k< UC-NRLF $B 3Db AM? © aflt,S*s® UANGE LIBRARY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY. CALIFORNIA NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK AFTER THE NATURAL OR DIRECT METHOD FOR SCHOOLS AND SELF INSTRUCTION BY JAMES H. WORMAN, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D. FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF SPANISH, UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT Nihil est in iniellectn qicod nofi fiierit in sensu AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO BOSTON ATLANTA ^f :..f:cc^X^ 'r~M^^<'rC^?1 ^/^. if- WOmAN'S MODERN LANGUAGE SERIES SPANISH New First Spanish Book Second Spanish Book (Revised) FRENCH First French Book Second French Book Grammaire Francaise (Revised) French Echo — A Manual of French Conversation GERMAN First German Book Second German Book An Elementary German Grammar German Echo — A Manual of German Conversation Copyright, 1916, by J. H. Worman. WORMAN. NEW FIRST SPAN. BK. £. p. 12 FOREWORD TO TEACHER AND STUDENT THIS little book follows the plan of my First German Book and First French Book; like them, it is the outgrowth of schoolroom experience, and a product of my language method. It was originally prepared with the help of the late Prof. H. M. Monsanto, but many changes and improvements have been made in it from time to time, and in this present revision it conforms to the best usages of Spanish writers and to the latest decisions of the Spanish Academy. Those wishing to learn not only the written but also the spoken Spanish will find here the material that must be acquired. The peculiar features of my method are Pestalozzian in char- acter. It differs widely, however, from all other methods of teaching a foreign language, because b<^k"^ ®* ***'* I . This course teaches the Spanish language with- out the help of the learner's vernacular. 2. It bases linguistic instruction upon a direct appeal to a pic- torial illustration of the objects mentioned. The student is never left to guess at what is said, but is clearly instructed, and learns to speak understandingly. 3. Grammar is taught to help the student speak accurately. Many of the natural or direct method textbooks present too few, if any, grammar rules, and thus make the work superficial. Unsystematic study is sure to be barren of results My aim is, therefore, to unfold the principles of the language progres- sively, and to supply grammatical as well as lexical details. 4. Paradigms are used to enable the pupil to see the relation of the part to the whole. It confuses the learner when he is only given one person or one case at a time. 5. The rules are deduced from the examples, the purpose being to develop the abstract from the concrete. In short, the laws iii iv NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK of the language are the learner's own inferences from the examples. 6. The footnotes contain much information. Their mastery is necessary to the student's progress in his reading of the text. As soon as the text of the first five lessons has been passed, the footnotes should be carefully discussed in class and made the subject of written exercises, if not in Spanish then by trans- lation into and from the English. 7. Everything is taught by contrast and association. Too fre- quently the learner's memory is overtaxed and the development of his sense and reasoning faculties neglected. My special aim is to employ as much as possible the lower or sense faculties of the mind, ihe perceptions. 8. The lessons are strictly graded and consist of conversations on interesting topics, supplying words and idioms needed in the everyday affairs of life. 9. Distinctive t3rpe is used for the variable inflections of nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. It strikes the eye, and the pupil notes more readily all inflectional changes. The beginning is made with the auxiliaries of tense because their use is a necessity from the very first exercise in spoken language. 10. A vocabulary giving the English equivalents has been appended because in many schools the students translate these lessons before using them for Spanish conversation. A list of common Spanish phrases, with their English equivalents, inserted before the Vocabulary, will prove very helpful in and out of class. These phrases should be put to constant use from the .very beginning and may thus gradually be learned by heart. A successful use of the New First Spanish Book will be best attained in the following manner : I. Each lesson should first be read by the teacher, and then in concert by teacher and student. 2. One pupil should next read by paragraphs rhebookf^*** and after the reading of each paragraph a series of conversations should be developed. The pupil should not be allowed to speak in monosyllables. NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK V 3. The paradigms should be committed to memory. 4. The student should understand every lesson before taking up new work. He should master the text without the use of English. The footnotes will help materially in this effort. 5. Objects at hand, or brought to the class, should be made subjects for conversation. The pupil when studying the text should read and speak aloud as if conversing with others ; it will train his ear and tongue and quicken expression. 6. Reviews should be frequent. Not how much studied, but how well learned, should be the motto. 7. The rules for pronunciation should be constantly referred to, as their mastery is a work of time. No one can hope to understand the spoken word who has not carefully trained his ear to the correct sounds. Nothing can replace the living voice, but care has been taken to make these rules helpful. The instructions of the Spanish Academy have been heeded, but the variations of Spanish Americans have also been pointed out. It is hoped that the help here offered will prove useful and quicken in the United States the ever-growing interest in the people of Spanish-speaking countries. Suggestions have come from many teachers of Spanish, friends of my other books, and they have proven helpful ; but my special acknowledgments are due to Senor Francisco Zuazaga, Professor of Commercial Spanish, Boston University, who has by his assistance in the proofreading insured the accuracy of these pages. J. H. WORMAN. Boston, Massachusetts. EL ALFABETO ESPANpl; (THE SPANISH ALPHABET) I. According to the Spanish Academy, the alphabet consists of twenty-eight letters. To these may be added letters k and Wy employed in foreign and in adopted words. All the letters are given below with their names in Spanish. IL The Castilian pronunciation, generally accepted as the best, is the one given preference here. The equivalents in English are in nearly every case only approximate, it being very difficult to represent Spanish sounds by any English letter or combination of letters. For the exact Spanish sounds the pupil should, if possible, avail himself of the living voice of a teacher. Spanish is almost entirely a phonetic language. That is to say, it comes very near being pronounced as it is written, and being written as it is pronounced. Aside from a very few excep- tions, each letter is to be pronounced in every case^ and always in the same way, its sound being practically invariable. This cannot be too strongly impressed on the mind of the beginner. III. Las Letras {The Letters) El Abecedario Castellano (The Spanish Alphabet) Los Caracteres Los Nombres La Pronunciaci6n (Characters) (Names) (Pronunciation) a a ah b be bay ^ c ce thay * > The names of the Spanish letters zx^ feminine, as : la b (lah bay), a In Spanish America the soft c and z are sounded like c in nty. (See page 4, footnote 2.) NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK Los Crractertjr Los Nombres La Pronunciaci6n (Chi4ractei«) (Names) (Pronunciation) -:':'--Gfe \ -v. , ;< che tshay ■ ■ d ■ " ^ de day e e eh (or ay) f efe ay'fay g ge 'hay^ h hache ah! c hay i i ee J jota 'hohUah^ k ka kah 1 ele ayiay 11' elle ay/'yay m eme ay may n ene ay^nay 5 eiie ayn'yay o oh P pe pay q cu coo r ere ay^ray n-i erre ayr'ray s ese ay'say t te fay u u 00 V ve vay w doble u doh^blay oo X equis ay^kees y ye i griega yay or ee gree-ay'gah z zeta thaytah 1 The compound letters, ch^ II, and rr^ cannot be separated in spelhng. (See Division of Syllables, page 8.) 2 G before e or i is a very strongly aspirated h. It is sounded like the German ch in z.ch. J has likewise this strong aspirated sound of h. (See page 4, Par. V, 8 and p. 5, Par. V, 10 a and ^.) The aspirated sound is in- dicated by an apostrophe (') before the h (*A). The Spanish ck has, how- ever, a different sound. (See page 4, Par. V, 5.) NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK 3 REGLAS PARA LA PRONUNCIACION (RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION) IV. Las Vocales {The Voivels) 1. Spanish vowels are invariable in sound, and the student should enunciate them clearly. 2. a has the sound of the English a in the exclamation a\\ ! : cara, cah'rah {/ace). 3. e has a sound somewhat fuller than the e in mdon, but not so long as that of a in iait : mesa, may'sah {table) ; in a closed syllable, i.e. when ending in a consonant, it sounds more hke e in p^t, as in esto, es'toh {thh). 4. i has the sound of English / in mar/ne, mach/ne, etc. : pino, pee'noh {pine). 5. At the end of a word y replaces i when preceded by a vowel. (See y.) 6. sounds nearly like in oh, or in the word somber : loma, loh'mah {slope), sombrero, som-bray'roh {hat). 7. u is pronounced like 00 in moon : mundo, moon'doh {world) . u is silent when it follows q : queso, kay'soh {cheese), quitar, keeh-tarr' {to quit, retire). (See page 5, Par. V, 15.) It is also silent between g and e or i ; that is, in the combinations gue and gui : guerra, gayr'rah {war), guia, ghee'ah {guide). 8. u with the diaeresis {U) must be sounded. Thus, while in guerrilla, gayr-reel'lyah {guerrilla) and distinguir, dees-teen- gheer' {to distinguish) the u is silent, in words with the diaeresis (dieresis) like vergUenza, vayrr-goo-en'thah {shame) and lin- giiista, leen-goo-ees'tah {linguist) the u must be sounded. (For the diphthongs, see page 7, Par. VI.) 9. y is, as in English, both a vowel and a consonant, {a) It is used as a vowel only at the end of a word, as in rey, ray'ee {king), voy, voh'ee {I go), or when standing alone as the con- junction y, ee {and) : padre y madre {father and mother). {b) In all other cases it is a consonant and should be pro- nounced more forcihlv than in English, approaching the sound of y in jet ; suyo, soo'yoh {his). Cf. page 6, Par. V, 22, and footnote i. 4 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK V. Las Consonantes {The Consanants) 1. Of the consonants, f, k, 1, m, n, p, q, and t have the same value as in EngUsh. 2. b, d, r, V, and y have nearly the same value as in English. The variations are as follows : 3. b Ms not pronounced as forcibly as in English, except before s and t : obscuro, obs-coo'roh {obscure) and obtener, ob-tay-nayr' {to obtain). See Par. V, 19, note. 4. c 2 has two sounds : {a) before e or i it is pronounced like th in thxn : cena, thay'nah {supper), cancion, can-thee-on' {song). {b) In all other cases it has the hard sound of k\ cama, kah'mah {beet), Cort^S, kor-tays' {courteous, polite), cruz, krooth {cross). 5. ch has in all cases the sound of English ch in ^-^urch : mucho, moo'tchoh {much), muchacho, moo-tchah'tchoh {boy). 6. d is never pronounced as forcibly as in English (it is farther removed from /). At the end of a word, or between two vowels, as in Madrid, mah-dreeth', Granada, grah-nah'thah, it is much softened, its sound then approaching that of the English th in although. 7. By some Spanish people the sound of d is left out at the end of a word, or between two vowels, as in bondad, cansado, which become bonda, cansao. This practice is to be avoided. 8. g (like c) has two sounds. {a) Before e or i it has the same value as the Spanish j ; that is, the sound of English h very strongly aspirated, or better the German ch in ach ; as, gitano, 'hee-tah'noh {gipsy)^ g^nero, *hay'nay-roh {gender). {b) In all other cases g has the guttural sound of English g in ^te : gato, gah'toh {cat), siglo, see'gloh {century), gracias, grah'thee-ahs {thanks). The g is also hard when followed by u ; as guia, ghee'ah {guide). Cf. page 3, Par. IV, 7. 1 Many Spanish people are careless in the pronunciation of V, often con- founding it with b, as baso for vaso, vah'soh {drinking vessel). 2 c and z when soft often receive in Latin America the simple sound of c in city, a practice disapproved by the Spanish Academy. NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK 5 9. h is always silent. It is true that in words beginning with hue, as huevo, (h)oo-ayVoh {egg), there is a slight aspirate, but this belongs to the ue rather than to the h. (For c followed by h, see remarks under ch, above, Par. V, 5.) 10. {a) j has the sound of English h aspirated, or better, sounds like the German ch ; as, Jos^, 'Hoh-say' {Joseph), jefe, 'hay'fay {chief). Compare with g before e and i. Par. V, 8 a. {b) j has replaced x in many words, as M^jico, may''hee-koh {Mexico) f and final j is sometimes silent, as reloj, ray-loh' {watchy timepiece) y often written now relo, though in the plural it is always sounded : relojes, ray-loh^'hays. 11. 11 (ayl-yay) is pronounced Hke // in Wi//iam or in bri//iant ; as, valle, vahl'lyay {valley). Note. Some Spanish people give II the sound of y and valle thus be- comes vaye, a pronunciation to be avoided. 12. Latin mm, found also in English, are replaced by nm ; as, inmenso, een-men'so {immense) and inmortal, een-mor-tahl' {immortal). Compare Par. V, 13. 13. The Spanish Academy has not in general favored the doubling of consonants, so that now C and n are the only ones doubled ; in these instances doth are sounded ; as, acci6n, ak-thee- on' {action), ennoblecer, en-no-blay-thayr' {to make noble). 14. 5 (ayn-yay), that is, the Spanish n with the tilde (~) over it, has an even stronger sound than the English ni in o«/on or in opi«/on or the n in cawon (canyon). 15. q is only used in combination with ue (que) and ui (qui). Then the two letters, qu, have the single sound of k ; as, querer, kay-rayrr' {to wish, desire), quinto, keen'toh {the fifth). 1 6. r is pronounced in all cases more distinctly than in Eng- lish and it is trilled and rolled very forcibly in the following cases : {a) At the beginning of a word, as in Roma, roh'mah {Rome)^ rima, ree'mah {rime), renta, ren'tah {income). {b) After n^ 1, or s: Enrique, en-ree'kay {Henry), alrota, al-roh'tah {tow), Israel, Ees-rah-ayl'. 17. rr (ayr'ray) represents two inseparable letters which are always rolled, and which never occur at the beginning of a word, 6 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK nor after n, 1, or s. Notice the difference between pero, pay'roh (but), and perro, payr'roh (dog). 18. s has always the sound of j in jaint (never like s in rojy or evasion), e.g. sangre, ssan'gray (blood). The practice of not sounding the final s is to be avoided. Cf. Par. V, 7. 19. V is pronounced less softly than in English. It should not be given the sound of b, as is often done. Note. The Spanish Academy grammar does not favor the mixing of b and V in the written language. 20. w is used only in foreign words, (a) In German words it has the sound of v, as in Wagner (Vagner). (b) In English words w has the sound of Spanish u : thus in Washington (Uashington). 21. X. (a) Between two vowels x is pronounced hke Spanish CS or ks : exacto, eks-ahk'toh (exact). (b) In many words x, formerly sounded like j, is now replaced by j : Mejico (see above under j). (c) Between a vowel and a consonant usage varies, but the pro- nunciation of' X like ks is preferred by the Spanish Academy : expreso, eks-pray'so (express). (d) Others pronounce it like gs (egs-pray'so). (e) And still others pronounce it like s (es-pray'so). (/) Some even use s instead of x in the written language also (espreso)y but the Spanish Academy condemns this practice. 22. y :as a consonant should be pronounced more forcibly than in EngHsh, approaching the sound of y in ^'et ; as, suyo, soo'yoh (his). Between consonants i replaces y: sistema, sees-tay'mah (system). (For y as a vowel, see Par. IV, 9 a.) 23. z is pronounced by Castilians like th in thin. Students should not give it the sound of EngHsh z nor should they adopt the pronunciation of those Spanish Americans who sound it like c in nty or like s in forenjic. See footnote 2, page 4. Note. Many Spanish Americans rarely distinguish between C, S, or Z in the spoken language in such words as cocer {to cook) and coser {to sew), caza {chase, hunt) and casa {house). I In some Spanish American countries i generally replaces y. NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK 7 VI. DiPTONGOS Y Triptongos {Diphthongs and Triphthongs) 1. A Diphthong is a coalition or union of two vowels. These form in English a compound or continuous vowel sound. They are not considered two distinct sounds, but are pronounced with one breath impulse and without remission of stress, the sound gliding from the initial element to the final without a break, as oi in oi\y ai in xain^ eo in p^^ple, ea in h^^rd. 2. English diphthongs may or may not have the original sound of either of the two vowels : compare aw in ^awX, ou in ouX. 3. In Spanish diphthongs, however, the two vowels build one syllable^ and the original sound of each vowel must be kept. 4. Spanish vowels are of two kinds : {a) strong a, e, and 0, and {b) weak i (y) and u, which are less sonorous than those in group {a). 5. Diphthongs are formed : id) By one strong and one weak vowel with the stress on the strong, irrespective of their relative position : hacia, ah'thee^h {towards), baile, bah'ee-lay {ball), causa, kah^oo-sah^ {cause). When the stress falls on the weak vowel, the accent is used to show there is no diphthong and the two vowels are pronounced in two syllables : hacia, ah-thee'ah {I made), pais, pah-ees' {country), haul, bah-ool' {trunk). {b) By two weak vowels with the stress always on the second ; as, viuda, vee-00'dah^ {widow), buitxe, boo^ee'tray {vulture). 6. Triphthongs combine three vowels — one strong, with the stress, between two weak vowels ; as buey, boo-ay'ee {ox), VII. El Acento {The Accent) The general rules of Spanish accentuation are : I. Words of two or more syllables, ending in a vowel or in n or s, have the stress on the syllable before the last (penultimate); as, mesa, may'sah {table), comen, koh'mayn {they eat), lunes, loo'nays {Monday), I These words quickly spoken sound like cow'sak, viezv'dah. Cf. the English ai in ai\, ua in qwality, iew in \iew, ui {oui) in Louis, or ufkea in wAeat, 8 NEW FIRST SPANISH BUUK 2. Words of two or more syllables, ending in a consonant other than n or j, or in 7, have the stress on the last syllable ; as, papel, pah-payl' {paper), estoy, es-toh'ee {I am). 3. Whenever there is a departure from either of these rules, the written accent is used, in which case the stress should be on the letter so marked ; as, sofa, soh-fah' {sofa), cort^s, kor-tays' {polite), lagrima, lah'gree-mah {tear), arbol, arr'boU {tree). 4. The accent is also marked : {a) To indicate the dissolution of vowels that might form a diphthong or a triphthong; as, geometiia, 'hay-o-may-tree'ah {geometry), mio, mee'oh {my). {b) To distinguish between words having the same form, but differing in meaning or in office : d^ (part of the verb dar) from the preposition de ; ^se, 6ste, aqu^l, demonstrative pronouns, from the demonstrative adjectives, ese, este, aquel ; ^1, personal pronoun, from el, definite article; the interrogative pronouns and adverbs qu^, quien, cual, como, cuando, donde from the relatives que, quien, cual, como, cuando, donde. {c) Arbitrarily in monosyllabic past absolutes, fui, fue; vi, vio ; di, dio, etc. 5. Two strong vowels do not form a diphthong. The accent therefore is not required to show that the two vowels are pro- nounced as two syllables : feo, fay'oh {ugly), leer, lay-ayr' {to read). VIII. La Division de Palabras en Si'labas {The Division of Words into Syllables) Syllables generally end in a vowel ; as, a-ma-ble, ah-mah'blay {amiable). Two consonants usually divide ; as, man-za-na, mahn- thah'nah {apple). A single consonant goes to the following sylla- ble, as pe-ra, pay'rah {pear) ; and of three consonants, two form one syllable, and the third, another, as, ins-tan-te, eens-tahn'tay {moment). However, / followed by r, and b, c, d, f, g, and / fol- lowed by /or ;-, go to the next syllable, as, a-bri-go, ah-bree'goh {shade), a-tra-er, ah-trah-ayr' {to attract). The compound let- ters and the diphthongs {q.v.) and triphthongs {q-v.) do not divide, as, a-rro-jar, ah-rroh-'har' {to dart, fling), calle, kahriyay {street^. PRIMER LIBRO DE ESPANOL PRIMERA LECCION- CONJUGACION =» DEL VERBO ESTAR LNDICATIVO PRESENTE AFIRMATIVO Singular yo 3 estoy ^ estoy 3 tii 3 estas estas a3esta esta ella 4 esta esta usted 5 esta nosotros ^ (nosotras) estamos estamos vosotros 6 (vosotras) estais estais ellos3 estan estan ellas 3 estan estan ustedes 5 estan Plural INTER ROGATIVO £ Estoy yo ? ^ i Estamos nosotros (nosotras) ? ^ I Estas tii ? I Estais vosotros (vosotras) ? ^ I Esta i\ (ella) ? i Estan ellos (ellas) ? I Esta usted (V.) ? {singular) i Estan ustedes (VV.) {plural) 1 Prondnciese lek-ihee-on' . La c se pronuncia antes (= delante) de /5 una silla ; el hombre esta en la silla. Aqui esta un libro. -*/^«-^r;2SJU *-^ 24 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK Miramos (=r vemos ') con ' los ojos. Los ojos sirven^ para mirar (r= ver). MIrar es fijar los ojos en un objeto. ,; Con que mira V., Carlos? Yo miro con los ojos. i Que mira V. ? Yo miro la casa. Aqui esta otro animal, ^i Que animal es ? Es una oveja, ^Tlene la oveja manos ? No, una oveja y un gato tienen p at a s (= pies) y no manos. Una oveja ^i Habla k oveja ? No, senor, la oveja no habla ; la oveja es un animal. Los ani- males no hablan. La oveja b a 1 a ; el gato m a u 1 1 a ; pero el hombre habla. ^; Habla V., Carlos? Si, senor, yo hablo. ^i Que habla V. ? Hablo Ingles. I Que hablan VV. (ustedes) ? En la clase de frances, hablamos frances, y en la clase de espanol hablamos espanol. En las otras clases hablamos Ingles, i Habla Maria Ingles ? No, senor, Maria no habla Ingles ; ella habla a 1 e m a n. Ella es de Berlin. Berlin esta en Prusla. Prusia esta en Alemanla. ^i Estamos nosotros en Alemanla? No, senor, estamos en Nueva York, en America. I De que conjugacldn es el verbo hablar ? El verbo hablar es de la primera conjugacldn. Todos los verbos termlnados en ar en el Infinltlvo son de la primera conjugacldn. i De que conjugacldn son » El infinitivo de vemos es ver^ verbo de la 2a conjugacion y se conjuga en el presente : veo^ ves, ve, vemos, vets, ven. Vease ( = comparese) L. VII, p. 30. "^ sirven es de servir, verbo de la 3a conjugacion y se conjuga en el pre- sente : sirvo, sirves, sirve, servimos, servis, sirven. Vease L. IX, p. 39. NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK 25 verbos estar, entrar, mirar, significar, fijdr, balar, maullar, comprar ? Son de la primera conjugacidn como hablar. i Que significa comprar? *' Com- prar" es obtener un objeto por dinero. ^Que es ** dinero"? Dinero es moneda co- rrientepara facilitar las transacciones comer- ciales. En la prdxima pagina (26) tenemos una moneda. El dinero es de oro, plata, cobre, o de papel. El '*oro," la "plata" y el "cobre" son metales. El oro y la plata son metales precio- sos. <;Es el "cobre" un metal precioso? No, el cobre es un metal comiin. "Comiin" es lo con- trario de raro ( = precioso). ^De que color es el oro? El oro es de color amarillo. e/o en el 1 a b i o superior. La boca tiene dos labios, el labio superior y el labio inferior. 2 es^o y eso son pronombres demostrativos neutros ; e s o designa un objeto mas distante (= contrario de cercano). Vease L. VIII. 28 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK tiene un gorro. ^ Ddnde esta el gorro de Carlos? Esta en su cuarto sobre la mesa. ^ : W ta Avenida es una de las mas hermo- sas. Cinco mu- chachos es- tan en la ca- lle. Cuatro de los mu- chachos tie- nen zancos; tres estan montados en los zancos, un muchacho esta sentado, y uno esta d e p i e. i Cuantos zancos tiene cada muchacho ? Cada uno tiene dos, un zanco para el pie derecho, y uno para el pie i z q u i e r d o . Una de nuestras manos es la mano derecha, y la otra es la mano izquierda. Muchachos en la calle 1 Del verbo irregular venir, de la 3a conjugacion. Vease L. XV, p. 65. 2 Del verbo regular vivir, de la 3a conjugacion. NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK 43 ^iCuantas conjugaciones tenemos en espanol ? Tenemos tres, la primera en ar, como " hablar " ; la segunda en er, como " vender," y la tercera en ir, como "vivir." Ahora sabemos un verbo regular de cada conjugacidn. LECCION DECIMA TIEMPOS COMPUESTOS^ DE LOS VERBOS AMAR, COMER Y VIVIR Afirmativo yo he tu has el (o ella) ha usted ha PERFECTO PRESENTE'' la Conjugaci6n 2a Conjugaci6n amado,3 amado, nosotros hemos vosotros hab^is ellos (o ellas) han ustedes han amado, amado, amado, amado, amado, amado. comido,- comido, comido, comido. comido, comido, comido, comido. 3a Conjugaci6n vivido^ vivido vivido vivido vivido vivido vivido vivido Interrogative < I he amado (comido, vivido) yo ? I has amado (comido, vivido) tii ? I ha amado (comido, vivido) i\ (o ella) ? I ha amado (comido, vivido) usted ? I hemos amado (comido, vivido) nosotros ? I hab^is amado (comido, vivido) vosotros ? ^han amado (comido, vivido) ellos (o ellas) ? I han amado (comido, vivido) ustedes ? 1 compuesto es de componer, Cf. p. 81, L. XIX. 2 El perfecto presente de indicative se compone del presente de indicative de haber y del participio pasivo del verbo que expresa la accion. El participio pasivo es invariable y no se separa del auxiliar haber. Esta forma compuesta se usa para exprimir ( = expresar) una accion pasada en tiempo no determi- nado o que no ha pasado todavia. 3 Los verbos regulares de la primera conjugacion se terminan en ado y los de la segunda y de la tercera en ido. 44 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK Una madre con sus dos hijos Aquf esta una senora con su hijo y su nifiita. I Quien es esta senora ? Es la senora dona ' Maria Martin. Su marido ( = esposo), el Sr. don' Carlos Martin, es medico. Yo no conozco^ la palabra medico, ^i Sabe V. lo que es m e d i c i n a ? Si, lo se, porque en ingles tenemos casi^ la misma palabra. Muy bien, el medico prescribe^ medicina y reme- dios a las personas que estan enfermas ( = malas). Cuando estamos malos, tomamos ^ medicina para curarnos.^ Un medico es una persona que pro- fesa la medicina. ^i Comprende V. ahora? Si, senor, yo tengo un amigo que es medico, pero no se lo que es "ahora." V. ha olvidado^ la significacidn de I (/on y c/ona (femenino) preceden el primer nombre de una persona, s De conocer {conozco^ conoces, conoce, conocemos, conoceis, conocen). 3 casi = aproximadamente (= con aproximacion). 4 Del verbo prescrihir. 5 Del verbo tomar. 6 curarnos es compuesto de curar y del pronombre nos. Cf. p. 58, n. 3. 7 Participio pasivo de olvidar (= perder la memori^ de). NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK 45 ** ahora," porque hemos ten I do' esta palabra en una leccidn anterior. '' Ahora " significa '' en este momento," " al presente " ; ''en esta epoca"; ''en nuestros dias." ^ Ha comprendido V.? Si, senor, he comprendido. La nina es muy pequena. Es una ninita. No habla todavia. El muchacho es m u c h o mas grande que ; la ninita. Es un buen muchacho, y estudia mucho en la escuela. El habla ya ' ingles, Frances, aleman y espanol. i Habla V. espanol ? Yo hablo y com- prendo un poco, lo aprendo ahora. El muchacho es el hijo mayor, y la ninita la hija m e n o r de don Carlos y de dona Maria. " Mayor " es el comparativo irregular de " grande," y " menor " el comparativo irregular de " pequefio." Mayor sig- nifica tambien "de mas edad." El hijo mayor tiene mas edad que la hija menor. i Sabe V. lo que es "edad"? No muy bien. Un anciano (= un hombre viejo) tiene mucha edad o muchos afios ; un muchacho o un nino tiene poca edad o pocos afios. fuanito es el diminutivo ^^ Juan. 64 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK dientes. Algunas personas pierden ' los dientes ; otras los tienen malos. Los dentistas compo- nent' (=ajustan) y arrancan^ los dientes. Tam- bien hacen dentaduras postizas (= dientes arti- ficiales) para las personas que no los tienen. i Tiene V. buenos dientes ? No he perdido ' ninguno ^ to- davia ^ ; empleo un dentista para cuidarmelos. Mi abuelo es viejo, y no tiene dientes. ^ De que abuelo habla V. ? Hablo del padre de mi mad re, el senor don Jose Martin, que vive en Boston con su hijo. /., a few, some. alimento, w., food, provision. almacen, w., store, shop. almorzar, to breakfast. almuerzo, m., breakfast. Alpes (los), the Alps. alrota, /., a coarse tow. alto, -a, high, tail, big, large. alto, m., story, floor. alumbrar, to light (up), illumi- nate. alumno, m., pupil. alii, adv., there. amable, amiable, kind. amar, to love. amarillo, -a, yeUow. ambos, -as, both. ameno, -a, pleasant. America, /., America. americano, -a, American; as noun, American. amigo, m., friend. anciano, -a, old, ancient; as noun, old person. anclar, to anchor. ancho, -a, wide, broad. Andalucia, /., Andalusia. andar, to walk, go {simple ac- tion). animal, m., beast, brute, animal. anochecer, to be or grow dark. ante, prep., before. anteponer, to place before or first. anterior, adj., front, anterior; former. antes, prep., before; adv., for- merly. Antillas,/. pi.. West Indies. Antonio, m., Anthony. anular, ring-shaped; dedo — , ring finger. ano, m., year. apacible, meek, gentle, peaceable. apellidar, to call. apetecer, to long for, crave, aplicar, to apply, aposento, m., room, bedroom, apartment. apoyarse, rejl., to rest, lean on {or upon), support. apreciar, to appreciate, value, esteem. aprehensi6n, /., apprehension, aprender, to learn, study. aprobacion, /., approbation, aproximacion, /., approximation ; con — , approaching to. aproximadamente, adv., approxi- mately. aquel, aquella, dem. adj., that; pL, those. aquel, aquella, aquello, dem. pron.j that, that one; pi., those, aqui, adv., here. Arabia, /., Arabia, arbol, m., tree. arbolillo, m., young tree, arbusto, m., shrub. Argentina,/., Argentine Republic, aritmetica, /., arithmetic. armonioso, -a, harmonious. aromatico, -a, aromatic. arrancar, to pull out, wrest (from). arribar, to arrive. arrojar, to dart, fling, throw, articulo, m., article. artificial, artificial. Arturo, m., Arthur. ascender, to ascend, reach, mount ; — a, amount to. asegurar, to assure. asi, adv., so, thus, as; — come, as well as. Asia, /., Asia, asiento, m., seat. VOCABULARY 107 aspiraci6n, /., aspiration. aspirar, to draw in the breath; covet, long for. astro, m., heavenly body, star. astronomo, m., astronomer. atar, to tie, bind, attach. atender, to take care of. atento, -a, respectful. Atlantico, m., Atlantic. atmosfera, /., atmosphere. atractivo, m., attractive, en- chanting. atraer, to attract, invite. atravesar, to cross, traverse. aumentar, to increase. aumentativo, -a, augmentative. aumento, m., increase. aun, aun, adv., yet, still. Austria, /., Austria. autor, m,, author. auxiliar, auxiliary. avanzar, to advance, progress, extend. avenida, /., avenue. azadon, m., spade. azucar, m., sugar. azul, blue. B bahia,/., bay. baile, m., dance, ball, bajo, adv., low, under, below, balar, to bleat. balsamico, -a, balsamic, balmy. bancario, -a, banking. banco, m., bench ; bank. banda, /., band, orchestra. banquero, m., banker, banqueta,/., piano stool. bafiar, to bathe. bafio, w., bath, bathtub, barato, -a, cheap. barco, m., bark, ship, vessel, barqueta, /., small boat, bark. barquillo, m., small boat. barrera, /., fence. bastante, adv., enough, quite, sufficient (iy). baston, m., walking stick, cane. baul, m., trunk. - beber, to drink. Belgica, /., Belgium. bellisimo, -a, very beautiful. belle, -a, beautiful. Berlin, Berlin. besar, to kiss. bestia, /., beast, cattle. biblioteca, /., library. bien, adv., well, good. bigote, m., mustache. bisiesto : ano — , leap year. bianco, -a, white. blusa, /., blouse, boca, /., mouth, entrance. bola, /., ball. bolilla, /., marble. bondad, /., goodness, kindness. bonisimo, -a, very good. bosque, m., forest, wood. beta, /., boot. botin, m., booty. Brasil (el), Brazil. braze, m., arm. brevedad,/., brevity, short period. buen, see buene. bueno, -a, good, kind, well; ser — , to be good; estar — , to be well, buey, m., ox. buitre, m., vulture, bujia, /., candle. buque, m., ship, boat; — de vapor, steamer; — de vela, sailboat. caballazo, m., big stout horse, caballero, m., gentleman. caballito, m., little horse. caballo, m., horse; montar a — , to ride (horseback), go riding. cabello, m., hair. cabeza, /., head; chief, principal, cabo, m., cape, end. cabra,/., she-goat. io8 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK cada, adj., each, every; — cual, t — uno, -a, pron., each one, every one. cadena, /., chain. caer, to fall, drop, cafe, m., coffee. calcular, to calculate, figure, calculo, m.j calculation, account, sum. calentar, to heat, warm. cdlido, -a, hot, warm. caliente, warm, hot. calor, w., heat, ardor ; hacer — , to be or grow warm, calle, /., street. cama, /., bed. cambiar, to change, exchange, cambio, m., change; bank, camino, m., road, way, journey, campesino, m., countryman, peasant, campo, m., field, country. can, w., dog {cf. perro). Canadd (el), Canada, canal, m., canal, cancion, /., song, candelero, m., candlestick, cansado, p. p., tired, fatigued, cantar, to sing. cantidad, /., quantity. canto, m., singing, song. cana, /., cane; — de azucar, sugar cane, canon, m., canon, capital,/., capital (city). cara, /., face, caracter, m., character. carb6n : — (w.) de piedra, coal, cardinal, adj., cardinal. cargar, to load, burden, charge, carry; rest. Carlos, m., Charles, came, /., meat, flesh. carniceria, /., meat market. camicero, m., butcher, carpintero, w., carpenter. carretilla, /., wheelbarrow. carril, w., rail. carro, m., car, wagon. carruaje, m., carriage. carta,/., letter. cartulina, /., cardboard. casa,/., house; a — , home ; en — , at home; — de campo, country ■[ house. * casar, to marry. casi, adv., almost, nearly. casita, /., small dwelling house. case, m., case, event, fact. castellano, -a, Castilian, Span- ish; m., the Spanish language. catorce, num., fourteen. caucisico, -a, Caucasian. causa, /., cause, origin. causar, to cause, effect. cavar, to dig. cavidad, /., cavity, hole. caza, /., chase, game. ceder, to cede, yield. celeste, celestial. cena, /., supper. cenar, to sup, take supper. centavo, m., cent, penny. centre, m., center. cerca, adv.f near ; — de, close by (to). cercano, -a, near. cereal, m., cereal. cereza, /., cherry. cerrar, to close, shut, inclose. choza, etc., see under ch. ciego, -a, blind. cielo, m., sky, heaven. cien, num., used for ciento before nouns. ciento, num., one hundred. cierto, -a, certain; per — , cer- tainly, of course. cinco, num., five. cincuenta, num., fifty. ciudad, /., city. claridad, /., clearness, brightness, light. claro, -a, clear, plain. clase,/., class, sort, kind. clasico, -a, classic. VOCABULARY 109 clavar, to fix, fasten, stare (at). cobre, w., copper. cocer, to cook, boil. cocina, /., kitchen. cocinero, -a, m. mid f., cook. coche, m., coach, carriage, car. cochero, w., coachman, driver. codiciar, to covet, desire. coger, to gather, get, catch. coleccion, /., collection. colegio, m., college. colgar, to hang, suspend. colina, /., hill. colocacion, /., position. colocar, to place, put, set. color, m., color, hue. Colorado, m., red. comedia, /., comedy. comedor, m., dining room. comer, to eat, dine. comercial, commercial. comerciante, m., merchant. comercib, w., commerce, trade, business. comestible, adj., eatable; m. pi., provisions, food. comida, /., food, dinner, meal. comision, /., commission. como, adv., as, like. ; see este. estrecho, m., strait. estrella, /., star. estructura, /., structure, body. estudiar, to study. estudio, m., study, lesson. esttifa, /., stove. etc. = etcetera, etc. eufonia, /., euphony. Europa, /., Europe. europeo, -a, European ; as noun, European. evidentemente, adv., evidently. exacto, -a, exact. excelente, excellent, fine, admi- rable. excepto, adv., except, excepting. exclamacion, /., exclamation. excluir, to exclude. exhibir, to exhibit, display. exhortar, to exhort. existencia, /., existence, living. existir, to live, exist. explicacion, /., explanation. explicar, to explain. exponer, to expose. exportacion, /., exportation. exportar, to export. expresar, to express. expresion, /., expression. expreso, -a, expressed, clear. exprimir, to express. extender, to extend, stretch. extension, /., extension, body, extent. extenso, -a, long, extensive. 114 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK exterior, m., exterior ; al — , out- side (of it) . extraer, to extract, draw out. extremidad, /., end, extremity. extremo, w., end, point, corner. fabrica,/,, factory, fabricante, m., manufacturer. fabricar, to manufacture, make, ! construct. fabula, /., fable. facil, easy. facilidad, /., facility, ease, facilitar, to facilitate, make easy. facultad, /., faculty, power, falda, /., skirt, lap. f altar, to fail. familia, /., family. famoso, -a, famous, fatigar, to fatigue, tire (out), favor, w., favor; hagame el — , do me the favor, please. favorable, favorable. febrero, m., February, fecha, /., date. feliz, happy. femenino, -a, feminine. feo, -a, ugly, homely. Fernando, m., Ferdinand, feroz, ferocious, savage, fierce, ferrocarril, m., railroad, fiel, faithful. figura,/., figure, form, body, figurar, to figure, represent, fijar, to fix, fasten, plant. Filadelfia, /., Philadelphia, fin, m., end, limit, close; al — , at last. firmamento, w., firmament. fiauta,/., flute. fior, /., flower, bloom, floreciente, flourishing. fluido, w., fluid, liquid, forma,/., form, shape, formacion, /., formation. formal, to form, make. frac, m., dress coat. fragil, fragile. fragmento, m., piece, fragment. frances, -esa, French; m., Frenchman, French language. Francia, /., France. frase,/., phrase. fraudulentamente, adv., wrongly, by fraud. frecuencia, /., frequency. frecuentar, to frequent. frecuentemente, adv., frequently. frente, /., forehead, front; en — de, in front of, before. fresco, -a, fresh, cool. frio, -a, cold; hace — , it is (get- ting) cold. fruta, /., fruit (eatable). frutal, fruit -bearing ; drbol — , fruit tree. fruto, m., fruit (as a product). fuego, m., fire. fuente, /., fountain, source, spring. fuera, adv., out, outside, without. fuerte, strong, heavy, loud. fuerza,/., force, strength, power. funcion, /., entertainment, per- formance (at a theater or opera). futuro, -a, future. futuro, 7n.j the future (tense). gaban, m., greatcoat, overcoat, galocha, /., overshoe. ganado, m., cattle. ganancia, /., gain, profit, re- ceipts. gas, m., gas. gatito, m., little cat, kitten, gato, w., cat. gavilla,/., sheaf of corn, general, adj., common, general, general, m., general. generalmente, adv., generally. VOCABULARY IIS genero, m., gender; kind, sort. gente, /., people, persons (in general). geografia, /., geography, geometria, /., geometry. gerundio, m., gerund, present participle. gitano, m., gypsy, globe, m., globe. gobernante, m., one that governs, governor. gobernar, to govern, rule. gobierno, m., government. golfo, m., gulf. goma, /., gum, rubber, gordo, -a, fat, thick; dedo — , big toe. gorra, /., bonnet, cap. gorro, m., cap. gozar, to enjoy. grabado, m., engraving, cut. gracias, /. pL, thanks, favors, grado, m., degree, gran, see grande. Granada,/., city in Spain. grande, large, big, great, grand, grano, m., grain. Grecia, /., Greece, griego, -a, Greek. Groenlandia, /., Greenland, grueso, fat, bulky, corpulent, guardar, to keep, guard, care for. guerra, /., war. guerrilla,/., partisan warfare, guia, m., guide, gustar, to like, taste, be pleased ; si le gusta a V^ if agreeable, if you please, if you like it. gusto, w., pleasure; con mucho — , gladly, with great pleasure. Habana (la), capital of Cuba, haber, to have; — de, to have to. habitacion, /., residence, lodging. habitante, m., inhabitant. habitar, to inhabit. hablar, to speak, talk. hacer, to make, do; be; hace ocho dias, a week ago; hace frio, it is (getting) cold. hacia, prep., towards, about. hacha, /., ax. hallar, to find. hasta, prep., till, until, up to, as far as, even. hay, there is, there are; see haber. haz, m., bundle. hecho, -a, p. p. of hacer. helar, to freeze. hermana, /., sister. hermanita, /., little sister. hermano, m., brother. hermoso, -a, handsome, beauti- ful. hielo, m.y ice. hierro, m., iron. hija,/., daughter. hijo, m., son ; pL, children. hilera, /., row, line {cf. linea). historia, /., history. hoja, /., leaf. Holanda, /., Holland. holandes, -esa, Dutch. hombre, m., man. hombrecito, m., youth, young man. hombrdn, m., large fat man. honor, in., honor. hora, /., hour, time. horizonte, m., horizon. hortaliza, /., vegetables for mar- ket, garden stuff. hoy, adv., to-day. hoyo, m., hole. huerta, /., large vegetable and fruit garden, kitchen garden. huerto, m., small kitchen gar- den. huevo, m., egg; — pasado por agua, soft-boiled egg. humano, -a, human. humo, m., smoke. ii6 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK idea, /., idea, thought, scheme. idioma, m., language. iglesia, /., church. igual, equal, like, same. igualdad, /., equality. igualmente,a^z^., equally, likewise. iluminar, to illuminate, illumine. imagen, /., image, figure. imaginar, to imagine. imperative, m., imperative. imperfecto, w., imperfect. imperio, m., empire. impermeable, m., raincoat, mack- intosh. impersonal, impersonal. importacion, /., importation. importancia, /., importance. importante, important. importar, to import, concern, matter ; no importa, no matter. imprimir, to impress, impart, put upon. incluir, to include, embrace. indefinido, -a, indefinite. indeterminado, -a, indefinite. indicar, to indicate, point out. indicativo, m., indicative. mdice, m., index ; dedo — , index finger, forefinger. indio, m., Indian; man from India. indirecto, -a, indirect. indispensable, indispensable. individualizar, to individualize. indudablemente, adv., undoubt- edly, surely. industria, /., industry, trade. inferior, inferior, lower. inferioridad, /., inferiority. infinitivo, m., infinitive. informacion, /., information. informe, m., information, report. Inglaterra, /., England. ingles, -esa, English; as noun, m. , Englishman ; English lan- guage. inglesa, English ; /., English- woman. inmediatamente, adv., at once {cj. instante). inmortal, immortal. inquietud,/., disquietude, unrest. inscripcion, /., inscription. instante, m., moment, instant; al — , at once. institucion, /., institution. instruccion, /., instruction. instruir, to instruct, teach, in- form {cf. enseflar). instrumento, m., instrument (musical) ; implement. intencion, /., intention, purpose. intentar, to design, try, attempt. intento, m., intent, purpose. interior, m., interior, inside. interjeccion, /., interjection. interrogaci6n, /., interrogation. interrogativo, -a, interrogative. invariable, invariable. invemadero, m., hothouse. inverse, reciprocal; inverted. invierno, m., winter. invisible, invisible. ir, to go {with purpose; cf. andar) ; irse, refl., to go away. Iriarte, Tomas de, Spanish au- thor, noted writer of fables. irregular, irregular. isla, /., island. Israel, Israel. istmo, m., isthmus. Italia,/., Italy. italiano, -a, Italian. izquierdo, left (hand or side). Jacinto, m., hyacinth. jamis, adv., ever, never, jardin, m., garden. jardinero, m., gardener, jarro, m., jug, pitcher. jefe, m., head, chief, principal. VOCABULARY 117 Jorge, m., George. Jose, m., Joseph. joven, young ; as noun, m. and/., youth, young person. Juan, m., John. Juana,/., Jane. Juanito, m., Johnny. juego, m., game, play, jueves, m., Thursday. jugar, to play, frisk, romp. Julio, m., Julius. Julio, m., July. junio, m., June, juntar, to join, add. junto, -a, adj., together, united. junto a, prep., near, close to, beside, justicia, /., justice. la, def. art., the; pers. pron., her, it, you. labio, m., lip. lado, m., side ; al — de, beside. ladrar, to bark. lago, m., lake. lana,/., wool. lipiz, m., pencil. largo, -a, long, distant, extended. las, def. art., pL, the ; pers. pron., pi., them, to them, you. latin, m., Latin. le, pers. pron., (to) him, (to) her, (to) it, (to) you. leccion, /., lesson ; dar — con, to study with ; see dar. lectura, /., reading. leche, /., milk. leer, to read, legumbre, /., vegetable. lejos, far, distant, lengua, /., language, tongue. lena, /., firewood. leflador, m., woodcutter. les, pers. pron., (to) them, (to) you. letra,/., letter; type. levita, /., frock coat. libertad, /., liberty. librito, m., little book. libro, m., book. limitado, -a, limited. linea, /., line. lingiiista, m., linguist. lintema, /., lantern. liquido, m., liquid. lo, neuter def. art., the; pers. pron., it; — que, which, that which, what. localidad, /., locality. locomotora, /., locomotive. lograr, to reach, obtain, secure. loma, /., hillock, slope. Londres, m., London. los, def. art., pL, the ; pers. pron., pi., (to) them, (to) you. luces, see luz. lucir, to emit light, gleam. lugar, m., place, town (r/. pueblo) ; en — de, instead of. Luisa, /., Louise. lujoso, -a, luxurious, splendid, lumbre, /., fire. luminoso, -a, luminous. luna, /., moon. lunes, m., Monday, lustroso, lustrous, shiny. luz {pi. luces),/., light. LL Uamar, to call, name; reji., to be called. Uanura, /., plain. Uegar, to arrive, come, reach. Uevar, to carry (on), take, trans- port, wear. llover, to rain. Uuvia, /., rain. M maceta, /., flowerpot, madera, /., wood. ii8 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK madre, /., mother. Madrid, capital city of Spain. maestro, w., teacher, master. magnifico, -a, magnificent, splen- did. mal, malo, -a, bad, ill, poor, sick ; ser — , to be bad; estar — , to be ill. mandar,.to ask, order, command. mano, /., hand. manso, -a, meek, gentle, tame. manteca, /., butter, lard, fat. mantel, m., tablecloth. mantener, to keep, maintain ; refl., to remain. mantequilla, /. , bu tter {in A merica generally, cf. manteca). manufactura, /., factory, produc- tion. manzana, /., apple. manzano, m., apple tree. manana, /., morning; adv., to- morrow; por la — , in the morning ; — por la — , to-mor- row morning. maquina, /,, engine, machine; — de coser, sewing machine. mar, m. and. f., sea. marchar, to march, walk, go (cf. ir and andar). Maria,/., Mary. marido, m., husband. marmol, m., marble. martes, m., Tuesday. marzo, m., March. mas, but {cf. pero). mas, adv., more; — que {in comparisons), more than. masculine, -a, masculine. matematicas, /. pL, mathematics. materia,/., material. matrimonio, m., matrimony. maullar, to mew. Mauricio, m., Maurice. mayo, m., May. mayor, greater, larger, older; por — , at wholesale. mayuscula, capital (letter). me, pers. pron., me, to me. medicina, /., medicine. medico, m., physician, doctor, medio, m., middle, means; de en — , middle; por — de, by means of. medio, -a, half {cf. mitad). medio dia, m., noon, midday. Mejico, m., Mexico, mejor, better; {with art.), best. memoria, /., memory, memorial ; de — , by heart. menor, less, smaller, younger; por — , at retail. menos, adv., less, except ; por lo — , at least. menudo, -a, small; a — , often, frequently. menique, small; dedo — , little finger. mercader, m., merchant. mercado, m., market. mercancia, /., merchandise, goods. merecer, to deserve. merendar, to lunch, merienda, /., luncheon, bite, mes, m., month. mesa, /., table ; — para escribir, writing table. metal, m., metal. metropoli, /., metropolis. mi, poss. adj., my. mi, pers. pron., me. mia, see mio. miedo, m., fear; tener — , to be afraid, mientras, adv., while; — que, conj., while, miercoles, m., Wednesday, mies, /., grain, harvest. mil, num., one thousand, mina, /., mine, mineral, m., mineral, minuscula, small (letter). minuto, m., minute. mio, -a, poss. adj., my, mine, my own. VOCABULARY 119 mirar, to look (at), see, behold. mismo, -a, same, self. mitad, /., half, middle. modelo, w., model. moderno, -a, modem. modista, /., milliner, dressmaker. modisto, w., tailor for ladies. modo, w., manner, way ; de este — , in this way, manner. momento, m., moment, period, time. moneda, /., piece of money, coin. montana, /., mountain. montanoso, -a, mountainous. montar, to mount, ride; climb; — a caballo, ride on horse- back. morir, to die. mostrar, to show. motor, -ra, motive. mover, to move, walk. movimiento, m., movement, mo- tion. muchacha, /., girl. muchachita, /., little girl. muchachito, m., little boy. muchacho, m., boy. muchisimo, -a, very much. mucho, -a, much; pi., many. mueble, m., piec^ of furniture; pL, furniture. muerto, see morir. mujer, /. . w oman . mujerona, /., fat ugly woman. multitud, /., quantity, crowd. mundo, w., world; todo el — , everybody. museo, m., museum. musica, /., music. musico, m., musician. muy, adv., very, greatly. nacer, to be born. nacion,/., nation, people, race. nada, nothing; {after negative), anything. nadar, to swim, float. nariz,/., nose. natural, natural. naturaleza, /., nature. naturalmente, adv., naturally. necesariamente, adv., necessarily. necesario, -a, necessary. necesidad, /., necessity. necesitar, to need, want. negacion, /., negation. negar, to deny, refuse. negativo, -a, negative. negocio, m., affair; pi., business. negro, -a, black; as noun, m., negro. nene, m. or f., baby. neutro, -a, neuter. ni, adv., nor; — ... — , neither . . . nor. Nicolas, m., Nicholas. niega, see negar. nieve,/., snow. ninguno, -a, adj., none, no, (not) any; pron., no one, nobody. niiiera, /., nurse, maid for chil- dren. ninito, -a, m. and f., little child. nino, -a, m. and f., child. no, adv., no, not. noche, /., night, evening; de — , by night. nogal, m., walnut tree. nombrar, to name, mention. nombre, m., noun, name. nominativo, m., nominative. nono, -a, ninth, no obstante, conj., nevertheless, however. norte, m., north. norteamericano, -a, North Amer- ican. Noruega, /. , Norway. nos, pers. pron., we, us, ourselves. nosotros, -as, pers. pron., we, us. nota, /., note, mark, observation. notable, noteworthy, remarkable. notar, to note, observe, notice. notese, see notar. I20 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK noveno, -a, ninth, noviembre, m., November, nuestro, -a, poss. adj., our, ours. Nueva York, New York, nueve, num., nine. nuevo, -a, new ; de — , again, nuez, /., walnut. numeral, numeral. numero, m., number, issue. nunca, adv., never, ever. o, conj., or. obedecer, to obey. obediente, obedient. objeto, m., object, thing ; aim. obligacion, /., duty. obscuridad, /., obscurity, dark- ness. obscuro, -a, obscure, dark. observar, to observe, notice. obstante: no — , however, not- withstanding, in spite of. obtener, to obtain (permission), procure, attain. oceano, m., ocean, sea. octavo, -a, eighth. octubre, m., October. ocupar, to occupy, be busy with. ochenta, num., eighty. ocho, num., eight. oficina,/., office, workshop. ofrecer(se), to offer (one's self), promise. oir, to hear, hearken. ojo, m., eye. olvidar, to forget. omision, /., omission. omitir, to omit. once, num., eleven. opera,/., opera. operar, to operate, act, work. oposicion,/., opposition. Optimo, -a, very good. opuesto, -a, opposite, contrary. oracion, /., sentence, speech. ordenar, to milk. ordinariamente, adv., ordinarily, generally. ordinario, -a, common, regular; de — , generally, oreja,/., ear. oro, m., gold, money, orquesta, /., orchestra, band (of music). ortografia, /., orthography. OS, pers. pron., you, to you. otono, m., autumn, fall. otro, -a, other, another. oveja, /., sheep, ewe. pacifico, -a, pacific, peaceful; as noun, Pacifico, m., the Pacific Ocean. padre, m., father ; pi., father and mother, parents, ancestors. pagar, to pay. pagina, /., page. pais, m., country. paisano, m., peasant, country- man, rustic. pajaro, m., bird. palabra, /., word, speech. palacio, m., palace. pan, m., bread. panaderia, /., bakery. panadero, m., baker. Panama, /., Panama. pantalon, m., usually pi., trousers. pano, m., cloth. papel, m., paper. par, m., pair. para, prep., for, to, in order to; — que, c^w;., that, in order that. paralelo, -a, parallel. parar, to stop, stand; be, pass. parecer, to look like, resemble, seem, appear. Paris, Paris. parque, m., park. parte, /., part, side, region; en todas — s, everywhere. VOCABULARY 121 participio, m., participle. pasado, m., past. pasaje, m., passage, roadway. pasajero, m., passenger. pasamano, w., handrail, balus- trade. pasar, to pass, move, go, cross, take place. pasearse, rejl., to take a walk. paseo, w., walk, stroll. pasillo, w., hall, corridor, landing. pasivo, -a, passive. pata, /., foot and leg of beasts. patin, m., skate. patinar, to skate. patio, m., yard, court. patria, /., country, native land. peculiar, peculiar. pedazo, m,, piece, fragment. Pedro, m.y Peter. p. ej. = per ejemplo, for example. peligro, m., danger. pelo, m., hair. peninsula, /., peninsula. pensar, to think, intend. Pensilvania, /., Pennsylvania. penultimo, -a, next to the last. pefia,/., rock, cliff. pequeflo, -a, small. pera,/., pear. perder, to lose, miss. perdonar, to pardon, forgive. perfectamente, adv., perfectly. perfecto, -a, perfect. periddico, m., newspaper. permanente, permanent. permitir, to permit, allow, grant. pero, conj., but. perro, m., dog. persona, /., person. personal, personal. pertenecer, to belong, appertain (to). pesca, /., fishing. pescado, m., fish (out of the water). pescador, w., fisherman. pescar, to fish. peso, w., dollar. pez, m., fish (in the water), piano, m., piano. pie, m., foot ; de (en) — . stand- ing. piedra,/., stone. pienso, see pensar. pierna, /., leg. pieza, /., piece, room, space. pino, m., pine, pine tree. Pirineos, m. pL, Pyrenees. piso, m., story, floor. pizarra, /., blackboard, slate. pizarrin, m., slate pencil. placer, m., pleasure. piano, -a, flat, level. planta, /., plant. plantar, to plant. plata, /., silver. plaza,/., place, square, market. pluma,/., pen. plural, plural. poblacion, /., population. poblar, to people, settle ; fill. pobre, poor, needy, humble. pobrecita, /., poor little girl. poco, -a, little; pL, few. poder, to be able ; can, may. poema, w., poem. poesia, /., poetry, poem. poeta, m., poet. politico, -a, political. poltrona: silla — , armchair. poner, to put, place; begin; take. ponga, see poner. por, prep., for, by, in, through, on, on account of, instead of; — ahora, now; — cierto, surely; — menor, at retail; — mayor, at wholesale ; t — que ? why ? — supuesto, of course; — aqui, this way. porcelana, /., porcelain. porci6n, /., part, portion, body, porque, conj.j because, in order that. Portugal, m.,a. republic in Europe. poseedor, m., possessor. poseer, to possess. 122 NEW FIRST SPANISH BOOK posesidn, /., possession. posesivo, -a, possessive. posible, possible. posicidn, /., position. positivo, -a, positive; also as noun, m., positive. postal, adj., postal. posterior, posterior, back. postizo, -a, artificial. potencia,/., power, potency. pradera, /., meadow. prado, m., lawn, meadow, park. precedente, preceding. preceder, to precede. precio, m., price, value. precioso, -a, precious, beautiful. precise, -a, precise, exact, neces- sary. preferencia, /., preference. pref erir, to prefer. preguntar, to ask, question. preparar, to prepare. preposicion,/., preposition. presa, /., prize, booty. prescribir, to prescribe. presentar, to present, give. presente, m., present; al — , at present, now. presidente, m., president. presi6n,/., pressure. preterite, m., preterit. primavera, /., spring. primer, see primere. primere, -a, first, principal. prime, -a, m. and/., cousin. principal, principal. principalmente, adv., principally. principe, m., prince. principiar, to begin. principle, m., beginning. probable, probable. procurar, to procure, provide. preducir, to produce, cause. preducte, m., product. prefesar, to profess, practice. prefeser, -ra, m. and/., professor. progresive, -a, progressive. progreso, m., progress. pronembre, m., pronoun, preneminal, pronominal. prenimciaci6n, /., pronunciation, prenunciar, to pronounce. pronunciese, see prenunciar. prepiedad,/., property. propietarie, m., proprietor, owner, prepie, -a, proper, same, own, suitable, real. prepercienar, to supply, provide, furnish. prevecheso, -a, useful, suitable. preveer (de), to provide, furnish, supply (with). prevision,/., provision, food. prdxime, -a, next, near, following, later. preyecte, m., plan. Pnisia, /., Prussia. publico, -a, public, pueblo, m., people, town, village, puede, see peder. puente, m., bridge. puerta, /., door, gate, entrance, puerte, m., port, harbor. Puerto Rice, m., Porto Rico, pues, conj., since, for, therefore, because; adv., so, then, well then! puesta, /., setting ; — del sol, sun- set. pulgar, m., thumb, pulimente, m., polish, punta, /., point, peak, punte, m., point, spot, pupila, /., pupil of the eye. pupitre, m., writing desk. pure, -a, pure, mere. que, ret. pron., who, which, that. que, conj., that, than. Usfrwmniir'i lisf.