. Two doves delivered responses there to those who consulted it : or, as others used to say, u the leaves of the oaks themselves became vocal, and gave forth oracles. He was named w Elicius, because the prayers of men may bring him down from heaven. The name Feretrius is given him, because x he smites his enemies; or because he is the y giver of peace; for when peace \tas made, the sceptre by which the am- bassadors swore, and the flint-stone on which they con- firmed their agreement, were fetched out of his temple : or lastly, because, after they had overcome their enemies, they z carried the grand spoils (spolia opima) to his temple. Romulus first presented such spoils to Jupiter, after he had slain Ari'on, king of Caenina ; and Corne- lius Callus offered ' ::v, ie spoils, after !. quered Tolumnius, king of Hetruria; and ua lu }, .*. ^favoalliiii, when he had vanquisher! VirirJnmarns, kmg of the Gauls, as we read in a Virgil. Those spoils were called opima, which one general took from the other in battle. Fulminator, or b Ceraunius, in Greek Kspaviog, is Alex, ab Alex. c. 2. w Quod ccelo precibus eliciatur, sic Ovid. " Eliciunt ccelo te Jupiter; unde Minores Nunc quoque te celebrant, Eliciurnque vocant." Fast. 3. Jove can't resist the just man's cries, Tliey bring him down e'en from the skies; Hence he's Elicius call'd. * A feriendo, quod hostes feriat. f Vel a ferenda pace. Fest. * Vel a. ferendis spoliis opimis in ejus TempluiE. Plut. in Rom. Dion. 2. a " Tertiaque arma Patri suspendet capta Quirino." And the third spoils shall grace Feretrian Jove. ,n. 6. Serv. ibid. Hor. Carre. 5. 21 Jupiter's title, from hurling thunder, which is thought to be his proper office, if we believe the c poet. In Lycia they worshipped him under the name of d Gragus, Tpafyuf [Grapsios\ and Genitor. In JEgium, about the sea-coast, he is said to have had a temple, with the name of e Homogynus. At Praeneste he was called Imperator. f There was a most famous statue of him at that place, afterward translated to Rome. He was called Latialis, s because he was worshipped in Latium, a country of Italy ; whence the Latin h fes- tivals are denominated, to which all the inhabitants of those cities of Italy resorted, who desired to be partakers of the solemnity; and brought to Jupiter several obla- tions : particularly, a bull was sacrificed at that time, in the common name of them all, of which every one took a part. The name Lapis, or, as others write, Lapideus, was given him by the Romans, who believed that an oath ' made in the name of Jupiter Lapis was the most solemn of all oaths. And it is derived either from the stone which was presented to Saturn by his wife Ops, who said it was Jupiter, in which sense k Eusebius says, that Lapis reigned in Crete; or from the flint- stone, which, in making bargains, the swearer held in his hand, and said, " l If knowingly I deceive, so let Diespiter, saving the city and the capitol, cast me away from all that is good, as I cast away this stone ;" upon which he threw the stone away. The Romans had another form, not unlike to this, of making bargains, O qui res hominumque Deinnque jEternis regis imperils, et fulinine terres." Virg. ./En. 1. 229. O king of gods and men, whose awful hand Disperses thunder on the seas and land ; Dispensing ell with absolute command. . d Lycophron. Virg. JEn. 1 & 4. f Pausan. et Hesjch. LSv. 6. e Cic. pro Milonc, 66. Dion. 1. 4. !> Latinae Ferise. i Juramen- tum per Jovera Lapidem omnium sanctissirnum, Cic. 7. ap.- 1 1 2. k In Chron. ' Si sciens fallo, me Diespiter, saiva urbe arceque, bonis ejiciat, ut ego hunc lapidera. Fest ap. Lil. 22 which may be mentioned here : " m If with evil inten- tion I at any time deceive; upon that day, O Jupiter, so strike thou me, as I shall this day strike this swine ; and so much the more strike thou, as thou art the more able and skilful to do it:" he then struck down the swine. In the language of the people of Campania, he is called Lucetius, from lux; and among the Latins n Diespiter, from dies. Which names were given to Jupiter, " because he cheers and comforts us with the light of the day, as much as with life itself:" or, because he was believed to be the father of light P. The people of Elis used to celebrate him by the title of 1 Martins. He was also called r Muscarius, because he drove away the flies : for when the religious exercises of Hercules were interrupted by a multitude of flies, he immediately offered a sacrifice to Jupiter, which being finished, all the flies flew away. He was styled s Nicephorus, that is, carrying victory: and by the oracle of Jupiter Nicephorus, emperor Adrian was told, that he should be promoted to the empire. Livy often mentions him ; and many coins arc extant, in which is the image of Jupiter bearing victory in his hand. He was called * Opitulus, or Opitulator, the helper, and Centipeda, from his stability ; because those things stand secure and firm which have many feet. He was called Stabilitor and Tigellus, because he supports the world: Almus and Alumnus, because he cherishes all things : and Ruminus, from Ruma, which signifies the nipple, by which he nourishes animals. Si dolo roalo aliquanclo fallam, tu illo die, Jupiter, me sic feritQ, ut ego hunc porcum hodie feriano ; tantoque magis ferilo, quanto magis potes, pollesque. Liv. 1.1. n Serv. in X.n. 9. Quod nos die ac luce, quasi vita ipsa afficeret ac juvaret. Aul. Gel). P Festus. i 'Aptuj, Ztv;, Jupiter pugnax. Plut. in Pjrrho. r Arop.v' Pluvius ; this title is mentioned by z Tibullus. Preedator was also his name; not because he protected robbers, but because, out of all the booty taken from the enemy, one part was due to him. a For, when the Romans went to war, they used to devote to the gods a part of the spoil that they should get, and for that reason there was a temple at Rome dedicated to Jupiter Pnedator. He was styled Quiriuus, as appears by that verse of Virgil, cited above, when we spoke of the name Feretrius. Rex and Regnator are his coi mon titles in b Virgil, Homer, and Ennius. Pausan. in Attic, et Eliac. Liv. I. 4. * Pollux. * A pin- do. Ovid. Fast. 6. Lact. 1. 22. Liv. 1. 5. y Phurnut. in Jov. 1 " Ari also called Bpwrans [Brontaios] by Orpheus; and h Tonitrualis, the thunderer, by Apu- leius ; and an inscription is to be seen upon a stone at Rome, Jovi Brontonti. 1 Trioculus, Tpop5aAjt/,o; [Triopthalmos] was an epi- c A stando vel sistendo. d Tu pater Deum hominumque, hinc sal- tern arce hostem, deme terrorem Rotnanis, fugaraque foedam siste. Hie egotibi teraplum Statori Jovi, quod monumeiitum sit posteris tua praesenii ope servatam urbem esse, voveo. Liv. 1.1. e Strabo, 1. 9. Arrian. 8. de gest. Alex. f Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1. e Dio. 1. 5. h Ap. Lil. Gyr. synt. 2. ' Pausan. ap. eundeca. 25 ihet given him by the Grecians, who thought that he had three eyes, with one of which he observed the affairs of heaven, with another the affairs of the earth, and with the third he viewed the sea affairs. There was a statue of him of this kind in Priamus' palace, at Troy ; which, beside the two usual eyes, had a third in the forehead. k Fejovis, or Fejupiter, and Vedius, that is, " little Jupiter," was his title when he was described without his thunder, viewing angrily short spears which he held in his hand. The Romans accounted him a fatal and noxious deity ; and therefore they worshipped him, only that he might not hurt them. Agrippa dedicated a pantheon to Jupiter Ultor, " the avenger," at Rome, according to 'Pliny. He was likewise called "'Xenius, or Hospitalis, be- cause he was thought the author of the laus and cus- toms concerning hospitality. Whence the Greeks call presents given to strangers .renia, as the .Latins called them lantia. "Zeuf [Zeus] is the proper name of Jupiter, because he gives life to animals. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Had Jupiter many names ? What did the Greeks call him? What name did he obtain in Lybia ? By whom and on what account was he called Belus ? Why was he called Capitolinus? Why was he called Tarpeius, and why Optimus Maximus ? How did he obtain the title of Diespiter? Why was he styled Dodonaeus ? Why was he named Elicius ? Repeat the lines. Explain the reason why the name Feretrius wzs given bina ? Why was he called Fulminator? k Cic. de Nat. Deor. 5. Gell. 1. 5. Grid, in Fast. ' Pi; n . JG. i ii. Sery. in JEn. I . pro Deiot. Plut. qu. Rom. Di'most. Or. 4e U'a- ticn. 'Aw m %uin:, Phuruut. de Jove. C 26 Repeat the lines from Virgil. What was he called at Praeneste ? Why was he called Latialis ? How did he obtain the name Lapis, and from what is it derived? What was the Roman form of making bargains? Why was he called' Lucetius? Why was he styled Muscarius, and why Nicephorus ? Why was he denominated Opitulator, Centipeda, Almus, and Ru- minus ? On what account was he denominated Olympius, Pistor, Pluvius, and Praedator ? What are his titles in Virgil, Homer, and Ennius? How did he obtain the title Stator ? Why, and by whom was he called Soter ? What was he called by the augurs ? Why was he called Trioculus? Why was he called Xenius, and why Zeus ? SRCT. 2 THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLK, AND WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD BY THE NAME JUPITER. Natural philosophers many times think that "heaven is meant by the name Jupiter : whence many authors express the thunder and lightning, which came from heaven, by these phrases ; Jove tonante, fulgente, &c. and in this sense P Virgil used the word Olympus. 4 Others have imagined that the air, and the things that are therein contained, as thunder, lightning, rain, meteors, and the like, are signified by the same name. In which sense r Horace is to be understood, when he says, sub Jove, that is, " in the open air." Some, on the contrary, call the air Juno ; and the fire Jupiter, by which the air being warmed becomes fit for the production of things. s Others, again, call the sky Jupiter, and the earth Juno, because out of the earth Cic. de Nat. Deor. 2. p " Panditur interea domus omnipotentis Olympi." JEn. 10. Meanwhile the gates of heaven unfold. < Theocr EcL 4. r Jacet sub Jove frigido, id est, sub Dio, ' w *< Hor - Od - ! 'Lucret. 1. 1. 27 all things spring ; which Virgil has elegantly expressed in the second book of his tGeorgics. "Euripides thought so, when he said that the sky ought to be called Summus Deus, " the Great God." w Pluto's opinion was different, for he thought that the sun was Jupiter; and x Homer, together with the aforesaid Euripides, thinks that he is fate ; which fate is, accord- ing to y Cicero's definition, " The cause from all eter- nity why such things, as are already past, were done ; and why such things as are doing at present, be as they are; and why such things as are to follow hereafter, shall follow accordingly." In short, others by Jupiter under- stand the z soul of the world; which is diffused not only through all human bodies, but likewise through all the parts of the universe, as a Virgil poetically describes it. Jupiter is usually represented by the ancients as go- verning the world by his providence ; and is described as viewing from an eminence the pursuits and conten- tions of mankind, and weighing in his scales their for- tunes and their merits. He is the moderator of the differences of the gods, and whenever any of the in- "Turn pater omnipotens faecundis imbribus sether Conjugis in gremium letae descendit, et omnes Magnus alit, magno commistus corpore, foetus." Ether, great lord of life, his wings extends, And on the bosom of his bride descends ; With showers prolific feeds the vast embrace, That fills all nature, and renews her race. " Apud Cic. de Nat. Deor. In Phaed. * Odyss. 24. i Sterna rerum causa ; cur ea, quae preterierint, facta sint ; et ea, quae instant, fiant ; et ea, quae consequentur, futura sint. Cic. de Divin. 1 . 1 Aral. init. Astron. " Principle ccelum, ac terras, composque liquentes, Lucentemque globum Lunae. Titaniaque astra Spiritus intus alit, totamque infusa per artus, Mens agitat molem, et magno se corpore miscet." JEn. 6. The heaven and earth's compacted frame, And flowing waters, and the starry frame, And both the radiant lights, one common soul Inspires, and feeds, and animates the whole. This active mind, infused through all the space, Unites and mingles with the mighty mass. c 2 28 ferior deities asked him a favour, he was disposed to nod his assent. He, whose all-conscious eyes the world behold, Th" eternal thunderer, sat enthroned in gold ; High heav'n the footstool for his feet he makes, And, wide beneath him, all Olympus shakes. He spake ; and awful bends his sable brows, Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the nod ; The stamp of fate and'sanction of the god: High heav'n, with trembling, the dead signal took, And all Olympus to the centre shook. Homer. All heaven is represented as shaken with his terrors, and neither men nor gods had the temerity to oppose his will. Then spake th* almighty father, as he sat Enthroned in gold ; and closed the great debate. Th' attentive winds a solemn silence keep ; The wond'ring waves lie level on the deep ; Earth to his centre shook ; high heav'n was aw'd, And all th' immortal pow'rs stood trembling at the god. Virgil. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. What do philosophers understand by the word Jupiter ? What meaning do others give of it ? What is the example from Horace ? How does Virgil understand it in the Georgics ? Repeat the original and translation. Give me the opinions of Euripides, Plato, and Homer. Repeat the lines from the sixth JEneid, and point out the application. How is Jupiter represented by the ancients ? Repeat the lines from Homer. How is he represented by Virgil? 29 CHAPTER II. SKCT. I. APOLLO. HIS IMAGE AND DESCENT. APOLLO is represented as a b beardless youth, with long hair, cornel) 7 and graceful, who wears a laurel crown, and shines in garments embroidered with gold, with -A bow and arrows in one hand, and a harp in the other. ' He is at other times described holding a shield in one hand, and the Graces in the other. And because he has a threefold power ; in heaven, where he is called Sol ; in earth, where he is named Liber Pater ; and in hell, where he is styled Apollo; he is usually painted with these three things, a harp, a shield, and arrows. The harp shows that he bears rule in heaven, where all things are full of harmony ; the shield describes his office in earth, where he gives health and safety to terrestrial creatures ; his arrows show his authority in hell, for whoever he strikes with them, he sends them into hell. Sometimes he is painted with a crow and a hawk fly- ing over his head, a wolf and a IP.U.J! 'ree on one side, and a van -ind a co. r on the other; and under his feet grasshoppers creeping. The crow is sacred to him, be- cause he foretels the weather, and shows the diffe r ent changes of it by the clearness or hoarseness of his voice. The swan is likewise endued with a divination, d because foreseeing his happiness in death, he dies with singing and pleasure. The wolf is not unacceptable to him, not only because he spared his Hock when he was a shepherd, but the sharpness of his eyes represents the foresight of prophecy. The laurel-tree is of a very hot nature, always flourishing, and conducing to divination and poetic raptures ; and the leaves of it put under the pillow, was said to produce true dreams. The hawk b Hor. ad Callimach. Porphyr. de sole. d Cygni non sine causa Apollini dicati sunt, quod ab eo divinationem habere videantur ; quia praevidentes quid in morte boni sit, cum cantu et voluptate raoriuntur. Cic. Tuscul. 1. 30 has eyes as bright as the sun; the cock foretels his rising; and the grasshoppers so entirely depend on him, that they owe their rise and subsistence to his heat and influence. There were four Apollos : the first and most ancient of them was born of Vulcan ; the second \vas a Cretan, a son of one of the Corybantes ; the third was born of Jupiter and Latona ; the fourth was born in Arcadia, called by the Arcadians, Nomius. e But though, as Cicero says, there were so many Apollos, yet the rest of them are seldom mentioned, and all that they did is ascribed to one only, namely, to him that was born of Jupiter and Latona : which is thus represented. Latona, the daughter of Coeus the Titan, conceived twins by Jupiter : Juno, incensed at it, sent the serpent Python against her ; and Latona, to escape the serpent, f fled into the island of Delos; where she brought forth Apollo and Diana at the same birth. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How is Apollo represented ? With what things is he painted, and why? Why are the crow, hawk, wolf, swan, and laurel, consecrated to him? How many Apollos were there, and which is the principal ? Where was Apollo born, and what was the occasion of his birth at Delos? SECT. II. ACTIONS OF APOLLO. Apollo was advanced to the highest degree of honour and worship by these four means ; vis. by the invention of physic, music, poetry, and rhetoric, which is ascribed to him ; and therefore he is supposed to preside over the Muses. It is said, that he taught the arts of foretelling events, and shooting with arrows ; when e Atque, cum tot Apollines fuerint, reliqui omnes filentur, omnesque res aliorum gestas ad unum Apollinem, Jovis et Latonae filium, referuntur, Cic. de Nat. Deor. 3 . *' Hesiod. 31 therefore he had benefited mankind infinitely by these favours, they worshipped him as a god. Hear how gloriously he himself repeats his own accomplishments of mind and nature, where he magnifies himself to the flying nymph, whom he passionately loved. His principal actions are as follow : I. lie destroyed all the Cyclops, the forgers of Ju- piter's thunderbolts, with his arrows, to revenge the death of j^Esculapius his son, whom Jupiter had killed with thunder, because by the help of his physic he re- vived tlie dead. Jl For this act Apollo was cast down from heaven, and deprived of his divinity, exposed to the calamities of the world, and commanded to live in banishment upon the earth. In this distress 'he was compelled by want to look after Admetus' cattle : where, it is said, he first invented and formed a harp. After this, Mercury got an opportunity to drive away a few of the cattle of his herd by stealth ; and while Apollo complained and threatened to punish him, un- s " Nescis, temeraria, nescis Quern fugias, ideoque fugis. Jupiter est genitor. Per me quod eritque, fuitque, Estque, patet. Per me concordant carmina nervis ; Certa quideni nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta Certior, in vacuo quae vulnera pectore fecit. Inventum medicina meum est. opiferque per orbem Dicor ; et herbrjrum est subjecta potentia nobis." Ov. Met. 1 . Stay, nymph, he cry'd, I follow not a foe ; Thus from the lion darts the trembling doe : Thou shunn'st a god, and sliunn'st a god that loves. But think from whom thou dost so rashly fly, Nor basely born, nor shepherd's swain am I. What shall be, Or is, or ever was, in fate I see. Mine is the invention of the charming lyre; Sweet notes and heavenly numbers I inspire. Sure is my bow, unerring is my dart, But ah ! more deadly his, who pierced my heart. Med'cine is mine ; what herbs and simples grow In fields, and forests, all their powers I know, And am the great physician call'd below. Lucian Dial. Mort. > Pausan. in Eliac. 32 less he brought the same cattle back again, his harp was, also stolen by the same k god ; so that his anger was changed to laughter. 2. He raised the walls of the cily of Troy, by the music of his harp alone ; if we may believe the 1 poet. Some say m that there was a stone, upon which Apollo only laid down his harp, and the stone by the touch be- came so melodious, that whenever it was struck with another stone, it sounded like a harp. 3. By misfortune he killed Hyacinthus, a boy that he loved. For, while Hyacinthus and he were playing together at quoits, Zephyrus was enraged, because Apollo was better beloved by Hyacinthus than himself; and, having an opportunity of revenge, he blew the quoit that Apollo cast, against the head of Hyacinthus, by which blow he fell down dead. Apollo caused the blood of the youth, that was spilt upon the earth, to produce flowers called violets, as n Ovid finely ex- presses it. Besides, he was passionately fond of Cyparissus, another boy, who, when he had unfortunately killed a fine deer, which he exceedingly loved and had brought up from its birth, was so melancholy for his misfortune, that he constantly bewailed the loss of his k Hor. Carm. 1. 1 " Ilion aspicies, firmataque turribus altis Moenia, Apollineae structa canore lyrae." Ovid. Ep. Parid. Troy you shall see, and walls divine admire ; Built by the music of Apollo's lyre. m Pausan. in Attic. n " Ecce cruor, qui fusus hum! signaverat herbam, Desinit esse cruor ; Tyrioque nitentior ostro Flos oritur, formamque capit, quam lilia ; si non Purpureus color huic, argenteus esset in illis." Met. 10* Behold the blood, which late the grass had dy'd, Was now no blood ; from which a flower full blown, Far brighter than the Tyrian scarlet, shone, "Which seem'd the same, or did resemble right A lily, changing but the red to white. 33 deer, and refused all comfort. Apollo begged of the god that his mourning might be made perpetual, who in pity changed him into a cypress-tree, the branches of which \vere always used at funerals. 4. He fell violently in love with the virgin Daphne, so famous for her modesty. He pursued her, but while she fled to secure her chastity from the violence of his passion, she was changed into a laurel, which remains always flourishing, always pure. 5. He courted also a long- time the nymph Bolina, but never could gain her ; for she chose rather to throw herself into the river and be drowned, than yield to his wishes.. Thus she pained to herself an immor- tality, by sacrificing her life in the defence of her honour; and not only overcame Apollo, but the very powers of death. 6. Leucothoe, the daughter of Orcbamus, king of Babylon, was not so tenacious of her chastity ; for she yielded at last to Apollo's desires. P Her father could not bear this disgrace brought on his family, and there- fore buried her alive. 1 Apollo was greatly grieved at this, and though he could not bring her again to life, " munusque supremum, Hoc petit a superis, ut tempore lugeat omni. Ingemuit, tristisque Deus, lugebere nobis, Lugtbisque alios, aderisque dolentibus, inquit." Ov.'Met. 10. Implores that be might never cease to mourn, When Phoebus sighing, I for thee will mourn, Mourn thou for other-, herses still adorn. P : " defodit alte Crudus humo, tumulumque super gravis addit arenae." Interr'd her living body in the earth, And on it raised a tomb of heavy sand. Whose pond'rous weight her rising might withstand. 1 " Nectare odorato spargit corpusque locumque, Multaque praequestus, tanges tamen oethera, di.vt. Prolinus imbutum coelesti nectare corpus Delicuit, terramque suo madefecit adore ; Virgaque per glebas, sensim radicibus actis, Thurea surrexit; tumulumque cacumine rupit." Ov. Met. 4. He mourn'd her loss, and sprinkled all her herse Witli balmy nectar, and more precious tears. c 5 34 \\e poured nectar upon the dead body, and thereby turned it into a tree that drops frankincense. These amours of Leucothoe and Apollo had been discovered to her father by her sister Clytie, whom Apollo formerly loved, but now deserted : which she seeing, pined away, with her eyes continually looking up to the sun, and at last was changed into a r flower called a sun-flower, or heliotrope. 7. Apollo was challenged in music by Marsyas, a proud musician ; and when he had overcome him, s Apollo flayed him for his temerity, and converted him into the river of that name in Phrygia. 8. Midas, king of Phrygia, having foolishly deter- mined the victory to Pan, when Apollo and he sang to- gether, * Apollo stretched his ears to the length and shape of asses' ears. Midas endeavoured to hide his disgrace by his hair : but since it was impossible to conceal it from his barber, he prevailed with him, by great promises, not to divulge what he saw. But the "barber went and dug a hole, and putting his mouth to it, whispered these words, " King Midas has asses' ears;" and the reeds that grew out of that hole, if they were moved by the least blast of wind, uttered the same words, viz. " King Midas has the ears of an w ass." Then said, since fate does here our joys defer, Thou shalt ascend to heav'n and bless me there. Her body straight embalm'd with heav'nly art, Did a sweet odour to the ground impart, And irom the grave a beauteous tree arise, That cheers the gods with pleasing sacrifice. Ovid. Met. 4. s Ovid. Fast 6. " partem damnatur in unam ; Induiturque aures lente gradientis aselli." Ovid. Met. 6. Punish'd in th' offending part, he bears Upon his skull a slow-paced ass's ears. u " Secedit, humumque Effodit, et domini quales conspexerit aures, Voce refert parva." Ovid. Met. 15. He dug a hole, and in it whispering said, What monstrous ears sprout from king Midas' head ! ' Aures asinias habet rex Midas. 35 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How was Apollo advanced to honour? Repeat the description of himself, as given by Ovid. What occurred to Apollo with regard to the Cyclops? What is said of the music of his harp? How did he kill Hyacintlms, and what was the effect of it? Repeat the lines from Ovid. What is the story of Cyparissus ? Repeat the lines from Ovid. What was his connexion with Daphne? What is related of Bolina? What happened to Leucothoe? Repeat the story from Ovid. What became of Marsyas ? What is the story respecting Midas ? SECT. 3. NAMES OF APOLLO. As the Latins call him x Sol, because there is but one sun ; so some think the Greeks gave him the name Apollo for the same reason. Though >' others think that he is called Apollo, either because he drives away diseases, or because he darts vigorously his rays. He was called z Cynthius, from the mountain Cyn- thus, in the island of Delos ; \\hence Diana also was called Cynthia. And Delius, from the same island, because he was born there : or, as some a say, because Apollo (who is the sun), by his light, makes all things manifest; for which reason lie is called b l'hanseus. He was named Delphinius, c because he killed the serpent Python, called Delphis : or else, because when * Ab u, particula privativa, et woXXol quemadmodum Sol, quod sit so- lus. Chrysip. apud Gyr. i Synt. 7. p. '219. airo TU anaXXaTTfiv vow;, ab abigendis morbis, vel CITTO TB WaXXsiv fa; dxrivrif. 1 Varr. de Ling. Lat. Plut. apud Phurnut. a Festus cuncta, facit inxa, i. e. manifesta. b "A T says Cicero, his country Priene was taken, and the rest of the inhabitants, in their escape, carried away with them as much of their goods as they could ; one advised him to do the same, but he made answer, " z lt is what u TvuOi a-cnvrr.il, Nosce teipsum. Laert. " Plularch. Herodotus. x Ne quid nimium cupias. Plin. 1. 7. c. 32. y De Amicitia. 1 Ego vero facio, nam omnia mea mecum porto. Val. Max. 7. c. 2. 40 I do already ; for all things that are mine I carry about me." He often said, " a that friends should remember so to love one another, as persons who may sometimes hate one another." A sentiment very unworthy of a wise and good man. Of the rest, nothing extraordinary is reported. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. What is the origin of the name Apollo? Why was he called Cynthius, Delius, and Delphinius ? From what did he derive his title Delphicus? When did the oracle become dumb ? Why was he called DidyinaHis and Nomius? Why was he styled P*an ? Repeat the lines from Homer. On what Account was he named Phoebus and Pytliius ? What is said of the tripos? Who were the seven wise men of Greece? On what account was Thales celebrated? For what is Solon celebrated? What was the famous saying of Chilo ? Why is Bias reckoned among the seven wise men? SECT. 4. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE. APOLLO MEANS THE SUN. Every one agrees, that by b Apollo the Sun is to be understood; for the four chief properties ascribed to Apollo were, the arts of prophesying, of healing, of darting, and of music; of all which we may find, in the sun, a lively representation and image. It may be observed that Apollo's skill in music seems to agree with the nature of the sun, which, being placed in the midst of the planets, makes with them a kind of harmony, and as it were, a concert : and because the sun is thus placed the middlemost of the seven planets, "Amicos ita am are opertere, ut aljquando essent osuri. Laert. u Cic. do Nat. Deor. 3. 41 the poets assert, that the instrument which Apollo plays on is a harp with seven strings. Besides, from the things sacrificed to Apollo, c it ap- pears that he was the Sun : the first of these was the olive, the fruit of which cannot be nourished in places distant from it. 2. The laurel, d a tree always flourish- ing, never old, and conducing to divination ; and there- fore the poets are crowned with laurel. 3. Among ani- mals, swans e were offered to him ; because, as was ob- served before, they have from Apollo a faculty of divina- tion ; for they, foreseeing the happiness in death, die singing and pleased. 4. Griffins also, and crows, were sacred to him for the same reason ; and the hawk, which has eyes as bright and piercing as the sun ; the cock, which foretels his rising ; and the grasshopper, a singing creature ; hence f it was a custom among the Athenians to fasten golden grasshoppers to their hair, in honour of Apollo. And especially, if s we derive the name of Latona, the mother of Apollo and Diana, from the Greek AayflaVcu [lanthano, to lie hid] it will signify, that before the birth of Apollo and Diana, that is, before the production of the sun and the moon, all things lay involved in dark- ness; from which these two glorious luminaries after- ward proceeded, as out of the womb of a mother. But notwithstanding all this, several poetical fables have relation only to the Sun, and not to Apollo. And of those therefore it is necessary to treat apart. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. What were the chief properties of Apollo ? Why does Apollo's skill in music agree with the nature of the sun ? How is it inferred that he was the sun from the things sacrificed to him? What is inferred from the name Latona, mother of Apollo and Diana ? Theocr. in Here. d Aerius. Cic. Tuscul. I . Plut. et Osir. Horn. Hi. & Odyss. 4. Plutarch. Boccat. 1. 4. c. 4. 43 Sol and Chronis, who early in the morning prepare the chariot and the horses for their father, and open the gates of the day. The most remarkable actions of Sol were as follow : 1. He slept with Venus in the island of Rhodes, at which time, it is said that the heavens rained gold, and the earth clothed itself with roses and lilies; whence the island was called P Rhodes. 2. He had one son by Clymene, named Phaeton, and several daughters. 3. By Neaera, he had Pasiphae, and by Perce, Circe. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. What is Cicero's opinion with regard to Sol, and to whom does the name apply? What is said of the Persians with regard to the sun ? What was necessary to be done by those who would become the priests of the sun ? What name did the Egyptians give to the sun, and how did they re- present his power ? Who were the *' horae" and what was their business ? What remarkable circumstances are mentioned of Sol? Rhodes having been mentioned, leads me to speak in SECT. 2, OF THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THR WORLD. The seven wonders of the world were : l.The Colossus at Rhodes, qa statue of the sun, seventy cubits high, placed across the mouth of the harbour ; a man could not grasp its thumb with both his arms. Its thighs were stretched out to such a distance, that a large ship under sail might easily pass into the port between them. It was twelve years making, and cost three hundred r talents. It stood fifty years, and at last was thrown down by an earthquake. And from this Coloss the people of Rhodes were named Colossenses ; and now every statue of an unusual mag- nitude is called Colossus. " Pindar in Olymp. P' Awo TOU f oJ awo, & rosa. < Plin. 34. c. 17. r A Rhodian talent is worth :}'2'2l. 18*. 4d. English. 44 2. The temple of Diana, at Ephesus, a work of the greatest magnificence, which the ancients prodigiously admired. s T\vo hundred and twenty years were spent in finishing it, though all Asia was employed. It was supported by one hundred and twenty-seven pillars, sixty feet high, each of which was raised by as many kings. Of these pillars thirty-seven were engraven. The image of the goddess was made of ebony, as we Jearn from history. 3. The Mausoleum, or sepulchre of Mausolus, king of Caria, * built by his queen Artemisia, of the purest marble; and yet the workmanship of it was much more valuable than the marble. It was from north to south sixty-three feet long, almost four hundred and eleven feet in compass, and twenty-five cubits (that is, about thirty-five feet) high, surrounded with thirty-six columns, which were beautified in a wonderful manner. From this Mausoleum all other sumptuous sepulchres are called by the same name. 4. A statue of Jupiter, in the temple of the city "Olympia, carved with the greatest art by Phidias, out of ivory, and made of a prodigious size. 5. The walls of Babylon (the metropolis of Chalclea), w built by queen Semiramis ; their circumference was sixty miles, and their breadth fifty feet, so that sk chariots might conveniently pass upon them in a row. 6. The "Pyramids of Egypt; three of which, re- markable for their height, still remain. The first has a square basis, and is one hundred and forty-three feet long, and one thousand feet high : it is made of great stones, the least of which is thirty feet thick; and three hundred and sixty thousand men were employed in building it, for the space of twenty years. The other two, which are somewhat smaller, attract the admira- tion of all spectators. In these pyramids, it is reported, the bodies of the kings of Egypt lie interred. Plin. 1. 7. c. 38. & 1. 16. c. 40. * Plin. 1. 36. c. 5. Plin. L36. c. 3. Plin. 1. 6. c. 26. * Plin. 1. 36. c. 13. Belo. 1. 2. c. 32. 45 7. The palace of y Cyrus, king of the Medes, made by Menon, with no less prodigality than art; for he cemented the stones with gold. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. What is the first of the seven wonders of the world ; how is it described, and what 'name did the inhabitants of Rhodes derive from it ? Describe the second of the wonders of the world. Which was the third, and what technical term owes its origin to it? Which was the fourth? Describe the fifth. Give some account of the sixth. Which was the seventh ? SECT. 3. THE CHILDREN OF THE SUN. The most celebrated of Sol's children was Phaeton, who gave the poets an excellent opportunity of .showing their ingenuity by the following action. Epaphus, one of the sons of Jupiter, quarrelled with Phaeton, and said, that though he called himself the son of Apollo, he was not ; and that his mother Clymene invented this pretence only to cover her adultery. This slander so provoked Phaeton, that by his mother's advice, he went to the royal palace of the Sun, to bring thence some indubitable marks of his nativity. The Sun received him kindly, and owned him as his son ; and, to take away all occasion of doubting hereafter, he gave him liberty to ask any thing, ssvearing by the Stygian lake, an oath which none of the gods dare violate, that he would not deny him. Phaeton then desired leave to govern his father's chariot for one day. This was the occasion of great grief to his father, z who endeavoured to persuade y Calepin. V. Miraculum. ' " Temeraria dixit Vox mea facta tua est Utinam promissa liceret Non dare. Confiteor, solum hoc tibi, uata, nrgarem. 46 him not to persist in his project, which no mortal was capable of executing. a Phaeton, however, pressed him to keep his promise, and perform what he had sworn by the river Styx. The father was forced to comply with his son's rashness: he directed him how to guide the horses, and especially advised him to observe the middle path. Phaeton was transported with joy, b mounted the chariot, and, taking the reins, began to drive the horses ; which, rinding him unable to govern ' them, ran away, and set on fire both the heaven and the earth. Jupiter, to put an end to the conflagration, struck him out of the chariot with thunder, and cast him headlong into the river Po. His sisters, Phaethusa, Lampetia, and Lampethusa, lamenting his death in- cessantly upon the banks of that river, were turned, by the pity of the gods, into poplars, from that time weep- ing amber instead of tears. Dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas ; Magna petis, Phaeton, et quse non viribus istis Munera conveniunt, nee tarn puerilibus annis. SOTS tua mortalis: non est mortale, quod optas." Ov. Met. 2. 'Twas this alone I could refuse a son, Else by 's own wish and my rash oath undone. Thou to thy ruin my rash vow dost wrest : ! would I could break promise. Thy request, Poor hapless youth, forego ; retract it now, Recal thy wish, and I can keep my vow : Think, Phaeton, think o'er thy wild desires, That work more years and greater strength requires: Confine thy thoughts to thy own humble fate; What thou would'st have, becomes no mortal state. * " Dictis tamen ille repugnat, Propositumque premit, flagratque cupidine currus." In vain to move his son the father aim'd ; He, with ambition's hotter fire inflamed, His sire's irrevocable promise claim'd. b " Occupat ille levem juvenile corpore currum, Statque super, manibusque datas contingere habenas Gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti." Now Phaeton, by lofty hopes possess'd, The burning seat with youthful vigour press'd ; With nimble hands the heavy reins he weigh'd, And thanks unpleasing to his father paid. 47 c Circe, the most skilful of all sorceresses, poisoned her husband, a king of the Sarmatians ; for which she was banished by her subjects, and, flying into Italy, fixed her seat on the promontory Circaeum, where she fell in love with Glaucus, a sea-god, who at the same time loved Scylla: Circe turned her into a sea- monster, by poisoning the water in which she used to wash. She entertained Ulysses, who was driven thither by the vio- lence of storms, with great civility ; and restored his companions, whom, according to her usual custom, she had changed into hogs, bears, wolves, and the like beasts, unto their former shapes. d Pasiphae was the wife of Minos, king of Crete. She fell in love with a bull, and obtained her desire by the assistance of Daedalus ; she brought forth a Mino- taur, one part of which was like a man, the other like a bull. c Now the occasion of the fable, they say, was this '. Pasiphae loved a man whose name was Taurus, and had twins by him in Daedalus' house ; one of whom was very like her husband Minos, and the other like its father. But the Minotaur was shut up in a labyrinth, which Daedalus made by the order of king Minos. This labyrinth was a place diversified with very many windings and turnings, and cross-paths running into one another ; see Theseus. f Daedalus was an excellent artificer of Athens, and, as it is said, invented the ax, the saw, the plummet, the auger, and glue ; he also first contrived masts and yards for ships ; besides, he carved statues so admirably, that they not only seemed alive, but would never stand still in one place ; nay, would fly away unless they were chained. This Dsedalus, to- gether with Icarus his son, was shut up by Minos in the labyrinth which he had made, because he had assisted the amours of Pasiphae ; and finding no way to escape, he made wings for himself and his son, with wax and the feathers of birds : fastening these wings to their Ovid. Met. 1 4. * Ovid. Met. I . Serv. ap. Boccat J. 4. f Ovid. Met. 8. Pausan. in Attic. 48 shoulders, Daedalus flew out of Crete into Sicily, but Icarus in his flight, neglecting his father's advice, ob- served not his clue course, and out of juvenile wanton- ness, flew higher than he ought ; upon which the wax was melted by the sun, the wings broke in pieces, and he fell into the sea, which is since, s according to Ovid, named the Icarian sea, from him. To these children of the Sun, we may add his niece and his nephew Byblis and Caunus. Byblis was in love with Caunus, and followed him so long to no purpose, that at last, being quite oppressed with sorrow and labour, she sat down under a tree, and shed such a quantity of tears, h that she was converted into a fountain. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. What is said of Phaeton, one of the children of the Sun ? "i^J 1 Repeat Ovid's description of Sol's speech to his son. What happened to Phaeton ? Who were his sisters, and what occurred to them ? Who was Circe, and what is related of her ? Who was Pasiphae, and how is the fable of the Minotaur explained ? Who was Daedalus, and what circumstances are related of him ? W ho were the niece and nephew of Sol ? Repeat the lines from Ovid anJ Byblis. s " Icarus Icariis nomina fecit aquis." Trist. 1. Icarian stas from Icarus were called. b " Sic lachrymis consumpta suis Phoabeia Byblis Vertitur in fontem, qui nunc quoque vallibu* imis Nomen habet dominae, nigraque sub illice manat." Ov. Met. 8. Thus the Phcebeian Byblis, spent in tears, Becomes a living fountain, which yet bears Her name, and, under a black holm that grows In those rank valleys, plentifully flows. 49 CHAPTER IV. SECT. 1. MERCURY. HIS IMAGE, BIRTH, QUALI- TIES, AND OFFICES. M EIIC u RY is represented 'with a cheerful countenance and lively eyes ; having wings fixed to his hat and his shoes, and a rod in his hand, which is winged, and bound about by two serpents. 1 1 is face is partly black and dark, and partly clear and bright ; because some- times he converses with the celestial, and sometimes with the infernal gods. He wears winged shoes, which are called Talaria, and wings are also fastened to his hat, which is called Petasus, because, since he is the messenger of the gods, he ought not only to run but to fly. His wings are emblematical of the wings which lan- guage gives to the thoughts of men. His character, as the swift messenger of the gods, is thus i\ ferred to by Homer : The god who mounts ine winged winds Fast to his feet the golden pinions binds, That high through fields of air his flight sustain, O'er the wide earth, and o'er the boundless main ; He grasps the wand that causes sleep to fly, Or in soft slumbers seals the wakeful eye ; Then shoots from heaven to higli Pieria's steep, And stoops incumbent on the rolling deep. Odyssey. k His parents were Jupiter, and Maia the daughter of Atlas; and for that reason they used to offer sacrifices to him in the month of May. They say that Juno suckled him, and once when he sucked the milk very greedily, his mouth being full, it ran out of it upon the heavens, and made that white stream which they call " Uhe Milky- way." ' Galen ap Nat. Com. 1. 5. k Hesiod. in Theog. Hor. Cann. ! ' 1 Via lactea, quam Graeci vocant Galaxiam, ant -ra yreXa^To'f, a lacte. Macrob. et Suidas. 50 He had many offices. 1. m The first and principal was to carry the commands of Jupiter; whence he is commonly called " the Messenger of the gods." 2. He swept the room where the gods supped, and made the beds; and underwent many other the like servile employments: hence he was styled "Camillus or Cas- millus, that is, an inferior servant of the gods; for anciently "all boys and girls under age were called Ca- milli and P Camillas: and the same name was afterward given to the young men and maids, who J; S'yeij a furore ac rabic. Virg. JEn. 4. A fxpJvofx.ai, insanio, ferocio, * A ^ij %,(, imitor. Ai|ow f -*o,'. Diod. apud Lil. Cornut. in Pers. Sat. 1. 59 c Bromius, from the crackling of fire, and noi$e of ihunder, that was heard when his mother was killed in the embraces of Jupiter. d Bimater, because he had two mothers : the first was Semele, and the other the thigh of Jupiter, into which he was received after he was saved from the fire. He is called also by the Greeks e Eugenes, that is, born of an ox, and thence Tauriformis, or Tauriceps ; and he is supposed to have horns, because he first ploughed with oxen, or because he was the son of Ju- piter Ammon, who had the head of a ram. f Damon bonus, the "good angel;" and in feasts, after the victuals were taken away, the last glass was drunk round to his honour. S Dithyrambus, which signifies either that he was born twice, of Semele and of Jove ; or the double gate, that the cave had, in which he was brought up : or h perhaps it means that drunkards cannot keep secrets ; but what- ever is in the head comes in the mouth, and bursts forth, as fast as it would out of two doors. Dionysius or Dionysus, ' from his father Jupiter, or from the nymphs called Nysae, by whom he was nursed, as they say ; or from a Greek k word, signifying " to prick," because he pricked his father's side with his horns, when he was born ; or from Jupiter's lameness, who limped when Bacchus was in his thigh ; or from an island among the Cyclades, called Dia, or 'Naxos, which was dedicated to him when he married Ari- adne ; or lastly, from the city of Nysa, in which Bacchus reigned. c 'ATO tS fray.*; ab inccndii crepitu, tonitrusque sonitu. Ovid. Met. 4. d Idem, ibid. * Bwytvii;, a bove genitus. Clemens Strom. Eus. 1. 4. prsep. Evang. f Diodr. 1. 5. Idem, 1. 3. 'AITO T j tif Sypav avaSamiv, a bis in januam ingrediendo. Diodr. Orig. Euieb. h Quasi per geminam portam, his proverbialiter de vino, facit TO GTQUM i9i/p ov. ' ATTO T Aio,,, a Jove, Phurnut. in fab. k A voWu', pungo, Lucian. Dial. ' NOG-O?, i. e. cliudus, Nonn. 60 m Evius, or Evous: for, in the war of the Giants, when Jupiter did not see Bacchus, he thought that he was killed, and cried out, ""Alas, son!" or, because when he found that Bacchus had overcome the Giants, by changing himself into a lion, he cried out again, " Well done, son." PEvan, from the acclamations of Bacchantes, who were therefore called Evantes. Euchius, i because Bacchus fills his glass plentifully, even up to the brim. r Eleleus and Eleus, from the acclamation wherewith they animated the soldiers before the fight, or encou- raged them in the battle itself. The same acclamation was also used in celebrating the Orgia, which were sacrifices offered up to Bacchus. s lacchus was also one of his names, from the noise which men make when drunk : and this * title is given him by Claudian ; from whose account of Bacchus, we may learn, that he was not always naked, but sometimes clothed with the skin of a tiger. Leneeus; because u wine palliates and assuages *the sorrows of men's minds ; or from a Greek w word, which signifies the " vat" or " press," in which wine is made. x Liber and Liber Pater, from libero ; as in Greek they call him EtevQepos [Eleutherios] the " Deliverer ;" m Eheu'tnf ! Eheu fill ! Eurip. in Bacch. Virg. JEn. 7' Ei7 vlt. Euge fili ! Cornut. in Pers. Acron in Horat. P Virg. .En. 6. Ovid. Met. 4. Ab t v' x V, bene ac large fundo. Nat. Com. 1. 5. r Ab I^AV, exclamatione bellica. Ovid. Met. 4. .^Eschyl. in Prometh. Ab lan-^ivw, clamo, vociferor. * . " Laetusque simul procedit lacchus Crinali florens hedera : quem Parthica tigris Velat, et auratos in nodum colligit ungues." Rap. Pros. . The jolly god comes in, His hair with ivy twin'd, his clothes a tiger's skin, Whose golden claws are clutcli'd into a knot. * Quod leuiat mentem vinum. 'Awo TO" XEV or \tifj.m, i. e. torculari. Serv. in Geo. 2. x Virg. Eel 7. Plut. im Probl. Pausan. in Attic. 61 for he is the symbol of liberty, and was worshipped in all free cities. Lyseus and Lyceus signify the same with Liber : for wine y frees the mind from cares ; and those who have drank plentifully, speak whatever comes in their minds, as z Ovid says below. The sacrifices of Bacchus were celebrated in the night, therefore he is called a Nyctilius and Nysaeus, because he was educated upon the mountain b Nysa. Rectus, 'OpQos [Orthos], because he taught a king of Athens to dilute his wine with water : thus men, who through much drinking staggered before, by mixing water with their wine, begin to go straight. His mother Semele and his nurse were sometimes called Thyo : therefore from this they called him c Thyoneus. Lastly, he was called d Triumphus ; because, when in triumph the conquerors went into the capitol, the sol- diers cried out, " lo Triumphe !" QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. From what is the name Bacchus derived? What are his companions called ? Why was Bacchus called Bifonnis ? Why, Briseus? Why, Bromius? Why, Bimater ? Why, Eugenes ? Why, Dithyrambus? Why, Dionysius? Why, Evius? Why, Evan ? Why, Eleus? Why, lacchus? y 'A-jro ru xJav, a solvendo. z " Cura fugit, multo diluiturque mere." Art. Am. The plenteous bowl all care dispels NKxTiXfcu, nocte perficio. Phurnut. in Bacch. Ovid. Met. 4. b Ovid. ib. Hor. Carm. 1. > e,-iV"'S. Var. di Ling. Lat. 62 Why, Liber? Why, Nyetilius? Why, Rectus? Why, Triumphus: SECT. 3. ACTIONS OF BACCHUS. Bacchus invented e so many things useful to man- kind, either in finishing controversies, in building cities, in making laws, or obtaining victories, that he was de- clared a god by the joint suffrages of the whole world. What Bacchus could not himself do, his priestesses were able to accomplish : for by striking the earth with their thyrsi, they drew forth rivers of milk and honey, and wine, and wrought several other miracles, without the least labour. Yet these received their whole power from Bacchus. 1. He invented the * use of wine : and first taught the art of planting the vine from which it is made ; as also the art of making honey, and tilling the earth. This She did among the people of Egypt, who therefore ho- noured him as a god, and called him Osiris. The ass of Nauplia merits praise, because by gnaw ing vines he taught the art of pruning them. 2. He invented h commerce and merchandise, and found out navigation, when IIP was king of Phoenicia. 3. At the time when men wandered about unsettled, like beasts, 'he reduced them into society: he taught them to worship the gods. 4. He subdued India, and many other nations, riding on an elephant : k he victoriously subdued Egypt, Syria, Phrygia, and all the east; where he erected pil- lars, as Hercules did in the west : he first invented tri- umphs and crowns for kings. 5. Bacchus was desirous to reward Midas the king of Diod. 1. 5. Hist, et Oros. 1. 2. Hor. Ep. 2. * Ovid. Fast. 3. f Dion, de Situ Orbis. Vide Nat. Com. h Idem, ibid. ' Ovid. Fast. Eurip. in Bacch. v Dion, de Situ Orbis. 63 Phrygia, because he had done him some service ; and bid him ask what he would. Midas desired, that what- ever he touched might become gold : l Bacchus was troubled that Midas asked a gift which might prove so destructive to himself; however, he granted his re- quest, and gave him the power he desired. Immediately whatever Midas touched became gold, even his meat and drink ; he then perceived that he had foolishly begged a destructive gift ; and desired Bacchus to take his gift to himself again. Bacchus consented, and bid him bathe in the river Pactolus ; Midas obeyed ; and hence the sand of that river became gold, and the river was called Chrysorrhoos, or Aurifluus. 6. When he was yet a child, some Tyrrhenian ma- riners found him asleep ; and carried him into a ship : Bacchus first stupified them, stopping the ship in such a manner that it was immoveable ; afterward he caused vines to spring up the ship on a sudden, and ivy twining about the oars ; and when the seamen were almost dead with the fright, he threw them headlong into the sea, and changed them into m dolphins. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Why was Bacchus declared a god? What were his priestesses able to perforpi ? What was the first invention attributed to him ? Why does the ass of Nauplia merit praise ? What were Bacchus' second and third inventions? What did he do as a conqueror ? What was Midas' request? What circumstance occurred when he was but a child ? 1 " Annuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvil Liber; et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset." Ov. Met. 1 1. To him his harmless wish Lyaeus gives, And at the weakness of his wish he grieves. " Laetus habet gaudetque inalo." Glad he departs, and joys in 's misery. Ovid. Met. 3. 64 SECT. 4. THE SACRIFICES OF BACCHUS. In sacrifices there are three things to be considered ; viz. the creatures offered, the priests who offered them, and the sacrifices themselves, which are celebrated with peculiar ceremonies. 1. The "fir, the ivy, bindweed, the fig, and the vine, were consecrated to Bacchus. So also were the dragon and the pie, signifying the talkativeness of drunken people. The goat was slain in his sacrifices, because he is a creature destructive to the vines. The Egyptians sacri- ficed a swine to his honour before their doors. 2. The priests and priestesses of Bacchus were the Satyrs, the Sileni, the Naiades, but especially the re- velling women called Bacchse, from Bacchus' name. 3. The sacrifices themselves were various, and cele- brated with different ceremonies, according to the va- riety of places and nations. They were celebrated on stated days of the year, with the greatest regard to reli- gion, as it was then professed. Oscophoria Pvvere the first sacrifices offered up to Bacchus : they were instituted by the Phoenicians, and when they were celebrated, the boys, carrying vine- leaves in their hands, went in ranks praying, from the temple of Bacchus, to the chapel of Pallas. The iTrieterica were celebrated in the winter at night, by the Bacchae, who went about armed, making a great noise, and pretending to foretel things to come. They were entitled Trieterica, because Bacchus returned from his Indian expedition after three years. The r Epilenaea were games celebrated in the time of vintage, before the press for squeezing the grapes was invented. They contended with one another, in tread- n Xenoph. in Sacerd. Plut. in Probl. Symp. Eurip. in Bacch. He- rodot. Euterpe. Vide Nat. Com. 1. 5. P Pausan. in Attic. J Ovid. Fast, et Met. 6. r Scholiast, in Aristoph. 65 ing the grapes, who should soonest press out most must ; and in the mean time they sung the praises of Bacchus, begging that the must might be sweet and good. s Canephoria, among the ancient Athenians, were per- formed by marriageable virgins, who carried golden baskets filled with the first fruits of the year. Never- theless, some think that these sacrifices were instituted to the honour of Diana, and that they did not carry fruit in the basket, but presents wrought with their o\vn hands, which they offered to this goddess, to testify that they were desirous to marry. Apaturia were feasts celebrated in honour of Bac- chus, setting forth how greatly men are u deceived by wine. These festivals were principally observed by the Athenians. Ambrosia w were festivals observed in January, a month sacred to Bacchus ; for which reason this month was called Lenaeus or Lenseo, because the wine was .brought into the city about that time. x But the Ro- mans called these feasts Brumalia, Bruma, one of the names of Bacchus among them ; and they celebrated them twice a year, in the months of February and August. Ascolia, feasts so called from a Greek > word signifying a boracho, or leathern bottle; several of which were produced filled with air, or, as others say, with wine. z The Athenians were wont to leap upon them with one foot, so that they would sometimes fall down ; however, they thought they did a great honour to Bacchus hereby, because they trampled upon the skins of the goat, which animal is the greatest enemy to the vines. But among the Romans, rewards were distributed to those who, by artificially leaping upon these leathern bottles, overcame the rest : then all of them together called aloud upon Bacchus confusedly, and in unpolished verse ; and put- Demarat. in Certain. Dionys. * Doroth Sydon. apud Nat. Com. u A decipiendo ab a.-naia,(u, fallo, dicta sunt urn-upix. Vide Nat. Com Jn Bac. Idem, ibid. * Ccel. Rhod. 1. 18. c, b. y Ab In like manner Pausanias reports, that the Greeks at Troy found an ark that was sacred to Bacchus ; .which when Euripidus had opened, and viewed the statue of Bacchus laid therein, he was presently struck with madness : the ground of which fable is in the second book of Kings, where the Sacred History relates that the Bethshemites were de- stroyed by God, because they looked with too much curiosity into the ark of the covenant. Wine and its effects are understood in this fable of Bacchus. He was educated by the Naiades, nymphs of the rivers and fountains ; whence men may learn to dilute their wine with water. Bacchus is naked, he cannot conceal any thing. z Wine always speaks truth, it opens all the secrets of the mind. The poet says a Bacchus has horns. 'Numbers xiii. 2-1. < Nonn. in Dionys. 1. 23 et 35. 25. -45. Apud eundem. " Xomiius Vos. ap. Bochart. in Can. x Iliad, 48. v Pausnn. in Achaic. 2 In vino vcritas. Erasm. in Aday. , " Accedant cnpiti cornua, Bacchus eris." Ov. Ep. Saph. But put on horns, and J3acchus tliou shall be. 70 b Wine makes c even the meanest people bold, inso- lent, and fierce, exercising their fury and rage against others, as a mad ox gores with its horns. He is crowned with ivy ; because that plant, being always green and flourishing, by its natural coldness assuages the heat occasioned by too much wine. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. In what respects do Bacchus" and Nimrod resemble each other ? In what respects is Bacchus like Moses? What does the fable of Bacchus teach? CHAPTER VI. SECT. 1. MARS. HIS IMAGE AND DESCENT. MARS is fierce and sour in his aspect ; terror is every- Mhere in his looks, as well as in his dress; he sits in a chariot drawn by a pair of horses, which are driven by ;i distracted woman; he is covered with armour, and brandishes a spear in his right hand, as though he breathed fire and death, and threatened every body with ruin and destruction. Mais, the ,uod of war, who is often seen on horseback, in a formidable imiinier, with a whip and a spear to- gether. The doq was consecrated to him, for his vi- gilance in the pursuit of his prey ; the wolf, for his ra- paciousness; the raven, because he diligently follows armies when they march, and watches for the carcases " " Cura fugit, inulto diluiturque mero." Full bowls expel all grief, dissolve all care. '" Tune veniunt risus, tune pauper cornua sumit." By wine and mirth the bi j g<;ar grows a king. 71 of the slain ; and the cock, for his watchfulness, whereby lie prevents all surprise. But that you may understand < very thing in the picture, observe that the creatures which draw the chariot are not horses, but Fear and Terror. Sometimes Discord goes before them in tat- tered garments, and Clamour and Anger go behind. Yet some say, that Fear and Terror are servants to Mars ; and accordingly, he is not more d awful and im- perious in his commands, than they are e ready and ex-act in their obedience. Bcllonais the * goddess of war, and the companion of Mars ; or, as others say, his sister or wife. She pre- pares for him his chariot and horses \\hen he goes to tight. It is plain that she is called Bellona from bellum, She is otherwise called Duellona from duel/um, or from the Greek word e\cvij [belone], a " needle," whereof >he is said to be the inventress. Her priests, the Bel- lonarii, sacrificed to her in their own blood ; they % hold in each hand naked swords, with which they cut their shoulders, and wildly run up and down like men mad and possessed : upon which h people thought, that (after the sacrifice was ended) they were able to foretel future d " Per galeam, Bellona, mihi, nexusque rotarum Tende, Favor; Fraena rapidos, Formido, jugales." Claud, in Ruf. My helmet let Bellona bring; Terror my traces fit ; And, panic Fear, do thou the rapid driver sit. ' " Saevit medio in certamine Mavors, Caelatus ferro, tristesque ex aethere Dirae, Et scissa gaudens vadit Discordia palla, Quam cum sanguineo sequitur Bellona flagello." Virg. &n. 8. Mars in the middle of the shining shield Is grav'd, and strides along the liquid field. The Dirae come from heaven with quick descent. And Discord, dy'd in blood, with garments rent, Divides the press : her steps Bellona treads, And shakes her iron rod above their heads. f Silius. 1. 4. Strat. Theb. 1. 7. s Seeds humeris et utraque inaiiu ilistrictos gl.iJios exerentes, currunt, effurumur, insaniant. LacUn. 1. I.e. 12. k Juven. Sat. 4. Lucan. 1. 1. Europ. 72 events. Claudian introduces Bellona combing snakes; and another ' poet describes her shaking a burning torch, with her hair hanging loose, stained and clotted with blood, and running through the midst of the ranks of the army, uttering horrid shrieks and dreadful groans. And in Homer we have a description of a battle in which Mars, Minerva, and Discord are engaged : Loud clamours rose from various nations round ; Mix'd was the murmur, and confus'd the sound. Each host now joins, and each a god inspires; These Mars incites, and those Minerva fires. Pale Flight around, and dreadful Terror reign ; And Discord, raging, bathes the purple plain. Discord, dire sister of the slaught'ring pow'r, Small at her birth, but rising ev'ry hour ; While scarce the skies her horrid head can bound : She stalks on earth, and shakes the world around ; The nations bleed where'er her steps she turns ; The groan still deepens, and the combat burns. Iliad. Before the temple of this goddess there stood a pillar called Bellica, k over which the herald threw a spear, when he proclaimed war. Mars is said to be the son of Jupiter and Juno, though, according to Ovid's story, he is the child of Juno 1 only. tie married m Nerio or Nerione, which word in the Sabian language signifies " n valour and strength," and from her the Claudian family derived the name of Nero. 1 " Ipsa faciem quatiens, et flavam sanguine multo Sparsa comam, medias acies Bellona pererrat. Stridet Tartarea nigro sub pectore Diva Lethiferum murmur." Sil. 1, 5. . Her torch Bellona waving through the air, Sprinkles with clotted gore her flaming hair, .-* And through both armies up and down doth flee ; While from her horrid breast Tisiphone A dreadful murmur sends. k Alex, ab Alexandro 1 fc. ' Horn. Iliad. 5. Hesiod. in Theog. "> Vide de la Cerda in Virg. jn. 1. 8. n Virtutem et robur significat. 73 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How is Mars represented? How is his chariot drawn and driven ? What animals are consecrated to Mars ? Repeat the lines in Virgil. WhoisBellona? Who are the Bellonarii? Ho\? is Bellona represented by Claudian ? Repeat the lines. Who was Mars? Whom did he marry ? SECT. 2. NAMES AND ACTIONS OF MARS. The name Mars sets forth the power and influence he has in war, where he presides over the soldiers; and his other name, P Mavors, shows that all great exploits are executed and brouglit about through his means. The Greeks call him lAfij; [Ares], either from the destruction and slaughter which he causes ; or from the T silence which is kept in war, where actions, not words, are necessary. But from whatever words this name is derived, it is certain that those famous names Areopagus and Areopagita are derived from Apjf. The Areopa- gus, that is, the " hill" or " mountain" of Mars, was a place at Athens, in which Mars, being accused of murder and incest, was forced to defend himself in a trial before twelve gods, and was acquitted by six voices ; from which time, that place became a court wherein were tried capital causes, and the things belonging to religion. s The Aeropagitae were the judges, whose integrity and credit was so great, that no person could be admitted fit," Quod maribus in bello praesit. P Quod magna vertat. Var. de Ling. Lat. * <> 'Ana TosJ-ttipny tollere, vel avff iiy intedicere, Cic. de Nat. Deor. 5. Phumut ' Ab a. non et E \-5 loquor, on It nu woXf'juw o-j Xv'yuiv xx' fpylv Xftia, quod in bello necessaria non sint verba sed facta. Suidas. Pansan. in Attici. "Budeus m Pandect. 1. ult. de len. 74 into their society, unless he delivered in public an ac- count of his past life, and was found in every part thereof blameless. And, that the lawyers who pleaded might not blind the eyes of the judges by their charms of elo- quence, they were obliged to plead their causes without any ornaments of speech ; if they did otherwise, they were immediately commanded to be silent. And, lest they should be moved to compassion by seeing the miserable condition of the prisoners, they gave sentence in the dark, without lights ; not by words, but in paper ; hence, when a man speaks little or nothing, they used proverbially to say of him, that i<( He is as silent as one of the judges in the Areopagus." His. name Gradivus comes from his stateliness in b marching ; or frorn his vigour in w brandishing his spear. He is called Quirinus, from x Curis or Quiris, signi- fying a spear; whence comes securis or semicuris, a piece of a spear. And this name was afterward attri- buted to Romulus, because he was esteemed the son of Mars; from whom the Romans were called Quirites. y Gradivus is the name of Mars when he rages ; and Quirinus, when he is quiet. And accordingly there were two temples at Rome dedicated to him ; one within the city, which was dedicated to Mars Quirinus, the keeper of the city's peace ; the other without the city, near the gate, to Mars Gradivus, the warrior, and the defender of the city against all outward enemies. The ancient Latins applied to him the title of z Sali- subsulus, or " dancer," from salio, because his temper is very inconstant and uncertain, inclining sometimes to this side, and sometimes to that, in wars : whence we say, "that the issue of battle is uncertain, and the chance dubious. But we must not think that Mars 'Areopagitataciturnior. Cic. ad Attic. 1. 1. u A gradiendo. w Airo TOV xjaJawh, ab hastze \ T ibratione. * Serv. in ./En. I. y Idem, ibid. z Pacuv. in Nonn. i communis est, Cic. 1. 6, ep. 4. 75 was the only god of war; b for Bellona, Victoria, Sol, Luna, and Pluto, used to be reckoned in the number of martial deities. It was usual with the Lacedae- monians to shackle the feet of the image of Mars, that he should not fly from them : and among the Ro- mans, the priests Salii were instituted to look after the sacrifices of Mars, and go about the city dancing with their shields. The poets relate only one action of this terrible god : this is the adultery between him and Venus, from which c Hermione, a tutelar deity, was d born. $ol was the first that discovered it, and he immediately acquainted Vulcan, Venus' husband, with his wife's treachery. Vulcan instantly made a net of iron, whose links were so small and slender, that it was invisible ; and spread it over the bed of Venus. By this the lovers were caught, and Vulcan called all the gods to witness the sight : after they had been long exposed to the jest of the company, Vulcan, at the request of Neptune, un- loosed their chains, and gave them their liberty. But Alectryon, Mars' favourite, suffered punishment, be- cause when he was appointed to watch, he fell asleep, and so gave Sol an opportunity to slip into the cham- ber ; therefore Mars changed him into a e cock, which to this day is so mindful of his old fault, that he con- stantly gives notice of the approach of the sun, by his crowing. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. What docs the name of Mars import? What do the Greeks call him ? What names are derived from Apn;? Who were the Areopagitae? * Serv. in JEn. 11 . c Plut. in Pelopida. < Fabiila narratur, toto notissima coelo. Mulciberis capti Marsque Venusque dolif. The tale is told through heaven far and wide, How Mars and Venus were by Vulcan ty'd. Graece ukmovui, gallus. E2 76 From wbat does Mars derive his name Gradivus ? Why is he called Quirinus? On what account has he the title of Salisubsulus ? Was Mars the only god of war ? What action is related of Mars? Who discovered Venus's treachery, and what was done in consequence : What happened to Alectryon ? SECT. 3. THE STORY OF TEREUS ; AND THE SACRIFICES OF MARS. Tereus, the son of Mars, by the nymph Bistonis, married f Progne the daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, when he himself was king of Thrace. This Progne had a sister called Philomela, a virgin in mo- desty and beauty inferior to none. She lived with her father at Athens. Progne, being desirous to see her sister, asked Tereus to fetch Philomela to her, with which he complied. Tereus fell desperately in love with Philomela ; and, as they travelled together, be- cause she refused to comply with his desires, he over- powered her, cut out her tongue, and threw her into a gaol; and returning afterwards to his wife, pretended that Philomela died in her journey ; and that his story might appear true, he shed many tears and put on mourning, But S injuries sharpen the wit, and a desire of revenge makes people cunning : for Philomela, though she was dumb, found out a way to tell her sister the villany of Tereus. She described the violence offered her in em- broidery, and sent the work folded up to her sister. Progne no sooner viewed it, but she was so transported with passion, that she could h not speak, her thoughts 'Ovid. Met. 6. g Grande doloris Ingenium est, miserisque venit solertia rebus.'' Desire of vengeance makes th' invention quick, When, miserable, help with craft we seek. h " Et (mirum potuisse) silet ; dolor ora repressit, Verbaque quserenti satis indignantia linguae 77 being wholly taken up in contriving how she should avenge the affront. First, then, she hastened to her sister, and brought her home without Tereus' know- ledge. While she was thus meditating revenge, her young son Itys came embracing his mother ; but she carried him aside into the remote parts of the house, and slew him while ' he hung about her neck, and called her mother. When she had killed him, she cut him into pieces, and dressed the flesh, and gave it Tereus for supper, who k fed heartily on it. After supper he sent for his son Itys : ' Progne told him what she had done, and 'Philomela showed him his sou's head. Tereus, incensed with rage, rushed on them both with his drawn sword ; but they fled away, and fear added wings to their flight : so that Progne became a swallow, and Philomela a nightingale. Tereus was also changed into a hoopoe [upupa], which is one of the filthiest of all birds. The gods out of pity changed Itys into a pheasant. To Mars m were sacrificed the wolf for his fierce- ness ; the horse for his usefulness in war ; the wood- Defuerant, nee flere vacat : sed fasque nefasque Confusura ruit, poRneeque in imagine toto est." She held her peace ; 'twas strange; grief struck her mute; No language could with such a passion suit ; Nor had she time to weep : right, wrong, were mixt In her fell thoughts, her soul on vengeance fixt. > " Et mater, mater, clamantem et colla petentem Ense ferii." He, mother, mother, cries, And on her clings, while by her sword he dies. k " Vescitur, inque suam sua viscera congerit alvum." And his own flesh and blood does make his meat. 1 " Intus habes quod poscis, ait. Circumspicit ille, Atque ubi sit, qux-rit : quscrenti, iterumque vocanti. Prosiluit, Ityosque caput Philomela cruentum Misit in ora patris." Thou hast, said she, within thee thy desire. He looks about, asks where. And while again He asks and calls, all bloody with the slain, Forth, like a fury, Philomela flew, And at his face the head of Itys threw. Virg. JEn. P. 78 pecker and the vulture for their ravenousness ; the cock for his vigilance, which is a prime virtue among sol- diers ; and grass, because it grows in towns laid desolate Jjy war. Among the ancient rites belonging to Mars, the most memorable is the following : n Whoever under- took the conduct of any war, went into the vestry of the temple of Mars; and first shook the Ancilla, a holy shield, afterwards the spear of the image of Mars, and said, " Mars, watch." QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who was Tereus, and whom did he marry ? Give some account of the story of Philomela. [The pupil might shut the book, and write the story from memory, in his own words.] Into what were Progne, Philomela, Tereus, and Itys metamorphosed ? What were the sacrifices offered to Mars, and on what account ? What rite did the ancient warriors perform before they went out to battle? Repeat in Latin the speech of Progne to Tereus. CHAPTER VII. SECT. 1. THE CELESTIAL GODDESS, JUNO. HER IMAGE AND DESCENT. WE have viewed the five celestial gods ; let us now' look upon the goddesses that follow them in order. First observe Juno, riding in a "golden chariot, drawn by peacocks, holding a sceptre in her hand, and wear- ing a crown beset with roses and lilies. n Qui belli alicujus susceperat curam, saerarium Martis ingressHS, primo Ancilia commovebat, post hastam simulacri ipsius; dicens, Mari, Vigila; Servius. Ovid. Met. 2. Apuleius, 1. 10. 79 Juno's chariot is finely represented by Homer ; and Hebe is mentioned as her attendant : At her command rush forth the steeds divine; Rich with immortal gold their trappings shine. Bright Hebe waits: by Hebe, ever young, The whirling wheels are to the chariot hung. On the bright axle turns the bidden wheel Of sounding brass ; the polish'd axle, steel : Eight brazen spokes in radiant order flame ; Such as the heav'ns produce : and round the gold Two brazen rings of work divine were roll'd. The bossy naves, of solid silver, shone ; Braces of gold suspend the moving throne ; The car, behind, an arching figure bore; The bending concave form'd an arch before ; Silver the beam, th' extended yoke was gold, And golden reins th' immortal coursers hold. Homer. Juno is the queen of the gods, and both the P sister and wife of Jupiter. Her father was 1 Saturn, and her mother Ops j she was born in the island Samos, and there lived till she was married. She seems very august and majestical. How beautiful is that face, how comely are all her limbs ! how well does a sceptre become those hands, and a crown that head ! how much beauty is there in her smiles ! how much gracefulness in her breast ! Her carriage is stately, her dress elegant and fine. She is full of majesty, and worthy of the greatest admiration. Her servant is Iris, r the daughter of Thaumas and Electra, and sister to the Harpies. She is Juno's mes- senger, as Mercury is Jupiter's ; though Jupiter and the other gods, the Furies, nay sometimes men, have sent her on messages. Because of her swiftness she is painted with wings, and she sometimes rides on a rainbow, as * Ovid says. -" Jovisque Et soror et conjux." Virg. JEn. 1. i Apollon. Argon. 1. * Virg. yn. 9. Nonn. 20. Idem 31. Horn. Iliad, 23. s " Effugit, et remeat per quos modo venerat arcus.'' Met. 2. Oo the same bow she want she soon returns. 80 It is her office to unloose the souls of women from the chains of the body, as Mercury unlooses those of men. We have an example of this in Dido, who laid violent hands on herself; for, when she was almost dead, Juno sent Iris to loose her soul from her bodv, as * Virgil describes at large in the fourth book of his /Eneid. But in this Iris differs from Mercury; for he is sent both from heaven and hell, but she is sent from heaven "only. He oftentimes was employed in mes- sages of peace, whence he was called the w peacemaker ; but Iris was always sent to promote strife and dis- sension, as if she were the goddess of discoid : and therefore some think that her x name was given her from the contention which she perpetually creates ; though others say, she was called J" Iris, because she delivers her messages by speech, and not in writing. * " Turn Juno omnipotens longum miserata dolorem, Difficilesque obitus, Irim demisit Olympo, Quae luctantem anirnum nexosque resolveret artus. Ergo Iris croceis per coelum roscida pennis, Mille trahens varies adverso Sole colores, Devolat, et supra caput astitit : hunc ego Dili Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo. Sic ait, et de-xtra crinem secat : omnis et una Dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit." Then Juno, grieving that she should sustain A death so ling'ring, and so full of pain, Sent Iris down to free her from the strife Of lab'ring nature, and dissolve her life. Downward the various goddess took her flight, And drew a thousand colours from the light; Then stood about the dying lover's h^ad, And said, I thus devote thee to the dead : This off" ring to th' infernal gods I bear. Thus, while she spoke, site cut the fatal hair : The struggling soul was loos'd, and life dissolved in atr. u Hesiod in Theog. ElfwoTro.of, pacificator. Vid. Serv. in JEn. 4. x "l;'> quasi 'ESI; Cdntentio, Servius. y nag* -4 r jV, a 'o juendo. 81 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How is Juno represented? Repeat Homer's description of her chariot. Who is Juno, and what relation does she bear to Jupiter and Saturn? How is she represented with regard to her figure ? Who is Iris, and for what purposes was she employed? How is she painted ? Give the line from Ovid. \Vliatofficedoes Iris bear with respect to the souls of women? Repeat the description of her office in Latin : and also the translation. In what does Iris differ from Mercury? How is her name supposed to be derived ? SECT. 2. THE CHILDREN, AND DISPOSITION OF JUNO. Vulcan, Mars, and Hebe, were the children of Juno by Jupittr. z Although some say that Hebe had no olher parent than Juno. Hebe, on account of her ex- traordinary beauty, was, by Jupiter, made goddess of youth, and held the office of cupbearer of Jupiter. But by an unlucky fall she offended the king of the gods, who turned her out from her office, and put Ganymede in her stead. Juno's worst fault was jealousy, of which the fol- lowing are instances Jupiter loved To, the daughter of Inachus ; and lived with her. When Juno observed that Jupiter was absent from heaven, she suspected that the pursuit of his amours was the cause of his ab- sence. Therefore she immediately flew down to the earth after him, and luckily found the place where Ju- piter aud lo were entertaining themselves in private. As soon as Jupiter perceived her coming, fearful of a chiding, he turned the young lady into a white cow. Juno, seeing the cow, asked who she was, and what was Pausao. in Corinth. - E5 82 her origin ? Jupiter said, she was born on a sudden out of the earth. The cunning goddess, suspecting the matter, desired to have the cow, which Jupiter could not refuse, lest he should increase her suspicion. So Juno, taking the cow, a gave it Argus to keep: this Argus had a hundred eyes, two of which in their turns slept, while the others watched. Thus was lo under constant confinement ; nor was the perpetual vigilance of her keeper the only misfortune ; for she was fed with nothing but insipid leaves and bitter herbs. This hard- ship Jupiter could' not endure, therefore he sent Mer- cury to Argus, to set lo free. Mercury, under the dis- guise of a shepherd, came to Argus, and with the music of his pipe lulled him asleep, and then cut off his head. Juno was grieved at Argus' death, and to make him some amends, she turned him into a peacock, and b scattered his hundred eyes about the tail of the bird. !Nor did her rage against lo cease, for she committed her to the Furies to be tormented. Despair and anguish made her flee into Egypt, where she begged of Jupiter to restore her to her former shape. Her request being 1 " Servandam tradidit Argo, Centum luminibus cinclum caput Argos habebatt Inde suis vicibus capiebant bina (juietem; Cetera servabant, atque in statione maiiebant. Constiterat quocunque loco, speetabat ad lo ; Ante oculos lo, quamvis aversus, habebat." Ov. Met. 1. The goddess then to Argus straight conveyed Her gift, and him the watchful keeper made. Argus' head a hundred eyes possest, And only two at once declin d to rest : The others watch'd, and, in a constant round, Refreshments in alternate courses found. Where'er he turn'd he always lo view'd ; lo he saw, though she behind him stood. ** " Centumque oculos nox occupat una Excipit hos, volucrisque suaj Saturnia pennis Collocat, et gemmis caudam stellautibus implet." There Argus lies ; and all that wond'rous ligh% Which gave his hundred eyes their useful sifht, Lies buried now in one eternal night. But Juno, that she might his eyes retain, Soon fix'd them in her gaudy peacock's train. S3 granted, she thenceforth took the name of Isis, the goddess of the Egyptians, and was worshipped with divine honour. Juno gavfc another evidence of her jealousy. c For, when her anger against Jupiter was so violent, that nothing could pacify her, king Cithaeron d advised Ju- piter to declare that he intended to take another wife. The contrivance pleased him, wherefore he takes an oaken image, dressed very beautifully, and puts it into a chariot ; and declares publicly, that he was about to marry PlaUea, the daughter of jEsopus. The report came to Juno's ears, who immediately fell furiously upon the image, and tore its clothes, till she discovered the jest ; and laughing very heartily, she was reconciled to her husband. She was afterward called Citheronia, from king Cithaeron, the adviser of the trick. The rest of her names follow. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who were Juno's children ? What was Hebe's office, how did she lose it, and who succeeded her in it? What was Juno's great fault? With whom was Jupiter enamoured ? Into what was lo metamorphosed by Jupiter, and what account did he give of the matter to his wife ? What did Juno do with lo in her new form? Repeat the lines from Ovid descriptive of the fact. How did Jupiter contrive to liberate lo ? What became of the eyes of Argus after his death ? Repeat the lines from Ovid. What became of lo? To what was Jupiter advised by Cithaeron, and what was the result ? Doroih. de Nat. Tabulae. <> Plut, in Arist. 84 SECT. 3. NAMES OF JUNO. Juno was called Argiva, from the e Argivi, among whom the sacrifices called 'Hpaix were celebrated to her honour; in which a hecatomb, that is, one hundred oxen, were sacrificed to her. They made her image of gold and ivory, holding a pomegranate in one hand, and a sceptre in the other ; upon the top of which stood a cuckow, because Jupiter changed himself into that bird, when he fell in love with her. Bunea, from f Bunaeus the son of Mercury, who built a temple to this goddess at Corinth. Colenaaris, from the old word S calo, to call ; for she was called upon by the priests, upon the first days of every month ; which days are called Calendse. Caprotina, h or the nones of July, that is, on the seventh day, maid-servants celebrated her festival, to- gether with several free-women, and offered sacrifice to Juno under a wild fig-tree (caprificus) in memory of the extraordinary virtue, which enabled the maid-servants to preserve the honour of the Roman name. For after the city was taken, the enemy, determined to oppress the Romans, sent a herald to them, saying, if they desired to save the remainder of their city from ruin, they must send them their wives and daughters. The senate was distracted at the thought. A maid-servant, named Philotis or Tutela, took with her several other maid-servants, some dressed like mistresses of families, and some like virgins, and went over to the enemy. Livy, the dictator, disposed them about the camp ; they incited the men to drink much, because it was a festi- val : the wine made the soldiers sleep soundly ; and a sign being given from a wild fig-tree, the Romans came and slew them all. These maid- servants were made Doroth. 1. 2. Met. et Pausan. 'Pausan. in Corinth. Mucrob. in Sat. h Plutarch, et Ovid. Art. Am. Var. de Ling. Lat. 85 free, and portions out of the public treasury were given them : the day was afterwards called Nonee Caprotinae, from the wild fig-tree, whence they had the sign : and they ordered an anniversary sacrifice to Juno Caprotina to be celebrated under a wild fig-tree, the juice of which was mixed with the sacrifices in memory of the action. Curis or Curitis, from her spear, 'called Curis in the language of the old Sabines. The matrons were under- stood to be under her guardianship ; whence, says k Plu- tarch, the spear is sacred to her, and many of her statues lean upon spears, and she herself is called Quiritis and Curitis. Hence springs the custom, that the bride combs her hair with a 'spear found sticking in the body of a gladiator, and taken out of him when dead, which spear Mas called Hasta Celibaris. Cingula, m from the girdle which the bride wore when she was led to her marriage; for this girdle was unloosed with Juno's good leave, who was thought the patroness of marriage. Dominduca and Interduca, n from bringing home the bride to her husband's house. Egeria, because she promoted, as they believed, the facility of the birth. Februalis, Februata, Februa, or Februla, P because they sacrificed to her in the month of February. 1 Her festival was celebrated on the same day with Pan's feasts, when the Luperci, the priests of Pan, the god of shepherds, running naked through the city, and Strik- ing the women with Juno's cloak (that is, with the skin of a goat) 8 purified them ; and they thought that this ceremony caused to the women fruitfulness and easy labours. All sorts of purgation in any sacrifices were 1 Festus. k In Ramulo. 1 Crinis nubentium comcbatur hasta celiberi, quae scilicet in corpora gladiatoris stetisset abjecti occisique. Fe&tus. Arnob. contra Gentes. m A cingulo. Martin de Nupt. a A ducenda uxore in doinum mariti. Aug. de Civ. Dei. 7. Quod earn partui egerendo opitulari crederent. Festus. P Ex Sext. Pomp. < Cum Lupercalibus. Ovid. Fast. 2. Februabant, id est, purgabaut, Cic. '2 Phil. 86 called Februa. The animals sacrificed to Juno l were a white cow, a swine, and a sheep : the goose and the peacock were also sacred to her. Fluonia, v because she assisted women in other cases. Hoplosmia, that is, u " armed completely :" she was worshipped at Elis ; and hence Jupiter is called Hoplos- inius. w Juga, because she is the goddess of marriages. x A street in Rome, where her altar stood, was hence called Jugarius : and anciently people used to enter into the yoke of marriage at that altar. She is also, by some, called Socigena, because yshe assists in the coupling the bride and bridegroom. Lacinia, from the temple Lacinium, built and dedi- cated to her by z Lacinius. Lucina, and Lucilia, either from a the grove, in which she had a temple ; or from the light of this world, into which infants are brought by her. b Ovid comprises both these significations in a distich. Moneta, c either because she gives wholesome coun- sel to those who consult her ; or because she was be- lieved to be the goddess of money. d Nuptialis; and when they sacrificed to her "under this name, e they took the gall out of the victim, and cast it behind the altar; to signify that there ought to be no gall or anger between those who are married. Opigena, f because she gives help to women in la- bour. 1 Virg. JEn. 4. Idem 8. T Ovid. ibid. Quod fluoribus menstruis adest " Lil Gyr. w Et Grsece Z-jyla, a jugo aut conjugo Serv. in ./En. 4. x Festus. >' Quod nubentes associet. 1 Strabo, 1.6. Liv. 1. 24. a A luco vcl luce. Var. de Ling. Lat b " Gratia Lucina, dedit haec tibi nomina lucus. Vcl quia principium tu, dea, lucis habes." Fast. 2. Lucina, hail, so nam'd from thy own grove, Or from the light thou giv'st us from above. c Vel quod reddat monita salutaria, vel quod sit Dea monet, id est, pecuniae. Liv. 1. 7. Suid. Ovid. Epist. Parid. d Greece To^Xia, Euseb. de Praep. Evang. 3. Plut. in Sympos. f Opera in partu laborantibus fert. Lil. Gyr. 87 Parthenos the virgin ; or Parthenia, virginity ; and she was so called, as Kve are told, from this circum- stance : there was a fountain among the Argivi, called Canathus, where Juno, washing herself every year, was thought to recover her youth and beauty. Perfecta, that is, perfect : for ' marriage was esteemed the perfection of human life. She was' called k Pronuha : marriages were not law- ful, unless Juno was first called upon. iiegina, queen ; which title she gives herself, as we read in ' Virgil. Sospita, lu because all the women were supposed to be under her safeguard, every one of which had a Juno, as every man had his Genius. Unxia was another of her names, n because the posts of the door were anointed, where a new-married couple lived ; whence the wife was called Uxor. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Why was Juno called Argiva? How did the Argivi represent her? Why was she called Bunea and Colenaaris ? (Jive in writing the reasons for her name Caprotina. Ho\v did she obtain the name Curis and Cu-ritis? What custom arose from this ? Why was she named Ciiigula ? On what account was she named Dominduca and Interduca? Why was she called Februalis ? What animals were sacrificed to her? Why was she named Hoplosmia ? t Pindar in Hymn Olymp. h Pausan. in Corinth ' Jul. Pollux. 1. 3. Apud Grseos eodem sensu Juno vooabatur i quasi 'A0iA! ab a non et 3">jAiv mammam sugere. h 'AfXTJTfoj x'i u.fji.YiTujf , rnatrc carens. Pollux. Fhurnut. ' 'A$IV, quasi 3-jXafx Discordia was the occasion of this contention : for, because all the gods and goddesses, except herself, were invited to the marriage of Peleus, she was angry, and resolved to revenge the disgrace ; therefore, when they all met and set down at the table, she came in privately, and threw down upon the table an apple of gold, on which was this inscription, " Let the fairest take it." Hence arose a quarrel among the goddesses ; for every one thought herself the most beautiful. But at last, all the others yielded to the three superior goddesses, Juno, Pallas, and Venus ; who disputed so eagerly, that Jupiter himself was not able to bring them to agree- ment He resolved therefore to leave the final deter- mination of it to the judgment of Paris ; so that she should have the apple to whom Paris should adjudge it. The goddesses consent, and call for Paris, who was then feeding sheep upon a mountain. They tell him their business, and court his favour with great promises: Juno promised to reward him with pov\er; Pallas with wisdom; and Venus promised him the most beautiful woman in the world. He pronounced Venus the fairest, and assigned to her the apple of gold. Venus did not break her promise to Paris ; 'for in a little time Paris was owned to be king Priam's son, and sailed into Greece with a great fleet, under the colour of an embassy, to fetch away Helena, the most bfeautiiul virgin in the world, who was betrothed to Menelaus, king of Sparta, and lived in his house. When he came, Menelaus was from home, and, in his absence, Paris carried away Helena to Troy. Menelaus demanded her, but Paris refused to send her back ; and this oc- casioned that fatal war between the Grecians and Trojans, in which Troy, the metropolis of all Asia, was taken and burnt, in the year of the world 12871. There were killed eight hundred sixty-eight thousand of the Grecians ; among whom Achilles, one of their generals, Dion. Chtysost. Orat. 20. Philostrat. in Icon. Pulchrior accipiat, vel, Detur pulchriori. 109 lost his life by the treachery of Paris himself. There \vere slain six hundred seventy- six thousand of the Trojans, from the beginning of the war to the taking; of the city, among \vhom Paris himself was killed by Pyrrhus or Philoctetes ; and his brother Hector, P the pillar of his country, \vas killed by Achilles. When the city was taken and burnt, king Priamus, the father of Paris and Hector, at once lost all his children, his queen Hecuba, his kingdom, and his life. Helena, after Paris was killed, married his brother Deiphobus : yet she at length betrayed the castle to the Grecians, and admitted Menelaus into her chamber to kill Deiphobus ; by which, it is said, she was reconciled to the favour of Menelaus agam These things, however, belong rather to history than to fable. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Why was Nictimene changed into an owl? What happened to Pygmalion? Can you give in short the story of Pyramus and Thisbe ? Repeat the Latin lines. " Sed postquam remorata," &c. Give the story of Atalanta and Hippomenes. Give an abridged account of the fates of Paris and Helena. SliTT. 4 THE COMPANION S OF VENUS; VIZ. HYMK- NJEUS, THE CUPIDS, THE G HACKS, ADONIS. The first of Venus' companions was the god H ymc- n:-eus. He presided over marriage, and was the pro- tector of young unmarried women. 1 He was the son of Bacr.hus and Venus Urania, born in Attica, where he used to rescue virgins carried away by thieves, and restore them to their parents. He \\as of a very fair complexion; crowned with the amaracnx or sweet marjoram, and sometimes with roses; in one hand he carried a torch, in the otl.cr a veil of flame colour, to f Patriae columen. 1 Philostrat. in Icon. 110 represent the blushes of a virgin. Newly married wo- men offered sacrifices to him, as they did also to the goddess Concordia. Cupid was the next of Venus' companions. He is called the god of love, and many different parents are ascribed to him, because there were many Cupids. Plato r says, he was born of Penia, the goddess of poverty, by Poros, the son of Counsel and Plenty. s Hesiod relates, that he was born of Chaos and Terra. Sappho derives him from Venus and Ccehmi. Alcseus says he was the son of Lite and Zephyrus. Simonides attributed him to Mars and Venus ; and Alcmeeon, to Zephyrus and Flora. But whatever parents Cupid had, this is plain, he always accompanies Venus, either as a son or as a t servant. The poets speak of two Cupids. One of which is an ingenious u youth, the son of Venus and Jupiter, a celestial deity ; the other the son of Erebus and .Nox (Hell and Night), a vulgar god, whose companions are drunkenness, sorrow, enmity, contention, and such kind of plagues. One of these Cupids is called Eros, and the other Anteros ; both of them are boys, and naked, and winged, and blind, and armed with a bow and arrows and a torch. "'They have two darts of different natures ; a golden dart, which procures love, and a leaden dart, which causes hatred. x Anteros is also the god who avenges slighted love. Although this be the youngest of all the celestiai gods, yet his power is so great, that he is esteemed the strongest, for he subdues them all. Without his assist- ance his mother Venus is weak, and can do nothing, as she herself ) confesses in Virgil. He is naked, because the lover has nothing of his r Plato in Sympos. Vide Nat. Com. et Li'. Gyr. * Cic. de Nat. Deor. u Plato in Phsedro. w Plat, apud Stobeeam. x Scholiast, in Theocr. 10. Idyll. Pausan. in Boeot. Plut. in Sympos. r " Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia, solus." JEn.4. Thou art my trength, son, and power alone. Ill own, but deprives himself of all that he has, for his mistress' sake. Cupid is a boy, because he is void of judgment. His chariot is drawn by lions, for the rage and fierce- ness of no creature is greater than the extravagance arid madness of violent love. He is blind, because a lover does not see the faults of his beloved object, nor con- sider in his mind the mischief proceeding from that passion He is winged, because nothing flies swifter than love, for he who loves to-day may hate to-mor- row. Lastly, he is armed with arrows, because he strikes afar off. The Grace scalled z Charites were three sisters, the daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, or Eunomia, as Orpheus says ; or rather, as others say, the daughters of Bacchus and Venus. The first was called a Aglaia, from her cheerfulness, her beauty, or her worth ; be- cause kindnesses ought to be performed freely and ge- nerously. Tike second, b Thalia, from her perpetual verdure ; because kindness ought never to die, but to remain fresh always in the receiver's memory. The third, c Euphrosyne, from her cheerfulness ; because \ve ought to be free and cheerful, as well in doing as in receiving a kindness. These sisters were painted naked, or in transparent and loose garments, young and merry, with hands joined. One was turned from the beholder, as if she was going from him ; the other two turned their faces, as if they were coming to him ; by which we under- stand, that \\hen one kindness is done, thanks are twice due ; once when received ; and again when it is repaid. The Graces are naked, because kindnesses ought to be done in sincerity and candour, and without disguise. They are young, because the memory of kindnesses received ought never to grow old. They are virgins, * Xapirt; dictae aita TV; -^a^a;, i. e. a gaudio. a 'AyXnfo, id est, splendor, honestas, vel dignitas. b 0.xx!a (nam S:fr:la. est Musae nomen) id est, viriditas et concinnitas a ^aXXw vireo. f 'Evj>:offvvti, id est, lastitia et urbanitas. Vide Hesiod. in Theog. 112 because kindnesses ought to be pure, without expecta- tion of requital. Their hands are joined, because d one good turn requires another; there ought to be a per- petual intercourse of kindness and assistance among friends Adonis \vas the son of Cinyras, king of Cyprus, and Myrrha. As he was very handsome, Venus took great delight in him, and loved his company. When he hunted, a boar gored him with his tusks, and killed him. Venus bewailed his death with much soirow and concern, and changed his blood, which was shed on the ground, into the flower anemone, which ever since has retained the colour of blood. While she flew to assist him, being led by his dying voice, a thorn ran" into her foot, and the blood that came thence fell on the rose, which before wrs white, but hereby made red. Venus besought of, and obtained from Jupiter, that he should return to life for six months in every year; so that Adonis revives and dies in incessant succession. In Greece, Phoenicia, and some other countries, festi- vals were appointed expressive of this circumstance: the solemnity continued several days; the first part being spent in lamentations for his loss, and the second in joy for his restoration. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who was Hymenseus, and of whom was he the protector? "Whose son was he, and how was he represented ? Who was Cupid, and whose son was he said to be ? How many Cupids do the poets describe, and how are they repre- sented ? What is his character with regard to power ? Why is he represented naked ? How is his chariot drawn ? Why is he represented blind, winged, and armed with arrows ? Who were the Graces, and what were their names? How are they represented in paintings? d Xsi; x5'v TixTft, i. e gratia gratiam parit in Adag. s, 113 Why are they said to be ever young, naked, and with theii hands joined? Who was Adonis ? What was the cause and consequence of his death ' CHAPTER X. LATONA. LATONA e \\as the daughter of Phoebe, by Caeus the Titan. So great \vas her beauty, that Jupiter fell in love with her, which excited the jealousy of Juno, who caused her to be cast out of heaven to the earth ; not contented with this, she obliged Terra, by an oath, not to give her a habitation, and besides f she set the serpent Python upon her, to persecute her wherever she went. Juno, however, was disappointed, for the island Delos received .Latona, where, under a palm or an oiive tree, she brought forth Diana ; who, as soon as she was born, nursed and tcok care of her brother Apollo. Her reception at Delos, notwithstanding the oath of Terra, is thus accounted for. This island formerly floated in the sea, and Sthey say that at the time it was hidden under the \\aters, when Terra took her oath, but that it emerged afterwards by the order of Neptune, and became fked and immoveable for Latona's use, from \\hick time it was called h Delos, because it was visible like other places. The island Delos emerged for Lntona's use, because it was sister to Latona. Some say, that her name was formerly Asteria, whom Jupiter loved and courted, but she was converted into an island : others report, that j-he was ' converted into a quail, and flew into this i^and, Apollod. 1. 1 . Ovid. Met. 6. f Orph. in Hymn. e Lucian. in Dial Iridis et Neptuni. h A-^-.J, id est, con- spicua et manifesta. ' Ovid. Met. 15. 114 which was therefore, among other names, called k Or- tygia. Niobe's pride, and the barbarity of the country- men of Lycia, increase the fame of this goddess. Niobe was the daughter of Tantalus, and the wife of Amphion, king of Thebes. 'She was so enriched with all the gifts of nature and fortune, and her happiness so great, that she could not bear it : being puffed up with pride, and full of self conceit, she began to despise Latona, and to esteem herself the greater, saying : " Is any happiness to be compared to mine, who am out of the reach of fortune? She may rob me of much wealth, but she cannot injure me, since she must leave me still very m rich. Does any one's wealth exceed mine ? Is any one's beauty like mine ? Have I not seven most beau- tiful daughters, and as many ingenious and handsome sons ? and have I not therefore reason to be n proud f" In this manner she boasted of her happiness, and despised others : but her pride, in a short time, deprived her of all the happiness \\hich she had possessed, and reduced her from the height of good fortune to the lowest degree of misery. For when Latona saw herself despised, and her sacrifices disturbed by Niobe, she appointed Apollo and Diana to punish the injury that was offered to their mo- ther. Immediately they went, with their quivers well 'ATO *.r,; M-rt/yo;, a coturnice. ' Ovid. Met. 6. m " Major sum quam cui possit Fortuna nocere ; Multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet." Ov. Met. 6. My state's too great for Fortune to bereave ; Though much she lavish, she much more must leave. u " In quamcumque domus adverti lumina partera, Immensae spectantur opes. Accedat eodem Digna Dea facies. Hue natas adjice septem, Et totidem juvenes ; et mox generosque nurusque : Quaerite nuric, habeat quam nostra superbia causam ?" Throughout my court, behold in every place Infinite riches ! add to this a face Worthy a goddess. Then, to crown my joys, Seven beauteous daughters, and as many boys : All these by marriage to be multiply'd. Behold ! have we not reason for our pride? 115 rilled with arrows, to Niobe's house ; where first they killed the sons, then the daughters, and next the father, in the sight of" Niobe, who by that means was stupitied with grief, till at length she was turned into marble, which, because of this misfortune, is said to shed many tears to this day. The rustics of the country of Lycia, in Asia, did also experience the anger of Latona with their ruin ; for when she wandered in the fields, the heat of the weather and the toil of her journey brought such a drought upon her, that she almost fainted for thirst. At last dis- covering a spring in the bottom of the valley, she ran to it with great joy, and fell on her knees p to drink the cool waters ; but the neighbouring clowns hindered her, and bid her depart. She earnestly begged leave, and they denied it : she did not desire, 9 she said, to injure the stream by washing herself in it, but only to quench " " Orba resedit. Exanimes inter natos, natasque, virumque, Diriguitque malis." She by her husband, sons, and daughters sits A childless widow, waxing stiff with woes. P " Gelidos potura liquores." To quench her thirst with the refreshing stream. i " Quid prohibetis aquas? usus communis aquarum : Nee solem proprium natura, nee aera fecit, Nee tenues undas. Ad publica munera veni. Quae tamen ut detis supplex peto. Non ego nostros Abluere hie artus, lassataque membra parabam: Sed relevare sitim. Caret os humore loquentis, Et fauces arent, vixque est via vocis in illis. Haustus aquae inihi nectar erit : vitamque fatebor Accepisse simul.'' Why hinder you, said she, The use of water that to all is free"? Nor sun, air, nor nature, did water frame Peculiar ; a public gift I claim : Yet humbly I entreat it, not to drench My weary limbs, but killing thirst to quench. My tongue wants moisture, and my jaws are. dry ; Scarce is there way for speech. For drink I die, Water to me were nectar. If I live, 'Tis by vour favour. 116 her thirst. They regarded not her entreaties, r but with threats endeavoured to drive her away T his great in- humanity moved the indignation of Latona, who cursed them, and said, s " May you always live in this water." Immediately they were turned into frogs, and leaped into the muddy waters, where they ever after lived. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who was Latona, and what was the consequence of Jupiter's affection for her? Where was Diana born, and how was she employed immediately after her birth ? How is Latona's reception at Delos accounted for ? What is said of her transmigrations into an island and quail? Who was Niobe, and what is said of her pride and self-sufficiency ? Repeat the lines from Ovid. " In quamcunque domus," &c. What was Latona's conduct towards Niobe? Into what was Niobe changed? What happened to the rustics of Lycia, and why were they so pu- nished ? Repeat the lines " Quid prohibetis a<]ua," &c. Repeat the lines " Quern non blanda Deae.'' ' " Quem non blanda Deae potuissent verba movere ? Hi tamen orantem perstant prohibere ; minasque, Ni procul abscedat, conviciaque insuper addunt Nee satis est : ipsos etiam pedibusque, manuque Turbavere lacus ; imoque e gurgite mollem Hue illuc limum saltu movere maligno " With whom would not such gentle words prevail? But they, persisting to prohibit, rail; The place with threats command her to forsake ; Then, with their hands and feet, disturb the lake; And, leaping with malicious motions, move The troubled mud ; which, rising, floats above. " " ^Eternum stagno, dixit, vivatis in isto ; Eveniunt optata Dcse.'' 117 CHAPTER XL AURORA. AURORA, the daughter of Terra and Titan, the sister of the Sun and the Moon, and the mother of the Stars and the Winds, is a goddess drawn in a chariot of gold by white horses; her countenance shines like gold ; her fingers are red like roses : so ' Homer describes Aurora. The " Greeks call Aurora by another name, and "some say that she \vas the daughter of Hyperion and Thia, or of Pallas, from \\hom the poets also called her Pal-' lantias. *She by force carried two beautiful young men, viz. Cephalus and Tithonus, into heaven. Ophalus married Procris, the daughter of the king of Athens. When Aurora could, by no persuasion, move him to violate his marriage-vow, she carried him into heaven ; but even there she could not shake his con- stancy ; therefore she sent him again to his wife Procris, disguised in the habit of a merchant. After this she gave him an arrow, thut never missed the mark, which she had received from Minoe. When Cophalus had this arrow, he spent his \\hule time in hunting and pur- suing wild beasts. y Procris, suspecting the constancy of her husband, concealed herself in a bush, to discover the truth; but when she moved carelessly in the bu.-h, her husband thinking some wild beast was there, drew his bow, and shot his wife to the heart. Tithonus was the son of Laoniedon, and brother of Priamus: * Aurora, for his singular beauty, carried him 1 Hymn, in Vener. " Graece dicitur 'HuJ;et 'twf wide Eous et Heous. Latinis nominator Aurora, quasi Aurea. Est enim, ut inquit Orpheus in Hymnis, 'Ayy;Xin 6i T!Tyo;, id est, Solis Nuncia. " Hesiod. in Theogon. Ovid. Met. 7. Pausan. in Lacon. > Ovid. Met. 7. Horatius, L 2. Carm. 118 up to heaven, and married him ; and, instead of a por- tion, obtained from the Fates immortality for him. She had Memnon by him, but she forgot to ask the Fates to grant him perpetual youth, so that he became so old and decrepid, that, like an infant, he \vas rocked to sleep in a cradle. Hereupon he grew weary of life, and wishing for death, asked Aurora to grant him power to die. She said that it was not in her power to grant it ; but that she would do what she could ; a and there- fore turned her husband into a grasshopper, which they say moults when it is old, and grows young again. Memnon went to Troy, to assist the king Priam, where, in a duel with Achilles, he was killed ; b and in the place where he fell, a fountain arose, which every year, on the same day on which he died, sends forth blood instead of water. But as his body lay upon the funeral pile to be burnt, it was changed into a bird by his mother Aurora's intercession ; and many other birds of the same kind flew out of the pile with him, which, from his name, were called Aves Memnonise : these, di- viding themselves into two troops, and furiously fighting with their beaks and claws, with their own blood ap- peased the ghost of Memnon, from whom they sprung. There was a statue of this Memnon, made of black marble, and set up in the temple of Serapis at Thebes, in Egypt, of which they relate an incredible story : for it is c said, that the mouth of this statue, when first touched by the rays of the rising sun, sent forth a sweet and harmonious sound, as though it rejoiced when its mother Aurora came ; but at the setting of the sun, it sent forth a low melancholy tone, as lamenting her de- parture. Ovid. Met. 13. b Ib. ibid. Lucian. in Philo. Tzetzes Chil. 6. 119 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who was Aurora, how was her chariot drawn, and how is she described by Homer? Who did she carry to heaven ? What is said of Cephalus, and what became of his wife Procris? Who was Tithon, and what is related of him? Into what was he changed, and why ? What became of Memnon, and what is said to have happened where he was killed? Into what was his dead body changed ? Where was his statue erected, and what is reported of it? PART II. OF THE TERRESTRIAL DEITIES. CHAPTER I. SECT. 1. SATURN. HIS IMAGE, FAMILY, AND ACTIONS. LOOK upon the wall on the right hand. On that wall, which is the second part of the Pantheon, as well as of our discourse, you see the terrestrial deities di- vided into t\vo sorts ; for some of them inhabit both the cities and the fields indifferently, and are called in ge- neral " a the terrestrial goddesses :" but the others live only in the countries and the woods, and are pro- perly called " ''the gods of the woods." We will begin with the first. Of the terrestrial gods, which are so called, because their habitation is in the earth, the most celebrated are Saturn, Janus, Vulcan, ^Eolus, and Momus, 1 he ter- restrial goddesses are Vesta, Cybele, Ceres, the Muses, and Themis : they are equal in number to the celestial gods and goddesses. We will begin with the eldest, Saturn, who is repre- sented as a decrepid old < man, with a long beard and hoary head. His shoulders are bowed like an arch, his jaws hollow and thin, his cheeks sunk ; his nose is flat, his s Dii terrestres urbes et campos promiscue incolunt '' Dii autem sylvestres rure tantura et in sylvis degunt. c Virg. 121 forehead full of furrows, and his chin turned up ; d his ri^ht hand holds a rusty scythe, and his left a child, which he is about to devour. He is the son of Terra, or Vesta, and Ccelum, e C'oelus, or Ccelius, f who was the son of /Ether and Dies, and the ipost ancient of all the gods. This Coelum married his own daughter Vesta, by whom he had many children. The most eminent of them was Saturn, whose brothers were the Cyclops, Oceauus, Titan, the hundred-handed S giants, and divers others ; his sisters were Ceres, Tethys, and Ops, or Rhea, whom he afterward married. The sisters persuaded their mother Vesta to exclude Titan, or Titanus, the eldest son, and to appoint Saturn heir of his father's kingdom. When Titan saw the fixed resolution of his mother and sisters, he would not strive against the stream, but voluntarily quitted his right, and transferred it to Saturn, under condition that he should not bring up any male children, so that after Saturn's death, the kingdom might return to the children of Titan. His wife Ops, perceiving that her husband devoured all her male children, when she brought forth the twins, Jupiter and Juno, she only sent Juno to him, and sent Jupiter to be nursed in Mount Ida, by the priestesses of Cybele, who were called Curetes, or Corybantes. It was their custom to beat drums and cymbals while the sacrifices were offered up, and the noise of them hin- dered Saturn from hearing the cries of Jupiter. By the same trick she also saved Neptune and Pluto from her devouring husband. Titan, when he saw himself cheated, and the agree- ment broken, to revenge the injury, raised forces, and brought them against Saturn, and making both him and Rhea prisoners, he bound them, and shut them together in hell, h where they lay till Jupiter, a few years after, overcame the Titans, and set his father and mother again at liberty. After this Saturn strove to take away d Martian, apud Lil. Gyr. Graeee dicitur Ot/Pavo;. f Nonn. L 21. Dionys. Lact. Placid, in Thebaid. L 6. t Centimani. h InTartaro. 122 his life ; i because he heard by an oracle that he should be driven out of his kingdom by a son, as in reality he was afterward : for Jupiter deposed him from the throne, and expelled him the kingdom, because he had conspired to take away his life. k Beside this, when he found Saturn almost drunk with mead, he bound and maimed him, as Saturn had also maimed his father Crelum before with his sickle. Saturn having thus lost his kingdom went into Italy, 1 which was anciently called Saturnia. He lived there with king Janus ; and that part of Italy, in which he lay hidden, was afterward called Latium, and the people Latini ; as m Ovid observes. King Janus made Saturn partner of his kingdom ; upon which n Saturn reduced the people to civil society, and joined them to each other, as it were, in chains of brass, that is, by the brass money which he invented ; and therefore, on one side of the money was stamped a ship, "because Saturn came thither in a ship ; and on the other side was stamped a Janus Bifrons. But although the money was brass, Pyet this was the golden age in which Saturn lived, when, as 1 the poets, who magnify the happiness of that age, would persuade us, the earth without the labour of ploughing and sowing brought forth its fruits, and all things were common to all. r Virgil hath given an i Enn. in Eumero- k Stat. Theb. 8. Claud, de Rap. Pros. I. I Virg. ./En. 8. Cyprian, de Idolorum Vanitate. " " Inde (liu Genti mansit Saturnia nomen : Dicta fuit Latium terra, latente Deo." Fast. 1. The name Saturnia thence this land did bear, And Latium too, because he shelter'd here. II Diodor. 1. 5. Biblioth. " At bona posteritas puppim signavit in aere, Hospitis adventum testificata Dei." fast. 3 . A ship by th' following age was stampt on coin, To show they once a god did entertain. P Virg. Geo. 1 . i Vide Tibull. Hesiod. Pherecrat. Trog. ap. Justin. 1. 4 1 . Martial. 1 2. ep. 73. r " Primus ad aethereo venit Saturnus Olympo, Arma Jovis fugiens, ft regnis exul ademptis. Is genus indocile, ac dispersum montibus aids Composuit, legesque dedit. Latiumque vocari 123 elegant description of this happy age in the eighth book of his Jineid. s Ovid likewise describes it ; and t Virgil again in another place. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How are the terrestrial deities divided, and why ? Which are the most celebrated of the celestial deities ? How is Saturn described ? Whose son was he, and who were his brothers and sisters ? What was the conduct of his sisters to him ? How did Titan act, and for what did he stipulate ? By what means did Jupiter escape, and who besides were saved in the like manner? Who were the Corybantes ; and what was their custom in offering sa- crifices ? How did Titan avenge himself upon Saturn ? Who released Saturn, and how did he requite the exertions of Jupiter in his behalf? How did Jupiter act afterwards? What is the origin of the name Latini ? Repeat the two Latin and English lines. What did he perform at Latium ? How is the age in which Saturn flourished described by the poets ? Repeat the lines from Virgil " Primus ad aethereo venit," &c. Maluit, his quoniam latuisset tutus in oris: Aureaque, ut perhibent, illo sub rege fuere Saecula, sic placida populos in pace regebat" Then Saturn came, who fled the pow'rs of Jove, Robb'd of his realms, and banish'd from above : The men dispers'd on hills to town he brought, The laws ordain'd, and civil customs taught, And Latium call'd the land, where safe he lay From his unduteous son, and his usurping sway. With his wild empire, peace and plenty came ; " And hence the Golden Times deriv'd their name. " Signabat nullo limite fossor humum." Amor. 3. The delver made nor bound nor balk. " Nee signare quidem aut partire limite campum Faserat." Geo. 1. No fences parted fields, no marks, nor bounds DUtinguish'd acres of contiguous grounds. G 2 124 SECT. 2. NAMES OF SATURN- SACRIFICES, &C Many derive the name Saturnus "from sowing, because he first taught the art of sowing and tilling the ground in Italy ; and therefore he was esteemed the god of hus- bandry, and called Stercutius by the Romans, because he first fattened the earth with dung : he is accordingly painted with a sickle, with which the meadows are mowed and the corn is cut down. This sickle was thrown into Sicily, and there fell within a city then called Trepanum, and since Trepano, from w that cir- cumstance; though others affirm, that this city had its name x from that sickle which Ceres had from Vulcan, and gave the Titans when she taught them to mow. But others say, the town had its name because it was crooked and hollow, like a sickle. Indeed Sicily is so fruitful in corn and pasture, that the poets justly imagined that the sickle was invented there. Saturnus is derived from that y fulness which is the effect of his bounty when he fills the people with pro- visions; as his wife was called z Ops, because "she helps the hungry." Others affirm, that he is called Sa- turn, a because he is satisfied with the years that he devours ; for Saturn and Time are the same. Men were sacrificed to Saturn, because he was de- lighted, as they thought, with human blood : therefore the gladiators were placed under his protection, and fought at his feasts. b The Romans esteemed him an infernal god, as Plutarch says, because the planet Saturn is malignant and hurtful. Those who sacrificed to him had their heads bare, and his priests wore scarlet gar- Saturnus dictus est a Satu, siciit a Portu Portunus, et a Neptu Neptunu*. Festus. Serv. in JEn. 7- Lips. Sat. 3. " Falx. enim Greece dicitur ^Vavov, Apollod. Argon. 4. ^ x Ovid. Fast. 3. y A saturando, quasi saturet populos annona. Quod esurientibus opem ferat. Quod ipse saturetur annis quos ipse devorat. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 2. "Macrob. 1. Saturnal. c. 10. Jertull. de Testimon. et de Pallio. 125 ments. On his altar were placed wax tapers lighted, because by Saturn men were brought from the darkness of error to the light of truth. The feasts c Saturnalia, in the Greek language Kpwta [Cronia~\ \vere instituted either by Tullus, king of the Romans, or, if we believe Livy, by Sempronius and Mi- nutius, the consuls. d Till the time of Julius Cesar they were finished in one day, viz. on the lyth of De- cember; after this they began to celebrate them for three days ; and then, during four or five, by the order of Caligula : and some write, that they have lasted seven clays. Hence they called these days e the first, the second, the third, &c. festivals of Saturn : and when these days were added to the feast, the first day of celebrating it was the seventeenth of December. Upon f these festival days, 1 . The senate did not sit. 2. The schools kept holyday. 3. Presents were sent among friends. 4. it was unlawful to proclaim war, or execute offenders. 5. Servants were allowed to be jocose and merry toward their masters; as we learn from g Ausonius. 6. Nay, the masters waited on their servants, who sat at table, in memory of that liberty which all enjoyed in ancient times in Saturn's reign, when there was no servitude. 7- Contrary to the custom, h they washed them as soon as they arose, as if they were about sitting down to table. 8. And lastly, ' they put on a certain festival garment, called synthesis, like a cloak, of purple or scarlet colour, and this gentlemen only wore. Dion. Halicarm 1. 2. d Lips. Sat. 1. Dio. 1. 59 et 60. Suet in Calig. Cic. ad Attic. 13. ep. 50. e Prima, secunda, tertia, Saturnalia. Martial 7. ep. 27. Plin. 8. ep. 7- Mart. passim. Dio. 1. 58. AAen. 14. Senee. Ep. f " Aurea nunc revocet Saturn! festa Decefhber; Nunc tibi cum domino ludere, verna, licet." Eel. de Men. December now brings Saturn's merry feasU, When masters bear their sportive servants' jests. Tertul. ap. Lips. i Petron. Arbiter. 126 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How is the name of Saturn derived, and why is he esteemed the god of husbandry ? Why is he often painted with a sickle in his hand ? How do others derive the name as an assistant of the poor ? Why were gladiators put under his protection ? How was he esteemed by the Romans ? How were his sacrifices made ? When were the Saturnalia instituted, and how long did they last in ' each year? What peculiarities were observed during these feasts ? SECT. 3. : THE HISTORICAL SENSE OF THE FABLE. BY SATURN IS MEANT NOAH. Although it is generally said, that k Saturn was Nim. rod, the founder of the empire of Babylon, yet I am more inclined to believe the opinion of ' Bochartus, who maintains that Saturn and Noah were the same. The reasons which he brings are these : 1 . In the time of Noah m the whole earth spake one language: and the ancient mythologists say, that the beasts understood this language. And it is said n that in Saturn's age there was but one language, which was common to men and brutes. '2. Noah is called in the Hebrew language a man of the earth, that is, a husbandman, according to the usual phrase of Scripture, which calls a soldier P a man of zca r , a strong man la man of arms ; a murderer r a man of blood; an orator s a man ofu'ords; and a shepherd, i a man of cattle. Now Saturn is justly called a man of the earth, because he married Tellus, whose other names were Rhea and Ops. 3. As Noah was the first planter of vineyards, so the k Berosus, 1. 3. 1 Bochart. in suo Phaleg. 1. I. c. I, m Genesis, xi. 1. n Plato in Politu-is. Vir terrae, Genesis, ix. 20. P Josh. v. 4. i Job, xxii. 8. * 2 Sam. xvi. 17. Exod. ir. t (jen. xlvi. 32, 127 11 art of cultivating vines and fields is attributed to Sa- turn's invention. 4. As Noah was once overcome with wine, be- cause perhaps he never experienced the strength of it before; w so the Saturnalians did frequently drink excessively, because Saturn protected drunken men. 5. As Noah cursed his son Ham, because he saw his father's nakedness with delight; x so Saturn made a law that whoever saw the gods naked should be punished. 6. Plato says " >' that Saturn and his wife Rhea, and those with them, were born of Oceanus and Thetis '' and thus Noah, and all that were him, were in a manner new born out of the waters of the deluge, by the help of the ark. And if a ship was stamped upon the ancient coins, z because Saturn came into Italy in a ship; surely this honour belonged rather to Noah, who in a ship preserved the race of mankind from utter de^ struction. 7. Did Noah foretel the coming of the flood? So did Saturn foretel, " a that there should be great quantities of rain, and an ark built, in which men, and birds, and creeping things should all sail to- gether." Saturn is said to have devoured all his sons, except Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. So Noah may be said to have condemned all men, b because he foretold that they would be destroyed in the flood. For in the Scripture phrase, the prophets are said to " do the things which they foretel shall be done hereafter." But AureL Victor, de Origine Gentis Romans. w Macrob. Sat. 1. c. 6. Lucian. in Ep. Sat * Callimachus in Hymn. y K;mt>c xal 'PiWaoi JUITJC TOI/TCOT, &c. id est, Sa- turnus et Rhea et qui cum illustuere ex Oceano et Thetide nati perhi- Lentur. Plato in Timaeo. * Hutarch. in Pwuarxo2f. KJHVO; *p Acron. in Herat. 1. 2. sat. 8. Viri optitni ad medium Janum sedentes. Cic. de Offic. '2. Demp- ster, in Paralip. Imus et summus Janus. Horat. 1. 1. ep. 1. Virg. JEn. 12. p " Jane Biceps anni tacite labentis imago, Solus de superis, qui tua terga vides. 1 ' Thou, Double-pate, the sliding year dost show, The only god that thine own back canst view. <) Quadrifons. r " Matutine pater, seu Jane, libentior audis, Unde homines operum primes vitaeque labores Ihstituunt." Old Janus, if you please, grave two-faced father, Or else bright god o" th* morning, choose you whether, Who dat'st the lives and toils of mortal men. s Effecerunt simulacrum Jane Bifronti quasi ad imaginem duorum po- pulorum. Serv. in JSn. 12. Captis Faliscis inventum tst simula- crum Jani Quadrifrontis. Serv. in JEn. 7, 131 had four gates. But of that temple we shall speak by- and-by. He was called "Claviger, " turnkey" or "club-bearer," from the rod and key in his hands. He held the rod, because he was the x guardian of the ways ; and the key, for these reasons : 1. He was the inventor of locks, doors, and gates, which are called janute, after his name : and himself is called y Janitor, because doors were under his pro- tection. 2. He is the Janitor of the year, and of all the months ; the first of which takes the name of January from him. To Juno belong the calends of the months, and she committed them to his care, therefore he is called by some Junonius, and z Martial takes notice, that the government of the year was committed to him ; for which reason a twelve altars were dedicated to him, ac- cording to the number of the months; as there were also twelve small chapels in his temple. b The consuls at Rome were inaugurated in the temple of Janus, who were from this said c to open the year. Upon the ca- lends of January (and as Macrobius says on the calends of March) a new laurel was hung upon the statue of Janus, and the old laurel was taken away ; to which custom d Ovid refers. Pliny thought this custom was occasioned because Janus rules over the year ; " e The statue," says he, of Ovid. Fast I. * Rector viarum. LiL Gyr. f Graece Gvpaib;. " Annorum, nitidique sator pulcherrime rnundi. 1. 10. ep. 28. Gay founder of the world, and of our years. . Var. lib. Human. Sidon. Apollin. Carm. 7. I. Sat. c. 12. b Sidon. ibid. c Aperire annum. Vide Lexicogr. d " Laurea Flaminibus, quae toto perstitit anno, Tollitur, et frondes sunt in honore novae." Fast. 3. The laurel, that the former year did grace, T afresh and verdant garland yields his place. Quod Janus Geminus a Numa rege dicatus digitis ita figuratis ut trecentorum quinquaginta quinque (sexaginta quinque alii legunt) 132 Janus, which was dedicated by Numa, had its fingers so composed, as to signify the number of three hundred and sixty-five days ; to show that Janus \vas a god, by his knowledge in the year, and time, and ages." f He had not these figures described on his hand, but had a peculiar way of numbering them, by bending, stretch- ing, or mixing his fingers, of which numeration many are the opinions of authors.. 3. He holds a key in his hand, because he is, as it were, the g door through which the prayers of mankind have access to the gods : for, in all sacrifices, prayers were first offered up to Janus. And Janus himself gives the same reason, as we find in h Ovid, why, before men sacrificed to any of the other gods, they first offered sacrifice to him. But Festus says, because men thought that all things took their being from Janus, therefore they first made their supplications to him as to a common father. For though the name ' father is given to all the gods, yet Janus was particularly called by this name. He first built temples and altars, k and instituted reli- gious rites ; and 'for that reason, among others, in all sa- crifices they begin their rites by offering bread, corn, and ilierum nota, per significationem anni, temporis, et scvi, se Deum in di- caret. Plinius. Vide etiam Athen. 1 34. c. 7. et Lil. Gyr. f Tiraq. Lil. Gyr. Apuleii 2. Apol. &c. Arnob. contra Gentes. h " Cur quamvis aliorum numina placem, Jane, tibi primum thura merumque fero? Ut possis aditum per me, qui limina servo, Ad quoscunque voles inquit, habere deos." Fast. 1. Why is't that though I other gods adore, I first must Janus' deity implore? Because I hold the door, by which access Is had to any god you would address. ' Quod fuerit omnium primus a quo rerum omnium factum putabtnt initium : Ideo et supplicabant velut parenti. Festus, 1. 3. in verbo Chaos. * Virg. JEn. 8. Juv. Sat. 6. Serv. in Geo. 2. 1 Proptereaque in omni sacrificio perpetua ei praefatio prserninitur, farque illi et vinum prselibatur. Fab. Pict. 1. 1 . de Ant. Lat. 133 wine to Janus, before any thing is offered to any other deity. Frankincense was never offered to him, thougli Ovid mentions it in the verses adjoined, which therefore he inserts either by poetical license, or only in respect to the sacrifices which were in use in his time. For "' Pliny asserts that they did not sacrifice with frankin- cense in the times of the Trojans. Neither does Homer in the least mention frankincense in any place where he speaks concerning sacrifices. He was also called Pa- tulcius and Clusius, or Patulacius and Clausius ; from - opening and shutting ; for in the time of war Janus' temple was open, but shut in the time of peace. This temple was founded by Romulus and Tatius. Numa ordained that it should be opened when the Romans waged war, but shut when they enjoyed peace. Ovid mentions both these latter names of Janus in a distich ; and Virgil describes the p manner and occasion of opening his temple, and also the q consequences of m Illacis Temporibus Thure non supplicatum. Plin. 1. 13. c. 1. Vide Dempst. in Paralip. n A patendo vel patefaciendo et claudendo. Serv. in JEa. \. Claud, de Hon. 6. Cons. o " Nomina ridebis, modo namque Patulcius idem, Et modo sacrificio Clusius ore vocor.'' The priest this moment me Patulciuc calls, and then Next moment me he Clusius names again, p " Sunt geminje belli portae sic nomine dicunt, Religione sacrae et saevi formidine martis. Centum aerei claudunt vectes aeternaque ferri Robora ; nee custos absistit limine Janus. Has ubi certa sedet patribus sententia pugnae, Ipse Quirinali trabea cictuque Gabino Insignis, reserat stridentia limina consul." JEn. 7 Two gates of steel (the name of Mars they bear, And still are worshipp'd with religious fear) Before his temple stand : the dire abode And the fear'd issues of the furious god Are fenc'd with brazen bolts ; without the gates The weary guardian Janus doubtly waits. Then when the sacred senate votes the wars, The Roman consul their decree declares, And in his robes the sounding gates unbars. i " Aspera turn posi Cana fides, et Vest tis mitescent saecula bellis : esta, Rerao cum fratre Quirinvi 134 shutting it again. It is remarkable, that within the space of seven hundred years, this lernple of J anus was shut only r thrice : once by Numa ; the secoud time by the consuls Marcus Attilius and Titus Manlius, after the Carthaginian war ; and lastly, by Augustus, after the victory at Actium. In this story of s Janus, we may behold the repre- sentation of a very prudent person; whose wisdom con- sists " * in the remembrance of things past, and in the foresight of things to come." The prudent man ought therefore to have, as it were, two faces; that, according to his natural sagacity of mind and ripeness of judg- ment, observing both things past and future, he may be able to discern the causes, beginnings, and progress of all events and things. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who was Janus, and from what is his name derived ? Who mentions the place called the Jani at Rome, and for what was it used? What is he named by Virgil and Ovid, and why ? What happened in the reigns of Romulus and Numa ? Why was he called Claviger? Jura dabunt : dirse ferro et compagibus arctis Claudentur belli portae, Furor impius intus, Saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus ahenis Post tergutn nodis, fremit horridus ore cruento." Then dire debate and impious war shall cease, And the stern age be soften'd into peace : Then banish'd faith shall once again return, And vestal fires in hallow'd temples burn : And Remus with Quirinus shall sustain The righteous laws, and fraud and force restrain. Janus himself before his fane shall wait, And keep the dreadful issues of his gate, With bolts and iron bars. Within remains Imprison'd Fury, bound in brazen chains ; High on a trophy rais'd of useless arms He sits, and threats the world with vain alarms. * Liv. 1. 2. Oros. 1. 5. cap. 1 2. Dio. 1. 5 1 . Munst. 2. Cosm. 9. Fab. Pict. . In prajteritorum memorie et prpvidentia futurorem. Cic. de Senect. 135 Why was he named Janitor? Which month is said to be named after him ? Why is he called Junonius ? Why were the Roman consuls said to open the year ? To what custom does Ovid refer? Repeat the lines in Latin and English. What does Pliny say on this subject? Why does he hold a key in his hand ? Repeat the lines from Ovid. What is the opinion of Festus ? What did Janus do ? What sacrifices were offered to him ? Why was he called Patulcius and Clusius ? By whom was the temple of Janus founded ? Repeat the lines of Virgil in Latin and English : 1 " Sunt geminae belli portae," &c. Give Virgil's description of the consequences of shutting the temple. In how long was it only thrice shut ? What does the story of Janus teach ? CHAPTER III. VULCAN. HIS* SERVANTS AND SONS. VULCAN is both a smith and a god, and had a shop in the island Lemnos, where he exercised his trade, and where, though he was a god himself, he made Ju- piter's thunder and the arms of the other gods. l He was born of Jupiter and Juno ; some say of Juno only; and being contemptible for his deformity, was cast down from heaven into the island Lemnos, whence he is called Lemnius ; he broke his leg with the falf, and if the Lemnians had not caught him when he fell, he had certainly broke his neck : he has ever since 1 Phurnwt. de Nat. Deor. Hesiod. Lucian. de Sacrific. Virg. Jn. 6. > 136 been lame. v In requital of their kindness, he fixed his seat among them, and set up the craft of a smith ; teaching them the manifold uses of fire and iron ; and from softening and polishing iron, u he received the name Mulciber, or Mulcifer. He was the god of fire, the inventor and patron of the art of fabricating arms and all kinds of utensils from the metals. His most ce- lebrated works are the famous palace of the sun ; the armour of Achilles and jEneas ; the beautiful necklace of Hermione, and the crown of Ariadne. According to Homer, the shield of Achilles was enamelled with metals of various colours, and contained twelve his- torical designs, with groups of figures of great beauty : the seats which Vulcan constructed for the gods were so contrived, that they came self-moved from the sides of the apartment to the place where each god seated himself at the table, when a council was to be held. He is described by Homer in the midst of his works : the silver-footed dame Reach'd the Vulcanian dome, eternal frame ! High-eminent, amid the works divine, Where heaven's far beaming brazen mansions shine. There the lame architect the goddess found, Obscure in smoke, his forges flaming round ; While, bath'd in sweat, from fire to fire he flew, And, puffing loud, the roaring bellows blew. Then from his anvil the lame artist rose ; Wide with distorted legs oblique he goes, And stills the bellows, and, in order laid, Locks in their chests the instruments of trade. Then with a sponge the sooty workman drest His brawny arms imbrown'd, and hairy breast : With his huge sceptre grac'd, and red attire, Came halting forth the sov'reign of the fire. Homer. He obtained in marriage the most beautiful goddess Venus; and not long after, when he caught her and Mars * *Yiv "x"? Tov'EpwTftf yovaTxa JJ TW ' 'Ovx aSixaif ^aXxtw TOV tc^Sa y_uf\av "xf. Cupid is Vulcan's son, Venus his wife, No wonder then he goes lame all his life. " A mulcendo ferro. Vide Lucan 1. 1. 137 committing adultery, he linked them together with chains, and exposed them to the laughter of all the gods. He desired to marry Minerva, and Jupiter consented, if he could overcome her modesty. For when Vulcan made arms for the gods, Jupiter gave him leave to choose out of the goddesses a wife, and he chose Minerva ; but he admonished Minerva at the same time to re- fuse him, as she successfully did. At Rome were celebrated the Vulcania, w feasts in honour of Vulcan; at which they threw animals into the lire to be burnt to death. The Athenians instituted other feasts to his honour, called Chalsea. A temple besides was dedicated to him upon the mountain x Jitna, from which he is sometimes named ./Etnaeus. This temple was guarded by dogs, y whose sense of smelling was so exquisite, that they could discern whether the persons that came thither were chaste and religious, or whether they were wicked ; they used to meet, and flatter and follow the good, esteeming them the ac- quaintance and friends of Vulcan their master. It is feigned, that the first woman was fashioned by the hammer of Vulcan, and that every god gave her some present, whence she was called Pandora. Pallas gave her wisdom, A polio the art of music, Mercury the art of eloquence, Venus gave her beauty, and the rest of the gods gave her other accomplishments. z They ijay also, that when Prometheus stole fire from heaven, to animate the man which he had made, Jupiter was incensed, and sent Pandora to Prometheus with a sealed box, but Prometheus would not receive it. He sent her with the same box again to the wife of Epimetheus, the brother of Prometheus ; and she, out of a curiosity natural to her sex, opened it, which as soon as she had done, all sorts of diseases and evils, with which it was filled, flew among mankind, and have infested them Ita dictus BTO ri; 1:1 Joj x vSo>o; ex contentione et terra. Vide Virg. Geo 3. x Var. ap. Lil. > Pollux, 1. 7. apud Lil. Gyr. 1 Pausan, in At. 138 ever since. And nothing was left in the bottom of the box but Hope. Vulcan's servants were called 8 Cyclops, because they had but one eye, which was in the middle of their fore- heads, of a circular figure : Neptune and Amphitrite were their parents. The b names of three of them were Brontes, Steropes, and Pyracmon : besides these there were many more, all of whom exercised the e art of smithery under Vulcan, as we are taught by Virgil. Cacus, so called d from his wickedness, tormented all Latium with his fires and robberies; living like a beast in a dismal cave. He stole Hercules' oxen, arid dragged them backward by their tails into his cave, that the track of their feet might not discover this repository of his thefts. But Hercules passing by, heard the lowing of the oxen in the cave, broke open the doors, and seizing the villain, e put him to death. f His cave was so dark, * A xu'xXo; circulus, et A'7ro T xaxS, a malo. "' Hie Cacum in tenebris incendia vana vomentem Corripit, in nodum complexus ; et anget inhaerens Elisos oculos, et siccum sanguine guttur." Ibid. The monster spewing fruitless flames he found ; He squeez'd his throat, be wreath'd his neck around, And in a knot his crippled members bound : Then from the sockets tore his burning eyes ; Roll'd on a heap the breathless robber lies. f " Hie spelunca fuit vasto submota recessu, Semihominis Caci facies quam dira tenebat 139 that it admitted not the least ray of light; the floor of it was red with the blood perpetually shed upon itj and the Jieads and limhs of the men he had murdered were fastened to the posts of the doors. Cfeculus also lived by plunder and robhery. He was so called from the smallness of his eyes: it is thought the noble family of the Caecilii at Rome derived their original from him. He was the founder of the city Praeneste. ^Others say, that the shepherds found Ceecu- lus unhurt in the midst of the fire, as soon as he was born ; from which he was thought to be the son of Vulcan. To these servants and sons of Vulcan, add the shep- herd Polyphemus, a monster not unlike them, born of Neptune. For he had but one eye in his forehead, like the Cyclops, and he procured his living by murders and robberies, like Cacus and Caeculus. h This monster Soils inacccstam radiis ; semperque recenti Caede tepebat humus ; foribusque affixa superbJs Ora virum tristi pendebant pallida tabo. Huic monstro Vulcanus erat pater ; illius atros Ore vomens ignes, magna se mole forebat." 'Twas once a robber's den, inclos'd around With living stone, and deep beneath the ground. The monster Cacus, more than half a beast, This hold, impervious to the sun, possess'd ; The pavements ever foul with human gore ; Heads, and their mangled members, hung the door. Vulcan this plague begot ; and, like his sire, Black clouds he belch'd, and flakes of livid fire. s.Virg. JEn. 7. h " Visceribus miserorum, et sanguine vescitur atro.. Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora nostro Prensa manu magna, medio resupinus in antro Frangeret ad saxum, sanieque aspersa natarent Limina : vidi, atro cum membra fluentia tabo Manderet, et tepidi trernerent sub dentibus artus. Haud impune quidem : nee talia passus Ulysses, Oblitusque sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto. Nam simul expletus dapibus, vinoque sepultus Cervicem inflexam posuit, jacuitque per antrum Immensus, saniem eructans, ac frustra cruento Per somnum commixta mero j nos magna precati 140 drew Ulysses and some of his companions into his den in Sicily, and devoured them. He thought, too, that the rest of Ulysses' servants could not escape his jaws. But Ulysses made him drunk with wine, and then with a firebrand quite put out his sight, and escaped. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who was Vulcan, and where did he exercise his trade? Whose son was he, and what accident happened to him ? How was his life saved, and how did he requite the kindness of his benefactors ? Who did he marry, and how did he treat his wife? Did he wish to marry any one besides, and was he successful? What were the Vulcania, and how were they celebrated ? What other feasts ; and what temple was dedicated to him? What is said of the dogs that guarded that temple? Numina, sortitique vices, una undique circum Fundimur, et telo lumen terebramus acuto Ingens ; quod torv& solum sub fronte latebat, Argolici clypei aut Phoebeae lampadis instar." Virg. ln. 8. The joints of slaughter'd wretches are his food, And for his wine he quaffs the steaming blood. These eyes beheld, when with his spacious hand He seiz'd two captives of our Grecian band ; Stretch'd on his back, he dash'd against the stones Their broken bodies and their crackling bones. With spouting blood the purple pavement swims, While the dire glutton grinds the trembling limbs. Not unreveng'd Ulysses bore their fate, Nor thoughtless of his own unhappy state ; For, gorg'd with flesh, and drunk with human wine, While fast asleep the giant lay supine, Snoring aloud, and belching from his maw His undigested foam and morsels raw ; We pray, we cast the lots ; and then surround The monstrous body, Stretch'd along the ground : Each, as he could approach him, lends a hand To bore his eyeball with a flaming brand ; Beneath his frowning forehead lay his eye, For only one did this vast frame supply, But that a globe so large, his front it fill'd, Like the sun's disk, or-like the Grecian shield.. 141 What story is told of Vulcan with respect to Pandora? Who were Vulcan's servants, and what was their business? Repeat the lines from Virgil : in the original and also the transla- tion " Alii ventosis follibus," &c. What is said of his son Cacus? Repeat the lines from Virgil " Hie Cacum," &c. Give the description of his cave " Hie spelunca," &c. What is said of Caeculos, another son ? How is Polyphemus described? Repeat the lines from Virgil " Visceribus miserorum," &c. CHAPTER IV. * JEOLUS. " HE who stands next him is j ^Eolus, the " god of the* winds," begotten by Jupiter, of Acesta or Segesta, the daughter of Hippotas, from whom he is named Hippo- tades. He dwelt in one of those seven islands, which from him are called JEollfe, and sometimes Vulcanise, He k was a skilful astronomer, and an excellent natural philosopher; he understood more particularly the nature of the winds; and, by observing the clouds of .smoke of the jEolian islands, he was enabled to foretel winds and tempests a great while before they arose, and it was ge- nerally believed that they were under his power, so that he could raise the winds, or still them as he pleased. Hence he was styled Emperor and King of the Winds, the children of Astraeus and Aurora. 1 Or. Met. 1 1. k Palsphat. de incredibil. Var. et Strabo ap. Serv. A i t. 1 Virgil describes Juno coming to him, at his pa- lace, of which he gives a description in beautiful verso, QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who was JEo\us, and where did he live ? What was his character as a philosopher ? What was generally believed of him ? How was he styled in consequence of this ? Give Virgil's fine description "Nimborumin patriam," &c. 1 " Nimborum in patriam, loca foeta furentibus Austris, JLoliam venit. Hie vasto rex -Solus antro Lu'ctantes ventos, tempestatesque sonoras Imperio premit, ac vinclis et carcere froenat. Illi indignantes magno cum murmure montis Circum claustra fremunti Celsa sedet ^Solus arce, Sceptra tenens ; mollitque animos, et temperat iras. Ni faciat, maria ac terras, crelumque profundum Quippe ferant rapidi secum, verrantque per auras. Sed pater oinnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, Hoc metuens ; molemque, et monies insuper altos, Imposuit ; regemque dedit, qui fcedere certo, Et premere, et laxat sciret dare jussus habenas." Thus rag'd the goddess, and, with fury fraught, The restless regions of the storms she sought. Where, in a spacious cave of living stone, The tyrant yEolus, from his airy throne, With pow'r imperial curbs the struggling winds, And sounding tempests in dark prisons binds. This way and that, th' impatient captives tend, And, pressing for release, the mountains rend. High in his hall th' undaunted monarch stands, And shakes his sceptre, and their rage commands ; Which did he not, their unresisted sway Would sweep the world before them in their way : Earth, air, and seas, through empty space would roll, And heaven would fly before the driving soul. In fear of this, the father of the gods Confin'd their fury to these dark abodes, And lock'd them safe, oppress'd with mountain-loads; Impos'd a king, with arbitrary sway, To toose their fetters, or their force allay. 143 CHAPTER V. TH E name of the god Momus m is derived from the Greek, signifying a jester, mocker, a mimick ; for that is his business. He follows no particular employment, but lives an idle life, yet nicely observes the actions and sayings of the other gods, and when he finds them doing amiss, or neglecting their duty, he censures, mocks, and derides them with the greatest liberty. Neptune, Vulcan, and Minerva may witness the truth of this. They all contended for the mastery as the most skilful artificer; whereupon Neptune made a bull, Mi- nerva a house, and Vulcan a man : Momus was ap- pointed judge between them ; but he chid them all three. He accused Neptune of imprudence, because he did not place the bull's horns in his forehead before his eyes; for then the bull might give a stronger and a surer blow. He blamed Minerva, because her house was immoveable ; so that it could not be carried away, if by chance it was placed among bad neighbours. But he said that Vulcan was the most imprudent of them all, because he did not make a window in the man's breast, that we might see what his thoughts were, whe- ther he designed some trick, or whether he intended what he spoke. The parents of Momus were n Nox and Somnus. It is a sign of a dull, drowsy, sottish disposition, when we see a man satirizing and censuring the actions of all other men, because none but GOD is wholly perfect ; some imperfection attaches to every other being, so that every thing is defective, and liable to blame. MSjuof irrisorem significat. " Hesiod. in Theog. 144 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. * What does the name Momus signify ? How is he employed ? For what did Neptune, Vulcan, and Minerva contend? What was the decision of Momus with respect to their several per- formances ? Who were the parents of Momus ? What does a satirical temper indicate ? CHAPTER VI. O* THE TERRESTRIAL GODDESS VESTA. VESTA, whom you see sitting and holding a drum, is the wife of Ccelum, and the mother of Saturn. She is the eldest of the goddesses, and is placed among the terrestrial goddesses, because she is the same with Terra, and has her name from p clothing, plants and fruits be- ing the garments of the earth. Or, l i according to Ovid, the earth is called Vesta from its stability, because it supports itself. She sits, r because the earth is immove- able, and was supposed to be placed in the centre of the world. Vesta has a drum, because the earth con- tains the boisterous winds in its bosom ; and divers flowers weave themselves into a crown, with which her head is crowned. Several kinds of animals creep about and fawn upon her. Because the earth is round, Vesta's temple at Rome was also round, and some say that the image of Vesta was orbicular in some places, but Virg. Mn. 9. P Quod plantis frugibusque terra vestiatur. < " Stat vi terra sua, vistando Vesta vocatur." Fast. 6. By its own strength supported Terra stands ; Hence it is Vesta nam'd. Var. ap. Aug. de Civ. Dei. 7. Cic. de Somno Hecat. Miles, ge- neral Phurnutius. 145 Ovid says her image was rude and shapeless. And hence round tables were anciently called t vestfe, be- cause, like the earth, they supply all necessaries of life for us. " It is no wonder that the first oblations in all sacrifices were offered to her, since whatever is sacri- ficed springs from the earth. And the w Greeks both began and concluded their sacrifices, with Vesta, whom tin y esteemed as the mother of all the gods. There were two Vestas, the elder and the younger. The first, of whom I have been speaking, was the wife of Cuelum and the mother of Saturn. The second was the daughter of Saturn by his wife Rhea. And as the first is the same with Terra, so the other is the same with Ignis: and x her power was exercised about altars and houses. The word vesta is often put forjire itself, for it is derived from a y Greek word which signifies a chimney, a house, or household goods. z She is esteemed the president and guardian of houses, and one of the household deities, not without reason, since she invented the art of building houses : and therefore an image of Vesta, to which they sacrificed every day, was placed be- fore the doors of the houses at Rome : and the places where these statues were set up were called vestibula, from Vesta. This goddess was a a virgin, and so great an admirer of virginity, that when Jupiter her brother gave her li- berty of asking what she would, she begged that she might always be a virgin, and have the first oblations in all sacrifices. She not only obtained her desire, but received this further honour b among the Romans, that " Effigiem nullam Vesta nee ignis habet." Fast. 6. No image Vesta's shape can e'er express, Or fire's 1 Plut. in Sympos. u Horn, in Hymn-. " Ap. Lil. Gyr. 1. Strabo. x Hujus vis omnis ad aras et focos partinet. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 2. y Ducitur a Grseco nomine JO-TIB (\\\oAfucum, penatem, domnm Hgni- ficat. Horn, in Hymn. Virg. JEn. 2. et Geo. 1. Eugraphius in And. Te- rent. act. 4. sc. 3. a Aristot. 1. 2. Aristoph. in Vespis. " Liv. 5. dec. I . Val. Max. 1. 4. c. 4. Pap. Stat. 1. 4. Syl. 3. H 146 a perpetual fire was kept in her temple, among the sa- cred pledges of the empire ; not upon an altar, or in the chimnies, but in earthen vessels, hanging in the air;' which the vestal virgins tended with so much care, that if by chance this fire was extinguished, all public and private business was interrupted, and a vacation pro- claimed till they had expiated the unhappy prodigy with incredible pains ; c and if it appeared that the virgins were the occasion of its going out, by carelessness, they .were severely punished, and sometimes with rods. In recompense for this severe law, the vestals ob- tained extraordinary privileges and respect: they had the most honourable seats at games and festivals : the consuls and magistrates gave way whenever they met them : their declarations in trials were admitted without the form of an oath ; and, if they happened to encounter in their path a criminal going to the place of execution, he immediately obtained his pardon. Upon the calends of March, every year, though it was not extinguished, they used to renew it, with no other fire than that which was produced by the rays of the sun. Ovid mentions both the elder and the younger Vesta. ll in the sixth book of his Fasti. It has been conjectured, that when the poets say that Vesta is the same with fire, the fire of Vulcan's forge is not understood, nor yet the dangerous fla'mes of Venus, but a pure, unmixed, benign flame, so necessary for us, that human life cannot possibly subsist without it; whose heat, being diffused through ail the parts of the body> quickens, cherishes, refreshes, and nourishes it : a flame really sacred, heavenly, and divine ; repaired daily by the food which we eat, and on which the safety and welfare of our bodies depend. This flame moves and actuates the whole body; and cannot be extin- guished but when life itself ceases with it. c Idem. c. 1 . Ovid. Fast. 3. * " Vesta eadem est, et Terra ; subest vigil ignis utrique, Significant sedem Terra focusque suam." Vesta and Earth are one ; one fire they share, Which does the centre of them both de'clare. 147 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who was Vesta ? Why is she placed among the terrestrial goddesses ? What reasons are assigned for the ornaments with which she is decked ? Why is Vesta's temple round ? What were the Vestse ? Why were the first sacrifices offered to Vesta ? Why did -the Greeks begin and conclude their sacrifices with Vesta? Who were the two Vestas? For what is the word " vesta" put ? Why is she esteemed the president and guardian of houses ; and why was her image placed before the doors of the houses at Rome ? What favour did she ask of Jupiter ; and what other honour did she obtain among the Romans ? What was the duty of the vestal virgins ? What was the punishment inflicted on them if they suffered the fire to go out? What respect was paid them, by way of recompense for the severity of this law? When and how was the vestal fire renewed? What is understood by the vestal fire? CHAPTER VII. SECT. 1. CYBELE. HER IMAGE. HER NAMES. CYBELE is the goddess not of cities only, but of all things which the earth sustains. 'She is the Earth itself. On the earth are built many towers and castles, so on her head is placed a crown of towers. In her hand she carries a key, f for in winter the earth locks up those treasures which she brings forth and dispenses with so much plenty in summer. She rides in a chariot, Serv, in ,En. 3 et 10. f Isid. L 8. H 2 148 because the earth hangs suspended in the air, balanced and poised by its own weight. But that chariot is sup- ported by wheels, since the earth is a revolving body, and turns round; Sand it is drawn by lions, because nothing is so fierce, so savage, or so ungovernable, but a motherly piety and tenderness is able to tame it, and make it submit to the yoke. I need not explain why her h garments are painted with diverse colours, and figured with the images of several creatures, since every- body sees that such a dress is suitable to the earth. 1 She is called Cybele, and Ops, and Rhea, and Dyn- dymena, and Berecynthia, and Bona Dea (the good goddess), and Idfea, and Pessinuntia, and Magna- Deo- rum Mater (the great mother of the gods), and some- times also Vesta. All these names, for different rea- sons, were given to the same goddess, who was the daughter of Coelum by the elder Vesta, and Saturn's wife. She is called Cybele, k from the mountain Cybelus in Phrygia, where sacrifices were first instituted to her. Or the name was given her from the behaviour of her priests, who used * to dance upon their heads, and toss about their hair like madmen, foretelling things to come, and making a horrible noise. They were named Galli, and this fury and outrage in prophesying is de- scribed by m Lucian in his first book. Others again derive the word Cybele from a n cube, because the cube, which is a body every way square, was dedicated to her by the ancients. She is called Ops, because she brings help and assistance to every thing contained in this world. * Ovid. Fast. 4. h Martin. Lil. Gyr. ' ProperUl. 3 el 16. k Steplianus Strabo. 1 'ATTO TU xiAXctv t id est, in caput saltare. Suid. Scrv. iit Jfa:*. m " Crinemque rotantes Sanguineum populis ulularunt tristia Galli.'' Shaking their bloody tresses, some sad spdl The priests of Cybel to the people yell. 'A'ro ra W&. Festus. Quod opem ferat. 149 Her name P Rhea is derived from the abundance of benefits, which, without ceasing, flow from her on every side. q Dyndymene and Dindyroe, is a name given her from the mountain Dindymus, in Phrygia. Virgil calls her T mater Berecynthia, from Berecyn- thus, a castle in that country ; and in the same place describes her numerous and happy offspring. She was by the Greeks called * Pasithea ; that is, as the Romans usually named her, the mother of all the gods ; and from the t Greek word, signifying a mother. Her sacrifices were named Metroa, and to celebrate them was called Metrazein, in the same language. Her name Bona Dea "implies that all good things necessary for the support of life proceed from her. She is also called Fauna, w because she is said to favour all creatures ; and Fatua, x because it was thought that new born children never cried till they touched the ground. y It is sajd, that this Bona Dea was the wife of king Faun us ; who beat her with myrtle rods till she died, because she disgraced herself, and acted very unsuitable to the dignity of a queen, by drinking so much wine that she became drunk. But the king afterwards, p A civ.; fluo, quod bonis omnibus circumfluat. n Horat. 1. 1. Carm. r " Quails Berecynthia mater Invehitur curru Phrygia; turrita per urbes Lsuta Deuni partu, centum complexa nepotet, Omnes ccelicolas, omnes supera alta tenente*." S&D. 6. High as the mother of the gods in place, And proud, like her, of an immortal race; Then, when in pomp she makes the Phrygian round, With golden turrets on her temples crown'd, A hundred gods her sweeping train supply, Her offspring all, and all command the sky. 1 Pasithea, id est, wad Sioii p.mnp, omnibus diis mater. Luc. L 2. 1 A IWMTTID, mater, derivantur ju>iTfwa Cybeles sacra, et /*qTuuv sacra ea celebrare.' Cocl. Rhod. 1. 8. c. 1 7. u Bona quod omnium nobis ad victum bonorum cauaa sit. Labeo. ap. Lil. Syntag. 4. p. 143. " Fauna quod animantibusyawe dicatur. * Fatua zfando, quod infantes non prius vocem emittert cmkijoUr quam terrain ipsara aUighsent, >' Sext. Clod. pud. LacUoi. 150 repenting of his severity, deified his dead wife, and paid her divine honours. This is the reason assigned why it was forbidden that any one should bring myrtle into her temple. z In her sacrifices, the vessels of wine were covered; and when the women drank out of them they called it milk, not wine. a The modesty of this goddess was so extraordinary, that no man ever saw her except her husband ; or scarce heard her name : where- fore her sacrifices were performed in private, b and all men were excluded from the temple. From the great privacy observed by her votaries, the place in which her sacrifices were performed was called c Opertum, and the sacrifices themselves were styled d Opertanea, for the same reason that Pluto is by the poets called c Opertus. Silence was observed in a most peculiar manner in the sacrifices f of Bona Dea, as it was in a less degree in all other sacrifices; according to the doctrine of the Pythagoreans and Egyptians, who taught, that GOD was to be worshipped in silence, since from this, at the first creation, all things took their beginning. To the same purpose, Plutarch says, " h Men were our masters to teach us to speak, but we learn silence from the gods : from those we learn to hold our peace, in their rites and initiations." She was called ildaea Mater, from the mountain Ida, 1 Plu[. in Probl. Juvenal, sat. 9. b " Sacra bonse maribus non adeunda Dese." Tib. 1. el. 6'. No men admitted were to Cybele's rites. < Cic. 1. ad atticum et in Paradox. A Plin. 1. 10. c. 56. " Nosse domos Stygias, arcanaque Ditis Operti." Luc. 1. 6. To hear hell's secret counsels, and to know Dark Pluto's rites and mysteries below. f " Hinc mater cultrix Cybele Corybantiaque sera, Idaeumque nemus : hinc fida silentia sacris, Et functi currum Dominae subiere Leones'." /Eneid. 1..3. Here Cybele, the mother of the gods, With tinkling cymbals charm'd th' Idaean woods. She secret rites and ceremonies taught, And to the yoke the savage lions brought. f Ap. de la Cerda in yEneid. 3. h Loquendi magistros ho- mines habemus, tacendi Deos: ab illis silentium accipientes in initiationi- bus et mysteriis. Plut. de Loquac. - ; Luc. 1.2. - 151 in Phrygia, or Crete, for she was at both places highly honoured : as also at Rome, whither they brought her from the city Pessinus in Galatia, by a remarkable miracle. For when the ship, in which she was carried, stopped in the mouth of the Tiber, the vestal Claudia (whose fine -dress and free behaviour made her modesty suspected) easily drew the ship to shore with her girdle, where the goddess was received by the hands of virgins, and the citizens went out to meet her, placing censers with frankincense before their doors; and when they had lighted the frankincense, they prayed that she would enter freely iato Rome, and be favourable to it. And because the Sibyls had prophesied that Idsea Mater should be introduced by the " best man among the Romans, the senate k was a little busied to pass a judg- ment in the case, and resolve who was the best man in the city : for every one was ambitious to get the victory in a dispute of that nature more than if they stood to be elected to any commands or honours by the voices either of the senate or people. At last the senate re- solved that P. Scipio, the son of Cneus, who was killed in Spain, a young gentleman who hod never been quaestor, was the best man in the whole city." She was called Pessinuutia, J from a certain field in Phrygia, into which an image of her fell from heaven ; from this m the place was called Pessinus, and the god- dess Pessinuntia. And here the Phrygians first began to celebrate the sacrifices Orgia to this goddess, near the river Gallus, from which her priests were called n Galli. When these priests desired that great respect and adoration should be paid to any thing, they pre- tended that it fell from heaven ; and they called those k Haud parvae rei judicium senatum tenebat, qui vir optirnus in civi- tate esset : verum certe victoriam ejus rei sibi quisque mallet, qu&m ulta imperia, honoresve, suffragio seu Patrum, seu Plebis, delates. Patres Conscript! P. Scipionem, Cnei filiutn ejus, qui in Hispania occidebat, adolesct utem, uonduui 'Qusestorum, judicaverunt in tola civitate viruw optimum esse. 1 Hesiod. 1.1. a 'ATTO tS 37 few, a cadendo. Fettut. 152 images buTtery [Diopete] that is, " sent from" Jupiter. Of which sort were the Aucile, the Palladium, and the effigies of this goddess, concerning "which we now speak. 5 . 313 ^ , 3t QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who was Cybele? How is she represented ? In what does she ride; and how is she drawn? Why are her garments of diverse colours ? Why is she called Cybele ? What were her priests called ? Why is she called Ops and Rhea? Why and by whom is she called Dindyme and Berecynthk? Repeat the lines from Virgil, and translation. What was she called by the Greeks, and why ? What does the name Bona Dea imply ? Who was Bona Dea? Why is myrtle prohibited from her temple? What was observed in her sacrifices, and why? What was the saying of Plutarch ? Why was Cybele called Idsea Mater? Why was she called Pessinuntia? Why were her priests called Galli ; and under what pretence were they able to get particular respect paid to any thing ? SECT. 2. OF THE SACRIFICES A JS D PRIESTS OF CYBELE. Her sacrifices, like the sacrifices of Bacchus, P were celebrated with n confused noise of timbrels, pipes, and cymbals; and the sacriricants .howled, as if they were mad : they profaned both the temple of their goddess, and the ears of their hearers, with their filthy words and actions. The following rites were peculiarly observed in her sacrifices : riests was Telehines. These were famous magicians and enchanters ; and they came from Crete to Cyprus, and thence into Rhodes, which latter island was called Telehines from them. z Or, if we believe others, they were deserving men, and invented many arts for the good of the public, and first set up the statues and the images of the gods. The Cabiri, or Caberi, so called from Cabiri, moun- tains of Phrygia, a were either the servants of the gods, or gods themselves, or rather daemons, or the same with the Corybantes; for the people's opinions concerning them are different. The Idfei Dactyli b were the servants and assistants of Magna Mater; called Idaei from the mountain Ida, where they lived; and Dactyli c from the fingers; for these priests were ten, like the fingers: d they served Rhea every where, and in every thing, as if they were fingers to her. e Yet many a'ffirm, that there were more than ten. w 'Awo Tn; xopij, & puella, quod puellarum stolam induebant. x "ATTO T-ji; xcpro^a;, ab educatione juvenum, quod Jovem infantem aluisseperhibentur. Strabo. >''ATTO T xo;J Idem ibid 1 Procl. in Georg. Virg. 156 ceiving, made himself a horse ; and from them the horse Arion was produced. k Ovid himself is of this opinion : and hence I suppose the story comes which 'Pausanias relates. Upon the mountain /Eleus, in Arcadia, an altar was dedicated to Ceres ; her image had the body of a woman, but the head of a horse ; it remained entire and unhurt in the midst of fire. Yet others have told us, that Ceres did not bring forth a horse, but a daughter: m the Arcadians thought it a wicked thing to call this daughter by any other name than " n the lady," or " the great goddess," which were the usbal names of her mother Ceres. Ceres was greatly ashamed of this disgrace : she ex- ceedingly lamented the loss of her honour, and testified her sorrow by the mourning clothes which she after- wards wore ; whence she was named Melaena, MsXctiyot, nigra: she retired into the dark recesses of a cave, where she lay so privately that none of the gods knew where she was, till Pan, the god of the woods, dis- covered her by chance, and told Jupiter; who, sending the Fates to her, persuaded her at last to lay aside her grief, and rise out of the cave, which was a happy and joyful thing for all the world. For in her absence a great infection reigned throughout all sorts of living creatures, which sprang from the corruption of the fruits of the earth and the granaries every where. She is the goddess of the fruits, and her very name is de- rived from the care which she exerts in producing or preserving them. It is supposed that she first in- k " Et te, flava comas frugum mitissima mater, Sensit equum.'' Met. 6. The gold-hair'd gentle goddess Ceres knew Thee in a horse's shape. 1 Pausan. in Arcad. m Idem ibid. " Aljwoiva Domina. et Magna Dea. * Ceres dicitur quasi Ceres a gerendis fructibus : aut quasi Serens, vel ab antique verbo Cereo, quod idem est ac Creo, quod cunctarum frugum creatrix sit et altrix. Cic. Nat. Deo. '2. Maten. de prof. Rel. c. 18. Scaliger et Serv. in Geo. 1. Callimacb. Hymn, in Or. Plin 7. c. 50. 157 vented and taught the art of tilling the earth, and sowing corn, and of making bread therewith, when be- fore mankind only ate acorns. This may be learned from P Ovid, who tells us that Ceres was the first that made laws, provided wholesome food, and taught the art of husbandry, of plowing and sowing. For, before her time, the earth lay rough and uncultivated, covered- with briars and unprofitable plants ; when there were no proprietors of land, they neglected to cultivate it; when nobody had any ground of his own, they did not ''care to fix landmarks; but all things were common to all men, till Ceres, who had invented the art of hus- bandry, taught men how to exercise it; and then they began to contend and dispute about the limits of those fields from the culture of which they reaped so much profit; and hence it was necessary that laws should be enacted to determine the rights and properties of those who contended. For this reason Ceres was named the r foundress of laws : and hence she is crowned with corn. 1. Ceres is beautiful and well shaped, because the earth, which she resembles, appears beautiful and de- lightful to the beholders ; especially when it is arrayed \?ith plants, diversified with tree?, adorned with flowers, enriched with fruits, and covered with greens ; wheu it displays the honours of spring, and pours forth the gifts of autumn with a bountiful hand. 2. Her hair is yellow, and when the ears of corn tire ripe, they are adorned with that golden colour. v " Prima Ceres unco glebam dimovit aratro, Prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terns, Prima dedit leges. Cereris sunt omnia munus." Ceres was she who first our furrows plough'd; Who gave sweet fruits, and easy food allow'd. Cere* first tamed us with her gentle laws ; From her kind hand the world subsistence draw*. ) " Aut signare quidem, aut partiri limite campuin." Or to make landmarks, or to balk their fields. Legifera, et Graece ^jo-juopefuf ; ejusque sacra dicebantur SiSfMi^nn : Vocabatur etiam Ceres A>ijuj7>),-, quasi r^n-nip, ideit, Terra mater. Virg. JEn. 3. and Servius, ibid. 3. Her breasts swell with milk, * whence she is styled Mammosa sometimes, because after the earth is im- pregnated with seed, and big with the fruit thereof, it brings forth all things out of itself in abundance, and, like a mother, feeds and nourishes us ; and hence she is called u Alma, and w Altrix nostra. 4. She holds a lighted torch, because when Proser- pine was stolen away by Pluto, her mother * Ceres was greatly afflicted at the loss of her daughter, and, being very desirous to find her again, she kindled her torches with the flames which burst from the top of the moun- tain ^Etnaj and with them sought her daughter through the whole world. 5. She carries poppy, because, when through grief she could not obtain the least rest or sleep, Jupiter gave her poppy to eat : y for this plant is endued with a power to cause sleep and forgetful ness. Her grief was a little allayed by sleep, but she forgot not her loss, and, after many voyages and journeys, she at last heard where Proserpine was ; as we shall hear in its proper place. We often see a young man skting in a chariot drawn by flying serpents. It is Triptolemus, in the chariot which Ceres gave him. He was the son of Celeus, king of Eleusis in Attica. Ceres brought him up from his infancy, upon this occasion : While she was seeking Proserpine by sea and land, z upon the way she came into the city Eleusis, where king Celeus entertained her j whose kindness she requited by bringing up his young son, whom, in the day-time she fed a with celestial and divine milk, but in the night covered hjm all over with fire. The child in a few days became a beautiful young man by this extraordinary manner of education. Meganira his mother, greatly wondering at this speedy progress, was very desirous to know how Ceres dealt Lil. Gyr. synt, 14. ' Cic. Nat. Deor. 2 and 3. Virg. Geo. 1. * Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. * Cic. in Vencm. Scrv. in Geo. 1 . * Callimach , Hymn, in Cer " Serr. in Geo. 1, 159 with her son ; she therefore looked through a small hole, and saw Ceres cover her son Triptolemus with burning coal. This affrighted her so, that she cried out that Ceres was murdering her son ; and ran into the room to save him. Ceres punished her imprudent cu- riosity with death; then putting Triptolemus into a splendid chariot, she sent him throughout the world, to show mankind the use of corn. He executed her commands so faithfully, and taught men the art of husbandry, of sowing, reaping, and of thrashing the corn so well, that hence he obtained his name Trip- tolemus. c Ovid gives us an excellent description of this in the fifth book of his Metamorphoses. Ceres once changed a boy into a newt : for, being very weary with travelling, and thirsty, she came to a cottage, and begged a little water, to wash her mouth, of an old woman that lived there; the old woman not only gave her water, but also barley-broth ; which when the goddess took greedily, the woman's son, Stellio, a saucy boy, mocked her. This raised Ceres' indignation/that, in a rage, she flung some of the broth into the boy's face, (I who was thereby changed into an evet or newt. b Triptolemus dicitur quasi ro(-4-*; **s *;> id est, hordeum terens. Hygin. fab. 147. c " Geminos deafertilis angues Curribus admovit : fraenisque coercuit ora ; Et medium coeli, terraeque per ae'ra vecta est : Atque levein currum Tritonida misit in arcetn Triptolemo ; partimque rudi data setnina jussit Spargere humo, partim post temporalonga recultae." Ceres her chariot mounts : yok'd dragons stand, Tame and obedient to her gentle hand : With stretch'd-out wings, through yielding air they fly, Till Ceres sends her chariot from the sky, To good Triptolemus, her Athenian friend ; 1 \ Triptolemus, whose useful cares intend The common good : seed was the chariot's load, Which she on him for public use bestow'd : F"art she for fallow fields new plough'd design'd, And part for land by frequent tilth refined. d " Fugit anuni, latebramque petit, aptumquc colori Nomen habet, variis stellatus corpora guttis.'' Fries the old wife, and creeps into a hole, And from his speckled back a name he get*. 160 We may notice here Erisichthon, who, in Contempt of the sacrifices of Ceres, defiled her groves, and cut down one of her oaks; for which he was punished with perpetual hunger: so that, when he has devoured all the meat and food which he can by any ways procure, he is forced to eat his own flesh to support his body ; and to bring upon himself a horrible death, the better to sustain his life. Among all the Cerealia, or sacrifices instituted to the honour of Ceres, these which follow are the chief: Eleusinia (by which name the e goddess herself was also known) were so called, because they were first celebrated in the city Eleusis. f Of these were two sorts; the Majora, consecrated to Ceres, and the Minora, to Pro- serpine, e it was a custom, that those who were ini- tiated in the Majora, never pulled off the clothes which they then wore, till they fell into rags. h ln both the Majora and Minora, a perpetual and wonderful silence was kept : to publish any thing concerning them was a crime; whence came the proverb concerning silent persons, Arnxa E\sv Pliny, 1. 24. Senr. in ^En. 3. (aiiiong the ancients) signifies a feast where there was no wine. Swine were sacrificed to this goddess, n be- cause they hurt the fruits of the earth. And garlands, composed of ears of corn, were offered to her. Ambarvalia were instituted to purge the fields, and to beg fruitfulness and plenty. They were so called P be- cause the sacrifices were led about the fields ; as the suburbs [amburbia] were esteemed sacred, because the sacrifice \vas carried round the city. These sacri- fices were performed by husbandmen, 4 who carried*a sow big with young, or a cow-calf, through the corn and the hay, in the beginning of harvest, thrice ; the countrymen following him with dancing and leaping, and acclamations of joy, till all the fields rung with the noise. In the mean time, one of them, adorned with a crown, sung the praises of Ceres ; and after they had offered an oblation of wine mixed with honey and milk before they began to reap, they sacrificed the sow to her. r The rites of the Ambarvalia are beautifully de- scribed by Virgil. " Prima Ceres avidae gavisa est sanguine poreae, Ulta suas merita cedas nocentes opes." Ovid. Fast. I. Ceres with blood of swine we best atone, Which thus requite the mischiefs they have done. '' " Flava Ceres, tibi sit nostro de rure corona Spicea, quse tempi! pendeat ante fores." Tibullus. To thee, fair goddess, we'll a garland plait Of ears of corn, t' adorn thy temple gate. Quod victima ambiret arva. Serv. in Geo. 1. i Virg. Eel. 3. ' " Cuncta tibi Cererem pubes agrestis adoret : Cui tu lacte favos, et miti dilue ,Baccho, Terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges ; Omnis quam chorus et socii eomitantur evantes, Et Cererum clamore vocent in tecta : neque ante Falcem maturis quisquam supponat aristis, Quam Cereri, torta redimitus tempera quercu, Det motus incompositos, et carmina dicat.'' Geo. 1. Let ev'ry swain adore her power divine, And milk and honey mix with sparkling wine : Let all the choir of clowns attend this show, In long procession, shouting as they go; Invoking her to bless their yearly stores, Inviting plenty to their crowned floors. 162 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How is Ceres represented? Who is she, and who were her brothers? What story is told of her with regard to Neptune? What kind of altar was dedicated to her on the mountain Aieus ? What were the usual names of her mother Ceres? Why was she named Melsena ? Where did she conceal herself; who discovered her; and who per- suaded her to come out of her retirement? What happened to the world during her absence? What inventions are inscribed to her? Repeat the lines from Ovid, and also the translation. In what jespects does she resemble the eartli ? Why does she hold a lighted torch in her hand? Why does she carry a poppy ? What is the history of Triptolemus ? Give the lines from Ovid. What is the history of Stellio ? What is the story of Erisichthon ? What were the Eleusinia, and what was the custom of those who were initiated in the Majora ? , From what is the word " mystery" derived? Why were lighted torches used in their sacrifices ? Who instituted the Thesmophoria, and who were initiated in them ? Why were the Ambarvalia instituted ? Repeat the lines from Virgil in which these sacrifices are described. Thus in the spring, and thus in summer's heat, Before the sickles touch the rip'ning wheat, On Ceres call; and let the lab'ring hind With oaken wreaths his hollow temples bind : On Ceres let him call, and Ceres praise, With uncouth dances, and with country lays. 163 CHAPTER IX. SECT. 1. THE MUSES. THEIR IMAGE, NAMES, AND NUMBER. TH E Muses are nine virgins, crowned with palms ; their dress is decent and becoming. They sit together in the shade of a laurel arbour. Some of them play on the harp, some upon the cithern, some upon the pipe, some upon the cymbal, and some harmoniously sing and play at once. Methinks I hear them with united minds, voices, and hands, make an agreeable concord arise from their different instruments, governing their several voices in such a manner, as to produce the most noble harmony. They are s the mistresses of all the sciences, the pre- sidents of the musicians and poets, and the governors of the feasts and solemnities of the gods. l Jupiter begat them of the nymph Mnemosyne, who afterward brought them forth upon the mountain Pierius. u Some affirm that tl'iey had other parents, and w ancients writers say, that they lived before Jupiter, and were the daughters of Coelum. They are called the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne (which in Greek signifies " memory"), because all students and scholars ought not only to have great ingenuity, but ready memories. The Musae were formerly called Mosse, and were so named from a x Greek word that signifies " to inquire," because men, by inquiring of them, learn the things of which they were before ignorant. But others say, they had their name from > their resemblance, because there is a similitude, and an affinity and relation between all the sciences ; in which they agree, and are united with Orph. in Hymn. Mus. * Hesiod. in Theog. Tzetzes Chil. 6. hist. 50. w Mus. ap. Lil. Oyr. X 'ATTO ia jutwow, id est, ab inquirendo. Plato in Cratylo. y MaWi, quasi 6/jtowj conccntum fa cere. 165 The sixth, Terpsichore, has her name from f the plea- sure she tabes in dancing, because s.he delights in balls. Some call her Citharistria. The seventh, Euterpe, or Euterpia, from ff the sweet- ness of her singing. ' Some call her Tibicina, because, according to them, she presides over the pipes : and some say logic was invented by her. The eighth, Polyhymnia, or Polymnia, or Polynmeia, from l: her excellent memory: and therefore 1 the inven- tion of writing history is attributed to her ; which re- quires a good memory. It was owing to her, k that the songsters add to the verses that they sing, hands and ringers which speak more than the tongue; an expressive silence ; a language without words ; in short, gesture and action. The ninth, l Urania, was so called either because she sings of divine things ; or because, through her assist- ance, men are praised to the skies; or because, by the sciences, they become conversant in the contemplation of celestial things. Buhusius, a modern poet, has comprised the names of ail the Muses 'in a m distich ; that is, he has made the nine Muses to stand, which is something strange, but upon eleven feet. Perhaps you will remember their names better, \\hen they are thus joined together in two verses. The most remarkable of the names which are com- mon to them all are : Heliconide, or Heliconiades, from the mountain He- licon, in Boeotia. Parnassides, from thy mountain Parnassus, in Pliocis, "~ f> Airo tiprvj TO"; 'x^ '? quod choreis delectetur, Ab Hjrtp&ri;, jucunda nempe in concentu. h A GJ-3AO; multus et (Wa memoria. P hi. in Sympos . k Quod carminibus additse sint orchestrarum loquacissima: mantis, lin- guosi digiti, silentium clamosum, expositio tacita, uao verbo gestus et actio. ' 'Airo TX 'fVM, a ctclo. m " Calliope, Polynmeia, Erato, Clio, atque Thalia, Melpomene, Euterpe, Terpsichore, Urania. ' 1. 4. cp. 1. 166 which has two heads, D where, if any person slept, he presently became a poet. It was anciently called Lar- nassus, from Larnace, the ark of Deucalion, which rested here, and was named Parnassus after the flood, from an inhabitant of this mountain so called. Citherides, or Citheriades, from the mountain Cithe- ron, where they dwelt. Aonides, from the country Aonia. Pierides, or Pierhe, from the mountain Pierus, or Pieria, in Thrace ; or from the daughters of Pieritis and Anippe, who, daring to contend with the Muses, were changed into pies. Pegasides and Hippocrenides, from the famous foun- tain Helicon, which by the Greeks is called P Hippo- crene, and by the Latins q Caballinus, both which words signify the horse's fountain: it was also named Pe- gaseius, from Pegasus, the winged horse, r which, by striking a stone in this place with his foot, opened the fountain, s and the waters of it became vocal. Aganippides, or Aganippea, from the fountain Aga- nippe. Castalides, from the fountain Castalius, at the foot of Parnassus. Some l write, that they were but three in the beginning; because sound, out of which all singing is formed, is naturally threefold : either made by the voice alone ; or by blowing, as in pipes, or by striking, as in citherns and drums. Or it may be, because there are three tones of the voice or other instruments, the bass, the tenor, and the treble, u Or lastly, because all the sciences are distributed into three general parts, philosophy, rhe- toric, and mathematics; and each of these parts is sub- divided into three other parts ; philosophy into logic, ethics, and physics ; rhetoric into the demonstrative, de- liberative, and judicial kind; mathematics into music, " Persius in Prooemio. Idem ibid- P Ab Jterwo; equus, et xpwn fons. i Caballinus, a Caballus, id est, equus. ' Ovid. Met. 5. Sidonius Apollin. [ Var. apud August. Phur. de Deorum Natvra. 167 geometry, and arithmetic : and hence it came to pass, that they reckoned not only Three Muses, but Nine. Others give us a different reason why they are Nine. w When the citizens of Sicyon appointed three skilful artificers to make the statues of the Three Muses, pro- mising to choose those three statues out of the nine which they liked best, they were all so well made that they could not tell which to prefer; so that they bought them all, and placed them in the temples : and Hesiod afterward assigned to them the names mentioned above. x Some affirm that they were virgins, and others deny it, who reckon np their children. Let no person, how- ever, despise the Muses, unless he design to bring de- struction upon himself by the example of Thamyras or > Thamyris ; who, being conceited of his beauty and skill in singing, presumed to challenge the Muses to sing, upon condition, that if he was overcome, they should punish Rim as they pleased. And after he was overcome, he was deprived at once both of his harp and his eyes. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who arc the Muses, and how are they dressed ? What is their employment ? Over what do they preside? Who were their parents, and why are they called daughter* of Jupker and Mnemosyne? Why were they formerly called Mosae ? How "were the Muses represented on Pyrrhus' ring? From what were their names derived ? How did Calliope derive her name ? Who is Clio? What does Erato derive her name from ? Why is Thalia so called? What are the peculiar excellencies of Melpomene and Terpsichore? " Var. apud August, ex Lil. Gyr. * Plato ap. eundem. Vide Nat. Com. r Horn. Iliad. 2. Plut. de Musica. 168 In what does Euterpe excel ? From what does Polyhymnia derive her name? Why was Urania so named? Repeat the distich of Bahusius. Give some account of the names common to all the Muses. How many Muses were there at first, and how were the Three con- verted into Nine ? What other reason is given ? What should the example of Thamyris teach ? CHAPTER X. THEMIS, ASTR^A, NEMESIS, ARE three goddesses, who contrive and consult to- gether on affairs of great moment. Themis, the first of them, z is the daughter of Coeium and Terra. According to the a signification of her name, her office is to instruct mankind to do things honest, just, .and right. b Therefore her images were brought and placed before those who were about to speak to the people, that they might be admonished thereby to say nothing in public but what was just and righteous. Some say, c she spoke oracles at Delphi, before Apollo ; though d Homer says, that she served Apollo with nectar and ambrosia. There was another Themis, of whom Justice, Law, and Peace, are said to be born. Hesiod, by way of eminence, calls her e mo- dest, because she was ashamed to say any thing that was done against right and equity. Eusebius calls her Carmenta ; * because by her verse and precepts she * Hesiod. in Tlieog. &> Terrores Panici eorum sunt qui sine causa perterrentur. Pau- san. Plutarch. > Serv. in Eel. 3. k ' Pan primus calamos cera conjungere plures Instituit." Virg. Eel. -2. Pan taught to join with wax unequal reeds 1 Orph. in Hymn. Ibicus, Pocta Grajcus. m M Pan curatoves, oviumque magistros." Virg Eel. '2. Pan loves the shepherds, and their flocks he feeds. " Munere sic niveo lanae, si credere (lignum est, Pan Deus Arcadias captam te, Luna fefeUit." Virg Geo. 3. 174 with him, and brought him a daughter named Iringes, who gave Medea the medicines with which she charmed Jason. p He could not but please Dryope, to gain whom, he laid aside his divinity, and became a shepherd. But he did not court the nymph Syrinx with so much success : for she ran away to avoid her filthy lover ; till coming to a river (where her flight was stopped), she prayed the Naiades, the nymphs of the waters, because she could not escape her pursuer, to change her into a bundle of reeds, just as Pan was laying hold of her, ^who therefore caught the reeds in his arms instead of her. r The winds moving these reeds backward and forward occasioned mournful but musical sounds, which Pan perceiving, he cut them down, and made of them reeden pipes. But s Lucretius ascribes the invention of 'Twas thus with fleeces milky white (if we May trust report) Pan, god of Arcady, Did bribe thee, Cynthia, nor didst thou disdain, When call'd in woody shades, to ease a lover's pain. ' Theatet. Poeta Graecus. f Horn, in Hymn, i " Hie se mutarent liquidas orasse sorores : Panaque cumprensam sibijam Syringa putaret Corpore pro nymphae calamos trivisse palustres." Ovid. Met. t . When, that she might avoid a lustful rape, She begg'd her sister nymphs to change her shape : Pan thought h' had hugg'd his mistress, when indeed He only hugg'd a truss of moorish reed. * " Dumque ibi suspirat, motos in arundine ventos Effecisse sonum tenuem similemque querenti. Arte nova, vocisque Deum dulcedine captum, Hoc mihi concilium tecum, dixisse, manebit ; Atque ita disparibus calamis compagine cerse Inter se junctis nomen tenuisse puellae." He sighs, his sighs the tossing reeds return In soft small notes, like one that seem'd to mourn. The new, but pleasant notes the gods surprise, Yet this shall make us friends at last, he cries : So he this pipe of reeds unequal fram'd With wax, and Syrinx from his mistress nam'd. i "Zephyricava per calamorum sibila primum Agrestes docuere cavas inflare cicutas ; Inde minUtatim dukes didicere querelas, Tibia quasfundit digitis pulsata canentum : Avia per wiemora ac sylvas saltusque reperta, Per loca pastorum deserta, atque otia Dia," Lucr. 1. o 175 these pipes not to Pan, but to some countrymen, who had observed, on another occasion, the whistling of the wind through reeds. In the sacrifices of this god, l they offered to him milk and honey in a shepherd's bottle. He was more especially worshipped in Arcadia, for which reason he is so often called "Pan, Deus Ar- cadisfi. Some derive from him w Hispania, Spain, formerly called Iberia ; for he lived there, when he returned from the Indian war, to which he went with Bacchus and the Satyrs. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. From what does Pan derive his name ? What was he called by the Latins; and under what titles was he wor- shipped at Rome ? What is the origin of Pan ? How is he represented ? What is the origin of the phrase "panic- struck?" What does the image of Pan signify ? What instrument did he invent, and what occurs when he blcws his pipe? What is said of his amours ? % ,What happened to him in his courtship of Syrinx ? Repeat the lines of Ovid " Dumque ibi suspirat," &c. What does Lucretius say of the invention of the pipes ? Repeat the lines. What were used in the sacrifices of Pan ? Whence is he derived ? And while soft ev'ning gales blew o'er the plains, And shook the sounding reeds, they taught the swains ; And thus the pipe was fram'd, and tuneful reed : And while the tender flocks securely feed, The harmless shepherds tune their pipes to love, And Amaryllis sounds in ev'ry grove. * Theocr. in Viator. - Virg. Geo. 3. et Eel. 4. " Li). Gyr. 176 CHAPTER XII. SILVANUS AND SILENUS. ALTHOUGH many writers confound the Silvani, Fauni, Satyri, and Sileni, with Pan, yet, as others dis- tinguish them, we shall treat of them separately, and begin with Silvanus. , Silvanus, who is placed next to Pan, with the feet of a goat, and the x face of a man, of little stature. ? He holds cypress in his hand stretched out. He is so called from silvai, the woods; for he presides over them. zHe mightily loved the boy Cyparissus, who had a tame deer, in which he took great pleasure. Silvanus by chance killed it ; upon which the youth died for grief. a There- fore Silvauus changed him into a cypress- tree, and carried a branch of it always in his hand, in memory of his loss. There were many other Silvani, who endea- voured to violate the chastity of women. St. h Au- gustin says, that they and the Fauni (commonly called Incubi) were exceedingly mischievous and li- centious. Silenus follows next, with a flat nose, bald head, large ears, and with a small flat body : he derives his name c from his jocular temper, because he perpetually jests upon people. He sits upon a li saddlebacked ass ; but when he walks, he leans upon a staff, lie was foster- father to Bacchus his master, and his perpetual com- * ^Elian. Hist. Varise. > Martin, de Nuptiis. ' Setv. in yn. et Geo. a " Et teneram a radice ferens, Silvane, cupressum." Geo. 1 . A tender cypress plant Silvanus bears. b Eos cum Faunis (quos vulgo Incubos vocant) improbos ssepe extitisse inulieribus, et earum appetisse, et peregisse concubitum. Civ Dei. 1. 15. c. 23. c 'ATTO ? Mr, EIV> id est, dicteria in aliquem ilicere. jElian. 3. Var. Hist. c. 10. " Pando Asello. 177 panion, and consequently almost always drunk, as we find him described e in the sixth Eclogue of Virgil. The cup which he and Bacchus used, \vas called Cantharus; and the staff with which he supported himself, f Ferula: this he used when he was so drunk, as it often happened, that he could not sit, S but fell from his ass. The Satyrs were not only constant companions ot Silenus, but very assistant to him ; for they held him in great esteem, and honoured him as tbeir father; and, '' when they became old, they were called Sileni too. And concerning Silenus' ass, they say, that ' he was translated into heaven, and placed among the stars ; because in the giants' war, Silenus rode on him, and helped Jupiter very much. k When Silenus was asked, " What was the best thing that could befal man?" he, after long silence, answered, " It is best for all never to be born, but being born, to die very quickly." Which expression Pliny reports nearly in the same words : l There have been '" Siletiurn pueri somno viderejatvntem, Inflatum hesterno venas, ut semper, laccho ; Serta procul, tantum capiti delapsa jacebant, Et gravis attrita pendebat cantharus ansa." Two Satyrs, on the ground, Stretch'd at his ease, their sire Silenus found; Dos'd with his fumes, and heavy with his load, They found him snoring in his dark abode ; His rosy wreath was dropp'd not long before, Borne by the tide of wine, and floating on the iloor. His empty can, with ears half worn away, Was hung on high, to boast the triumph of the day 1 " Quinque senex ferula titubantes ebrius artus Sustinet, et pando non fortiter hrcret asello." Ovid. .Met. 4. His staff does hardly keep him on his legs, When mounted on his ass, see how he swags. e" Ebrius ecce senex. pando delapsus asello. Clamarunt Satyri, surge, age, surge, pater." Ov. Art. ADI. :.'. Th' old soker's drunk, from 's ass he's got a fall, Rouse, father, rouse, again the Satyrs bawl. h 1'ausan. in Attic. Aratus in Phaenornen. K liogatus others ascribe to her the likeness of a bull, a dog, and a lion. z Virgil and a Claudian also mention her three countenances. Thirdly, according to the opinion of some, she is called Triformis, b because the Moon hath three phases or shapes : the new moon appears arched with a semicircle of light; the half moon fills a semi- circle with light ; and the full moon fills a whole circle or orb with its splendor. But let us examine these names more exactly. She is named Luna c from shining, either because she only in the night-time sends forth a glorious light, or ' " Terret, lustrat, agit ; Proserpina, Luna, Diana ; Ima, suprema, feras ; sceptro, fulgore, sagitta. 1 ' Dempster in Paralip. u In Theogon. " Orpheus in Argon. * Tpr " Nocturnisque Hecate triviis ululata per urbes." Virg. Jn. S-. And Hecr.te by night ador'd with shrieks. 186 streets, and her statue was usually set before the doors of the houses, whence she took the name Propyleea. Others derive her name from Inarov \hecaton~] centum, because they sacrificed a hundred victims to her : ' or because, by her edict, those \vho die and are not buried, wander a hundred years up and down hell. However, it is certain, she is called Trivia, from triviis, " the streets ;" for she was believed to preside over the streets and ways ; so that they sacrificed to her in the streets ; k and the Athenians, every new moon, made a sumptu- ous supper for her there, which was eaten in the night by the poor people of the city. 'They say that she was excessively tall, her head covered with frightful snakes instead of hair, and her feet were like serpents. n She was represented encompassed with dogs ; because that animal was sacred to her ; and Hesychius says, that she was sometimes represented by a dog. We are told that she presided over enchantments, and that " when she was called seven times, she came to the sacrifices : as soon as these were finished, "several apparitions ap- peared, called from her Hecataea. She was called by the Egyptians, i'Bubastis; her feasts were named BubasUe; and the city v\ here they were yearly celebrated was called Bubastis. Brimo is another of the names of Hecate and Diana ; which is derived from A /3;(|uc4tc, fremo, ira exardesco. * Quod infantibus in lucem renientibus opem ferat. Aug. de Civ. Dei. 4. c. 1. Callimach. Hymn, in Dian. 187 with her mother's pain, that she resolved never to have children, but to live a virgin perpetually. She is called Chitone and Chitonia, l because wo- men after childbirth used first to sacrifice to Juno, and then oiler to Diana their own and their children's clothes. She was named Dictynna, not only from the l! nets which she used, w for she was a huntress, and the prin- cess of hunters (for which reason all woods were dedi- cated to her), but also because x Britomartis the virgin, when she hunted, fell into the nets, and vowed, if she escaped, to build a temple for Diana. She did escape, and then consecrated a temple to Diana Dictynna. Others relate the story thus : When Britomartis, whom Diana loved because she was a huntress, fled from Minos her lover, and cast herself into the sea, she fell into the fishermen's nets, and Diana made her a goddess. The y ancients thought that Diana left off hunting on the ides of August, therefore at that time it was not lawful for any one to hunt, but they crowned the dogs with garlands, and by the light of torches, made of stubble, hung up the hunting instruments near them. We shall only adjoin, to what has been said, the two stories of Chione and Meleager. Chione was the daughter of D she goes to her chamber, and fetching the stick f she threw it into the fire: as the log burned, Meleager, though absent, felt fire in his bowels, which consumed him in the same manner that the wood was consumed ; and when at last the log was quite reduced to ashes, and the fire quenched, Meleager at the same time expired, and turned to dust. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How is Diana described ? What is said of Actaeon? Why does Diana represent the moon? What is said of her with regard to Alpheus ? Repeat the verse from Horace. Why is she called Triformis? How is she named in the heavens, in the earth, and in hell; and why so? Repeat the Latin distich. What does Hesiod say of these names ? Why is she named Lunae ? ' " Tempora, dixerunt, eadem lignoque tibique, O mode nate, damus : quo postquam carmine dicto, Excessere Deae ; flagrantem mater ab igne Eripuit ramum, sparsitqi^ liquentibus undis ; Servatusque diu juvenis servaverat annos.'' O lately born, one period we assign To thee and to the brand. The charm they weave Into his fate, and then the chamber leave. His mother snatch'd it with a hasty hand Out of the fire, and quench'd the flaming brand. This in an inward closet closely lays, And by preserving it prolongs "his days. f " Dextraque aversa trementi, Funereum torrem medios conjecit in ignes. With eyes turn'd back, her quaking hand To trembling flames expos'd the fun'ral brand. 190 , How was Lunae worshipped among the Egyptians? What is said of Endymion? What is said of Hecate ? Why was she called Trivia? Why is she represented as encompassed with dogs ? Why is she called Bubastae ; and why Brimo ? Why was she called Lucina and Opis? Why was she called Chitone ? Why was she named Dictynna? Why did the ancients esteem it unlawful to hunt after the first of Au- gust? Give some account of the stories of Chione and Meleager. Repeat the lines " Tempora, dixerunt," &c. CHAPTER XV. PALES, FLORA, FERONIA, POMONA. ' THAT old lady, whom you see s surrounded by shep- herds, is Pales, the goddess of shepherds and pastures. Some call her Magna Mater and Vesta. To this god- dess they sacrificed milk, and wafers made of millet, that she might make the pastures fruitful. They insti- tuted the feasts called Palilia, or Parilia, to her honour, which were observed upon the eleventh or twelfth day of the calends of May by the shepherds in the field, on the same day in which Romulus laid the foundation of the city. These feasts were celebrated to appease this goddess, that she might drive away the wolves, and prevent the diseases incident to cattle. The solemnities observed in the Palilian feasts were many : the shep- herds placed little heaps of straw in a particular order, and at a certain distance ; then they danced and leaped over them ; then they purified the sheep and the rest of < Virg. Eclog. 191 the cattle with the fume of rosemary, laurel, sulphur, and the like ; as we learn from Ovid, h who gives a de- scription of these rites. ' Flora, so dressed and ornamented, is the goddess and president of flowers. The Romans gave her the honour of a goddess ; but in reality she was a woman of infa- mous character, who, by her abominable trade, heaped up a great deal of money, and made the people of Rome her heir. She left a certain sum, the yearly interest of which was settled, that the games, called Florales, or Floral ia, might be celebrated annually, on her birth-day. But because this appeared impious and profane to the senate, they covered their design, and worshipped Flora, under the title of " goddess of flowers ;" and pretended that they offered sacrifice to her, that the plants and trees might flourish. Ov id follows the same fiction, and relates, k that Chloris, an infamous nymph, was married to Zephyrus, from whom she received the power over all the flowers. But let us return to Flora, and her games. Her image, as we find in Plutarch, was exposed in the temple of Castor and Pollux, dressed in a close coat, and holding in her right hand the flowers of beans and peas. ' For while these sports were celebrated, the officers, or sediles, scattered beans and other pulse among the people. These games were proclaimed and begun by sound of trumpet, as we find mentioned in m Juvenal, h " Alma Pales, faveas pastoria sacra canenti, Prosequar officio si tua facta meo. Certe ego de vitulo cinerem, stipulamque fabuiam Saepe tuli, lacva, februa tosta, manu. Certe ego transilui positas ter in ordine flammas, Virgoque rorales laurea misit aquas." Great Pales help; the past'ral rites I sing, "With humble duty mentioning each thing. Ashes of calves, and bean-straw oft I've held, With burnt purgations in a hand well fill'd. Thrice o'er the flames, in order rang'd, I've leapt, And holy dew my laurel twig has dript Lactant. 1. 1 . c. 24. * Ovid, in Fasti*. ' Val. Max. 1. 2. e. 5. ra " Dignissima certe Florali matrona tuba." Sat. 6. 192 Feronia, the n goddess of the woods, is justly placed near Flora, the goddess of flowers. She is called Feronia, from the care she takes in producing and pro- pagating trees. The higher place is due to her, be- cause fruits are more valuable than flowers, and trees than small and ignoble plants. It is said she had a grove sacred to her, under the mountain Soracte : this was set on fire, and the neighbours were resolved to re- move the image Feronia thence, when on a sudden the grove became green again. P Strabo reports, that those who were inspired by this goddess, used to walk bare- foot upon burning coals without hurt. Though many believed, that by the goddess Feronia, that kind of vir- tue only is meant, by which fruit and flowers were pro- duced. Pomona is the goddess, the guardian, the president, not of the ( i apples only, but of all the fruit and the product of trees and plants. As you see, she follows after Flora and Feronia, in order ; but in the greatness of her merit she far surpasses them ; and has a priest who only serves her, called Flamen Pomonalis. Once when Pomona was very busy in looking after her gardens and orchards with great care, and was wholly- employed in watering and securing the roots, and lop- ping the over-grow n branches ; r Vertumnus, a principal god among the Romans (called so because he had power to turn himself into what shape he pleased), fell in love with Pomona, and counterfeited the shape of an old grav-headed woman. He came s leaning on a staff into the gardens, admired the fruit and beauty of them, and commending her care about them, he saluted her. He viewed the gardens, and from the observations he A woman worthy sure Of Flora's festal trumpet. Virg. JEn. 7. Feronia a ferendis arboribus dicta. P Geogr. 1. a. 1 Pomona a pomis dicitur. r Vertumnus a vertendo, quod in quas vellet figuras sese vertere po- terat. * " Innitens baculo, positis ad tempora canis." Ov. Met. 14. With gray-hair'd noddle, leaning on a staff. O4WEA 193 had made, he began to discourse of marriage, telling her that it would add to the happiness even of a god, to have her to wife. Observe, says he, the trees which creep up this wall : how do the apples and plums strive which shall excel the other in beauty and colour! whereas, if they had not * props or supports, which like husbands hold them up, they. would perish and decay. All this did not move her, till Vertumnus "changed himself into a young man ; and then she began also to feel the force and power of love, and submitted to his wishes. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who is Pales, and what did they sacrifice to her ? Why were these feasts observed ? What solemnities were observed in the Palilian feasts ? Who was Flora? Was she really a goddess? How were the Floralia instituted; when were they celebrated; and under what pretence did they worship Flora? 1 " At si staret, ait, caelebs sine palmite truncus, Nil prseter frondes, quare peteretur, haberet ; Haec quoque, quae juncta vitis requiescit in ulmo, Si non juncta foret, terrae acclinata jaceret : Tu tamen exemplo non tangeris arboris hujus." Yet, saith he, if this elm should grow alone, Except for shade, it would be priz'd by none ; And so this vine in am'rous foldings wound, If but disjoin'd, would creep upon the ground : Yet art not thou by such examples led, But shunn'st the pleasures of a happy bed. " In juvenem reddit ; et anilia demit Instrumenta sibi : talisque apparuit illi, Quails ubi oppositas nitidissima solis imago Evicit nubcs, nullaque obstante reluxit : Vimque parat ; sed vi non est opus, inque figura Capta Dei Nymphe est, et mutua vulnera sensit. 1 ' Again himself he grew ; Th' infirmities of heatless age depos'd ; And such himself unto the nymph disclos'd, As when the sun, subduing with his rays The muffling cloud, his golden brow displays : He force prepares ; of force there was no need, Struck with his beauty, mutually they bleed. K 194 How is her figure represented? Who is Feronia ; what is her occupation ; and why is more honour due to her than to Flora ? What does Strabo say of Feronia ? Who is Pomona, and what was her priest called? What story was related of Vertumnus? Repeat the lines " At si staret," &c. Repeat also the lines In juvenem reddit," &c. CHAPTER XVI. THE NYMPHS. Now observe that great company of neat, pretty, hand- some, beautiful, charming virgins, who are very near the gardens of Pomona. Some run about the woods, and hide themselves in the trunks of the aged oaks ; some plunge themselves into the fountains, and some swim in the rivers. They are called by one common name, w nymphs, x because they always look young, or y because they are handsome : yet all have their proper names beside, which they derive either from the places where they live, or the offices which they perform ; they are especially distributed in three classes, celestial, terrestrial, and marine. The celestial nymphs were those genii, those souls and intellects, z who guided the spheres of the heavens, and dispensed the influences of the stars to the things of the earth. Of the terrestrial nymphs, some preside over the woods, and were called Dryades, from a Greek a word, w Phurnut. * 'AIM ta a,tl via; fcr0<*i quod semper juvenes ap- pareant. > 'A TS qxuvsiv splendere, quod forme decore prstful- g*nt. ' Ex Plut. Macroh. Procl. Apuj, id et, quercu*. Virg. Geo, 4. 195 which principally signifies an oak, but generally any tre whatever. These Dryades had their habitations in the oaks. Other nymphs were called b Hamadryades, for they were born when the oak was first planted, and when it perishes they die also. The ancients held strange opinions concerning oaks : they imagined that even the smallest oak was sent from heaven. The c Druidae, priests of the Gauls, esteemed nothing more divine and sacred than the excrescence which sticks to oaks. Others of those nymphs were called * Oreades or Ores- tiades, because they presided over the mountains. Others, e Napaese, because they had dominion over the groves and vallies. Others f Limoniades, because they looked after the meadows and fields. And others, f Meliae, from the ash, a tree sacred to them ; and these were supposed to be the mothers of those children, who were accidentally born under a tree, or exposed there. Of the marine nymphs, those h which preside over the seas were called Nereides or Nerinae, from the sea god Nereus, and the sea nymph Dorisj their parents; which Nereus and Doris were born of Tethys and Oceanus, from whom they were called Oceanitides and Oceaniae. Others of those nymphs preside over the fountains, and were called ' Na'ides or Naiades : others inhabit the rivers, and were called Fluviales or k Pota-^ mides : and others preside over the lakes and ponds, and were called ^imnades. All the gods had nymphs attending them. Jupiter speaks of his m in Ovid. Neptune had many nymphs, insomuch that Hesiod and Pindar call him n Nympha- ' Ab Sfjia., siraul, et Jpt/j, quercus. c Lil. Gyr. synt. I. ' Ab Spa;, mons. e A vaw*), saltus vel vallis. f A Xii/uo'v, pratum. e A pi\la, fraxinus. h Orpfc. in Hymn. * A <*, fluo. k Horace, fiuvius. > A X/junv, tocui. m " Sunt mihi Semidei, sunt rustica numina Fauni, EtNymphae, Satyrique, et monticoloe Sylvani." Met. 1. Half gods and rustic Fauns attend my will, Nymphs, Satyrs, Sylvans, that on mountains dwell. n;, id est, Nympharum dux. Hesiod. et Phut, in bthm. K'2 196 getes, that is, the captain of the nymphs : the poets generally gave him fifty. Phoebus likewise had nymphs called Aganippidee and Musffi. Innumerable were the nymphs of Bacchus, who were called by different names, Bacch