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 pir
 
 A MANUAL j^^^ 
 
 OF 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 BRIEF DESCRIPTIOXS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT HISTORIES IN 
 
 ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS AS TO METHODS AND 
 COURSES OF HISTORICAL STUDY 
 
 FOR THE USE OF 
 
 Stubcnts, (Seneral Ucabcrs, anb (Collectors of jSooks 
 
 By CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, LL.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OV HISTORY, AND PRESIDENT OF CORNELL UMYERSITT 
 
 " Pattcos enim, sunt eminentissimi, excerpere in animo est. Facile est autem 
 studiosis qui sint his simillimi judicare ; ne quisquam queratur omissos forte 
 quos ipse valde probei. Fateor enim plures legendos esse quam, qui a me nomi- 
 nabuntur."—(lmiiT. X. 1, 45 
 
 THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE 
 
 1889
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by 
 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at AYashington. 
 
 Copyright, 1888, by Harper & Brothers. 
 
 All rights reserved.
 
 -7^ 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 What histories sliall I read witli most profit ? What histori- 
 cal books shall I put into the hands of my son and my daughter ? 
 What course and what methods will be most advantageous to our 
 historical club? What histories shall we buy for our town and 
 college libraries? What shall I buy for my own library? 
 
 These are questions that, in one form or anotlier, I have often 
 heard asked ; but I have sought in vain for a volume that would 
 answer them. Of books about books there is certainly no scarci- 
 ty; but in all the twenty thousand volumes which a distinguished 
 librarian recently declared to be necessary for the proper biblio- 
 graphical outfit for a great public library, I do not know of one 
 that can be put into the hands of a student of general history 
 with any justifiable confidence that it will guide him aright in 
 the prosecution of his researches. But for the want of such a 
 volume, I should not have ventured to undertake what may seem 
 to many like trying to add to the infinite. 
 
 The need which seemed to justify the undertaking has given 
 form to the work produced. It has been my constant desire and 
 aim to provide a book such as would have been of most service 
 to me wdicn, as a university student, T was reaching out in various 
 directions for help in carrying on my historical studies. What 
 I then wanted was guidance in the selection of books ; and such 
 guidance involved not simply critical reviews, but also cai'eful de- 
 scriptions and characterizations ; not only information AWiether 
 a given book approached an ideal standard of excellence, but 
 also whether it was the best authority accessible on the subject
 
 av 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 which I wished to know something about ; not only, in fine, 
 to what additions and subtractions I ought to subject a certain 
 writer's works, in case I should read them, but also whether, in 
 the bewildering number of attractive volumes about me, it was 
 worth my while to read that particular writer's works at all. I 
 cannot doubt, that the lack of some such suitable guidance is 
 responsible for an enormous waste of good intentions. 
 
 The want to which I refer is not, in my opinion, to be supplied 
 by the issue of dogmatic rules and directions. I have not much 
 faith in so-called " courses of reading," for the reason that the 
 very habit of independent inquiry and research necessary for suc- 
 cessful scholarship rebels against the oppression of any prescribed 
 order of study. The best, therefore, that can be done for the 
 reader is simply to give him such information as will be most 
 likely to lead him to the knowledge he is in search of. 
 
 Acting upon these beliefs, I have endeavored, in the prepara- 
 tion of this work, to accomplish two more or less distinct pur- 
 poses. In the first place, it has been my aim to furnish, as best I 
 could, such information about the most desirable books as the 
 historical reader and student is likely to profit by ; and, in the 
 second, to suggest the proper methods and oi'der of using the 
 •materials so indicated. Accordingly, each of the chapters, except 
 the Introduction, consists of two parts ; the first being devoted 
 to descriptions of books, and the second to suggestions to stu- 
 dents and readers as to the best order and method of using 
 them. These suggestions are to be regarded as hints rather than 
 as specific directions, and it is hoped tliat they will not be with- 
 out value to those for whom they are designed. To prevent the 
 necessity on the part of the student of frequently turning to 
 other portio!is of the volume, I have thought it wise, even at 
 tlic expense of some repetition, to bring together into brief and 
 convenient space in tlu; "Suggestions" expressions of opinion 
 Romcti*ncs more elaborately given in other portions of the work. 
 
 For reasons too obvious to need explanation, the portions de- 
 voted to tlic hi^lorii'a! literature of En-'huid and of the United
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 States have been made more comprehensive in scope than any 
 others. In the thirteenth and fourtee-nth cliaptcrs, under the head 
 of " Suggestions to Students and licaders/' I have given a much 
 more extended account of sources of information than was else- 
 wliere deemed desirable. T have also embodied in each of these 
 chapters a number of pages designed especially to assist such 
 students as are making a thorough study of the constitutional 
 liistory of England and of the United States. It is hoped that 
 these suggestions and the numerous references they contain will 
 prove not the least helpful portion of the volume. 
 
 Perhaps it is hardly necessary to say that it has not been my 
 purpose to give an exhaustive bibliography of the historical litera- 
 ture of any of the nations concerning which I have written. To 
 accomplish such a task would have been impossible, even if it had 
 been desirable. The effort has been simply to select from the al- 
 most overwhelming abundance of materials a considerable number 
 of the most desirable books, and to describe them in such a way 
 as to enable the student and reader to judge of their peculiarities 
 and of their desirableness, as well as of their general merits. 
 
 In the process of selection, two considerations have been pre- 
 dominant. The first has been the question of merit, the other 
 the question of accessibility. In a few instances, books not easy 
 to be procured have been described solely on account of their 
 great importance. These form a small class, of which Arthur 
 Young's "Travels in France" may serve as a good example. Oc- 
 casionally, also, a work like Rollin's "Ancient History" has been 
 briefly described only to be condemned, for no other reason than 
 because it is to be found in every book-stall, and is likely to be 
 thrust before the buyer at every book sale. But these are to be 
 regarded as exceptional cases. In general, the most important 
 historical works are easily accessible ; and, therefore, it has not 
 often been found necessary to select for description a work that 
 is difficult to procure, or one that is without some characteristics 
 of marked excellence. 
 
 In dealing with books in French and German, I have sometimes
 
 vi PREFACE. 
 
 ixiven the title in the original and sometimes in English. If I 
 had been writing exclusively, or even mainly, for those who know 
 French and German, I should, of course, in all cases have given 
 the titles in the original language. But it seemed to me that the 
 interests of good scholarship would be subserved by striving to 
 render assistance to the largest practicable number of persons, 
 rather than by limiting the usefulness of any considerable portion 
 of the work to those who are familiar with the languages of 
 France and Germany. In all cases, therefore, where a good trans- 
 lation has been made, the title has been given in English. Where 
 the translation is not conspicuous, either for its merits or its de- 
 fects, the question has been determined by the consideration of 
 accessibility. In such cases the language of the version most 
 easy to be procured has been adopted. In case a translation is 
 notably poor, the title has been given in the original language, 
 but the fact of the existence of a translation has been indicated. 
 
 In determining the order in which books on a given subject, or 
 in a given group, should be placed in the volume, I have also 
 thou'dit it wise not to be governed by a strict uniformity of 
 method. Under the head of "General Histories" the alphabeti- 
 cal order seemed the most natural and desirable. But in those 
 portions of the work which are devoted to "Histories of Limited 
 Periods " the chronological order appeared to be most conducive 
 to the convenience of the student. Some of the books described 
 it has been foimd injpossible to subject to a strict classification ; 
 and, therefore, in some instances a title may be found where in 
 advance it would not be looked for. With the help of the index, 
 however, the student will have no difficulty in finding whatever 
 the volume contains. 
 
 Many of the works described havp been published in two or 
 more editi<jns. The principle of selection has been precisely that 
 which woulil guide me in giving private advice to a student seek- 
 ing information. Even at the risk of giving ofifence, I have not 
 hesitated to condemn a reprint of an early edition when a revised 
 and improved crlition is accessible. The aim, in all cases, lias
 
 PREFACE. vii 
 
 been to indicate the best ; cand, in general, wlierc there are two or 
 more editions, each having peculiar characteristics of excellence, 
 the fact has been noted, and the peculiarities of each have been 
 pointed out. 
 
 It will be found that there is considerable variety in the length 
 and minuteness of the descriptions. If this variety should seem 
 to any one to be too marked, I have only to say, in explanation, 
 that while the question involved is one on wliich probably no 
 two persons would agree, it is certain that every one would deem 
 it very unwise to give to all the books worthy of mention the 
 same space that might properly be given to those of Gibbon and 
 Macaulay or to those of Buckle and Bancroft. In general, it has 
 seemed to me that the fulness of the descriptions should be deter- 
 mined by the twofold consideration of the inherent merits of the 
 work under review, and of the extent to which the historical stu- 
 dent is likely to use it in the course of his investigations. Von 
 Hammer -Purgstall's great work on Turkey is even more impor- 
 tant, in its way, than Ilildreth's " History of the United States ;" 
 but there are obvious reasons why, in a work of this kind, it should 
 occupy less space. 
 
 I do not dare to hope that I have committed no errors in the 
 perplexing task of determining what authors and books to admit 
 to these pages and what to exclude from them. The difficulties 
 of decision have often been very great; and I am fully aware 
 that in a volume of this kind, not intended to be all-comprehen- 
 sive in its scope, I am providing certain disappointment for a very 
 considerable number of readers. For all such I have no better 
 word in the way of answer than that of Quintilian which I have 
 placed on the title-page. If I did not hope that the book would 
 be judged for what it contains rather than for what it omits, I 
 should have no courage to give it to the public. 
 
 It remains only to add a few words of grateful acknowledg- 
 ment. 
 
 This volume owes its origin to the suggestion of President 
 White, of Cornell University, who, some five years ago, did me
 
 viii PREFACE. 
 
 the honor to propose to share with me tlie labors and the responsi- 
 bilities of preparing a work similar in character to the one now 
 laid before the public. I began my part of the preparatory study 
 in the hope and expectation that our names would appear to- 
 gether on the title-page; but we had not progressed very far 
 when he was called to the making of history at a foreign court, 
 while I was left to talk and write about it at home. The result 
 has been that, although I have had the advantag'e of his frequent 
 advice and his constant encouragement, I am not able to throw 
 upon his broad shoulders any of the responsibilities for the de- 
 fects of the work. 
 
 For access to many of the books described I am indebted to 
 the unstinted courtesy of the Superintendent and of the libra- 
 rians of the Astor Library in New York. I also owe a debt of 
 gratitude to the Librarian and to all of the assistants in the Li- 
 brary of the L^niversity of Michigan for the hearty generosity and 
 the imperturbable cheerfulness with which they have ministered 
 to my numerous and multiform necessities. It is likewise my 
 duty as well as my pleasure to acknowledge that I have received 
 valuable suggestions from Acting President Frieze of this univer- 
 sity, and from my colleagues Professors Isaac N. Dcmmon, Mar- 
 tin L. D'Ooge, Albert II. Pattengill, Elisha Jones, Richard Hud- 
 son, Herbert Tuttle, and Henry C. Adams. In the preparation of 
 the chapter on " Histories of England" I received the more active 
 assistance of Mr. Charles Mills Gayley, whose scholarship both as 
 a pupil and as a colleague has been at once a source of satisfaction 
 and a source of advantage. For the verification of the numerous 
 references in the last two ch.apters of the volume I am indebted 
 to Mr. Carril M. Coe, one of the assistants in the University 
 Library. IJy means of the suggestions and the help for which 
 I am under great obligations, I have been able to make some 
 important additions to the volume, and to correct some errors that 
 otherwise might have escaped my attention. 
 
 Univkuhitv of MiciiifjAN, Ann Auitou, December 15, 1881.
 
 PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITIOI^. 
 
 The revision to wliich this book has been subjected consists 
 of alterations and additions that may be described under the fol- 
 lowing heads : 
 
 1. All titles have been changed, Avhenevcr change has been 
 necessary in order to note the appearance of new editions or 
 continuations. 
 
 2. A few of the older books have been excluded in order that 
 their places might be given to new works of greater importance. 
 
 3. Some of the descriptions have been condensed, and thus 
 room has been made for others without greatly enlargino- the 
 volume. 
 
 4. At the end of each chapter, under the head of Suggestions 
 to Students and Readers, a new section has been added, entitled 
 Recent Works of Imjyortance. In these additions I have brought 
 together, generally witli brief comments, the titles (about eight 
 hundred in number) of those works of greatest importance to the 
 historical student which have appeared within the last five years. 
 With these have also been inserted a few titles that for one rea- 
 son or another have been omitted in former issues. 
 
 5. The Table of Contents and Index have been amplified so as 
 to include all the titles now inserted. 
 
 C. K. A 
 Cornell University, December 20, 1888.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS, 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ON THE STUDY OF HISTOKY, 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Increasing Prevalence of Historical Studies 1 
 
 The Rational Xature of this Tendency 2 
 
 Limitations of History as a Disciplinary Study 3 
 
 Why History cannot Become an Exact Science 4 
 
 The Impossibility of an Exact Knowledge of Causes 4 
 
 The Element of Individuality 5 
 
 The Fundamental Error of Comte and his School 5 
 
 Some of the Inconsistencies of Euckle 6 
 
 Difficulties in the Way of Exact Truth 7 
 
 Untrustworthincss of Government Documents 8 
 
 Examples of Carelessness in the Writing of History 8 
 
 Importance of some Accidental Discoveries 9 
 
 The De Quadra Letter and the Dalrymple Memorials 9 
 
 Inadequate Evidence even of Judicial Decisions 10 
 
 The Journal of Dr. Manasseh Cutler 11 
 
 Iconoclastic Tendencies of Modern Criticism 12 
 
 Conclusion to be Adopted and Conclusion to be Rejected. 13 
 
 Similarity of Historical Evidence to Evidence in Common Life 14 
 
 Why History is especially Improving to the Judgment 15 
 
 Why History is the Best School for Statesmanship 16 
 
 Certain Special Advantages in Historical Study 16 
 
 Effect of an Understanding of the Unity of the Race 17 
 
 Necessity of Greater Historical Knowledge in America 18 
 
 The Relations of States to the Problem of Education 18 
 
 Problems of Economy and Finance 21 
 
 Grow ing Power of Corporations 22 
 
 Condition of our Municipal Governments 23 
 
 The Flexibility of our Listitutions 24 
 
 How shall History be Studied ? 24 
 
 The Place of the Stud v of General Historv 25
 
 xii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Methods of Instruction 25 
 
 Lesson from the Unit_v of History 26 
 
 Discrimination between the Important and the Unimportant 27 
 
 The Place of Artificial Helps 28 
 
 The Best Method of Studying General History 29 
 
 The Study of a Single National Life 29 
 
 The Last Step in the Student's Course 29 
 
 Necessity of Exactness in All our Work 30 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 
 I, NARRATIVE HISTORIES. 
 
 Assmann's Ilandbuch der allgemeinen Gescliichte 31 
 
 Becker's AVeltgesehiclite 32 
 
 Bossuet's L'Histoire L^niverselle 32 
 
 Cantu's Ilistoire Universelle 33 
 
 Ploetz's Epitome of Ancient, Mediaeval, and Alodern History 34 
 
 Daunou's Cours d'Etudes Historiques 34 
 
 Dew's Ancient and Modern Nations 34 
 
 Freeman's General Sketch of History 35 
 
 Myers's Outlines of Ancient History 35 
 
 Ogcr's Cours d'Histoire Generale 36 
 
 Oncken's Allgemeine Gescliichte. . . ' 36 
 
 Prevost-Paradol's Ilistoire Universelle 37 
 
 Ranke's Weltgescliichte 37 
 
 Schlosscr's Weltgosciiichte 38 
 
 Sheldon's Studies in General History 38 
 
 Swinton's Outlines of the World's History 38 
 
 Tliaiheimer's Manual of Ancient and Modein History 39 
 
 Fisher's Outlines of Universal History 39 
 
 Weber's Allgemeine Gescliichte 40 
 
 Weber's Lehrbuch der W^eltgesehichte 40 
 
 Weber's Outlines of Universal History 41 
 
 II. HISTOKIKS OF CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS. 
 
 Blakey'.s History of I'oliiical Literature 42 
 
 Blanqui's History of Political Economy 42 
 
 Botta'rt Hand-book of Universal Literature 43 
 
 CairiiTo'H CiiUiirentwickelung 43 
 
 Draper's Intellectual Development of Europe 44 
 
 Fergnss<m's Histcuy of Architecture 44 
 
 Frccinan'.s Hi.-ilorical (ieography of Europe 45 
 
 Gaumc's Histoir<' dc la Soci/'te Doincslicpie 46 
 
 (iui/ol'n History of Civili/.ation in Eunipe 46 
 
 Hrnry's Histoirc <jc i'ENHpicncc. . . 47 
 
 Jaufl's Ilistoire dc la I'liilosophic- .Morale ct Poiili(pie 47 
 
 Kiigler'.s Handbook of J'ainliiig 48
 
 CONTENTS. xiii 
 
 PAOR 
 
 La Iliirpe's Cours dc Littcrature 49 
 
 Laurent's llistoire de rHunianite 49 
 
 Liibku's History of Ait . 51 
 
 May's History of Democracy iu Euroi)e 51 
 
 Paroz's Histoire de la Pedagogie 51 
 
 Schlegcl's Dramatic Art and Literature 52 
 
 Schlegel's History of Literature 53 
 
 Schnaase's Gcschichte dcr bildenden Kiinste 54 
 
 Schmidt's Gcschichte der Piidagogiiv 54 
 
 Ueberwcg's History of Philosophy 55 
 
 Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences 55 
 
 Woltmann and Woerniann's History of Painting 56 
 
 III. WORKS ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF IIISTOEY. 
 
 Bisset's Essays on Historical Truth 57 
 
 Buckle's History of Civilization 57 
 
 Comte's Positive Philosophy , 60 
 
 Droysen's Grundriss der Historik 61 
 
 Flint's Philosophy of History 61 
 
 Hegel's Philosophy of History 62 
 
 Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws 63 
 
 Schlegel's Phiiosophy of History 65 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND KEADEKS. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Study 66 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Study 66 
 
 3. Hlustrative Materials. 67 
 
 4. Recent Books of Importance 70 
 
 Chapter III. 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 I. general HISTORIES. 
 
 Duncker's History of Antiquity 75 
 
 Ileeren's Historical Researches into Principal Nations of Antiquity 75 
 
 Lcnormant and Chevalier's Ancient History 76 
 
 Nicbuhr's Ancient History 76 
 
 Rawlinson's Manual 77 
 
 RoUin's Ancient History 77 
 
 Smith's Ancient History of the East 7S 
 
 Smith's History of the World 78 
 
 II. SPECIAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Birch's Records of the Past 79 
 
 Brugsch Bey's History of Egypt 79
 
 xiv CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ewald's History of Israel 80 
 
 Josephus, Works of 80 
 
 ililman's History of the Jews 81 
 
 Rawlinson's Five Great Monarchies 82 
 
 Rawlinson's Sixth Great Monarchy 83 
 
 Rawlinson's Seventh Great Monarchy 83 
 
 Stanley's Lectures on the Jewish Church 83 
 
 Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians 84 
 
 III. HISTORIES OF CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS. 
 
 Clarke's Ten Great Religions . . 84 
 
 Cox's Mythology of the Aryan Nations 84 
 
 Dollinger's The Gentile and the Jew 85 
 
 Lubbock's Prehistoric Times 85 
 
 Lubbock's Origin of Civilization 86 
 
 McLennan's Studies in Ancient History 86 
 
 Maine's Ancient Law 87 
 
 Maine's Early History of Institutions 87 
 
 Maine's Village Communities 87 
 
 Morgan's Ancient Society 88 
 
 Tylor's Early History of Mankind 88 
 
 Tylor's Primitive Culture 89 
 
 Wallon's Histoire de I'Esclavage 89 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 1 . A Short Course of Reading 90 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 90 
 
 :i. Illustrative Materials 90 
 
 4. Recent Works of Importance 91 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Cox's General History 94 
 
 Cox's History of Greece 94 
 
 Curtius's History of Greece ' 95 
 
 Kelton's Greece, Ancient and Modern 96 
 
 (Jrote's History of (Jrecce 97 
 
 Mitford's History of (Jrecce 97 
 
 Smith's History of (Jreocc 98 
 
 Thirl wall's History of Grci 98 
 
 n. HISTORIES OK LIMITED I'ERIODS. 
 
 nenjamin'R Troy 99 
 
 Midler's Dorians 99
 
 CONTENTS. XV 
 
 I'AOE 
 
 Cox's Greeks and rersiaiis . . .' 1"'0 
 
 Cox's Athenian Empire l'^*^ 
 
 HeroJotus's History 1"! 
 
 Xenophon's Woi ks 10- 
 
 Thucydides's Peloponnesian War. 103 
 
 riiitareli's Lives 10-1 
 
 Lloyd's Age of Pericles 105 
 
 Scliiifer's Demosthenes und seine Zeit 105 
 
 Curteis's Rise of the Macedonian Empire 106 
 
 Droysen's Gescliiclite des Hellenisnnis ■ 106 
 
 Polybius's General History 107 
 
 Freeman's History of Greek Confederacies 108 
 
 Finlay's Greece in the Middle Ages 108 
 
 III. HISTORIES OF CIVILIZATION AND PEOGEESS. 
 
 Bliimner's Technologie und Terminologie 109 
 
 Boeckh's Public Economy of the Athenians . 109 
 
 Coulanges's The Ancient City 110 
 
 Jebb's Litroduetion to the Iliad and Odyssey 110 
 
 Gladstone's Studies on Homer Ill 
 
 GoU's Kulturbilder aus Hellas und Rom HI 
 
 Guhl and Koner's Life of Greeks and Romans 1 1'2 
 
 Jannet's Les Institutions h Sparte 11^ 
 
 Mahaify's History of Greek Literature 112 
 
 Mahaffy's Social Life in Greece 113 
 
 Mahaffy's Rambles and Studies in Greece 113 
 
 Miiller and Donaldson's History of Greek Literature 114 
 
 Mure's History of the Greek Language and Literature 114 
 
 Overbeck's Geschichte der griechischen Plastik 115 
 
 Schomann's Antiquities of Greece 115 
 
 SchiJmann's Athenian Constitutional History 116 
 
 Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art . . 116 
 
 Becker's Chronicles 116 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND EEADEES. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading 117 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 117 
 
 8. Illustrative Materials 118 
 
 4. Recent Works of Importance 119 
 
 Chaptee v. 
 
 histories of rome. 
 
 i. geneeal histokies. 
 
 Ampere's Histoire Roniaine i\ Rome 122 
 
 Duruv's Histoire des Romaius 122
 
 xvi CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dyer's Histoiy of the City of Rome 123 
 
 Ihne's History of Rome. . , 123 
 
 Leighton's History of Rome 125 
 
 Liddell's History of Rome 125 
 
 Livy's History of Rome 126 
 
 Merivale's General History of Rome 127 
 
 Michelet's Roman Republic 12V 
 
 Mommsen's History of Rome 128 
 
 Xiebuhr's History of Rome 129 
 
 Niebulir's Lectures on the History of Rome 130 
 
 Peter's Romische Gescliichte 131 
 
 Schwegler's Romische Geschichte 131 
 
 Stoll's Geschichte der Romer 132 
 
 Stoll's Die Helden Roms 132 
 
 Taine's Tite Live 132 
 
 Wiigner's Rom 133 
 
 II. IIISTOEIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 Hine's Early Rome 134 
 
 Lewis's Credibility of Early Roman History 134 
 
 Arnold's History of Rome 135 
 
 Beesly's Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla 135 
 
 Merivale's Fall of the Roman Republic 136 
 
 Long's Decline of the Roman Republic 136 
 
 Merivale's Roman Triumvirates 13*7 
 
 TroUope's Life of Cicero 138 
 
 Forsyth's Life of Cicero 138 
 
 Boissier's Cicero et scs Amis 139 
 
 Beesly's Catiline, Ciodius, and Tiberius 139 
 
 Arnold's Later Roman Commonwealth 139 
 
 Froude's Caesar 140 
 
 Napoleon's Caesar 140 
 
 Tacitus's Historical Works 141 
 
 Suetonius's Lives of the Twelve Caesars , 142 
 
 Capes's Early Roman Empire 143 
 
 Capcs's Age of tlie Antoniiies 143 
 
 Boissier's L'Opposition sous les Cesars 144 
 
 Curteis's Roman Empire 144 
 
 Meiivrtle's Romans under the Enijiire 144 
 
 AinmiaiMis Marcellinus's Roman History 145 
 
 (;il)l)OM'H Decline and Fall 146 
 
 Gicgorovius'H (Jesciiichtc der Stadt Rom 147 
 
 III. IIISIOKIKS OI-' CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS. 
 
 ArnoM's Kmiian J'rovincial Administration 148 
 
 Biilir'M (icschichtc der romischen Litcralur 148
 
 CONTENTS. xvii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Beckei's Handbucli der lomischen Alterthiinier 149 
 
 Boissier's La Religion Romiiine 150 
 
 Criittwell's History of Roman Literature 150 
 
 Hadley's Introduction to Roman Law 151 
 
 Kuhn's Vcrfassung der Stiidte 151 
 
 Lange's Riiniisehe Alterthiinier 152 
 
 Mackenzie's Studies in Roman Law 152 
 
 Marquardt's Romisclie Staatsverwaltung 152 
 
 Mommsen's Romische Forscliungen 153 
 
 Mommsen's Romisches Staatsreclit 154 
 
 Pierron's Literature Romaine 154 
 
 Sellar's Roman Poets 154 
 
 Teuffel's History of Roman Literature 155 
 
 Thierry's Tableau de I'Empire Roraain 155 
 
 IT, SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading 156 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 15G 
 
 3. Illustrative Materials '. 157 
 
 4. Recent Works of Importance 159 
 
 Chapter YI. 
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Dunham's Europe during the Middle Ages 162 
 
 Duruy's Histoire du Moyen Age 162 
 
 Hallam's Europe during the Middle Ages 163 
 
 Kingsley's Roman and Teuton 164 
 
 Koch's Revolutions de I'Europe ^ 164 
 
 Kwppen's Historical Geography 165 
 
 Potthast's Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aevii 166 
 
 Robertson's Europe in the Middll Ages 166 
 
 Savigny's Gcschiclite des romischen Rechts 167 
 
 Sheppard's Fall of Rome 168 
 
 Sullivan's Fall of the Roman Empire 168 
 
 White's Eighteen Christian Centuries 168 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS AND OF INSTITUTIONS, 
 
 Alzog's Church History 169 
 
 Aube's Persecutions de I'Eglise 170 
 
 Balmcs's European Civilization 1 '0 
 
 Baring-Gould's Myths of the Middle Ages 171 
 
 Buitinch's Age oi Chivalry 171 
 
 Church's Beginnings of the Middle Ages 172 
 
 B
 
 xviii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cox's History of the Crusades 172 
 
 Cox's Romances of tlje Middle Ages 172 
 
 Dollinger's First Age of Cliristianity 173 
 
 Fisher's Beginuings of Christianity . 173 
 
 Geffcken's Church and State 174 
 
 Gfrorer's Pabst Gregorius VII 174 
 
 Gieseler's Cliurch History 175 
 
 Gosselin's Pouvoir du Pape au Moyen Age 175 
 
 Guizot's History of Representative Government 176 
 
 Hardwicli's History of the Ciiristian Churcli 176 
 
 Heclier's Epidemics of tlie Middle Ages 177 
 
 Irving's Mahomet. , 178 
 
 Johnson's Normans in Europe 178 
 
 Kremer's Culturgeschichte 179 
 
 Labarte's Histoire des Arts au Moyen Age 179 
 
 Lacroix's Arts of the Middle Ages 181 
 
 Lea's History of Sacerdotal Celibacy 179 
 
 Lea's Studies in Church History 180 
 
 Lea's Superstition and Force 180 
 
 Lecky's European Morals 180 
 
 Mason's Persecutions of Diocletian 182 
 
 Michaud's History of the Crusades 182 
 
 Mills's History of the Crusades 182 
 
 Mills's History of Chivalry 183 
 
 Milman's History of Christianity 183 
 
 Mihnan's History of Latin Christianity 183 
 
 Montalcmbert's ilonks of the West 184 
 
 MuUinger's Schools of Charles the Great 184 
 
 Nasse's Agricultural Communities 185 
 
 Neander's Ciiurcii History 185 
 
 O'Brien's History of tlie Mass , 185 
 
 Ockley's History of tlie Saracrtis 186 
 
 Ozanam's Civilization of the Fiftli Century 186 
 
 Prcssens6's Early Years of Christianity 187 
 
 Rcuter's Geschichte der religiosen Aufkliirung 187 
 
 Roth's Gescliidite dos Beneficial weseus ; 188 
 
 Sartorius's Gcschiclite des iianscatisclicn Bundes 188 
 
 Sccretan's Essai sur la Foodalite 188 
 
 Smith'.s Englisii Gilds 189 
 
 Du SoinnK-nird's Lcs Arts au Moyen Age 189 
 
 Stanh-y'.-* History of the Eastern Church 190 
 
 Sybel's History uiid Literature of the Crusades 190 
 
 Thciiier's Histoirc dos Institutions 191 
 
 Thr)nipsoir« Papacy and (.'ivil Power 191 
 
 Villcnmin's Life of (iregory the Seventh 192 
 
 Wiidu's Daa Gildcnwe.seu iin Mittclalter 192
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 III. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading; 193 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Heading 19-4 
 
 3. Illustrative Materials 194 
 
 4. Recent Works of Importance 19G 
 
 Chapter YII. 
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERX TIMES. 
 
 I. general histories, 
 
 Arnold's Introductory Lectures on Modern History 203 
 
 Browning's Historical Hand-books 203 
 
 Duruy's Ilistoire des Temps Modernes 204 
 
 Dyer's History of Modern Europe 204 
 
 Heeren's Yermischte iustorische Scliriften 205 
 
 Heereu's Manual of Political Systems 205 
 
 Heeren's Historical Treatises 206 
 
 Heeren and Ukert's Series 206 
 
 Lord's Modern History 207 
 
 Michelet's Modern History 207 
 
 Morris's Epochs of History 208 
 
 Priestley's Lectures on History 208 
 
 Russell and Jones's Modern Europe 209 
 
 Smyth's Lectures on Modern History 209 
 
 Yonge's Three Centuries of Modem History 210 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation 210 
 
 D'Aubigne's Reformation in Time of Calvin. . . .* 211 
 
 Dollinger's Die Reformation 211 
 
 Seebohm's Protestant Revolution 212 
 
 Fisher's The Reformation 212 
 
 Fischer's Auswiirtige Politik und Diplomatic der Reformation 212 
 
 Hiiusser's Period of the Reformation 213 
 
 Hiibner's Life and Times of Sixtus the Fifth 213 
 
 Praet's Essays on Political History 214 
 
 Ranke's History of the Popes 215 
 
 Spalding's History of the Protestant Reformation 215 
 
 Raumer's Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 216 
 
 Gindely's Geschichte des dreissigjiihrigen Krieges 216 
 
 Gardiner's History of the Thirty Years' War 217 
 
 Schiller's History of the Thirty Years' War 217 
 
 Noorden's Europiiische Geschidite im achtzehnten Jahrhundert 218 
 
 Russell's Principal States since the Peace of Utrecht 218
 
 XX CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sclilosser's History of the Eighteenth Century 219 
 
 Alison's Europe since the French Revolution 220 
 
 Beaumont -Yassay's Histoire des Etats Europeens 220 
 
 Gabourd's Histoire Contemporaine 221 
 
 Bulle's Geschichte der neuesten Zeit 221 
 
 Wernicke's Geschichte der Welt 222 
 
 Mackenzie's Nineteenth Century 222 
 
 Fyflfe's History of Modern Europe 222 
 
 Cayley's Revolutions of 1848 223 
 
 Cantu's Les Trentes Dernieres Annees 223 
 
 Miiller's Politische Geschichte der neusten Zeit 224 
 
 Miiller's Politische Geschichte der Gegenwart 225 
 
 The Annual Register 225 
 
 III. HISTORIES OF INSTITUTIONS AND CIVILIZATION. 
 
 Bonneiuere's Histoire des Paysans 225 
 
 Bossuet's Histoire des Variations 226 
 
 Dorner's History of Protestant Theology 227 
 
 Hallam's History of Literature 227 
 
 Honegger's Culturgeschichte 228 
 
 Hurst's History of Rationalism 228 
 
 Lange's History of Materialism 229 
 
 Lecky's Rise and Influence of Rationalism 229 
 
 Llorente's History of the Inquisition 230 
 
 Rule's History of the Inquisition 230 
 
 Schaff's Creeds of Christendom 231 
 
 Shedd's History of Christian Doctrine 231 
 
 Siigcnheim's Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft 232 
 
 TooUe and Newmarch's History of Prices 232 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND HEADERS. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading 232 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 232 
 
 3. Illustrative Materials 233 
 
 4. Recent Works of Importance 235 
 
 Chapter A^III. 
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Cantu's Histoin' des Italicns 238 
 
 Hunt's History of Italy 238 
 
 Lfo'H (icschiclite von Italicn 239 
 
 Mariolti's Italy, Past and Present 239 
 
 Sisiiioinii's Histoire des Rc'publi(iues Italienii(;s 240 
 
 Spaiiiing's Iliiiy and iIk; Italian Islands 240
 
 CONTENTS. XX i 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. ^,^^^^ 
 
 Hodgkiii's Italy and her Invaders 241 
 
 Testa's Frederick I. and the Communes of Lombardy 242 
 
 Ileyd's Levantsliandel im Mittelalter 242 
 
 Hegel's Geschichte der Stiidtverfassung \'t>n Italien 242 
 
 Guiceiardwii's Italy from 1490 to 1534 243 
 
 Botta's Storia d' Italia 244 
 
 Symond's Renaissance in Italy 244 
 
 Voigt's AViederbelebung des classischen Alterthums 245 
 
 Burckliardt's Civilization of the Renaissance 245 
 
 Cellini's Autobiography 246 
 
 Sarpi's Council of Trent 246 
 
 Viliari's Macliiavelli and his Times 247 
 
 Villari's Savonarola and his Times 248 
 
 Grimm's Life of Michael Angelo 248 
 
 Crowe and Cavalcaselle's New History of Painting in Italy 248 
 
 Crowe and Cavalcaselle's History of Painting in Northern Italy 249 
 
 Reuchlin's Geschichte Italions 249 
 
 Botta's Italy during the Consulate and Empire 250 
 
 Butt's History of Italy 250 
 
 Wrightson's History of Modern Italy 251 
 
 Mazzini's Life and Writings 251 
 
 D'Azeglio's Recollections 252 
 
 Mazade's Cavour 252 
 
 About's Roman Question 252 
 
 TroUope's Life of Pius the Ninth 253 
 
 Arrivabene's Italy under Victor Emmanuel 253 
 
 Godkin's Life of Victor Emmanuel 254 
 
 III. HISTORIES OF INDIVIDUAL STATES. 
 
 Darn's Repnblique de Venise 254 
 
 Hazlitt's Venetian Republic 255 
 
 Ranke's Zur Venetianer Geschichte 255 
 
 Machiavelli's History of Florence 255 
 
 Capponi's Geschichte der florentinischen Republik 256 
 
 Scheffer-Boichorst's Florcntlner Studien 257 
 
 Napier's Florentine History 257 
 
 Perrens's Histoire de Florence 258 
 
 Reumont's Geschichte Toscana's 258 
 
 Reumont's Lorenzo de' Medici 259 
 
 Roscoe's Lorenzo de' Medici 259 
 
 TroUope's Commonwealth of Florence 259 
 
 Colletta's History of Naples 260 
 
 Dunnistown's Dukes of Urbino 260
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND EEADEES, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. A Sliort Course of Reading 260 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 261 
 
 3. Illustrative Materials 261 
 
 4. Recent "Works of Importance. . .*. 265 
 
 Chapter IX. 
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Bryce's Holy Roman Empire 266 
 
 Dunham's History of the Germanic Empire 266 
 
 KohlrauHch's History of Germany 267 
 
 Lewis's History of Germany 267 
 
 Menzel's History of Germany 268 
 
 Piitter's Development of the German Empire 268 
 
 Sime's History of Germany 269 
 
 Taylor's History of Germany 269 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 Giescbrecht's Geschichte der deutscheu Kaiserzeit 270 
 
 Raumer's Geschichte der Ilohenstaufen 270 
 
 Lindner's Geschichte des deutschen Reiches 271 
 
 Robertson's Reign of Charles the Fifth 271 
 
 Ranke's History of the Reformation in Germany 272 
 
 Ranke's Deutsche Geschichte 272 
 
 Droysen's Gustav Adolph 272 
 
 Schiifcr's Geschichte des siebenjiihiigen Kriegs 273 
 
 Duncker's Aus der Zeit Friedricha des Grossen 273 
 
 Ranke'.s Die deutschen Miichte 274 
 
 Ranke's Revolutionskriegc 274 
 
 Iliiusscr's Deutsche Geschichte 274 
 
 Segur's P'reiierick William II 275 
 
 Scelcy's Life ami Times of Stein 275 
 
 Ranke's Denkwiirdigkeiten Hardcnbergs 276 
 
 Droysen's Leben Yorks von \Vartenburg 277 
 
 Metternich's Memoirs 27S 
 
 Treitschkc's Deutsche (jcschichtc 279 
 
 Kliipfel's (Jeschichte der Einheitsbestrebungcn 279 
 
 Frank's Wiedcrhcrstellung Deutschlands 280 
 
 Van Devcnter's llistoire Federale de I'AlIemagne 280 
 
 IxJComte'H (Juerro contrc rAutriche 280 
 
 Ilozior's Seven Weeks' War 281 
 
 Vcron'ri L' Allemagnc dcpuis Sadowa 281
 
 CONTENTS. xxiii 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Droyson's Abliandlungcn zur ncucren Gcschichte 281 
 
 Tieitsclike's Zeliii Jahre deutsclier Kiimpfe 282 
 
 Rlistow's War for the Rhino Frontier 282 
 
 Junck's Dcr deutsch-franzosischc Kiicg 283 
 
 III. IIISTOEIES OF INDIVIDUAL STATES. 
 • 
 
 Coxe's House of Austria 283 
 
 Krones's Gescliichte Oesterreiclis 284 
 
 Mailath's Gescliiclite Oesterreiclis 284 
 
 Asseline's Histoire de TAutricbe 285 
 
 Springer's Gescliichte Oesterreichs 285 
 
 Vchse's Memoirs of Austria 286 
 
 Arneth's Geschichte Maria Theresia's 286 
 
 De Worms's Austro-Hungarian Empire 287 
 
 Iliiffer's Oesterreich und Preussen gegen liber 287 
 
 Beer's Zehn Jahre ostcrreichischer Politik 287 
 
 Biittiger's Geschichte Sachsens 288 
 
 Stenzel's Geschichte des preussischen Staates 288 
 
 Eberty's Geschichte des preussischen Staates 289 
 
 Pierson's Preussische Geschichte 289 
 
 Heinel's Geschichte Preussens 290 
 
 Droysen's Geschichte der preussischen Politik 290 
 
 Cosel's Geschichte des preussischen Staates 291 
 
 Ranke's House of Brandenburg 291 
 
 Carlyle's Frederick the Great 292 
 
 Preuss's Friedricli der Grosse 293 
 
 Thiebault's Frederic-le-Grand 293 
 
 Raumer's Frederick the Second 294 
 
 5Iirabeau's De la Monarchie Prussienne 294 
 
 Veron's La Prusse depuis Frederic II 295 
 
 Hillebrand's La Prusse Contemporaine 295 
 
 Tuttle's German Political Leaders 296 
 
 IV. HISTORIES OF INSTITUTIONS AND CIVILIZATION. 
 
 Arnold's Ansiedehnigen und Wanderungen deutscher Sliimme 296 
 
 Arnold's Deutsche Urzeit ^ 296 
 
 Ozanam's Les Germains avant le Christiauisme 297 
 
 Sohm's Altdeutsche Reichsverfassung 297 
 
 Maurer's Geschichte der Markenverfassung.. 298 
 
 Maurer's Geschichte der Dorfverfassung 298 
 
 Maurer's Geschichte der Stiidtevcrfassung 298 
 
 Waltz's Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte 299 
 
 Kriegk's Deutsches Biirgerthum 300 
 
 Schafer's Die Hansestadte 300 
 
 Avc-Lallemant's Das deutsche Gaunerthum. 301 
 
 Richl's Deutsche Social-Politik 301
 
 xxiv CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Soldau's Geschichte der Hexenprocesse 302 
 
 Wachter's Geschichte des deutschen Strafrechts 302 
 
 Wirth's Geschichte der Deutschen 302 
 
 Siigenheim's Geschichte des deutschen Volkes 303 
 
 Janssen's Geschichte des deutschen Volkes 303 
 
 Biedermann's Deutschland im achtzehnten Jahrhundert 304 
 
 Balcke's Bilder aus der Geschichte der deutschen Landwirtlischal't 305 
 
 Stael's Germany 306 
 
 Fre^'tag's Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit 306 
 
 Freytag's Xeue Bilder aus dem Leben des deutschen Volkes 307 
 
 Hawkins's Germany 307 
 
 Baring-Gould's Germany, Past and Present 308 
 
 Lorenz's Drei Biicher Geschichte und Politik 308 
 
 Stroehlin's L'Eglise Catholique en Allemagne 309 
 
 Low's Deutsche Eeichs- und Territorial-Verfassung 309 
 
 Martin's Verfassung des deutschen Reichs 310 
 
 Isaacsohn's Geschiclite des preussischen Beanitentliunis 310 
 
 Lancizolle's Bildung des preussischen Staats 310 
 
 Oesfeld's Preussen in staatsrechtlicher Beziehung 311 
 
 Gervinus's Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung 311 
 
 Ilettner's Geschichte der deutschen Literatur 312 
 
 Y. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND HEADERS. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading. 313 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 313 
 
 3. Illustrative Materials 314 
 
 4. Recent Works of Importance 319 
 
 Chapter X. 
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Crowe's History of France 323 
 
 Darestc's Histoirc de France 323 
 
 Diiruy's Ilistoire de France 324 
 
 Godjjin's History of France 324 
 
 Guizot's Outlines of the History of France 325 
 
 Guizot's Popular History of France 325 
 
 Jcrvi.s's Student's History of Franco 326 
 
 Kitdiin'.s History of France 327 
 
 Lacomhe's Siiort History of the French People 327 
 
 .Martin's Histoirc de France 327 
 
 Miclielel's History of Franco 328 
 
 Ranke's Fi'ariziisischc (icschichte. ...... 329 
 
 Sismondi's Histoirc des P'ran9ais 330 
 
 Wiiite'ri History of France 330
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. j.^^^ 
 
 Franklin's Lcs Sources de I'Histoire Je France 330 
 
 Guizot's Collection ties Memoires 331 
 
 Buchon's Collection dcs Chroniques 331 
 
 Petitot et Moiimerque's Collection des Memoires 332 
 
 Michaud et Poiijoulat's Nouvelle Collection des Memoires 332 
 
 Barriere et De Lescure's Biljliotlieque des Memoires 333 
 
 Thierry's Histoire des Gaulois 333 
 
 Fauriel's Histoire de la Gaule Meridionale 333 
 
 Wallon's St. Louis et son Temps 334 
 
 Froissart's Chronicles 334 
 
 Monstrelet's Chronicles 335 
 
 Barante's Dues de Bourgogne 335 
 
 Quicherat's Jeanne d'Arc 336 
 
 Wallon's Jeanne d'Arc 336 
 
 Tuckey's Joan of Arc 336 
 
 Jamison's Life of Bertrand du Guesclin 337 
 
 Commines's Memoirs 337 
 
 Kirk's Life of Charles the Bold 338 
 
 Legeay's History of Louis XI 338 
 
 Willert's Reign of Louis the Eleventh 339 
 
 Mignet's Rivalite de Fran9ois I. et de Charles V 339 
 
 Baird's Rise of the Huguenots 340 
 
 Poole's Huguenots of the Dispersion 340 
 
 White's Massacre of St. Bartholomew 341 
 
 Frier's Henry the Third 341 
 
 Frder's Henry the Fourth 342 
 
 Sullly's Memoirs 342 
 
 Se^retain's Sixte V. et Henri IV 343 
 
 Polrson's Histoire du Regne de Henri IV 343 
 
 Lacombe's Henri IV. et sa Politique 344 
 
 PeTrens's L'Eglise et I'Etat sous Henri IV 344 
 
 Capefigue's Histoire de la Reforme, etc 344 
 
 Baiin's Histoire de France sous Louis XIII 345 
 
 Cai'llet's France sous le Ministere de Richelieu 345 
 
 Robson's Life of Richelieu 346 
 
 Cneruel's France sous Louis XIV 346 
 
 Mi^rtin's Age of Louis XIV 346 
 
 Pai'doe's Louis XIV 347 
 
 Grhvestins's Guillaume III. et Louis XIV 347 
 
 Saint-Simon's Memoirs. 348 
 
 Dangeau's Journal 349 
 
 Dc'Tocqueville's Histoire du Rfegne de Louis XV 349 
 
 Thjers's The Mississippi Bubble 349 
 
 Brqglie's The King's Secret 350
 
 xxvL CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 D'Aumale's Princes of Conde 350 
 
 Yonge's France under the Bourbons 351 
 
 Collier's J' ranee, etc., a Century Ago 351 
 
 Foucin's Ministere de Turgot 351 
 
 Batbie's Turgot 352 
 
 Rocquain's L'Esprit Revolutionnaire , . . . 352 
 
 Young's Travels in France 353 
 
 Doniol's La Revolution et la Feodalite 353 
 
 Taine's The Revolution 354 
 
 ^"STignet's Revolution JVancaise 354 
 
 Thiers's Revolution Fran9aise 355 
 
 Michelet's Revolution Fran9aise 355 
 
 Sybel's History of the J'reuch Revolution 356 
 
 Alison's History of the French Revolution 356 
 
 Carlyle's History of the French Revolution 35V 
 
 Blanc's Revolution Fran9aise 358 
 
 Hiiusser's Franzosische Revolution 358 
 
 Rabaut's Precis Historique 359 
 
 Buchez et Roux's Revolution Fran9aise 359 
 
 Kerverseau et Clavelin's Revolution rran9aise 360 
 
 Barante's Convention Nationale 360 
 
 Laniartine's Les Girondins 360 
 
 Ternaux's Histoire de la Terreur 361 
 
 Montgaillard's Histoire Chronologique 361 
 
 Staiil's Considerations sur la Revolution 362 
 
 •^Napol(2on the First's Correspondence 362 
 
 Lanf rev's Napoleon 1 362 
 
 Thiers's Consulate and Empire 363 
 
 Barni's Napoleon et son Historien, Thiers 364 
 
 Jung's Bonaparte et son Temps 364 
 
 Remusat's Memoirs 365 
 
 niazlitt's Life of Napoleon Bonaparte 366 
 
 /Abbott's History of Napoleon Bonaparte 366 
 
 Laniartine's History of the Restoration 367 
 
 VielCastel's Histoire de la Restauration 36'7 
 
 Blanc's History of Ten Years 368 
 
 Hillebrand's Frankreich von Louis Philippe, etc 368 
 
 Laniartine's Revolution of 1818 369 
 
 Pierre's Histoire de la Republi(iue dc 1848 370 
 
 Normanby's A Year of Revolution 370 
 
 Carne's Oouvernement Repr<5sentatif de 1789 i\ 1848 370 
 
 (luizot's Memoires 371 
 
 De Toc(|Ueviil(:'H Sfemoirs and Remains 371 
 
 J)elord'.s Histoire <lu Second Empire 372 
 
 Jerrold's Life of Napoleon HI 372 
 
 Hugo's History of a Crime 373
 
 CONTENTS. xxvii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Adams's Democracy and Monarchy in France 373 
 
 Van Lauu's French Revohitionary Epoch 374 
 
 Martin'rf France dcpuis 1789 374 
 
 Le Goff's Life of Tiiiers 374 
 
 Simon's Government of Tliiers 375 
 
 III. niSTOEIES OF INSTITUTIONS AND CIVILIZATION. 
 
 Coulanges's Institutions Politiques 375 
 
 Ampere's llistoire Litteraire de la France avant Charlemagne 376 
 
 Ampere's Histoire Litteraire sous Charlemagne 377 
 
 Guizot's Uistory of Civilization in France 377 
 
 Guizot's Essais sur I'Histoire dc France 378 
 
 Thierry's Lettres sur I'llistoire de France 378 
 
 Thierry's Dix Ans d'Etudes Historiques 379 
 
 Thierry's Formation and Progress of the Third Estate 379 
 
 Bastard's Les Parlements de France 380 
 
 Bavelier's Assemblecs Representatives de la France 380 
 
 Picot's Histoire des Etats-Generaux 380 
 
 BouUee's Histoire des Etats-Generaux 381 
 
 Dareste's Histoire de I'Administration en France 381 
 
 Pasquier's Histoire de 1' Unite Politique 382 
 
 Doniol's Histoire des Classes Rurales 382 
 
 Dareste's Histoire des Classes Agricoles 383 
 
 Perrens's La Democratic en France au Moyen Age 383 
 
 Stephen's Lectures on the History of France 383 
 
 Vuitry's Regime Financier de la France 384 
 
 Rosieres's Societe Fran^aise au Moyen Age 384 
 
 Elliot's Old Court Life in France.. 385 
 
 Monteil's Histoire des divers Etats 385 
 
 Hettner's Geschichte der franzosischen Literatur im achtzehnten Jahr- 
 
 hundert 386 
 
 Taine's Ancient Regime 386 
 
 - -De Tocqueville's Ancient Regime 387 
 
 •^ Janet's Philosophic de la Revolution 388 
 
 Quinet's La Revolution 388 
 
 Berriat's La Justice Revolutionnaire 389 
 
 Burke's Reflections on the Revolution 389 
 
 Mackintosh's Vindiciae Gallicaj 390 
 
 Croker's Essays on the Frencii Revolution 301 
 
 Schmidt's Geschichte der franzosischen Literatur seit der Revolution. . . 391 
 
 Ferry's La Lutte Elcctorale en 1863 392 
 
 Reeve's Royal and Republican France 392 
 
 Senior's Journal from 1848 to 1 852 392 
 
 Senior's Conversations with Thiers, Guizot, and others 393 
 
 Haas\s Administration de la France 393 
 
 Kaisc^i-'s Franzosische Verfassungsgeschichte 394
 
 xxviii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Xisard's Histoirc de la Litterature Fran9aise 394 
 
 Villemain's Cours de Litterature rran9aise 395 
 
 V^an Laun's History of French Literature 396 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND EEADEKS. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading 397 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 397 
 
 3. Illustrative Materials 398 
 
 4. Recent Works of Importance 402 
 
 Chapter XI. 
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 
 • I. HISTORIES OF RUSSIA. 
 
 Bell's History of Russia 407 
 
 Bernhardi's Gescluchte Russlands 407 
 
 Catherine the Second's Memoirs 408 
 
 Iloworth's History of the Mongols 408 
 
 Karamsin's Ilistoire de I'Empire de Russie 409 
 
 Kelly's History of Russia 409 
 
 Lamartine's Ilistoire de la Russie 410 
 
 Levesque's Histoirc de Russie 410 
 
 Rambauii's History of Russia 411 
 
 Schnitzlcr's Russia under Alexander and Nicholas 412 
 
 Segur's History of Russia and of Peter the Great . . 412 
 
 Strahl und Hermann's Gescluchte des russischen Staates 413 
 
 Tissot's Russcs et AUemands 413 
 
 Tooke's History of Russia 414 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF POLAND. 
 
 Dunham's History of Poland 414 
 
 Fletcher's History of Poland 415 
 
 Lclevel's Histoirc de Pologne 415 
 
 RiipcU und Caro's Gesciiichtc Poleiis 415 
 
 Riipoirs Polen urn die Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts 416 
 
 Ruliiiere's Histoirc de I'Anarchie de Pologne 417 
 
 Salvandi's Histoirc dc Pologne 417 
 
 Fcrraiid's Trois Dememhrements de la Pologne 417 
 
 Beer's Erstc Theilung Polens 418 
 
 Veil dcr Briiggcn's Polens Aufliisung 419 
 
 III. III.STORIE8 OF CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS. 
 
 Celestirrs Russland seit Aufiicbung der Lcibcigcnschart 419 
 
 Custine'8 La Ru.ssio en 1839 420 
 
 Day's The Russian Government in Poland 420
 
 CONTENTS. xxix 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Eckardt's Modem Russia 420 
 
 Russia Before and After the War 421 
 
 Gurowski's Russia as it Is 422 
 
 Haxtliausen's Etudes sur les Institutions de la Russie 422 
 
 Maxwell's The Czar and his People 423 
 
 Ralston's Early Russian History 423 
 
 Schnitzler's Les Institutions de la Russie 42-1 
 
 Schnitzler's L'Empire des Tsars 424 
 
 Schuyler's Turkistan 425 
 
 Tilley's Eastern Europe and Western Asia 426 
 
 Tourgueneffs La Russie et les Russes 426 
 
 Wallaee's Russia 427 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND EEADEKS. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading 427 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 428 
 
 3. Illustrative Materials 428 
 
 Chapter XII. 
 
 . HISTORIES OF THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 
 
 I. HISTORIES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 Baumgarten's Geschichte Spaniens 430 
 
 Bollaert's Wars of Succession in Portugal and Spain 430 
 
 Conde's History of the Arabs in Spain 431 
 
 Coppee's History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arabs 431 
 
 Coxe's Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bouibon 432 
 
 Crawfurd's Portugal, Old and New 432 
 
 Dunham's History of Spain 433 
 
 Dunlap's Memoirs of Spain 433 
 
 Irving's Conquest of Granada 433 
 
 Landmann's Portugal 434 
 
 Lembke und Schiifer's Geschichte von Spanien 434 
 
 Mariana's History of Spain 434 
 
 Marliani's Histoire Politique de I'Espagne 435 
 
 Mazade's L'Espagne Moderne 436 
 
 Napier's War in the Peninsula 436 
 
 Prescott's Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella 437 
 
 Prescott's Reign of Philip the Second 438 
 
 Romey's Histoire d'Espagne 438 
 
 Rosseeuw-Saint-Hilaire's Histoire d'Espagne 439 
 
 Tieknor's History of Spanish Literature 439 
 
 Walton's Revolutions in Spain 440 
 
 Watson's Reigns of Philip II. and Philip HI 440
 
 XXX CONTENTS. 
 
 II. HISTOKIES OF SWITZERLAND. ^^^^ 
 
 Daguet's Histoire de la Confederation Suisse 441 
 
 Lardiier's History of Switzerland 441 
 
 Morin's L'Histoire Politique de la Suisse 441 
 
 Miiller, Monnard et Yuillemin's Histoire de Suisse 442 
 
 Rochliolz's Tell und Gessler 442 
 
 Vieusseux's History of Switzerland 442 
 
 Zsehokke's History of Switzerland 433 
 
 III. HISTOKIES OF TUKKEY AND MODERN EGYPT. 
 
 Argyll's The Eastern Question 443 
 
 Baker's Tinkey 444 
 
 Hammer-PurgstaU's Geschichte des osmauisciieu Reiches 444 
 
 Creasy's History of the Ottoman Turks, etc 445 
 
 Freeman's Ottoman Power in Europe 445 
 
 Lane's Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians 445 
 
 McCoan's Egypt as it Is 446 
 
 Ranke's History of Servia and the Servian Revolution 446 
 
 Ziukeiseu's Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches 446 
 
 lY. HISTORIES OF HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. 
 
 De Amicis's Holland and its People 447 
 
 Davies's History of Holland and the Dutch 447 
 
 Geddcs's Administration of John De AYitt 448 
 
 Grattnn's History of the Netherlands 449 
 
 Juste's Histoire de Belgique 449 
 
 Jusle's La Revolution Beige 449 
 
 Motley's Rise of the Dutch Republic 449 
 
 Motley's History of the United Netherlands 450 
 
 ilolley's John of Barneveld 451 
 
 V. HISTORIES OF SCANDINAYIA. 
 
 Anderson's Norse Mythology 452 
 
 Baring-(i()uld'rt Iceland 452 
 
 Carlyic's Early Kings of Norway 453 
 
 Dahlmann's Gcscliiclite von Diinomark 453 
 
 Dunham's History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway 453 
 
 Fryxell's History of Sweden 454 
 
 Gcijer und (Jarlson's (Jcscliiclite Schwcdens 454 
 
 (losch's Denmark and (Jermany since 1S15 455 
 
 Laing's Translation of the; Ileimskringia 455 
 
 Mallet's Northern Antiquities 456 
 
 Sfaiirer'a Island von seiner ei-sten Entdcckung 456 
 
 Maurer's Isliindische Yolkssagen . . 457 
 
 Rink'ri Danish Greenland 457
 
 CONTENTS. xxxi 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sinding's History of Scandinavia 457 
 
 A *■ Tliorpe's Northern Mythology 458 
 
 „-s Wheaton's History of the Northmen 458 
 
 Worsaae's Danes and Northmen in England 459 
 
 VI. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND KEADEKS. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading 459 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 460 
 
 3. Illustrative Materials 461 
 
 4. Recent Works of Importance 462 
 
 Chapter XIII. 
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Brewer's Student's Hume 465 
 
 Bright's English History 465 
 
 Burton's History of Scotland 466 
 
 Campbell's Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Chief Justices 466 
 
 Green's Short History of the English People 467 
 
 Green's History of the English People 468 
 
 Guizot's History of England 468 
 
 Hume's History of England 469 
 
 Knight's Popular History of England 470 
 
 The Pictorial History of England 471 
 
 Lingard's History of England 471 
 
 MacMullen's History of Canada 472 
 
 Mill's History of British India 473 
 
 Strickland's Lives of the Queens of England 473 
 
 White's History of England 474 
 
 The Parliamentary History of England 474 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 Green's Making of England and Conquest of England 475 
 
 Lappenberg's England under the Anglo-Saxons 475 
 
 Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons 475 
 
 Palgrave's Rise of the English Commonwealth 476 
 
 Palgrave's History of Normandy and England 476 
 
 Freeman's History of the Norman Conquest 477' 
 
 Pearson's England during the Early and Middle Ages 478 
 
 Stubbs's Early Plantagenets 479 
 
 Longman's Life and Times of Edward the Third 479 
 
 Gairdner's Life and Reign of Richard III 480 
 
 Gairdner's Houses of Lancaster and York 480 
 
 Fenu's Paston Letters 480
 
 XXX ii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preude's History of England 481 
 
 Burnet's History of the Reformation 482 
 
 Geikie's English Reformation 483 
 
 Cobbett's Protestant Reformation in England 483 
 
 Labauoff's Marie Stuart 484 
 
 Tytler's Mary Queen of Scots 484 
 
 Hosack's Mary Queen of Scots 484 
 
 Mignet's Histoire de Marie Stuart 485 
 
 ""Oai'diner's England from the Accession of James 1 485 
 
 Guizot's History of the English Revolution 487 
 
 Disraeli's Commentaries on the Life of Charles 1 487 
 
 Bisset's History of the Struggle for Parliamentary Government 488 
 
 Bisset's History of the Coramonwcaltli 488 
 
 Tarlyle's Oliver Cromwell 489 
 
 Forster's Sir John Eliot 489 
 
 Forster's Statesmen of the Commonwealth 490 
 
 Forster's Arrest of the Five Members '. . . . 490 
 
 Nugeni's Memorials of Hampden 491 
 
 Ranke's History of England 491 
 
 Raumer's Political History of England 492 
 
 Bayne's Chief Actors in the Puritan Revolution 492 
 
 Smith's Three English Statesmen 493 
 
 Godwin's History of the Commonwealth 493 
 
 Vaughan's Stuart Dynasty 493 
 
 Burnet's History of His Own Time 493 
 
 Pepys's Diary 494 
 
 Evelyn's Diary 495 
 
 Macaulay's History of England 495 
 
 Fronde's English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century 496 
 
 Lecky's England in the Eighteenth Century 497 
 
 Stanhope's Reign of Queen Anne 497 
 
 Burton's History of the Reign of Queen Anne 498 
 
 Wyon's History of Great Britain under Queen Anne 408 
 
 Mahon's History of England from the Peace of Utrecht 499 
 
 Trcvelyan's Early History of Charles James Fox 499 
 
 Malcolm's I'olitical History of India 500 
 
 Adolpiius's England from Accession of George III 500 
 
 Massey's England during the Reign of George III 501 
 
 Wright's Caricature History of the Georges 501 
 
 Cory's Guide to Modern English History 501 
 
 Martineau's P^ngland during the Nineteenth Century 502 
 
 Walpole'a History of England since 1815 502 
 
 Molesworth's History of England from 18:J0 to 1874 503 
 
 McCartliy's History of Our Own Times 503 
 
 Duffy's Young Ireland 504 
 
 Kinglakc's History of tiie Crimean War 505
 
 CONTENTS. xxxiii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cox's History of the Reform Bills of 1866-67 505 
 
 Prentice's History of the Auti-Corn-Law League 506 
 
 III. POLITICAL, CONSTITLTIONAL, AND SOCIAL HISTOKIES. 
 
 Thorpe's Ancient Laws and Institutions 506 
 
 Adams, Lodge, Young, and Laughlin's Anglo-Saxon Law 506 
 
 Kemble's Saxons in England 507 
 
 Wright's Biographia Britannica Literaria 507 
 
 Wright's Domestic Manners in the Middle Ages 508 
 
 Wright's Political Poems and Songs 508 
 
 Wright's Essays on England in the Middle Ages 508 
 
 Cox's Antient Parliamentary Elections 509 
 
 Stubbs's Constitutional History of England 509 
 
 Stubbs's Select Charters 510 
 
 Gneist's Geschichte der englischen Kommunalverfassung 510 
 
 Gneist's Das englische Verwaltungsrecht 511 
 
 Fischel's English Constitution 511 
 
 Creasy's Rise and Progress of the English Constitution 512 
 
 Taswell-Langmead's English Constitutional History 512 
 
 Brougham's British Constitution 513 
 
 r£f€eman's Growth of the English Constitution 513 
 
 Hallam's Constitutional History of England 513 
 
 May's Constitutional History of England 514 
 
 Brodie's Constitutional History of the British Empire 515 
 
 Russell's Essay on the English Government 516 
 
 De Lolme's Rise and Progress of the English Constitution 516 
 
 Smith's History of English Institutions 517 
 
 Hearn's Government of England 517 
 
 Cox's Institutions of the English Government 517 
 
 Ewald's The Crown and its Advisers 518 
 
 Fonblanque's How We are Governed 518 
 
 Todd's Parliamentary Government in England 519 
 
 Palgrave's The House of Commons 519 
 
 Jenning's Anecdotical History of the British Parliament.. 519 
 
 Cooke's History of Party 520 
 
 Disraeli's Vindication of the English Constitution 520 
 
 Cox's Whig and Tory Administrations .\".', 521 
 
 Amos's Fifty Years of the English Constitution '. . 521 
 
 Bagehot's English Constitution 521 
 
 Merewetl>er and Stephens's History of Borough and Municipal Corpora- 
 tions.. 522 
 
 Argyll's The Eastern Question 522 
 
 De Worms's English Policy in the East 523 
 
 Martin's Progress and Present State of British India 523 
 
 Rogers's History of Agriculture and Prices 524 
 
 Xicholls's History of the English Poor Law 525 
 
 C
 
 xxxiv CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Jardine's Criminal Tiials 525 
 
 Fullers Church History of Great Britain 525 
 
 Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England 526 
 
 Forsyth's History of Trial by Jury 526 
 
 Escott's England, Her People, rolicy, and Pursuits 527 
 
 Creasy's Imperial and Colonial Constitutions 528 
 
 Todd's Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies 528 
 
 IV, SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND KEADEKS. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading 528 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 529 
 
 3. Important Serial Publications 530-534 
 
 4. A Course for the Thorough Study of the Constitutional and Po- 
 
 litical History of England 534-561 
 
 L The Anglo-Saxon Period 534-536 
 
 II. The History and Influence of the Norman Conquest 536-538 
 
 III. The Great Charter and its Influence on the Growth of Liberty 538-540 
 
 • IV. The Establishment of Representative Government 540-542 
 
 V. The Development of Representative Institutions 542-544 
 
 TI. The Relations of Monarch and People during the Reign of 
 
 the Tudors 544-546 
 
 YII. The Government from the Accession of James I. to the End 
 
 of the Civil War 546-549 
 
 Yin. England under the Rule of Cromwell 549-552 
 
 IX. The Revolution of 1688 552-554 
 
 X. The Struggles of Party Government in the Eigiiteenth Century 555-557 
 XI. The Establishment and Development of Cabinet Government 557-559 
 XII. Reforms in the English Government during the Present Cen- 
 tury 559-561 
 
 5. Recent Works of Importance 561 
 
 Chapter XIV. 
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States 566 
 
 Bryant and (Jay's Popular History of the United States 567 
 
 Doyle's History of the United States 568 
 
 Eliot's Manual of United States History 569 
 
 Hildrcth's History of the United States 569 
 
 Laboulaye's Histoire des Etats-Unis 570 
 
 Neumann's Geschiclite der Vorcinigtcn Staaten 571 
 
 I'atton's History of the United States 572 
 
 Pidfiath's Popular History of the United States 572 
 
 Tucker'H Historv of the United States .... 573
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PEKIODS. ^^^^ 
 
 Count of Paris's History of the Civil War 574 
 
 Draper's History of the American Civil War 5*74 
 
 Doyle's The American Colonies 575 
 
 Greeley's The American Conflict 575 
 
 Grahamc's Rise and Progress of the United States 576 
 
 Greene's Historical View of the American Revolution 576 
 
 Hamilton's History of the Republic 577 
 
 Holmes's Annals of America 577 
 
 IngersoU's Historical SIvetch of the War of 1812 577 
 
 Jay's Causes and Consequences of the Mexican War 578 
 
 Jones's History of New York 578 
 
 Livermore's War with Mexico Reviewed 579 
 
 Lossing's Field-books of the Revolution, War of 1812, and Civil War. . . 579 
 
 Neill's Tlie English Colonization of America 579 
 
 Parkman's French in America 579 
 
 Ramsay's History of the American Revolution 580 
 
 Ripley's War with Mexico 581 
 
 Winsor's Reader's Hand-book of the Revolution 581 
 
 III. LOCAL HISTORIES, AND HISTORIES OF INDIVIDUAL STATES. 
 
 Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation 581 
 
 Elliot's The New England History 582 
 
 Oliver's The Puritan Commonwealth 582 
 
 Palfrey's History of New England ' 583 
 
 Thornton's Peter Oliver's Puritan Commonwealth 583 
 
 ■\\'inthrop's History of New England 583 
 
 Young's Chronicles of the First Planters 584 
 
 Williamson's History of the State of Maine 584 
 
 Belknap's History of New Hampshire 585 
 
 Williams's Natural and Civil History of Vermont 585 
 
 Hutchinson's History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay 585 
 
 Minot's Continuation of the History of Massachusetts Bay 586 
 
 Barry's History of Massachusetts 586 
 
 Bradford's History of Massachusetts 587 
 
 Dexter's As to Roger Williams 587 
 
 Arnold's History of the State of Rhode Island 588 
 
 Trumbull's Complete History of Connecticut 588 
 
 Trumbull's True Blue Laws of Connecticut 589 
 
 Brodhead's History of tiie State of New York 589 
 
 Hammond's History of Political Parties in New York 590 
 
 O'Callaghan's History of New Netherlands 590 
 
 Mul ford's History of New Jersey 590 
 
 Egle's Illustrated History of Pennsylvania 591 
 
 Bozman's History of Maryland 591
 
 xxxvi CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Scharf s History of Maryland 591 
 
 Beverley's History of Yirginra 592 
 
 Burk's History of Virginia 592 
 
 Campbell's History of Virginia 593 
 
 Stith's History of Virginia 593 
 
 Howison's History of Virginia 593 
 
 Hawks's History of North Carolina 594 
 
 Williamson's History of North Carolina 594 
 
 Wheeler's Historical Sketclies of North Carolina 594 
 
 Simms's History of South Carolina 595 
 
 Ramsay's History of South Carolina 595 
 
 Stevens's History of Georgia 595 
 
 Picket's History of Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi 596 
 
 French's Historical Collections of Louisiana 596 
 
 Gayarre's Colonial History and Romance of Louisiana 596 
 
 Gayarre's History of Louisiana 597 
 
 Yoakum's History of Texas 59Y 
 
 Ramsey's Annals of Tennessee 597 
 
 Collins's Historical Sketches of Kentucky 598 
 
 Drake's Pioneer Life in Kentucky 598 
 
 Marshall's History of Kentuck)' 598 
 
 Hildreth's Pioneer History of Kentucky 598 
 
 Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio 599 
 
 Taylor's History of the State of Ohio 599 
 
 Brown's History of Illinois 599 
 
 Edwards's History of Illinois 600 
 
 Ford's History of Illinois 600 
 
 Monettc's History of the Valley of the Mississippi 600 
 
 Campbell's Outlines of the Political History of Michigan 601 
 
 Lannian's History of Michigan 60L 
 
 Neill's History of Minnesota 601 
 
 IV. SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Adams's Documents relating to New England Federalism 602 
 
 Bancroft's Native Races of the Pacific States 602 
 
 Benton's Thirty Years' View 603 
 
 Brownson's The American Republic 603 
 
 Carlicr's Histoirc du Pcuplo Americain 603 
 
 Curtis's History of tlic Ccjnstitution of the United States 604 
 
 Foster's Prehistoric Races of the United States 604 
 
 Frothiiigiiam's Rise of the Repul)lic 604 
 
 (ioodcll's Slavery and Antislavery 605 
 
 (ionlon's Rise, Progress, and Establishment of Independence 605 
 
 IIennci)in's Description of Louisiana 606 
 
 Hock's Die Finan/.cn diir Vereinigtcii Staatcn 606 
 
 Hoist's Constitutional History of the United States 607
 
 CONTENTS. xxxvii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lanipherc's United States Government 608 
 
 Lodge's Short History of the English Colonies in Ainericii 609 
 
 Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana 609 
 
 Pitkin's rditical History of the United States 610 
 
 Schoolcraft's History of the Indian Tribes 611 
 
 Seybert's Statistical Annals 611 
 
 Short's North Americans of Antiquity 611 
 
 Stedman's History of the American AVar 612 
 
 Stephens's War between the States 612 
 
 De Tocqueviile's Democracy in America 612 
 
 Washington and Crawford's Correspondence.. 613 
 
 ^Wilson's Rise and Fall of the Slave Power 613 
 
 Young's American Statesman 614 
 
 V. IMPOETANT BIOGRAPniES AND COLLECTED WEITINGS. 
 
 Adams's Life of Albert Gallatin 614 
 
 Austin's Life of Elbridge Gerry 615 
 
 Bigelow's Life of Benjamin Franklin 615 
 
 Curtis's Life of Daniel Webster 616 
 
 Garland's Life of John Randolph 616 
 
 Greene's Life of Natiianiel Greene 616 
 
 Irving's Life of Washington 61Y 
 
 Johnson's William Lloyd Garrison and his Times 617 
 
 Lodge's Life and Letters of George Cabot 617 
 
 Marshall's Life of George Washington 618 
 
 Morse's Life of Alexander Hamilton. 618 
 
 Parton's Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin 618 
 
 Parton's Life of Thomas Jefferson 619 
 
 Parton's Life of Andrew Jackson 619 
 
 Pickering and Upham's Life of Timothy Pickering 620 
 
 Quincy's Life of Josiah Quincy 620 
 
 Randall's Life of Thomas Jefferson 620 
 
 Reed's Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed 621 
 
 Rives's Life and Times of James Madison 621 
 
 Sabine's American Loyalists 621 
 
 Sargent's Public Men and Events 622 
 
 Shea's Life and Epoch of Alexander Hamilton 622 
 
 Sparks's Library of American Biography 623 
 
 ^ Tudor's Life of James Otis 623 
 
 ^ ^ Tyler's Memoir of Roger Brook Taney. . 623 
 
 Wells's Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams 624 
 
 Wirt's Life and Character of Patrick Henry 624 
 
 Adams, John, The Works of 624 
 
 Adams, John Quincy, Memoirs of 625 
 
 Calhoun, John C, The Works of 625 
 
 Clay, Henry, The Works of 6'.^
 
 xxxviii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Everett, Edward, Orations aud Speeches 626 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, Tlie Works of 626 
 
 Gallatin, Albert, Tlie Writings of 627 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, The Writings of 627 
 
 Madison, James, Letters and otlier Writings of 627 
 
 Seward, William H., The Works of 628 
 
 Sumner, Charles, The Works of 628 
 
 Washington, George, The AVritings of 629 
 
 Webster, Daniel, The Works of 629 
 
 YI. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 1. A Short Course of Reading 629 
 
 2. A Longer Course of Reading 680 
 
 3. Publications of the Learned Societies 630-638 
 
 4. A Systematic and Thorough Course of Study 638-666 
 
 L The Political and Religious Characteristics of the Colonial 
 
 Government 638-641 
 
 IL The Alienation of the Colonies from the Mother Country. . . . 641-643 
 
 IIL The Union of the Colonies into one Government 643, 644 
 
 IV. The Decline and Fall of the Confederation 644-646 
 
 V. The Political Doctrines of Federalists and of Antifederalists 
 
 in the Early History of the Government 646-648 
 
 VL New England Federalism and its Attitude to the General 
 
 Government 648-651 
 
 Vn. Tlic Early Foreign Relations of the United States 651, 652 
 
 VIIL Tlie Acquisition of the Territories, and their Organization and 
 
 Significance 652-654 
 
 IX. The Financial History of the Country from the Beginning of 
 
 the Revolutionary War to the Close of the War of 1812. . . 654-657 
 X. The Financial History of the Country since the Close of the 
 
 War of 1812 657-659 
 
 XI. History of the Doctrine of Nullification and Secession before 
 
 the Presidency of General Jackson 659-6G1 
 
 XH. The Development of the Slave Power and of the Antislavery 
 
 Movement to the Adoption of the Missouri Compromise. . . 661-663 
 
 XIII. The Development of the Slave Power from the Adoption of 
 
 tlic Missouri Compromise to the Outbreak of the Civil War 663, 664 
 
 XIV. Nullification and Secession from the Election of President 
 
 Jackson to tlic Outbreak of the Civil War 664-666 
 
 .'). Recent Works of Importance 666-672 
 
 I.NDKX 673
 
 " Quamvis enim melius sit beue facere quam uosse, priiis tamen est 
 nosse quam facere."— Charlemagne. 
 
 "At a time 'uhen all history is rapidly tending to become scien- 
 tific, and almost all science is adopting historical methods, it requires 
 but little perspicacity to foresee that thoughtful minds will soon be 
 far more generally and earnestly engaged in the philosophical study 
 of histoiy than they have ever yet been." — Flint. 
 
 " The next removal must be to the study of ijolitics : to know the 
 beginning, end, and reasons of political societies; that they may 
 not, in a dangerous fit of the commonwealth, be such poor, shaken, 
 uncertain reeds, of such a tottering conscience, as many of our great 
 counsellors have lately shown themselves, but steadfast pillars of the 
 State." — Milton. 
 
 "When the financial questions growing out of the debt and cur- 
 rency created during the war are disposed of, the people will turn 
 to questions concerning the structure, powers, and proper functions 
 of government, analogous to those which occupied the attention of 
 their ancestors during the two or three clec£tdes following the adop- 
 tion of the Constitution." — Garfield. 
 
 '• Between liistory and politics I can draw no distinction. History 
 is tlie politics of the past: politics are the history of the present. 
 The same rules of criticism apply to judging alike of distant and of 
 recent facts." — Free.man.
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ON THE STUDY OF HISTOEY. 
 
 It is evident that, within the last few years, the study of history 
 has received a new and a vigorous impulse. There are unmistak- 
 able indications that popular opinion in various parts of the world 
 is drifting more and more to the belief that wisdom, for the guid- 
 ance of the present and the future, is in some way gained or aid- 
 ed by a careful study of the past. These indications show them- 
 selves in various ways. It is not many years since even the largest 
 and most honored of our universities began seriously to teach 
 history in a systematic manner. A knowledge of history, like a 
 knowledge of foreign countries, seems to have been regarded as a 
 gloss or lacquer to be put on after graduation, but not as in any 
 sense a necessary part of a good intellectual outfit. History, 
 therefore, was condemned to receive only such charitable atten- 
 tion as could be given it by some benevolent professor after his 
 energies had already been too much exhausted by the absolute 
 necessities of what was thought to be more important instruction. 
 But all that has now been changed. Where but a few years ago 
 a single tired instructor taught history only as a work of charity, 
 we now see a number of teachers zealously devoting their entire 
 energies to the study and the teaching of history alone. This 
 tendency, moreover, is as noteworthy in Europe as it is in Amer- 
 ica. It is obvious even to the most casual observer that in Eng- 
 land, in France, and, above all, in Germany, historical studies are 
 now carried on at the universities with a zeal and a thoroughness 
 
 1
 
 2 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 which, until recently, were either quite unknown, or were confined 
 to a very limited number of the writers of books. Nor is this 
 new interest in the study of history confined to the universities. 
 Every state, almost every county, now thinks it must have its his- 
 torical society. The orgaTiizations thus scattered over the coun- 
 try are doing- what they can to atone for the neglect of the past. 
 They are trying to rescue from oblivion what otherwise would be 
 in danger of perishing altogether. It is in this spirit that the 
 Chaucer societies, the Shakespeare societies, and the other organi- 
 zations of kindred purpose are doing their work. Perhaps some 
 of the effort expended in such societies is of little value. Possi- 
 bly the world would not be very greatly the loser if some portion 
 of that which is embodied in the permanent record of print were 
 to be allowed to pass quietly into permanent oblivion. But 
 whether all the work done is wise, or whether some of it is fool- 
 ish, the spirit that actuates it is identical with the spirit that calls 
 for additional instruction in history in the schools of learning. 
 So, too, it is obvious that the historical method is now carried 
 into the prosecution of other studies as it was never carried into 
 them before. The study of the new science of philology is but 
 one of the forms of the study of history. It is a striking fact 
 that in the natural sciences the most brilliant generalization of the 
 past half-century rests upon a basis of historical theory, and must 
 be justified, if justified at all, by investigations and proofs carried 
 on and established in strictly historical methods. Successful 
 studies in philosophy, and political economy also, are now very 
 largely conducted in the same historical spirit. Probably the 
 most fruitful philosophical and economical inquiries of the present 
 day consist of a study of what the great thinkers of the world 
 have thought, and a comparison of the results. Thus it appears 
 that, whichever way we turn, we see that the study of history and 
 the use of liistorical methods arc to be noted among the striking 
 and growing characteristics of present intellectual activity. 
 
 This seems a rational tendency, and a wholesome one. It is 
 not necessary or reasonable to claim for the study of history a 
 superiority over all other studies. All brandies of learning must 
 stand upon a footing of democratic equality. Each has its par- 
 ticiihir Held of activity and usefulness, and must be looked upon 
 and respected as the [)eer of all the otiicrs. But while this is
 
 INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 true, it may be asserted and inaintained that tlie study of history 
 is more distinctively the study of humanity than is any other 
 branch of learning. It has not, like philosophy, to do exclusively 
 with the inherent characteristics of mind. It does not, like phys- 
 iology, confine itself to physical activities and functions. It deals 
 not so much with man as with men. It has to do less with life 
 than with those relations of life which form so much the largest 
 part of the business of living. Its influence, therefore, is much 
 like the influence of travel. It is the study of mankind in other 
 times, as travel is the study of mankind in other places. Conse- 
 quently, the limitations of the man who knows nothing of the past 
 are similar to the limitations of him whose observations have been 
 confined to his own county or his own town. Such limitations 
 are not fatal to keenness of intelligence, to closeness of observa- 
 tion, to thoroughness and honesty of research. But they are fatal 
 to what may be called a comprehensive knowledge of mankind. 
 As a knowledge of humanity in all its multiform activities and 
 sympathies requires a familiarity "with men bej'ond one's own 
 neighborhood, so the same knowledge requires also a familiarity 
 with men beyond one's own time and age. 
 
 Not only is the study of history the most human of all studies, 
 but it is also one of the most easily accessible to all men. In 
 these days of many and cheap books, there is scarcely a corner of 
 the world where historical studies may not be carried on with 
 fruitful results. Of course, I do not here mean history in a crea- 
 tive sense. I refer rather to that study which may everywhere be 
 carried on with the result of quickening the intelligence, improv- 
 ing the judgment, enlarging the sympathies, and broadening the 
 charities of life. 
 
 But let us look into the subject a little deeper, and inquire a lit- 
 tle more minutely what it is that the study of history really docs 
 for us. 
 
 We may as well begin our answer by a process of elimination — 
 by declaring, in the first place, what history does not do. It may 
 be asserted with confidence that it does not develop the powers of 
 syllogistic reasoning as do studies in mathematics and formal 
 logic. There may be a question whether the rigid methods of 
 mathematical processes are adapted to the contingent affairs of 
 every-day life. But, whether they are so adapted or not, it is cer-
 
 4 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tain that, for the development of a power to carry on severe log- 
 ical processes, the mathematics are, of all studies, the most efficient. 
 
 Nor can it be maintained that for the development of habits of 
 minute discrimination the study of history is equal to the study 
 of language. That the habit of detecting small differences and of 
 weighing their importance is an essential clement of success, no 
 thoughtful person will venture to deny. And for the establish- 
 ment and development of this particular habit it is probable that 
 no study has ever been found quite equal to the study of lan- 
 guage. While this is the case, it is doubtless also true that, when 
 the work of detecting small differences ceases to be a means and 
 becomes an end, it is in danger of degenerating into something 
 positively harmful. But whatever importance is to be attached 
 to a liability in this direction, it must be admitted that for the de- 
 velopment of certain necessary methods of intellectual activity, the 
 study of history is inferior to the study of language. 
 
 Another limitation of history is in the fact that it cannot liave 
 the certainties of an exact science. There is no well-grounded 
 promise either of a science of history or of a science of govern- 
 ment. This assertion would seem to be too obvious for demon- 
 stration, but for the ingenious theories of writers like Comte, 
 Buckle, and Spencer. "What formerly, however, had been received 
 as an axiom has now to be subjected to methods of proof. In view 
 of the learning that has been devoted to the work of placing his- 
 tory upon what has been called a scientific basis, it is not super- 
 tiuous to inquire whether or not the obstacles in tbe way of such 
 a scientific basis are of a nature to be insuperable. 
 
 Historical facts are almost always, perhaps invariably, the result 
 of heterogeneous causes. Some of these causes are susceptible of 
 examination and ajialysis; others are not. One or two examples 
 will be enough to illustrate what is meant. The force of gravity 
 causes water to seek a lower level. Water, therefore, under or- 
 diiiarv cirfumstances, will take a course which it is possible to an- 
 ticipate with the utmost confidence. But the moment the stream 
 comes in contact with the will of man, an unknown quantity is 
 introduced into the problem. There is no possible system of 
 analysis or generalization that will enable us to determine what 
 the result will be. The water may be left to wind its own way 
 to the ocean, it may be turned to the purposes of industry, or it
 
 INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 may be induced to lift a p:u-t of itself over an adjacent mountain- 
 top. Or, take another illustration. An oarsman steps into a boat 
 to cross a river. Now, his arrival at his destination depends upon 
 a number of heterogeneous influences, the particular force of which 
 no amount of knowledge would suffice to determine. The perfec- 
 tion of the boat, the swiftness of the current, the nature of the 
 weather, the skill of the oarsman, arc all doubtless susceptible of 
 approximate determination. But suppose that, in spite of all 
 probabilities, the boat is capsized. The element of uncertainty is 
 now considerably increased. Even if it be certain that the boat- 
 man has skill enough ordinarily to carry him ashore, there still re- 
 mains the ever-present possibility that he will not choose to ex- 
 ert his skill. 
 
 The element of uncertainty in these examples is chiefly, .though 
 not wholly, the clement of individuality. Of course when we 
 abandon the simpler affairs of life for the more complicated ones, 
 the uncertainties of prediction are greatly increased. It would 
 seem to follow that at the very beginning of our inquiry for a 
 basis of scientific exactness, we come upon obstacles that are in- 
 surmountable. 
 
 But let us not rush to a conclusion in too great haste. The in- 
 genuity of those who have sought to bring history within the cir- 
 cle of the sciences has not shrunk from attempting to surmount 
 this apparently insurmountable obstacle. Comte, Buckle, and 
 Spencer rest their case upon the general assertion that, in the 
 great current of affair.;, the efforts of individual wills counterbal- 
 ance one another so as to neutralize all disturbance of final results. 
 Buckle would probably have said that in spite of mill-dams and 
 water-wheels the water continues to seek a lower level, and in the 
 end reaches its destination. But the answer to this is the simple 
 assertion that in the meantime the mere fact of the water's being- 
 turned out of its course has had an influence, more or less impor- 
 tant, on civilization. A part of the stream, perhaps, has been 
 turned into the Atlantic instead of the Pacific ; the rest of it has 
 been devoted to the work of irrigation, and, after furnishing bread 
 for a people, has disappeared in the soil or in the air. 
 
 Buckle himself would seem to have been not altogether con- 
 fident in his own theory. For the purpose of proving his thesis, 
 he accumulated an astonishing number of interesting facts, and
 
 C HISTORICAL LITEliATUKE. 
 
 he arranged tliem with an ing-enuity in every way admirable. But 
 it is not saying too much to affirm that after he had done what he 
 could to fortify and render impregnable the position' he had taken, 
 he found himself obliged to abandon it. Indeed, he went on with 
 his work as though he had established nothing whatever. Even 
 more than that, he advanced theories in the latter part of the 
 work utterly inconsistent with theories advanced in the first part. 
 He turned his own guns upon his own citadel. The first volume 
 is devoted chiefly to the work of establishing the position that in- 
 dividual men have very little to do in shaping the affairs of this 
 world, while the last is given up to showing that individual men 
 had very much to do with moulding the history of Spain and 
 Scotland. One of two inferences seems inevitable. Either Buckle 
 did not quite succeed in convincing himself that the position he 
 was trying to establish was tenable, or he was led out of his way 
 by the fact that his hatred of bigotry was more intense than his 
 love of consistency. But, whatever be the reason, the failure of 
 the argument must be patent to every one that is able to clear 
 his mind from the bewilderment caused by the author's multitu- 
 dinous citations. 
 
 Thus we are left substantially where we were before Comte and 
 Buckle began their work. And there, it is to be presumed, we shall 
 remain. It is, of course, not quite safe to assert, or even perhaps to 
 assume, that a theory held at any given moment will never be aban- 
 doned. But it is certain that nothing but the most positive proofs 
 will be sufliicient to overthrow the beliefs generally held in the po- 
 tencies and far-reaching influence of individual efforts. Whatever 
 theories of free-will may prevail, the majority of mankind will con- 
 tinue to believe, and act upon the belief, that men like Julius C;x;sar, 
 Frederick the Great, Washington, and Napoleon had considerable 
 influence not only on the age in which they lived, but also on 
 the shaping of subsecjnent events, And so long as they hold 
 this b(;lief they will also believe that it would have made con- 
 sideral)lt' difTerciice with the world if Ctcsar had not succeeded in 
 his famous swimmiMg exploit, if Frederick's snuffbox had not 
 arrest('(l tlie bullet that was seeking his heart, if the sharp-shoot- 
 ers had been a little mon; skilful on Uraddock's Field, or if Napo- 
 leon had fallen on the desperate bridge of Lodi. That either of 
 these contingencies might have lia[)pencd — nay, that either of
 
 INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 tliem, on any scientific theory of probabilities, was far more likely 
 to happen than what actually did happen — no one can deny. It 
 is inconceivable that the result in either of these instances could 
 have boen scientifically foretold. And until such results can be 
 foretold with scientific precision, men will not abandon their be- 
 liefs in the importance of individuality. 
 
 Besides tlie uncertain element of individuality, there is another 
 difficulty scarcely less serious. I refer to the difficulty, often the 
 impossibility, of securing- trustworthy and conclusive evidence. 
 
 It is said that when Sir Walter Raleigh, as a prisoner in the 
 Tower of London, was relieving the tedium of his confinement by 
 writing his " History of the World," he was one day attracted to 
 the window of his cell by the noise of a brawl in the court below. 
 He witnessed the quarrel from very near the beginning quite to the 
 end. He saw it from a favorable point of view, and he supposed 
 that he understood it. But a little later he had occasion to talk 
 the matter over with a friend, and he found, to his utter astonish- 
 ment, that he had misapprehended the nature of the whole affair. 
 When he was alone, the event threw him into a philosophical 
 mood. He reasoned in this way. If I could not understand what 
 passed under my own eyes, of what use is it to attempt to tell the 
 truth about what took place liundreds or thousands of years ago, 
 or, perhaps, never even took place at all ? And, in this fit of dis- 
 trust. Sir Walter threw the part of his history still in manuscript 
 into the fire. 
 
 The chivalric knight's misgivings were not without considerable 
 reason. The difficulties in the way of learning the exact truth in 
 regard to the simple affairs of every-day life are often quite in- 
 surmountable. Still more inaccessible is the truth in respect to 
 events remote in point of distance or in point of time. It is 
 therefore not very strange that history has often been thought to 
 be entirely unworthy of any substantial credence. The despairing 
 hero of Santaine declared that all history is un grand mensonf/e. 
 The great Whig leader, when he had withdrawn himself from the 
 tortuous intricacies of his political life, called for a novel. " Bring 
 me something that is true," he is reported to have said ; " don't 
 bring me liistory, for that I kiioiv is a lie." Those who have had 
 much to do with the shaping of history, probably realize most 
 fuUv the uncertainties of historical evidence.
 
 8 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Towards these uncertainties many circnnistances liave contrib- 
 uted. It lias often happened tliat those who have had most to 
 do with the moulding" of current events have had sole charge of 
 all evidence in regard to the real character of those events. The 
 most important affairs of government are usually carried on in 
 secret. Not only have the records been imperfectly made, but often 
 only such portions of them have been preserved as it has been for 
 the interest of the g-overnment to disclose. Mr. Jardine, in his in- 
 valuable little work on the "Criminal Trials of England," has re- 
 marked that it is the most important of the state-papers that are 
 most frequently missing from the archives. The reason is obvi- 
 ous. The government of England, like all the other governments 
 of Europe, was a government whose affairs for centuries were car- 
 ried on in secret. Before the Revolution of 1640 there Avas no 
 real responsibility on the part of governmental officials, and no 
 real scrutiny of the affairs of g-overnment by the representatives 
 of the people. But there was not an entire absence of popular 
 opinion. AVhile the government, therefore, was not accountable, 
 it was often interested in concealing its movements and its mo- 
 tives. It destroyed such papers as_ would testify against it. Often, 
 doubtless, papers were framed, not for the purpose of disclosing, 
 but for the purpose of concealing, the truth. The conclusion is 
 inevitable, that what has passed for historical knowledge has often 
 been nothing but historical error. 
 
 The full force of these considerations becomes apparent when 
 we scrutinize any especial period in accordance with the rules of 
 evidence. Take, as an example, Bacon's "History of Henry VH." 
 The government of the first Tudor, though by no means one of 
 the worst, was a government of usurpation. Its most efficient 
 means of accomj)lishing its ends was the secret court of Star 
 ('liauiber. This C()nrt kept no records, and was not responsible 
 for its acts. Whatever was necessary for the firmer establishment 
 of the new line was done probably without question and without 
 scruple. Very little documentary evidence was left. But even 
 what little e\iste<l in [Jacon's time seems not to have been used 
 by the historian. From the beginning to the end of his work, 
 ]5acon has gi\cii <>iily one reference to an authority, and even that 
 reference is so indclinite as almost to justify the suspicion that it 
 was meant to mislead. The vahie of the histt>rv as a record
 
 INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 of truth, therefore, rests solely upon the nature of the Imbits then 
 prevailino- in the investigation of knowledge, and on the character 
 of the historian for veracity. Unfortunately, neither of these 
 foundations is trustworthy. Bacon was not born till more than 
 fifty years after the death of the king whose history he under- 
 took to write. Three important and turbulent reigns had inter- 
 vened. Bacon had every interest in giving to the facts, as he nar- 
 rated them, a certain color. Unfortunately, we are debarred from 
 believing that he would be overscrupulous in his searches after 
 exact knowledge, even if exact knowledge were accessible. But 
 it was not. It is therefore but simple truth to say that no court 
 in any civilized community would accept of Bacon's testimony as 
 a basis on which to build up any judicial decision whatever. His- 
 torical evidence, in order to be conclusive, must be of the same 
 general nature as all other evidence. The conclusion to which we 
 are brought is obvious. The book teaches us something of Ba- 
 con ; it teaches us possibly something of the way in -which Bacon 
 regarded Henry VII. ; it teaches us still more of the way in which 
 Bacon desired his readers to regard his opinions of Henry VIT. ; 
 but of Henry VII. himself, or of his reign, it teaches us very little 
 indeed. 
 
 An illustration of another nature may be drawn from the reign 
 of Elizabeth. A mystery has always obscured the singular death 
 of poor Amy Robsart. If it could be conclusively shown that 
 Dudley's wife was killed and that Elizabeth connived at the 
 murder, the proof would of itself be nearly enough to reverse 
 the popular impressions of good Queen Bess. Positive proof 
 may never be secured. Obviously the government had a very 
 intense motive for destroying every item of proof that might be 
 known to exist. But it begins to look as if at one time positive 
 pi'oof had been in existence, even if it is not in existence still. 
 The interesting discovery of the De Quadra letter by Mr. Fronde 
 points directly to the guilt of the queen. It is by no means con- 
 clusive ; but it is a bit of presumptive evidence of extreme impor- 
 tance. De Quadra writes to his government that in a familiar 
 conversation between Cecil and himself the English minister had 
 declared that the intimacy of the queen and Lord Dudley was 
 such that " they were thinking of destroying Lord Robert's wife." 
 And it was only a few days after the Spanish ambassador had
 
 10 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 listened to this important item of information that Lord Robert's 
 beautiful wife was lying at the bottom of the staircase a bruised 
 and mangled corpse. The I)e Quadra letter does not give us a 
 very distinct view, but it makes a rent in the curtain, and gives us 
 a glimpse behind the scenes. It shows us at least that there was 
 an entanglement of intrigues and motives in regard to the exact 
 nature of Avhich we know very little indeed. 
 
 It is only very recently, as Mr. Bisset has pointed out, that we 
 have come to the possibility of understanding some of the most 
 important and far-reaching events of the reign of James T. Be- 
 fore the publication of Dalrymplc's "Memorials," a little more than 
 a century ago, not much more could be known about King James 
 I. than can be known about one of the early kings of Rome. The 
 important bundle of papers given to the searchers after truth by 
 Dalrymple was evidently intended for oblivion. A letter of Buck- 
 ingham ends with the injunction : " I pray you burn this letter." 
 By what strange accident of good fortune this letter and those 
 published with it escaped the destruction intended for them may 
 never be known. Nor is such knowledge important. It is enough 
 to ascertain that somehow they found their way into a good hid- 
 ing-place among the manuscripts of the Advocates' Library at Ed- 
 inburgh, and there remained until the fury of the Revolution had 
 spent itself, and there was no further motive for destroying them. 
 As already intimated, the view afforded by these letters of the 
 court of James I. was entirely new and revolutionary. But the 
 impression made by the Dalrymple papers has since been con- 
 firmed and strengthened in various ways. Important discoveries 
 have more recently been made. Many of these have been brouglit 
 together by Mr. Amos in his masterly monograph on " The Great 
 Oyer of Toisoning." But all these items of evidence, the reward 
 of great industry and ability, point in the same general direction. 
 In view of tlicse revelations, we are brought to see that for the 
 purj)oses of strict historical information the account of Hume is 
 of little more value than the account of Sir Walter Scott in "The 
 Fortunes of Nigel." 
 
 Nor is the evidence of the courts much more conclusive. 
 Until after \\u- Revolution the processes of trial were merely in- 
 genious and convenient devices for the purpose of carrying out 
 the will of the government, and at the same time of ridding the
 
 INTliODUCTION. 1 1 
 
 government of its most obnoxious responsibilities. The trial of 
 Sir Nicholas Throckmorton is an example in point. The jmy, in 
 strict accordance with the evidence, brought in a verdict of not 
 guilty. But the verdict was in opposition to the will of the 
 court. The consequence was that the jurors were all thrown into 
 prison. Four of them very soon made their submission and were 
 discharged. Of the remaining eight five were held in close con- 
 finement from April to December, and, on being at length re- 
 leased, were condemned to pay a fine of £220 apiece. This was 
 not a mere spasm of severity. The words of the foreman of the 
 jury show that they anticipated punishment in case their verdict 
 should not be acceptable. Their pitiful prayer was : " I pray you, 
 my lords, be good unto us, and let us not be molested for the 
 faithful discharge of our consciences. We are poor merchant- 
 men, and have great charge on our hands, and our livelihood de- 
 pends on our travails." No better proof than that given in these 
 words could be afforded of the abject condition of the people, 
 and of the worthlessness of the courts as a means of eliciting the 
 truth. This instance occurred less than a hundred years before 
 the outbreak of the Revolution. The pleadings of the jury for 
 immunity in their decision were not without reason, for the judges 
 had for centuries exercised the authority here displayed. It was 
 not until the Revolution had done its work that the punishment 
 of jurors for their verdict was pronounced illegal by statute. It 
 is unnecessary to say that so long as jurors knew that they Avere 
 liable to incur fine and imprisonment their judgments would be 
 swayed this way or that, not so much by the evidence presented, 
 as by the manifest will of the court and the government. There 
 can be no assurance whatever that before the middle of the sev- 
 enteenth century any given verdict, if in accordance with the will 
 of the government, was in accordance with the evidence and the 
 truth. 
 
 One more illustration of the inexactness of what is sometimes 
 called historical evidence must suffice. It is taken from our own 
 history. Until very recently a good deal of mystery has en- 
 shrouded the origin of the famous Ordinance of 1787. Daniel 
 Webster, in one of his most famous speeches, attributed it with 
 confidence to Nathan Dane. Benton made an elaborate effort to 
 show that Webster was in error, and that the veal father of the
 
 12 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 ordinance was no other than Thomas Jefferson, lint neither of 
 the statesmen was able to present conclusive proof. The real 
 point of obscurity was in the exceptional attitude of the members 
 from the South towards the anti-slavery clause of the ordinance. 
 In 1784, and again in May of 1787, an attempt had been made 
 to orijanizc the newly acquired territories on the basis of a general 
 prohibition of slavery. But in both instances the opposition of 
 the South to the prohibitory clause had been sufficient to defeat 
 the proposed measure. When, however, two months after the 
 failure in May, the subject came once more before Congress, the 
 ordinance was passed, slavery prohibition and all, with the con- 
 current votes of the members from Virginia, the Carolinas, and 
 Georgia. No satisfactory explanation of this remarkable fact was 
 given until, in the year 1876, Mr. W. F. Poole published his mon- 
 ograph on the Ordinance of 1787. The long and interesting 
 story told by Mr. Poole, when compressed into a nutshell, Avas 
 simply this. The agent of the Ohio Land Company in Massa- 
 chusetts was employed to go to New York, where Congress was 
 then in session, for the purpose of securing the passage of an ordi- 
 nance that should contain substantially the provisions of the con 
 stitution of Massachusetts. This accomplished agent, Dr. Manas- 
 sch Cutler, was armed with authority to purchase five million acres 
 of land within the territory in case a satisfactory ordinance should 
 be passed. The persuasions of Dr. Cutler were entirely success- 
 ful. His diary, still unpublished, is said by Mr. Poole to reveal 
 the methods by which this important work was done. We may 
 not yet have reached the whole truth in regard to the history of 
 that important transaction, but we have at least discovered how 
 easily a very important part of the truth might have been irrecov- 
 erably lost. As in the case of the Dalrymplc memorials, evidence 
 of the utmost importance was, for nearly a century, though in 
 existence, not known to be in existence by the public or by any 
 historical writer. 
 
 These illustrations arc enough to show that our knowledge of 
 even some of the less obscure events of history is very far from 
 that accuracy necessary for the purposes of science. What lias 
 passed for historical truth must often have been nothing but his- 
 torical falsehood. 
 
 Ill view of this conclusion, it is not strange that historical
 
 INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 judgments have often been reversed. This is sometimes called 
 an ago of iconoclasm. But rather it is an age in which, for the 
 first time, there has been some general approach to an application 
 of the rules of evidence to the methods of historical research. 
 As never before, evidence is now subjected to something like a 
 cross-examination. Evidence at second-hand is not received, if 
 evidence at first-hand can be procured. If we ai'c driven to tlic 
 necessity of accepting other than original witnesses, we demand 
 to know what claim the evidence at second-hand has to be heard 
 and believed. In short, we question its character, its motive, and 
 the basis on which it rests. It would be singular, indeed, if such 
 methods did not sometimes bring about a revolution in popu- 
 lar opinion. Stories like that of William Tell and that of Poca- 
 hontas gain momentum as they pass from one admiring genera- 
 tion to another. If they only have the advantage of a good 
 beginning, they accumulate wealth with rapidity as well as with 
 ease. In the course of five or six generations Pocahontas be- 
 comes a heroine, from whom the haughty statesman of Roanoke 
 is proud to trace his descent as well as his complexion ; though 
 we now find the records of the London Company showing that 
 when she first became known to the English she was simply a 
 naked young savage, whose antics and summersaults were a wel- 
 come amusement to tlie homesick adventurers. John Rolfe was 
 long represented as a pious enthusiast, filled with the amiable 
 desire to convert so remarkable a creature to Christianity ; but 
 we are now shocked to learn from the records that when this 
 worthy young missionary died, he left in sore need of assistance 
 not only the young child of Pocahontas, but also a wife of longer 
 standing, and a group of older white children. It is a pity to 
 have to say it, but it is nevertheless true, that many a good 
 historical story, when subjected to the scrutiny of modern criti- 
 cism, turns out to be little else than a venerable and beloved 
 i'iction. 
 
 But while we are forced to admit that what passes for history 
 necessarily contains so much of error, or at least so much of un- 
 certainty, as to make it an impossible basis of exact science, 
 we must be careful to avoid supposing that it does not contain 
 enough of truth to give it a positive value. It does not by any 
 means follow that because it docs not do everything for us, there-
 
 14 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 fore it docs nothing for us. The range of our mental activities 
 would be limited, indeed, if we were to tate the ground that we 
 will never inquire except when we have conclusive reasons for 
 supposing that we shall reach the whole truth. It will not do to 
 say that because we have no hope of being able to learn every- 
 thing about London, therefore we will never go to London. Xor 
 can we take the ground that because we are not sure that our im- 
 pressions will be scientifically correct, therefore it is wise to avoid 
 having impressions. We may still be able to learn something, 
 and that something may be of the greatest value. We may never 
 know positively whether Dudley and Elizabeth were guilty of the 
 blood of Amy Robsart. But we may know in regard to the mat- 
 ter — indeed, we have already learned — what is of scarcely less im- 
 portance. We have received indisputable evidence that their con- 
 duct had long been such as to lead people to speculate freely about 
 the means by which the obstacle to the union would be put out 
 of the way. We have also been able to learn that the investiga- 
 tion ^vas conducted in a manner to conceal the truth rather than 
 reveal it. 
 
 Now it requires but a moment's reflection to convince us that 
 these items of knowledge are about as near to the absolute 
 truth as we are often able to reach in the affairs of every-day life. 
 They are, indeed, precisely such items of knowledge as enable us 
 to form our judgment of men and things about us. We do not 
 put our neighbors under oath, and make them tell the whole truth, 
 and nothing but the truth. On the contrary, we are forced to 
 pick up bits of imperfect information here and there, as the sole 
 basis on wliich to form our opinions. The same method must be 
 used in forming our judgments of public men. We get little of 
 what may properly be called positive knowledge. We are obliged 
 to put interpretations upon acts, and draw inferences from them, 
 wlicn, in the very nature of things, we can have only an imperfect 
 understanding of the acts themselves. And thus we find that in 
 spite of what wc have to admit to be the inexactness of our 
 knowledge f)f liistorical events, that inexactness is not very differ- 
 ent from the inexactness of every-day life. Li fact, the great 
 work of life is f)nc long effort to draw conclusions from a series 
 of half-truths, or, what is the same thing, from a scries of mere 
 probabilities.
 
 INTRODUCTION. I5 
 
 Another method of i-easoning brings us to tlie same conclusion. 
 It is trite to say that the search after truth has a vahie quite inde- 
 pendent of the inherent nature of the truth sought. It is certain 
 that the search may sometimes be carried on with profit, even 
 where there is no probability that what is sought will be found. 
 In all ages, for example, the philosophers have been engaged in 
 what is admitted to be a praiseworthy search for truth ; and yet, 
 who would not be puzzled for an answer if asked to declare what 
 they have found ? The chief value of the study is tlie value of 
 the search rather than the value of the discovery, whatever the 
 discovery may be. It is in the very process of separating cer- 
 tainty from uncertainty. It is the work of estimating the value 
 of probabilities. In short, it is the business of performing, in a 
 speculative and disciplinary way, the same kind of labor as that 
 which is forced upon us by the affairs of life. He who demands 
 certainties alone as the sphere of his action must retire from the 
 activities of life, and confine liimself to the domain of mathemati- 
 cal computation. He who is unwilling to investij^ate and weio-h 
 probabilities can have no good reason to liope for any practical 
 success whatever. It is strictly accui'ate to say that the highest 
 successes in life, whether in statesmanship, in legislation, in war, 
 in the civic professions, or in the industrial pursuits, are attained 
 by those wlio possess the greatest skill in the weighing of prob- 
 abilities and the estimating of them at their true value. 
 
 This is the essential reason why the study of history is so im- 
 portant an element in the work of improving the judgment, and 
 in the work of fitting men to conduct properly the larger interests 
 of communities and states. It is a study of humanity, not in an 
 ideal condition, but as humanity exists. The student of history 
 surveys the relations of life in essentially the same manner as the 
 man of business surveys them. Perhaps it ought rather to be 
 said that the historical method is the method that must be used 
 in the common affairs of every -day life. The premises from 
 which the man of business has to draw his conclusions are always 
 more or less involved and uncertain. The gift which insures suc- 
 cess, therefore, is not so much the endowment of a powerful rea- 
 soning faculty as that other quality of intelligence, which we call 
 good judgment. It is the ability to grasp what may be called the 
 strategic points of a situation by instinctive or intuitive methods.
 
 16 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 It reaches its conclusions not by any very clearly defined or de- 
 finable process, but rather by the method of conjecturing the value 
 and importance of contingent elements. It is the ability to reach 
 correct conclusions when the conditions of a strictly logical process 
 are \vanting. To a man of affairs this is the most valuable of all 
 gifts ; and it is acquired, so far as it comes by effort, not by study- 
 ing the rigid processes of necessary reasoning, but by a large ob- 
 servance and contemplation of human affairs. And it is precisely 
 this method of studying men that the historical student has to use. 
 His premises are always more or less uncertain, and his conclu- 
 sions, therefore, like the conclusions of every-day life, are the prod- 
 uct of his judgment rather than the product of pure reason. 
 It is in the light of this fact that we are to explain the force 
 of Guizot's remark, that nothing tortures history more than logic. 
 A Herein also is found the reason why the study of history is so 
 necessary a part of a good preparation for the affairs of politics 
 and statesmanship. Freeman has recently said that history is 
 simply past politics, and politics are simply present history. If 
 this be true — and who can deny it? — the study of history and 
 the study of politics are much the same. The kind of involved 
 and contingent reasoning necessary for the successful formation 
 of political judgments is unquestionably the kind of reasoning 
 which, of all studies, history is best adapted to give. 
 
 It may also be said that the most important elements of success 
 are the same in all practical vocations. The conditions, whether 
 those of statesmanship or those of industry and commerce, have 
 been essentially the same in all ages. Society is, and has been, from 
 its first existence, a more or less complicated organism. It is a ma- 
 cliine with a great number of wheels and springs. No part is in- 
 dependent. Hence it is that no man can be completely useful if 
 he is out of gear with his age, however perfect he may be in him- 
 self. H('n(,'(! it is, as some one has recently remarked, that the 
 most useful kind of great man is he who is just so far, and only 
 so far, in advance of his age that his age can adopt him as its 
 teacher and leader. Such men, if engaged in the industrial or 
 commercial affairs of life, {)erceive and estimate at their true value 
 the forces and tendencies of society, and convert them into wealth. 
 Such men, if called to ])nblic life, guide their age; they make it go 
 faster or slower, they turn il to the right or left, they make use
 
 INTRODUCTION. 17 
 
 of its forces, but they do not attempt to thwart it, or to lead it 
 after impracticable ideals. 
 
 Thus from every point of view it appears that the study of 
 history is essentially the same in its essence and the nature of its 
 results as the study of the contemporaneous activities of society. 
 It is a constant exercise of the faculties in the calculating of 
 doubtful evidence, in the weighing of contingent probabilities. 
 In short, it is the very kind of work that the affairs of life are 
 constantly calling upon us to do. And this is not very different 
 from saying that the study of history is entitled to a high rank, 
 if not indeed to the highest rank, among the studies to be re- 
 garded as practical and useful. 
 
 Besides this general advantage, there are certain special advan- 
 tages in the study of history that are worthy of note. In the first 
 place, it cannot be otherwise than helpful to become thoroughly 
 aware of the simple but great truth that the history of civilization 
 is one continuous story of development. The relations of cause 
 and effect appear far more real Avhen we understand fully that the 
 present, at any given time, has had its roots running far back 
 into the past. Before this fact all artificial distinctions between 
 different periods of history and different kinds of history fade 
 away. Thus what are commonly called ancient history and me- 
 dia3val history are as much a part of modern history as childhood 
 and youth are a part of the maturity of manhood. It is only by 
 casting aside all artificial distinctions that we can come to a com- 
 plete understanding of our relations with our former selves. The 
 past is only the present in a less developed form. The contem- 
 plation of this fact cannot fail to lead us to judge man less harshly 
 and to have more of that charity which has received the supreme 
 sanction of so high an authority. We thus come to rate at its 
 true value that shallowness of thought which sneers contemptu- 
 ously at other nations and other times. We see that the strong- 
 est and most lasting work is not that which is set up complete by 
 act of independent creation, but that which has been framed little 
 by little into the affairs of life as it has been needed. Perhaps, 
 most important of all, we in America come to see that we are not 
 under that exceptional protection which Yon Ilolst has snceringly 
 said was long supposed to be vouchsafed by the kindness of a 
 partial Providence to Americans as well as to women and chil- 
 
 2
 
 18 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 dren. On tlie contrary, we find that we are under the same rigor- 
 ous laws that have shaped the destinies of nations on the other 
 side of the Atlantic. We are aw'akened to the fact that our ten- 
 dencies are essentially the same that have shown themselves in 
 other republics. The same causes do not everywhere produce the 
 same results; but if in any given instances they do not, it is be- 
 cause they are otherwise directed by wisdom or folly. The gov- 
 ernment of some of our cities has come to be much like the gov- 
 ernments of some of the larger cities in the Italian republics ; and 
 the arts by which designing men now get the control of political 
 power are identical with the arts used far the same purpose in the 
 days of Aratos and Philopoimen. Thucydides delineates a Reign 
 of Terror much like that in France which we have been in the habit 
 of considering unique ; Polybius gives us a description which, with 
 the mere substitution of a few names, would pass for a good .ac- 
 count of an American caucus ; and the letter of Quintus Cicero to- 
 his brother Tully, " On Standing for the Consulship," shows that 
 the not very fine art of political persuasion was as well understood; 
 before the Christian era as it is at the present day._ And so the 
 deeper one studies, the more one sees how much there is that is 
 old, and how little there is that is new. 
 
 Not only do we find that there is much to learn, but we also 
 realize that there is especial need that we learn all we can. 
 Within the last twenty-five years, Americans have come to be 
 confronted for the first time with some of the more difficult j)rob- 
 jems of government. The civil war gave rise to a multitude of 
 new and perplexing questions. The relations of the general gov- 
 ernment to the individual states, always a diflficult problem, have 
 become infinitely more troublesome since several of the states 
 have been forced to remain in relations which, during four years 
 of bitter strife, they liad attempted to dissolve. The history of 
 the Dutch Republic, as well as that of the Achaian League, 
 shows us that even under the most favorable circumstances these 
 relations are full <>f difficulty and danger. 
 
 Tiic ]ir.iMcni of education, too, is one that requires the best 
 tliouii-lit of Ili(! wisest minds. Since tlie colonial period the 
 eoniitrv lias diifted by almost insensible degrees from a system 
 of limited sulTragc to a system in whicli the elective franchise is 
 practically universal. None but dreamy sentimentalists have ever
 
 INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 thought of justifying universal suffrage except through universal 
 education. But the prevalence of universal education depends 
 upon two conditions not easily to be secured. In the first place, 
 there must be the enactment of stringent laws ; and, secondly, 
 what under a popular government is not less important, there 
 must be such a public sentiment as will enforce stringent laws 
 when once they are enacted. It is one of the peculiarities of the 
 intellectual appetites that their cravings do not make themselves 
 keenly felt until they have begun to be gratified. Hence it is 
 that all educational systems labor under the embarrassment of 
 having, in great measure, to create the conditions on which they 
 themselves depend. 
 
 Then, too, there is reason to fear that the criticisms to which 
 our methods of instruction have recently been subjected are not 
 without considerable justification. Very large schools must be 
 divided into classes and grades ; but it is not easy to reconcile 
 such a process of gradation, especially if carried very far, with a 
 proper adaptation of in-^truction to the needs of individual pupils. 
 Nothing but the most scrupulous care will prevent the degenera- 
 tion of practical instruction, into the mere mechanical routine of 
 keeping intellectual accounts. Correct book-keeping is doubtless 
 one of the conditions of success, but it ought to be remembered 
 that no industry or profession can thrive in which the keeping 
 of accounts gains a monopoly of intellectual energy. To adjust 
 properly the dividing line between too much and too little is a 
 work of considerable difficulty. It requires at once a large amount 
 of practical wisdom and professional skill. 
 
 Are these high qualities to be found in our teachers ? Let us 
 not be in haste to answer. No person acquainted with the work 
 of our schools will hesitate to admit that in point of energy and 
 devotion our teachers, as a class, are all that could be desired. But 
 it cannot be denied that a vast majority of them have received no 
 special training whatever in the art of giving instruction. They 
 are like physicians who begin the practice of medicine when they 
 begin the study of it. The analogy is not so complete as it would 
 be if physicians were appointed over certain districts, and patients 
 within those districts were obliged either to take medicines from 
 them or to take none at all. In Germany, where systems and 
 methods of instruction have been most carefully studied, there is
 
 20 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 no more thought of emphDjing a public teacher wlio has given no 
 study to methods of instruction as an art than there is of employ- 
 ing a musician who has confined his musical education to the mere 
 hearing of music. Universal education, if required at all, is re- 
 quired for the sake of certain ends ; and it is a question of some 
 importance whether for the sake of those ends a portion of the 
 public money might not very profitably be expended in giving 
 our teachers greater skill. "We have doubtless some reason to be 
 proud of our system of common-schools. We have more reason 
 to be proud of our school-houses. But no person whose judg- 
 ment is unwarped by his patriotism can observe the interior work- 
 ings of the best schools of continental Europe without admitting 
 that we have still very much to learn. What we should adopt, 
 and what reject ; how far we should imitate, and how far avoid, 
 are questions that future law-makers will have to answer. 
 
 The problems growing out of the control and development of 
 higher education, if less perplexing, are probably not less impor- 
 tant. In more than thirty of our States the colleges and univer- 
 sities are now chiefly or entirely dependent for endowment and 
 support upon the fees of students and the voluntary gifts of 
 benevolent patrons. This change from the custom of colonial 
 days may have been rendered necessary by the changed condition 
 of the country ; but, whether necessary or not, the change has 
 revealed necessities and imposed obligations of a very serious im- 
 port. 
 
 It would probably be impossible to show that a system of higher 
 education has ever been successfully built up on a system of purely 
 voluntary support. In some instances exterior assistance has come 
 from the Church, in others frorp the State. But, whatever the 
 source, the necessity of such support has been universally felt. 
 It was this necessity which led the General Court of Massachusetts 
 to impose a tax equivalent to fifty cents upon every man, woman, 
 and child in the colony for the establishment of a college, two 
 years before Harvard gave to it his fortune and his name. It was 
 this necessity which led the l<gislature of Connecticut to become 
 what President Dwight, at tlic; beginning of this century, called 
 it, the principal benefactor of Yale College. In fact, it was this 
 necessity which indn<'('d the fathers everywhere to support all 
 grades of schools by the same methods of general taxation. The
 
 INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 acknowledgment of this necessity found expression in the Consti- 
 tution of Massachusetts, and, through the efforts of Cutler, was 
 made a part of the ordinance for the government of the North- 
 west, 
 
 But, although this was the historic policy of the country, it 
 came after a time to be found that the older and richer colleges 
 might safely be left to the wealth and benevolence of their chil- 
 dren. And thus what might be called the historic policy of 
 America in affairs of higher education has been either gradually 
 modified or completely abandoned. The consequence is that 
 throughout very considerable portions of the country the higher 
 schools of learning are attempting to accomplish, Avithout the aid 
 of the State, what the fathers were able to bring about only with 
 the help of public as well as private assistance. Whether the 
 attempt is to be very successful, time only can tell. But how far 
 the new system ought to be carried is too important a question 
 not to be very carefully considered in the light of all that the 
 world has to teach. 
 
 Another subject requiring greatly increased thoughtfulness and 
 care is that of national economy and finance. For this there are 
 both general and special reasons. During the earlier years of our 
 Federal government we had some occasion for financial solicitude ; 
 but the skill of Hamilton and the skill of Gallatin placed the 
 national resources upon a firm foundation. Then came a period 
 of abounding prosperity. The simplicity of our domestic and 
 foreign relations encouraged us in giving all our energies to the 
 development of the country. We accumulated riches at such a 
 rate that we could waste a few hundred millions without incon- 
 venience. We had no time to consider the more homely virtues 
 of economy. But at length our financial complacency received 
 a succession of violent shocks. The wear and the waste of the 
 Civil War were equivalent to the destruction of several thousands 
 of millions. The easy process of debt-contracting finally ceased, 
 and the hard process of debt-paying began. The old experience 
 of easy times Avhile paying with paper instead of money, and 
 of hard times while attempting to reduce the debt, once more 
 oppressed the people. It is not strange that we were not prepared 
 for such an emergency. Since the days of Gallatin the people 
 had felt little need of studying the subtler intricacies of finance.
 
 22 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 At the close of the ■war, therefore, the popular mind found itself 
 in no condition to cope with the intricate questions demanding 
 attention. In a popular government like our own, everybody 
 gives some thought to almost every question, and consequently 
 everybody is ready with an opinion or a measure. We therefore 
 experienced what France and England have so often experienced 
 before us. As in the days of Law and of Vansittart, propositions 
 of the grossest ignorance were often adopted as expressions of a 
 new inspiration ; we were to have a new illustration of the power 
 of the press; in short, the days of miracles were to be revived in 
 our behalf. 
 
 But, with us, the days of economic simplicity are past. The 
 causes of financial solicitude have by no means been swept away 
 with the return of financial prosperity. The streams of wealth, 
 indeed, have once more begun to flow, but they bring with them 
 new occasions for anxiety. These spring not merely from the 
 simple fact that great wealth and great financial operations require 
 great economic skill and great administrative knowledge, but also 
 from the fact that our changed condition has given rise to new 
 and important complications. 
 
 Not the least important of these is in the increasing power and 
 influence of corporations. One of the peculiarities of the age is 
 doubtless a general tendency towards a union of efforts and a con- 
 solidation of interests. The development of civilization encourages 
 combinations of capital and technical skill. These bring about 
 results that otherwise could not be obtained. Railroads are con- 
 structed, stej^mship lines are established, mining interests are de- 
 veloped. So much all are ready to admit. But at once we arc 
 confronted with a new and a difticult question. IIow far are cor- 
 porations to be allowed to exercise corporate rights before they 
 arc [)ut under direct public control ? AVe know that in several of 
 the countries of the Old World this question, when it has been 
 asked, lias been answered by transferring some of the most im- 
 portant of the corporations into the hands of the government. 
 Is this solution of tlie problem the proper one ? IIow far has the 
 solution been justified by exp(trience ? The same question is now 
 coming to be often asked among ourselves. If the charges now 
 frequently made of a tendency towards corporate encroachments 
 up(;M private rights arc unjust, they nmst be answered. If they
 
 INTRODUCTION. 23 
 
 arc justj the cause of tliem must be removed. In either case tliey 
 must be considered. For tlie purposes of our discussion, there- 
 fore, it is unnecessary to ask wliether the comphiints are made 
 with reason or without reason. It is only necessary to acknowl- 
 edge that complaints are made. 
 
 What are some of the most important sources of public dis- 
 content? In other words, what are some of the important prob- 
 lems to be grappled with ? 
 
 A charge of some gravity is made that under the competing 
 systems of our railroads a very large number of people are the 
 enforced victims of monopoly. The charge, put in its most 
 rational way, assumes this form : Monopoly, whether granted by 
 an absolute and tyrannical government or by an irresponsible cor- 
 poration, is always oppressive. That such monopoly weighs upon 
 a large number of the people any one can see who bestows upon 
 the subject a little thought. On our great railway lines there are 
 points where conflicting interests make monopoly impossible, and 
 where, consequently, the people gain the benefits of competition. 
 At such points, often, the fierce strife for business is such as to 
 reduce the rates to a point below the possibility of profit. But in 
 that very fact a great wrong is done. Capital must be rewarded, 
 dividends must be declared, and, consequently, whatever favor is 
 contributed to the people at competing points has to be counter- 
 balanced by increased exactions from the helpless victims where 
 there is no competition whatever. Thus, exemptions that are 
 given to one class are counterbalanced by additional taxation upon 
 another class. And this is equivalent to saying that a commercial 
 corporation has succeeded in introducing into society a discrimi- 
 nation which, if introduced by a government, and persisted in, 
 would be likely to produce revolution. The remedy is difficult, 
 for several reasons, but especially because the classes interested in 
 maintaining the possibility of discrimination are so large and so 
 powerful. 
 
 An evil that calls, perhaps, still more loudly for careful study is 
 the general condition of our municipal governments. There are 
 many who think that in no civilized nation are the cities worse gov- 
 erned than in our own. Whether such extreme views are just or 
 not, it is certain that the question is sufficiently important to justify 
 the most careful attention. It would not be difficult to point out
 
 24 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 localities where the sanitary conditions are revolting; where the 
 poor are so ill-housed that the death-rate is alarmingly high ; 
 where crime abounds and the criminal is seldom punished ; where 
 the municipal debt has grown to be large enough to embarrass a 
 kingdom ; and where the wealth of the people is the prey and the 
 prize of unscrupulous demagogues and rings. Surely here is need 
 of all the wisdom of experience and all the ingenuity of an edu- 
 cated statesmanship. 
 
 The evils to which reference has been made are by no means 
 causes for discouragement. Notwithstanding all the efforts of 
 caucuses and caucus-manipulators, in spite of unscrupulous rings 
 and corrupt legislatures, it still remains true that there is no other 
 country in which a large majority of the people are so well-to- 
 do, and have so much reason for happiness, as in our own. What 
 of itself is far more than enough to outweigh the evils is the 
 simple fact that our institutions are not so rigid as to make it 
 impossible for us to adapt them to new exigencies as new exi- 
 gencies arise. We are thus able to counteract evils as they assume 
 a threatening aspect. If too great individual freedom leads to 
 monopoly, and if monopoly threatens oppression and tyranny, the 
 common-sense of society has but to assert its right and correct 
 the mischief. 
 
 But these facts, instead of making us indifferent to the evils 
 about us, should encourage us by showing us the possibility of 
 their removal. There is nothing in the way of a complete and sat- 
 isfactory solution of all our political and social problems, unless it 
 be a want of intelligent and enlightened guidance for the funda- 
 mental good-sense of the people. The experience of the past few 
 years has shown, if indeed it needed to be shown, that we are 
 in far greater need, I had almost said infinitely greater need, of 
 wise leaders than we arc of wise followers. For this reason it is 
 that even more reliance must be placed upon the work and the 
 character of higher education than upon the elementary schools. 
 It is for this reason, also, that the future will depend very largely 
 for its success u[)()n that breadth of information and that soundness 
 of judgment which the stiuly of history is so well adapted to give. 
 
 But how shall history be studied? By what process shall it be 
 made to yield its best fruits? Shall it be by the reading of gen- 
 eral histories, or by the study of limited periods? Is it better to
 
 INTRODUCTION. 25 
 
 devote one's self to a minute study of a sliort period or a more 
 general study of a long period ? These are questions that are 
 not susceptible of a categorical answer, but which a few consider- 
 ations perhaps will enable each student to answer for himself. 
 
 In the first place, it may be said that the history of special pe- 
 riods cannot be carried on successfully unless such history rests 
 on the foundation of a broad general knowledge of history as a 
 whole. The acquirement of this general knowledge, it must be 
 confessed, is commonly a somewhat tedious process. Many a 
 pupil while exploring the dry pages of a General History acquires 
 an unconquerable repugnance to what ought to be one of the 
 most entertaining of all studies. The fault, however, it must be 
 confessed, is in our methods of teaching, rather than in the inhe- 
 rent difficulties of the subject. Until within a very few years the 
 text-books have been ill adapted to the work they were expected 
 to perform. In themselves they were simply a dreary collection 
 of dry bones. When, therefore, it happened, as too often it did 
 l)appen, that the teacher was unable to clothe these dry bones 
 with flesh and blood, their mission seemed to be to repel and dis- 
 gust, when it should have been not only to instruct, but also to 
 inspire. This result, in view of the methods of instruction that 
 prevail, is not to be thought strange. 
 
 But fortunately we know that such hard conditions are not 
 necessarily imposed on the study of history. The schools of Eu- 
 rope have abundantly shown that a lesson in history may be de- 
 lightful, even though the text-book be dry. If the teacher's busi- 
 ness is to teach, and not simply to " hear," the text-book becomes 
 the substantial framework on which the teacher builds his struct- 
 ure. The teacher follows the text-book with more or less exact- 
 ness in his lectures, and examines the pupil at the next hour on 
 the whole of the work together. In this way it is possible to 
 teach the elements of historical knowledge profitably and delight- 
 fully to pupils before they are ten years of age. To require much 
 study of such pupils is as unprofitable as it is cruel. But while they 
 will acquire nothing if left to themselves, their minds are in a pe- 
 culiarly receptive condition ; and, consequently, if they are under 
 proper guidance they are capable of making rapid advances. Un- 
 der what may as well be called the police system, they will do 
 nothing; but under a system of good instruction they may do
 
 26 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 much. Above all other intellectual wants, they arc eager for a 
 story ; and every one who has observed methods of historical in- 
 struction in Germany has seen that stories like those of Pyrrhus 
 and Hannibal, of Charlemagne and Luther, are as easily learned 
 by a child from a good teacher as are the stories of Joseph and 
 Samuel from a good mother. If the time ever comes, therefore, 
 when good elementary instruction in history takes the place of 
 that which now so generally prevails, such instruction will be nar- 
 rative in form, and will be chiefly biographical. The advantage 
 of the change would be twofold. In the first place, considerable 
 information would be acquired, and, in the second, a fondness for 
 history instead of a repugnance to it would be permanently estab- 
 lished. The severer work of a continuous narrative might then 
 be undertaken without especial danger of destroying the pupiFs 
 interest. 
 
 But, however it is to be acquired, whether delightfully at the 
 hands of an accomplished teacher, or drearily at the hands of a 
 mere hearer of recitations, some accurate knowledge of what we 
 call general history is indispensable to the further prosecution of 
 successful studies. We cannot study Paris or London at good 
 advantage until we have some general knowledge of France and 
 England ; and we cannot know France and England until Ave have 
 become somewhat conversant with the other countries of Europe. 
 An indispensable preliminary to the most fruitful study of a for- 
 eign city is a thorough acquaintance with its general history and 
 the history and geography of the surrounding country. No city 
 stands by itself, either in time or in space. 
 
 The same may be said of any designated period or event of 
 history. Take, as an illustration of what is meant, the Puritan 
 Revolution in England. That great upheaval was organically con- 
 nected not only with the previous history of Britain, but also with 
 the great general movement taking place on the Continent. An 
 effort was making to establish absolutism in all parts of Europe. 
 The effort was everywhere successful except in England, and perhaps 
 in Ilollaml. In I'liissia, under the Great Elector, and in France, 
 under liichclieu and Louis XIV., irresponsible government was 
 established, as it had already before been established by Philip 
 TL in Spain. TIk; Stuarts in England now attempted to bring 
 about the same results by essentially the same process. The most
 
 INTRODUCTION. 27 
 
 important feature of the struggle, therefore, cannot be understood 
 without a knowledge of the struggles that were going on in other 
 parts of Europe. 
 
 Perhaps a still more striking illustration of the same necessity 
 may be seen in the establishment and growth of the House of 
 Commons. The Hundred Years' War is commonly supposed to 
 have been a great calamity to England. Perhaps it was so, but 
 at least it exerted one influence for good of inestimable impor- 
 tance. It made the English kings more directly dependent upon 
 the people, and thus enabled the people to exact privileges and 
 extensions of power from the monarchs which otherwise would 
 have been secured with difficulty, if, indeed, they could have been 
 secured at all. When the smoke of the long struggle cleared 
 away, the House of Commons came out into open view as the only 
 representative body in Europe. It is obvious that the full signif- 
 icance of such a fact can be understood only by one who is fa- 
 miliar with all the influences that were at work. The histories of 
 France and of England were closely interwoven. The House of 
 Commons was made possible by the traditional institutions of 
 England ; it was brought into existence by the trying relations of 
 England with the government of France. A complete under- 
 standing of it, therefore, involves not only a knowledge of the gen- 
 eral history of England, but also a knowledge of a very consid- 
 erable portion of the history of France. 
 
 And so it will be found in regard to all the important events 
 of history. No one fact stands out by itself so as to be inde- 
 pendent. Every period is interwoven and interlaced with ideas 
 and influences coming from afar. It may be stated as a genei'al 
 truth that it is impossible to apprehend the nature and importance 
 of any special event without a large knowledge of the events that 
 have gone before. And this is equivalent to saying that it is im- 
 possible for any student to make special studies in history very 
 successful before he has acquired considerable general knowledge 
 of history as a whole. The more comprehensive the knowledge of 
 the general career of the race, the more easy will be the grasp of 
 the significance and importance of any special event. The study 
 of general history, therefore, should precede the minute study of 
 limited periods. 
 
 On the studv of universal historv two considerations are wor-
 
 28 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 thy of note. The first is that great care should be taken to avoid 
 falling into either the one or the other of two extremes. History 
 is neither a mere mass of facts and dates, nor is it a mere mass of 
 generalizations. It is the life of humanity, and that which is life 
 is neither a skeleton nor a collection of boneless flesh. An array 
 of dates has the relation to history that the skeleton has to the 
 human body — that a catalogue of stars has to the science of as- 
 tronomy. It is impossible to build well without a substantial 
 framework; but a framework alone has very little intrinsic value. 
 The date of the battle of Marathon receives its entire significance 
 from the fact that on that memorable day the question was settled 
 whether the civilization of Greece was to be that of Europe or 
 that of Asia; whether it was to be merely an imitation of the past 
 or a guide for the future. When the real nature and importance 
 of the struggle are fully apprehended, a remembrance of the date 
 is a work of ease. But we must avoid extremes. It is not enough 
 to know the nature of the event without knowing when the event 
 occurred. The real importance of an act often depends far more 
 on the particular juncture of affairs when it occurred than on the 
 nature of the act itself. But whichever of tho two factors is the 
 more important, they are quite inseparable. It is not enough to 
 know that the edict of emancipation set free all slaves in the 
 United States. It is equally important to avoid the error of sup- 
 posing that the edict was issued by President Washington instead 
 of President Lincoln. Thus it appears that it is only by keeping 
 the two species of knowledge together that their full significance 
 can be understood. It is only in this way that we shall avoid, on 
 t}ie one hand, a collection of meaningless details, and, on the other, 
 a scries of loose generalizations. 
 
 This reasoning, mori'over, affords us a key to the value of such 
 artificial helps as chronological tables and historical charts. In 
 the nature of the case, they cannot be a substitute for historical 
 knowledge. After a good general knowledge of history has been 
 acquired, they may, to certain types of mind, be of some assist- 
 ance. J Jilt they are not history, and the best of them are no more 
 a substitute for it than a good cane is a substitute for a good pair 
 of legs. In general, it may ite said that it is of no importance to 
 know when an event occurred until after a knowledge of the nat- 
 ure of the event has been acijuired.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 29 
 
 The other consideration to bo noted is the fact that general 
 history is not always to be studied at best advantage in books that 
 are called universal histories. There is a noteworthy poverty of uni- 
 versal histories in the English language. In Italian, in French, 
 especially in German, the number of excellent works of a compre- 
 hensive nature is very considerable. But in English no work on 
 universal history has made for its author a very great reputation. 
 If, therefore, the student is limited to the English language, his 
 best method is to use thoroughly one of the best short works on 
 the subject of universal history, and then to rely on the histories 
 of limited periods and of individual nations. One of the histo- 
 ries of Antiquity, a good work on the Middle Ages, and one of 
 the books on the period since the Revival of Learning will com- 
 plete an admirable outfit for such study of individual nationalities 
 or such minute examination of special and limited periods as the 
 student may afterwards choose to undertake. 
 ' A systematic study of some particular national life may now 
 be entered upon with profit. The taste of the student will gen- 
 erally be a sufficient guide in selecting a subject. It is by no 
 means essential that the choice should be a modern nationality. 
 On the contrary, the nations of antiquity ofier the advantage of 
 having closed up their record, while modern nations are still in 
 process of growth or decay. While modern life offers the un- 
 questionable attraction of a certain freshness, the institutions and 
 civilization of Greece and Rome are an unfailing source of in- 
 struction by reason of their variety, their ingenuity, and their com- 
 pleteness. When we remember that what is commonly called 
 ancient history is not separated by any sharp distinction from the 
 history of modern times, we have no difficulty in perceiving that 
 the advantages of the one very nearly counterbalance the advan- 
 tages of the other. In Greece and Rome, members of the same great 
 branch of the human family were striving to solve essentially the 
 same problems that are now in process of solution in France, in 
 Germany, in England, and in the United States. In the one case 
 we have the advantage of seeing the result ; in the other, the ad- 
 vantage of seeing the process going on. 
 
 Finally, the last advance that the historical student can make is 
 in the direction of a special and minute examination of some par- 
 ticular period or epoch. In the choice of a subject for such ex-
 
 30 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 amination the student may generally rely with safety upon his 
 own taste and judgment. It is indeed true that those subjects 
 which are commonly thought most fruitful have been most thor- 
 oughly explored. It is of course the best mines that are apt to 
 be first pre-empted and worked. But it is also true that a new 
 mine of value is occasionally discovered, and, what is far more im- 
 portant, it has often liappened that the first workings of the old 
 mines were so hasty and imperfect as to leave large stores of wealth 
 behind. The refuse thrown out of the mines of Laurium more 
 than two thousand years ago are now yielding ample rewards to 
 the improved methods of modern industry. But it must not be 
 forgotten that the rewards depend upon the perfection of tlie 
 work. 
 
 Above all things, in our historical Investigations let us be exact. 
 Here there is no justification of haste and lack of precision. So 
 far as practicable, let us go to original sources of information. If 
 we are obliged to receive information at second-hand, let us insist 
 on knowing where our informant received his knowledge and his 
 impressions. This process involves, of course, the study or the 
 examination of many books, rather than the reading of a few. 
 But it is the application to systematic research of those methods 
 wliich alone are fruitful of success in the affairs of business as 
 well as in the affairs of study. For, however broad and however 
 comprehensive our general knowledge, it is, in the last analysis, 
 only the application of our knowledge to minute details that ac- 
 complishes results and brings rewards. Even in the practical 
 work of our daily life, the chief advantage, perhaps the only ad- 
 vantage, of large general knowledge is the ability it gives the bet- 
 ter to command and manage the details of special and minute 
 affairs. The history of war is of unquestionable utility to a gen- 
 eral, and even Napoleon did not despise it; but none knew better 
 tlian he that mere general knowledge never pointed out the way 
 of carrying a battery or winning an engagement. So it is in the 
 homely experiences of every-day life ; so it is in the prosecution 
 of intellectual jiursuits. There is no atonement for carelessness. 
 If tilt; historical student is unwilling to seek for the truth, even in 
 the remotest recesses of darkness, he will have to be content to 
 sec his work lightly esteemed.
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 81 
 
 Chapter IL 
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 
 I. NAKRATIVE HISTORIES. 
 
 Assman, Dr. W. — Handbuch der allgemeinen Gescbichte, f iir 
 liohere Lchranstalten und ziir Selbstbelelirung fur Gebildete. 
 6 vols., 8vo, Braunschweig, 1853-64. Of tlie 4 vols, on the 
 Middle Ages, an edition greatly improved by E. Meyer Avas 
 published in 1875-80. 
 
 Though this work was written as a universal historv, the por- 
 tions of it devoted to ancient and modern times are of compara- 
 tively insignificant value. Its peculiar merits are in the volumes 
 on the Middle Ages. The period extending from A.D. 375 to 
 1492 is treated with exceptional fulness and ability. 
 
 Of the four volumes on the Middle Ages, the first describes the 
 period of the Invasions, the second the period of the Crusades, 
 the third the period of the Feudal System, and the fourth the 
 period of the Renaissance. 
 
 The most conspicuous characteristic of the author's method is 
 the care with which he has studied the sources of information, 
 and the judicious manner in which he has presented these sources 
 to the reader. The subordinate title of the work is " Gescbichte 
 des Mittelalters fiir Fordcrung des Quellenstudiums ;" and the 
 author has kept the purpose announced steadily in view. As 
 a guide for the most thorough study of the Middle Ages, there- 
 fore, the book has qualities of great excellence. It is an in- 
 troduction to the sources of history, rather than an account of 
 historical events themselves. For the purposes of the general 
 reader this is, perhaps, a defect in the work ; but for the special 
 student it is a characteristic of great advantage. 
 
 As the volumes were prc])arcd for the use of German students, 
 it is not singular that the history of Germany is given an undue 
 amount of space.
 
 32 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Each of the volumes lias a very full table of contents, but the 
 work closes without an index. 
 
 Becker, Karl Friedrich.— Weltgeschichto. Achte, ncu bearbei- 
 tete, bis auf die Gegenvvart fortgefiihrte Auso-abe. Heraus- 
 g-egeben von Adolf Schmidt, mit der Fortsctzung von Eduard 
 Arnd. Vierte vermehrte Auflage. 26 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1860- 
 15. Supplement — Bandc, Geschichtc der Jahre 1871 bis 1877 
 von Const. Bulle, 1878. 
 
 In point of literary style Becker's history enjoys a higher re- 
 pute than any of the other universal histories in German, It has 
 always been highly recommended for gymnasium scholars and for 
 such other readers as do not desire to go very deep into historical 
 studies. It should perhaps be said, however, that various persons 
 besides those above named have contributed to the several edi- 
 tions published since Becker finished his last revision. The cfiect 
 of these various revisions has been to modify somewhat the origi- 
 nal reputation of the work for beauty of style, without giving it 
 that character for depth of learning which it is desirable such a 
 work should have. While it still has value, its relative importance 
 has been greatly diminished by the superior publications of We- 
 ber, Schlosser, and especially Oncken. 
 
 Bossuet, Bishop J. B. — Discours sur I'llistoire Universelle. 12mo 
 and 8vo. Many editions, one of the best of which is that of 
 Paris, 8vo, 1870. 
 
 The importance of this work is very largely in the fact that it 
 was written by the most eloquent representative of the Roman 
 Catliolic Church in the seventeenth century. It is universal his- 
 tory seen from an ecclesiastical point of view ; but it abounds in 
 passages of great clofiucnce, and it everywhere shows traces of the 
 author's genius. As the title indicates, it is a commentary on 
 the general course of events, rather than an account of events 
 themselves. It consists of three parts. The first is a representa- 
 tion of general history from the beginning of the world to the
 
 UNIVEliSAL HISTORIES. 33 
 
 reign of Charlemagne. Tliis period the author divides into twelve 
 epochs or ages, of the first six of which we are dependent for our 
 knowledge exclusively on Old-Testament history. The second 
 part of the work is a history of religion, the special object of 
 which is to prove that religion is, of all things, the oldest and the 
 least changeable, and that the Christian Church is the possessor 
 and guardian of all spiritual truth. The third part is devoted to 
 reflections on the rise and fall of empires, and to the indications 
 of the secondary causes, which, under Divine guidance, deter- 
 mined, in the opinion of the author, the revolutions in the various 
 nations of antiquity. The chapters on Rome are exceptionally 
 able and eloquent. Throughout the volume the central thought 
 is that a Divine hand trains and guides collective humanity for 
 the advancement of the religion of Christ ; that this religion is 
 incorporate in the Cliurch ; that all historical changes, therefore, 
 are to be co-ordinated with reference to the good of the Church ; 
 in short, that the good of the Church is the final cause of all his- 
 torical progress. According to Bossuet, the sole aim of Provi- 
 dence in history is the establishment of the kingdom of Christ, 
 and the kingdom of Christ is identical with the Roman Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 Cantu, Cesare. — Histoire Universelle, 3® edition fran^aise, revue 
 et corrigee d'apres la 8'' edition italienne. 19 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1857-59. Also in abridged form, 2 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1883. 
 
 This history, completed by a prominent Italian writer in 1837, 
 has for many years enjoyed considerable fame in Italy and in 
 France. In the course of thirty years from its publication, it 
 passed through ten editions in Italy, and was translated into Ger- 
 man and French. 
 
 It is written in vivacious style, and is accompanied with numer- 
 ous tables and appendices, as well as a resume of the whole work. 
 The author is an ardent lover of liberty, and at one time suffered 
 imprisonment in its cause. While in religious faith he is a pro- 
 nounced Roman Catholic, his judgments on religious as well as on 
 literary and political characters are in the main just and indepen- 
 dent. The work, however, is not the result of that careful re- 
 
 3
 
 34 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 search at present demanded in such a history. For the purposes 
 of the scholar, therefore, these interesting volumes are not of very 
 great value. 
 
 Ploetz, Carl. — Epitome of Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern His- 
 tory. Translated, with extensive additions, by William 11. Til- 
 linghast. 12mo, Boston, 1884. 
 
 Modelled in the German fashion of a text-book to be made the 
 ground-work of a professor's lectures. Stuffed from cover to cover 
 with important facts, and furnished with an unusually complete 
 index, it is perhaps the most valuable of all the small books for 
 reference. It may also be used with great profit in connection 
 with almost any course of historical instruction. The dry bones 
 of universal history have nowhere else been more successfully ar- 
 ticulated and mounted. 
 
 Daunou, P. C. F. — Cours d'Etudes Historiques. 20 vols., Svo, 
 Paris, 1842-49. 
 
 The lectures which form these volumes were delivered in the 
 course of the eleven years extending from 1819 to 1830. They 
 have to do with historical methods, rather than with the facts of 
 history. Strictly speaking, they form three courses: one on the 
 examination and choice of facts, one on the classification of facts, 
 and one on the representation of facts. The work ends with an 
 examination of the various philosophical systems as applied to 
 history. 
 
 Dew, Thomas. — A Digest of the Laws, Customs, Manners, and 
 Institutions of the Ancient and Modern Nations. 8vo, New 
 Y(jrk, 1853. 
 
 So nearly what its title indicates that any considerable de- 
 scription is unnecessary. In method, however, it is somewhat 
 unusual. Ench paragraph begins w^ith a question wliich it is the 
 purpose of the {)aragraiili to answer. This peculiarity of form 
 is doubtless owing to the fact that the book was prepared and 
 printed for students hearing the author's lectures while he was
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 35 
 
 presitlent of William and Mary College. The volume contains a 
 great number of facts, but it will scarcely awaken an interest in 
 the general reader. Without the cnlivenment of living instruc- 
 tion, it is too dry for ordinary use. 
 
 Freeman, Edward A.— General Sketch of History. New Edition. 
 IGmo, London and New York, 187G. 
 
 This little book is one of great merits. Not only was it writ- 
 ten by a very eminent historian, but it is admirably adapted to the 
 purposes for which it was designed. Primarily it was meant for 
 schools ; but it is also well calculated to be useful to a large class 
 of other readers. It may be said to have two prominent charac- 
 teristics. In the first place, it avoids being dry by omitting to 
 mention many of the unimportant facts with which the pages of 
 school histories are apt to be encumbered, and by substituting for 
 them much fuller accounts of those great events which have 
 moulded the course of history. The other characteristic of the 
 work is that it aims constantly to explain the real meaning in the 
 world's progress of the events it describes. The connection in 
 history of what has gone before with what follows is pointed out 
 in a plain and simple inanncr, but with great ability and discrimi- 
 nation. It is in this feature of the work that the ability of the 
 author is especially noteworthy. The book might be called the 
 physiology and hygiene of history instead of its mere anatomy. 
 The third edition has sixteen double-page maps, which, though not 
 elaborate or encumbered with all the names in the text, show clearly 
 the territorial extent of the different political units at the differ- 
 ent periods. 
 
 Myers, F. V. N.— Outlines of Ancient History. Outlines of Me- 
 di;eval and Modern History. A Text-book for High-Schools, 
 Seminaries, and Colleges. 2 vols., 12mo, Boston, 1885-87. 
 
 A very meritorious account of the development and advance 
 of civilization. It is founded on a familiarity with the best au-
 
 36 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 thorities, is written in excellent style, is generally accurate in its 
 statement of facts, and is well adapted both to the class-room and 
 to private reading. The second volume is intended for somewhat 
 more advanced readers than the first. 
 
 Oger, Felix. — Cours d'Histoire Generale, a I'usage des lycees, des 
 candidats aux ecoles du gouvernement, et des aspirants aux 
 baccalaureats es lettres et es sciences. Nouvelle edition. 4 
 vols., Svo, Paris, 1880. 
 
 Just what it professes to be, a book for the use of students. 
 It embodies the most important results of recent researches, and 
 is written in a somewhat attractive style. For the use of a 
 teacher of general history it has many merits, though it is some- 
 what inferior for this purpose to the German " Lehrbuch " of 
 "Weber. To one who reads French, however, and does not read 
 German, it may be very helpful. 
 
 Oncken, Wilhelm. — Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellung- 
 cn, unter Mitwirkung von Felix Bamberg, Alexander Briick- 
 ner, u. A. Begleitet von ciner instruktiven, nach wissenschaft- 
 lichen l'rinzi|)ien zusammengestellten kulturhistorischen Illu- 
 stration, Kartcn, Pliinen, etc. In ungefiihr 3G Biinden gr. Lex. 
 Oktav, Berlin, 1878. 
 
 The result of the first attempt in Germany to present the his- 
 tory of the world by means of a group of descriptions prepared 
 by different hands. F'or this purpose the editor. Professor Oncken, 
 of Giessen, has associated with himself some twenty authors, spe- 
 cially qualified for this task. Most of the writers are professors 
 of history, with a fame to make and an Jibility to make it. 
 
 The work is very comprehensive in design, and, when completed, 
 ■will cover the entire range of the world's history. The prospectus 
 announces that six volumes arc to be devoted to the history of 
 antiquity ; eight to the period from the establishment of the Ho-
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 37 
 
 man Empire to the " Age of DIscoveiT ;" ten from the history of 
 the Reformation to the Frencli Uevohition ; and eight from the 
 outbreak of the Revolution to the J>cr]in Congress. 
 
 Though founded upon the careful investigations of special stu- 
 dents, the volumes are written for popular use, in the best sense of 
 the word. They are the production of scholars whose opinions 
 are entitled to respect ; but with many readers it will be a source 
 of annoyance that no references to authorities are given. The 
 illustrations are not numerous; but their great artistic merits, as 
 well as their historical significance, forms one of the prominent 
 features of the work. They Lave been inserted evidently for the 
 purpose of giving instruction rather than mere entertainment. 
 The work is not without a certain unevenness of merit, but in 
 spite of this characteristic it promises to be much the most schol- 
 arly and useful history of the world yet written. An index is 
 promised as the last volume of the series. The contents, so far 
 as completed in 1887, may be found on pages 71 and 72. 
 
 Prevost-Paradol, L. A. — Essai sur I'llistoire Universelle. 2^ edi- 
 tion, revue et corrigee. 2 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1875. 
 
 An exceedingly brilliant book, by one of the ablest of modern 
 French writers. The chief characteristic of the work is that it 
 attaches more importance to the significance of facts than to the 
 details of facts themselves. It is therefore eminently readable; 
 and of the small books on universal history, it is one of the best. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold. — Weltgeschichte. 8 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1883- 
 86. Vol. L in English translation. London and New York, 
 
 1883. 
 
 The name of the author is sufficient assurance of the great im- 
 portance of this series of volumes ; but it has the additional merit 
 of being the crowning work of the great historian's labors. No 
 historical student can afford to neglect any portion of it. The 
 death of the author broke off the narrative at the period of the 
 Crusades.
 
 38 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Schlosser, F. C. — Weltgeschichte f iir das deutscbe Volk. Viertci 
 Aiiso-an"-. Von neuem diirchgesehen und crgiinzt von Oskai 
 Jager und Franz Wolff. 20. Auflage. (In circa 75 Lieforun- 
 gen, 1-76 Liefernngen, published to July 1,1887.) 18 vols., 
 8vo, Berlin, 1884-87. 
 
 Ever since the appearance of this work in completed form in 
 1855, it has enjoyed the distinction in Germany of being the 
 most popular of the larger books on universal history. As its 
 title indicates, it is not intended so much for scholars as for pop- 
 ular reading. It is not only the fruit of large personal research 
 in orioinal authorities, but is also the fruit of the researches of 
 others. The author was eminently successful in making a very 
 readable book, and at the same time in making one that presents 
 with general accuracy the conclusions of modern scholarship. The 
 text is elucidated by very few notes, the narrative is clear in state- 
 ment, simple in style, liberal in thought, earnest in conviction, free 
 from all. pedantry, and founded on the ripe results of fifty years 
 of earnest labor as an historical scholar. 
 
 Sheldon, Mary D. — Studies in General History. Student's Edi- 
 tion. 12mo, Boston, 1885. 
 
 A very meritorious work designed to introduce the student to 
 the sources of historical information. The book abounds, there- 
 fore, with extracts from original authorities. These are generally 
 well chosen, and show not only good scholarship on the part of 
 the author, but good discretion in the selections made from the 
 vast amount of materials at hand. The volume is well equipped 
 with maps, tables, and illustrations. Though usually accurate, it 
 is not without errors; but these, for the most part, are unimpor- 
 tant. As tlie method is unusual, skill is necessary in the teacher; 
 but wlien properly used it is likely to be found the most valuable 
 of the text-books for intermediate schools. 
 
 Swinton, William. — Outlines of the "World's History, Ancient, 
 Meilia-val, ami iModern, with Special Relation to tlie History of 
 Civilization and the Progress of Mankind. 16mo, New York 
 and Chicago, 1874.
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 39 
 
 Preprared specificully for tlic use of liiglicr classes in public 
 schools, liigb-schools, and academies. The author made no orio-- 
 inal investigation in the preparation of the book ; on the contrary, 
 he appropriated with great freedom from the works of others what- 
 ever seemed best suited to his purpose. Mr. Swinton is not, like 
 Freeman, a great historian, but he has the knack, above almost all 
 other men of his time, of knowing what a young scholar wants and 
 needs. The book has the extraordinary merit among school his- 
 tories of being interesting. 
 
 Thalheimer, M. E. — A Manual of Ancient History ; also, A Man- 
 ual of Media3val and Modern History. 2 vols., 8vo, Cincin- 
 nati, 1874. 
 
 A book of substantial rather than of brilliant merits. It is 
 made up, after a careful study by the author, of recent authori- 
 ties ; and it conscientiously aims to embody the conclusions 
 reached by modern scholarship. It is generally accurate, and 
 may be safely used as a w'ork of reference. It is the production 
 of a teacher of experience; and, in the hands of one who is skilled 
 in using it properly, may be made a successful text-book. In the 
 hands of a class with an unsuccessful teacher, there is danger of 
 its being thought dry. It is a book of facts rather than of opin- 
 ions, and, therefore, to be useful, it should be enlivened by the 
 instruction 6f a living teacher. This characteristic is probably 
 the result of an effort on the part of the author to embody as 
 mucli as possible within the volumes. They would have been 
 more interesting to the reader, whether or not they would have 
 been more valuable, if the writer, instead of saying a little about 
 so many things, had been content to say a little more about a few 
 things. The weakness of the volumes is a want of perspective. 
 The work is accompanied with admirable maps and a few excel- 
 lent illustrations. 
 
 Fisher, George Park. — Outlines of Universal History, designed as 
 a text-book and for private reading. 2 vols., 8vo, and 1 vol., 
 12 mo. New York, 1885.
 
 40 HISTORICAL LITEKATUltE. 
 
 As a text-book for the use of college students and mature pri- 
 vate readers, this, perhaps, combines more excellences than are to 
 be found in any other single work. The statements are generally 
 accurate ; the style, though a little hard, is compact ; the subjects 
 treated are well chosen ; the references to authorities are very nu- 
 merous and carefully selected ; the perspective is good, and the 
 helps in the way of maps and tables are all that could be desired. 
 Facts and opinions crowd one another in rapid succession, and con- 
 sequently the dull student will find the pages dry. The book no- 
 where allures the reader to the pursuit of knowledge; but it will 
 yield abundant rewards to the efforts of robust intellifrence. 
 
 Weber, Dr. Georg". — Allgemeine AVeltgeschichte mit besonderer 
 Beriicksichtigung des Geistes und Kulturlebens des Volker und 
 mit Benutzung der neueren geschichtlichen Forchungen fur die 
 gebildete Stiinde bearbeitet. 15 vols,, 8vo, Leipsic, 1859-81. 
 
 This is undoubtedly one of the best of the great German uni- 
 versal histories. The merit of its literary style is not equal to 
 that of Becker ; but in other respects it is much superior. It is 
 full, giving not only the political history, but the history of art, 
 literature, industry, and the various systems of philosophy. The 
 work is made easy of use by marginal dates and references, as 
 well as by an excellent index for every four volumes. The style, 
 though not especially elegant, is generally far more clear and easy 
 than that of most German histories. In point of arrangement the 
 work is good. It aims to present, without any bias of sect or party, 
 the development of the historical life of the peoples, ancient and 
 modern, not only in their political, but also in their religious, in- 
 tellectual, and industrial growth. 
 
 Wliile Schlosser wrote especially for popular use, the work be- 
 fore us was prepared, as its title indicates, for the educated class. 
 For tlie use of a scholar, it is certainly by far the best of the uni- 
 versal histories that have been completed. 
 
 Weber, Dr. Georg. — Ijchrbuch der Wcltgeschichtc, mit Riicksicht 
 auf (Jultur, Litoratur, und Keligionswcscn und cinem Abriss der
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 41 
 
 dentschen Litcrcatnrgcschiclite als Anhansj. 2 vols., larj^e 8vo, 
 Leipsic. This work, first publislied in 1846, has passed through 
 many editions, and lias been many times revised and improved. 
 The eighteenth edition was thoroughly revised, and brings the 
 work to the close of the Berlin Congress in 1878. 
 
 Professor Weber has been for many years a teacher of his- 
 tory and a school-director in Heidelberg. His qualifications for 
 the work of preparing a book for teachers and students are 
 therefore admirable. For more than thirty years this work has 
 been one of the most popular of the many books of the kind in 
 Germany. The first volume deals with ancient and mediaeval his- 
 tory ; the second, with modern history from the Renaissance to 
 the present time. The especial value of the work is in the skill 
 with which the author has chosen his subjects for treatment, and 
 with which he has portrayed the general movement and the pecul- 
 iar significance of events. The History of German Literature, in- 
 troduced as an Appendix, occupies one hundred and fifty closely 
 printed octavo pages, and is not the least valuable part of the 
 work. 
 
 These volumes should not be confounded with the same au- 
 thor's smaller and inferior work that has been translated into 
 English. 
 
 Weber, Dr. George. — Outlines of Universal History from the Cre- 
 ation of the World to the Present Time. Translated from the 
 German by Dr. M. Bchr. Revised and corrected, with the ad- 
 dition of a History of the United States of America, by Francis 
 Bowen. 8vo, Boston, 1859. 
 
 The original from which this translation was made has been 
 much used in Germany by students in the gymnasia and other 
 secondary schools. It was not designed for recitations, but for 
 a guide and help to the student in following the lectures of the 
 teacher. For this purpose it was doubtless very useful. But it 
 is not well adapted to the conditions of American schools, and is 
 too dry for the purposes of the general reader. Another serious 
 fault to be noted is the fact that the translation abounds in errors 
 of almost all kinds.
 
 42 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS. 
 
 Andrews, E. Benjamin. — Brief Institutes of General History. 
 Being a companion volanie to the Author's Brief Institutes of 
 our Constitutional History. English and American. I2mo, 
 Boston, 1887. 
 
 Of all the modern historical text-books in English, this is un- 
 questionably the most able and the most inspiring. Designed to 
 accompany the author's lectures to college students, the volume 
 everywhere throbs with all the vitality of civilization. It has three 
 great excellences. Before each chapter is a brief but very schol- 
 arly and comprehensive bibliography of the subject treated. The 
 text is a succession of epigrammatic statements that show with re- 
 markable clearness the great forces that have moulded and con- 
 trolled the progress of institutions and culture. The notes accom- 
 panying the chapters point to the sources of more complete infor- 
 mation. As the volume, however, is a history of institutions and 
 progress rather than a history of events, it should be used in con- 
 nection with some manual of another kind. 
 
 Blakey, Robert. — The History of Political Literature from the 
 Earliest Times. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1855. 
 
 The author's style is neither elegant nor exact. The work also 
 shows lack of perspective. For example, the writings of the Chris- 
 tian fathers and of the mcdiasval annalists occupy far more space 
 than all the productions of the Greeks and Romans together. 
 
 The first volume brings the account to the time of the Revival 
 of Learning; the second to the present century. 
 
 Blanqui, Adolphe. — History of Political Economy in Europe from 
 the iv'irliest Times to our Own Day. Accompanied with a ]>iblio- 
 grapliical Account of the Principal Works on Political Economy. 
 Translated from the French. 8vo, New York and London, 1880. 
 
 For many years Blanqui had been one of the most prominent 
 teachers of political economy in France. The work before us is 
 the embodiment of many years of industrious and successful labor. 
 The author's purjiosc and method were to present and criticise the
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 43 
 
 various systems that from time to time have been adopted in the 
 diflfercnt countries of Europe. The vohime is not altogether sat- 
 isfying; but it is the only work of the kind we have. 
 
 Botta, Anne C. Lynch. — Hand-book of Universal Literature, from 
 the Best and Latest Authorities. Designed for Popular Reading 
 and as a Text-book for Schools and Colleges. New edition re- 
 vised and brought down to 1885. Boston, 1885. 
 
 A compendious book, designed to convey a knowledge of facts 
 rather than to convey opinions. It was conscientiously com- 
 piled from a vast number of histories of literature. It is not 
 a book for popular reading, but rather a book for reference. As 
 such it is the best in our language. Its claims to respect rest 
 upon its comprehensiveness and its accuracy. 
 
 Carriere, Moriz. — Die Kunst im Zusammenhang der Culturent- 
 wickelung und die Ideale der Mcnschheit. Dritte vermehrte 
 und neu umgearbeitete Autiage, 5 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1877-86. 
 
 Of the several histories of culture and civilization recently pub- 
 lished in Germany, that of Carriere is perhaps most conspicuous 
 for its general merits. The author is not more learned than sev- 
 eral of his fellow-laborers, and his descriptions are much less mi- 
 nute than are those of several writers on special subjects; but in 
 comprehensiveness of design and evenness of execution he proba- 
 bly has no equal. He shows a masterly grasp of the vast mate- 
 rial before him, and he writes not only with philosophic insight, 
 but also with poetic warmth. 
 
 The history of civilization, in the belief of the author, may 
 properly be divided into three periods — the period of Nature, the 
 period of Faith, and the period of Reason. The first of these was 
 the age of classical antiquity ; the second embraced the Middle 
 Ages ; and the third covers the periods of Modern History. The 
 period of Reason was ushered in by Spinoza and Leibnitz as nat- 
 uralists, and Newton as a mathematician. These laid the basis of 
 what mav be called the Affe of Science.
 
 44 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Draper, John William. — A History of the Intellectual Develop- 
 ment of Europe. 8vo, New York, 1863. Revised edition, 
 2 vols., 12nio, New York, 1876. 
 
 This is a work written with unquestionable ability. The most 
 striking feature of the book is its attitude towards Christianit3\ 
 It maintains that the rise of Christianity in Europe has been a 
 misfortune ; that the age of faith was an age of barbarism ; and 
 that civilization has advanced only as faith has declined. Though 
 the work presents only one side of a great question, that side 
 is presented with unusual skill. The author's philosophy of 
 history, if it may be called such, is essentially that of Buckle. 
 The book has been, and will continue to be, much admired and 
 very severely criticised. 
 
 Fergusson, James. — History of Architecture in All Countries, 
 from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. 2d ed., 4 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1874. 
 
 For many years this author has had the reputation of being 
 one of the ablest and most accomplished of writers on the his- 
 tory of architecture. This work, in the form of a " Hand-book 
 of Architecture," made its appearance in 1855; but the com- 
 pendious method at first adopted was abandoned for the present 
 form in the edition of 1865, and the edition of 1865, in turn, 
 was much amplified and improved in the edition of 1874. 
 
 The method pursued by the author is a combination of wliat 
 may be called the national and the historical. Beginning with an 
 historical description of the architecture of Egypt and the nations 
 of the Orient, Mr. Fergusson proceeds to consider the architect- 
 ure of Greece, Rome, France, Belgium, and Holland. In the sec- 
 ond volume, Germany, Scandinavia, England, Spain, Portugal, 
 Italy, Byzantium, and Ancient America, each pass under examina- 
 tion and review. The third volume is devoted to the architecture 
 of India and China, while the fourth is a History of Modern 
 Styles. The work is embellished with more than two thousand 
 wood-cuts, engraved in the most perfect style of the art. To most 
 readers the portion on India will be most surprising, if not most
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 45 
 
 entertaining. Thongli it is not difficult to find more satisfactory 
 works on some periods of the liistory of architecture, yet for the 
 general student Fergusson is the best author. 
 
 Freeman, Edward A. — The Historical Geography of Europe. In 
 2 vols. Vol. i., Text; vol. ii., Maps. 8vo, London and New 
 York, 1881. 
 
 These volumes are marked with the well-known characteristics 
 of the author. They have been many years in process of prep- 
 aration, and reveal on every page the conscientious care with 
 which their details have been wrought out. The author explains 
 the purpose of the work by saying that it has to do " with geog- 
 raphy as influenced by history, and with history as influenced by 
 geography." 
 
 The scope of the author's purpose is indicated by the titles 
 of the thirteen chapters that make up the first volume. The 
 Introduction is devoted to a discussion of the " Geographical As- 
 pect of Europe," the " Effects of Geography on History," and the 
 " Geographical Distribution of Races." Then follow the chapters 
 of the body of the work on " Greece and the Greek Colonies," 
 "Formation of the Roman Empire," "The Dismemberment of 
 the Empire," " The Final Division of the Empire," " The Begin- 
 ning of the Modern European Slates," " The Ecclesiastical Geog- 
 raphy of Western Europe," "The Imperial Kingdoms," "The 
 Kingdom of France," "The Eastern Empire," "The Baltic 
 Lands," " The Spanish Peninsula and its Colonies," and " The 
 British Islands and Colonies." 
 
 No one familiar with Freeman's methods will need to be told 
 that the descriptions and discussions are very able and very in- 
 teresting. They show at once minuteness of knowledge and 
 breadth of treatment. The great value of the work is not so 
 much in the number of interesting facts brought together — 
 though these are not without their importance — as in the great 
 skill with which the historical significance of these facts is made 
 to appear. 
 
 The volume of Maps is not in any sense an historical atlas, but
 
 46 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 is designed simply to show boundaries of states, and the changes 
 brought about by various causes. 
 
 The work, as a whole, cannot fail to be of great service to every 
 thouo;htful student. 
 
 Gaiiine, L'Abbe J. — Histoire de la Societe Domestique chez tous 
 les Peuples Anciens et Modernes, ou Influence du Christianisme 
 sur la Faniille. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 2" ed., 1854. 
 
 This history of the family relation is written from a fervid re- 
 ligious point of view. Its object is to show what Christianity 
 has done for domestic society. Though the author's account of 
 the family in antiquity is in many respects much inferior to the 
 accounts by Coulanges and Morgan, it is still an interesting pres- 
 entation of certain phases of domestic life. The first volume is 
 confined to the period before the introduction of Christianity ; 
 the second to an account of the family relation since that event. 
 
 Guizot, Frangois. — Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe. Svo 
 and 12mo, Paris, 1831. There have been many subsequent 
 editions, but the work lias never undergone revision. There 
 liave been two translations of the work into English, but both 
 of them abound in errors. London and New York. 
 
 This little volume is the most famous of Guizot's works. It is 
 not a description of events, but an embodiment of conclusions 
 and a presentation of the processes by which those conclusions 
 are reached. It gives us the broadest generalizations, and is, 
 tlicrcforc, somewhat open to the charge of vagueness. But in 
 spite of this fact, if the book is not merely read, but carefully 
 studied, it will be found to embody many wise conclusions that 
 rest on the solid basis of most thorough research. The lectures 
 made a profound impression at the time of their appearance — 
 indeed, formed an epoch in the history of education ; and even 
 at the jiresent day p('rlia])s no other historical book is capable of 
 stirrin<r more earnest and fruitful thouu'lit in a thouii'htful student.
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 47 
 
 Henry, L'Abbe. — Ilistoirc do rEloqncnce, avec des Jngements 
 Critiques sur les plus Celebrcs Orateurs et des Extraits Nom- 
 bieux et Eteiidus de leurs Chefs-d'oeuvre. 6 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 5« ed. 1875. 
 
 The first two volumes serve, in some sense, as an introduction 
 to the remaining four. The first is entirely devoted to a descrip- 
 tion and discussion of the eloquence of the Bible ; the second to 
 the eloquence of the Greeks and Romans. In the third volume 
 the author enters upon a different and more elaborate classifica- 
 tion of his material. He discusses in their order the eloquence of 
 the pulpit, the eloquence of the bar, the eloquence of the academy, 
 military eloquence, political eloquence, descriptive eloquence, and, 
 finally, the eloquence of the French. Though the work is per- 
 haps more comprehensive than any other on the subject, it is 
 exceedingly uneven in point of merit. The author seems to have 
 labored under the impression that nearly all eloquent men have 
 been Frenchmen. This weakness deprives the work of a value 
 which otherwise might correctly be assigned to it. For the study 
 of French oratory it is very helpful, and, for the most part, is 
 discriminating and satisfactory ; but on the oratory of other na- 
 tions it leaves very much to be desired. A still further weakness 
 of the work is the disproportionate importance attached to the 
 eloquence of the pulpit. 
 
 _^.„.^ „ „ iques et pi 
 
 ^aise. 2 vols. Third edition, enlarged and greatly enriched with 
 chapters on Italian and American publicists, Svo, Paris, 1886. 
 
 These volumes were prepared in answer to a question pro- 
 pounded by the Academy calling for a comparison of the moral 
 and political philosophy of Plato and Aristotle with the doctrines 
 of the most celebrated philosophers of modern times on the same 
 subject. The author has not only fulfilled the requirements of 
 the subject propounded, but he has written a comprehensive his- 
 tory of moral and political ideas. 
 
 The descriptions and discussions show great critical ability.
 
 48 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 They expound the doctrines on moral and political subjects that 
 have been held ; they also analyze and compare them with inge- 
 nuity and judicial fairness. In point of style the work is at once 
 graceful and spirited. 
 
 Of the four books into which it is divided, the first is devoted 
 to the moral and political doctrines of antiquity, the second to 
 the Middle Ages, the third to the period of the Renaissance, and 
 the fourth to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 
 
 The work with which it is most naturally compared is Blakey's 
 " History of Political Literature." It is less encyclopaedic than its 
 English counterpart, but it shows far more philosophical insight 
 and judicial discrimination. No part of the book is weak, but 
 probably most students will regard the portion relating to the pe- 
 riod since the Renaissance as of the greatest importance. Espe- 
 cially noteworthy are the chapters on Machiavelli and the Political 
 Philosophy of the Reformation. 
 
 Kugler, Franz Theodor. — Hand-book of Painting. The Italian 
 Schools. Revised and remodelled from the most recent re- 
 searches by Lady Eastlake, with 140 Illustrations. Also the 
 German, Flemish, and Dutch Schools. Revised and in part 
 rewritten by J. A. Crowe, with GO Illustrations. 4 vols., crown 
 8vo, London, ISSO. 
 
 The original of this work appeared in Germany as early as 
 1837, as a " Hand-book of the History of Painting, from Constan- 
 tino the Great to the Present Time." It was at once recognized as 
 the most comprehensive treatise on the history of painting that 
 had appeared, and its merits were such that it was soon translated 
 into the most important languages of Europe. The verdict of 
 universal approbation with which it was at first received has not 
 been essentially modified by subsequent study and criticism. The 
 author shows the gn)wth and development of each school of 
 painting in the form of a graceful and interesting narrative, while 
 at the same time he presents an array of facts that make it the 
 most valuable of all books of reference on the subject. Tlie edi- 
 tion edited by Lady J^^astlake and Mr. Crowe contains some addi-
 
 UNIVERSAL IIISTOKIES. 49 
 
 tions and alterations that add very considerably to the value of 
 this excellent liistory. 
 
 La Harpe, J. F. — Lycec, ou Coiirs dc Litteraturc Ancienne ct Mo- 
 derne. 10 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1818. Of this work there arc 
 several editions, but that of 1818 is the best. 
 
 The judgment of La Ilarpe would not now be received as final 
 authority on any literary subject. But his work has merits of a 
 certain kind that entitle it still to a place in universal history. 
 Its most striking characteristics are the eloquence with which it 
 is written, and the comprehensiveness of its plan. It consists of 
 several courses of lectures, delivered at about the time of the out- 
 break of the French Revolution. The author was an ardent revo- 
 lutionist, and entered into his literary as well as his political work 
 with a zeal that casts a glow of enthusiasm over all his pages. 
 He often gives the reader an opportunity to judge of the works 
 he criticises by extracts translated and introduced into his text. 
 
 With these merits there are two serious defects. In the first 
 place, the literature of France receives by far too largo a portion 
 of the attention of the author; and, in the second place, Mhat is 
 perhaps a less pardonable characteristic, the method of treatment 
 is unquestionably somewhat enthusiastic and superficial. From 
 the fifth volume to the fourteenth the work is devoted almost ex- 
 clusively to a description of French literature from the age of 
 Louis XIV. to the outbreak of the Revolution. While, -therefore, 
 the literature of France is abundantl}^ if not critically, described, 
 that of other nations receives altogether inadequate treatment. 
 
 Laurent, F. — Etudes sur Tllistoirc de I'Humanite. 2'' edition, 
 corrigee. 18 vols., 8vo, Bruxelles, 1861-70. 
 
 This is not a continuous history so much as a series of mono- 
 graphs. The first two volumes arc de\'oted to the Orient and 
 Greece ; the third, to Rome ; the fourth, to Christianity ; the fifth, 
 to the Barbarians and Catholicism ; the sixth, to the Papacy and 
 the Empire; the seventh, to Feudalism and the Church; the 
 
 4
 
 50 HISTORICAL LITERATUKE, 
 
 eiglilli, to the Reformation ; the nintli, to the Rc'Ii2;ious Wars ; 
 the tenth, to the Nationalities; the eleventh, to Royalty; the 
 twelfth, to the Philosophy of the Seventeenth Century and Chris- 
 tianity ; the thirteenth and fourteenth, to the French Revolution ; 
 the fifteenth, to the Empire ; the sixteenth, to the Reli^jious Re- 
 action ; the seventeenth, to the Religion of the Future; the eigli- 
 teenth, to the Philosophy of History. 
 
 The author has been a successful professor of liistory at the 
 University of Ghent since 1835, and, as the fruit of his labors, 
 has brought to a close a work which few persons would have had 
 the courage to attempt, A glance at the table of contents is 
 enough to show that he has studied every stage of European his- 
 tor}' known to us through written documents. It is also but jus- 
 tice to say that he has studied with great care the contents of the 
 original sources of information, as well as the works of the most 
 eminent scholars of all times and countries. References to au- 
 thorities are very numerous throughout the work. For facts 
 merely in themselves the author cares very little, but in such facts 
 as seem to have influenced the destiny of man or society, in help- 
 ing or hindering the human r<ice in its struggle for freedom and 
 justice, he takes a passionate interest. 
 
 The argument pervading the work, and summed up in the 
 last volume, is that there is a plan extending through and directing 
 human affairs, which has been realized through the operations of 
 physical and moral forces; that this plan did not originate with 
 man; that it did not originate with matter; that it was not the 
 work of chance, which is merely an effect without a cause, and 
 that it must, therefore, be the work of God. A hopeful spirit — a 
 spirit very different from that of Gibbon — pervades the work. 
 The author's conclusions are stated with a clearness and a fulness 
 worthy of all admiration. In the last volume he reviews at length 
 Bossuet's theory of the miraculous government of Providence; 
 the anti(|ne fatalism of Vico; the fatalism of chance in Voltaire 
 and Fred<'rick II.; the fatalism of climate in Montesquieu; the 
 fatalism of nature in Herder, of race in Renan, of revolution in 
 Thiers, of pantheism iu Hegel, and of positivism in Comtc and 
 Buckle. The author's criticisms, though perhaps at times too 
 sharf)ly and polemically expressed, are evidently the result of the 
 most careful lliought of a man of unusual abilitv.
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 51 
 
 Liibke, William. — Outlines of tlic History of Art. A New Trans- 
 lation from the Seventh German Edition. Edited by Clarence 
 Cook. 2 vols., roy. 8vo, New York, 1878 ; also 2 vols., 12mo, 
 New York, 1881. The edition edited by Mr. Cook is much 
 superior to the translation previously published in England ; and 
 the 8vo edition is much superior to the cheaper reprint. 
 
 This work, for some years, has had the reputation of being the 
 most popular of tlic several hand-books of the history of art. 
 It abounds in most carefully prepared illustrations, and is perhaps 
 equally adapted to interest and instruct. It is an excellent book 
 from which to obtain the fundamental knowledge necessary for a 
 good judgment concerning works of art. 
 
 May, Sir Thomas Erskine. — Democracy in Europe. A History. 
 2 vols., 8vo. New York, 1878. 
 
 A judicious and valuable, but somewhat disappointing, sketch 
 of the progress of democratic ideas and methods from the earliest 
 ages down to the present time. 
 
 After giving an account of the political constitutions of the 
 principal nations of antiquity, the author passes rapidly over the 
 Middle Ages, and then portrays at greater length the introduction 
 of the popular clement into modern governments. The progress 
 of democracy is traced in Switzerland, in the Netherlands, in 
 France, and in England, nearly a half of the whole work being 
 devoted to France and England. 
 
 The use of the book for reference is made easy by a very full 
 table of contents and an admirable index. 
 
 Paroz, Jules. — Ilistoire Universcllc dc la Pedagogic. Renfermant 
 les systenics d'education et les methodes d'enseignemcnt dcs 
 temps anciens et modernes, les biographies de tons les peda- 
 gogues celebres, le developpement progressif de I'ecolc depuis 
 le raoyen age jusqu'a, nos jours, la comparaison et la caracter- 
 istique des pedagogies anglaise, allemande et frangaise, etc., etc. 
 Troisieme edition, corrigee et augmentee. 12mo, Paris, 1880.
 
 52 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The third edition is :i very considerable enlargement and im- 
 provement of the first and second. 
 
 The author of this admirable history of education is a normal- 
 school director in Switzerland, and he has brought to his task the 
 results of a careful study of the subject. His theory is that, if 
 we would make wise and sure progress in the art of teaching, we 
 must " take counsel of history," in order that it may " instruct us 
 in the principles, the processes, the experiences, the successes, and 
 the deceptions of those who have preceded us" in the work. In 
 the spirit indicated by this sentence, he has passed in review the 
 methods of the principal systems of education, as well as the work 
 of the principal educationists, from the earliest times down to the 
 present day. 
 
 The first fifty-five pages are devoted to the history of educa- 
 tion before the advent of Christianity ; and about the same num- 
 ber to the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Nearly two hundred 
 pages follow on education during the time from Luther to Pcsta- 
 lozzi. More than half of the volume, accordingly, is given up to 
 a description of the methods, theories, and improvements of the 
 present century. 
 
 The work is necessarily compendious in form, and the reader 
 may find himself inclined to complain that too little is said on 
 the individual topics brought under discussion. But the method 
 and the scope are admirable. The style is spirited, and the sub- 
 jects for treatment have been selected with judicious discrim- 
 ination. 
 
 Schlegel, Augustus William. — A Course of Lectures on Dra- 
 matic Art and ijiterature. Translated by John Black, and lie- 
 vised, according to the last Oorman edition, by A. J. W. Morri- 
 son. Crown 8v(), London, 1840.^ 
 
 The thirty lectures that go to make up this volume were de- 
 livered at Vienna in 1808, and were deemed so important as to be 
 regarded as one of the groat events of that eventful year. They 
 wore listened to by Madame do Stai'l with enthusiasm, and were 
 liailed throughout Europe with the most marked expressions of
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 53 
 
 approbation. The scope of the autlior's purpose was no less 
 than a survey of everything reniarkable that has been composed 
 for the theatre from the time of the Greeks down to the present 
 day. The extraordinary merit of the work consists of a remark- 
 able combination of exact critical discrimination with the elo- 
 quence of an orator and the imagination of a poet. The great 
 learning and the all-comprehending erudition of the author are 
 in no way displayed except by his perfect knowledge of the nu- 
 merous works he describes. He analyzes with great ability the 
 principles on which both tragedy and comedy rest, and gives us 
 in a few pages the results of the study of a lifetime. He shows 
 not only great depth of philosophy and great fertility of imag- 
 ination, but also great clearness of critical insight; and, there- 
 fore, while the book glows with warmth, it is quite free from 
 indefinite and unmeaning terms as well as from exaggerated ex- 
 pressions. As a work of literary art the volume probably has 
 no superior in the whole range of literary criticism. 
 
 Schlegel, Frederick. — Lectures on the History of Literature, An- 
 cient and Modern, now first completely translated. Crown 8vo, 
 London and New York, 1859. 
 
 By many critics this is regarded as the most masterly of Fred- 
 erick Schlegel's works. It is everywhere in Germany recognized 
 as a work of genius, and is looked upon with pride as a national 
 possession. The lectures were delivered at Vienna in the year 
 1812, while Austria was still engaged in the conflict with Napo- 
 leon. The work consists of a rich and eloquent survey of litera- 
 ture, as a whole, and, as a general view, is unquestionably the 
 ablest and most satisfactory that has ever been made. 
 
 The author begins his course with a discussion of the influence 
 of literature on the mode of life and on the moral dignity of na- 
 tions, and ends with a characterization of the literature of Ger- 
 many under the overpowering influence of Fichte and Goethe. 
 The book is calculated to make a profound impression on every 
 thoughtful student, and is almost worthy to rank with his broth- 
 er's Avork on the literature of the drama.
 
 54 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Schnaase, Karl. — Cxesclnclite dcr bildenden Kiinsto. Verbesscrte 
 
 and verniehrte Auflage. 8 vols., 8vo, Diisseldorf, 1866-76. 
 
 This is so far above all other histories of the arts of design 
 that it really holds a place in literature quite by itself. It is 
 a complete survey ot art, written in the most philosophical 
 spirit, and in a style as charming as it is instructive. To the 
 preparation of the original work the author devoted some twenty- 
 five years, and he spent ten years on the work of revision for the 
 second edition. The volumes are justly regarded as a masterpiece 
 of German thoroughness and German spirit, and it may well be 
 held as one of the treasures of modern literature. 
 
 The first two vohimes are devoted to a survey of ancient art ; 
 the third, to what is called Early. Christian, Mohammedan, and 
 Carlovingian art ; the fourth, to the period of the Romanesque ; 
 the fifth, to Gothic ; the sixth, to art in the later Middle Ages 
 until the time of Van Eyck ; the seventh, to early art in Italy; 
 the eighth, to the closing period at the end of the fifteenth century. 
 The author wrote with a warm conviction that art has a moral 
 and spiritual purpose, and that it lives its true life in the sphere 
 of faith and humanitv. 
 
 Schmidt, Dr; Karl. — Geschichte der Padagogik dargestcllt in 
 weltgoschichtlicher Entwickclung und im organischen Zusam- 
 menliango mit dem Cnlturlel>cn der Volker. Yierte vielfach 
 vermehrte und verbesscrte Auflage, von Dr. Wichard Lange. 4 
 vols., 8vo, Kothen, 1874-83. 
 
 Since the first edition of this work appeared in 1862, it has been 
 recognized as the most comprehensive and the most important 
 of tiie several general histories of education. It shows the char- 
 acteristics of tiic best type of German scholarship. The author 
 filled the office of scliool director for many years, and he brought 
 to the preparation of his history not only a ripe experience, but 
 a scholarly familiarity with educational methods and ideas in all 
 periods and countries. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to the liistory of education before 
 tlie time of Christ ; the second, to the period between the Christian 
 era and the Ileformation ; the third, to the period between Luther
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTOllIES. 55 
 
 and Pestalozzi ; and the fourth, from Pestalozzi to the present 
 time. The fourth volume contains more than a thousand pages, 
 descriptive of educational methods and systems during the pres- 
 ent century. 
 
 The author's' method of treatment is not simply descriptive, 
 but is eminently philosophical. The work is one which no stu- 
 dent of education can fail to profit by reading. 
 
 Ueberweg, Dr. Friedrich.— A History of Philosophy, from Thales 
 to the Present Time. Translated from the fourth German 
 edition, by George S. Morris, with Additions by Noah Porter. 
 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1872. 
 
 Of the numerous histories of philosophy that have been pub- 
 lished, this is doubtless the one of greatest intrinsic value. It 
 covers the whole ground of the liistory of the development of 
 philosophic ideas, was written by one of the most eminent inter- 
 preters of philosophic thought, and has been translated with rare 
 fidelity and skill. As a guide for the use of a studeiit of the his- 
 tory of philosophy it is invaluable and unequalled, not only for 
 its exposition of the ideas and methods of different philosophers, 
 but also for the rich stores of its bibliographical information. 
 Not the least part of the author's object was to indicate the best 
 that has been written on the various philosophical theories and 
 methods. 
 
 Whewell, William. — History of the Inductive Sciences, from the 
 Earliest to the Present Time. 3d ed., with Additions. 3 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1857 ; 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1858. 
 
 This may properly be called one of the great books of the last 
 half-century. The author was a man whose prodigious learning- 
 made him one of the intellectual wonders of the last generation; 
 but what was scarcely less remarkable than his learning was the 
 subordination in which his attainments were held by his good 
 sense and good judgment.
 
 56 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 " The Relations of Greek Philosophy to the Physical Sciences ;" 
 the " Physical Sciences in Antiquity ;" the " Physical Sciences in 
 the Middle Ages;" the "Mechanical Sciences;" the "Analytical 
 Sciences," and the "Organical Sciences," are the titles under which 
 the eighteen books of this remarkable work are grouped. To the 
 general student, the book on the scientific ideas prevailing in the 
 Middle Ages will probably be found of most especial interest and 
 value. The additions incorporated in the third edition are of 
 much importance. 
 
 Woltmann, Alfred, and Woermann, Karl. — History of Painting. 
 
 Translated from the German. Edited by Sydney Colvin. Vol. 
 I., Ancient, Early Christian, and Mediaeval Painting. 8vo, 
 London and New York, 1880. 
 
 This work, only the first volume of which has yet appeared, 
 promises to be the most complete and trustworthy history of 
 painting yet written. The plan is more comprehensive than that 
 of Kuglcr, and the first volume gives unmistakable evidence of 
 comprehensive learning as well as of judicious discrimination. 
 The work is written with spirit — at times even with eloquence — 
 and therefore it is well adapted to entertain the general reader, 
 as well as to instruct the searcher after technical knowledge. The 
 type and illustrations are sumptuous. Every step in the work is 
 marked with ample learning, and the whole presents the most 
 attractive view of ancient painting yet produced. 
 
 The first volume is divided into two parts — part first being de- 
 voted to painting in Egypt, Greece, and Rome ; part second to 
 mcdifoval art. The death of Professor "Woltmann, having oc- 
 curred since the publication of the first volume, may prevent that 
 evenness of excellence in the completed work of which the por- 
 tion already published gave such ample promise.
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 57 
 
 III. WORKS ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY. 
 
 Bisset, Andrew.— Essays on Historical Tnitli. Svo, London, 1871. 
 
 The papers bronglit tofjether in tliis volume were written by 
 one of the most critical of modern Englisli students and writers 
 of history. They are therefore of extreme importance to the 
 student. The first essay aims to establish a negative answer to 
 the question, "Is there a Science of Government?" Then follow 
 seven essays on "liobbcs," "James Mill," "Hume," "Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott," "The Government of the Commonwealth and the 
 Government of Cromwell," "Prince Henry," "Sir Thomas Over- 
 bury," Though these essays have to do very largely with indi- 
 vidual characters, they are pervaded with the ideas of the author 
 on the general subject of the volume. Mr. Bisset seems always 
 to be writing in general support of the thesis that historical truth 
 can be reached only with extreme difficulty, and that at least a 
 very considerable number of those who have professed to give 
 the truth have given nothing but error. Each of the writers 
 taken in hand is subjected to searching criticism, and the result 
 is generally quite damaging to the value of the works considered. 
 The examinations are made in the best spirit of modern English 
 criticism. The book, as a whole, is one of the best that a stu- 
 dent of modern history can read. Though it does not profess 
 to give a philosophy of history, it teaches with admirable spirit 
 and force the methods in which historical investigation should be 
 carried on. 
 
 Buckle, Henry Thomas. — History of Civilization in England. 2 
 vols., Svo, London and New York, 1861 ; and 3 vols., 12mo, 
 London and New York, 1875. 
 
 Tlie appearance of the first volume of this celebrated work in 
 1857 raised the author at once from obscurity to literary and 
 social renown. The book was everywhere talked of as a phenom- 
 enal work of a new genius. Nor was it until after the author's 
 death, in 1862, that the reading world recovered its equanimity 
 sufficiently to estimate the work at its real value.
 
 58 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The author's preparation for his history was of a very unusual 
 kind. He was a self-made man ; or, rather, it should be said that 
 he never attended school, but was taught exclusively by his mother. 
 Thus unaccustomed from earliest life to measure himself and his 
 attainments with those about him, it is not strange that he was 
 dogmatic and unfamiliar with the limitations of his own knowl- 
 edge. He appears through life to have had those peculiarities of 
 uneven development so often observed in self-made men. These 
 peculiarities doubtless had much to do in shaping the nature of 
 his book. The general and technical learning of Buckle was pro- 
 digious. He was so complete a master of all the principal lan- 
 guages of Europe, both ancient and modern, that he read them 
 with ease and with such astonishing rapidity as to master several 
 volumes in a day. From these he always took more or less co- 
 pious notes. In the specific work of preparing for the writing 
 of his history he habitually spent, we are told, not less than about 
 ten hours a day for seventeen years. 
 
 The portion of the work which Buckle lived to complete is 
 only a gigantic fragment of a general introduction. In this in- 
 troduction it was his purpose both to state the principles and 
 laws which govern human progress, and also to exemplify these 
 principles and laws through the histories of certain nations char- 
 acterized by peculiar features, especially though the histories of 
 Spain, Scotland, the United States, and Germany. The principles 
 and laws that he purposed to establish were stated with sufficient 
 clearness in the first volume. The most important of these may 
 be abbreviated into the following form. 1. The metaphysical 
 dogma of free-will rests on an erroneous belief in the infallibility 
 of consciousness. 2. It is proved by history, and especially by 
 statistics, that human actions are governed by laws as fixed and 
 regular as those which rule in the physical world. 3. Climate, 
 soil, food, and the aspects of nature are the principal causes of 
 intellectual progress. 4. The great distinction between European 
 and non-European history and civilization is in the fact that in 
 Europe man is stronger than nature, while elsewhere nature has 
 been stronger than man. 5. Human progress lias been due not 
 to moral agencies, which are stationary, and which balance one an- 
 other in such a way that their infiucncc is unfclt over any long- 
 period, but to intellectual activity, which has been constantly vary-
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 59 
 
 ing and advancing; or, as the author puts it, " The actions of in- 
 dividuals arc greatly affected by their moral feelings and passions; 
 but these, being antagonistic to the passions and feelings of other 
 individuals, are balanced by theui, so that the effect is, in the great 
 average of human affairs, nowhere to be seen, and the total actions 
 of mankind, considered as a whole, are left to be regulated by the 
 total knowledge of which mankind is possessed." G. Religion, lit- 
 erature, and government are, at the best, but the products, and not 
 the cause, of civilization. 7. Civilization progresses with the ad- 
 vance of scepticism — the disposition to doubt and investigate — 
 and in opposition to creclulitij, or the protective spii'it — a dispo- 
 sition to maintain without examination established beliefs and 
 practices. The fragmentary nature of the work may be inferred 
 from the fact that the whole of the second volume and a large 
 part of the first are devoted to substantiating the last of the 
 above theses. 
 
 Though these volumes show great breadth and acuteness of 
 reasoning, as well as an almost unrivalled amount of learning, it 
 must be admitted that the more carefully they are read, the more 
 inadequate do the proofs appear. Not only that, but they arc 
 not free from inconsistencies fatal to successful argumentation. 
 For example, although the author asserts that great men, govern- 
 ments, and religion have almost no influence on civilization, he 
 shows at great length the immense influence of Richelieu, Vol- 
 taire, Adam Smith, and others. And, again, though in one place 
 he asserts that " we have the testimony of all history to prove the 
 extreme fallibility of consciousness," in another he builds up an 
 argument for immortality on "the yearnings of the affections to 
 regain communion with the beloved dead — on the impossibility 
 of standing up and living, if we believed the separation were 
 final." As these characteristics of the woi'k have come to be 
 more and more fully comprehended, its importance in the estima- 
 tion of scholars has more and more declined. 
 
 But, in spite of these defects, some portions of the work have 
 great value. The chapters in the first volume on "France before 
 the Revolution " may be read with profit by every student of that 
 period. It should also be added that many students who even 
 reject the author's general conclusions have been filled by him 
 with a glowing enthusiasm for historical study.
 
 60 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Comte, Augusts. — The Positive Pliilosopliy. Freely translated 
 and condensed by Harriet Martineau. 2 vols., 8vo. London 
 and New York, 1854. 
 
 A condensation into more convenient form of the " Cours de 
 Philosophic Positive," delivered and published by Comte during 
 the years between 1830 and 1842. The lectures, spread over so 
 long a period, contained much of repetition, and therefore the 
 form of Miss Martineau's translation is an improvement on the 
 original for the purposes of the scholar. 
 
 The second volume alone has to do with history. It presents, 
 in elaborate form, what the author regarded as the fundamental 
 law of historical evolution, the so-called law of the three states. 
 These three states, according to Comte's philosophy, are the suc- 
 cessive stages through which the mind of man, in nations and in 
 individuals, is destined to pass in the course of its history. The 
 first stage is the theological. The lowest and earliest form of 
 this stage is fetichism ; the next, polytheism; the next, monothe- 
 ism. The second is the metaphysical. In this stage theology 
 dies, and abstract forces take the place of supernatural agents. 
 Phenomena are now supposed to be due, not to supernatural 
 agency, but to inherent causes and forces. The search for these 
 in metaphysical speculation is in vain, and therefore, in its despair, 
 the mind reaches out into its third and last sphere or stage, that 
 of positive science. The mind now gives up the illusions of child- 
 hood and youth, ceases to fancy that it can rea'son out the secrets 
 of the universe, and confines itself to what it can know and learn 
 bv actual experience of the properties and relations of existence 
 and succession. 
 
 This theory is the basis of the historical philosophy of Buckle, 
 Spencer, Mill, and many others, and, consequently, it is to be re- 
 garded as one of great importance. But while it is wrought out 
 with a fascinating clearness of expression and simplicity of style, 
 it is not free from very serious defects as an argument. The 
 most noteworthy of these defects is a constant tendency to the 
 assumption of facts that are inadmissible. For a single example, 
 the author takes the ground that individual man, in his primitive 
 state, is, Hrst of all, rcligioiis ; that, after being religious, lie tends to 
 be nictapiiysical ; and that, linally, he tends to give himself up to
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 61 
 
 the scientific method, i. e. to the examination of the objects about 
 him. This appears to be the exact reverse of the fact. We may 
 safely presume that a man thinks about food and shelter before 
 he thinks of a fetich ; and while he is thinking of food and shel- 
 ter, and providing for them, he is acting, however humbly, in strict 
 accordance with the spirit and methods of what Comte calls pos- 
 itive science. The author's historical knowledge also was exceed- 
 ingly defective, and consequently the book abounds in statements 
 and assumptions that are unwarranted by facts. 
 
 Droysen, Joh. Gust. — Grundriss der Ilistorik. Dritte umgear- 
 
 beitete Auflage. 8vo, Leipsic, 1882. 
 
 This little volume or pamphlet, of less than a hundred pages, is 
 an outline of the author's lectures on methods of historical study 
 and composition. The accompanying essays give a clear notion 
 of the author's philosopliy of history. The first of these essays 
 was written on the appearance of Buckle's work, and is entitled 
 " The Elevation of History to the Rank of a Science." The most 
 important positions of Buckle are carefully examined, the author 
 holding them to be untenable. The other essays are on the sub- 
 jects " Nature and History " and " Art and Method," and are writ- 
 ten, as the author declares, for the purpose of marking the proper 
 boundaries between dilettanteism, on the one hand, and the claims 
 of exact science, on the other. The body of the work is a sylla- 
 bus of lectures on the nature and purposes of history, the methods 
 of historical criticism, interpretation, and representation. The 
 book is of considerable value as an analytical presentation of the 
 methods recommended by one of the foremost and one of the 
 most active historical writers and teachers of Germany. 
 
 Flint, Robert.— The Philosophy of History in France and Ger- 
 many. 8vo, London, 1874, 
 
 A book of conspicuous ability. It is a very able and crit- 
 ical account of the principal efforts that have been made in 
 France and Germany to comprehend and explain the history of
 
 62 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 mankind. It also attempts to give a philosophical estimate of 
 the success of these efforts. The volume is a valuable record of 
 what has been attempted in the philosophical study of history, of 
 what success has been achieved, and of the nature and causes of 
 the failures that have been experienced. 
 
 It is not a book with which students will at all points agree, 
 but it is one every page of which is entitled to the most respectful 
 consideration. It may be called a history of the philosophy of 
 history in France and Germany. After an introduction of some 
 sixty pages, the author enters at once upon the discussion of the 
 characteristics of those French and German writers whose works 
 he deems worthy of examination. In general, the author is very 
 critical, if not severe, in his judgments. It is only occasionally, 
 as, for example, when describing the works of Michelet and Qui- 
 net, that he approaches anything like enthusiasm. He seems, 
 indeed, to have found that very little success has been achieved. 
 
 The author, in his preface, indicates a purpose, at a future time, 
 to describe and criticise the general philosophies of history that 
 have appeared in England and Italy ; to indicate what light has 
 been thrown on the course, laws, and significance of human devel- 
 opment by the progress of the sciences, and to notice the chief 
 contributions that have been made to the discussion of the special 
 problems of historical speculation. 
 
 Hegel, George William Frederick. — Lectures on the Philosophy 
 of Ilistory. Translated by J. Sibree. Crown 8vo, London, 
 1870. The best edition of the original work is that edited by 
 the philosopher's son, Charles Ilegel, and published in 1840. 
 
 Of all systems of philosophy the Hegelian is probably the most 
 profoundly and essentially historical. Its fimdamental idea is 
 that of one vast process or movement, of which what we call his- 
 tory is one of the stages. Ilegers Philosophy of History, there- 
 fore, was an essential part of his System of Philosophy. 
 
 The work begins by declaring that history is of three kinds — 
 original, reflective, and jihilosophical : original, when the histo- 
 rian, witljout comment, narrates what he himself heard or saw ; 
 reflective, wlien lie transcends personal experience and exercises
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 63 
 
 his powers of reflection, criticism, and generalization in order to 
 convey a representation of some epocli or phase of liuman life ; 
 and philosophical, when it unfolds and explains the development 
 of the universal spirit of society, lie then proceeds to show the 
 province of this spirit of society. It avails itself of the appetites, 
 passions, private interests, and opinions of individuals in such a 
 way as to secure profit to itself out of their loss, evolving from 
 their excesses such principles of truth and justice as are calculated 
 and designed to regulate and restrain them. It often manifests it- 
 self in great men, whose private aims are its purposes. The hap- 
 piness or misery of individuals, therefore, is no essential element in 
 the rational order of the universe. Such experiences are only the 
 development of spirit, and, therefore, "those persons who condemn 
 what is, as not what it ought to be, are superficial, fault-finding, 
 and envious." " The real is rational, and the rational real." The 
 basis of all social and rational life is the State, inasmuch as the 
 State insures the union of the individual will with the universal 
 will — a union under which alone there can be true and rational 
 freedom. Each nation and each epoch has its own characteristic 
 principle. The great epochs of history have been three in num- 
 ber — the Oriental, the Gra3co-Roman, and the Modern or Germanic. 
 In the first, the infinite and the substantial predominate; in the 
 second, the finite and the individual ; in the third, the infinite and 
 the finite. The particular phases of these characteristics the au- 
 thor proceeds to show by passing in review the nations of ancient, 
 mediaeval, and modern time. 
 
 An excellent summary of the work is given in the small vol- 
 ume by Professor George S. Morris, on Hegel's Philosophy of 
 History and of Politics, Chicago, 1887. 
 
 Montesquieu, Baron de. — The Spirit of Laws. Translated from 
 the French by Thomas Nugent. A new edition, carefully re- 
 vised and compared with the best Paris edition, to which are 
 prefixed a Memoir of the Life and Writings of the Author, and 
 an Analysis of the work, by M. d'Alcmbert. 2 vols., 8vo, Cin- 
 cinnati, 1873. 
 
 This celebrated work was first publislied in 1748. Though it
 
 64 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 had been condemned by both of the literary friends to whom 
 Montesquieu had submitted the manuscript, as likely to destroy 
 the literary reputation of the author, he not only determined to 
 put it forth in defiance of their advice, but in his preface he even 
 congratulated himself that he had been able to produce a work 
 not altogether destitute of genius. The reception of the volume 
 fully justified the author's confidence. So great and immediate 
 was its success that within little more than a year it went through 
 twenty-two editions, and was translated into nearly all the impor- 
 tant languages of Europe. The great object of the work was to 
 show, not what laws ought to be, but how the diversities in the 
 physical and moral circumstances of the human race have contrib- 
 uted to produce variations in their political establishments and 
 municipal regulations. The plan of the work was quite new, and 
 perhaps justified the somewhat ostentatious motto prefixed to it 
 by its author, " Prolem sine matre creatamy 
 
 In the prosecution of his plan the author was carried into the 
 study of the various characteristics of the different nations of an- 
 cient and modern time. On the basis of these investigations into 
 the conditions of society it was his effort to explain and account 
 for the varying aims of the legislator, as well as the nature of the 
 government and the manners of the people. While he thuf- 
 opened inexhaustible and hitherto unknown resources to the stu- 
 dent of jurisprudence, he marked out to the legislator the extent 
 and limit of his power. 
 
 Though this view of political history has been followed out 
 with great success by various authors since the time of Montes- 
 quieu, the " Spirit of Laws " was the first ever to present it in any 
 complete form. It was this fact which gave point to the saying 
 of Voltaire, that " when the human race had lost their titles, Mon- 
 tesquieu found and restored them." Throughout Europe Montes- 
 quieu was at once recognized as a kind of legislator of nations, 
 and the founder of the philosophy of jurisprudence and politics. 
 
 The chapters are short, and the book is written in a peculiarly 
 terse and epigrammatic style. Of the vastness of the author's 
 range of knowledge no adequate notion can be formed without 
 an examination of the work. This knowledge, however, was often 
 inexact, a fact which detracts greatly from what otherwise would 
 have been the value of the work.
 
 . UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 65 
 
 Schlegel, Frederick. — The Philosopliy of History, in a Course 
 of Lectures delivered at Vienna. Translated from the German 
 by James Burton Robertson. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1835; 
 and 1 vol., crown Svo, London, 18G9. 
 
 The author of this course of lectures liad prepared himself for 
 the work by a long series of remarkable studies. In tlic early 
 years of his career, he liad carried on investigations in the history 
 and literature of the Greeks and Romans with such success as to 
 win hearty commendations from men like Heyne, Wolf, Humboldt, 
 and Boeckh. He had then turned his attention to other branches 
 of knowledge with similar success. His lectures on the Philoso- 
 phy of History were the conclusion of a long literary career. He 
 therefore not only came to his work at a time of extraordinary 
 philosophical activity, but he also brought to it a mind stored 
 with the fruits of a rich and varied experience. 
 
 The lectures are characterized by an unquestionable amplitude 
 of knowledge, and by a certain skill and completeness of treat- 
 ment. But to most readers of the present day the course will be 
 disappointing. His central idea is that the first problem of phi- 
 losophy is the restoration in man of the lost image of God. " To 
 point out historically in reference to the whole human race, and 
 in the outward conduct and experience of life, the progress of 
 this restoration in the various periods of the world constitutes 
 the object of tho Philosophy of History." His effort is to show 
 that in the first age of the world the original word of Divine 
 Revelation formed the firm central point of faith for the future 
 reunion of the dispersed race of man ; that in the second, or 
 middle age, it was alone the power of eternal love in the Christian 
 religion which truly emancipated mankind ; that in the third, or 
 last period, the pure light of Divine truth, universally diffused, is 
 to crown the progress of this worlv of restoration. The progress 
 of this restoration, he holds, can only be indicated by a rapid 
 sketch of the different nations in various periods in the history 
 of the world. In the prosecution of his purpose he describes, at 
 very considerable length, the characteristics of the history of 
 China, as well as those of the history of India. He then pro- 
 ceeds to a discussion in a similar spirit of the institutions and 
 tendencies of Greece and Rome, and those of modern time. 
 
 5
 
 66 HISTORICAL LITERATURE, 
 
 The learning and the genius of the author are manifest through- 
 out. But while the book is sure to interest the reader, it is not 
 likely to convince him. The fundamental error of the book is 
 that its argument presupposes an admission in regard to the early 
 condition of the race which the beliefs of the world will by no 
 means justify. To the large class of persons who reject his first 
 assumption, therefore, the argument can have no possible signifi- 
 cance. 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND KEADEKS. 
 
 1. For a bird's-eye view of universal history, Freeman's little 
 book is preferable to all others. Swinton's is also a very useful 
 book for the same purpose. Tytler's " Universal History " is 
 fuller, but is ill-adapted to general reading. As there are but few 
 good universal histories in English, the student must either resort 
 to French or German, or select in succession the best books on 
 the most important single periods. After a mastery of Freeman 
 or Swinton, the student will do well to pursue the latter course. 
 The larger works in English on universal history will be found 
 uninteresting and discouraging. Rotteck's book, at one time very 
 popular, is no longer to be regarded as a perfectly trustworthy 
 authority, though it is perhaps more free from the fault of dul- 
 ness than any of the other books in our language. The volumes 
 in the series known as " Epochs of History " are worthy of special 
 commendation in this connection. Each of the volumes is com- 
 plete in itself. The series, as a whole, does not give a connected 
 account of the world's progress ; but the volumes are generally 
 interesting, instructive, and trustworthy. As they have been pre- 
 pared by different authors, they arc of unequal value ; but the se- 
 ries, read in proper order, will be found not a bad substitute for a 
 good universal history. 
 
 2. If the student has easy command of P'rench and German, 
 his pathway is clear. Of works in French, those of Prevost-Para- 
 dol and Laurent arc the ones most worthy of commendation. In 
 German,Weber's "Lchrbuch" is excellent, especially for the use of 
 teachers ; but this must not be mistaken for Weber's " Outlines," a 
 bad translation of another and a poorer book. Weber's " AUge-
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 67 
 
 meinc Gcscliichte" is one of the best of tlie large general histories. 
 Schlosscr is easier reading than Weber, and was designed for pop- 
 ular use, whereas Weber was written for the use of persons of ed- 
 ucation. Oncken's " Allgemeine Geschichte " promises to be the 
 best of all. The different periods are described by specialists ; 
 and what is lost in point of uniforniity is more than made up by 
 increase of accuracy. 
 
 3. Literature abounds in works on the nature, importance, and 
 philosophy of histor3\ Bolingbroke's " Letters on the Study and 
 Use of History '* are famous and valuable. Voltaire's " Philoso- 
 phy of History " is brilliant, but somewhat vague, and therefore un- 
 satisfactory. Hegel's famous work on the same subject is an ef- 
 fort to show that every epoch in history is inspired and dominated 
 over by some specific idea. Montesquieu's " Spirit of Laws " lays 
 great stress on the influence of climate on civilization. Karl Rit- 
 ter has shown the relation of geographical to political peculiari- 
 ties. Buckle adopts a necessitarian theory; and Draper, espe- 
 cially in the first part of his " Civil War in America," excludes the 
 action of all spiritual forces, and holds that all events are to be 
 accounted for by ethnical, natural, and geographical causes. These 
 theories are reviewed in the Atlantic Monthly for January, 1870. 
 Froude also, in vol i. of his " Short Studies," takes ground the very 
 opposite of Buckle's, and holds that the peculiarities of history are 
 chiefly due to the wayward forces of a diversified human nature. 
 Guizot's theories of progressive development are examined by 
 Mill in one of his Dissertations, by Alison in one of his Essays, 
 by Woolsey in the New-Englander, vol. xix., pp. 409, 871, and by 
 Professor Diman in the Neiv-Englander, vol. xxxi., p. 1. In Free- 
 man's Essays is to be found a valuable paper on the " Use of His- 
 torical Documents ;" and in Judge Woodbury's Works an essay 
 of some value on the "Uncertainties of History." Macaulay, 
 Emerson, and Carlyle have each very suggestive essays on the 
 general subject of History. In Kingsley's " Miscellanies" may be 
 found his inaugural lecture on the " Limits of Exact Science as 
 Applied to History." Guizot's inaugural lecture ("Memoires," 
 vol. i., p. 388) is devoted to a very judicious discussion of the un- 
 certainties of historical evidence. Droysen's "Historik" is per- 
 haps the most careful exposition of the principles that should 
 direct historical investigation and composition. Flint's "Philos-
 
 ■6B HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 opliy of History " is an able and subtle exposition of the philo- 
 sophical theories that have been held by historical writers in 
 France and Germany. Shedd's " Lectures on the Philosophy of 
 History" (new edition, 12nio, New York, 1873) and Bunsen's 
 "God in History" (3 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1870) 
 are works of unquestionable ability. But better than either of 
 them is Bisset's " Essays on Historical Truth." 
 
 The best of all historical atlases is the great German historical 
 atlas of Spruner. This, however, is large and expensive. For the 
 ordinary use of the general student the Liternational Atlas, or the 
 Collegiate Atlas, will be found convenient and adequate. The Li- 
 ternational contains a few more maps than the Collegiate, other- 
 wise they are identical. Each is divided into three parts, one be- 
 ing devoted to Historical Geography, one to Modern Geography, 
 one to Ancient Geography. To each of these parts there is a sep- 
 arate index. Smaller and still cheaper atlases, but excellent in 
 their Avay, are the Crown Atlases and the Half-crown Atlases by 
 Keith Johnston. For ancient geography, the largest and best 
 is Smith's ; but that of Long is excellent and generally sufficient. 
 The maps accompanying Napoleon's Caesar are unsurpassed. For 
 medieval history the atlases of Labberton and Koeppen are the 
 most convenient, though for minute study of European geography 
 nothing will be a complete substitute for Spruner. Freeman's 
 "Historical Geography" is of the greatest importance. For the 
 study of Europe during the present century, the atlas that ac- 
 companies the large \edition of Alison's history is superior. Of 
 modern atlases for the purpose of general consultation, that of 
 Stieler is by far the best, though the large atlases of Keith John- 
 ston and of Black are justly famous. Gray's large atlas contains 
 the most satisfactory maps of the United States for general refer- 
 ence, though the student of American history will be obliged to 
 have recourse to the special maps published in historical books. 
 Especially to be commended are Walker's " Statistical Atlas" and 
 the maps in Lodge's " Short History of the English Colonies." 
 Of wall maps, those of Kiopcrt are the best for ancient geogra- 
 phy, those of Bretschncider for mediieval geography, and those 
 of Collins and Jolmston for modern geography. 
 
 Certain otlier works of reference are of great importance to the 
 student of history. Smith's " Dictionary of Antiquities" is of uu-
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 6S( 
 
 surpassed excellence, as is also tlie same author's " Classical Dic- 
 tionarj^" both of which are published iu voluminous form in 
 London, and in abridged form in London and New York, As a 
 work of reference on the subject of general biography, Thomas's 
 "Biographical Dictionary" is the best. Haydn's "Dictionary of 
 Dates" is a work which the student will find of the greatest 
 conv'enience. The sixteenth edition was revised and greatly 
 enlarged by Benjamin Vincent, one of the Secretaries of the 
 Royal Institution of Great Britain, and brought down to 1878. 
 A work entitled "The World's Progress," made up, for the 
 most part, from Haydn, and adapted, by certain abridgments 
 and alterations, to the American market, is published in New 
 York, For the use of a student of general history, Haydn is 
 superior. 
 
 Students pursuing special lines of historical work will often re- 
 ceive great assistance from some of the best of the library cata- 
 logues. The most useful of these are Noyes's " Catalogue of the 
 Brooklyn Mercantile Library," Dr, Cutter's " Catalogue of the Li- 
 brary of the Boston Athenaeum," and the " Bulletins " of the " Bos- 
 ton Public Library " and of the " Library of Harvard University," 
 The Catalogue of the Boston Athenanim is especially worthy of 
 note. It contains references not only to very many of the most 
 valuable books on the subjects named, but also to the most con- 
 spicuous articles in the journals and reviews. Another character- 
 istic that adds greatly to the usefulness of this catalogue is the 
 fact that it contains a list of all of the publications of the 
 principal learned societies in different parts of the world. Of 
 this most admirable bibliographical work, the fourth volume, that 
 including the letter S, appeared in 1881. The Brooklyn Cata- 
 logue is complete in one large volume, but, notwithstanding its 
 less voluminous form, it is a model of bibliographical thorough- 
 ness and excellence. The Bulletins above referred to contain 
 more specific information on limited periods and subjects. The 
 " Catalogue of Books in the Classes of History, Biography, and 
 Travel" of the Boston Public Library, contains not only titles of 
 the most important books on the history of literature, art, politics, 
 geography, manners, and customs, etc., but also valuable sugges- 
 tions and notes for readers. A similar catalogue, entitled " Class 
 List of English Prose Fiction," gives the titles of the most im-
 
 70 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 portant works of fiction in our language, and arranges them in 
 such a manner that the reader can readily ascertain what novels 
 liave been written on any particular subject or period. The work 
 also contains notes for readers, intended to point out for parallel 
 reading the historical sources of works of fiction. 
 
 Of recent works of importance the following are most worthy 
 of note: 
 
 Herrman von Oesterley's " Wegweiser durch die Literatur der 
 Urkundensammlungen " (2 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1885-6) is an avowed 
 attempt to do for documents what Potthast has done for the chron- 
 icles. The first volume has reference chiefly to Germany ; the 
 second to the other countries of Europe. Heilprin's "Historical 
 Reference Book" (New York, 8vo, 1885) is comprehensive and 
 remarkable for its general accuracy. Droysen's " Allgemeiner 
 historischer Handatlas" (Leipzig, 1886) pertains to ancient, me- 
 diaeval, and modern history, and but for its present lack of index 
 would be the most convenient and valuable of the historical at- 
 lases. Bartholomew's " Handy lieference Atlas of the World " 
 is a stout 12mo volume, with excellent double-page maps, geo- 
 graphical statistics down to 1887, and an index of 15,000 names. 
 Labberton's " Historical Atlas " was greatly enlarged and improved 
 in the edition of 1886. It still, however, contains anachronisms 
 and errors. Ottokar Lorenz's "Die Geschichtswissenschaft in 
 Uauptrichtungen und Aufgabcn" (8vo, Berlin, 1886) is a critical 
 examination of the methods of leading modern historians. Dunck- 
 cr's" Abhandlungen aus der neuesten Geschichte" (Leipzig, 1887) 
 is a series of ten very valuable essays, several of them on important 
 events in modern history. Stubbs's " Seventeen Lectures on the 
 Study of Mediaeval and Modern History" (8vo, Oxford, 1886) 
 shows the remarkable recent development of historical studies in 
 the English universities, and abounds in valuable suggestions for 
 the student. Especially important is the part devoted to Henry 
 YH. and Henry YHL Freeman's " Methods of Historical Study " 
 (Svo, London, 1886) is an elaborate plea for care in the study of 
 sources and for the importance of mediieval history. Jastrow's 
 " Jahresbcrichtc der (Jeschichtswissenschaft" is a valuable annual 
 publication, intended to give an account of the important histori- 
 cal works of the year.
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 71 
 
 On the philosopliy of liistory a number of additional works 
 may be noted: \V. Adam's "Inquiry into tlie Tlieories of His- 
 tory" (8vo, London, 1862), A. Romberg's "Die Erliebung der 
 Gescliichte zum Range einer Wissenscbaft " (.Svo, Wien, 1883), 
 R. Rocliol's "Die Philosopbie der Gescbicbte, — Gekrohnte Preis- 
 scbrift" (Svo, Gottingcn, 1878), O. Lorenz's "Die Gescbicbtswis- 
 senscbaft" (Svo, Berlin, 1886), \V. Maurenbrecber's " Ueber Me- 
 tbode und Aufgabe der bistoriscben Forscbung" (Svo, Bonn, 
 1868), H. Floto's "Ueber bistoriscbe Kritik" (Svo, Basel, 1856), 
 E. Bernbeim's " Gescbicbtsforscbung und Gescbicbtspbilosopbie" 
 (Svo, Gottingen, 1880), II. B. Adams's " Tbe Study of History in 
 American Colleges and Universities" (Svo, Wasbington, Govern- 
 ment Printing-office, 1887), A. D. White's "European Scbools of 
 History and Politics " (Jobns Hopkins University Studies, 5tb 
 series. No. XII.; Baltimore, 1887), P. Fredericq's "Tbe Study of 
 History in England and Scotland," F. 11. Foster's " Tbe Seminary 
 Metbod of Original Study in tbe Historical Sciences, Illustrated 
 from Early Church History " (l2rao. New York, 1888). Ranke's 
 " Weltgescbicbte " (8 vols., Berlin), though broken off in 1886 
 by the author's death, is the most important of recent contribu- 
 tions to our knowledge of universal history. It ends with the 
 Crusades, but it is luminous with new and valuable ideas and sug- 
 gestions. Oncken's " Allgemeine Gescbicbte in Einzeldarstellun- 
 gen" (Berlin, 1877-87), of which twenty-seven volumes and sev- 
 eral parts have, in 1888, been issued, is a collection of tbe first 
 importance. The several writers have been selected with due ref- 
 erence to their special fitness ; and, though there is much differ- 
 ence in the merits of the several works, the volumes may generally 
 be relied on as embodying the results of the most recent research 
 and thought. The series divides itself into four parts, or " Haupt- 
 abtheilungen," and includes the following works : " I. Hauptab- 
 theilung," continued by Edward Meyer; Diimicben, " Ges. des 
 alten Aegyptens ;" Hommel, " Ges. Babyloniens und Assyriens ;" 
 Lefmann, " Ges. des alten Indiens ;" Justi, " Ges. des alten Per- 
 siens;" Hertzberg, "Ges. von Hellas und Rom;" Stade, "Ges. 
 des Volkes Israel." The second " Hauptabtbeilung " embraces 
 the following : Hertzberg, "Ges. der romischen Kaiserzeit ;" Dabn, 
 " Urgcsch. der gerraanischcn u. romaniscben Volker;" A. Miillerj
 
 72 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 "Der Islam ira Morgen- und Abendland ;" Kugler, "Gcs. dcr 
 Kreuzziige ;" Pnitz, " Staatenges, des Abendlands im Mittelalter ;" 
 Hertzberg, " Ges. der Byzantiner und des Osmanisclien Reichs;" 
 Geiger, " Renaissance u. Humanismus, in Italien u. Deutschland ;" 
 Ruge, "Ges. des Zeitalters der Entdeckung;" Scbiemann, " Russ- 
 land, " Polen u. Livland bis ins 17. Jahrb. ;" Winckelinann, " Ges. 
 der Angelsachsen bis zum Tode Konig Alfreds." The tliird 
 "Hauptabtheilung" contains the following: Bczold, "Gcs. der 
 deutschen Reformation ;" Pliilippson, " Westeuropa im Zeitalter 
 von Philip II., Elizabeth u. Ileinrich IV.;" Kugler, "Ges. des 
 Dreisigjahrigen Krieges ;" Stern, " Ges. der Revolution in Eng- 
 land;" Philippson, "Das Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV.;" Briickner, 
 "Peter der Grosse ;" Oncken, "Das Zeitalter Friedrichs des Gros- 
 sen ;" Wolf u. Zwiedineck-Siidenhorst, " Oesterreich unter Maria 
 Theresia, Joseph II. u. Leopold II.;" Bruckner, " Katherina die 
 Zweite." The fourth "Hauptabtheilung" contains the following : 
 Oncken, " Das Zeitalter der Revolution, des Kaiserreiclies u. dor 
 Befreiungskriegc ;" Flathe, " Das Zeitalter der Restoration u. 
 Revolution ;" Hopp, " Bundesstaat u. Bundoskrieg in Nordame- 
 rika." Four other subjects are announced, but the names of the 
 authors are not yet made public. 
 
 Of the recent hand-books the following are the most impor- 
 tant: Andrews's " Institutes of General History " (12mo, Boston, 
 1887) will be found particularly valuable for the bibliographical 
 notes preceding the several chapters. Fisher's " Outlines " (8vo, 
 New York, 1885) also contains lists of books for tlie most part 
 without characterization. Tillinghast's edition of Ploetz is prob- 
 ably the most valuable of the single volumes for reference. More 
 readable than either of the others are P. V. N. Myers's "Outlines 
 of Ancient History" and "Outlines of Mediaeval and Modern 
 History" (2 vols., 12mo, Boston, 1885-87). Fisher's "History 
 of the Christian Church" (8vo, New York, 1887) is at once 
 tlie most readable and the most valuable work of its kind in 
 one volume. Of exceptional value is tlic Appendix contain- 
 in"' a very full bibliography of the general subject of church 
 history. Putnam's "Story of the Nations" (l2mo. New York, 
 1882-88) is a successful and valuable series of small volumes for 
 popular reading. One volume is devoted to each country or peo-
 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORIES. 73 
 
 pic, and the collection as a whole is of considerable popular im- 
 portance. 
 
 Of recent histories of civilization the following are worthy of 
 mention : Rocholl, " Philosophie der Gescbichte : Darstellung und 
 Kritik derVcrsuche zu cineni Aufban derselben" (8vo, Giittingen, 
 1878) ; lIcnne-am-Rliyn, " Allgemeine Kulturgcschichte " (9 vols., 
 Leipzig, 1870-78), of which three volumes relate to ancient his- 
 tory, three to modern, and three to the history of Switzerland; 
 Hellwald, " Ciiltnrgeschichte in ihrer natiirlichen Entwickelung bis 
 znr Gegenwart" (2 vols., 8vo, 2te sehr vermchrte Aufl., Augsburg, 
 1876-77); Klemm, "Allgemeine Ciilturgeschichte der Mensch- 
 heit" (10 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1843-52); Kolb, " Culturgeschichte 
 der Menschheit" (2 vols., 8vo, 2te Autl., Leipzig, 1872-73); 
 Wachsmuth, "Allgemeine Culturgeschichte" (3 vols., 8vo, Leip- 
 zig, 1850-52) ; Devaux, "Etudes politique sur I'histoire ancienne 
 et moderne et sur I'influence de I'etat de guerre et de I'etat de 
 paix" (8vo, Bruxelles, 1875). 
 
 Of histories of special subjects the following may be noted : 
 Dr. H. Gratz's "Gescbichte der Juden von den altesten Zeiten bis 
 auf die Gegenwart" (11 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1853-75) is a work 
 of standard authority. Of kindred importance is Jost's "Ge- 
 scbichte der Israeliten seit der Zeit der Macchabiier bis auf nnsere 
 Tagc," with a continuation entitled " Neucre Gescbichte " and 
 "Znr neueren Gescbichte" (in all 12 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1820-47). 
 Schonberg's " Handbuch der Politischen Oekonomie" (3 vols., Gr. 
 8vo, 2d, much enlarged, edition, Tubingen, 1885) is a work of 
 invaluable merit, prepared by some twenty of the most eminent 
 specialists. Griisse's " Lehrbuch einer allgemeinen Literaturge- 
 schichte aller bekannten Volker der Welt von der altesten bis auf 
 die neueste Zeit" (4 vols., 8vo, Dresden, 1837-59) is the most 
 important work on the subject. Heron's " Introduction to the 
 Study of Jurisprudence" (8vo, London, 2d ed., 1868) and "Prin- 
 ciples of Jurisprudence" (8vo, London, 1873) are largely histori- 
 cal in character. Tide's "Outlines of the History of Religion to 
 the Spread of the Universal Religions" (translated from the Dutch 
 by J. E. Carpenter, 3d ed., 8vo, London, 1884) ; Baudrillart's " His- 
 toire du Luxe prive et public depuis I'Antiquite jusqu' a no9 
 Jours" (4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1878-30); Du Scin's "Ilistoire de
 
 74 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 la Marine de touts les Peuples depuis les Temps les plus recules 
 jusqu' a nos Jours." S. S. Laurie's " Lectures on the Rise and 
 Early History of Universities" (12ino, London, 1886) gives no 
 evidence of original research, but contains in convenient form not 
 a few important facts.
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. 75 
 
 Chapter III. 
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Duncker, Max. — Gescbiclite dcs Alterthums. Fiinfte, vcrraehrte 
 und verbesserto Anflage. 9 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1878-86; also, 
 in English, 6 vols., 8vo, London, 1878-82. 
 
 For many years the writings of Duncker have given him rank 
 in Germany as an authority of standard value. Since its first pub- 
 lication, in 1852, his work has frequently been revised to adapt it 
 to the requirements of advancing scholarship. Thus it has received 
 such new light as special explorers have thrown upon special sub- 
 jects. It is now the best general history of antiquity we have. 
 The first volume is devoted to the Egyptians and the great powers 
 that had their abode in the Valley of the Euphrates. The second 
 is descriptive of the Assyrian empire ; the others constitute one 
 of the best of our histories of Greece. 
 
 Heeren, A. H. L. — Historical Researches into the Politics, Inter- 
 course, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity. 
 Translated from the German. 6 vols., 8vo, Oxford, 1833. 
 
 These volumes, at the time of their appearance, were received 
 with great favor, not only in Germany, but also in France and in 
 England. The great ability of the author, his skill as a writer, 
 and his thorough researches into the manners and customs of an- 
 tiquity united with the importance of the subject in giving to the 
 history great value. The work might have been called a Political, 
 International, and Commercial History of the Nations on the Med- 
 iterranean. Though great advances in the study of antiquity
 
 76 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 have been made since Heeren wrote, the importance of these vol- 
 umes is still very considerable. 
 
 The first three volumes are devoted to the Asiatic nations, the 
 fourth and fifth to the nations of Africa, and the sixth to Greece, 
 The portions relating to Asia and Africa are by far the most val- 
 uable, not only on account of their greater fulness, but also on 
 account of the paucity of information on the subject to be de- 
 rived from other authors. 
 
 Lenonnant, Francois, et Chevalier, E. — A Manual of the An- 
 cient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median 
 Wars. 2 vols., 12mo, London and Philadelphia, 1871 ; 2 vols, 
 bound in one, 12mo, New York, 1875. 
 
 The authors rank among the first of living Orientalists. Though 
 the work, when first published, was criticised with some severity, 
 it was thoroughly revised for the English translation, so that the 
 English version is to be preferred to the early editions of the 
 original. As a hand-book for the use of teachers, advanced pu- 
 pils, and intelligent readers, it is probably superior to any other 
 on the subject. It confines its attention strictly to the Orient, 
 giving no account of Greece and Rome whatever. 
 
 Niebuhr, B. G. — Lectures on Ancient Ilistoiy, from the Earliest 
 Times to the Taking of Alexandria by Octavius; comprising 
 the History of Asiatic Nations, the ligyptians, Greeks, Mace- 
 donians, and Carthaginians. Translated from the German of 
 Dr. Marcus Niebulir, by Dr. Leonhard Schmitz. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1852. 
 
 After the author's death these volumes were compiled by his 
 son Marcus from his posthumous notes and the notes of two or 
 three of his students. The work owes its importance not so 
 much to its intrinsic merits as to the author's great fame. It is 
 unquestionably the work of a genius, but not of a genius at his 
 best. His oj)inions are always entitled to a most respectful con-
 
 lilSTOlilES OF ANTIQUITY. 77 
 
 slderation; but his name is no longer a guarantee for tlic correct- 
 ness of opinions advanced. The volumes cannot be said to be 
 without value, and vet they show no such thoroughness of re- 
 search as do the works of the same author on the history of 
 Rome. Duncker's work is of much greater importance. 
 
 Rawlinson, George. — A Manual of Ancient History, from the 
 Earliest Times to the P^all of the Western Empire. Comprising 
 the History of-Chaldaja, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, Lydia, Phoe- 
 nicia, Syria, Judsea, Egypt, Carthage, Persia, Greece, Macedonia, 
 Parthia, and Rome. 8vo, London; 12mo, New York, 1871. 
 
 A manual built up on the German type of excellence, and 
 adapted to the wants of a student rather than to those of a gen- 
 eral reader. Its peculiar excellence is in the full bibliographical 
 notes interspersed throughout the volume. The best authorities 
 on ancient history are named, and generally characterized. The 
 text is somewhat dry, but it was written with care^ and is general- 
 ly founded on good authority. It has a good table of contents, 
 but no index. 
 
 In the hands of a successful teacher, the book may be very use- 
 ful ; in the hands of an instructor who simply hears a recitation 
 from its pages, it is likely to give discouraging results. It is a 
 good guide, but no substitute for brains in a teacher. It is a 
 book of facts more than a book of ideas. Its general accuracy 
 makes it useful for the purposes of reference. As a guide to a 
 student in the thorough study of ancient history, it has no equal 
 in our language. It differs from Lenprmant in that it deals with 
 the history of Greece and of Rome as well as with that of the 
 Orient. 
 
 Rollin, M. — The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthagini- 
 ans, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Grecians, and Mac- 
 edonians. Translated from the French. Many editions. 
 
 A most extraordinary illustration of the vitality there is even in 
 a poor book when it is well written. It has had an enormous
 
 78 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 sale, and it is still to be found on the shelves of nearly every 
 bookstore. But it has scarcely a single merit to recommend it. 
 The author was ignorant and careless; and he appears to have 
 adopted as the rule of his composition that a plausible fiction well 
 told is as good as the truth. No scholar will now mention the 
 book but to condemn it. 
 
 Smith, Philip. — The Ancient History of the East, from the 
 Earliest Times to the Conquest by Alexander the Great. In- 
 cluding Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Media, Persia, Asia Minor, 
 and Phoenicia. 12mo, London and New York, 1871. 
 
 One of the best books for the use of a student of classical his- 
 tory and literature. The allusions throughout the classics to the 
 Eastern nations are so numerous that an outline, at least, of Ori- 
 ental history is indispensable to successful study. The necessary 
 information for such a background can well be gained from this 
 volume. Not dealing with Greece and Eome, it is fuller and 
 more readable than Rawlinson, and, for the purposes of the gen- 
 eral reader, superior to the work of Lenormant and Chevalier, 
 though as a guide for the most thorough study it is inferior. 
 
 Smith, Philip. — A History of the World, from the Earliest Rec- 
 ords to the Present Time. Illustrated by Maps, Plans, and En- 
 gravings. Ancient History, 3 vols., large 8vo, London and New 
 York, 1866. 
 
 These volumes embody the results of many years of arduous 
 and conscientious study. The work, in some respects, is inferior 
 to the great German history by Duncker; but if is fully entitled 
 to be called the ablest and most satisfactory book on the subject 
 written in our language. The authors methods are dignified and 
 judicious, and he has availed himself of all the recent light thrown 
 by philological research on the annals of the East. In political 
 sympathies Mr. Smith is always to be found on the side of human 
 liberty. 
 
 The first volume carries the history to the accession of Philip
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. V9 
 
 of Macedon ; the second, to the Roman conquest of Carthage; the 
 third, to the fall of the Roman Empire. 
 
 The volume is well supplied with maps, and is entitled to rank 
 as the production of a careful and judicious investigator. 
 
 II. SPECIAL HI8TOKIE8. 
 
 Birch, S. — Records of the Past ; being English Translations of 
 the vVssyrian and Egyptian Monuments. Published under the 
 sanction of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. 11 vols., 
 16mo. 2d ed., London, 1875-78. The second edition con- 
 tains revisions of considerable importance. 
 
 This series of volumes, edited by an eminent Oriental scholar, 
 contains translations of the most important inscriptions found in 
 the valleys of the Euphrates and the Nile. The translations were 
 made by gentlemen selected on account of their especial qualifi- 
 cations for the work, and the renderings are accompanied with 
 such notes as are necessary to clear up any obscure allusions in 
 the text. For the study of early Oriental civilization thcT are of 
 great importance. 
 
 Brugsch Bey, Henry — A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs. 
 Derived entirely from the Monuments. Translated from the 
 German by the late Henrys Dabney Seymour. Completed and 
 edited by Philip Smith. To which is added a Memoir on the 
 Exodus of the Israelites and the Egyptian Monuments. 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1879. Second edition, London, 1881. 
 
 Since Young and Champollion discovered the key to the vast 
 treasures of contemporaneous records still extant in Egypt, those 
 records have been gradually giving up their secrets to the scholars 
 engaged in exploring them. One of the most able and successful 
 of these scholars is the author of the volumes before us. His 
 object in this work has been nothing less than to bring together 
 the results of all modern researches of monumental remains. No 
 information at second-hand has been accepted, and hence the vol-
 
 80 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 unies may be regarded as the ripest fruit and latest expression of 
 Egyptian exploration. The book is of surpassing interest and 
 importance from beginning to end. 
 
 In an appendix, the author has published an address delivered 
 before the International Congress of Orientalists in 1874, on 
 "The Exodus and Egyptian Monuments," in which he shows the 
 light brought to bear on the Scriptural account by monumental 
 inscriptions. The argument, is founded, in the language of the au- 
 thor, " on the one hand, upon the texts of Holy Scripture, in which 
 I have not to change a single iota ; on the other hand, upon the 
 Egyptian monumental inscriptions, explained according to the 
 laws of a sound criticism, free from all bias of a fanciful char- 
 acter." 
 
 Ewald, Heinrich. — The History of Israel. Translated from the 
 German. Edited, with a Preface and Appendix, by Russell 
 Martineau. Third edition. Thoroughly revised and corrected. 
 8 vols., 8vo, London, 1876-86. 
 
 One of the great monuments of recent German ability and in- 
 dustry. The author was long known as a scholar of high rank 
 among the foremost Hebraists of his day. His intimate acquaint- 
 ance with every portion of the Scriptures, his familiarity with the 
 whole range of the secular as well as the sacred literature of the 
 Hebrews, and his loving and reverential studies of each individual 
 character have won universal respect, even from those who do not 
 assent to all of his conclusions. Renan and Stanley equally ac- 
 knowledge their indebtedness to him. ' The first volume the au- 
 thor calls " preliminary," but it traces the history as far as to 
 the migration into Egypt; the second begins with "The Theoc- 
 racy ;" and the fifth ends with the establishment of Roman su- 
 premacy. 
 
 Josephus, Flavius.— The Works of Flavins Josephus, containing 
 The Antiquities of the Jews, and The Jewish War. Translated 
 by William Whiston. The translation of Whiston is the best; 
 and the edition in 4 vols., 8vo, London, 1825, is superior to the 
 others.
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. 81 
 
 Joscplms was a learned Jew wlio lived in the latter half of the 
 first century of our era. At Rome lie early made a favorable im- 
 pression on the imperial government. Returning to Jerusalem, 
 he endeavored to dissuade his countrymen from their intended 
 revolt against Roman authority ; but, failing in his efforts, he 
 joined the war party, pe was made a general, and was intrusted 
 with the defence of Galilee ; but, after a desperate resistance, was 
 betrayed to the Roman commander. Long held as a prisoner, he 
 was present at the siege of Jerusalem, where he was suspected of 
 being a traitor by both the Jews and the Romans. At the close 
 of the war he went to Rome, was presented with the freedom of 
 the city, an annual pension, and a house that had formerly been 
 the residence of an imperial family. The remainder of his life 
 he gave up to literary pursuits. 
 
 His first work was his history of the "Jewish War," a struggle 
 that extended, witli some interruptions, from B.C. 170 to A.D. 71. 
 The author shows a constant pride in tlie ancient glories of the 
 nation, a tendency to flattery of the Flavian dynasty, a large share 
 of personal vanity, and considerable power as a descriptive writer. 
 The history entitled " Jewish Antiquities " was published some 
 eighteen years after the completion of the former work. It is 
 more voluminous, less interesting, but not less valuable than its 
 predecessor. Divided into nineteen books, it covers the whole 
 period from the Creation to the outbreak of the Roman wars. 
 
 The works of Josephus, as a whole, therefore, cover the entire 
 history of the nation to the fall of Jerusalem. As an authority, 
 they have undoubted value, though they are probably less accu- 
 rate than they would have been if the author, at the time of writ- 
 ing, could have had access to the Jewish records at Jerusalem. 
 
 Milman, Henry Hart.— The History of the Jews, from the Earli- 
 est Period down to Modern Times. Reprinted from the newly 
 revised and corrected London edition. 3 vols., 12mo, New 
 York, 1870. The first edition was published as early as 1829 ; 
 but the edition from which the American is a reprint contained 
 the author's careful revisions down to about 1859. 
 
 A popular presentation, making no pretence to equality with
 
 82 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the great work of Ewald, but striving to bring together into read- 
 able form the results reached by the best scholarship of the day. 
 It is written in the author's well-known style, which is remarkable 
 for the smooth-flowing stream of its continuous narrative. 
 
 The work is a civil and military, rather than a theological, his- 
 tory of the Jews. The author subjects Jewish history to the same 
 canons of criticism as those to which all other histories should 
 be subject. He plants himself on Paley's ground, and does not 
 accept what is commonly known as plenary inspiration of the Old 
 Testament. Beyond " the things necessary to salvation," he con- 
 ceives that " all, not only in science, but also in history, is an open 
 field." This position awakened much opposition among Mil- 
 man's fellow-churchmen ; but it was a position which, to the au- 
 thor's credit, he never abandoned. 
 
 Rawlinson, George. — The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient 
 Eastern World ; or. The History, Geography, and Antiquities 
 of Chalda^a, Assyria, Babylon, Media, and Persia. Collected 
 and Illustrated from Ancient and Modern Sources. With Maps 
 and 650 Wood-cuts. 4 vols., 8vo, London, 1862-67. A new 
 and revised edition was published in 3 vols., Svo, 1878. 
 
 A book of conspicuous merits and serious faults. The author 
 has unquestionably been a very industrious student, and lias 
 availed liimself of the most easily accessible materials. But he 
 has not much gift for the skilful grouping of details, and has very 
 little descriptive power. He attaches great importance to the 
 Scriptures as historical authority, but does not show that he is well 
 versed in the results of recent Biblical interpretation. In many 
 parts of the work he wearies the reader with needless details, and 
 the book is not without frequent and obvious mistakes. But in 
 spite of these faults, some, but not all, of which have been re- 
 moved by revision, the work has unmistakable merits. It is a 
 reservoir of an enormous number of facts, and it gives a picture, 
 doubtless generally correct, of the peculiar but Avonderful civiliza- 
 tion that existed in the valley of the iMiphratcs. The illustrations 
 appear to be well chosen, and are admirably executed.
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. 83 
 
 Rawlinson, George. — The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy ; or, The 
 Geography, History, and Antiquities of Parthia. Collected and 
 Illustrated from Ancient and Modern Sources. 8vo, London, 
 1873. 
 
 A continuation of the " Five Great Monarchies," with the same 
 general characteristics. Its value is in its delineation of a country 
 that was brought into notice by its long-continued opposition to 
 Roman encroachments. The book, therefore, has to do, in great 
 part, Avith the establishment of Roman domination in the East. 
 
 Rawlinson, George. — The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy ; or, 
 The Geography, History, and Antiquity of the Sassanian or 
 New Persian Empire. 8vo, London, 1876. 
 
 A further product of the author's studies of Western Asia. 
 The work embraces the period from the third to the seventh 
 century. The author has succeeded in placing himself at an Ori- 
 ental point of view, has had access to numerous Arabian sources 
 of information, and has received the assistance of many Oriental 
 scholars. The book, however, has the same defects as Rawlin 
 son's other works. 
 
 Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. — Lectures on the History of the Jewish 
 Church. Part I. Abraliam to Samuel. Part II. From Samuel to 
 the Captivity. Part III. From the Captivity to the Christian Era. 
 New edition. 3 vols., small 8vo, London and New York, 1884. 
 
 These volumes embody the substance of lectures delivered in 
 the chair of ecclesiastical history at Oxford. The work is a pop- 
 ular presentation of the results reached by modern scholarship. 
 It makes no claim to the merits of original research. While the 
 author has used the results of labors like those of Ewald, he has 
 fully acknowledged his indebtedness. The peculiar merits of the 
 book, therefore, are not the merits of an original authority ; but 
 ratber those of an unusually attractive presentation. Clearness, 
 grace, and fluency of style are most noteworthy characteristics o-f 
 these admirable and unusually attractive volumes.
 
 84 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Wilkinson, Sir J. Gardner. — The Manners and Customs of the 
 Ancient Egyptians, including their Private Life, Government, 
 Laws, Arts, Manufactures, Religion, and Early History, derived 
 from a Comparison of Monuments still existing, with an Account 
 of Ancient Authors. Illustrated by numerous engravings. A 
 new edition, revised and corrected by Samuel Birch. 3 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1878. 
 
 Ever since the first appearance of this work, in 1837, it has 
 been recognized as having a classical value. The author was 
 a patient and conscientious scholar and a good draughtsman ; and 
 for these reasons, notwithstanding the great advances of Oriental 
 scholarship, the importance of his volume has not materially di- 
 minished. The modern editor, Dr. Birch, is a prominent Egyptolo- 
 gist, and be has greatly improved the work by correcting those 
 portions which recent scholarship has shown to be defective. 
 
 The author's chronology has generally been regarded as having 
 very little value ; indeed, in the opinion of most scholars, it is 
 hopelessly wrong. But the work, in spite of some defects of this 
 nature, is of so much importance that no student of ancient Egypt 
 can afford to neglect it. As a representation of the manners and 
 customs of the Egyptians, it has no superior. 
 
 III. HISTOKIES OF CIVILIZATION AND PEOGEESS. 
 
 Clarke, James Freeman. — Ten Great Religions; an Essay in 
 Comparative Theology. 12mo, Boston, 1871. 
 
 An attractive and scholarly account of the most important re- 
 ligious systems that have appeared. The volume describes Con- 
 fucianism, Brahminism, Buddhism, the Religion of Zoroaster, 
 the Religious System of Greece, the Religious System of Rome, 
 the Teutonic and Scandinavian Religions, the Religion of the 
 Jews, and the Religion of Mohammed and Islam. The volume 
 closes with an Essay on the Relations of the Ten Religions to 
 Christianity. 
 
 Cox, George W. — The Mythology of the Aryan Nations. New 
 and revised edition, 2 vols., Bvo, London, 1870.
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. 85 
 
 A book that no one who pretends to speak with the sliglitest 
 authority on the subject of general mythology can afford to neg- 
 lect. Tlie author adopts, in the main, the theories first promul- 
 gated by 3'rofessor Max Miiller, and, by elaborating them, sliows 
 that the epic poems of the Aryan nations are simply different ver- 
 sions of the same story, and that this story had its origin in the 
 phenomena of the natural world. He shows that the mythology 
 of the Vedic and of the Homeric poems contains the germs of 
 almost all the stories of the Seandinavian, Teutonic, and Celtic 
 folk-lore. This common stock of materials has been shaped into 
 an infinite variety of forms by the story-tellers of ancient and 
 modern times. 
 
 The first book is devoted to a consideration of the origin, de- 
 velopment, and diffusion of myths in general. The second aims 
 to show that the ethereal heavens, the light, the fire, the winds, 
 the waters, the clouds, the earth, the underworld, and the dark- 
 ness are the origin of those impersonations which first took shape 
 in Greece, and have since been disseminated in modified form in 
 all modern literature. 
 
 In a very rare degree the author unites learning and literary 
 capability. The style of the writer does very much to make the 
 work entertaininof. 
 
 Dollinger, J. J. — The Gentile and the Jew in the Courts of the 
 Temple of Christ. An Introduction to the History of Chris- 
 tianity. Translated from the German by A. Darnell. 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1862. 
 
 An authority entitled to very high consideration on the part of 
 the student. It is probably the ablest and most trustworthy sur- 
 vey of the religions of the ancients. The volumes are in every 
 way admirable and scholarly, and worthy of the author's gTeat 
 reputation. The beliefs held by the ancient Oriental nations are 
 passed in review, and the decaying condition of all religious be- 
 liefs at the time of the advent of Christ is made very obvious. 
 
 Lubbock, Sir John.— Prehistoric Times, as Illustrated by Ancient
 
 86 HISTORICAL LITERzYTURE, 
 
 Ilemains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages. 
 Fourth edition, 8vo, London and New York, 1878. 
 
 This is, perliaps, the best summary of the evidence now in our 
 possession concerning the general character of Prehistoric Times. 
 " The Bronze Age," " The Stone Age," " The Tumuli," " The 
 Lake Inhabitants of Switzerland," " The Shell Mounds," " The 
 Cave Men," and " The Antiquity of Man " are the titles of the 
 most important chapters. The work may be regarded as intro- 
 ductory to the same author's " Origin of Civilization." 
 
 Lubbock, Sir John. — The Origin of Civilization, and the Primi- 
 tive Condition of Man. Menial and Social Condition of Sav- 
 ages. Fourth edition, 8vo, London and New York, 1881. 
 
 The spirit and purpose of this work are not unlike those of 
 Tylor, as shown in that author's " Early History of Mankind." Of 
 especial interest is the portion relating to the state of existing 
 inferior races, and to the mental and social condition of savage 
 tribes. The most important part of the volume is grouped under 
 the heads " Art and Ornaments," " Marriage and Relationship," 
 " Religious Character and Morals," " Language and Laws." 
 
 McLennan, John Ferguson. — Studies in Ancient History. Com- 
 prising a Reprint of Primitive Marriage ; an Inquiry into the 
 Origin of the Form of Capture in Marriage Ceremonies. New 
 edition, 8vo, London, 1880. 
 
 A book of extensive and curious learning. It throws much 
 light on the habits of early society and the beginnings of civil- 
 ization. It has to deal with a limited subject ; but a thorough 
 investigation of that subject has revealed many most interesting 
 characteristics of primitive life. It is not merely a collection of 
 facts, but it abounds in generalizations and opinions of the most 
 scholarly and interesting character.
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. 87 
 
 Maine, Sir Henry Sumner. — Ancient Law. Its Connection with 
 the Early History of Society, and its Relation to Modern Ideas. 
 With an Introduction by Theodore W. Dvviglit. Third Amer- 
 ican, from Fifth London Edition. 8vo, London and New York, 
 1877. Ninth edition, London, 1883. 
 
 Probably no more accurate and profound researches and gener- 
 alizations in the field of jurisprudence have ever been made than 
 those incorporated in this volume. The object of Sir Henry 
 Maine has been " to indicate some of the earliest ideas of man- 
 kind as they are reflected in Ancient Law, and to point out the re- 
 lation of those ideas to modern thought." The work consists of 
 ten chapters, the first four of which are devoted to the philosophy 
 of legal history ; the remaining six to an account of the origin 
 and progress of the most important rules in legal science. 
 
 The most distinguishing merit of the work is in the great abil- 
 ity and learning of those generalizations by which the author 
 shows " the steady progress of mankind from an age of formali- 
 ties and ceremonies to an era of simplicity and symmetrical de- 
 velopment." He demonstrates the continuity of the human race, 
 and, as Professor Dwight has happily remarked, permits us " to 
 feel nearly every link of the chain which binds the men of our 
 day to the nations of the remotest antiquity." It is a book not 
 for novices, but for the most schohirlv and advanced students. 
 
 Maine, Sir Henry Sumner. — Lectures on the Early History of 
 Institutions. 8vo, London and New York, 1875. 
 
 A work properly to be regarded as supplementary to the same 
 author's volume on Ancient Law. The lectures are of especial 
 interest to the student of early legal forms and methods. The 
 subject which to most students will be newest, and perhaps most 
 interesting, is a description of the native institution of Ireland 
 known as the Brehon Law. At the close of Chapter HI. is an in- 
 teresting account of the author's view of the early organization of 
 an Irish tribe. 
 
 Maine, Sir Henry Sumner. — Village Communities in the East
 
 88 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 and "West. Six Lectures delivered at Oxford. 8vo, London, 
 1871; New York, 1876. 
 
 For tlie general student this is one of the most valuable, and 
 quite the most interesting, of Sir Henry Maine's works. It is not 
 onlv written in the judicious spirit always characteristic of the 
 author, but it is also the fruit of special study and observation. 
 The author has availed himself of the profound and minute re- 
 searches of Von Maurer, and has turned to good account his own 
 extensive observations and studies in India. 
 
 Among the most interesting and valuable chapters are those on 
 " The Process of Feudalism " and " The Early History of Price 
 and Kent." That on Feudalism is especially 'to be commended. 
 
 Morgan, Lewis H. — Ancient Society ; or. Researches into the 
 Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism 
 to Civilization. 8vo, London and New York, 1877. 
 
 The most important work of one of the most distinguished 
 American ethnologists. The book is divided into four general 
 parts — " The Growth of Intelligence through Inventions and Dis- 
 coveries," "The Growth of the Idea of Government," "The 
 Growth of the Idea of Family," and " The Growth of the Idea of 
 Property." The author is in hearty sympathy with the theory 
 that the human race has ascended from very primitive beginnings, 
 rather than descended from a condition of superior morality and 
 intelligence. 
 
 Tylor, Edward B. — Researches into the Early History of Mankind 
 and the Development of Civilization. 8vo, London and New 
 York, 1805. 
 
 This was the first very important contribution of Mr. Tylor to 
 the literature of a subject which liis subsequent writings have 
 done so much to enrich. It is an introductory, but a valuable, 
 survey of a field which is much more fully explored in the au- 
 thor's later work on "Primitive Culture." All of his books are 
 of great importance, though this is somewhat less important than 
 the later work.
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. gg 
 
 Tylor, Edward B. — Primitive Culture : Researcbes into the De- 
 velopment of Mytliology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Cus- 
 tom. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1871. 
 
 Of the numerous recent explorers in the earliest records and 
 history of the race, Tylor has unquestionably been one of the most 
 successful. His productions are clear in style, rich in learning, 
 and methodical in arrangement. The doctrine of the survival of 
 culture, the bearing of the use of directly expressive language 
 and of the invention of numerals on the advancement of early 
 civilization, the place of myth in the early history of the human 
 mind, the development of the animistic philosophy of religion, 
 and the origin of rites and ceremonies are some of the subjects 
 that receive treatment at his hands. 
 
 It is not altogether fortunate that the least attractive part of 
 these volumes is the first. The most interesting, and probably 
 the most valuable, portion of the work is that on Animism, or the 
 doctrine of spiritual existence. 
 
 Wallou, Henri Alexandre. — Histoire de I'Esclavage dans I'Anti- 
 quite. 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1847-48 ; 2® ed. corrigee, 3 vols., 8vo, 
 Paris, 1879. 
 
 The author has for many years maintained a high and respon- 
 sible position among the literary men of France, As professor of 
 history in the Sorbonne, he was one of the colleagues of Guizot ; 
 and more recently, as Minister of Public Instruction, he has had 
 direction of the reorganization of the French school system under 
 the republic. 
 
 The "History of Slavery" was crowned by the Institute soon 
 after its publication ; and not much later, it came everywhere to be 
 recognized as a work of much learning as well as of conspicuous 
 ability and good judgment. It is the object of the work to trace 
 the growth of slavery in the several nations of antiquity, to show 
 its characteristics and methods, and the causes of its decline. Its 
 abolition the author attributes chiefly to the influence of Chris- 
 tianity, On the subject of which it treats it has neither equal 
 nor rival.
 
 90 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 1. A valuable brief survey of Oriental history may be made by 
 reading either Lenormant and Chevalier's or Smith's " History of 
 the East." The former is founded on more thorough personal 
 knowledge ; the latter is more skilfully written. By way of en- 
 livenment, Rawlinson's edition of Herodotus may be found valua- 
 ble, though it should always be read with the recollection that it 
 is partly history and partly fable. Wheeler's " Life and Travels 
 of Herodotus" is a good book, and, without being strictly histor- 
 ical, is designed to take the reader into the life and stir of the 
 countries visited by Herodotus. Brugsch Bey's " Egypt " will in- 
 terest and instruct. 
 
 2. For a longer course, either Duncker's " History of Antiquity " 
 or the three published volumes of Smith's "History of the World " 
 may be read. Heercn traces with freshness and spirit the politics, 
 intercourse, and trade of the ancient Asiatic nations. Rawlinson's 
 *' Five Monarchies " may be consulted, and selected chapters read. 
 Valuable information may be gained on the same subject from 
 the JVorth British Revieio for January, 1870, and from the Edin- 
 hurcjk Review for January, 1870. On the civilization of the na- 
 tions in the valley of the Euphrates, the works of George Smith 
 are of the first importance. Baldwin's " Prehistoric Nations " was 
 written to prove that the Phoenicians, Chaldajans, and Egyptians 
 were descended from the Cushites of Arabia. On the early civ- 
 ilization of Egypt, Wilkinson and Brugsch Bey are the best au- 
 thorities. Egyptian life and manners are portrayed in the novels 
 of George Ebers, an author who is not merely an entertaining 
 writer of fiction, but also an eminent Egyptologist. 
 
 3. Works on the early civilization of mankind have recently 
 become numerous and important. Evidence concerning prehis- 
 toric man has been summarized in Figuier's " I'rimitivc Man " and 
 in Ly ell's "Antiquity of Man." Lubbock, in his " Prehistoric 
 Times" and in liis "Origin of Civilization," aims to show that 
 civilization lias arisen from original barbarism, and that barbarism 
 is not the result of degeneration. This view is also taken by 
 Tylor in his " J'rimitive Culture" and in his "Early History of 
 Mankind." Whatcly, in his "Origin of Civilization," takes the
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. gj 
 
 opposite view, as docs also Argyll in his " Primeval Man." Win- 
 ehell's " Preadamites " aims to show not so much the great an- 
 tiquity of man as that the human family was divided into dis- 
 tinct races at a period much earlier than has usually been sup- 
 posed. Morgan's " Ancient Society " is a very scholarly effort to 
 trace the lines of human progress from savage life through bar- 
 barism up to civilization. McLennan's " Primitive Marriage" 
 treats, in an interesting manner, of early domestic ceremonies and 
 relations. Coulanges's " Ancient City " throws a flood of light on 
 the organization of early society, but the Avork pertains chiefly to 
 the earliest history of Greece and Rome. Maine's " Ancient 
 Law," and the same author's " Early History of Institutions," are 
 of the highest value in showing the origin of many modern cus- 
 toms. The series of volumes edited by Dr. Birch entitled " Rec- 
 ords of the Past " are worthy of examination in a study of early 
 Oriental history. 
 
 For a more careful study of Oriental history, the following 
 works may be used with advantage : George Smith's " Assyria 
 from the Earliest Times to the Fall of Nineveh ;" the same au- 
 thor's "History of Babylonia," Birch's "History of Egypt from 
 the Earliest Times to B.C. 300," AV. S. W. Vaux's "Persia from 
 the Earliest Period to the Arab Conquest," Gaston Maspero's 
 " Histoire ancienne des Peuples de I'Orient," J. A. de Gobineau's 
 " Histoire des Perses d'apres les MSS. orientaux inedits," Joachim 
 Menant's " Annales des Rois d'Assyrie traduites et miscs en 
 ordre sur le text assyrien," Jules Oppert's "Histoire des Empires 
 de Chaldee et d'Assyrie," and George Rawlinson's " History of 
 Ancient Egypt." 
 
 Recent works of importance : Professor Daniel Wilson's " Pre- 
 historic Man" was enlarged and improved in the third edition 
 (2 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1876). C. F. Keary's " The 
 Dawn of History. An Introduction to Prehistoric Study " (l2mo, 
 London and New York, n. d.) is a work of unquestionable merit. 
 
 E. Ledrain's "L'Histoire d'Israel, avec une appendice par Jules 
 Oppert" (2 vols., 8vo and 12mo, Paris) brings the history to the 
 revolt in the time of Adrien, A.D. 135, and is one of the best of 
 historical manuals. The "Transactions of the Society of Bib- 
 lical Archaeology," of which the first seven volumes, Svo, have
 
 92 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 been published, arc of the first importance. Ignatz Goldziber's 
 " Mythology among the Hebrews and its Historical Develop- 
 ment," translated by Russel Martineaii (8vo, London, 1877). Er- 
 nest Renan's " Histoire du Penple d'Israel," of which the first 
 volume appeared in 1887, is to be in five volumes, and is designed 
 to form an introduction to the same author's " History of Chris- 
 tianity." Vol. I. brings the narrative to the establishment of Je- 
 rusalem as the capital of King David. 
 
 Pertaining to other peoples in the Orient the following works 
 may be noted : George Rawlinson's " Egypt and Babylon from 
 Scriptures and Profane Sources" (8vo, London, 1885), Jules Op- 
 pert's " Histoire des Empires de Chaldee et d'Assyrie d'apres les 
 monuments, depuis I'etablisseraent definitif des Semites en Meso- 
 potamie jusqu'aux Sehicides, B.C. 2000-A.D. 150" (8vo, Paris, 
 1866), Van den Berg's "Petite Histoire ancienne des Peuples de 
 rOrient " (12mo, 3d ed., Paris, 1883) is prepared with great care 
 from recently discovered sources. W. C. Taylor's " Student's Man- 
 ual of Ancient History" (crown 8vo, London, 1882) is a good 
 presentation of the political history and social state of the prin- 
 cipal nations of antiquity. Delattre's " Le Peuple et I'Empire des 
 Medes" (4to, Bruxelles, 1883) makes use of all recent researches 
 and inscriptions, and was crowned for its excellence by the Bel- 
 gian Royal Academy. Vaux's " Persia from the Earliest Period 
 to the Arab Conquest" (12mo, London, 1875) continues to be 
 the best sketch in English, though the most important authority 
 on Persian history is J. A. de Gobineau's " Histoire des Perses 
 d'apres les auteurs orientaux, grecs, et latins et particuliercment 
 d'apres les monuments orientaux inedits, etc." (8 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1869). The works of George Smith — " The History of Babylon, 
 edited by A. IL Sayce," " Assyria, from the Earliest Times to tlic 
 Fall of Nineveh," and "Assyrian Discoveries during 1873-74" 
 (7th ed., 3 vols., 12mo, London, 1883) — are the work of a very 
 superior scholar. Lenormant's " Histoire ancienne de I'Orient 
 jusqu'aux guerrcs mediques, continue par Ernest Babelon " (9th 
 ed., 4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1881-85) is a work of the first importance. 
 Vol. L is devoted to races and languages; Vol. H. to the Egyp- 
 tians; Vol. in. to the civilization, customs, and monuments of 
 the Egy[)liaus ; Vol. IV. to the Assyrians and Cliald.^ans. G. 
 Ebcrs's "yEgypten in Bild uud Wort" (2 vols., 4to, Stuttgart,
 
 HISTORIES OF ANTIQUITY. 93 
 
 1879-80), L. Menard's " llistoire des anciennes Pcuples de I'Ori- 
 ent" (12mo, Paris, 1882). Ptagozin's "The Story of Chaldiea" 
 (12rao, New York, 1887) is an excellent little volume in the 
 " Story of the Nations Series." 
 
 Of the general histories of antiquity Diincker's not only con- 
 tinues to be the best, but has greatly increased in reputation as 
 time has advanced. Six volumes of an English translation (8vo, 
 London) have already appeared. Perrot et Chipiez's "L'Histoirc 
 dc I'Art dans Antiquite," of which Vol. IV., 4to, appeared in 1886, 
 is the most important and elaborate work on the subject of an- 
 cient art. L'Amiral Serre's " Les Marines de Guerre de I'Anti- 
 quite et du Moyen Age" (8vo, Paris, 1886) is the most valuable 
 work on naval affairs and methods with the ancients, Dahn's 
 " Urgeschichte der Griechisclien und Eomanischen Vcilker" is of 
 much geographical and ethnological importance. Falke's " Hellas 
 und Rom ; cine Culturgeschichte des Classischen Alterthums " 
 (folio, Stuttgart, 1878-80) is illustrated with numerous engrav- 
 ings of exceptional interest and value.
 
 94 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Chapter TV. 
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Cox, George W.— A General History of Greece from the Earliest 
 Period to the Death of Alexander the Great. With a Sketch 
 of the Subsequent History to the Present Time. 12mo, Lon- 
 don and New York, 1876. New edition, 8vo, London, 1S83. 
 
 One of the best of the smaller histories of Greece. The style 
 is unusually attractive, and the book is well supplied with maps 
 and tables. The volume is somewhat better adapted to the wants 
 of a general reader than to those of a special student. Perhaps 
 the most striking peculiarity of the work is the importance the 
 author attaches to mythology as a key to the characteristics of 
 early civilization. With the mythology of the Greeks as a guide, 
 he is confident that he can trace the sources of Grecian culture 
 to the earliest Aryan civilization. He even goes so far as to be- 
 lieve he can detect the circumstances Avhich led the lonians to 
 soften the cxclusiveness of ancient society, and the Dorians to 
 keep it alive. In these theories he follows Curtius and rejects 
 Grote. 
 
 Cox, George W. — A History of Greece. Vols. i. and ii., Svo, Lon- 
 don, 1874; new edition, 1879. 
 
 These volumes treat of the history of Greece to tlie end of the 
 Peloponnesian war. The author announces liis intention to carry 
 the narrative in the third and fourth volumes down to the revolu- 
 tion that ended in the reign of King Otho, 
 
 Tiic work lias the merit of being written with rare literary
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 
 
 95 
 
 skill, but it can liardly claim to be founded on any such thorougli 
 Greek scholarship as that which characterizes the histories of 
 Grote, Curtius, and Thirlwall. On the contrary, it follows, for 
 the most part, the investigations of previous laborers in the same 
 field. The author attaches little importance to traditions, regard- 
 ing them generally as solar myths or etymological legends. He 
 therefore indulges in no confident portrayal of early Greek life. 
 
 Of all the histories of Greece, it is perhaps the one best calcu- 
 lated to interest the general reader. It is Grecian history made 
 easy through the charm of a delightful style. Though it lacks 
 the qualities of originality that give to the works of Curtius and 
 Grote their importance, it has the advantage of a greatly superior 
 literary workmanship. 
 
 Curtiu?; Ernst. — The History of Greece. Translated by A. AY. 
 Ward. 5 vols., 12mo, London and New York, 1871-74. The 
 Gth German cd., of which vol. I. appeared in 1887, is improved 
 and enlarged. 
 
 The author is probably more familiar with the climate, re- 
 sources, and physical characteristics of Greece than is any other 
 writer on Grecian history. As an archfeological and historical 
 investigator, he travelled over and examined all parts of the Greek 
 peninsula. With classical literature he is also very familiar; and 
 he seems to have a special gift for the work of interpreting it. 
 These qualifications doubtless go far towards justifying a manner 
 of treating the subject which in a scholar of less general and 
 special information would have been very unsatisfactory. With- 
 out taking the time and space to indicate his authorities, the 
 author contents himself with advancing his theories and indicat- 
 ing his conclusions. As he differs on many points from the high 
 authority of Grote, it would afford great satisfaction to the care- 
 ful student of Greek history to see the reasons for the author's 
 views. This absence of all references to authorities is the most 
 unsatisfactory feature of the work, though the explanation is that 
 the volumes were not so much intended for the use of scholars as 
 for the use of general readers. 
 
 In his treatment of political questions the author resembles 
 Thirlwall and Mitford more nearly than he resembles Grote. His 
 sympathies arc monarchical, and, therefore, he attaches far less
 
 96 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 importance than does Grote to the characteristics of self-govern- 
 ment as an inspiring- influence. He also differs from Grote in re- 
 gard to the origin and movements of the early Hellenic races. 
 Former historians have found no connecting thread till after the 
 Dorian migrations. But Curtius, taking the myths as the foun- 
 dation, and bringing to his assistance the results of modern philo- 
 logical research, has built up a theory which he puts forward with 
 considerable confidence. He even goes so far as to describe the 
 manner in which, as he believes, the ancestors of the lonians sep- 
 arated from the ancestors of the Dorians. The author's views, 
 however, are accepted by very few scholars, and are not in accord 
 with the most recent philological theories. 
 
 Felton, C. C. — Greece, Ancient and Modern. Lectures delivered 
 
 before the Lowell Institute. 2 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1867; also 
 in 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1880. 
 
 These entertaining volumes consist of four courses of lectures, 
 prepared for audiences of the cultivated people of Boston. The 
 first course was entitled " The Greek Language and Poetry ;" the 
 second, " The Life of Greece ;" the third, " The Constitutions and 
 Orators of Greece ;" and the fourth, " Modern Greece." 
 
 For the purposes of a general student who would get an insight 
 into the activities of Greek life and culture, these volumes are of 
 the first importance. The lectures not only give the results of 
 an ardent enthusiasm and a thorough scholarship, but they also 
 present their results with rare literary art. On the whole, they 
 give to the general reader perhaps the most satisfactory picture 
 of Greece we yet have. The object of the author was not criti- 
 cal intpiiry, but a popular presentation of the subject. 
 
 On some points modern scholarship has somewhat changed its 
 position since these lectures were prepared. For example, on the 
 subject of the unity of Homer the author did not hesitate to say, 
 " No person of common-sense would ever suspect while reading the 
 Iliad or Odyssey a want of unity, coherence, or completeness." 
 But, in spite of an occasional extravagance of this sort, the au- 
 thor's judgments are generally trustworthy, and his opinions arc 
 entitled to the highest respect.
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 97 
 
 Grote, George. — History of Greece. 12 vols., 12mo, New York, 
 1851-50. Tlie American reprint of this great work embodies 
 the important revisions prepared by the author for the second 
 London edition. Tiie changes in the third and fourth editions 
 were of very slight importance, though the best London edition 
 is the fourth, that of 1872, in 10 vols., Svo. 
 
 No one of the great historical works produced in the course of 
 this century has received more general or more hearty commen- 
 dation than has the work of Grote. It possesses nearly every 
 quality of an historical work of the very highest order of meiit. 
 In extent of learning, in variety of research, in power of combina- 
 tion, in familiarity with the byways as well as the higbways of 
 Grecian literature, it leaves nothing whatever to be desired. Al- 
 most the only regret one feels in making use of this noble work 
 is that the author never acquired a mastery of an easy, correct, 
 and graceful English style. His sentences are often involved and 
 awkward, and sometimes obscure and ungrammatical. This, to 
 be sure, is a small drawback, when placed in comparison with the 
 great merits of the work ; but it is sufficient to drive many read- 
 ers from its pages. 
 
 The work may with some propriety be called a constitutional 
 history. The author was a decided Liberal in politics ; and in his 
 work he exerts a manifest effort to counteract the influence of 
 such historians as Mitford. One of the obvious motives of Grote 
 was to display the inspiring influence of political freedom on the 
 actions of human intelligence. In dealing with Athenian politi- 
 cal affairs, as distinguished from the affairs of other Grecian states, 
 he had the amplest of opportunities. 
 
 Like the chapters of Gibbon, each of this author's chapters is 
 in some sense a monograph complete in itself. And some of 
 these chapters are among the most admirable specimens of histor- 
 ical work ever produced. The last volume closes with the loss of 
 Athenian liberty under Macedonian rule, at the period when the 
 history of Greece became merged in the history of surrounding 
 nations. For accounts of the Achaian League, therefore, the stu- 
 dent must rely on other authorities. 
 
 Mitford, William. — The History of Greece, from the Earliest Ac- 
 
 7
 
 98 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 counts to the Death of Philip, King of Macedon. No edition 
 before the seventh is to be recommended ; as for that edition — 
 8 vols,, 8vo, London, 1838 — the work was thoroughly revised 
 and greatly improved. 
 
 As Grote's is the groat Liberal history of Greece, so this is the 
 great Tory history of the same country. Before the appearance 
 of Thirl wall, it was the history most often consulted. In the 
 use of terse and cogent English, Mitford was superior to his suc- 
 cessors. He could praise tyrants and abuse liberty in a manner 
 that was sure to interest his readers ; and even his constant par- 
 tialities and frequent exhibitions of anger give flavor to his narra- 
 tion. He hated the popular party of Athens, as he hated the 
 Whigs of England. These characteristics give spirit to a book 
 which, with all its labor and learning, is merely a huge party 
 pamphlet. Though it has had much influence in England, it is 
 no longer of any considerable importance. 
 
 Smith, William. — A History of Greece, from the Earliest Times 
 to the Roman Conquest. With Supplementary Chapters on 
 the History of Literature and Art. 12mo, New York; 8vo, 
 Boston, 18G5. The Boston edition contains a chapter on Mod- 
 ern Greece that adds somewhat to the value of the work. In 
 the carefulness of its editing and proof-reading it is also su- 
 perior. 
 
 First published in 1854, this is still one of the best summaries 
 in our language of the ancient history of Greece for the use of 
 schools and colleges. It follows Grotc as an authority, many of 
 its parts being chiefly an abridgment of that distinguished histo- 
 rian. To the general reader it will, perhaps, be found less inter- 
 esting than the work of Cox ; but its conclusions are probably 
 quite as trustworthy, and, on that account, its intrinsic merits 
 are somewhat greater. The maps and illustrations are good and 
 abundant. 
 
 Thirlwall, Bishop Connop. — The History of Greece. Several edi-
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 99 
 
 tions^ of whicli tlie best arc those of London, 1845-52, and 
 1855, 8 vols., 8vo, The American edition in 2 vols, is a re- 
 print of one of the earlier London editions. 
 
 A work which, as a whole, is not perhaps to be compared fa- 
 vorably with that of Grote, but which still has some points of 
 great advantage. It shows learning, sagacity, and candor ; but it 
 falls far short of Grote in that power of combination and gener- 
 alization which lias made the later work so justly famous. The 
 English of Thirlwall is superior to that of Grote, although the 
 style of neither of them is entitled to very high praise. 
 
 Thirlwall's sympathies are aristocratic rather than democratic — 
 the exact opposite of the sympathies of Grote. The books, there- 
 fore, may well be read at the same time, in order that conflicting 
 views may be compared and weighed. Another difference be- 
 tween the two works is that while Grote is especially strong on 
 the earlier liistory of Greece, Thirlwall is strong on the later his- 
 tory. Perhaps the best portion of Thirlwall's book is that which 
 relates to the age beginning with the period at which Grote ends. 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 Benjamin, S. G. W. — Troy, its Legend, History, and Literature. 
 With a Sketch of the Topography of the Troad in the Light 
 of Recent Investigation. With Map. 16mo, London and New 
 York, 1880. 
 
 This little volume is an attempt to tell the Trojan story in the 
 light of recent discoveries and explorations. The story is pleas- 
 antly narrated, and is perhaps as near the truth as any other ac- 
 count in our possession. As a preliminary, or as an accompani- 
 ment to the reading of the works of Homer, or of Dr. Schlie- 
 mann, the volume may be of some value. It must be remembered, 
 however, that it rests upon no very firm historical basis. 
 
 Mliller, C. 0. — The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race.
 
 100 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Translated from the German by Henry Tupnell and Geo. Corn- 
 wall Lewis. 2 vols., 8vo, Oxford, 1830. 
 
 On the appearance of this work it was greeted as one of the 
 most scholarly of modern time. It is still entitled to high praise, 
 though the archaeological studies of the past twenty-five years 
 have shown that some of the author's positions are untenable. 
 His theories concerning the early life of the Dorians are essen- 
 tially the opposite of those held by Curtius and, probably, by a 
 majority of modern scholars. The second volume is devoted to 
 the political institutions of the Dorians, and still retains its great 
 importance. The characteristics of the Spartan government and 
 society have nowhere been more satisfactorily presented, unless 
 it be in the recent work of Jannet. 
 
 Cox, George W. — The Greeks and the Persians. With Five 
 Colored Maps. 16mo, New York, 187G. 
 
 The design of this little volume is to give a history of that 
 great struggle between the despotism of the East and the free- 
 dom of the West, which came to an end in the final overthrow 
 of the Persians at Plataia and Mykale. The aim of the author is 
 to show how much of the history and traditions is trustwoi'thy, 
 rather than how much is to be set aside as untrue. It is a narra- 
 tive rather than a critical account, and is a clear exposition, not only 
 of the great conflict which it is the more especial object of the 
 volume to describe, but also of the political and military institu- 
 tions of the Persians and of the several Grecian states. The au- 
 thor's studies preliminary to his larger work had admirably fitted 
 him for the preparation of this. The style is clear and interest- 
 ing. The maps are admirable. 
 
 Cox, George W. — The Athenian p]mpirc. With Five Maps. 1 6mo, 
 New York, 1877. 
 
 An account of Greek history from the rebuilding of the walls 
 of Athens at the close of tlie Tcrsian invasions to the surrender
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 101 
 
 of the city at the end of the I'duponncsiiin war. The autlior 
 shows this period to have been one of struggle not only between 
 two cities, but also between two contending elements of society. 
 Opinions favorable to the extension of popular liberty were ar- 
 rayed against those desiring to establish the narrow and exclu- 
 sive power of an oligarchy. The success of Sparta is attributed 
 in great part to the fact that the Peloponnesians were powerfully 
 aided by members of the haughty Eupatrids in Athens. The 
 woi'k is a reproduction, in more popular form, of much of the 
 second volume of the author's larger history. 
 
 Herodotus. — A New English Version. Edited, with Notes and 
 Essays, Historical, Ethnographical, and Geographical, by Canon 
 Rawlinson, Sir H. Rawlinscn, and Sir J. G. Wilkinson. With 
 Maps and Wood-cuts. 4 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 
 1859. 
 
 This must be considered as by far the most valuable version of 
 the works of "The Father of History." The writings of the 
 author are illustrated by the editors from all the most recent 
 sources of information. Copious liistorical and ethnographical 
 results are embodied in the illustrative notes. The superior schol- 
 arship in Eastern history of Sir Henry Rawlinson and Sir J. G. 
 Wilkinson gives great impoi'tance to the essays furnished by these 
 gentlemen and published as an appendix. 
 
 The history of Herodotus was probably not written until near 
 the end of his life — it is certain that he had been collecting ma- 
 terials for it during many years. There was scarcely a city of 
 importance in Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Arabia, or 
 Egypt that he had not visited and studied; and almost every 
 page of his work contains results of his personal inquiries and 
 observations. He visited the sites of all the great battles between 
 the Greeks and Persians ; followed the line of Xerxcs's march ; 
 went to nearly all of the Greek islands ; visited the tribes on the 
 Black Sea; went to Babylon, Ecbatana, and Susa ; made excur- 
 sions into Arabia ; saw with his own eyes the wonders of Egypt ; 
 travelled as far south as Elephantine, and as far west as Cyrene.
 
 102 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The object of these extensive journeyings was to procure infor- 
 mation for his account of the struggles between the Greeks and 
 the Persians. It will be seen that he brought to Lis work certain 
 remarkable qualifications. His purpose was to sketch, in a man- 
 ner that would interest as well as instruct, the long struggle which 
 extended from the time of the first dispute in Asia Minor between 
 the colonists to the final repulse of the Persians and the perma- 
 nent establishment of Grecian authority. The history is a kind 
 of prose epic, into which the author has wrought, with remarkable 
 skill, the varied and interesting results of his inquiries and obser- 
 vations. It abounds in episodes and digressions ; but these arc 
 given in organic connection with the other parts in such a way 
 as not seriously to impair the unity of the whole. The work is 
 woven together in a style so charming as to give at least plausi- 
 bility to the story of Lucian that when the author, in his old 
 age, recited his history at Olympia, the youthful Thucydides was 
 moved to tears, and the assembled Greeks, in their enthusiasm, 
 gave to the books of the history the names of the nine muses. 
 
 As an authority, the work of Herodotus must be used Avith 
 discretion. Care must be taken to discriminate between what 
 came under the author's own observation and what he relates as 
 having been received from others. The stories related to liim 
 by priests are to be received as of little or no historical value. 
 But recent researches in the East have tended to confirm the au- 
 thority of the author in all matters that came under his personal 
 observation. Many things laughed at for centuries as impossible 
 arc now found to have been described in strict accordance with 
 truth. As a narrator of his own observations, he is now seen to 
 have been a model of truthfulness and accuracy. 
 
 Xenophon. — The Whole Works of. Translated by Ashley Coo- 
 per, Sptlman, Smith, Fielding, and others. Large 8vo, New 
 York, 1801. Also traiislatt'd'by J, S. Watson and II. Dale. 2 
 vols., crown 8vo, London and New York, 1857. Of these trans- 
 lations, the former is more complete and elegant; the latter 
 more literal and scholarly. 
 
 Xenophon is doubtless entitled to high praise as a writer of
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 103 
 
 simple, clear, and unaffected style. His numerous histories are 
 to be regarded as remarkable for their literary qualities, liowever, 
 rather than for their great historical merits. His mind was not 
 adapted to the deepest insight into political affairs, and therefore 
 liis worlv is not for a moment to be compared with that of Thu- 
 cydides. The " Anabasis " and the " Hellenica " are the works 
 of greatest importance from an historical and literary point of 
 view. The "Cyropaidia" is a political romance, of no historical 
 value whatever. The author's purpose in this, as in several of his 
 other works, seems to have been to represent what a state might 
 be, and ought to be, in contrast with the actual turbulent condi- 
 tion of Athens. It is evident that he preferred the aristocratical 
 institutions of Sparta to the more democratic methods of Attica. 
 Even the " Cyropaidia," though of no historical consequence, is of 
 some importance as showing the political opinions of an intelli- 
 gent observer. Throughout his works Xenophon shows that he 
 had no faith whatever in the extreme tendencies to absolute de- 
 mocracy that prevailed at Athens. 
 
 Thucydides.— The History of the Peloponnesian War. A New 
 and Literal Version, from the Text of Arnold, collated with 
 Bekker, GoUer, and Poppo, by the Rev. Henry Dale. Crown 
 8vo, London and New York, 1855. Also translated into Eng- 
 lish, with Introduction, Marginal Analysis, Notes, and Index, by 
 B. Jowett. 2 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1881. Of 
 Jowett's work the first volume contains the translation ; the 
 second, the Notes, Essays, and Dissertations. 
 
 By all critics in all ages this has been considered one of the 
 most remarkable pieces of historical composition ever produced. 
 It is no exaggeration to say that the author has given us a 
 more exact and a more complete history of a long and eventful 
 period than we have of any modern period of equal length and 
 importance. From beginning to end, the work shows the most 
 scrupulous care in the collection of facts, and the utmost exact- 
 ness in statements of chronology. Occasionally the author has a 
 chapter of political and moral observations, showing the keenest 
 perception and the deepest insight into human nature. He sel-
 
 104 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 dom pauses to make reflections in the course of his narrative. He 
 relates liis facts in the fewest possible words, without parade of 
 ornament or of personal impression. Some of the events he de- 
 scribes he himself witnessed, others he became acquainted with 
 throuo-h the most painstaking, and often difficult, investigations. 
 But throughout the whole work there is the moderation and self- 
 restraint that evinces a great mind and a lofty purpose. It is 
 said that Macaulay read the work oftener than any other histori- 
 cal production, and was accustomed to say that though he might 
 sometimes hope to rival any other work with which he was ac- 
 quainted, he could never hope to rival the seventh book of Thu- 
 cydides. 
 
 Plutarch's Lives. — Translated from the Original Greek, with 
 Notes, Historical and Critical, and a Life of Plutarch, by John 
 Lan^horne and William Langhorne. There are many editions, 
 one of the best being that of London, 6 vols., 8vo, 1819; re- 
 published in America in one large Bvo volume. The transla- 
 tion known as Drydcn's, though really made by other persons, 
 was, not long since, carefully revised and edited by Arthur 
 Hugh Clougii, and is, on the whole, preferable to Langhorne's 
 version. This edition is republished in Boston, 5 vols., Bvo, 
 1875; also in 1 vol., large 8vo. A new translation by Stewart 
 and Long appeared in 4 vols., 12mo, London, 1880-82. 
 
 This writer, one of the most celebrated of antiquity, lived in the 
 first century of our era. The work that has immortalized his 
 name, and made him a favorite with wise men and promising 
 youth, is the lives of forty-six Greeks and Romans. These lives 
 lie wrote in pairs, portraying one Greek and one Roman, and then 
 drawing a comparison between them. 
 
 The author has often been criticised for his peculiarities of 
 style, for some mistakes in antiquities, and for an apparent par- 
 tiality for the Greeks, But whatever criticisms of a minor nature 
 may be made, it is still true that I'lutarch's Lives are among the 
 most delightful sketches ever written. As an ultimate and con- 
 clusive authority they cannot be accepted. But they arc able to 
 inspire, to charm, and to instruct. They take the reader into the 
 li(n)ic, stir of Roman and (Grecian life. They do more than that; 
 they raise the (inn'k and Roman heroes from the dead, and clothe 
 them again with flesh and blood.
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE- 
 
 105 
 
 Lloyd, William Watkiss. — The Ag-e of Pericles, A History of 
 the Politics and Arts of Greece, from the Persian to the Pelo- 
 ponnesian War. 2 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1875. 
 
 A work that endeavors to give a broader view of Greek life and 
 culture than had before been given by any English author.. It 
 aims to represent the Greek mind, not only in its political, but 
 also in its artistic activity. The nature of the book may be cor- 
 rectly inferred from the following titles of chapters : " Athenian 
 Democracy as Administered by Pericles ;" " Poetry, Lyric and 
 Dramatic, in the Age of Thcmistocles ;" " Painting, Rudimentary 
 and Advanced ;" " Music in the Age of Pericles." To this breadth 
 of method the author has brought thoughtful and scholarly re- 
 search, and a judgment usually sound. Unfortunately, the merits 
 of the book are in some measure counterbalanced by one serious 
 drawback. The author does not add to the abundance of his 
 good and strong qualities the graces of a literary artist. In his 
 preface he gives expression to his contempt for " writers only on 
 the lookout for opportunities to be smart, in the first place, and, 
 in the second, picturesque ;" and this clause, l)oth by its sentiment 
 and by its awliward method, conveys a correct intimation of the 
 author's entire lack of appreciation of a good English style. His 
 modes of expression are so awkward that the reader often finds 
 his attention put to a severe strain to understand liis meaning. 
 Long sentences sometimes appear to have been transferred from 
 the German almost without transposing a single word. This very 
 serious drawback must limit the use of what is, nevertheless, a 
 very useful and excellent book. 
 
 Schafer, Arnold. — Demosthenes und seine Zeit, Zweite revidirte 
 Ausgabe. 2 vols., Svo, Leipzig, 1885-86. 
 
 A very scholarly work, that gives an admirable representation of 
 the state of Grecian affairs at the time of the decline of Athenian 
 independence and the establishment of Macedonian ascendency. 
 The book, on its publication, immediately took rank among works 
 of the first importance on Grecian history, and tinje has not dimin- 
 ished its reputation. The great part played by the greatest of
 
 106 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 orators lias nowhere else been so well described. Another valua- 
 ble feature of the work is the representation it gives of the fatal 
 malady of the Greeks : namely, the jealousies of the several states, 
 and the impossibility of uniting them, even for the purposes of 
 defence. 
 
 Curteis, Arthur M. — Rise of the Macedonian Empire. With 
 Eight Maps. 16mo, New York, 1878. 
 
 A rapid but a clear and graphic picture of Macedonian power 
 from its earliest development to the death of Alexander the Great. 
 The special quality of the book is to be found in its judicious 
 omission of encumbering details and its agreeable admixture of 
 narrative and comment. While it is a book of facts, it is also a 
 book of ideas. The most important events are described in such 
 a way as to convey a clear impression of their peculiar signifi- 
 cance and importance. At the beginning is a short but sugges- 
 tive cliapter on the influence of geographical peculiarities on 
 the character of Grecian history. It is by far the best short 
 history of Alexander we have. 
 
 Droysen, Joh. Gust. — Geschichte des Hellenism us. Erster Theil : 
 Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen. Zweitcr Theil : Geschichte 
 der Diadochen. Dritter Theil : Geschichte der Epignotcn. 
 Zweite Auflage. 6 vols., Svo, Gotha, 1877-78. The second 
 edition contains corrections and additions of great importance. 
 
 The first edition of this work was published as early as 1836, 
 and (li<l much to establish that rcj)utation which the author has 
 now for many years enjoyed. Its importance was at once uni- 
 versally acknowledged. Thougli it was the production of a very 
 young scholar, it was seen to be the best history of the period of 
 Alexander tlie (ireat. 
 
 The first two volumes describe the growth of Macedonian pow- 
 er up to the time of the death of Alexander. Tliis is perhaps 
 the most important portion of the work; but the remaining vol-
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 107 
 
 umcs are not without value, as they describe a period which, at 
 the hands of most historians, has received very inadequate treat- 
 ment. The work, as a whole, maybe regarded as the best history 
 we have of the century following the advent of Alexander. 
 
 Polybius — The General History of. Translated from the Greek 
 by Mr. Hampton, Fifth edition, 2 vols., 8vo, Oxford, 1823. 
 
 Beyond question, the writings of Polybius arc among the most 
 important that have come down to us from antiquity. Not many 
 historical works, either ancient or modern, have more numerous 
 or more striking excellences. He not only records, with great 
 accuracy and precision, his impressions of what he describes, but 
 he shows that he had studied the social, constitutional, and politi- 
 cal institutions of the Greeks and Romans with great care. In 
 his methods there are some striking peculiarities. He wrote with 
 a manifest contempt for rhetorical graces, evidently striving to 
 impart instruction rather than entertainment. He shows also an 
 almost entire absence of imagination ; and this peculiarity is the 
 most conspicuous weakness of his writings. Originally the his- 
 tory consisted of forty books, covering the whole of the period 
 from B.C. 220 to B.C. 146. It was divided into two parts, the 
 first having for its object the work of showing how it was that in 
 the short period of fifty -three years the Romans hac^ succeeded in 
 conquering the greater part of the world ; and the second, the 
 work of describing the important events between the conquest of 
 Perseus and the fall of Corinth. A considerable part, however, 
 has been lost, though the portions we still have throw invaluable 
 light on the second and third Punic wars and on the Achaian 
 League. Much of Livy's account of the wars with Carthage is 
 but a literal translation from the Greek. Polybins himself was 
 actively engaged in many of the scenes he describes. He was 
 seventeen years in Italy, and was with Scipio at the destruction 
 of Carthage. Though the work of Polybius is quite as impor- 
 tant an authority in Roman as in Grecian history, it is, neverthe- 
 less, of the greatest value in the study of Greek confederations, 
 from the Macedonian supremacy to the fall of Corinth.
 
 108 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Freeman, Edward A.— History of Federal Government, from the 
 Foundation of the Achaian League to the Dissohition of the 
 United States. Vol. I. General Introduction, and History of 
 Greek Federations. 8vo, London, 1863. 
 
 Whether the learned author despairs of being able to complete 
 the formidable task announced in this title, we are left to conject- 
 ure. It is only certain that he has not yet published more than 
 the first volume of the series. 
 
 For this fragment, however, every student of Grecian history 
 and every student of political institutions should be grateful. It 
 is devoted to a period subsequent to those dealt with by Grote ; 
 but the events it describes were among the most important in 
 Grecian history. The relations of the states to one another and 
 the forms and characteristics of the several confederated govern- 
 ments are expounded with the author's well-known powers of in- 
 sight and generalization. The American student of the work will 
 find it one of absorbing interest, and will often be surprised by the 
 striking similarities between certain features of federal government 
 in Greece and certain features of federal government in the United 
 States of America. 
 
 Finlay, George. — A History of Greece, from the Conquest by the 
 Romans to the Present Time. Edited by H. F. Tozer. Re- 
 vised edition, 7 vols., 8vo, Oxford, 1877. 
 
 • 
 This is a new and improved edition of a work on the Byzan- 
 tine Empire and Greece, the several volumes of which appeared 
 under separate titles as they were completed. The edition of 
 1877 received the careful revisions of the author, and has been 
 edited by a competent and judicious hand. 
 
 It is no empty compliment to compare this work witli that of the 
 historian of the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." While 
 some of the qualifications of Gibbon are notably absent, others 
 that Gibbon did not possess are conspicuously present. The au- 
 thor carried on his investigations in the very heart of the country 
 whose turbulent vicissitudes he describes. Sj)cn(ling a large por- 
 tion of his life in his library, immediately beneath the Acropolis, 
 he had the good fortune not only to complete his great work, but
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 109 
 
 also to subject it to such careful revision as the criticism of recent 
 scholarship had made necessary. 
 
 The most prominent characteristics of the work are learning, 
 accuracy, and fidelity. In addition, it may be said that the au- 
 thor is severely critical. He is inclined to desponding views of 
 those about hira. This shows itself not only in the severity of 
 his criticisms of Greek statesmen, but also in his judgments of 
 English ministers who have had to deal with Greek affairs. He 
 finds it not difficult to criticise the policy of Lord John rtu»sell, 
 or even that of Mr. Gladstone. He says of his book that " it has 
 been its melancholy task to record the errors and the crimes of 
 those who governed Greece, much oftener than their merits or 
 virtues." 
 
 The last two volumes are devoted to a history of the Greek 
 Levolution, and of Grecian affairs during the last twenty years. 
 As a help to those who would become acquainted with the history 
 of the East, these learned and eloquent volumes have no equals. 
 They are worthy to stand by the side of those of Grote. 
 
 III. HISTOEIES OF CIVILIZATION AND PEOGRESS. 
 
 Bliimner, Hugo. — Technologic und TerminoMgie der Gewerbe 
 und Kiinste bei Griechen und Romern. 4 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 
 1875-8(5. 
 
 The first effort that has been made to give a full and compre- 
 hensive account of what it is possible to know of the industries 
 of the Greeks and Romans. The volumes have about a hundred 
 and fifty illustrations. Each subject is treated both descriptively 
 and historically. The author has made constant use of original 
 authorities, and these appear to have been studied with conscien- 
 tious diligence and thoroughness. The book is fundamentally dif- 
 ferent from those of Boeckh and Guhl and Koner; but it throws 
 light on several subjects not elsewhere so well treated. 
 
 Boeckh, Augustus. — The Public Economy of the Athenians; with 
 Notes and a Copious Index. Translated from the second Ger-
 
 110 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 man edition by Antliony Lamb. 8 vo, Boston, 1857. The third 
 German edition, 2 vols., 8vo, 1886, edited by Max Frankel, is 
 much enlarged and improved. 
 
 The author of this remarkable book was for many years recog- 
 nized throughout the world as the foremost living scholar in 
 Greek antiquities. He has here brought together the results of 
 all his investigations and thoughts ; and though many books on 
 Grecian antiquities have since appeared, the importance of that of 
 Boeckh has not been diminished. It is essentially a financial his- 
 tory. " Interest," " Public and Private Revenues," " Public Build- 
 ings," *' Fleets," " Markets," " Mines," " General Expenses, Public 
 and Private, in Peace and in War," are some of the subjects 
 brought under treatment. Every nook and corner of Greek liter- 
 ature was ransacked for contributions to the work. The result is 
 a book which investigators find indispensable, and which every 
 student of Grecian affairs will find as interesting for its methods 
 as it is remarkable for its scholarship. 
 
 Coulanges, Fustel de.— The Ancient City. A Study on the Re- 
 ligion, Laws, and Institutions of Greece and Rome. Translated 
 from the latest French edition by Willard Small. 12mo, Bos- 
 ton, 1874. 
 
 Whatever is written by Coulanges is w^orthy of the student's 
 most thoughtful attention. He possesses the rare gift of uniting 
 a very profound and broad scholarship with a spirited and enter- 
 taining literary style. Any one at all interested in Greek and Ro- 
 man institutions will be enticed by a glance at the table of con- 
 tents, and will not be disappointed when he puts the body of the 
 work to the test of perusal. 
 
 In no other book has the organization of the ancient family 
 been so briefly and clearly described ; and nowliere else have the 
 peculiarities of the Greek and Roman religious systems been so 
 well prescntcil. It will be u favorite book with every scholar that 
 possesses it. 
 
 Jebb, R. C. — Jlomcr. An Introduction to the Iliad and Odyssey, 
 li'ino, Boston, 1887.
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 11 1 
 
 A successful attempt to bring witliin reasonable compass the 
 arguments for and against the unity of the Homeric poems. 
 The volume is perhaps the most satisfactory discussion of the 
 subject accessible to the English reader. The author reviews all 
 the questions involved in the study of the poems, and treats 
 them in the light of the most recent investigations. The book 
 is thus a complete reference manual. 
 
 Gladstone, W. E. — Studios on Ilomcr and the Homeric Age. 
 3 vols., 8vo, Oxford, 1858. 
 
 One would suppose, in looking over these volumes, that the dis- 
 tinguished premier had abandoned the arts of statesmanship for 
 the vocation of a professor of Greek. From the beginning to the 
 end of these three huge octavos, the author's familiarity with the 
 most minute details of Greek learning is curiously obvious. To 
 the historical student the third volume is the only one to be of 
 especial interest. Of this volume the first chapter, that on the 
 Politics of the Homeric Age, will amply reward the student's ex- 
 amination. In other respects the work is chiefly technical. 
 
 Goll, Hermann. — Kulturbilder aus Hellas und Rom. Dritte, 
 berichtigte und vermehrte Auflage. 2 vols., Svo, Leipzig, 
 1878. 
 
 These admirable little volumes were designed to take the reader 
 into the life and stir of the Greeks and Romans. They are es- 
 pecially adapted to the wants of college and university students. 
 The plan and scope of the work is well indicated by the titles of 
 a few of the chapters. " Popular Education ;" " Professors and 
 Students under the Roman Empire ;" " Travelling in Antiquity ;" 
 "Physicians;" "The Police;" "The Greek and Roman Dress;" 
 "The Book Trade;" "The Social Position of Women ;" " Wine 
 and Beer;" are the titles of some of the chapters. The pages 
 are not encumbered with references to original authorities, al- 
 though they everywhere bear evidence of having been prepared 
 with great care. The several chapters are to be regarded as de-
 
 112 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 scriptive rather than critical, and therefore may be read with profit 
 as well as interest by every master of easy German. 
 
 Guhl, E., and Koner, W.— The Life of the Greeks and Romans, 
 described from Antique Monuments. Translated from the third 
 German edition by F. Ilueffcr. "With five hundred and forty- 
 three Illustrations. 8vo, London and New York, 1877. 
 
 The result of careful and unwearied research in every nook and 
 cranny of ancient learning. Nowhere else can the student find 
 so many facts in illustration of Greek and Roman methods and 
 manners. Any one in the least desirous of becoming acquainted 
 with the ways of antique life will find that this work is as inter- 
 esting as it is informing. The illustrations are admirable, and 
 the book is made easy of use by a good index. 
 
 Jannet, Claudio. — Les Institutions Sociales et le Droit Civil a 
 Sparte. Deuxieme edition. Svo, Paris, 1880. 
 
 The first edition of this monograph was published in 1873, and 
 was received with general favor. In preparing the revised form 
 here published, the author took advantage not only of the reviews 
 and criticisms to which the work had been subjected, but also of 
 such other studies on the subject as had appeared in France and 
 Germany. It is now probably the best account we have of the 
 social institutions of Sparta. It deals, first, with the division into 
 classes, then with the distribution of lands, the peculiarities of the 
 constitution, the transformation of the constitution, and, finally, 
 with the struggle between the rich and the poor. The work 
 throughout rests on the basis of original authorities and of the 
 most advanced modern criticism. 
 
 MahafFy, J. P. — A History of Greek Literature. 2 vols., 12mo, 
 Luiidoii ;ind New York, 1880. 
 
 We here find the same excellent characteristics as in the author's
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. H3 
 
 other works. From beginning to end it lias the flavor of the 
 open field and of fresh breezes. It is somewhat more descriptive 
 and less critical than the Avork of Miiller and Donaldson, doubt- 
 less for the reason that it is designed for a less mature class of 
 scholars. But though the author has written for pupils in the 
 schools, he compliments the robust scholarship of young England 
 and Ireland by giving the illustrative quotations exclusively in the 
 original (^reek. Mr. Mahaffy, in common with a large number 
 of modern German scholars, has abandoned the belief in the unity 
 of Homer. In support of his position on this point he has intro- 
 duced as an appendix to his first volume an essay by Professor 
 Sayce, who presents with great cogency the reasons that have led a 
 very large number of modern critics to give up the doctrine of 
 unity. The essayist says that " a close examination of Homer 
 shows that it is a mosaic," and that " in its present form it can- 
 not be earlier than the seventh century before the Christian era." 
 The first volume is devoted to the poets ; the second, to the 
 writers of prose. It is furnished with a full index. 
 
 Mahafiy, J. P. — Social Life in Greece, from Homer to Menander. 
 12mo, London, 1874. Third edition, revised and enhirged, 8vo, 
 London, 1879. Also, Greek Life and Thought, from the Age 
 of Alexander to the Roman Conquest. 8vo, London, 1887. 
 
 A very interesting and successful attempt to portray the every- 
 day life of the Greeks. The author visits them in their homes, 
 in their temples, in their assemblies, and on their journeys. Every 
 person in the least interested in the characteristics of ancient life 
 and manners will read the book with profit and delight. It is as 
 interesting as it is scholarly. 
 
 Mahaflfy, J. P. — Rambles and Studies in Greece. Second edition, 
 revised and enlarged, 12mo, London, 1876. 
 
 A delightful little book by one who is no enthusiast about the 
 Greeks, ancient or modern, but who thinks that while the whole 
 
 8
 
 114 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 world is busying itself about the Slavs and Bulgars, the modern 
 Greeks liave failed to receive their due share of attention. The 
 author is a Greek scholar, whose sympathies run to Greek litera- 
 ture and life rather than to Greek philology. He rambles into 
 different parts of Hellas, and records with rare literary art the 
 result of his observations and impressions. While the book has 
 largely to do with modern life, it never loses the delightful aroma 
 of an antique scholarship. 
 
 Miiller, K. 0., and Donaldson, J. W. — A History of the Literature 
 of Ancient Greece. New edition. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1868. 
 
 For most students this will be found to be one of the most cora^ 
 plete and satisfactory accounts of Greek literature. It is much less 
 exhaustive in its treatment of the earliest period than is the great 
 work of Colonel Mure ; but it has the advantage of covering a 
 much longer period of time. Li matters of literary judgment, 
 moreover, it is probably quite as trustworthy as the larger work. 
 The concluding chapters are devoted to Greek literature during 
 the Middle Ages, and the work closes with the taking of Con- 
 stantinople by the Turks. 
 
 Mure, V/illiam. — A Critical History of the Language and Lit- 
 erature of Ancient Greece. 5 vols., 8vo, London, 2d ed., 
 1854-57. 
 
 This great work of Colonel Mure was the result of a long, ear- 
 nest, and thorough study, as well as of a profound admiration of 
 the noble literature of which it treats. The volumes are addressed 
 principally to the classical scholar. They occupy ground which 
 liad scarcely been trodden by any English predecessor, and there- 
 fore at once on their publication they were felt to supply a seri- 
 ous want. They are the scholar's history. To the general reader 
 they will probably be somewhat tiresome, on account of the ex- 
 ceeding fulness with which each author is treated. The five vol- 
 umes bring the history down only to the death of Xenophon. 
 On some j)oints the author's judgments have not met with gen- 
 eral favor from scholars ; but these are exceptional cases, and the
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. 115 
 
 great value of the work, as a whole, has been everywhere ac- 
 knowledged. 
 
 Overbeck, J. — Geschichte der griechisclien Plastik. Dritte unigear- 
 bciteto und vermehrte Auflage. 2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1880-82. 
 
 For more than twenty years this work has been the highest 
 authority on the plastic arts of Greece. It is the production of 
 a specialist, and is much more elaborate than the books of Liibke 
 and Winckclmann. In matters of Grecian sculpture, therefore, 
 it is to be regarded as of the greatest importance. The latest 
 edition is much to be preferred, as it is pm-gcd of previous er- 
 rors, and is fortified by references to the results of recent ex- 
 plorations and discoveries. 
 
 Schomann, G. F. — The Antiquities of Greece. Translated from 
 the German by E. G. Hardy and J. S. Mann. 8vo, London, 
 1880. 
 
 The work of Schomann, of which the first volume is now pub- 
 lished in translation, is in Germany one of a scries of manuals de- 
 signed to spread among a wider circle a vivid knowledge of an- 
 tiquity. The book was designed for a class of educated readers 
 who have not made a special investigation into the characteristics 
 of the ancient world. The present volume, entitled " The State," 
 is to be followed by a second on " The Greek States in their Re- 
 lations witli one Another," and " The Religious System of 
 Greece." The work, it will be seen from the title, is chiefly po- 
 litical in its character ; and, as such, it occupies a distinctive 
 place among books on Grecian antiquities. While Boeckh deals 
 chiefly with financial questions, and Guhl and Koner with social 
 ones, Schomann discusses with similar insight and thoroughness 
 the afEairs of politics. Nowhere else is there to be found so good 
 an account of the political assemblies, and of their significance in 
 the life of the State. The work is written in a scholarly and at- 
 tractive style, and the translation is excellent.
 
 IIQ HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Schomann, G. F. — Atbenian Constitutional History. Translated 
 by B. Bosanquet. 8vo, London, 1878. 
 
 By far tlie most interesting, and probably tbe niost valuable, 
 part of the work is that in which he discusses the reforms of Solon, 
 Cleisthenes, and Pericles. On these reforms, like most of the Ger- 
 man authorities, he joins issue with Grote. Schomann argues his 
 cause with great force, and all who are familiar with the recent 
 researches into the characteristics of primitive society must admit 
 that, aside from positive evidence, his view seems the more prob- 
 able. The translation of the work is unusually good. 
 
 Winckelmann, John. — The History of Ancient Art. Translated 
 from the German by G. Henry Lodge, M.D. 4 vols, in 2, 8vo, 
 Boston, 1880. 
 
 Winckelmann was doubtless the most skilful and delightful 
 connoisseur of ancient art that has ever written. It is more than 
 three fourths of a century since the original of the work was pre- 
 pared ; but these volumes are by no means yet superannuated. 
 The numerous illustrations are exquisite, and, what is remarkable, 
 are far better in the translation than in the original. The au- 
 thor's spirit may be gathered from his canon of criticism : " Seek 
 not to detect deficiencies and imperfections until you have learn- 
 ed to recojrnize and discover beauties." 
 
 Becker, W. A. — Chariklcs. Bilder altgriechischer Sitte zur genau- 
 eren Kenntniss dcs griechischcn Privatlcbens. Neu bcarbeitct 
 von Hermann Giill. 8vo, Berlin, 1877. 
 
 Soon after this work was issued it was translated into English, 
 and publislied in several editions. It has been greatly improved 
 by subsequent revision, and is to be regarded as the most com- 
 plete and trustworthy picture of the social life of the Greeks. 
 The narrative is in the form of a Greek romance, but the most 
 important part of the volume consists of the very abundant ex- 
 planatory notes.
 
 HISTORIES OF GREECE. n^ 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND KEADEKS. 
 
 1. Perhaps the most interesting work in our language on Grecian 
 history is Felton's " Ancient and Modern Greece." Smith's " Stu- 
 dent's History" and Cox's "General History" are excellent books 
 for a summary of the growth of Greek civilization and power. 
 The political life of Greece is best described by Schomann ; the 
 social life by Mahaffy ; and the literary life either by Mahaffy 
 or by Miiller and Donaldson. Chapters from Grote's " History," 
 selected according to need or taste, may be read with great 
 profit. The series of works under the title of "Epochs of An- 
 cient History" is worthy of high commendation, especially for 
 the general reader. The volumes, read in the order of the events 
 they respectively describe, would form one of the best short 
 courses. 
 
 2. Grote should be the basis of study for a longer course. On 
 the earlier periods the bold theories of Curtius and the profound 
 learning of Miiller should not be neglected. The much disputed 
 Homeric Question is expounded in Geddes's "Homeric Question," 
 where the subject, from opposite points of view, is fairly present- 
 ed. In Mahaffy's "Greek Literature" is also a valuable paper 
 on the same theme. Gladstone's "Homer" advocates the theory 
 of Homeric unity; and the same author's " Juventus Mundi" aims 
 to show the conditions of life in Homeric days. Lloyd's "Age 
 of Pericles" is the best monograph on Greece at its most brilliant 
 period. Bui wer's " Rise and Fall of Athens" is a descriptive 
 work, showing many of the author's best characteristics. Holm's 
 "Geschichte Siciliens im Alterthum" is the most important au- 
 thority on the condition of Sicily under Greek rule and in- 
 fluence. Schafer's " Demosthenes," for one who commands Ger- 
 man, is an invaluable portrayal of Grecian difficulties in tlie pe- 
 riod of decline. Droysen's " Hellenismus" is also of the first 
 importance. Freeman's " Greek Federations" is a very scholarly 
 and a very interesting portrayal of the efforts made to bind the 
 several states into a single nationality, and of the difliculties that 
 beset these efforts. For an American scholar it is one of the 
 best of books. For the subsequent history of Greece Finlay has 
 no equal, and, indeed, no rival. The last half of Duncker's
 
 118 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 "History of Antiquity" is a History of Greece of acknowledged 
 excellence. 
 
 3. " PliitarcTi's Lives" are a wonderful source of inspiration for 
 bright boys, though somewhat too heroic and exaggerated for 
 mature scholars. Landor's " Imaginary Conversations" have a 
 delightful flavor of antique and refined scholarship. Especially to 
 be commended is the volume on " Pericles and Aspasia." As 
 works of reference, Smith's " Classical Dictionary," and the same 
 author's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities," either in 
 the larger or in the abridged form, are of supreme value. On 
 social life in Greece, Mahaffy is the most readable book ; but 
 Guhl and Koner's is the great work of reference. The religion of 
 the Greeks is well treated in Clarke's " Ten Great Religions," in 
 Max Miiller's " Chips," and best of all in Coulanges's " Ancient 
 City." Cox's " Mythology " is the latest and best English author- 
 ity, though Bulfinch's "Age of Fable" is designed for more pop- 
 ular use. In the North American Review for July, 1869, is a 
 valuable discussion of the relations of the religion of ancient 
 Greece to her mythology. On Grecian art, Winckelmann and 
 Overbeck are the great authorities ; but Miiller's " Ancient Art 
 and its Remains," and Taine's " Art in Greece," are better adapt- 
 ed to the -wants of the general reader. In the Atlantic Monthly 
 for June and July, 1861, are two interesting and suggestive papers, 
 by Henry Van Brunt, on " Greek Lines." Grecian landscape has 
 been treated with characteristic force by Ruskin in vol. iii. of his 
 " Modern Painters." Woltmann and Woermann's " History of 
 Painting" deals with Grecian painting in a most fresh and satis- 
 factory manner. Schlegel's "Dramatic Literature" presents an 
 admirable review of the Greek dramatists, and gives, especially in 
 its account of Aristophanes, some very striking comments on the 
 comic poets as sources of historic information. Jebb's "Attic 
 Orators" is a scholarly but somewhat technical work. Macaulay's 
 essay on the Athenian Orators is in the author's enthusiastic 
 vein. Brougham's paper on Demosthenes is plainly the work of 
 a genius ; but it is exceedingly immature and uncritical, and is a 
 good illustration of Brougham's habit of talking like an authority 
 on subjects of which he knew comparatively little. The essay on 
 Demosthenes in Legare's collected writings is vastly better, and 
 is, perhaps, the most liriiliaut and scholarly summary in our Ian-
 
 HISTORIES OF GKEECE. Ug 
 
 guage of the great orator's work. In MilFs " Dissertations" is to 
 be found a suggestive review of Grote, The physical character- 
 istics of Greece are delightfully shown in Mahaffy's "Rambles" 
 and in Christopher Coleridge's finely illustrated work. Still more 
 minute information may be gained from Barthelemy's "Ana- 
 charsis," a book of imaginary travels in the ripest days of Greek 
 civilization. The great original authority on the subject is Pau- 
 sanias, whose travels and observations were translated into English, 
 and pubhshed in three volumes in London in 1824. Becker's 
 "Charicles" is a dull novel, designed to present the fruits of 
 Greek scholarship in a form that would least tax the powers of 
 the reader. On all financial matters Boeckh is not only the great 
 authority, but is a marvel of comprehensive scholarship. Wachs- 
 muth's "Antiquities of Greece" and Hermann's "Political An- 
 tiquities" have each been translated into English, and were pub- 
 lished in Oxford in the early part of this century. When they 
 appeared, they were of the first importance ; but at the present 
 time they arc somewhat antiquated. Life among the Alexandrian 
 Greeks is portrayed in a very striking manner by Kingsley in his 
 novel of " Hypatia." Blackic's " lIora3 Hellenicai," published in 
 1874; Abbott's " Hellenica," published in 1880; and Newton's 
 "Art and Archaeology," also published in 1880, are each volumes 
 of interesting and valuable discussions of subjects on Greek po- 
 etry, philosophy, history, archaeology, art, and religion. Schlie- 
 mann's "Troy and its Remains," London and New York, 1875; 
 "Mycenae," London and New York, 1878; and " Ilios," London 
 and New York, 1880, are illustrated octavo volumes, describing 
 the results of the recent discoveries by the author. 
 
 During the past few years scholarship has been especially active 
 in its efforts to elucidate the customs and institutions as well as 
 the history of Greece. A few recent works are worthy of note. 
 
 The most complete and convenient hand-book of information 
 on the sources of ancient history is Schiifer's " Abriss der Quel- 
 lenkunde der griech. u. rom. Geschichte ;" 2 vols., published sep- 
 arately. The " L Abtheilung " is devoted to " Griech. Gesch. bis 
 auf Poly bios" (3d ed., Leipzig, 1882). For one who would in- 
 vestigate the original sources, the work is invaluable. By far 
 the most important chronological work is C. Peter's " Zeittafeln
 
 120 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 der Griechischen Geschichte" (6th ed., Halle, 1886). The foot- 
 notes give the chief sources of information concerning each 
 event. 
 
 On the history of institutions J. Miiller's " Ilandbuch der Clas- 
 sischen Alterthumswissenschaft in systematischer Darstellung " 
 (4 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1876-86) is one of the most important and 
 valuable. Volumes III. and IV. are eacli in two parts (part II. of 
 Vol. III. not vet published), pertain especially to history, and have 
 to do with some of the most difficult as well as the most impor- 
 tant questions of Greek antiquity. The volumes embrace the fol- 
 lowino- special titles : Hommel's " Abriss der Gesch. der vorder- 
 asiatischen Kulturvolker und ^gyptus bis auf die Zeit der Perser- 
 kriege," LoUing's "Geographic und Geschichte des Griechischen 
 Alterthums," Busolt's " Griechische Staats- und Rechts-Alterthii- 
 mer," Bauer's " Griescliische Kriegsalterthiimer," Miiller's " Grie- 
 chische Privatalterthiiiner," Schiller's " Romische Staats- u. Rechts- 
 alterthiimer," Schiller's "Romische Kriegsalterthiimer," Voigt's 
 "Romische Privatalterthiimer und Knlturgeschichte." 
 
 Gilbert's " Ilandbuch der Griechischen Staatsalterthiimer " (2 
 vols., Leipzig, 1881-85) is a new and standard work on the sub- 
 ject. Vol. I. treats of the Lacedaemonians and Athenians; Vol. 
 II. of the smaller states. The second volume deals with entirely 
 fresh material. 
 
 K. F. Hermann's " Lehrbuch der Griechischen Antiquitaten," 
 which has long been an important authority on the subject, has 
 been revised and enlarged under the editorial direction of H. 
 Blumcr and W. Dittenberger (3 vols., 8vo, Freiburg, 1882-86). 
 The last volume is entirely new, and is devoted to the important 
 subject of "Biihnenaltcrthiimer." 
 
 Ch. Daremberg and Edm. Saylis, " Dictionnaire des Antiquites 
 Grequos ct Romains." This great work is issued in parts, and 
 had advanced only so far as the letter C, completing Vol. I., in 
 1887. The first volume, 4to, contains 1703 pages in double col- 
 umns, and is illustrated with more thau 6000 cuts. As a work 
 of reference it is invaluable. 
 
 On special topics the following are of importance : Solomon 
 Reitiach's " Traito d'Kpigraphie Groipie " (8vo, I'arls, 1 885). Mar- 
 tin's "Les Cavaliers Atlicnicns" (8vo, Paris, 1885) is full of facts 
 ruid ideas, and cm hardly be too much praised for the extent and
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 121 
 
 accuracy of its learnini^. J. P. Mahaffy's " Greek Life and Tlioiiirlit, 
 from Alexander to the Roman (>on(]uo<st" (8vo, London, 1887). 
 J. Belocli's " Die Attische Politik seit Pcrikles " (8vo, Leipzig, 
 1884) is a compact and valuable little book, but severely antago- 
 nistic to the democratic spirit. A. Pierron's "Ilistoire de la Lit- 
 te'rature Greque " (3d ed., Paris, 1887). G. Busolt's " Die Lake- 
 daimonier und ihrc Bundesgenossen " (8vo, Leipzig, 1878) is of 
 great importance, though Vol. L reaches only to the time of the 
 maritime supremacy of Athens. Julius Schvarcz's " Die Derao- 
 cratie von Athen " (8vo, 2te Auf., Leipzig, 1884) is the first of six 
 volumes announced to be published on the history of Athenian 
 democracy. It is written from an unsympathetic point of view. 
 
 T. T. Timayenis's "History of Greece" (2 vols., 12rao, New 
 York, 1881) is a brief account of the whole period of Grecian 
 history. K. Mendclssohn-Bartholdy's " Geschichte Griechenlands 
 von der Erobcrung Konstantinopels durch die Tiirken bis auf 
 unsere Tage " (2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1870-74) is of value chiefly 
 for comparison with the work of Finlay. C. F. Hertzberg's "Die 
 Geschichte Griechenlands unter der Ilerrschaft der Homer, nach 
 den Quellen dargestellt" (8vo, Halle, 1875) is a careful and im- 
 portant study of a difficult and neglected period. The same au- 
 thor's "Geschichte von Hellas" and "Geschichte der Byzantiiier 
 und des Osmanischen Reichs " are important works embodying 
 careful researches on the more modern periods. Gustave Gilbert's 
 "Beitrage zur innern Geschichte Athens im Zeitalter des Pelopon- 
 nesischen Krieges" (8vo, Leipzig, 1877) is characterized by the au- 
 thor's well known learning. Max Duncker's " Abhandlungen aus 
 der Griechischen Geschichte" (8vo, Leipzig, 1886) are seven aca- 
 demic essays of much importance. Evelyn Abbott's " History of 
 Hellas, from the Earliest Time to the Death of Alexander the 
 Great" (2 vols., 12mo, London, 1888) is intended for the upper 
 classes in the preparatory schools. Victor Durny's "L'Histoire 
 des Grecs," of which Vol. L appeared in 1886, is modelled on 
 the plan of the same author's " Histoire des Remains."
 
 122 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Chapter Y. 
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Ampere, J. J. — Histoire Romaine a Rome. 3 vols., 8vo, 4^ ed., 
 Paris, 1871. 
 
 An attempt to reconstruct Roman history from Roman monu- 
 ments. The result is therefore largely conjectural, and not by 
 any means conclusive. The main argument is fallacious. The 
 author appears to hold that Romulus and Remus and their succes- 
 sors, as far as to the younger Tarquin, were historical characters, 
 because the works which historical tradition attributes to them 
 were standing at the beginning of historical times. A fatal ob- 
 jection to this position, as an argument, is the simple fact that the 
 very existence of the monuments called for some explanation, and 
 that the necessity thus existing may have been the origin of the 
 traditions concerning the kings. To the period of the kings the 
 author has devoted the first half of the whole work. It is chiefly 
 valuable as a somewhat interesting, but not very convincing, effort 
 of literary ingenuity. 
 
 Duruy, Victor. — Histoire des Remains depuis les temps les plus 
 recult's jusqu'n I'lnvasion dos Barbares. Nouvelle edition, re- 
 vue, augmentee et enrichee d'apres 2500 gravures designees 
 d'apres I'antique et de 100 cartes ou plans. 7 vols., royal 8vo, 
 Paris, 1879-85, Also in English, 6 vols., London, 1883-86. 
 
 This sumptuous work, of which the first volume brings the his- 
 tory to the close of the Second I'unic War, and the second to the 
 First Triumvirate, is designed to collect under one title and within 
 moderate space the established results of the most recent research.
 
 HISTORIES OF KOME. 2 23 
 
 Tlic first hundred and fifty pages are devoted to an attempt to 
 give a description of Italy before the estabUshmcnt of Roman 
 power. Though this effort is hirgely speculative, the author has 
 obviously endeavored to keep within the spirit of legitimate his- 
 torical methods. The book is adorned with a vast array of well- 
 selected and well-executed illustrations. 
 
 Duruy, for many years the Minister of Instruction in France, 
 was a devoted historical scholar, and of his many books this one, 
 though not the most important, is the most elaborate and com- 
 plete. It is founded very largely on original research, or at least 
 on the immediate results of such researcli; but it is very attrac- 
 tive in form, and is well adapted to the wants of such general read- 
 ers as command Frencli. As a popular history of Rome, the 
 work, in the present edition — a great improvement on the former 
 one — has no superior, and perhaps no equal. The English edition 
 is edited by Mahaffy. 
 
 Dyer, Thomas H. — A History of Rome, its Structures and its Mon- 
 uments, from the Foundation to the End of the Middle Ages. 
 8vo, London, 1865. 
 
 A history that is archaeological rather than political. It is a 
 guide to the study of Roman antiquities rather than to the study 
 of Roman institutions. The author is exceedingly credulous in 
 regard to the definitencss of early Roman history, and accordingly 
 he criticises with considerable severity the scepticism of writers 
 like Niebuhr and Sir George C. Lewis. But as soon as his work 
 reaches what may be called historic times his methods become 
 judicious and trustworthy. He skilfully breaks up his material 
 into masses, and he carries the student over each of the periods 
 from the time of the development of the Republic to the final ex- 
 tinction of the Western Empire. Except in his treatment of the 
 earliest history, he shows sagacity, research, and good judgment. 
 
 Ihne, William.— Tlie History of Rome. English edition. 5 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1871-82. Of the German edition, Vol. VL was 
 published in 1886. 
 
 This history differs in one important respect from all other
 
 124 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 histories of Rome in our language. The writer, simply sitting in 
 the capacity of a judge, examines all the evidence and sifts it, 
 shows the reader what is fact and what is conjecture, and then 
 leaves him to form his own judgment. 
 
 There is much to be said in favor of this method of studying 
 the early history of Rome. Before the time of Pyrrhus the facts 
 uf Roman history are not attested by a single contemporary 
 writer. They had been shaped and reshaped in the interests of 
 various patrician families until they were an inextricable confu- 
 sion of inconsistencies and contradictions. Niebuhr, Arnold, and 
 Mommsen have each endeavored to construct a history out of 
 these materials, but at best the results of their labors stand upon 
 a foundation of nothing but ingenious inference and conjecture. 
 Ihne, on the contrary, lias adopted the method of laying before 
 the reader simply the facts, bringing out with clearness those cir- 
 cumstances Avhich have adequate proof, but refusing steadily to 
 build on mere hypothesis. He never indulges in special pleading. 
 The result is that on the early history of Rome no more satisfac- 
 tory study has ever been made. The great merits of the work 
 are also scarcely less apparent when the author comes to the con- 
 sideration of questions to be investigated in the light of what 
 may more strictly be called original evidence. 
 
 As the book maintains in all its parts a strictly judicial atti- 
 tude, it is far less entertaining than the brilliant advocacy of 
 Mommsen ; but for this very reason it is to be held as a safer 
 authority, and it is far more likely to establish a firm and en- 
 lightened conviction in the mind of the reader. The followers of 
 Ihne will not be swept along by any undue enthusiasm, but they 
 will at all times feel that they are in the hands of a safe guide. 
 
 The political morality of the author is also of a higher tone 
 than that of Mommsen. After picturing in a masterly way tlie 
 manner in which the Romans destroyed Carthage, Ihne character- 
 izes the course of the conquerors by saying that " it was the most 
 shameful and fiendish perfidy of which any nation was ever the 
 victim." Mommsen, on the other hand, describes the destruction 
 of the city as a just punishment, because the Carthaginians had 
 " tried to deceive their enemies in true Phoenician style." 
 
 One of the best portions of Ihne's work is that part of the 
 tliird volume in wliich he describes tlie various conflicts after the
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 125 
 
 Panic wars by which the Romans gained control of the whole of 
 the Mediterranean. Pie presents in a powerful light also the be- 
 setting weakness of the Greeks — " an abuse of power, and a dis- 
 regard for the rights of others." 
 
 The general purpose of the author cannot but command the re- 
 spect of every scholar. Still, in its execution it is not quite satis- 
 factory. For the specialist the references are not sufBciently nu- 
 merous to allow of verification, and for the general reader the 
 discussions are sometimes too abstruse to be of interest. The 
 consequence is that it does not quite supply the needs of either 
 the one class of readers or the other, since the specialist wants 
 to inspect every proof, and the general reader desires to be told 
 what he is to believe. For these reasons the book, with all its 
 great merits, probably never can be a very popular one. 
 
 The English version, though prepared by the author himself, 
 would have done no discredit to an Eno-lish scholar. ^ 
 
 Leighton, R. F.— A History of Rome. Amply Illustrated with 
 Maps, Plans, and Engravings. 4th ed., 12mo^ New York, 1880. 
 
 The most satisfactory of the numerous small histories of Rome. 
 It was prepared by a scholar who is familiar with the results of 
 recent German researches, and who has made judicious use of 
 these results in the preparation of his work. Though the volume 
 was intended primarily for the use of schools, it will be found 
 more interesting to the general reader than any of the other small 
 volumes on the subject. As a bird's-eye view of the growth and 
 development of Roman greatness, it has no superior. The maps 
 and illustrations are of unusual excellence. 
 
 Liddell, Henry G.— A History of Rome, from the Earliest Times 
 to the Establishment of the Empire. With Chapters on the 
 History of Literature and Art. Illustrated with numerous 
 Maps and Wood-cuts, 12mo, London, 1856; New York, 1857. 
 
 A book as full of facts as an egg is of meat. It is liable, there-
 
 126 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 fore, to be considered hard and dry. Tlic author was a careful 
 scholar, to whom the exact nature of facts in themselves was a 
 matter of great importance. The relations of facts to one anoth- 
 er, and the exact connection of cause and effect, were not so high- 
 ly appreciated. These somewhat detracting characteristics are all 
 that can properly be said against the work. It is a storehouse of 
 accurate information ; but its pages are so full and compact that, 
 except under the guidance of a most judicious instructor, they are 
 liable to discourage rather than inspire. 
 
 Livy, T. — The History of Rome. Translated from the Original, 
 with Notes and Illustrations, by George Baker. A new edition, 
 carefully revised and corrected. 2 vols., large 8vo, New York, 
 1861 ; also translated by D. Spillan, C. Edmonds, and W. A. 
 M'Devitte, in 4 vols., 12mo, London and New York, 1864. 
 
 Of the one hundred and forty-two books written by Livy on 
 the history of Rome, only thirty-five have come down to modern 
 times. The first ten books, embracing the history from the 
 foundation of Rome to the year B.C. 294, we have entire. The 
 third decade, comprehending the period of the Second Punic War, 
 from 219 to 201, is also preserved. The fourth decade and the 
 first half of the fifth, books thirty-one to forty -five, are entire. Of 
 the other books only summaries have been preserved. 
 
 The books that have come down to us Livy did not write as a 
 contemporary, nor as an investigator. He seems to have been 
 content to make use of such evidence as came easily to his hand, 
 to have compared conflicting accounts, and to have adopted an 
 opinion in accordance with the weight of probabilities. His aim 
 was not to construct what we should call a critical history, but 
 simply to produce a pleasing and popular narrative. He seems 
 never to have attempted to test the accuracy of the authorities 
 that came before him. It is certaiu that he never read the " Laws 
 of the Kings," the *' Commentaries of Servius Tullius," or even 
 the "Licinian Rogations." These important documents, as well 
 as the treaties, the decrees of the Senate, and the ordinances of 
 the assemblies, were all accessible at the time of his writing; but 
 he thought it not worth the trouble to examine them. As the
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 127 
 
 work was written piecemeal, it is not strange tliat it abounds in 
 inconsistencies and contradictions. Its great merits arc not those 
 of an accurate historical authority, but arc simply those of an 
 extraordinary historical narrative. As a master of style, Livy 
 has been thought by all lovers of pure Latinity, ancient and 
 modern, to be nearly fauUIess. The story flows on in a rich 
 and strong current that has been admired by critics of all ages. 
 In his effort to produce a narrative that should at once gratify 
 the taste and compliment the national vanity of the Romans, 
 he achieved an extraordinary success; but his work must be used 
 with a constant remembrance of the methods and circumstances 
 under which it was written. 
 
 Merivale, Charles. — A General History of Rome, from the Foun- 
 dation of the City to the Fall of Augustulus, B.C. 753-A.D. 
 476. 12mo, London, 1875; New York, 1876. 
 
 The history of Rome presents so vast an amount of material 
 for the historian that the author wlio tries to represent it within 
 the limits of a single volume has a difficult task before him. lie 
 must either omit mention of many subjects altogether, or he 
 must say so little on those subjects touched upon as to make his 
 production a mere bundle of diy bones. Merivale has been con- 
 tent to pursue the former course. The result is that he has made 
 an interesting volume. He shows a masterly grasp of materials, 
 and he has the rare gift of knowing what it is best to omit. The 
 book is one of conclusions rather than one of evidences; but the 
 conclusions are those of a scholar Avho, in his larger works, has 
 given abundant evidence for the positions which he holds. As 
 an authority intermediate between Leighton and Mommsen or 
 Ihne, Merivale is the most satisfactory we have. 
 
 Michelet, J. — History of the Roman Republic. Translated from 
 the French by William Hazlitt. 12mo, New York, 1847. 
 
 A little volume of conspicuous merits and of somewhat seri- 
 ous defects. On every page it shows the genius of the author
 
 128 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 in the skill and acumen with which it interprets the events it de- 
 scribes. Its most striking cliaractcristics are its brilliancy and 
 its ingenuity. The defects of the book are the obscurity of many 
 of the author's rhetorical figures, and a lack of thorough infor- 
 mation on some important points of Roman history. It is also 
 worthy of note that the translation is very inaccurate. 
 
 Mommsen, Theodor. — The History of Rome. Translated with 
 the author's sanction, and Additions by W. P. Dickson. New 
 edition. 4 vols., 12mo, London, 1868; New York, 1869. 
 
 It is worthy of note that this work, which has very generally 
 become the scholar's favorite history of Rome, was not prepared 
 especially for scholars, but for intelligent general readers. It is, 
 however, by no means an elementary book. Indeed^ it is impos- 
 sible to derive full advantage from it, except after some previous 
 acquaintance with Roman history. It is a series of historical dis- 
 quisitions rather than a history according to the common accept- 
 ance of the term. The nature and the scope of the produc- 
 tion may be correctly inferred from the titles of the chapters 
 on "The Government and the Governed;" "The Management of 
 Land and Capital ;" " Faith and Manners ;" and " Literature and 
 Art." It is pre-eminently a constitutional history. It endeavors 
 to describe the growth of the State. It cares far less for remark- 
 able feats of valor than for the strategic and political movements 
 by which feats of valor are turned to account. 
 
 The author's greatest pow^r is shown in his grouping and 
 generalizations. His chapter on "The Old Republic and the 
 New Monarchy" is perhaps the most striking illustration of the 
 manner in which he at once dazzles his readers by his brillian- 
 cy and overwhelms them by his impetuosity. He shows also a 
 masterly gift in the delineation of character, though his deline- 
 ations arc entertaining rather than convincing. Cato he regards 
 as the model citizen. Caesar was the one great man of a thou- 
 sand years — the one who perfectly understood the needs of the 
 State, and who, but for his death, would have rescued the coun- 
 try from all its threatening ills. For Cicero he has little but con- 
 tempt.
 
 HISTOEIES OF EOME. 129 
 
 But this history, with all its bi'illiaiit qualities, rests on two 
 foundations, neither of which ought to bo regarded as perfectly 
 secure. It relies, first, on the results of philological research, 
 and, secondly, on monumental inscriptions. Tlie consequence is 
 that the final conclusions are at best only conjectural and prob- 
 able. Monimsen's method of constructing his history is essentially 
 the same as Niebuhr's ; the chief difference being that he uses 
 a different class of materials, and, what is a notable defect of the 
 work, does not inform the reader whence his materials are derived. 
 While his pages abound in most ingenious tteories, and glow 
 with the fervor and brilliancy of a great advocate, his partisanship 
 is so obvious that his authority on any disputed point cannot be 
 regarded as conclusive. 
 
 Niebuhr, B. G. — History of Rome. Volumes i. and ii. Trans- 
 lated by J. C. Hare and C. Thirlwall ; Volume iii. by W. Smith 
 and L. Schmitz. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1859. 
 
 The first edition of tlie original of Niebuhr's great history was 
 published in 1812. A translation of it into English, by F. A. 
 Walter, appeared in 1827. The author subsequently not only re- 
 vised the volumes throughout, but adopted many changes of fun- 
 damental importance. The earlier German editions and Walter's 
 translation are therefore of very little value. 
 
 Of all modern historians, probably Niebuhr has had the greatest 
 influence. His methods are still followed, even by those who re- 
 ject his conclusions. By far the most important of his writings is 
 his " History of Rome." Its publication was hailed as a literary 
 event in Germany ; and in England more than seven thousand 
 copies were almost immediately sold. The work, for a time at 
 least, completely revolutionized the views of scholars on Roman 
 history. The author's great erudition, his extraordinary mem- 
 ory, his vivid imagination, and his tireless research, seemed to ren- 
 der him capable of restoring from oblivion even the minutest de- 
 tails of Roman affairs. Dr. Arnold immediately became his dis- 
 ciple in England, paid him unquestioning homage, and almost 
 without exception adopted his conclusions. 
 
 Before very long, however, Niebuhr's intuitions and combina- 
 
 9
 
 130 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tions began to be distrusted. In Germany Schwegler, and in Eng- 
 land Sir George Cornwall Lewis, subjected the work to an ex- 
 amination, before which several of the author's positions gave way. 
 He held, for example, that the early history of Rome could be 
 reconstructed out of the remains of the early Roman ballads. 
 Snatches of these songs he discovered here and there in Roman 
 literature and history, though none of them had been perfectl}' 
 preserved. From these stray materials he built up a structure, 
 and called it the early history of Rome. In the light of modern 
 criticism, the edifice, though unmistakably a work of genius, 
 has, in most of its parts, been condemned. Historians are more 
 and more inclined to take the ground that historical evidence is 
 like other kinds of evidence ; and that intuitions and conjectures, 
 however ingenious, can establish nothing more than a probability. 
 Speculations may be interesting and valuable, but they are not 
 history. Another theory of Niebuhr's, now generally rejected, 
 is that the Roman patricians were the descendants of a domi- 
 nant race, while the plebeians were the remains of a conquered 
 people. His theory in regard to the Pelasgi has also been com- 
 pletely demolished by the researches of Schwegler. 
 
 Niebuhr, B. G. — Lectures on the History of Rome, from the 
 Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire. Edited by 
 Leonhard Schmitz. Third edition, greatly improved. 3 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1852. 
 
 The great fame that Niebuhr's "History of Rome" had ac- 
 quired in Germany, and perhaps even more especially in England, 
 made students of ancient history impatient for the publication of 
 every scrap of historical writing that could be accredited to him. 
 Accordingly, after the great historian's death, some copies of 
 students' notes of his lectures were procured, and from such ma- 
 terials these volumes were made up. As the present value of 
 Niebuhr is chiolly in his method, these volumes cannot be con- 
 sidered as having much importance.
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 131 
 
 Peter, Carl. — Romische Geschichte in kurzcrer Fassung. Zweite 
 verbesserte Auflagc. 8vo, llalle, 1881. 
 
 A book prepared for advanced gymnasia students and general 
 readers. The author has long been recognized as an authority 
 in Roman chronology and history, and his work is probably the 
 best of the numerous short accounts of Rome in Germany. The 
 discussions of disputed points are brief, and aim to present the 
 nature of the questions at issue rather than to advocate either 
 side. Subjects on which historians are substantially agreed are 
 described with greater fulness. 
 
 Schwegler, Dr. A. — Romische Geschichte. 3 vols., Svo, Tubin- 
 gen, 1853-58. Continued by Octavius Clason, 1873. 
 
 Since the death of Niebuhr, no student of Roman history in 
 Germany has acquired greater fame as a specialist than Professor 
 Albert Schwegler. Thougli he died at the early age of thirty- 
 eight, he had already acquired the great distinction of completely 
 overthrowing several of the most important conclusions adopted 
 by his great predecessor nearly half a century before. 
 
 Nothing could be more strictly scientific than Schwegler's 
 method. His effort was twofold. First, he subjected to exami- 
 nation all the historical material left by antiquity that Avould 
 throw any light on the history of Rome. In the second place, he 
 examined judicially, in the light of these authorities, the works of 
 all the more important investigators since the time of Niebuhr. 
 By no other writer has so comprehensive a study of the sources 
 of Roman history been attempted. 
 
 The first hundred and fifty pages are devoted to a critical ex- 
 amination of authorities. In the light of these the author then 
 proceeds to a systematic survey of the period extending to the Li- 
 cinian Rogations. In extent of knowledge, in calmness of judg- 
 ment, in grasp of details, and in comprehensiveness of view the 
 work leaves little to be desired. While it has very few of the 
 elements of a general popularity, it possesses those qualities which 
 will long make it a favorite history with historians. It is an au-
 
 132 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tbority whicli the special investigator in Roman history will find 
 peculiarly advantageous. 
 
 In the light of Schweglcr's examinations, many of Niebuhr's 
 theories, as already intimated, have to be rejected. The most im- 
 portant of these are the ballad theory, the theory of the Pelasgi, 
 and the theory of the early relations of the patricians and plebei- 
 ans. 
 
 The continuation by Clason promises to be not unworthy of 
 the companionship of the first three volumes. In imitation of 
 Schwegler, he begins by a critical examination of the works of 
 modern historians of Rome. This part of the work is done with 
 admirable method and spirit. 
 
 Stoll, H. W. — Geschichte der Romer bis znm Untergange der Re- 
 publik. Dritte Auflage. 2 vols., Svo, Hanover, 1879. 
 
 Two delightful little volumes for one who desires in easy Ger- 
 man a popular presentation of the growth of the Roman power. 
 The book makes no pretences to original research, but is merely 
 a portrayal of what recent investigations have revealed. It was 
 designed for popular reading, and it has been deservedly success- 
 ful. 
 
 Stoll, H. W. — Die Helden Roms im Krieg und Friedcn. Ge- 
 schichte der Romer in biographischer Form, fiir Schulen und 
 die rcifere Jugend. 12mo, Lcipsic, 1872. 
 
 An admirable book for boys and girls of sixteen that have the 
 ability to read easy German, and the disposition to read some- 
 thing better than a novel. The author's method is modelled after 
 Plutarch. Thirty-eight representative Romans, noteworthy either 
 in peace or in war, form the subjects of the work. 
 
 Taine, H. — Essai sur Titc Live. Ouvragc couronno par TAcade- 
 mic Fran^aise. 12mo, Paris, 1856. 
 
 A critical study of Livy, undertaken for the purpose of ascer-
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. I33 
 
 taining "in what conditions of light and liberty" this historian 
 wrote. The design of the author involved not only an examina- 
 tion of the essential traits of Roman society in the age of Augus- 
 tus, but also an inspection of the sources of information, and a 
 study of the interpretations put upon these sources by the most 
 prominent of modern historians. lie thus has occasion to ex- 
 amine not simply the work of Livy, but also the works of Machia- 
 velli, Montesquieu, Beaufort, and Niebuhr. 
 
 The essay consists of two parts: the first is devoted to "His- 
 tory Considered as a Science ;" the second, to " History Consider- 
 ed as an Art." Under each of these divisions of the subject the 
 author discusses the works of the writers named, and he treats 
 them with all that acutencss of insight and brilliancy of method 
 so characteristic of his later productions. 
 
 Perhaps the most striking feature of the work is the promi- 
 nence the author gives to the writings of Beaufort. In the opin- 
 ion of Taine, Beaufort's " Dissertation sur I'lncertitude des cinque 
 premiers Siecles de Rome" contained the most important of the 
 ideas and methods that have made Niebuhr's name so famous. 
 
 Wagner, Dr. Wilhelm.— Rom. Anfang, Ausbreitung, und Ver- 
 fall des Weltrcichs der Romer. Fiir Freunde des klassischen 
 Alterthums, insbesondere fiir die deutsche Jugend. Fiinfte ver- 
 besscrte Auflage. 2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1876. 
 
 Of the numerous efforts to restore the Roman State to life, this 
 is one of the most successful. It is not designed for those who 
 are already scholars, but rather for those who desire to become 
 such. The illustrations are, for the most part, judiciously selected 
 from the works of those modern artists who have attempted to 
 reproduce ancient Roman life. If the work is not fully abreast 
 of modern scholarship, it is owing to the peculiarity that the 
 mythological period is described with the same confidence as the 
 historical. For strictly popular uses, it is doubtful whether any 
 modern work on any country excels it. Its great merit is in its 
 strong presentation of the picturesque side of Roman life in such 
 a manner as to awaken a lively interest in the subject.
 
 134 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 II. HISTOEIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 Ihne, W. — Ear]y Rome. From the Foundation of the City to its 
 Destruction by the Gauls. 16mo, New Yorlv, 1878. 
 
 This little volume, by one of the most eminent German histo- 
 rians of Rome, is the result of an attempt to embody in readable 
 form the fruits of modern criticism and research on the earliest 
 period of Roman history. Though the book is intended for pop- 
 ular use rather than for the use of specialists, it may yet be said 
 that the most thorough student will profit by reading what so 
 eminent an investigator of Roman history has to say upon a sub- 
 ject of which he has made an especial study. The volume con- 
 tains no references to sources, but we have the author's assurance 
 that no statement has been made that does not rest on the basis 
 of an original authoritv. 
 
 Lewis, Sir George Cornwall. — An Inquiry into the Credibility of 
 Early Roman History. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1855. 
 
 Though tlie author of these volumes was actively engaged in 
 political life, yet his recreations from the severe duties of his of- 
 fice were feats of scholarship of which any English writer might 
 not be ashamed. This work is a most scholarly attempt to sub- 
 mit early Roman history to the same tests of credibility as are 
 commonly employed in modern historical and judicial investiga- 
 tions. Applying these tests, the author objects to all efforts to 
 build up an histoiical theory founded on a narrative wholly, or 
 even in part, legendary. lie holds that conjectural omissions, 
 additions, alterations, and transpositions can lead at best to noth- 
 ing but a purely conjectural result. Ilis fundamental maxim was, 
 " In order that the truth so perceived should recommend itself to 
 the convictions of others, it is a necessary condition that it should 
 admit of proof which they can understand." In the application 
 of this maxim to the examination of Niebuhr's positions, he finds 
 that several of them rest on no adequate foundation. Finally, he 
 concludes that, as there is no contemporaneous evidence what-
 
 HISTORIES OF EOME. I35 
 
 ever, all further efforts to elucidate early Roman history will be 
 time and energy thrown away. 
 
 Arnold, Thomas. — History of the Roman Commonwealth. New cd., 
 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1882 ; 1 vol., royal 8vo, New York, 1856. 
 
 Dr. Arnold lived to complete his history only as far as to the 
 end of the Spanish Campaign in the Second Punic War. The 
 work, therefore, breaks off just after its distinguishing merits 
 began to be conspicuously manifest. The portion of the work 
 that had to deal with the early periods of Roman history was 
 founded on the investigations of Niebuhr, in whose genius as a 
 guide Arnold placed implicit trust. The consequence inevitably 
 was that as Niebuhr's conclusions one after another came to be 
 rejected, those of Arnold fell with them. But from the time of 
 Pyrrhus the author emerges upon ground where independent re- 
 search becomes possible and fruitful. His account of the First 
 Punic War, and of the Second, as far as to the return of Scipio 
 from Spain, is the most satisfactory yet written in English. It 
 has all the qualities of a great history. But the work is to be re- 
 garded only as a fragment, and one of which the last part only 
 is of great value. ♦ 
 
 Beesly, A. H. — The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla. With Maps. 
 16mo, New York, 1878. 
 
 In the preparation of this work the author made constant use 
 of original authorities, though he relied for guidance chiefly on 
 Long's " History of the Decline of the Roman Republic," and on 
 Mommscn's " History of Rome." On some points he has not 
 hesitated to differ from these high authorities. The social diffi- 
 culties that led to the attempts of the Gracchi at reform are ad- 
 mirably described. The meaning of the civil wars, and the final 
 triumph of Sulla, are shown in strong light. The most striking 
 characteristic of the book is the spirited style in which it is 
 written.
 
 136 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Merivale, Charles.— The Fall of the Roman RepnWic A Short 
 History of the Last Century of the Commonwealth. Second 
 edition. 12mo, London, 1853. 
 
 Written before the same author's history of " The Romans un- 
 der the Empire," this volume may be regarded as introductory to 
 the larger work. It gives a graphic account of the decline of 
 republican institutions and of the consequent preparation of the 
 way for Julius Caesar. Though it covers nearly the same ground 
 as the liistory by Long, it is much briefer, and, through the greater 
 merits of its literary workmanship, is more interesting. The pict- 
 ure of the struggles of the Gracchi is especially worthy of note, as 
 it brings out into a very strong light one of the most fatal tenden- 
 cies of the time. In his estimate of Julius Caesar, Merivale is not 
 essentially different from Mommsen, though he is more temperate 
 in his methods of expression. 
 
 Long, George. — The Decline of the Roman Republic. 5 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1864-74. 
 
 As its title indicates, this is an account of only a limited por- 
 tion of Roman history. The author begins his work with a de- 
 scription of the Republic, and of the several provinces at the end 
 of the Punic wars, and concludes it with the final establishment 
 of imperial power in the hands of Augustus Ca?sar. 
 
 This is not a work of genius, but is the production of a very 
 industrious and painstaking scholar. It does not attempt to in- 
 struct by brilliant sketches, broad generalizations, or profound po- 
 litical aphorisms. The author obviously has no desire for dis- 
 play, and he shows no inclination to establish opinions on the 
 foundation of mere conjecture. lie has a distinct theory that to 
 study history with promise of good results is a work of labor, 
 and that no adequate knowledge of Roman liistory can be ac- 
 quired simply by reading fine dissertations and eloquent delinea- 
 tions of men and manners. lie believes that the influence of 
 these is to deceive the reader into believing that he knows what 
 he docs not. 
 
 A book constructed on the basis of such a theory cannot
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. I37 
 
 receive any such popular favor as that given to Moinmsen and 
 Niebulir. But it may be a much safer guide, for the reason that 
 it is much less subjective. Though Long has made use of all 
 accessible material, he is often undecided in his conclusions when 
 Momnisen is positive. But the student may as well be told that 
 the author is true to his theory, and has made his book hard read- 
 ing. He uses the plainest and simplest words; indeed, his style 
 approaches absolute baldness. The facts authorized by the sources 
 are given, but not a sentence is added to impart vigor or color to 
 the story. The reader is often compelled to regret that the au- 
 thor does not give the opinions to which his studies have led him. 
 The best portion of the work is that devoted to the earliest pe- 
 riod. This has largely to do with Roman law, a subject in which 
 Mr. Long was especially at home. In treating of Julius Caesar, 
 he shows nothing of the "blood and iron" so characteristic of 
 Mommsen. Though he commends Caesar and points out the 
 weaknesses of Cicero, he does not, like the great German author, 
 deify the one and vilify the other. 
 
 Merivale, Charles. — The Roman Triumvirates. With a Map. 
 16mo, New York, 1878. 
 
 Though this is an independent production, it begins where that 
 of Professor Beesly ends. The author, by his long study of Roman 
 history in the preparation for his other works, no less than by his 
 general accomplishments as a scholar and writer, was admirably 
 qualified for his task. He begins by showing the strong reaction 
 against Sulla, and the consequent rise of Pompey into power. 
 He then passes in review the consulship of Cicero ; the trium- 
 virate of Csesar, Pompey, and Crassus ; the growth of Ctesar's 
 ])ower ; the rupture between Cassar and the Senate ; the Civil 
 AVar; the death of Caesar; the establishment of the second tri- 
 umvirate; and the advancement of Octavius to the mastery of the 
 State. The book is written in that graceful and lucid style always 
 characteristic of the author.
 
 138 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Trollope, Anthony. — The Life of Cicero. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 
 1880 ; 2 vols., 12uio, New York, 1881. 
 
 An exceedingly vivid portrayal of the life of the great orator. 
 No one of the nuiucrons biographers of Cicero has succeeded so 
 completely in transplanting him and his surroundings into our 
 own days. The reader is almost led to forget that the events of 
 which he is reading were history before the advent of Christian- 
 ity. They are made to seem like the events of to-day. 
 
 The most essential peculiarity of the work is that it is written 
 from what may be called Cicero's point of view. While Momm- 
 sen, Froude, Merivale, and others have looked at the condition 
 and the necessities of the State, and have censured Cicero for not 
 comprehending the nature of the situation, Trollope had studied 
 the problem with a view to ascertaining and showing how it must 
 have appeared to Cicero himself. Thus the volumes become very 
 largely a personal rather than a political life. 
 
 Whatever may be the reader's views of Cicero's political course, 
 he cannot fail to be charmed by the picture here given of the 
 orator's personal characteristics. His exalted affection for son 
 and daughter, his unfailing geniality and wit, his boundless stores 
 of the most entertaining knowledge, the lavish generosity of his 
 heart and his purse, and, above all, the charming companionship 
 of his friendship, are presented in so skilful a manner that the 
 reader forgets that in these same qualities were to be found the 
 sources of both the strength and the weakness of the orator's 
 character. The work may well be read in connection with the 
 volumes by Froude and Beesly. Trollope will charm even those 
 whom he is unable to convince. 
 
 Forsyth, William. — Life of Marcus Tnllius Cicero. 2 vols., 
 l2nio, New York, 2d ed., 1865; 2 vols, in 1, New York, 1871. 
 
 A book that may well be examined by the general student of 
 this period. While the author has no such profound knowledge 
 of Roman affairs as Mommscn, Ihne, and some of the other Ger- 
 man scholars, he has, nevertheless, made of this period a special 
 study, and is therefore entitled to a considerate hearing. lie may
 
 HISTORIES OF HOME. 139 
 
 be regarded as the modern champion of Cicero ; and the work, 
 therefore, is in strong contrast with the contemptuous treatment 
 bestowed upon the orator by Mommsen. Forsyth admires Cicero, 
 but his admiration is not bhnd. The book, in the way of con- 
 trast, may well be read in connection witli Froude's Cajsar. It is 
 less interesting than the recent work of Trollope, but has the qual- 
 ities of solid merit. 
 
 Boissier, Gaston. — Ciceron et ses Amis. 12mo, 3*^ ed., Paris, 
 1875. 
 
 A delightful picture of the society by which Cicero was sur- 
 rounded. The book received the high favor in France of being 
 crowned by the French Academy. It may well be read by the 
 student in connection with Froude's " Sketch " of Ca;sar, though 
 the author deals with the literary rather than with the political 
 side of Cicero's career. The view is calculated to raise the read- 
 er's esteem for the c-rcat orator. 
 
 Beesly, Edward Spencer. — Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius. 1 2mo, 
 
 London, 1S78. 
 
 A collection of essays published originally in the Fortnightly 
 Review. The importance of the work is in the picture it gives of 
 the common people of Rome during the revolutionary period. 
 Its argument is that the lower orders of Rome loved and trusted 
 Catiline, exhibited a constant and determined hostility to Cicero, 
 who had hunted their hero to death to please the oligarchy, and 
 consequently that they seized the first opportunity to visit the 
 orator with condign punishment. The arraignment of Cicero is 
 very severe, and it may well be read with Forsyth or Trollope. 
 
 Arnold, Thomas. — History of the Later Roman Commonwealth 
 to the Time of Cscsar and the Reign of Augustus. With a 
 Life of Trajan. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1849. 
 
 A collection of papers, made up some years after Dr. Arnold's
 
 140 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 death, containing the articles contributed by him on Roman his- 
 tory to the " Encyclopsedia Metropolitana." They derive their 
 importance cliiefly from the interesting methods and the great 
 name of the author. Since the publication of Merivale's elabo- 
 rate history these essays seem somewhat vague and unsatisfactory. 
 The opinions of such a scholar and author as Thomas Arnold, 
 however, will never cease to be of interest. 
 
 Froude, James Anthony. — Casar. A Sketch, 8vo, London 
 and New York, 1879. 
 
 Though this volume bears a modest title, it is one of great 
 popular interest. Few persons at all interested in ancient history 
 will find themselves willing, after getting a taste of the book, to 
 put it down until they have completed it. 
 
 It would be easy for a severe critic to point out faults in the 
 work. But its faults are not those of a dangerous kind. It is 
 at least something to have written a book on a great subject 
 which many people will be interested in reading. The author's 
 point of view is essentially the same as Mommsen's. He believes 
 that the nation was in a hopeless state of demoralization, and 
 that, if recovery was possible, it was possible only through the 
 efforts of Julius Csesar. He is more temperate in his condemna- 
 tion of Cicero, but the facts he presents are much more effective 
 than Mommsen's harsh words. In the opinion of Froude, " Nat- 
 ure half made a great man and left him incomplete." With 
 " magnificent talents, high aspirations, and a true desire to do 
 right," Cicero united "an infirmity of will, a passion, a cunning, 
 a vanity, and an absence of manliness and veracity." On the 
 whole, the picture of Cicero is probably one of the best ever 
 drawn in few words. 
 
 Napoleon III. — History of Julius Cresar. 2 vols., 8vo, London 
 and New York, 1865. With very valuable Maps, on separate 
 sheets. 
 
 It cannot be denied that this is a history of some importance, 
 in spite of the questionable object for which it was written. The
 
 HISTORIES OF ROxME. 141 
 
 author liimself declares that it was prepared " for the; purpose of 
 proving that when Providence raises up such men as Cjcsar, Char- 
 lemagne, and Napoleon, it is to trace out to peoples the path they 
 ought to follow ; to stamp with the seal of their genius a new era ; 
 and to accomplish in a few years the work of many centuries." 
 The object of the author seemed to have been accomplished 
 when he had justified the course of Cfesar up to the beginning 
 of the Civil War. It is maintained that the condition of the 
 State and the action of his enemies made the war inevitable. 
 Cffisar was the only person who fully understood the needs of the 
 nation. The views held are not essentially different from those 
 presented by Mommsen and Froude, but the argument is much 
 more elaborate. As Book I. is introductory, and Book II. is de- 
 voted to the Gallic campaigns, Books III. and IV. contain the gist 
 of the author's purpose in explaining the political condition of 
 affairs. The work was prepared with the utmost care — a care 
 which extended in some instances to special surveys, to insure 
 perfect accuracy in the descriptions, as well as in the maps and 
 illustrations. 
 
 Tacitus, C. Cornelius— The Works of. The Oxford translation, 
 revised. 2 vols., crown Svo, London and New York, 1854. 
 
 These works, in many respects the most important historical 
 productions of antiquity, consist of four parts. Arranged in the 
 order of their composition by the author, they were as follows : 
 " The Life of Agricola," " The Histories," " The Annals," " The 
 Manners and Peoples of Germany." " The Life of x\gricola " 
 has always been prized as a remarkable specimen of biographical 
 writing. It is of great value, for its masterly qualities not only as 
 a work of literary art, but also as a portrayal of the life and char- 
 acter of one of the most illustrious of Romans. In all litera- 
 ture there is no grander monument to the memory of an able 
 commander, a just administrator, and a good man. " The His- 
 tories" originally comprehended the period extending from the 
 accession of Galba, A.D. 68, to the death of Domitian, in 96. But 
 of this invaluable production nearly the whole is lost. We have no 
 portion complete excepting the first four books, which cover only
 
 142 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the period of one year. In this work Tacitus treated of events 
 that had transpired in his own time and largely under his own 
 observation. The " Annales " comprise a description of the pe- 
 riod extending from the death of Augustus, A.D. 14, to the death 
 of Nero, in C8. The portions describing the whole of Caligula's 
 reign, the five years of the reign of Claudius, and the last two of 
 the reign of Nero are lost. The treatise upon the Germans has 
 been variously estimated, but its importance is unquestionable. 
 Though its geographical descriptions are of no value, all subse- 
 quent investigations have tended to confirm the author's accounts 
 of the political institutions, the religion, and the social habits of 
 the various German tribes. 
 
 The most obvious qualities of this historian arc his moral dig- 
 nity, the evident integrity of his purpose, his inflexible love of 
 truth, his extraordinary insight into the motives of human con- 
 duct, and his power in the portrayal of dramatic scenes and start- 
 ling catastrophes. His style is elaborated with the greatest care, 
 and is stripped of every superfluity. Often a single word has the 
 effect not simply of a sentence, but of a picture. 
 
 The Oxford translation contains many notes of great value to 
 the reader, and is probably the best rendering of the Latin into 
 English. The translation of Murphy, also, is one that has long 
 enjoyed a high reputation for scholarship as well as for elegance 
 of style. 
 
 Suetonius, C. Tranquillus. — The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, 
 to which are added the Lives of the Grammarians, Rhetoricians, 
 and Poets. The Translation of Alexander Thomson, revised 
 and corrected by T. Forester. Crown 8vo, London and New 
 York, 187C. 
 
 Suetonius was born about the year 75 A.D. ; was the intimate 
 friend of the younger Pliny, and held a high office under the Em- 
 peror TIa<Irian. The work he has left is a collection of memoirs, 
 rather than a history in the {)ropcr sense of the term. He does 
 not attempt to philosophize on the causes of political changes, 
 but rather relates the personal history of those of whom he writes. 
 The work is not a landscape, but a gallery of statues and pictures.
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 143 
 
 It abounds in anecdotes. As a portrayal of character and as a 
 picture of manners and customs, it has been regarded by all his- 
 torians and critics as having great importance. 
 
 The translation by Thomson Avas made nearly a century ago, 
 and was very diffuse and inaccurate ; but it has been carefully re- 
 vised and improved by Forester. 
 
 Capes, W. W. — The Early Empire. From the Assassination of 
 Julius Cjcsar to that of Domitian. With two Maps. 16mo, 
 New York, 1877. 
 
 The first eleven chapters are devoted to the eleven emperors, 
 from Augustus to Domitian. The scope of the remainder of the 
 work is indicated by the following titles : " The Position of the 
 Emperor," "The Rights of Roman Citizenship," "Life in the 
 Provinces," " The State of Trade," " The Growing Population of 
 Italy and Greece," " The Frontiers and the Army," " The Moral 
 Standard of the Age," "The Revival of Religious Sentiment." 
 The author's style is at once spirited and graceful. No one can 
 read the last two chapters of the volume without being impressed 
 with the acumen and the judicial impartiality of his methods 
 of treatment. 
 
 Capes, W. W. — The Roman Empire of the Second Century ; or, 
 The Age of the Antonines. 16mo, New York, 1877. 
 
 This volume has the same admirable characteristics as its pred- 
 ecessor. It is everywhere marked by that breadth of view which 
 a long and critical study of Roman history has given to the au- 
 thor's works. All of the chapters are excellent ; but especially 
 Avorthy of note are those on the attitude of the empire towards 
 the early Christians, on the characteristics of the state of relig- 
 ion, and on the administrative forms of the imperial government. 
 The last chapter, read in connection Avith Arnold's " Provincial 
 Administration," will give an excellent view of the somewhat dif- 
 ficult subject of administrative methods.
 
 144 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Boissier, Gaston. — L'Opposition sous les Cesars. Second edition. 
 8vo, Paris, 1885. 
 
 All the books of this author are worthy of the student's atten- 
 tion. This one is a picture of the various attempts that were 
 made to organize opposition to the newly established Roman em- 
 pire. It is a presentation from a neglected point of view, and 
 the volume will be found a fruitful source of valuable informa- 
 tion. 
 
 Curteis, A. M. — History of the Roman Empire from the Death 
 of Theodosins the Great to the Coronation of Charles the 
 Great, 395-800. 12mo, Philadelphia, 1875. 
 
 A good bridge over the dark gulf that separates the Roman 
 Empire from the new nationalities. The volume contains not 
 very much that is new, but it is an attractive presentation of con- 
 clusions judiciously drawn from a study of Gibbon, Milman, and 
 Thierry. It is probably the most readable account we have of 
 the darkest and most obscure portion of mediteval history. It 
 would form a valuable accompaniment to Lecky's larger work 
 on the same period. 
 
 Merivale, Charles. — A Ilistoi-y of the Romans under the Empire. 
 7 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1872. 
 
 A work that has justly taken high rank in the historical litera- 
 ture of modern England. The author is not a genius of the first 
 rank, but for the writing of such a history he has many splendid 
 qualities. He is endowed with a love of research, a fervid imagi- 
 nation, and descriptive powers of a high order. Some of his 
 chapters must long be regarded as admirable specimens of elegant 
 literary workmanship. The author's portrayal of character is also 
 generally excellent. Julius Caesar he regards as the champion of 
 what was best in the State. He holds that Cicsar's opponents 
 were laboring in the interests of an aristocracy, the ascendency of 
 which would have been surely and rapidly fatal to the nation. 
 Corruption everywhere prevailed to such an extent that Cassar had 
 never known an election held or a law enacted that had not been
 
 HISTORIES OF HOME. I45 
 
 the result of fraud and bribery. The great triumvir had a distinct 
 object before liiiii, and liis first measures were prompt and deci- 
 sive. His action was prolific in wise, just, reformatory, and benef- 
 icent measures. 
 
 In one respect Merivale is slightly open to criticism. The con- 
 tinuity of his narrative is somewhat too frequently broken. In 
 describing provincial affairs, for example, he allows the links which 
 bind all to Rome to be lost sight of. lie deals somewhat too 
 much in disquisitions and discussions, and thus fails to keep the 
 whole picture before the reader's eye. Though the individual 
 parts of the work are almost always admirable, what may perhaps 
 be called its architecture is not so worthy of commendation. It 
 is in this respect more especially than in any other that the work 
 of Merivale falls short of that of Gibbon. 
 
 The author begins his history Avith the gradual transfer of the 
 old Republic to the imperialism of the Caesars, and ends it with 
 the age of the Antonines. It therefore exactly fills the gap be- 
 tween Mommsen and Gibbon. 
 
 Ammianus Marcellinus — The Roman History of, during the 
 Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valen- 
 tinian, and Valens. Translated by C. D. Yongc. Crown 8vo, 
 London and New York, 1862. 
 
 Of the historical writings of this author there were originally 
 thirty-one books, embracing the history from the accession of 
 Nerva, A.D. 96, to the death of Valens, in 378. As the narrative 
 began at the period when the works of Tacitus and Suetonius 
 ended, it was regarded as in some sense a continuation of the works 
 'of those authors. But the first thirteen books are lost, and the 
 portions preserved embrace only the period between 353 and 378. 
 This, however, is the most important portion of the history, as it 
 is a record of events that occurred during the years of the author's 
 active life. All historians and critics agree as to the general accu- 
 racy, fidelity, and impartiality of the author's writings. They are 
 not only a valuable record of events, but they are an instructive 
 commentary on the institutions and manners of the time. The 
 
 10
 
 146 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 merit of the work owes nothing to the qnaUty of the author's 
 style, which indeed is harsh and inflated. Gibbon attached great 
 importance to liis authority, and parted witli his guidance with an 
 earnest expression of regret. 
 
 Gibbon, Edward.— The History of the Decline and Fall of the 
 Roman Empire. Of the numerous editions, Milman's, 6 vols., 
 12mo, is the most common. A much better edition is that 
 edited by Dr. Smith, published irr London in 1854, and re- 
 printed in New York in 1880. The superiority of this edition 
 is very great, not simply in its material appearance, but also in 
 its more essential characteristics. It has excellent maps, and it 
 embodies the notes of Milman, Guizot, and Wenck, as well as 
 the results of later researches brought together by Dr. Smith. 
 The best London edition is in 8 vols., 8vo ; the best New York 
 edition in 6 vols., 8vo. 
 
 Though Gibbon's history was completed nearly a century ago, 
 its great importance lias not declined, and it is probably still en- 
 titled to be esteemed as the greatest historical work ever written. 
 The period embraced extends from the middle of the second cen- 
 tury of our era to the fall of Constantinople, in 1453. The author 
 did not pursue a strict chronological order, but massed his mate- 
 rials and arranged them in accordance with their moral and politi- 
 cal significance. The completed work, therefore, has somewhat 
 the appearance of a succession of monographs, each one of which 
 is perfect, or very nearly perfect, in itself. These individual parts, 
 each finished with extraordinary skill, are formed together in so 
 admirable a manner that the architecture of the work is one of its 
 most conspicuous merits. 
 
 The minuteness and comprehensiveness of Gibbon's historical 
 knowledge are somewhat appalling to the scholarsiiip of the pres- 
 ent day. For twenty-two vears before the appearance of his first 
 volume lie was a prodigy of steady and arduous application. His 
 investigations extended over almost the whole range of intellectual 
 activity for nearly fifteen hundred years. And so thorough were 
 his methods that the laborious investigations of German scholar- 
 siiip, the keen criticisms of theological zeal, and the steady re- 
 searches of a century have brought to light very few important
 
 HISTORIES OF HOME. I47 
 
 errors in the results of liis labors. But it is not merely the learn- 
 ing of the work, learned as it is, that oives it character as a his- 
 tory. It is also that ingenious skill by which the vast erudition, 
 the boundless range, the infinite variety, and the gorgeous magnif- 
 icence of the details are all wrought together into a symmetrical 
 whole. 
 
 Two objections to Gibbon's history have often been urged. 
 The one is to the stately magnificence of his style, the other to 
 his strong bias against Christianity. In both of these objections 
 there is considerable reason. The majestic periods with which 
 the author describes even the least important events are a source 
 either of annoyance or of amusement to nearly every modern reader. 
 The other characteristic not only leads the author to describe the 
 origin and growth of Christianity without sympathy, but it throws 
 a gloomy hue over the whole, and gives to events as they pass be- 
 fore the reader something of the melancholy pomp of a funeral 
 procession. But whatever objections different minds may raise, 
 either to the unbending stateliness of his style or to the stinging 
 sarcasms of his spirit, these peculiarities will prevent no genuine 
 scholar from studying the work and profiting by it. 
 
 Gregorovius, Ferdinand. — Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittel- 
 alter, vom V. bis XVI. Jahrhundert. 3te verb. Anflage, 8 vols., 
 8vo, Stuttgart, 2d ed., 1875-82. 4te Aufl., Vol. L, 1886. 
 
 Though Gregorovius would seem to traverse the ground trod- 
 den by Gibbon, yet he had a very different object, and wrote from 
 a very different point of view. His design was to describe not 
 the imperial government so much as the city in its relations with 
 the empire, the papacy, and the exterior world. The author, in 
 early life, was professor of history at the University of Konigs- 
 berg, but, with rare devotion to his subject, gave up his position 
 and went to Rome, where he carried on his researches for more 
 than twenty-five years. The result of his labors has been the 
 completion of a history that does honor to the author and to 
 German scholarship. The work is permeated Avith evidence of 
 deep philosophical insight and great critical ability. In addition
 
 148 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 to its minute and varied learning, it has the rare merit among 
 German books of abounding- in sharp and picturesque deUnea- 
 tions of character and in graphic descriptions of events and places, 
 Thouoh the author thinks like a German, he writes with some- 
 thing of the clearness and the spirit of a Frenchman. 
 
 The work has a copious index ; and, therefore, for the pur- 
 poses of reference as well as for the general reader it is of the 
 highest value. The last volume ends with a description of the 
 fall of Rome in 1527, and with an eloquent passage, written in 
 1872, and inspired by the complete re-establishment of Italy under 
 Victor Emmanuel. Whether considered as an historical authority 
 or as a work of literary art, it is one of the most valuable produc- 
 tions of modern German scholarship. 
 
 III. HISTORIES OF CIVILIZATION AND PEOGEESS. 
 
 Arnold, W.T. — The Roman System of Provincial Administration 
 to the Accession of Constantine the Great. Being the Arnold 
 Prize Essay for 1879. 12mo, London, 1879. 
 
 A very scholarly and admirable essay. The author had at his 
 command all the more important of those numerous recent works 
 in German and French which throw light on the subject of which 
 he treats. The greatness of the Romans in the administration of 
 provincial affairs is nowhere represented in so accessible and con- 
 venient a form. While it is a book that every student of history 
 may study with profit, it has altogether exceptional value for the 
 special student of political institutions. 
 
 Bahr, Johann Christian Felix. — Gescliichte der romischen Lite- 
 ratiir. X'icrtc, \( rbrsscrtc und vcrmehrte Auflage, 4 vols., 
 8vo, Carlsruhf, 1HG8-73. 
 
 A work of comprehensive design and of the most thorough 
 and conscientious execution. It is everywhere recognized as hav- 
 ing a standard value. The author begins with an Introduction of
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. I49 
 
 one luindrccl and forty-eight pao-es on the g-eneral characteristics 
 of Roman literature. The remainder of the first volume is- de- 
 voted to the history of Roman poetry. Tlie subjects are treated 
 in the order of " Tragedy," " Comedy," "The Epos," " Narrative 
 Poetry," "Didactic Poetry," "Satire," "Bucolics," "Fables," 
 " Epigrams," " Lyrics and Elegiacs." Each of these varieties of 
 poetry is traced historically from the earliest to the latest his- 
 tory. Of the second volume, about three hundred pages are de- 
 voted to the subject of " History," and they include not only a 
 description and analysis of the more important historical works, 
 but also an account of such fragments and other original sources 
 of information as the writers of Roman history must rely upon. 
 Some two hundred and fifty pages are given to " Oratory." The 
 remainder of the second volume and the whole of the third are 
 given to the various other branches of literature. The table of 
 contents is very full, and is so arranged as to make the work easy 
 of use. For a student who would make an exhaustive study, per- 
 haps the most helpful feature of the work is the fulness of the 
 references to modern literature. Not only at the end of each 
 chapter, but even at the end of each paragraph, is a very compre- 
 hensive account of what has been written on the subject by other 
 authors. The fourth volume is devoted to the Christian poets 
 and historians. 
 
 Becker, Wilhelm AdoJph. — Ilandbuch der romischen Alterthur 
 mer nach den Quelleu bearbeitet. 2 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1843. 
 
 A monumental work, long considered indispensable to the spe- 
 cialist. The first volume is devoted exclusively to a discussion 
 of tlie sources of information and to the geography of the State. 
 The second is of more general interest, as it is taken up with the 
 consideration of the Roman Constitution. It considers, with the 
 utmost care, all questions that can arise concerning the organiza- 
 tion and methods of the government. Within the past few years 
 its influence has declined before the success of the more volumi- 
 nous works of Marquardt and Mommsen. For bibliographical 
 purposes, however, it still continues to be consulted with great 
 profit.
 
 150 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Boissier, Gaston. — La Religion Roinaine d'Auguste aux Antonins. 
 
 3^ ed., 2 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1878. 
 
 The object of the author is to trace the causes and the char- 
 acter of that great religious revolution which took place at Rome 
 between the days of Cicero and the days of Marcus Aurelius. 
 That this was a real revolution Boissier abundantly shows. In 
 the time of Cicero religion was disbelieved, and was looked upon 
 as having been everywhere dethroned. Those who even occupied 
 tliemselves with religious things hardly believed in the existence 
 of the gods. But in the time of Marcus Aurelius a great change 
 had taken place. The philosophers were all religious, not to say 
 superstitious. They scarcely formed a project without adding 
 " if the gods will." They gave thanks for returning health be- 
 fore all the altars and beneath all the sacred trees. The cause of 
 this change the author finds in the influence of the government 
 and of the national literature. Augustus was ambitious to build 
 on the ruins of the republic a durable political structure. In the 
 Roman religion lie saw a conservative power of great force. He 
 determined to re-establish the religious faith, and consequently he 
 caused for that purpose temples to be reconstructed in all parts 
 of the empire. So, too, with the literature. Virgil had most 
 universal influence, and Virgil was essentially a religious poet. 
 
 Among the most interesting parts of this very interesting and 
 valuable book are those which treat of the condition of the infe- 
 rior classes and the organization of popular associations. The 
 chapter on slavery is one of the best brl^f descriptions of the 
 subject we have. 
 
 Cruttwell, Charles Thomas. — A History of Roman Literature 
 frdiii llic Miilicst Tcriod to the Deatli of Marcus Aurelius. 
 AVitli Chronological Tables, etc., for the Use of Students. 8vo, 
 London and New York, 1878. 
 
 In form and spirit this work is the very opposite of Biihr's 
 and Tcuffers, though the author has laid his great German mas- 
 ters under constant contiibiition for his facts. The book before 
 us is one for general readers, and, though it has very little of that 
 j'icturesfjue freshness which is the characteristic of Mahaffy's
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 151 
 
 " History of Greek Literature," yet it is presented in a style tliat 
 a person of Roman tastes will have no difHculty in reading. 
 
 Hadley, James. — Introduction to Roman Law. In Twelve Aca- 
 demical Lectures. 12mo, New York and London, 1873. 
 
 « 
 This admirable course of lectures is the most valuable sliort ac- 
 count we have of the nature and importance of the body of Ro- 
 man law. As the lectures were prepared for undergraduate stu- 
 dents, they arc free from embarrassing technical details, while at 
 the same time they are sufficiently elaborate to give a definite 
 idea of the nature and the greatness of the subject. 
 
 In the first chapter the author explains the composition and 
 character of the Corpus Juris Civilis, as well as the circumstances 
 under which it was prepared. In the second, he points out the 
 part played by the Roman law in the course of the Middle Ages 
 and in modern times. The third lecture is devoted to a general 
 account of the Roman law before the time of Justinian, while 
 the fourth traces its progress during the Republican period. In 
 the fifth the author, having completed what may be called the 
 historical introduction, comes to a discussion of the various char- 
 acteristics of the Roman law itself. In the course of the lectures 
 that follow, the status of family and of family-relations, the law 
 of property, the law of obligations, and the law of inheritance 
 receive admirable trefftment at the hands of this excellent teacher 
 and writer. The style is remarkable for its perspicuity and sim- 
 plicity. 
 
 Kuhn, Emil. — Vcrfassuag der Stadte des romischen Reichs. 8vo, 
 Leipsic, 1874. 
 
 The constitution and organization of the cities of the Roman 
 empire unquestionably had much to do with the readiness with 
 which the empire yielded to assaults from without. Since Gui- 
 zot's famous essay on the subject, scholars have been in the hab- 
 it of attributing the weakness of the empire to the comparative
 
 152 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 independence of the cities. The subject, therefore, is of much 
 importance, and the book named is the most learned and exhaust- 
 ive treatment of it. It may Avell be studied in connection with 
 Arnold's briefer work on " Provincial Administration.'" 
 
 Lange, L. — Romische Altertli^mer. 4 vols., 8vo,Leipsic, 1862-78. 
 
 A presentation of the interior development of the life of Rome 
 from its beginning to the establishment of the imperial mon- 
 archy. The most distinctive feature of the work is the great 
 stress the author lays on the family as the foundation of the State. 
 He holds that the early division of the State into communes was 
 but the natural result of the family system. The positions taken 
 are fortified with a vast number of authorities, by which an exam- 
 ination of the author's views is made possible, if not easy. 
 
 Mackenzie, Lord. — Studies in Roman Law, with Comparative 
 Views of the Laws of France, England, and Scotland. 8vo, 5th 
 ed., London, 1880. 
 
 To the non-professional student this is one of the most satisfac- 
 tory expositions of the spirit and significance of Roman law. It 
 may be found somewhat too technical for the general reader, but in 
 no other book are the essential characteristics of Roman jurispru- 
 dence traced with more spirit and clearness. The author was one 
 of the judges of the Court of Session in Scotland, and he availed 
 himself freely not only of the best English works on the subject, 
 but also of the more famous Continental authorities. It is less 
 elementary than Iladlcy's book, and for that reason is likely to be 
 less interesting to the general reader. 
 
 Marquardt, Joachim. — Riunische Staatsverwaltnng. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 Leipzig, I s7;5-80. Das I'rivatlcbcn dcr Romcr. 2te Aufl., 8vo, 
 1886.' 
 
 Marquardt first came into the conspicuous notice of scholars
 
 HISTORIES OF KOME. 
 
 153 
 
 through his continuation of Becker's "Handbook" in 1851, His 
 work was received Avith so much favor that lie was encouraged to 
 go forward with his researches, and the vohimcs before us are the 
 result. The masterly manner of his treatment will best be appre- 
 ciated by those who have had occasion to know something of the 
 difficulties of the subject. While he shows great original talent, 
 he also brings together the fruits of all recent explorations in the 
 field of Roman antiquities. lie chose the topical rather than the 
 chronological method. Although there are necessarily still many 
 obscurities, owing to the imperfections of the Roman records, yet 
 the student is likely to find a mor(^ satisfactory answer to his con- 
 stitutional queries in Marquardt than in any other author. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to an account of the organization 
 of the government in Rome and in the provinces ; the second, to 
 the financial and military systems. Religious and social questions 
 remain to be treated in subsequent volumes. The account of the 
 political economy of the Romans is the most thorough and schol- 
 arly ever published. The sources of income, the systems of ex- 
 change, and especially the methods of taxation are treated with a 
 fulness and comprehensiveness that leave little to be desired. It 
 is the nearest approach we yet have to Boeckh's "Public Econ- 
 omy of the Athenians." The volume on the private life of the 
 Romans is the highest of all authorities on the subject. 
 
 Mommsen, Theodor.*— Romische Forscbungen. 2 vols., 8vo, Ber- 
 lin, 1864-78. 
 
 The great value of this series of papers is in the fact that the 
 author has here presented the grounds of many of the peculiar 
 positions taken in his history. Those who have regretted that 
 the text of Mommsen's famous work affords no clew to the rea- 
 sons for his differences from other writers Avill generally find in 
 these papers all needed explanation. The Roman patrician fami- 
 lies, the respective rights of patricians and plebeians, the various 
 assemblies, and the Roman clients are some of the subjects dis- 
 cussdfl, and will serve to indicate the scope of the work.
 
 154 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Mommsen, Theodor. — Romisclies Staatsrecht. 2 vols., 8vo, Leip- 
 sic, 2d ccl, 1876. 
 
 Published with that of Marquardt, under the title of " Hand- 
 bucli der romischen Alterthiiuier," this treatise is especially de- 
 voted to Roman constitutional law. It is perhaps the most im- 
 portant of all works on the subject. It belongs, however, to the 
 province of the specialist, and is not likely to interest the general 
 student of Roman history. 
 
 Pierron, Alexis. — Histoire de h. Litterature Romaine. 12 mo, 2*= 
 ed., Paris, 1857. 
 
 One of the excellent series of books published under the direc- 
 tion of M. Duruy. It is the work of a learned professor in one of 
 the French lycees, and is admirably adapted to the uses of a stu- 
 dent. While it is especially serviceable as a book of reference, it 
 is also eminently readable. It covers the whole ground of Roman 
 literature, but, as it was intended for pupils more than for teach- 
 ers, it is not to be compared for comprehensiveness and thorough- 
 ness with the works of Biihr and Teuffel. 
 
 Sellar, W. Y.— The Roman Poets of the Republic. The Roman 
 Poets of the Augustan Age. 2 vols., Sva, London and Edin- 
 burgh, 18G3-77. Vol. I. revised and enlarged, 1881. Also, The 
 Roman Poets of the Augustan Age. 2d ed., 8vo, 1883. 
 
 Of the several books in our language on Roman literature this 
 is one of the most agreeable and scholarly. It aims at once to 
 describe the works of the most important of the poets, and to ex- 
 tract from them the peculiar flavor of their literary qualities. 
 The general method may be inferred from the titles of the four 
 (•liapters on Lucretius. These are, " Personal Characteristics," 
 " The Philosophy," " The Moral Teaching," and " The Poetical 
 Style and Genius." 
 
 The volume already published on the "Augustan Age "is de- 
 voted exclusively to Virgil. The " dcej) and tranquil charm " of 
 this poet has, perhaps, never been discussed with more judicious 
 discrimination.
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 155 
 
 The author expresses the hope of treating of Iloracc and the 
 Ele2:iac Poets in the third and conchidino- volume. 
 
 Teuffel, W. S. —A History of Roman Literature. Translated, with 
 the author's sanction, by William Wagner. 2 vols., 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1873. 
 
 A work of great erudition, but one not intended for the gen- 
 eral reader. The purpose of the author appears to have been to 
 supply the largest possible amount of information within the 
 briefest possible space. The result is a history that is invaluable 
 for the use of the special investigator, but one which, at the same 
 time, to the general reader will not fail to be dry, heavy, and un- 
 interesting. It is universally recognized in Germany as a text- 
 book of great accuracy and comprehensiveness. Li point of style 
 it is exceedingly awkward, and the awkwardness of the original is 
 imitated with painful fidelity in the translation. But, notwith- 
 standing these characteristics of form, the volumes arc a mine of 
 wealth from which every special student of Roman literature 
 will be glad to profit. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to the period of the Republic, the 
 second to the days of the Empire. 
 
 Thierry, Amedee.— Tableau de FEmpirc Remain, depuis la Fon- 
 dation de Rome jusqu'a la Fin du Gouvernement Lnperial en 
 Occident. 12mo, Paris, revised edition, 1862. 
 
 A small book of the greatest importance. The first edition of 
 it was published as early as 1840, and was introductory to the 
 author's " History of the Gauls." The design of the volume is a 
 portrayal of the influence of Rome as a civilizing power at the 
 head of universal society. It is its great merit that it gives a 
 more adequate idea than has ever been given elsewhere in brief 
 space of the consummate greatness of the Roman political organ- 
 ization. The author combines in the happiest manner powers of
 
 156 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 vivid description and broad generalization. He shows not only 
 great learning, but also great ability, in grasping and using the 
 materials at hand. The work, on its first appearance, was hailed 
 as one of the highest merit, and in no subsequent book have the 
 mutual influences of civilization and barbarism on each other 
 been more successfully pointed out. It will probably long be a 
 favorite volume with every thoughtful student of Roman history. 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND HEADERS. 
 
 1, Merivale's "General History," as far as to the times of the 
 Gracchi, is one of the best books for a short sketch. The same 
 work may be continued ; but, from this period, events are so im- 
 portant that it is better to take up the same author's " Fall of the 
 Roman Republic." This should be followed by the two small 
 volumes by Capes, and these, in turn, by Curteis. Froude's 
 " Caesar " and Trollopc's " Cicero " will be sure to interest the in- 
 tellio-ent reader. In connection with these works, it would be 
 well to read selected chapters from Mommsen for a more com- 
 plete idea of the organization of the Roman government; and 
 selected chapters from the same author and from Merivale's 
 " Romans under the Empire " for admirable descriptions of Ro- 
 man life and manners, and Roman art. The best bird's-eye view 
 is that of Leighton. The " Epochs of History " series, beginning 
 with Ihne, will also afford a good short course. 
 
 2. Mommsen and Ihne may well be read together, the former 
 for his brilliant theories and striking conclusions, the latter for 
 the critical severity of his judgment. If the reader is master of 
 German, Schwegler and Clason sliould be read with care ; if not, 
 Lewis's "Credibility of Early Roman History" may be used with 
 good results. Arnold has given the most satisfactory account of 
 the earlier portion of the Second Punic War. Long's "Decline 
 of the Roman Republic" has much historical though but little 
 literary merit. Fronde, in his " Sketch of Cajsar," makes a strong 
 plea in favor of his hero, and, at the same time, succeeds in per- 
 suading the reader to despise the vacillating character of Cicero, 
 liefore finally making uj) his mind, the reader should examine
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 157 
 
 TroIIopc's or Forsyth's " Cicero." From this period the great 
 authorities are Merivale's " Romans under the Empire " and Gib- 
 bon's "Decline and Fall." Arnold's " Roman Provincial Admin- 
 istration " and Kuhn's " Verfassung der romischen Stadte " throw 
 much light on certain elements which at once extended and hast- 
 ened the fall of the Roman power. 
 
 3. The works illustrative of Roman history are very numerous. 
 Dyer has a dissertation on the sources of early Roman history in 
 which he takes a view precisely the opposite of that of Sir George 
 Cornwall Lewis. Michelet, in an appendix to his " Roman Repub- 
 lic," discusses the same question. Schwegler, in his first volume, 
 enumerates the authorities for and against the theories of Niebuhr. 
 The so-called ballad theory is explained by Macaulay in his Intro- 
 duction to the " Lays of Ancient Rome." Essentially the same 
 position, but from another point of view, is taken by Dyer in his 
 " History of the City of Rome," in which an effort is made to 
 show that authentic materials for history existed in the times of 
 the first annalists. The same ground is taken by Ampere, who 
 argues that the discoveries resulting from recent excavations con- 
 firm the traditional theory. Taine's " Tite Live " is one of the 
 most brilliant and one of the most suggestive books on Roman 
 history. George Dennis's " Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria," 
 published in London, 1878, are two volumes of valuable informa- 
 tion on Etruscan archaeology. On the archaeology of Rome the 
 several volumes of monographs by J. H. Parker, with numerous 
 photographic illustrations, are the most important. Beesly's 
 "Gracchi" is a good monograph in English, though less carefully 
 wrought out than the German works of Lau and Nitzsch on the 
 same subject. Li a study of the Carthaginian wars, Heeren's 
 "Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Carthaginians" and F. 
 W. Newman's " Defence of Carthage " rnay be read with profit. 
 Bancroft's essay on " The Decline of the Roman People," pub- 
 lished in that author's " Miscellanies," gives a good picture of the 
 destructive tendencies of Roman slavery. The same subject may 
 be followed out in great detail in Wallon's "Esclavage." Lau's 
 "Cornelius Sulla" depicts the character and legislation of that 
 leader. The orations and letters of Cicero are, perhaps, the most 
 important contributions we have to a knowledge of the times be- 
 tween Sulla and Auo-ustus. Middlcton's " Cicero " is an old but
 
 158 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 a still valued antliorit}-. Forsyth's " Cicero " is one of the most 
 successful attempts to defend the great orator against the tenden- 
 cies of modern writers to denounce him. Trollope's "Cicero" 
 has a similar purpose and is more readable. Thierry's " Tableau 
 de I'Empire" is one of the most valuable and charming books 
 ever written on Roman affairs. Montesquieu's " Grandeur and De- 
 cav of the Romans " is written with the author's well - known 
 grasp and ability, but is somewhat loose in its statements of facts. 
 For the best picture of the city of Rome under the Empii'e, 
 chapters xxx.-xxxiv., xl., and xli. of Merivale's "Romans under 
 the Empire" are perhaps the best. Wey's "Rome" is a large 
 and sumptuous volume, with hundreds of cuts illustrative of the 
 city at different periods of its history. Burn's "Rome and the 
 Campagna" is designed especially to connect the early traditions 
 of Rome with individual localities. The most important author- 
 ity on Roman chronology is Peter's " Zeittafeln der romischen 
 Geschichte," the fifth edition of which was published in 1875. 
 A work that has long had great reputation is Bergier's " Histoire 
 des Grands Chemins de I'Empire Romain," published in two vol- 
 umes, 4to, at Brussels, in 1728. 
 
 For a description of Rome at a later period, selected chapters 
 from Gregorovius's " Geschichte der Stadt Rom " and Part VI. 
 of Hiibner's " Life of Sixtus V." will be found most useful. On 
 the religion of Rome, Boissier's "La Religion Romaine" and Cou- 
 langes's "Ancient City" are the most comprehensive; though 
 Clarke, in his " Ten Great Religions," has treated the subject in a 
 manner for the most part satisfactory. Maurice, in liis volume 
 "Learning and Working," has given four lectures on "The Re- 
 ligion of Rome" that show the author's genius at its best. The 
 political institutions of Rome are most fully described by Mar- 
 (juardt, tliougli individual chapters in Mommsen, Ihne, Merivale, 
 and Gibbon will be found very useful. Gibbon's chapter xliv. is 
 a masterly thougli a brief account of the growth and character 
 of Roman law. Sellar and Cruttwell give, perhaps, the best brief 
 accounts of the growth and cliaracter of Roman literature. De 
 (^uinccy's essay on "The IJarbarism of the Empire "and Seeley's 
 "Roman Lnperialism" are worthy of careful study. Winckcl- 
 mann and Miiller arc the best authorities on the technical details 
 (jf Roman art; but for scholarship and artistic enthusiasm com-
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. I59 
 
 bined consult Ampere's " L'Histoire Roinaine a Rome," Wolt- 
 mann is now the great authority on painting. Domestic life is 
 portrayed in Becker's " Gallus," in Gu-lil and Koner's " Life of the 
 Greeks and Romans," in Dezobry's " Imaginary Journey to Rome 
 in the Time of Augustus," and in Landor's " Imaginary Conver- 
 sations." On the same subject, see also Harper's Monthhj for 
 1872-3. Story's " Roba di Roma," Hare's " Walks about Rome," 
 and Valery's " Historical, Artistic, and Literary Travels " are 
 chiefly descriptive of modern Italy ; but they all endeavor, with 
 considerable success, to connect the present condition of Rome 
 with the past history of tlie city. Of works of fiction having his- 
 torical significance, Macaulay's " Lays of Ancient Rome," Shake- 
 speare's "Julius Ca3sar" and "Antony and Cleopatra," Dryden's 
 "All for Love," Ben Jonson's "Sejanus," Bulwer's "Pompeii," 
 Ware's " Zenobia," Ware's " Aurelian," Moore's "The Epicurean," 
 Mrs. Charles's " Conquering and to Conquer," and Wiseman's 
 " Fabiola " arc the most noteworthy. 
 
 The following are recent works of importance : Otto Gilbert's 
 "Geschichte und Topographic der -Stadt Rom ira Alterthum " (2 
 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1885) is learned in the results of modern topo- 
 graphical research. J. G. Curios " Vorgeschichte Roms," of which 
 the first part, "Die Kelten," was published in 8vo, Leipzig, 1878, 
 notwithstanding its importance, remains only a fragment. Benj. 
 Aube's " Les Chretiens dans I'Empire Remain de la fin des An- 
 tonins jnsqu'au mileau du HP Siecle" (Svo, Paris, 1881); also 
 "L'Eglise et I'Etat dans le Seconde Moitie du IIP Siecle" are 
 continuations of the author's " History of the Persecutions." E. 
 Renan's " Histoire des Origines du Cliristianisme " (8 vols., Svo, 
 Paris, 1887) is a work of brilliant and varied learning, but is per- 
 vaded by an unsympathetic spirit. Theodore Mommsen's "The 
 Provinces and People, from .Ca3sar to Diocletian, translated by 
 W.F.Dickson" (2 vols., Svo, London and New York, 1886), is 
 invaluable for the study of later Roman history. 
 
 In the field of constitutional history and political institutions, 
 modern scholarship has been peculiarly prolific. Marquardt and 
 Mommsen's great work on "Roman Institutions" is now in proc- 
 ess of translation, and is promised in fourteen volumes. Bouche- 
 Leclercq's " Manuel des Institutions Remains" (8vo, Paris, 1886),
 
 160 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tlioiigb brief, is an admirable hand-book, characterized by much 
 learning, originality, and power. P. Wilhelm's " Le droit Public 
 Romain, ou les Institutions de Rome depuis I'Origine de la Villc 
 jusqu'a Jnstinien" (8vo, 5® ed., Louvain, 1883) has long been rec- 
 ognized as a work of the first importance. The same author's 
 " Le Senat de la Republique Romaine " (3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1879- 
 85) is a work of acknowledged originality and authority. G. 
 Block's "Les Origines da Senat Romain" (8vo, Paris, 1883) is 
 also a book of great merit. Mispoulct's "Les Listitutions Poli- 
 tiques des Romains" (2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1882-83) is an excellent 
 book, though less important than those of Wilhehns and Bouche- 
 Leclercq. Emile Marlot's "Precis des Institutions Politiques de 
 Rome" (l2mo, Paris, 1886) is designed for students rather than 
 scholars. Otto Hirschfeld's " Untersuchungen auf dern Gebiete der 
 romischen Verwaltungsgeschichte," of which the first volume only 
 has been published, is scarcely inferior to the works of Marquardt 
 and Mommsen. Paul Guirand's " Le Difiercnd entre Cesar et le 
 Senat" (8vo, Paris, 1878) is a work of much ability, written from 
 a point of view opposite to that of Mommsen. Joseph Klein's 
 "Die Verwaltungs-Beampten der Provinzen des romischen Reichs 
 bis auf Diocletian" (8vo, Berlin, 1878) is important, though this 
 volume is confined to Sicily and Sardinia. E. Person's " Essai 
 sur I'Administration des Provinces Romaines sous la Republique" 
 (8vo, Paris, 1878) contains valuable matter, mingled with not a 
 few errors in minor details, J. N. Madvig's " Verfassung und 
 Verwaltung des romischen Staats" (2 vols., Svo, Leipzig, 1881- 
 82) is one of the most valuable of all books on the subject. The 
 first volume relates to the Constitution ; the second to Admin- 
 istration. E. Desjardins's "Geographic Historique et Adminis- 
 trative de la Gaulc Romaine" (3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1876-85) 
 abounds in maps and plans, and is the best work on the subject. 
 A fourth volume is promised. W. Soltan's " Uebcr Entstehung 
 und Zusammcnsctzung der altromischcn Volkcrversammlungen " 
 (Svo, Berlin, 1880) is the most thorough study of this important 
 subject. II. Lenormier's " Etude IIistoriq\ic sur la Condition Pri- 
 vuc des AiTranchis" (8vo, Paris, 1887) is the most successful ac- 
 count of the frccdmcn. P. F. Girard's " Essai sur les Finances et 
 la Comptabilile I'ublicjue chez les Romains" (2 vols., 8vo, 1886) 
 is probably the best work on Roman finances. A. Esmcin's " Mo-
 
 HISTORIES OF ROME. 161 
 
 langcs d'llistoirc dii droit et de Critique" (8vo, Paris, 1887) con^ 
 sists of five important essays, for the most part on the laws of 
 marriage. 
 
 On subjects of a less political nature the following may be 
 named : L. Fricdlander's. " Darstellungcn aus der Sittengeschichte 
 lioras" (3 vols., 5th ed., Leipzig, 1881) is one of the most impor- 
 tant books on the subject. M. I. Miiller's " Ilandbuch der Klas- 
 sischen Alterthumswissenschaft " contains Scliillcr''s "Die roini- 
 schen Staats-, Eechts-, und Kricgcs- Alterthumswissenschaft " 
 (1881), M. Voigt's "Die romischen Privatsalterthiimcr und ri)- 
 mische Kulturgeschichte " (8vo, 1887), B. Niese's " Abriss der ro- 
 mischen Geschichte" (Svo, 1888), and J. Jung's "Geographic und 
 Geschichte des romischen Alterthums " (8vo, 1 888). W. li. Inge's 
 "Society in Rome under the Cajsars " (8vo, London and New 
 York, 1888). Sellar's " Eoman Poets of the Republic " (8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1882) treats especially of Ennius, Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, 
 Lucilius, and Catullus. G. A. Simcox's " History of Latin Liter- 
 ature, from Ennius to Boethius" (2 vols., 8vo, London, 1883). J. 
 Revllle's "La Religion in Rome sous les Severes" (Svo, Paris, 
 1880) is a forcible and brilliant presentation of a study carried 
 on in a scientific sj)irit. Babelon's " Description Ilistorique et 
 Chronologique des Monnaies de la Republique " (2 vols., 8vo, 
 1885-»86). Gustavo Criichon's "Les Banques dans I'Antiquite " 
 (8vo, Paris, 1879) is of interest and importance. J. Overbeck's 
 "Pompeii" (Lex. 8vo, Leipzig^ 1884) continues to be the most 
 important work on the subject. Thomas H. Dyer's "Pompeii, 
 its History, Buildings, and Antiquity " (8vo, London, new ed., 
 1875), though less important than the work of Overbeck, is schol- 
 arly, and has the advantage of being in English. E. von Hnde- 
 mann's "Geschichte des romischen Postwesens wahrend der Kai- 
 serzeit" (l2mo, Berlin, 1878). 
 
 11
 
 162 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Chapter YI. 
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 
 I. GENERAL HISTOKIES. 
 
 Dunham, S. Astley. — History of Europe during the Middle Ages. 
 4 vols., 12mo, London, 1833-36. 
 
 These volumes, though the production of a learned and judi- 
 cious writer, are no longer of very great importance. Dr. Dunham 
 wrote before the profound researches of the last twenty-five years 
 had been made, and, consequently, many of his inferences and 
 conclusions are now known to be erroneous. At the time the 
 work was written, however, it was one of the most satisfactory 
 accounts of medieval events in our language. Perhaps it would 
 not be easy even now to name a book in English on the general 
 history of the Middle Ages containing a smaller number of serious 
 defects or blemishes. But in the light of modern investigations, 
 it leaves much to be desired, especially on the subject of the 
 growth and organizations of institutions. 
 
 Duruy, Victor. — Tlistoire du Moyen Age, depuis la chute de I'Em- 
 jurt; (r(J(;cidcnt jusqu'au milieu du xv'' sieclc. 12mo, Paris, 
 8^- ed., 1875. 
 
 Probably the best work in a single volume on the general his- 
 tory and character of the Middle Ages. All the books of this 
 author arc vahiablc ; and this is one of the best of them. Duruy 
 was at one time Minister of l*iiblic Instruction in France, and not 
 the least of his service was the work of j)roviding a most valuable 
 series of historical books for the use of schools of different grades.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 163 
 
 These were all prepared iimler his superintendence, and several of 
 tlieni were written by his own hand. They are presented in clear 
 and attractive style, are supplied with excellent maps and tables 
 and other means of illustration, are very accurate, and, as a whole, 
 probably form the most valuable series of historical text-books 
 ever published. 
 
 The work on the Middle Ages deals with causes and effects 
 rather than with details of events, and gives clear views of the 
 general movements of tendencies of society. The description 
 of the rise and essential character of feudalism is one of the best 
 brief accounts anywhere to be found. The growth of the papal 
 power, and the relations of the early Church with the temporal 
 authorities, are also admirably presented. 
 
 Hallam, Henry. — View of the State of Europe during the Middle 
 Ages. The first edition appeared as early as 1818, but the work 
 was subjected to thorough revision in 1848, when much new 
 and important matter was added. The issues in a single vol- 
 ume both in England and America are generally reprints of one 
 of the first English editions, and are, therefore, of greatly in- 
 ferior value. The best editions are those in 3 vols., Svo, Lon- 
 don, and 3 vols., 12aio, New York. 
 
 Hallam weighed all the materials that came into his hand with 
 the utmost care and impartiality. He also showed great industry 
 and patience in the prosecution of his researches. But at the 
 time he wrote, knowledge of the Middle Ages, even with the most 
 thorough students, was very imperfect compared with what it is 
 at the present day. Researches in France and Germany during 
 the past twenty-five years have added so much to the accessible 
 information concerning various phases of mediaeval history that 
 very little of what was written more than thirty years ago can 
 now be safely regarded as conclusive authority. By those students, 
 therefore, who are able to make free use of French and German, 
 Hallam will be not very highly esteemed. Even the best of his 
 chapters, those on " The Constitutional History of England " and 
 " The State of Society in the Middle Ages," have been superseded 
 by the more successful investigations of Stubbs,Guizot, and others.
 
 ^gj HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The literary qualities of the work are not such as to attract the 
 general reader, though the author's unfailing impartiality cannot 
 but secure the respect of every thoughtful student. 
 
 Kingsley, Charles. — The Roman and the Teuton. A Series of 
 Lectures delivered before the University of Cambridge. 8vo, 
 London. New edition, 1879. 
 
 The characteristics of this entertaining volume are well indi- 
 cated by the subjects of the lectures. These are : " The Forest 
 Children ;" " The Dying Empire ;" " The Human Deluge ;" " The 
 Gothic Civilizer;" "Dietrich's End;" "The Nemesis of the 
 Goths;" "Paulus Diaconus;" "The Clergy and the Heathen;" 
 "The Greek a Civilizer;" "The Lombard Laws;" "The Popes 
 and the Lombards ;" " The Strategy of Providence." 
 
 These lectures throw no light upon any of the difficult and dis- 
 puted points in the history of the Middle Ages. But this fact 
 does not detract from their value. They were intended not as a 
 history, but rather as a commentary on the significance and influ- 
 ence of historical events. They are to be judged, therefore, simply 
 as the speculations of a remarkably ingenious and interesting 
 mind ; and, as such, they form, for the general reader, one of the 
 most stimulating volumes ever written on this somewhat dreary 
 period. Every lecture shows the fertility of imagination, the ex- 
 uberance of fancy, and the ingenuity of expression that have 
 made Kingslcy's writings so delightful to a large number of read- 
 ers. Few persons will read the book without being aroused and 
 stimulated to new trains of thought. 
 
 Koch, M. — Tableau des Revolutions dc I'Europe, depuis le Boule- 
 versement do TEmpirc Romain en Occident jusqu'a nos Jours; 
 precede (Fuiie Introthietion sur FHistoirc, et orne dc Cartes 
 geographi(HU's et Tables genealogicjues et chronologiques. 
 Nouvelle edition, corrigec et augnientee. 4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1814. 
 
 Though written in the early part of the century, these volumes
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 105 
 
 were the result of an unusual amount of special labor, and they 
 are still not without considerable value. We are assured that the 
 author devoted thirty years to their preparation and completion. 
 In style the work is not elegant, but it is concise and clear; and 
 the descriptions and statements are generally accurate. On ac- 
 count of these qualities, it long stood unrivalled as a general sur- 
 vey of mediaeval and modern history. It was originally designed 
 for the use of young men preparing themselves especially for 
 political life. In 1828 an English version of the body of the 
 work appeared, but, as it lacked the maps and tables, it was of 
 much less value than the original. The third and fourth vol- 
 umes are devoted to maps, tables, and charts. The maps are 
 excellently engraved, and are so numerous as to throw light on 
 all the most important events described. 
 
 Kceppen, Adolphus Louis. — The World in the Middle Ages : an 
 Historical Geography, with accounts of the Origin and Develop- 
 ment, the Institutions and Literature, the Manners and Customs, 
 of the Nations of Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa, 
 from the Close of the Fourth to the Middle of the Fifteenth 
 Century. Accompanied by complete Historical and Geographi- 
 cal Indexes, and six colored Maps from the Historical Atlas of 
 Charles Spruner, LL.D., Captain of Engineers in the Kingdom 
 of Bavaria. Folio, New York and London, 1854. 
 
 The author's purpose was to present in this volume an accurate 
 geographical description of the world during the different periods 
 from the ultimate division of the Roman empire, at the death of 
 Theodosius the Great, down to the conquest of Constantinople in 
 the East, and the discovery of America in the West. He has 
 made ample use of the best geographical authorities, and has 
 brought together a vast amount of minute information on sub- 
 jects that are often very obscure. The way in which geographi- 
 cal changes were brought about is generally explained with suflB- 
 cient minuteness and accuracy. The historical portion of the 
 work is not very important, except in so far as it serves to account 
 for geographical changes. The maps are excellent, though they 
 are not so complete as those in the great historical atlas of Spruner-
 
 166 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Mencke. The book will be found too dry for a general reader; 
 but for a student in want of geograpliical details it has great value. 
 By means of the indexes the geographical history of any country 
 or province can generally be traced without diificulty. To the 
 recently published work of Freenaan on " The Historical Geog- 
 raphy of Europe" it is generally inferior, though it often gives 
 minute and useful details where Freeman contents himself with 
 giving the reasons for such changes as were made, without indi- 
 cating very minutely what the changes were. 
 
 Potthast, August. — Bibliotheca Ilistorica Medii Aevi. Wegwei- 
 ser durch die Geschichtswerke des europaischen Mittelalters, 
 375-1500. 8vo, Berlin, 1862. Also, supplementary vol., 8vo, 
 Berlin, 1868. 
 
 A book of no interest to the general reader, but of great value 
 to the special student of the Middle Ages in general, and of the 
 German states in particular. It not only contains the titles and 
 brief descriptions of " all the historical works produced in Eu- 
 rope between 375 and 1500 which have ever appeared in print," 
 but it also gives the contents of the leading modern collections of 
 these sources. In an appendix the author gives a brief title of 
 the important original authorities for the history of each of the dif- 
 ferent European nations. The book is most comprehensive in plan, 
 and most scholarly in execution. The supplementary volume con- 
 tains, besides other valuable matter, a " Complete List of the Saints." 
 
 Robertson, William. — A View of the Progress of Society in Eu- 
 r(»pe, from the Subversion of the Roman Empire to the Begin- 
 ning of the Sixteenth Century. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1818. This 
 volume is properly an introduction to the author's "History of 
 the Itcign of the Emperor Charles V.," and is usually to be 
 found in the various editions of that w-ork. 
 
 This was perhaps the first really philosophical view of the 
 Middle Ages ever written. In calmness of judgment, in breadth 
 of scholarshi]>, and in comprehensiveness of treatment it still has 
 no superior among the shorter treatises on the Middle Ages. 
 
 It is divided into three sections. The first is: a View of the
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. i67 
 
 Progress of Society in Europe " with respect to Interior Govern- 
 ment, Laws, and Manners ;" the second : " with respect to the 
 Command of the National Force Requisite in Foreign Operations ;" 
 and the third: "with respect to the Political Constitution of the 
 I'rincipal States in Europe at the Commencement of the Six- 
 teenth Century." 
 
 The "proofs and illustrations" form nearly a half of the whole 
 volume, and are not the least important and interesting portion of 
 the work. They abound in facts of the utmost interest and im- 
 portance. It is difBcult to discriminate against any portion of 
 this excellent piece of historical writing; but the first and the 
 third section will be found by most students more interesting, if 
 not more valuable, than the third. 
 
 Savigny, F. C. — Geschichte dcs romischen Rechts im Mittelalter, 
 7 vols., 8vo. Zvveite Auflage, Heidelberg, 1850-51. A French 
 version was published in Paris in 1839, 5 vols. The first vol- 
 ume alone has been published in English. 
 
 The author was one of that remarkable galaxy of teachers and 
 writers brought together at the new University of Berlin in 1811. 
 After that date the successive volumes appeared from time to time, 
 until the last was published in 1831. 
 
 The author's purpose was the difficult task of showing the 
 influence of Roman law on the laws, customs, and institutions 
 of the Germanic nations and races during the Middle Ages. Be- 
 fore the appearance of this work, it had generally been supposed 
 that, until the discovery of the Pandects at Amalfi in the twelfth 
 century, the Roman law had exerted no influence in shaping in- 
 stitutions north of the Alps. But Savigny completely revolution- 
 ized public opinion on the subject. He proves that the Justinian 
 Code had been studied, and had exerted its influence, from the 
 time of its first promulgation down through the Middle Ages. 
 
 The work has two very striking characteristics. It shows at 
 once an almost phenomenal affluence of learning, and a very un- 
 usual power of interpretation and generalization. In point of 
 style, it is unpicturesque and uninteresting. While, therefore, its
 
 168 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 use will be confined to tlic few, it is a source from wliich even the 
 most learned scholar may derive large additions to his knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 Sheppard, John G.— The Fall of Rome and the Rise of the New 
 Nationalities. A Series of Lectures on the Connection between 
 Ancient and ISIodern History. 8vo, London and New York, 
 1861. 
 
 One of the best manuals for the use of a student of the Middle 
 Ages. Perhaps its most striking characteristic is in its large de- 
 pendence on original authorities, and in the stress which it lays 
 on the use of such authorities in the study of the period under 
 examination. It also has the merit of bringing out with great 
 clearness the way in which the new nationalities were evolved out 
 of the confusion resulting from the invasions and the breaking-up 
 of the old empire. The author's religious point of view is the 
 opposite of Gibbon's, his pages revealing a constant desire to im- 
 press upon his readers the principle of the " fatherhood of God 
 and the brotherhood of man." 
 
 Sullivan, William. — Historical Causes and Effects; from the Fall 
 of the Roman Empire, A. D. 476, to the Reformation, A. D. 1517. 
 12mo, Boston, 1838. 
 
 As a general introduction to the study of modern history, this 
 little book still remains one of the best. It was written by a 
 scholar, and its contents are well selected and arranged. In point 
 of style the volume is clear and interesting. The account of the 
 feudal age is the least satisfactory part of the work. 
 
 White, Rev. James. — The Eighteen Christian Centuries. 12mo, 
 London an<l New York, 2d ed., 1SG2. 
 
 This book, at the time of its publication, was received with 
 raucli favor both in England and in America. It is an attempt
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 169 
 
 to picture the prevailing characteristics and tendencies of each of 
 the centuries. Its merit is in the fact that the spirit of each age 
 is generally well apprehended and correctly represented; while its 
 weakness shows itself in what must be considered an altogether 
 artificial division of history into exact periods of a hundred years 
 each. The author's style is at all times bright and vigorous, 
 thougli it has the fault of descending occasionally to the use of 
 jocose, if not even vulgar, expressions. 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS AND OF INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Alzog^, John. — Manual of Universal Church History. Translated, 
 witli Additions from the ninth and last German edition, by F. 
 J. Pabisch and Thomas S. Byrne. 3 vols., roy. 8vo, Cincinnati, 
 1874-78. The tenth German edition was puUlished in 1882. 
 
 The latest and by far the most important of Roman Catholic 
 authorities on the general history of the Church. It is put forth 
 with the official imprimatur, and it is regarded by high authority 
 as a book Avithout a rival. The author was one of the most in- 
 fluential of German professors of ecclesiastical history, and his 
 standing in the Church is indicated by the fact that he was called 
 to Rome in 18G9 to assist in the preparatory work of the Vati- 
 ican Council. In his labors of preparation Dr. Alzog made use 
 of Protestant and infidel, as well as of Roman Catholic, authori- 
 ties. The bibliographical notes at the beginning of each chapter 
 are of much value. The volumes may be consulted with profit, 
 especially on the period of the Reformation. The views of the 
 author in regard to Wycliffe, Huss, and Luther are put forth 
 with moderation, but with distinctness. In point of literary work- 
 manship the volumes leave little to be desired. The work is not 
 free from dogmatism, and it not unfrequently puts forth views 
 which will startle the Protestant reader. A good example is his 
 saying of Alexander VI., that he " never lost sight of the essential 
 duties of the head of the Church."
 
 170 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Aub6, M. — Histoire des Persecutions de I'Eglise. 8vo, Paris, 
 1875. 
 
 One of the most scholarly as well as one of the latest produc- 
 tions on the persecutions of the early Christians. The most strik- 
 ing fact brought out by the book is the real attitude towards the 
 Christians of Marcus Aurelius. The author shows that this em- 
 peror was no more guilty than were Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. 
 The fact is demonstrated that neither of these emperors cared 
 enough for Christianity to reverse the decisions of his own offi- 
 cial subordinates. The author shows that the mob was always 
 ready to rise up against Christianity, but that the Christians en- 
 joyed the almost constant toleration of public law. The empe- 
 rors above named neither softened nor aggravated the rescript of 
 Trajan. The book is an interesting study of the early relations 
 of Christianity to the Empire. 
 
 Balmes, Rev. James. — European Civilization. Protestantism and 
 Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Eu- 
 rope. Svo, 16th ed., Baltimore, 1850. 
 
 This famous work, by a learned Spanish Catholic ecclesiastic, 
 was prepared for the purpose of counteracting the influence of 
 Guizot's lectures on European civilization, and " to neutralize the 
 facilities offered under the regime of Espartero for the success of 
 a Protestant propagandism in Spain." The American editor, in 
 describing the work, says of the author : " He does not say that 
 nothing has been done for civilization by Protestantism ; but he 
 asserts and proves that Protestantism has been greatly unfavorable 
 and even injurious to it." This is a fair statement of the object 
 aimed at by the work. From beginning to end the book is con- 
 troversial ; but it is very able, and is well worth looking into, as 
 the strongest presentation of what most Americans have reason 
 to consider as the other side. Chapters xxxiv, to xxxviii. treat of 
 " Tolerance in Matters of Religion," of "The Right of Coercion," 
 and of *' The Inquisition in Spain." These chapters contain the 
 gist of the whole argument, and, even if the book is not read as a
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 171 
 
 wliole, may well be exainined for the explanation tlicy give of 
 the methods by which the Church defends the most questionable 
 part of its policy. 
 
 Baring-Gould, S. — Curious Myths of the Middle Aoes. 12mo, 
 London, 18GG ; New York, 1880 ; new edition, London, 1884. 
 
 An interesting volume, devoted to the work of describing and 
 demolishing some of the most important traditional stories rife in 
 the Middle Ages. The subjects brought before the reader are, 
 " The Wandering Jew ;" " Prcster John ;" "The Divining-rod;" 
 " The Seven Sleepers ;" " William Tell ;" " The Dog Gellert ;" 
 " Tailed Men ;" " Antichrist and Pope Joan ;" " The Man in the 
 Moon;" "The Mountain of Venus;" "Fatality of Numbers;" 
 and " The Terrestrial Paradise." The stories of Tell and of Pope 
 Joan are of most interest and consequence to the historical stu- 
 dent. The author destroys the personality of the Swiss hero, and 
 does it without use of the ponderous and superfluous learning 
 brought to the same service by recent German critics. The faults 
 of the volume are an all-pervasive flippancy, and a tendency to 
 drift into occasional attempts, not altogether successful, at fine 
 writing. The book is instructive, but it entertains and amuses 
 even more than it instructs. 
 
 Bulfinch, Thomas. — Age of Chivalry, or Legends of King Arthur. 
 Legends of Charlemagne, or Romance of the Middle Ages. 2 
 vols., 12mo, London and New York, 1863. 
 
 A successful effoi-t to present the most important legends of 
 the Middle Ages in a form adapted to modern taste. While they 
 throw considerable pleasant light on the life and manners of the 
 times, they guide the reader through that treasure-house of mod- 
 ern mythology from which modern poets of all countries have 
 drawn so much of their material. The work will be of more in- 
 terest and value to the student of romantic literature than to the 
 student of historv.
 
 172 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Church, R. W. — The Beginnings of the Middle Ages. With 
 three Maps, 16mo, London and New York, 1877. 
 
 A worthy introduction to the series of vokimes known as 
 " Epochs of Modern History." Though a small book, it embod- 
 ies many of the fruits of recent scholarship, and is one of the best 
 brief accounts of events from the fall of Rome to the breaking-up 
 of the Carlovingian empire. A rapid but graphic accoun,t is given 
 of the relations of the Franks to the Church ; of the peculiar civ- 
 ilization of the Lombards ; of the work in religion and govern- 
 ment of Gregory the Great and of Charlemagne ; and, best of all, 
 of the methods by which the way was prepared for the union of 
 the Church and the empire under Otto the Great. 
 
 Cox, George W. — The Crusades. With a Map. 16mo, London 
 and New York, 1878. 
 
 This little volume is written with the author's well-known 
 thoroughness of knowledge and brilliancy of style. It makes no 
 pretence to original research, but it embodies in admirable form 
 the results of the most recent investigations. The book begins 
 with an account of the causes of the general impulse towards the 
 East; continues with a description of the nine crusades; and ends 
 with what the author calls " The Sequel of the Religious Wars." 
 Interspersed are chapters on "The Council of Clermont," " The 
 Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem," "The Loss of Jerusalem," and 
 " The Latin Empire of Constantinople." 
 
 For a student who would investigate the period thoroughly, the 
 book has very little value except by way of suggestion ; but for 
 the general reader it is probably the most interesting and satis- 
 factory brief account of the Crusades yet produced in English. 
 
 Cox, George W., and Jones, E. H.— Popular Romances of the Mid- 
 dle Agi's. l''irst American, from the second London, edition. 
 12mo," New York, 1880. 
 
 I'robablv the most valuable of the several manuals on the sub-
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 173 
 
 ject of the folk-lore of Europe. It contains all the more impor- 
 tant of the tales that enter so largely into the romantic literature 
 of modern times. The move prominent of the authors has de- 
 voted liimsclf for many years, with o-i-cat assiduity, to the system- 
 atic study of mythology, and the fruits of his learning are here 
 brought together. The book, therefore, is valuable alike to the 
 student of literature and the student of historv. 
 
 Dollinger, Johann Joseph. — The First Age of Christianity. Trans- 
 lated by II. N. Oxenham. 3d edition, 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1877. 
 
 Dr. Dollinger has long been held as one of the ablest historians 
 in the Roman Catholic Church ; and this work may be regarded 
 as the most successful representation of the early history of the 
 Church from the Catholic point of view. The subject is one of 
 the most important in the whole range of ecclesiastical history, for 
 the reason that the authority claimed by the Church rests largely 
 upon the nature of its early organization. Dollinger should be 
 studied by every student interested in the Roman Catholic view 
 of the subject. 
 
 Fisher, George P. — The Beginnings of Christianity, with a View 
 of the State of the Roman AVorld at the Birth of Christ. 8vo, 
 New York, 1877. 
 
 The chapters that go to make up this volume were first delivered 
 in a somewhat less amplified form as Lectures before the Lowell 
 Institute in Boston. The author had three purposes in view : 
 first, to give an account of the ancient world, including heathen 
 and Jewish society ; second, to examine the New-Testament doc- 
 trines from which our knowledge of the Christian religion must 
 be derived ; and, third, to discuss the most important topics con- 
 nected with the life of Christ and the apostolic age. 
 
 The most distinctive features of the work are its views of the 
 Jewish, Greek, and Roman religions, and its comparisons between 
 them. It represents extensive study of the best literature on the
 
 174 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 subject, is without parade of learning, and is written in a style at 
 once clear and refreshinor. 
 
 Geffcken, Heinrich. — Churcli and State; their Relations Histori- 
 cally Considered. Translated and edited, with the assistance of 
 the author, by Edward Fairfax Taylor. London, 2 vols., 8vo, 
 
 1877. 
 
 x\n excellent historical guide-book for the study of the relations 
 of Church and State from the earliest times down to the present 
 day. An introductory chapter is devoted to definitions and state- 
 ments of principles, after which the author gives an exposition of 
 the relations of Church and State during the long period under 
 review. The whole of the second volume is devoted to the period 
 since the French Revolution. The author is a professor of inter- 
 national law in the University of Strasburg, is a conservative 
 Protestant, and is opposed to the recent harsh policy of the Prus- 
 sian government in dealing with the Catholic question. For 
 knowledge, acumen, and fairness the work is worthy of high 
 praise. Opponents of State churches can find no better arsenal 
 from which to draw than the vast array of facts here presented. 
 
 Gfrbrer, A. F. — Pabst Gregorius YII. und sein Zeitalter. 7 vols., 
 8vo, SchaShausen, 1859. 
 
 This ponderous work of some four thousand octavo pages is the 
 most elaborate portrayal of the great conflict between the popes 
 and tlie temporal powers in the Middle Ages. The author is a 
 Catholic historian of repute, is wedded to his work, and is master 
 of an attractive literary style. Were life not so short, the book 
 might be earnestly recommended. As if to make the use of the 
 work impossible, the author gave it to the world without an index. 
 But, notwithstanding this fact, if the student is willing to enter 
 earnestly upon the labor of exploring the vast mazes of these vol- 
 umes, he will find much to reward his search. The relations of 
 Pope Gregory to the subordinate clergy and to the civil powers in 
 all the different countries of Europe are presented with the utmost
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 175 
 
 fulness and minuteness. In spite of the want of an index, the 
 reader will generally be able to find in the table of contents a 
 clew to what he desires. 
 
 Gieseler, Dr. John C. L. — A Text - book of Church History. 
 Translated from tlie Fourth Revised German Edition, by Samuel 
 Davidson and the Rev. John W. Hull. A New American Edi- 
 tion, revised and edited l)y Henry B. Smith. 5 vols., 8vo, New 
 York, ISSV-TG. Revised edition, 1880. 
 
 As a text-book on the history of the Church, this is unquestion- 
 ably one of the T^est ever written. Its most striking peculiarity is 
 the admirable manner in which the author has classified and veri- 
 fied the sources of information. The text is admirable for the 
 ability and the judicious fairness with which it is written, but it 
 is perhaps in the notes that the extraordinary merits of the work 
 are most conspicuous. The fourth and fifth volumes are devoted 
 to the period since the beginning of the Reformation. This is 
 the strongest portion of the work, as it is the portion to which 
 the author devoted his best energies. As a description of the 
 religious features of the Reformation, it is infinitely superior, for 
 the purposes of a scholar, to the better-known work of D'Aubigne. 
 
 Gosselin, L'Abbe Jean Edme Auguste. — Pouvoir du Pape au 
 Moyen Age, ou Rccherches Historiques sur I'Origine de la Sou- 
 verainete Temporelle du Saint-Siege et sur le Droit Public au 
 Moyen Age relativement a la Deposition des Souverains ; pre- 
 cedees d'une Introduction sur les Honneurs et Prerogatives Tem- 
 porelles, etc. Nouvelle edition, Svo, Paris, 1845. An English 
 translation appeared in London in 1853. 
 
 The chief importance of this volume, the first edition of which 
 appeared in 1839, is in the fact that its writer was an ecclesiastic 
 of influence and learning, and in some sense represented the posi- 
 tion of the Roman Catholic Church on the important subject of 
 which he treats. It is not a book, however, to be regarded as a 
 final authority.
 
 l^e HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Guizot, F. — History of the Origin of Representative Government 
 in Europe. Translated by Andrew li. Scroble. Crown 8vo, 
 London, 1860. 
 
 This attractive volume consists of fifty lectures delivered as 
 early as 1820, but carefully revised and published after the Revolu- 
 tion of 1848. They have deservedly obtained great popularity, 
 not only on account of the author's pleasing method, but also for 
 the clear insight they give into the comparative conditions of the 
 several governments of Europe during the Middle Ages. 
 
 The second part is devoted exclusively to a consideration of the 
 growth of representative government in England. It embraces 
 the period from the Norman Conquest to the reign of the Tudors. 
 Students of English history will find the observations of this au- 
 thor especially interesting, though some of his positions will not 
 endure the examination of such modern scholarship as that of 
 Stubbs and Freeman. His statements of fact are occasionally, 
 though very seldom, inaccurate, but his generalizations are usually 
 founded on correct information, and they are always able and 
 suggestive. In Part i., Lectures vi.-xxvi. are devoted to an ex- 
 amination of the early legislative assemblies of continental Eu- 
 rope, and, for the purposes of the general student this will proba- 
 bly be found the most valuable portion of-the book. 
 
 Hardwick, Charles. — A History of the Christian Church. 2 vols. 
 Vol. i. : Middle Ages, with Maps constructed for the work by 
 A. Keith Johnston. Vol. ii. : The Church during the Refor- 
 mation. 3d edition, 8vo, London, 1873. 
 
 A book designed especially for the use of students, and one 
 well adapted to its purpose. While the narrative portion is writ- 
 ten in a very spirited style, the notes are very full, and thus afford 
 abundant means of verificatron. The author is tolerant as well as 
 learned. He writes as a representative of the Church of England, 
 and he has, what is not too common with learned writers on eccle- 
 siastical history, the art of presenting what he has to say in a style 
 possessing real literary merits. 
 
 The most striking (jualities of the work are sliown in the second
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. iV7 
 
 volume. Chapter vi., on " The Counter-Reformation," discusses 
 the subject under the heads " The Mediating Party," " The 
 Council of Trent," " The Inquisition," and " The Jesuits." 
 Chapter viii., on "The Constitution of the Church and its Re- 
 lations to the Civil Powers," describes " The Roman Commun- 
 ion," " The English Communion," " The Saxon Communion," 
 and " The Swiss Communion." Chapter ix. is an admirable 
 presentation of " The State of Intelligence and Piety." These 
 titles are enough to show that the purpose of the autlior was a 
 far higher one than to present merely an account of events as 
 they occurred. 
 
 Hecker, J. F. C. — Epidemics of the Middle Ages. Translated 
 from the German by B. C. Babington, M.D. 8vo, London, 
 1844. 
 
 The author first gives an account of tlie pestilence of the four- 
 teenth century called the " Black Death," by which it is computed 
 that twenty-five millions of people, or one fourth of the population 
 of Europe, were destroyed ; that in a single cemetery alone, near 
 London, more than fifty thousand victims were buried ; and that 
 in Venice the number of deaths probably reached a hundred thou- 
 sand. The consternation that seized the people of all parts of 
 Europe, he assures us, was such that many instances are recorded 
 of self-destruction. In some localities a feeling of torpor amount- 
 ing to despair became general, so that fear seems to have been 
 almost as fatal as the pestilence. The five visitations of the sweat- 
 ing sickness, the last occurring in 1551, are also described; and 
 the author shows the similarity, though not the identity, of this 
 disease with the military fevers prevalent at a later day in Eu- 
 rope. The importance of the subject may be inferred from the 
 testimony of Sir William Petty, who said, " A plague happcneth 
 in London every twenty years, or thereabout, and doth constantly 
 kill one fifth of the inhabitants." The number who died of the 
 plague in London in 1665 is given at 68,596. 
 
 12
 
 1^8 HISTOEICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Irving, Washington. — Maliomet and his Successors. 2 vols., 
 8vo and 12mo, New York, 1850, and many subsequent editions. 
 
 One of the most attractive accounts of the rise of Mohammed- 
 anism, and of its development from 622 to 710. During this 
 short period the adherents of the new and strange faith planted 
 themselves firmly in Western Asia, and extended their empire 
 from east to west, a distance of nearly four thousand miles. This 
 course of conquest is what the work has admirably described. It 
 cannot be said to contain any very important additions to our 
 knowledge of Mohammedanism ; but, like all of Irving's histories, 
 it does much to compensate for any lack of profound research by 
 the charm of an unusually attractive style. 
 
 Johnson, A. H. — The Normans in Europe. "With Maps. 16mo, 
 London and New York, 1877. 
 
 A good sketch of what the author happily calls the Scandina- 
 vian exodus — a movement which began about the year 800 and 
 culminated in the conquest of England more than two hundred 
 and fifty years later. During the first century of this period the 
 people of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway harassed Europe with 
 their petty incursions, and formed more or less definite settle- 
 ments in England, Russia, and France. About a century later 
 France became the starting-point from which incursions, on a 
 gigantic scale, were made into Spain, Italy, and the British Isles. 
 
 More than half of the volume is devoted to the conquest of Eng- 
 land and its influence on English institutions. This is the most 
 meritorious portion of the book, though the rapid sketch of the 
 Normans in other parts of Europe is not without its value. ■ The 
 weakness of the volume is in the fact that the account of the 
 Norman settlements in Sicily and Italy is altogether inadequate 
 to the importance of the subject. The whole account of this very 
 important branch of Norman history occupies no more than about 
 fifteen pages. 
 
 Though this little book has unquestionable historical merits, in 
 point of style it falls below the average quality of the "Epochs 
 of History Series," of which it forms a part.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 179 
 
 Kremer, Alfred. — Culturgeschiclite des Orients untcr den Cliali- 
 fen. 2 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 1875. 
 
 The best picture of that wonderful civilization which had its 
 centre at Bagdad, and which taught and studied Aristotle and 
 Plato, Euclid and Ptolemy, while Europe was still in the darkness 
 of the early Middle Ages. The author was long a resident of the 
 Levant, and it was during his residence there that he collected the 
 materials of which he has made so good use. The book will 
 prove a genuine revelation, even to those somewhat familiar with 
 the presentations of the same subject by Conde and Sismondi. 
 
 Labarte, Jules. — Histoire des Arts Tndustriels au Moycn Age, et 
 a Tepoque de la Renaissance. 4 vols. 8vo, avec grav. sur bois, 
 et deux albums in-4to de 150 planches cliromo lithographiques, 
 graves sur metal. A second edition, with the text in three vols., 
 was published in 1871; but as the plates of this edition are 
 slightly worn, it must be considered inferior to the first. 
 
 This is a work of great magnificence, and, accordingly, is one 
 not to be enjoyed by many private libraries ; but it is of great in- 
 terest and importance to a student of the Middle Ages. Its mi- 
 nute descriptions, as well as its sumptuous plates, make it invalu- 
 able to a student of mediaeval art. 
 
 Lea, Henry C. — An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the 
 Christian Church. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1867. 
 
 As a view of that great struggle which resulted in the universal 
 prevalence of celibacy among the clergy of the Latin Church, this 
 volume lias no equal. The subject is traced in different countries 
 Avith extreme care, and the work is enriched with a great variety 
 of interesting and valuable notes. Though the book was written 
 from a Protestant point of view, it has no controversial character; 
 indeed, in spirit it is as admirable as it is in scholarship.
 
 180 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Lea, Henry C. — Studies in Church History. The Rise of the 
 Temporal Power ; Benefit of Clergy; Excommunication. 8vo, 
 Philadelphia and London, 1869. 
 
 These three essays, the first of which was published in a less 
 amplified form in the North American Review, arc a presentation 
 of facts designed to show how the Church, in meeting the succes- 
 sive crises in its career, succeeded in establishing the absolute the- 
 ocratic despotism which diverted it so strangely from its spiritual 
 functions. To the general student probably the essay on excom- 
 munication will be of most interest and value. The practices and 
 penalties imposed by the .Church in different times and countries 
 are clearly and fully presented. Reference to different topics is 
 made easy by an analytical table of contents and a very full index. 
 
 Lea, Henry C. — Superstition and Force. Essays on The Wager 
 of Battle, The Wager of Law, The Ordeal, Torture. 8vo, "sd 
 ed., Philadelphia, 1880. 
 
 In a less amplified form these essays attracted great attention 
 in the pages of the North American Revieio. The volume is by 
 far the most complete and satisfactory account we have in Eng- 
 lish of what may be called the methods of administering injustice 
 in the Middle Ages. The ability and learning of the book would 
 be creditable to the historical literature of any language. No 
 more adequate view is anywhere given of the slowness and diffi- 
 culty with which modern institutions have been evolved out of 
 nicdiieval confusion. 
 
 Lecky, William E. H. — History of European Morals from Augus- 
 tus to Charlemagne. 2 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1875. 
 
 A work abounding in important facts and suggestive thoughts. 
 To all but students of philosophy the first chapter, "The Natural 
 History of Morals," is likely to be found somewhat tedious, 
 though it has great intrinsic merits. One of the most valuable
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 181 
 
 chapters is the fourth — that on the period from Constantino to 
 Charlemagne — in which, however, the weaknesses of the various 
 monastic orders are probably given a somewhat undue promi- 
 nence. The second volume concludes with a valuable but rather 
 depressing chapter on the position of woman. The work is very 
 scholarly, and may be read with profit by every student. It is, 
 however, subject to one criticism. In dealing with the ecclesias- 
 tical phases of the period, the author cannot resist the temptation 
 to indulge in innuendoes and sarcasm. A little less contempt or 
 pity for the religious zeal of the early monks, and a somewhat 
 larger allowance for the turbulence of the times, would have im- 
 proved the work. 
 
 Lacroix, Paul. — Works on the Middle Ages, the Period of the 
 Renaissance, and the Eighteenth Century. 5 vols., imperial 
 8vo, London, 1880. 
 
 The work of which these five sumptuous volumes are a trans- 
 lation was published in a first edition at Paris some thirty years 
 ago ; but the importance of the material brought together, the 
 skill of the descriptions, and the artistic execution of the illustra- 
 tions have given to it a recognized and a permanent value. The 
 volumes are each embellished with about twenty chromo-litho- 
 graphs and from three hundred to five hundred wood engravings, 
 all executed with great artistic skill. The first of the volumes 
 below mentioned has appeared in a new issue with an additional 
 chapter on music, which, for the accommodation of owners of the 
 first edition, has also been separately published. 
 
 The volumes are issued separately, and their titles respectively 
 are as follows : " The Arts in the Middle Ages and at the Period 
 of the Renaissance;" "Manners, Customs, and Dress during the 
 Middle Ages;" " Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages 
 and at the Period of the Renaissance ;" " The Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury — its Institutions, Customs, and Costumes;" "Science and 
 Literature in the Middle Ages and at the Period of the Renais- 
 sance." 
 
 The author was for many years curator of the Imperial Library 
 at the Arsenal in Paris, and in the preparation of these volumes
 
 182 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 lie made good use of the vast storehouse of materials at bis 
 hand. 
 
 Mason, Arthur James. — The Persecutions of Diocletian, An His- 
 torical Essay. Svo, Cambridge, 1876. 
 
 The first form of this essay received in 1874 the Hulsean Es- 
 say prize. It is founded largely upon original investigations, al- 
 though the author acknowledges his great indebtedness to Ger- 
 man and French writers, chief among whom are Hunziger and 
 De Broglie. The aim and effect of the book are to exculpate 
 Diocletian from the imputations under which he has so long rest- 
 ed. The author holds that Constantine's policy, in all essential 
 particulars, was a continuation of that of Diocletian, and that 
 Diocletian's persecution was modelled after that of Valerian. 
 
 Michaudj J. F. — History of the Crusades. Translated from the 
 French by W. Robson. 3 vols., London, 1852, and New York, 
 1881. 
 
 Though written half a century ago, this is the most important 
 history of the Crusades yet produced. Michaud's biographer tells 
 us that to the work he sacrificed " almost every moment of twen- 
 ty of the best years of his life." Much of this time was spent in 
 visiting and examining places in the East. The author wrote in 
 delightful style, and for his work was rewarded with a seat in the 
 Academy. The translation, unfortunately, is not worthy of the 
 book. On this account readers of French will prefer the work in 
 the oriQ:inal tongue. 
 
 Mills, Charles. — A History of the Crusades, and the Recovery 
 and ro.sse.s.si(jn of the Holy Land. 2 vols., Svo, London, 1822. 
 
 A work at one time highly esteemed, but, in reality, one that 
 is, in almost every respect, inferior to those of Michaud, Sybel, 
 Cox, and Gibbon. Tiie only (luality of the book worthy of note
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 183 
 
 is tlic fact tli.it the autlior dwells quite largely upon what may be 
 called the picturesque side of the Crusades. The spirit of the 
 moveniont is successfully caught, but it is questionable whether 
 the autlior has not magnified the sentimental side of the subject. 
 
 Mills, Charles. — The History of Chivalry ; or, Knighthood and its 
 Times. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1825. 
 
 A work almost forgotten, but written with considerable fidel- 
 ity, learning, and elegance. It is the most useful of this author's 
 books, and it presents in readable form a history not elsewhere 
 more conveniently brought together. The plan of treating the 
 subject is to trace the origin, growth, and development of chiv- 
 alry in each of the European nations. 
 
 Milman, Henry Hart. — The History of Christianity from the 
 Birth of Christ to the Abolition of Paganism in the Roman 
 Empire. 3 vols., 8vo, London, and 12mo, New York; new 
 and revised edition, 1871. 
 
 One of the early works by which Dean Milman laid the founda- 
 tion for his literary fame. It now stands as a fitting introduction 
 to the more mature and more famous " History of Latin Chris- 
 tianity." 
 
 In style it shows the author's well-known qualities, and it is 
 marked by his equally well-known freedom from bondage to the 
 traditions of the Church. It is liberal in spirit, graceful in meth- 
 od, and, if it has not the learning of Dollinger and Neander, it 
 still is entitled to a high rank among the most scholarly of Eng- 
 lish works. 
 
 Milman, Henry Hart, — History of Latin Christianity; including 
 that of the Popes to the Pontificate of Nicholas V. 8 vols., 
 8vo, New York. New London edition, 9 vols., 8vo, 1883. 
 
 To the student of the Middle Ages this work is second in im-
 
 184 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 portance only to that of Gibbon. It covers substantially tlie 
 same period, and, although its plan is much more limited, it is in 
 its way scarcely less satisfactory. Milman was a disliuguished 
 divine of the Church of England, yet his treatment of the popes 
 and of their policy is so liberal that his work has received the heart- 
 iest commendation of so prominent a Catholic as Cardinal New- 
 man. Of especial excellence is the author's account of the estab- 
 lishment and growth of monastic institutions and monastic orders. 
 Worthy of note, also, is the struggle between the pope and the 
 emperor in the time of Gregory VII. In chap. viii. of vol. viii. is 
 a skilful account of Christian architecture. Of the numerous 
 works on the history of the Church in the Middle Ages this will 
 generally be found at once the most readable, the most impartial, 
 and the most satisfactory. 
 
 Montalembert, Count de. — The Monks of the West, from St, 
 Benedict to St. Bernard. Translated from the French. 7 
 vols., 8vo, Edinburgh and London, 1860-70. 
 
 A very eloquent history of monasticism, written from a very 
 friendly point of view. The author, at about the time of tlie 
 completion of his work, fell into disfavor with the Church in con- 
 sequence of his opposition to the dogma of papal infallibility. 
 But until the meeting of the Vatican Council his standing with 
 the officials at Rome was of the best. The book, therefore, may 
 be regarded as having the sanction of the highest Catholic au- 
 thority. It is the ablest plea that has ever been made for the 
 several orders of monks, being at once scholarly, sympathetic, and 
 conscientious. 
 
 Mullinger, J. Bass. — The Schools of Charles the Great, and the 
 Jiest(M-ati(jn of Education in the Ninth Century. 8vo, London, 
 1877. 
 
 A valuable study of a limited but an important field of inquiry. 
 It is the best account not only of the great attempt of Charle- 
 magne to revive something like an intellectual life, but also of the
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 185 
 
 real nature of education in the Middle Ages. As a picture of 
 that part of Charlemagne's work which probably exerted a more 
 enduring influence than his conquests, or perhaps even his laws, 
 the book has unique value. It may well be read in connection 
 with the lectures on Charlemagne in Guizot's " History of Civili- 
 zation in France." 
 
 Nasse, E. — On the Agricultural Community of the Middle Ages ; 
 and Inclosures of the Sixteenth Century in England. 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1871. 
 
 A book of much learning and value. The author has made a 
 special study of the subject for some years, and his conclusions 
 are entitled to great consideration. There can be no complete 
 understanding of the several systems of land-tenure in Continental 
 Europe without some knowledge of the system of communities in 
 the Middle Ages. It may well be read as a preliminary study to 
 the admirable series of essays on the systems of local government 
 and land-tenure in modern Europe entitled " The Cobden Club 
 Essays for 1875." 
 
 Neander, Augustus.— General History of the Christian Religion 
 and Church. Translated from the 2d improved German edi- 
 tion by Joseph Torry. 5 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1854 ; also 8 vols., 
 12mo, London and New York, 1861. 
 
 On many accounts this still remains the most remarkable history 
 of the Church ever written. No Church historian has ever shown 
 so extensive learning, and no one has ever used his learning in a 
 more scholarly manner. But it is a work that very few people 
 can read. Its learning is so prodigious as to be oppressive; and, 
 for this reason, nearly all students except those who are makers 
 of books will turn to histories of a more readable kind. 
 
 O'Brien, John. — A History of the Mass and its Ceremonies in the 
 Eastern and the Western Church. 12mo, New York, 4th edi- 
 tion, revised, 1879.
 
 186 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 This little book bears the imprimatur of ecclesiastical authority; 
 and, consequently, it may be accepted as having the sanction of 
 the Catholic Church. It is not simply what its title would imply, 
 but it has to do with all the ceremonies of worship in the Eastern 
 and Western churches. It treats historically of the various sub- 
 jects with which it has to deal, and its purpose is to show that 
 there is a deep significance and importance in all of the author- 
 ized ceremonies of worship. 
 
 Ockley, Simon. — The History of the Saracens; comprising the 
 Lives of Mohammed and his Successors to the Death of Abdal- 
 melik, the Eleventh Caliph. With an Account of their Remark- 
 able Battles, Sieges, Revolts, etc. Collected from the most au- 
 thentic sources, especially Arabic MSS. Crown 8vo, London, 
 6th edition, 1857. 
 
 This work, by a learned and distinguished professor of Arabic 
 in the University of Cambridge, was published as early as IVIB; 
 but it has been carefully revised and improved by adapting it to 
 the requirements of recent scholarship. Ever since its publication 
 the book has been regarded as remarkable for the amount of its 
 curious and instructive learning. Though written so long ago, it 
 is still one of the most valuable histories of the eventful period it 
 describes. It is not only learned, but by many it will be found 
 interesting, and by all it will be regarded as a remarkable instance 
 of success in one of the most difficult fields of historical author- 
 ship. Ockley prosecuted his labors to the end with rare devotion 
 and perseverance. Though he was still a professor at (Cambridge, 
 the last part of his history was written in prison, where he was 
 confined for debt. Gibbon made frequent use of the work, and 
 spoke of the author as " a learned and spirited interpreter of 
 Arabian authorities." 
 
 Ozanam, A. Frederic. — History of Civilization in the Fifth Cen- 
 tury. Translated from the French by Ashley C. Glyn. 2 vols., 
 12mo, London and I'hiladelphia, 1867. 
 
 A work that for some years has enjoyed considerable favor in
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 187 
 
 France, and that possesses not a little real value. The author 
 was a Liberal in politics, a Catholic in religion. The book is 
 made up of what was originally a course of lectures. The most 
 important position of the author is that the Christian Church was 
 the only civilizing force that survived the Revolution and the inva- 
 sions. It is a strong and learned presentation. 
 
 Pressense, E. de. — The Early Years of Christianity. 4 vols., 
 12mo, London and New York, 1870. 
 
 These volumes, the production of a brilliant French Protestant 
 divine, are among the most eloquent writings on the early history 
 of the Church. The subjects treated are — " The Apostolic Era," 
 "The Martyrs and Apologists," "Doctrine and Heresies," and 
 "The Church Worship and Christian Life." They are perhaps 
 the most eminently readable books we have on the first centuries 
 of ecclesiastical history. The author's style is peculiarly epigram- 
 matic and forcible, a fact which adapts the volumes admirably to 
 popular use. 
 
 Reuter, Hermann. — Geschichte der religiosen Aufklarung im Mit- 
 
 telalter. 2 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1877. 
 
 The purpose of this well-known theologian is to present a view 
 of the various efforts made during the Middle Ages to throw 
 oS the authority of dogma and establish the right of indepen- 
 dent reason. The first volume of the work is divided into four 
 books — the first being devoted to the age of Charlemagne, the 
 second to the tenth and eleventh centuries, the third to the 
 twelfth century, and the fourth to the age of Abelard. An ap- 
 pendix contains numerous proofs and illustrations. The style is 
 not altogether attractive, but the author is very able, and, in spite 
 of some infelicities of form and arrangement, the work has great 
 merits.
 
 1{ 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Roth, Paul. — Geschichte cles Beneficialwesens von den alten Zei- 
 ten bis in's zehnte Jalirliundert, 8vo, Eriangen, 1850. 
 
 The most notable value of this volume is in the great light it 
 throws on the origin of the feudal system. All modern writers 
 of authority agree that this system sprang out of the mutual obli- 
 gations imposed by the early tenure of benefices. What these 
 obligations were in different countries and periods it is the object 
 of Roth to explain. As an authority the work is entitled to great 
 weight. It may well be used on the study of the feudal system 
 with Waitz, Laurent, and Secretan. 
 
 Sartorius, Georg. — Geschichte des hanseatischen Bundes. 3 
 vols., Bvo, Gottingen, 1802-8. 
 
 As an authority on the subject of which it treats, this work is 
 one of recognized importance. Though it was written before the 
 publication of the works of the Historical Society of the Hanse- 
 atic Cities, it has not yet been superseded. As a representation of 
 Hanseatic activity it is inferior to the work of Schafer, but as a 
 view of the development and decline of the League it still has a 
 value of its own. The first volume is devoted to the rise of the 
 League, the second to its prosperity, and the third to its decline 
 and fall. The Introduction is an interesting description of the 
 way in which the freedom of cities in general during the Middle 
 Aires was established. 
 
 Secretan, Edouard. — Essai sur la Feodalite : Introduction au 
 Droit Feodal du Pays dc Vaud. 8vo, Lausanne, 1858, 
 
 One of the most critical and satisfactory examinations of feud- 
 alism. After devoting somewhat more than a hundred pages to 
 the origin and formation of the system, the author discusses "The 
 Feudal Jlicrarchy," " Tlic Feudal Contract," and "Systems of 
 Feudal Justice." Each of those subjects is treated* analytically 
 and comprehensively. J>y means of the very full table of con- 
 tents at the close of the volume, the student will be able to select 
 the particular ti)[»ic he may wish to examine.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 189 
 
 The subject of the volume is one of many difficulties, but the 
 Author has done much to deprive it of its obscurities. 
 
 Smith, Toulmin. — English Gilds, The Original Ordinances of 
 more than one hundred Early Eno-Iish Gilds. Edited with 
 Notes. With an Introduction and Glossary, etc., by his daugh- 
 ter, Lucy Toulmin Smith ; and a Preliminary Essay, in five parts, 
 on the History and Development of Gilds, by Lujo Brentano. 
 8vo, London, 1870. Brentano's essay is also published separately. 
 
 One of the most important of the many valuable publications 
 of the Early English Text Society. On the subject of which it 
 treats it is of far greater value than any other work in the Eng- 
 lish language. The " Ordinances " are edited with the utmost 
 care, and the archaic forms of the early English in the text are 
 made amply intelligible by the notes. 
 
 The historical essay by Dr. Brentano is at .once scholarly and 
 readable. To students without an understanding of German it 
 will be in most respects an ample substitute for the more com- 
 prehensive work of Wilda. The author discusses " The Origin of 
 Gilds," " Religious and Social Gilds," " Town Gilds or Merchant 
 Gilds," " Ci-aft Gilds," and " Trades-unions." 
 
 By the study of Brentano and the subsequent use of the " Or- 
 dinances," the student will not fail to arrive at a generally correct 
 understanding of the subject. 
 
 Sommerard, Alexandre du. — Les Arts an Moyen Age en ce qui 
 concerne principalement le Paleis Romain de Paris, THotel do 
 Cluny, issu de ces mines, et les objets d'art de la collection 
 classee dans cet hotel. 5 vols., Bvo, avec un atlas in-fol., 510 
 planches. Paris, 1839-46. 
 
 A sumptuous work on the arts of the Middle Ages, though 
 somewhat less comprehensive in its scope than that of Labarte. 
 The plates are admirable illustrations of much of the finest work 
 of the great masters of design.
 
 190 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. — Lectures on the History of the East- 
 ern Church. With an Introduction on the Study of Ecclesias- 
 tical Historv. Second edition, revised, 8vo, London and New 
 York, 1862." 
 
 For the purposes of a student of general history this is the 
 most useful of Dean Stanley's works. It not only has to do with 
 a subject of very considerable importance, but it possesses the 
 rare charm of a graceful, scholarly, and eloquent method of treat- 
 ment. It is one of the few ecclesiastical histories that every genu- 
 ine student of the Middle Ages will find himself interested in 
 reading. 
 
 The work begins with three introductory lectures on the study 
 of ecclesiastical history, in which the author discusses the prov- 
 ince, the methods, and the advantages of the subject. Then fol- 
 low the twelve lectures that make up the body of the volume. 
 The subjects are— " The Eastern Church;" "The Council of Ni- 
 ca2a;" "The Emperor Constantine;" " Athanasius ;" " Mahoraet- 
 anism in its Relations to the Eastern Church ;" " The Russian 
 Church;" "The Russian Church in the Middle Ages;" "The 
 Patriarch Xicon ;" and " Peter the Great and the Modern Church 
 of Russia." On the Council of Nica3a four lectures are given, in 
 the course of which the author describes, with admirable skill and 
 spirit, the general condition of the Church in the early part of the 
 fourth century. The lectures on the Russian Church arc also of 
 great importance and interest. 
 
 The volume has a very full analytical table of contents, and 
 closes with an index. 
 
 Sybel, Henry von. — The History and Literature of the Crusades. 
 From the Gorman. Edited by Lady Dufif Gordon. 12mo, 
 London, 18G1. 
 
 Von Sybel's studies of the period of the Crusades, begun while 
 he was still a student at the university, were carried on until he 
 became the foremost living authority on the subject, llis inves- 
 tigations were especially directed to a critical examination of the 
 several original writers on the period. The results of his re-
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 191 
 
 searches were embodied in a number of lectures and essays, from 
 which this voUime has been compiled and translated. 
 
 The first part, consisting of a hundred and thirty pages, is en- 
 titled " History of the Crusades," and is the substance of four 
 lectures delivered at Munich in 1855. It is incomparably the 
 ablest brief sketch we have. Part second is entirely devoted to 
 the " Literature on the Crusades ;" a " Critical Account of the 
 Original Authorities and the Later Writers on the Crusades." 
 For a careful examination of this period, this is, of course, by far 
 the most important part of the volume. The translation is well 
 done. The work is not only very valuable, but is also very at- 
 tractive. 
 
 Theiner, Augustin. — Histoire des Institutions d'Education Ec- 
 clesiastique, traduite de rAlleraand par Jean Cohen. 2 vols., 
 8vo, Taris, 1841. 
 
 Of the numerous historical and theological writings of this au- 
 thor, this is likely to be of greatest value to the student of history. 
 It is an important authority on the history of educational institu- 
 tions connected with the Roman Catholic Church. The author 
 represented at different times in his life nearly every phase of ec- 
 clesiastical opinion, but his instability in no way affected the 
 character of his labors on this work. In an important sense it is 
 a history of all education in the Middle Ages, as well as of eccle- 
 siastical education in modern times. 
 
 Thompson, R. W.— The Papacy and the Civil Power. 8vo, New 
 York, 1876. 
 
 A carefully prepared account of the growth of the civil power 
 of the Roman See. It is written from a Protestant point of 
 view ; but the author has used a large number of Catholic authori- 
 ties, and has used them with considerable skill. The work is 
 hardly judicial in its character, but rather is a powerful indict- 
 ment of the temporal policy of the Catholic Church. It contains
 
 192 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 several ecclesiastical documents that enhance its value. While it 
 is not of sufficient importance to be regarded as an ultimate au- 
 thority, it is the best easily accessible sketch of the subject of 
 which it treats. 
 
 Villemain, Abel Francois. — Life of Gregory the Seventh ; pre- 
 ceded by a Sketch of the History of the Papacy to the Elev- 
 enth Century. Translated by J. B. Brockley. 2 vols., 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1874. The original was published in 2 vols., Paris, 1873. 
 
 The author long enjoyed the reputation of being one of the 
 most accomplished of French scholars. To the preparation of the 
 "Life of Gregory" he gave the closing years of a long and brilliant 
 literary career. In the first two hundred and thirty pages of the 
 book the author surveys the men and measures of the first thou- 
 sand years of our era. He regards Constantine as a politician 
 who availed himself of the growing power of Christianity to aid 
 his own ambition, and who finally convinced himself that he was 
 an appointed agent for working out the Divine purpose. In the 
 second volume will be found a very clear exposition of the doc- 
 trine of papal supremacy over the temporal power. " Can there 
 be any doubt," says the pope, " that the priests of Jesus Christ 
 are the fathers and masters of kings and princes and of all the 
 faithful ?" The long struggle that resulted from an attempt to 
 establish the principles here enunciated ended, the author thinks, 
 first, in a victory for the papacy at Worms, and, secondly, in the 
 still further pretensions of Innocent the Third. 
 
 The translation contains an occasional ambiguity; but, in the 
 main, it is faithful and correct. 
 
 Wilda, Wilhelm Eduard. — Das Gildenwesen im Mittelaltcr. Einc 
 von dcr kouiglich dJinischcn GescUschaft der Wissenschaften 
 zu Kopeiihagen gekronte I'reisschrift. 8vo, Halle, 1831. 
 
 Ever since its publication this volume has been a work of stand- 
 ard imptjrtance. It is founded upon thorough research, and has 
 the fjualitics of a genuine scholarship.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 193 
 
 The plan of the author is fourfold. In the first phice, he 
 treats of the orighi, growth, and dovclopinent of the guilds of the 
 Middle Ages ; then of the different orders of guilds ; thirdly, of 
 the peculi:iritics of the guilds in different countries; and, lastly, 
 of the spiritual orders and brotherhoods. These divisions are sub- 
 divided as the nature of the subject seemed to require. The 
 method of treatment is direct and well adapted to interest as well 
 as instruct. Though there have been important investigations 
 since Wilda wrote, yet the work has by no means become super- 
 annuated. It continues to be quoted as a high authority on the 
 general subject, though on the peculiarities of guilds in individual 
 localities much additional light has been thrown by subsequent 
 investigators. The account of guilds in England, for example, 
 is much inferior to that of Smith. 
 
 III. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND KEADEES. 
 
 1. If the student hopes to find in a single book a satisfactory 
 account of the thousand years between the fifth century and the 
 fifteenth, he will be disappointed. The multitudinous events of 
 this millennium do not lend themselves to condensed description. 
 The reader, therefore, is forced to the necessity either of being 
 content with general views or of dealing with somewhat volumi- 
 nous works. The most successful general study of this period is 
 "Robertson's View of the State of Europe during the Middle 
 Ages," forming the Introduction to his " History of Charles the 
 Fifth." Both the text and the "Notes and Illustrations" should 
 be carefully studied by every student. Of the books that attempt 
 to narrate the events of this period, perhaps Dunham's " Middle 
 Ages " is still the best in English. Duruy's " Ilistoire du Moyen 
 Age " is much better — indeed, is probably the most satisfactory 
 single volume on the Middle Ages yet published. Ilallam's well- 
 known work on the same period has not been superseded, though 
 for the general reader it is dry, and for the scholar it is no longer 
 sufficiently accurate. A good beginning course would be the fol- 
 lowing works in the order named: Church's "Beginnings of the 
 Middle Ages," Cox's " Crusades," Johnson's " Norman Kings and 
 
 13
 
 194 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the Feudal System," Stubbs's " Early Plantagenets," and Gaird- 
 ner's " Houses of Lancaster and York." Slieppard's " Fall of 
 Rome and Rise of New Nationalities " would be of service in 
 binding all these together. Bryce's " Holy Roman Empire" is in- 
 valuable for clearing up the relations of Germany and Rome. The 
 " Students' Gibbon " is a successful condensation, though very 
 many readers will prefer to read selected chapters from the larger 
 work. Kingsley's " Roman and Teuton " will interest every reader. 
 
 2. For a fuller study of the period Gibbon's "Decline and 
 Fall " is still of unrivalled importance, though some of the chap- 
 ters may be omitted without serious loss. Coulanges's "Institu- 
 tions Politiques " is a work of genius ; and though it relates chiefly 
 to the history of France, it is by far the most successful descrip- 
 tion of the relations of Romans and barbarians. Notice espe- 
 cially his account of the different ways in which the Germans 
 came to be gradually infused into the Empire. Lecky's " History 
 of Morals," of which the first chapter may be omitted, is a schol- 
 arly and, with the limitations already noted, a helpful book. 
 Bryce may always be consulted with profit, as he throws light 
 on many subjects that the historians have generally failed to 
 make clear. Geffckeii's " Church and State " is the most satis- 
 factory book on the important subject of which it treats. Se- 
 lected chapters from Milman's "Latin Christianity" will be 
 found most valuable on ecclesiastical questions. The best view 
 of tlic feudal system we have in English is contained in the 
 translation of Guizot's "History of Civilization in France." The 
 fifth chapter of Maine's " Village Communities " is also of great 
 importance. In French, the seventh volume of Laurent, and the 
 "Essai" of Sccretan are the best. Of the Crusades, if the ac- 
 counts by Gibbon and Cox arc not deemed adequate, Michaud 
 and Sybel should be made the authority. For the period subse- 
 quent to the Crusades the works of Symonds and Burckhardt are 
 of the first importance. For a still more comprehensive view 
 Sismondi is the chief authority in French ; Grcgorovius and Leo 
 in German. Of course, anything like a profound study of the 
 Middle Ages requires a study of individual nationalities. 
 
 3. In Guizot's "Essais" arc two very important papers — one 
 on the "Roman Municipal Organizations as Elements of Weak- 
 ness," and one on the "Social and l*olitical Institutions of France
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 195 
 
 from tlie Fifth Century to the Tenth." The letters and essays of 
 Thierry are also of great importance, not only for the wise judg- 
 ments of the author on the political and social characteristics of 
 the Middle Ages, but also for the information they give on the 
 historians who have treated the same subject. Smyth's " Lectures 
 on Modern History " (lectures i. to ix.) give valuable comments 
 on authorities, though the book is now somewhat out of date. 
 Book iii. of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" is worthy of 
 consultation. The religious condition of society may be studied 
 in Aube's " Histoire des Persecutions," Gosselin's " Power of the 
 Popes," Lea's " Studies in Church History," and Lea's " Sacerdotal 
 Celibacy." Gicseler, Neandcr, Milman, Ranke, and Hardwick arc 
 the most valuable authorities on the Protestant side ; DoUingcr, 
 Alzog, Montalembert, Spalding, Gfrorer, and Balmes on the Ro- 
 man Catholic. Balmes's "European Civilization" is a work of 
 the most radical Catholic type. Mrs. Oliphant's "Francis of 
 Assisi" is an interesting picture of religious life in the thirteenth 
 century. Sir James Stephen's "Ecclesiastical Essays" give an 
 excellent account of the founding of the chief religious orders. 
 The same subject is treated with enthusiastic and eloquent ful- 
 ness in Montalcmbert's "Monks of the AVest." Professor Thomas 
 Smith's "History of Mediaeval Missions," and the Rev. G. F. 
 Maclear's " Apostles of Mediaeval Europe," are standard modern 
 works, each in one 12mo volume, written from the Protestant 
 point of view. One of the chapters in Lecky's " Morals " gives a 
 striking description of early asceticism. Lea's " Superstition and 
 Force" is the best description in English of mediajval judicial 
 methods; Wachter is a great authority on the same subject in 
 German. Spalding, in his " Miscellanea," takes a rose -colored 
 view of the manners of the Middle Ages. The best pictures of 
 chivalry are found in Froissart's " Chronicles," Mills's " Chivalry," 
 Bulfinch's " Age of Chivalry," Scott's " Essay on Chivalry " and 
 "Ivanhoe," though this author's pictures are to be taken with 
 some allowances. Life in Italy in the fourteenth century is ad- 
 mirably depicted in Bulwcr's " Rienzi." The literature of the 
 Middle Ages is adequately described in Hallam's " Litroduction 
 to the Study of Literature," and Sismondi's "Literature of the 
 South of Europe." The second chapter of Sismondi is a graphic 
 picture of the literature and civilization of the Arabs. Fauriel is
 
 196 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 one of the best autliorities on the ballad literature of Provence. 
 Wrio-ht's "Essays on the Middle Ages" throw much light on the 
 customs of the time, though they appertain exclusively to Eng- 
 land. The great authorities on the arts in the Middle Ages are 
 Labarte, Du Sommerard, and Lacroix. The condition of the 
 common people will be found described with graphic and painful 
 realism in Bonneraere's " Histoire des Paysans," Sugenheim's 
 " Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft," and Monteil's " Ilistoire des 
 divers Etats." Hecker's "Epidemics in the Middle Ages" is a 
 book of great interest on a subject of no small importance. 
 
 For still further hints on the Middle Ages, see " Suggestions to 
 Students" in the chapters on Italy, Germany, France, and Eng- 
 land. 
 
 4. The new aids in historical instruction known as " Quellen- 
 biicher," or collections of sources, have made accessible to the 
 general reader many of the most important historical documents, 
 and sifted out for his use many of the most significant contem- 
 porary narratives. Among the best of these are Schilling's 
 " Qnellenbucli zur Geschichte der Neuzeit" (8vo, Berlin, 1884), 
 Oechsli's admirable " Quellenbuch zur schweizer Geschichte," and 
 Ptichter's less scrupulously edited " Quellenbuch zur deutschen 
 Geschichte." Akin to the Quellenbiicher are the abridged trans- 
 lations of the mediaeval chroniclers, which have, since 1882, been 
 appearing in France under the general editorship of Berthold 
 Zeller, with the title " L'llistoire dc France racontee par les Con- 
 teraporains" (IGmo, Paris, 1882- ), and more recently in Lon- 
 don and New York under that of J. York Powell, in a series en- 
 titled " English History from Contemporary Writers." A valuable 
 series is also that entitled "Early Chroniclers of Europe," pub- 
 lished by the Society for l^romoting Christian Knowledge (12mo, 
 London), namely, "England," by James Gairdner, "France," by 
 Gustavo Masson, and "Italy," by Ugo Balzani. Throughout 
 the scries, which is intended to popula^-ize the sources of medi- 
 aeval history, the simple narrative is enriched by numerous ex- 
 tracts. Balzani's volume for Italy, which is the first attempt in 
 its field, is perhaps the most valuable and satisfactory yet issued. 
 The most complete collection of the councils of the Church to 
 the end of the Middle Ages is Mansi's "Sacrorum Conciliorum 
 nova ct amplissima Collectio" (31 vols., fol., Florence and Venice,
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 197 
 
 1757-98, and since 1885 in process of reprint at Paris) ; but this 
 breaks ofi at 1509, and must be sup{)leniented for the modern 
 era by the earlier collections of Labbe and Coleti. S. Le Nain do 
 Tillcmont's " Ilistoirc des Empcreurs et des Autres Princes qui ont 
 Piegne durant les six Premiers Siecles do rEglise" (6 vols., fol., 
 Paris, 1690-] 738), and " Memoires pour servir a I'Histoire Eccle- 
 siastique des Six Premiers Siecles" (fob, Paris, 1693-1712), though 
 exploited by Gibbon, of whose great work they may be said to 
 have formed the basis, are still an almost exliaustless mine upon 
 the period to which they relate. G. P. Fisher's " Discussions in 
 History and Theology" (8vo, New York, 1880) contains several 
 admirable historical essays, notably one on " The Influence of the 
 Old Roman Spirit and Religion on Latin Christianity." Those 
 on "The Temporal Kingdom of the Popes" and "The Massacre 
 of St. Bartholomew " are perhaps the best discussions of these 
 topics accessible to the English reader. Dean R. W. Church's 
 "St. Ansehn" and J. C. Morison's "The Life and Times of St. 
 Bernard " are based strictly on original sources, and give admi- 
 rable views of the true character of the Middle Ages. Philipp 
 Jaffe's " Regesta Pontificum Romanorum," re-edited by W. Wat- 
 tenbach, brings the work down to 1198, when it is taken up by 
 Potthast, and carried forward to 1304. These "Regesta," or in- 
 dexes, are the prime source for the study of the papal policy 
 throughout the Middle Ages. The regesta of several later popes 
 have been separately published. L. F. Alfred Maury's " La Ma- 
 gic et I'Astrologie dans I'Antiquite et au Moyen Age" (12mo, 
 Paris, 18G3) is a most learned and suggestive study upon the 
 history of superstition and the continuity of popular thought. 
 Charles Seignobos's "Histoire de la Civilisation" (2 vols., 12rao, 
 Paris, 1887), though dealing with the whole field of history, gives 
 a singularly entertaining picture of the Middle Ages. Gustavo 
 Ducondray's "Histoire Sommaire de la Civilisation" ( 12mo, 
 Paris, 1886) is a valuable summary for school use. Theodor 
 Lindner's "Die Vemc" ( 8vo, Paderborn, 1887) is based on 
 wide original research, and contains many valuable documents 
 throwing light on the obscure history- of this famous raediajval 
 court. 
 
 No original studies of the Middle Ages can be very satisfac- 
 torily carried on without access to several of the great collections
 
 198 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 in Latin. One of the most celebrated of tbese is the " Annalcs 
 Ecclesiastici " of Baronius, continued by Raynaldus and Ladev- 
 chius. A new edition, edited by Augustin Theiner, and to be 
 brought down to our time, is now going through the press in 
 Paris, the 37th volume bringing the history well through the si.\- 
 teenth century. It has long been the authoritative history from 
 the Church's side. The Abbe Migne's " Patr'ologia Latina " (221 
 vols., royal 8vo, Paris, 1844-56) is a carelessly edited but com- 
 prehensive and convenient collection of the Latin literature of the 
 Church to the end of the twelfth century. Through the four vol- 
 umes of indexes the contents are easily available. The " Patrolo- 
 gia Grfeca," collected also by Migne, embraces (in 81 vols., royal 
 Svo) the works of the Greek fathers, with parallel translations 
 into Latin. The vast collection of the Bollandists, known as the 
 "Acta Sanctorum " (as yet 63 vols., folio), contains all available in- 
 formation in regard to the saints and their history. An index vol- 
 ume has recently appeared which makes the contents easily acces- 
 sible. F. C. Baur's " Geschichte der chrisllichen Kirche " (5 vols., 
 Svo, 2d ed., Leipzig) is entitled to consideration on account of 
 the author's peculiar scepticism. Vol. IIL has to do "with the 
 material development of the Church, and is the most important. 
 K. R. nagenbach's " Kirchen-Geschichte von der iiltesten Zeit bis 
 zum 19. Jahrhundert" (neu ges. Ausg., 7 vols., Svo, Leipzig) is 
 most valuable on the later history of the Church. De Broglie's 
 " L'Eglise et I'Empire Romain au IV. Siecle" (6 vols., Svo, Paris, 
 2d ed., 1857-62). C. J. v. Ilefele's " Concilien-Geschichte nach 
 den Quellen bcarbeitet" (4 vols., Svo, 2d ed., Freiburg, 1873-79, 
 also in Eng. transl.). Gerhard Uhlhorn's "The Conflict of Chris- 
 tianity with Heathenism" (transl. from the 3d Germ, cd., 12mo, 
 New York, 1879) is an excellent little book. Of the history of the 
 Church a very complete and admirable bibliography is given as 
 an appendix in Fisher's "History of the Christian Church." 
 
 J. Burckhardt's "Die Zeit Constantins des Grossen" (Svo, 2tc 
 Aufl., Leipzig, 1880) is a very important authority. On Moham- 
 medanism the three works of W. Muir are important, viz., "An- 
 nals of the Early Caliphates, from Original Sources" (Svo, London, 
 1883), "The Rise and Decline of I shun " (8vo, London, 1883), 
 and " Tiie Life of Mahomet, with Introductory Chapters on the 
 Original Sources" (4 vols., Svo, London, 1858-61). Also in Eng
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 199 
 
 lisli, F. Neale's " Rise and Progress of Islam " (2 vols., 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1854), J. M. Arnold's "Islam: its History, Character, and 
 Relation to Christianity" (3d ed., 8vo, London, 1874), J. W. N. 
 Stobart's "Islam and its Founder" (8vo, London, 1877), E. A. 
 Freeman's "History and Conquests of the Saracens" (12mo, 2d 
 ed., London, 1876), Bosvvorth-Smith's "Mohammed and Moham- 
 medanism" (2d ed., 8vo, London, 1870). Much better, however, 
 are Sedillot's " Ilistoire generale des Arabes, leur Empire, leur Civ- 
 ilisation, leurs Ecoles Philosophiques, Scientitiqnes et Litteraires" 
 (2 vols., 8vo, 2d ed., Paris, 1877), and Gustav Fliigel's " Geschichte 
 der Araber bis auf den Stnrz des Califats von Bagdad " (2te ura- 
 gearb. u. verm. Aufl., 8vo, Leipzig, 1867), A. Sprenger's " Das Le- 
 ben und die Lehre des Mohammed " (2tc Aufl., 3 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 
 1861-69), A. Miiller's "Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland" 
 (8vo, Berlin, 1885). The three works of G, Weil are old, but 
 still have some importance, viz., "Mohammed der Prophet" (8vo, 
 Stuttgart, 1843), "Geschichte der Califcn" (3 vols., 8vo, Mannheim, 
 1846-51), "Geschichte der islamitischen Volker " (8vo, Stuttgart, 
 1866). R. Dozy's " Essai sur Tllistoire d'Islamisme " (8vo, Paris, 
 1879). 
 
 P. v. Roth's "Feudalitiit und Unterthanenverband," together with 
 the same author's " Beneficialwesen," may be cited as still of im- 
 portance. B. Kugler's " Ges. der Kreuzziige mit Illustrationen u. 
 Karten" (8vo, Berlin, 1880); H. Prutz's "Kulturgeschichtc der 
 Kreuzziige" (8vo, Berlin, 1883); Henne-am-Rhyn, "Die Kreuz- 
 ziige und die Kultur ihrer Zeit" (2te Aufl., 4to, Leipzig, 1886); 
 Choiseul - d'Aillecourt's " De I'lnfluence des Croissades " (8vo, 
 Paris, 1809) ; E. Pears's " The Fall of Constantinople : being the 
 Story of the Fourth Crusade " (8vo, London and New York, 1886). 
 W. Heyd's " Ilistoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen Age " (2 
 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1885-86) is much enlarged and improved 
 in the Frencli edition. R. C. Trench's "Lectures on Median-a! 
 Church History " (8vo, London, 1877) is very valuable and very in- 
 teresting. C. A. Hase's "Kirchengeschichte" (lite Aufl., 8vo, 
 Leipzig, 1886) is one of the most compact and useful of the Ger- 
 man manuals. J. H. Kurtz's " Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte 
 fiir Studierende" (2 vols., 9th ed., 2 vols, in 4 pts., Leipzig, 18S5). 
 J. Schcible's " Das Kloster," " Das Schaltjahr," " Dor Schatzgrii- 
 ber" (25 vols., Stuttgart, 1845-49) continue to be an inexhaustible
 
 200 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 but chaotic mine of erudition. Adolf Ebert's " Allgemeine Gc- 
 schichte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abendlande " (3 vols., 
 8vo, Leipzig, 1874-87) is the most thorough and satisfactory of all 
 works on the subject. Sir Kenelm Digby's " Mores Catholici ; 
 or the Ages of Faith," is a work of remarkable erudition, and is 
 in sharp contrast with the hasty generalizations of Lecky. R. B. 
 Vaughan's " Life and Labors of St. Thomas of Aquin " (2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1881) is of much importance in regard to the early 
 history of scholasticism. S. R. Maitland's " The Dark Ages ; State 
 of Religion from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century" (8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1853) is a delightful book tnat tends to sweep away much 
 narrow-mindedness. The Rev. Joseph Berington's " The Literary 
 History of the Middle Ages" (8vo, London, 1846) is a conven- 
 ient but not very meritorious work, the first edition of which ap- 
 peared in 1814. H. Clark's "Concise History of Knighthood" 
 contains the religious and military orders which have been insti- 
 tuted in Europe (2 vols., 8vo, London, 1884). Christoph Meiners's 
 "Historische Vergleichung der Sitten, Verfassungen, u. s. w., des 
 Mittelalters mit denen unseres Jahrhundcrts" (3 vols., 12mo, Han- 
 nover, 1794). A. H. L. Heeren's "Geschichte der classischen 
 Literatur im Mittelalter" (2 vols., 8vo, Gottingen, 1822) forms 
 Parts IV. and V. of Heeren's works. Alphonse Wauters's "Les 
 Libertes Communales, Essai sur Icur Origine," etc. (2 vols., 8vo, 
 Bruxelles, 1878) is of much importance. Paul Fournier's "Les 
 Officialites au Moyen Age " (8vo, Paris, 18S0) is an important vol- 
 ume having to do chiefly with the ecclesiastical tribunals in France 
 from 1180 to 1328. A. Schultz's "Das hofische Leben zur Zeit 
 der Minnesiinger" (2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1879-80) is an admira- 
 ble work with plentiful illustrations. A. Giry's " Etudes sur les 
 Institutions municipales" has to do chiefly with Saint-Omer, but 
 is an important contribution to the history of municipal institu- 
 tions before the fourteenth century. H. Renter's " Geschichte 
 der religiijsen Aufkliirung im Mittelalter" (2 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 
 1875-77) is one of the ablest histories of rationalism. E. Miintz's 
 "Les Precurscurs de la Renaissance" (4to, Paris, 1881) and F. 
 Schultze's "Geschichte der Philosophie der Renaissance" (8vo, 
 Jena, 1874) are also of value. 
 
 Many of the most important recent authorities on the Middle 
 Ages are referred to or described in the chapters on Germany,
 
 HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 201 
 
 France, Italy, and England. A very considerable number, how- 
 ever, relate to the general condition of society between the third 
 and the fifteenth centuries of our era. Of these the following 
 are worthy of note, 
 
 Ulysse Chevalier's " Repertoire des Sources Historiques du 
 Moyen Age" (8vo, Paris, 1877-86) was issued in parts, but is now 
 completed, and is unquestionably the most valuable of all books 
 to guide the student in the study of the historical authorities. 
 Its most noteworthy characteristic is the fulness of the biblio- 
 graphical notes on each author and subject. With the help of 
 the book in a good library, it will be possible to learn for the 
 most part what has been said about any one mediaeval author. 
 Smith and Wace's " Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, 
 Society, and Doctrines during the first Eight Centuries" (4 vols., 
 large 8vo, London, 1880-87) was prepared by the most eminent 
 scholars in Great Britain, and is of great value. Jules Quicherat's 
 "Melanges d'Archeologie et d'Histoire" (2 vols., gr. 8vo, Paris, 
 1885) is an invaluable collection of archaeological materials on 
 the Middle Ages. Hermann Oesterley's " Wegweiser durch die 
 Literatur der Urkundensammlungen" (2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1885- 
 86) attempts to do for historical documents what Potthast has 
 done for the chronicles and biographies. Vol. I. pertains to Ger- 
 many ; Vol. II. to France, Italy, Great Britain, Scandinavia, Iberia, 
 Hungary, etc. Henne-am-Rhyn's " Allgcmeine Kulturgcschichte " 
 (6 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1877) is one of the latest and most valu- 
 able works on the development of civilization. 
 
 E. Emerton's "Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages" 
 {12mo, Boston, 1888) will be found a most valuable guide for the 
 student. It is, however, limited to the period before the death of 
 Charlemagne. Passmann's " Geschichte der Volkerwanderung" 
 (2 vols., 8vo, Gotha, 1863-64) and Wietersheim's "Geschichte 
 der Volkerwanderung," though scholarly works, have been largely 
 supplemented or superseded by the later investigations of Dahn 
 and of Schultze. Victor Schultze's " Geschicht'e des TJntcrganges 
 des griechisch-romanischen Heidenthums " ( 8vo, Jena, 1887) 
 promises to be of much importance. 
 
 E. Bourgeois's " Le Capitulaire de Kiersy-sur-Oise (877): 
 fitude sur I'Etat et le Regime Politique de la Societe Carolin- 
 gienne a la fin du IX*^ Siecle" (8vo, Paris, 1885) touches all
 
 202 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the important questions of the history of the ninth century, and 
 is one of the most noteworthy of recent books on the Middle 
 Ages. IT. C. Lea's " History of tlie Inquisition of the Middle 
 A.o-es" (Svo, New York, 1886-88) is a remarkable example of 
 erudition and good judgment, and is by far the most important 
 authority on the subject of which it treats.
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 203 
 
 Chapter YII. 
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Arnold, Thomas. — Introductory Lectures on Modern History. 
 With a Preface and Notes written by Professor Ilenry Keed. 
 12mo, New York, 1847. 6th ed., London, 1874. 
 
 These eiglit lectures, thoug-h forming Dr. Arnold's Inaugural 
 Course at the University of Oxford, were prepared and delivered 
 in the last year of the author's life, and, consequently, were the 
 ripe fruit of a profound scholarship. The author's object was 
 not to impart historical knowledge, but rather to awaken a great- 
 er interest in the study of history. The first lecture is devoted 
 to a definition of history in general, and of modern history in par- 
 ticular ; while the body of the work is an expansion of these defi- 
 nitions, and a description of the proper manner of studying the 
 external and the internal life of nations. 
 
 The value of the book is considerably increased, by the schol- 
 arly notes of Professor Reed. 
 
 Browning', Oscar. — Historical Hand - books. Edited by Oscar 
 Browning. Now in course of publication. Crown 8vo and 
 16mo, London and Philadelphia. 
 
 This series, in purpose, is not very unlike that edited by Mr. 
 Morris, and known as the " Epochs of History." 
 
 Volumes on the following subjects, several of which have al- 
 ready appeared, while others are announced as either in press or 
 in a state of preparation, are to form the series :
 
 204 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 " History of English Institutions," by Philip V. Smith ; " His- 
 tory of French Literature," by M. Demogeot ; " The Roman Em- 
 pire," by A. M. Curteis; "History of Modern English Law," by 
 Sir R, K. Wilson ; " English History in the Fourteenth Century," 
 by Charles H. Pearson ; " The Great Rebellion," by Oscar Brown- 
 ing; "History of the French Revolution," by Rev. Frank Bright; 
 " The Age of Chatham," by Sir W. R. Anson ; " The Age of 
 Pitt," by Sir W.R. Anson; "The Reign of Louis XL," by F. 
 Willert ; " The Supremacy of Athens," by R. C. Jebb ; " The Ro- 
 man Revolution," by H. F. Pelham ; " History of the United 
 States," by Sir George Young. 
 
 Of the volumes that have appeared, those of Smith and Curteis 
 are most noteworthy. 
 
 Duruy, Victor. — Histoire des Temps Modernes, depuis 1453 
 jusqu'a 1789. 12mo, Paris, Vth ed., 1875. 
 
 This excellent book was prepared by one of the most eminent 
 and skilful of modern French historical writers. It shows the 
 same general characteristics as the author's " Histoire du Moyen 
 Age." It is compact, accurate, and interesting. Its great popu- 
 larity in France is fully deserved ; and it is doubtful whether any 
 other single volume on the period of which it treats can be of so 
 much value to the student. 
 
 Dyer, Thomas Henry. — The History of Modern Europe from the 
 Fall of Constantinople to the Close of the War in the Crimea. 
 5 vols., 8vo, London, revised edition, 1878. 
 
 The value of this work is in the fact that it is compactly writ- 
 ten and is made easy of consultation by full tables of contents 
 and an excellent index. Its statements of fact are generally accu- 
 rate, but its style is heavy and unattractive. On account of the 
 author's lack of skill in narration, few readers will have the intel- 
 lectual energy to read the book from beginning to end. As a 
 work of reference, especially in libraries scantily provided with 
 books on special subjects, it is of great value.
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 205 
 
 Heeren, A. H. L. — Vermischtc historische Schriftcn. 3 vols., Got- 
 tino-eii, 1821-24. 
 
 The great ability of Heeren nowhere appeared to better advan- 
 tage than in the essays and dissertations which form the first 
 three volumes of his collected works. Several of them, on sub- 
 jects of great difficulty, had the lionor of winning prizes offered 
 by various learned societies. 
 
 The following are the most important : " Entvvickelung der 
 politiscLcn Folgen der Reformation fiir Europa ;" " Versucb einer 
 historisclien Entwickelung der Entstehung und des Wachsthums 
 des britisclien Continental-Interesses;" " Ueber die Entstehung, 
 die Ausbildung, und den practischen Einfluss der politischen 
 Theorien und die Erhaltung des nionarchischen Princips in dem 
 neueren Europa ;" " Versuch einer Entwickelung der Kreuzziige 
 fiir Europa ;" and " Ueber den Einfluss der Normannen auf fran- 
 zijsische Sprache und Literatur." 
 
 The essay on the Crusades, at the time of its appearance, was 
 greatly admired for its breadth of judgment and the comprehen- 
 siveness of its learning. A translation of it into French, by Ch. 
 Villers, was published at Paris as an octavo volume in 1808. 
 
 Heeren, A. H. L. — A Manual of the History of the Political Sys- 
 tern of Europe and of its Colonies, from its Formation at the 
 Close of the Fifteenth Century to its Re-establishment upon the 
 Fall of Napoleon. Translated from the fifth German edition. 
 2 vols., 8vo, Oxford, 1834 ; and London (Bohn), 1860. 
 
 A work written in the midst of the turbulence occasioned in 
 Westphalia by the Napoleonic wars. But on its first appearance 
 in 1809 its importance was at once recognized, and it was very 
 soon translated into all the more prominent languages of Europe. 
 It was several times revised, and the edition of 1830, the one from 
 which the Oxford translation was made, embodied such correc- 
 tions and improvements as had been suggested by critics and re- 
 viewers. Its great importance has not been essentially dimin- 
 ished by any subsequent publication. Of course its references to
 
 206 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 authorities cannot Include tlie important histories written within 
 the last fifty years. It also suffers the great disadvantage of hav- 
 ing been prepared before the international relations of Europe had 
 been subjected to the incomparable scrutiny of Ranke. But 
 though Kanke has treated the relations of individual countries 
 and governments with clearer insight, he has nowhere given so 
 general and systematic a view as that of Ileeren. For the study 
 of Europe since the Reformation these volumes are still among 
 the most valuable in our language. 
 
 Heeren, A. H. L. — Historical Treatises: The Political Conse- 
 quences of the Reformation ; The Rise, Progress, and Practical 
 Influence of Political Theories; The Rise and Growth of the 
 Continental Interests of Great Britain. 8vo, Oxford, 1836.- and 
 London (Bohn), 1860. 
 
 The titles of these essays and the great reputation of the au- 
 thor are enough to attract the attention of the scholar; nor will 
 the expectations raised be disappointed. The generalizations are 
 of the broadest, but they are founded on the basis of a very ex- 
 tensive knowledge. It was in discussion of this kind that Heeren 
 was at his best. These treatises were written in the early part of 
 the present century, but they are still entitled to the thoughtful 
 attention of the historical student. 
 
 Heeren, A. H. L., und Ukert, F. — Geschichte der europaischen 
 Staatcu. 105 vols., including 3 indexes, 8vo, Hamburg, 1829-88. 
 
 One of the most valuable of the several collections of historical 
 works issued in Germany in the course of the present century. 
 The .several productions forming the series are prepared by 
 writers judiciously selected by the editors, and, in several instances 
 at least, they arc the most inipcutant histories yet published of 
 the countries of which they respectively treat. 
 
 Tlic list of the works, of which brief descriptions will generally 
 be found under the appropriate licads, is as follows: Mailath's
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 207 
 
 " Gesclilchtc dcr Magyaren," 5 vols. ; Bottiger's " Sachscn," 2 
 vols. ; Dalilmann's " Danemark," 3 vols. ; Geijer nnd Carlsson's 
 " Schvveden," 5 vols. ; Kampen's " Niederliinde," 2 vols. ; Lappen- 
 bcrg iind Pauli's " England," 5 vols. ; Lembke iind Scliafcr's 
 "Spanien," 3 vols.; Leo's "Italien," 5 vols.; Mailath's " Oestcr- 
 reich," 5 vols. ; Pfister iind Billow's "Geschichte der Tcutsclien," 
 6 vols. ; Ropel und Caro's " Bolen," 3 vols. ; Schiifer's " Portu- 
 gal," 5 vols. ; Schmidt's " Frankreich," 4 vols. ; Stenzel's " Prens- 
 sen," 5 vols. ; Stralil und Hermann's " Russland," G vols. ; Wachs- 
 muth's " Revolutions - Gescliichte Frankreichs," 4 vols. ; Zinkei- 
 sen's " Gescliichte des osmanischen Reichs in Europa," 7 vols. ; 
 Hcrtzberg's " Gescliichte Griechenland's," 3 vols. ; Riezler's " Gc- 
 schichte Baiern's," 2 vols. ; Brosch's " Geschichte des Kirchen- 
 staates," 2 vols. ; Schirrmacher's " Geschichte von Spanien," 4 
 vols. ; Reimann's " Geschichte des preussischen Staats," vols, i., ii. ; 
 Stalin's " Geschichte Wiirtemberg's," vol. i. ; Dahn's " Geschichte 
 der deutschen Urzeit," vol. i. ; Dove's " Zeitalter Friedrich des 
 Grossen," vol. i. ; Wenzelburger's " Geschichte dcr Niederlande," 
 2 vols. 
 
 Lord, John. — A Modern History from the Time of Luther to the 
 Fall of Napoleon. For the Use of Schools and Colleges. 8vo, 
 Philadelphia, 1860. 
 
 Michelet, Jules.— Modern History. Translated and Continued to 
 the Present Time by M. C. AI. Stimson. 12mo, London and 
 New York, 1875. 
 
 Michelet was a monarchist, a Roman Catholic, and one of the 
 most brilliant historical writers of his day. The work is gener- 
 ally accurate, and, on the whole, has many merits. Its fault is 
 that its author was a sentimentalist, and was so fond of soaring 
 that it was never quite easy for him to keep his feet on the solid 
 earth. The book has the further fault of abounding in allusions 
 too obscure for the intelligence of common readers. For any 
 person whose greatest dread is a dread of dulncss, the work is the 
 best on the subject.
 
 208 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 MorriSj Edward E. — Epochs of History. Edited by Edward E. 
 Morris. Many volumes, the number of wliich is still increas- 
 ing. 16rao, London and New York. 
 
 A series of concise and carefully prepared volumes on special 
 eras of history. Each is devoted to a group of events of such 
 importance as to entitle it to be regarded as an epoch. Each is 
 also complete in itself, and has no especial connection with the 
 other members of the scries. The works are all written by au- 
 thors selected by the editor on account of some especial qualifica- 
 tions for a portrayal of the period they respectively describe. The 
 volumes form an excellent collection, especially adapted to the 
 wants of a general reader. 
 
 The series at present consists of volumes on the following sub- 
 jects : " The Era of the Protestant Revolution," by F. Seebohm ; 
 " The Crusades," by Rev. G. W. Cox ; " The Thirty Years' War," 
 by S. R. Gardiner ; " The Houses of Lancaster and York, with 
 the Conquest and Loss of France," by James Gairdner; "The Age 
 of Elizabeth," by Rev. M. Creighton ; " The Fall of the Stuarts 
 and Western Europe," by Rev. E. Hale ; " The Puritan Revolu- 
 tion," by S. R. Gardiner ; " The Early Plantagenets," by Professor 
 W. Stubbs; "The Beginning of the Middle Ages," by R. W. 
 Church; "The Normans and the Feudal System in Europe," by 
 A. H. Johnson ; " Edward the Third," by Rev. W. Warburton'; 
 " The Age of Anne," by Edward E. Morris ; " Frederick the Great," 
 by F. M. Longman. The volume on " The French Revolution," by 
 William O'Connor Morris, was not accepted by the English editor, 
 but is published in New York as a part of the series in this coun- 
 try. The work has a valuable appendix, prepared by President A. 
 
 D. White, entitled " An Abridged Bibliography of the French Rev- 
 olution." The latest additions arc "The Early Hanoverians," by 
 
 E. E. Morris ; and " The Epoch of Reform," by Justin McCarthy. 
 
 Priestley, Joseph. — Lectures on History and General Policy. 2 
 vols., bvo, London, 1793. 
 
 These lectures were delivered to a class of lads, not so much for 
 the purpose of teaching them history as for the purpose of show- 
 ing them the value of it, and how to study it. The form of the
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 209 
 
 lectures is quaint, but their value is still very considerable. They 
 abound in interesting practical suggestions and in scraps of the 
 most curious information. Many of the books that the author 
 recommends are no longer of much value ; but, with some abate- 
 ment of this kind, the lectures may still be read with real profit. 
 
 Russell, Dr. William. — The History of Modern Europe; with a 
 View of the Progress of Society from the Rise of the Modern 
 Kingdoms to the Peace of Paris in 1763, and a Continuation 
 of the History to the Present Time, by William .Tones. With 
 Annotations by an American. 3 vols., 8vo, New York, 1857. 
 
 A reprint of an old book, and one of not very great intrinsic 
 value. It is in the form of letters written by a good grandfather 
 to a good grandson. It has a goodish flavor that interferes some- 
 what with the enjoyment, if not the profit, of the reader of robust 
 intelligence. But it is genei*ally accurate and judicious ; indeed, 
 is considerably better than it seems. There are many better 
 books on the subject in French and German, but not many in 
 English ; hence it is worthy of note. 
 
 Smyth, Dr. William. — Lectures on Modern History, from the Ir- 
 ruption of the Northern Nations to the Close of the American 
 Revolution. Third American edition, revised and corrected, 
 with Additions, including a List of Books on American History, 
 by Jared Sparks. 8vo, Boston, 1856. 
 
 The course of lectures embodied in this volume was delivered 
 early in the present century by the professor of history at the 
 University of Cambridge. 
 
 The purpose of the lectures was not so much to teach history 
 as to teach how and what to read in order to become successful 
 historical students. The lectures were well adapted to their pur- 
 pose. They may be described as comments on various authors, 
 rather than as descriptions of events. Though age has somewhat 
 diminished the usefulness of the book, yet the student will still 
 
 U
 
 210 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 find in it much that is of permanent value. Especially worthy 
 of note are the commentaries of the author on the sources of his- 
 tory, such as memoirs and original documents. 
 
 Yonge, Charles Duke. — Three Centuries of Modern History. 
 12mo, London and New York, 1878. 
 
 In this volume, Professor Yonge, of Queen's College, Belfast, 
 has produced a text-book of considerable merit and of serious 
 faults. The narrative is usually accurate, and the author has 
 made use of abundant and well-selected materials. But while the 
 book imparts to the student much information, it does not tend 
 to inspire him with any additional zeal for his work. The au- 
 thor's style is involved and awkward ; the general arrangement of 
 the material is unskilful ; the proof-reading was careless ; and the 
 book gives too great prominence to many unimportant events. 
 But, in spite of these faults, it is perhaps one of the best single 
 volumes on the period we have in English. 
 
 II. IIISTOKIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 D'Aubigne, J. H. Merle. — History of the Great Reformation of 
 the Sixteenth Century in Germany, Switzerland, etc. 5 vols., 
 12mo, New York, 1846; and many subsequent editions. 
 
 This can hardly be called a standard history of the Reforma- 
 tion, and yet it is probably more used by Protestant readers than 
 all other histories of the Reformation combined. The causes of 
 the great popularity of the work are the grace and spirit of the au- 
 thor's style, the enthusiastic I'rotestantism of his belief, and the 
 great skill with which he has marshalled his evidence. 
 
 D'Aubigne's dislike of the Catholic Church amounted to ha- 
 tred and abhorrence. Though he probably made an lionest en- 
 deavor to be judicious in his treatment of it, it was not in his nat- 
 ure to succeed. The work, therefore, can never be relied upon
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 211 
 
 by a student as ultimate autliority, or even as a safe guide. It is 
 simply one side of a great question, presented with great power 
 by a skilful and brilliant advocate. As a specimen of historical 
 pleading it has unsurpassed merits. But no judgment should bo 
 rendered until the other side has been heard. Bishop Spalding's 
 work on the same period may well be examined in connection 
 with it. 
 
 D'Aubign^, J. H. Merle. — History of the Reformation in Europe 
 in the Time of Calvin. 8 vols., 12rao, New York; 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1864-78. 
 
 This may be considered as a continuation of the author's " His- 
 tory of the Reformation in the Time of Luther." It partakes of 
 the same general characteristics as its predecessor. Li style it is 
 graphic and eloquent ; in faith it is ardent and one-sided. Ear- 
 nest and devoted Protestants will find nothing in it to weaken 
 their faith, but probably raucli to strengthen it. The author 
 writes what a majority of his readers will be glad to read. These 
 characteristics make it certain that the popularity of the work 
 will always exceed its merits. 
 
 Dollinger, J. J. — Die Reformation, ihre innere Entwickelung und 
 ihre Wirkungen im Umfange des lutherischen Bekentnisses. 
 3 vols., 8vo, Regensburg, 1846-48. 
 
 This is probably the most able and most judicious of all works 
 on the Reformation, from a Roman Catholic point of view. While 
 the author is an energetic opponent of Protestantism, he does not 
 hesitate to assail vigorously the prevalent immoralities of the 
 Church. 
 
 The work was translated into French by Emile Perrot, and was 
 published in Paris, 3 vols,, 1847-51. But no translation of the 
 work into English has been made.
 
 212 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Seebohm, Frederic— The Era of the Protestant Revolution. Sec- 
 ond edition, with Notes on Books in English relating to the 
 Reformation, by George P. Fisher. 16mo, New York, 1875. 
 
 This volume belongs to the series published under the general 
 title of " Epochs of History." It is not one of the best of the 
 series, but it is a convenient and popular summary of events from 
 the beginning of the sixteenth century to near its close. AVhile 
 the author holds that the Protestant Revolution was but the be- 
 ginning of the great wave which broke over Europe at the time 
 of the French Revolution, he limits his discussion to the influence 
 of the events of the sixteenth century. The book is less compre- 
 hensive in scope, and less able in manner of treatment, than the 
 work of Hausser. 
 
 Fisher, George P. — The Reformation. Svo, New York, 1873. 
 
 A thorough piece of literary work, the result of many years of 
 study. The most distinct characteristic of the volume is the at- 
 tempt on the part of the author to interweave with the account 
 of religious and theological affairs such secular and political 
 events as had an important influence in shaping the great move- 
 ment. The history of theological doctrine has received very ade- 
 quate treatment — perhaps somewhat fuller treatment than a lay- 
 man would have desired. If this history is not the best single 
 volume on the Reformation for the use of a student, its value is 
 exceeded only by that of Hausser. 
 
 Fischer, Karl. — Gcschichte der auswiirtigen Politik und Diplo- 
 matic im Reformationszeitalter, 1485-155G. Svo, Gotha, 1874. 
 
 An interesting sketch, designed to present in strong light the 
 various external and political influences that tended to shape the 
 course of the lieformation. 
 
 The volume is divided into two very nearly oijual parts. The 
 first is devoted to describing external relations ; the second, to
 
 HISTORIES OF MODEKN TIMES. 213 
 
 giving an account of the various efforts that were made to change 
 those relations by diploniatic means and methods. 
 
 The sources appear to have been industriously studied, though 
 very fe\y references are given. The style is easy and agreeable. 
 
 Hausser, Ludwig.— The Period of the Reformation. 1517-1648. 
 12mo, London and New York, 1874. 
 
 A course of fifty lectures by one of the ablest and most popu- 
 lar German professors of history. For a thoughtful student the 
 work is, beyond all rivalry, the best we have on the period in a 
 single volume. The author has made full use of the researches of 
 Ranke and of other German scholars, and has embodied the re- 
 sults of these researches in very attractive form. Iliiusser Avas a 
 conservative Protestant, and his work is entirely free from every- 
 thing of a controversial nature. The most distinguishing merit 
 of the book is the great skill with which it shows the intimate 
 and often subtle relations of political with religious affairs. This 
 characteristic is notably conspicuous in the treatment of Philip 
 11. and the Netherlands, and also in the treatment of the Thirty 
 Years' War. To this latter subject, so difficult in itself, eleven 
 lectures are given, which for insight, clearness, and comprehensive- 
 ness leave little to be desired. The student will probably no- 
 where else find, within fifty pages, a better account of the Thirty 
 Years' War, and of the peace by which that great struggle was 
 concluded. 
 
 The work also gives a very satisfactory account of the efforts 
 at reform made in Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Scandinavia, as 
 well as of the more powerful movement in England. The book 
 ends with an excellent index. 
 
 Hlibner, Baron. — The Life and Times of Sixtus the Fifth. Trans- 
 lated from the original French by E. J. Jerningham. 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1872. 
 
 When Ranke wrote his great " History of the Popes," the ar-
 
 214 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 chives at Simancas had not yet been opened to the inspection of 
 scholars ; but the vast treasures of that collection have been freely 
 used in the preparation of this work by Baron Hiibner. He has 
 also been able to find some new sources of information in Venice, 
 Paris, Vienna, Florence, and the Vatican. These have enabled 
 him to correct a few errors of detail into which Ranke had fallen. 
 The author is doubtless much more perfectly informed of the de- 
 tails of the life of Pope Sixtus than was his great German prede- 
 cessor ; but it is noteworthy that the judgments of the two his- 
 torians concerning the pope are not essentially unlike. Hiibner 
 writes as a Roman Catholic, but he has given us a statesmanlike 
 view of the plans and achievements of the great pontifE who di- 
 rected the affairs of the Church during much of the time of Philip 
 II. and Elizabeth. The efforts of the pope to direct the Spanish 
 king and to restore the Roman Catholic faith in England are 
 well described ; and the delineations of the pope's more prominent 
 contemporaries add much to the interest and value of the work. 
 The pope's struggle with the Jesuits is also clearly outlined. The 
 book contains admirable pictures of social life in the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 Praet, J. van.— Essays on the Political History of the Fifteenth, 
 Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries. Edited by Sir E. Head. 
 8vo, London, 1868. 
 
 Taken as a whole, these essays form a very important comment 
 on the modern history of Europe. The subjects around which 
 the author has grouped his thoughts and coiuments are, " An In- 
 troduction ;" " Charles V.;" " Philip II. ;" " William the Silent;" 
 "Cardinal Richelieu;" "The First English Revolution;" and 
 "William HI." 
 
 Van Praet was for thirty years member of the liousehold to the 
 late King of the Belgians ; and during that period he had ample 
 opportunities for observing the methods of monarchical govern- 
 ments. His essays, therefore, aim to pn^sent what might he called 
 an interior view of tlie men and tiic periods of which they treat. 
 The author has far less power in nari'ation than has Macaulay 
 or even Motlev ; but while the more famous writers have sue-
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 215 
 
 ceedcd in giving tlie reader more brilliant pictures of their heroes, 
 Van Praet has probably painted them more nearly as they really 
 were. His great efiort is to trace the real springs that moved the 
 characters he deals with, and to find in them, if possible, some 
 explanation of tlie turn affairs have taken. It is in the work of 
 critical historical portraiture that these essays excel. 
 
 The work of translation is but indifferently done. There are 
 occasional grammatical errors, and the French idiom is but im- 
 perfectly concealed. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold von. — The History of the Popes, their Church and 
 State, and especially of their Conflicts with Protestantism in 
 the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Translated by E. 
 Foster. 3 vols., 12mo, London, 1840. 
 
 First published as early as 1837, this great work did more than 
 any other to raise its author to that supreme rank among histori- 
 ans which he has now long enjoyed. Professor Ranke is a Prot- 
 estant, but he carries forward all his work with such fairness and 
 impartiality as to command the general, if not even the entire, 
 respect of his religious opponents. The work is founded largely 
 on documents still in manuscript, and lying unedited in the libra- 
 ries of Venice and Rome. Selections from these make up the 
 whole of the third volume of the work. 
 
 As a portrayal of the interior policy of the Church, and of the 
 course that led to the reaction against the Reformation, these vol- 
 umes have no equal. The distinguishing characteristic of Ranke 
 is the deep insight with which he penetrates to the very bottom 
 of affairs, and brings the causes and springs of action into the 
 light. It is for this reason that he has long been the favorite his- 
 torian with historians. 
 
 Spalding, M. J.— History of the Protestant Reformation in Ger- 
 many and Switzerland ; and in England, Ireland, Scotland, the 
 Netherlands, France, and Northern Europe. Various editions, 
 8vo, Baltimore and New York, 1860. 
 
 This w^ork, by the eminent Catholic archbishop of Baltimore,
 
 216 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 was first published as a review of the well-known history by D'Au- 
 bigne. It is consequently too controversial to be of the greatest 
 historical value, but it is scarcely more one-sided than the work of 
 D'Aubigne, and it is perhaps the strongest presentation we liave 
 of the Catholic side of the Reformation. It is successful in re- 
 futing many of the positions taken by the Protestant historian. 
 
 Raumer, Frederick von. — History of the Sixteenth and Seven- 
 teeth Centuries, Illustrated by Original Documents. Translated 
 from the German. 2 vols., 1 2 mo, London, 1835. 
 
 To those already somewhat familiar with the centuries of Avhich 
 these volumes treat, the presentation of Von Raumer is of nmch 
 interest and value. The author, Avhen engaged in exploring the 
 archives of Paris for his famous " History of the Hohenstaufen," 
 found an abundance of material illustrating the events of the cen- 
 turies of the Reformation. From these materials he has made up 
 the useful volumes before us. They consist in part of extracts, 
 and in part of abbreviated accounts of important state-papers. 
 The papers examined are original documents Avritten by envoys 
 and others, and they abound in curious comments on the events 
 that happened under the writers' observation. 
 
 In vol. ii., letter li., is a very interesting account of the manners, 
 customs, and characteristics of the English in the time of Edward 
 VI., by the Florentine Petruccio Ubaldini. In the same volume 
 letter Ixi. gives also a good account, from original observers, of 
 the manner of James I., and of the causes of the rapid decline 
 of that monarch's popularity. 
 
 Gindely, Anton. — Geschichtc des dreissigjiihrigen Krieges. 2d 
 cd., -.i vols., Hvo, Prague, 1884. Also,"lIistory of the Tliirty 
 Years' War, translated by Andrew Ten Brook. Complete in 
 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1884. 
 
 The first work, if it were ever to be completed on the scale
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 217 
 
 begun, would transcend in importance all other histories of tlie 
 period. But the author apparently despaired of finishing the 
 larger history, and therefore wrote the smaller one, the translation 
 of which is by far the best account of the war we have. 
 
 Of the larger work no volume has appeared since 1880. The 
 mass of materials is so enormous, and the struggle extended over 
 so large a territory and was so far-reaching in its interests and 
 results, that it is probable the magnitude of the undertaking will 
 prove too great for a single author. 
 
 The first two volumes are devoted to the first year of the 
 war, and Gindely tells us that the second volume rests on the 
 substantial foundation of between 5000 and 6000 original doc- 
 uments. 
 
 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. — The Thirty Years' War, 1618-48. 
 16mo, London and New York, 1874. 
 
 The history of the Thirty Years' War is practically yet to be 
 written ; but as a brief sketch of the changing events of that stu- 
 pendous conflict this account is unequalled. The chief merit of 
 the book is in the prominence it gives to the great turning-points 
 of the war. The struggle is thus invested with an interest that 
 would have been utterly wanting in the production of a less ac- 
 complished literary master. Especially noteworthy is the account 
 of the effects and results of the war. 
 
 Schiller, Friedrich.— History of the Thirty Years' War. Trans- 
 lated by A. J. W. Morrison. Crown 8vo, London, 1841 ; 12mo, 
 New York, 1846. 
 
 For nearly a century this history has enjoyed the reputation 
 reflected upon it by the name of the author. But it deserves 
 to have a place in the history of literature rather than in the lit- 
 erature of history. Schiller was a great writer, but he was not a 
 great historian. The work may still be read in the original as an 
 admirable specimen of German prose, but it is no longer of any 
 considerable value as a history. The little book of Gardiner,
 
 218 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 or the few lectures on the war in Ilausser's " Period of the 
 Reformation," will give a far more adequate idea of the moment- 
 ous conflict. 
 
 Noorden, Carl von. — Europaische Geschichte im achtzehnten 
 Jahrhundert. Erste Abtheihing: Der spanische Erbfolgekrieg. 
 3 vols., Svo, Diisseldorf, 1874-83. 
 
 This must be regarded as by far the most important contribu- 
 tion ever made to our knowledge of the war of the Spanish Suc- 
 cession. It rests upon a very thorough study of the original 
 sources, not only in London and the Hague, but also in Berlin 
 and Vienna. Free use has been made of the correspondence of 
 all the more prominent actors in the events under consideration. 
 Unfortunately, the author did not gain access to the military ar- 
 chives of France. 
 
 Each of the volumes is divided into five books, the first group 
 tracing the origin of the war, and its progress to 1704 ; the second 
 havinir to do with the great events between that year and the 
 close of the campaigns of 1706. 
 
 The author by no means limits himself strictly to a history of 
 the war. For example, in the beginning of the second volume he 
 gives a general survey of the governments of Denmark, Poland, 
 Sweden, and Russia; and portrays with great skill the danger 
 which threatened the coalition through the Godolphin-Marlbor- 
 ough ministry in England. 
 
 Unfortunately the work is left as a fragment by the death of 
 the author. 
 
 Russell, Lord John. — History of the Principal States of Europe 
 from the Peace of Utrecht. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1826. 
 
 Though published anonymously, this work was soon traced to 
 the hand of Lord John Russell. Strictly speaking, it is a sketch 
 of only about ten years — 1713-1723. It discusses at considera- 
 ble length the treaty by which the great war of the Spanish Suc- 
 cession was brought to a close, and portrays in an easy way the 
 manners prevailing during the last days of Louis XIV.
 
 HISTORIES OP MODERN TIMES. 219 
 
 The second volume gives a grapliic picture of the internal gov- 
 ernment of France during the Regency, and also presents a num- 
 ber of very curious anecdotes illustrative of society while the 
 scheme of John Law was monopolizing attention. 
 
 The tliird and fourth volumes, with which the author intended 
 to bring the history down to the close of the American war, never 
 appeared. 
 
 Schlosser, F. C. — History of the Eighteenth Century, and of the 
 Nineteenth till the Overthrow of the French Empire, with Par- 
 ticular Reference to Mental Cultivation and Progress. Trans- 
 lated, with a Preface and Notes, by D. Davison, M.A. 8 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1843-52. 
 
 At the time of their first publication in Germany these volumes 
 met with a success that has seldom been surpassed by any histor- 
 ical production of similar magnitude. The author's "Universal 
 History," in nineteen volumes, had already been so well received 
 that as many as eighteen thousand copies of the complete work 
 had been sold. The popularity of the " History of the Eighteenth 
 Century," however, even surpassed that of the earlier work. 
 
 In some respects the book is quite worthy of its fame. From 
 beginning to end, the author endeavors to excite a spirit of na- 
 tional independence in his countrymen, to wean them from their 
 unreasoning imitation of other nations, to arouse them from 
 crouching servility to their own miscalled constitutional rulers, 
 and to give them the bearing of men acquainted with the full 
 power of reason and argument. 
 
 A work written for such a purpose could not fail to lose a por- 
 tion of its importance with the passage of years. But, in spite of 
 this fact, whoever makes use of the book at the present time will 
 be struck with the originality of the thought, the extent of the 
 research, and the suggestiveness of the mode of expression. For 
 twelve years Schlosser lectured on the present century at the L^ni- 
 versity of Heidelberg, and during the whole of that time he la- 
 bored and spoke with an earnestness and devotion that made him 
 no inconsiderable power in the modern transformation of Ger- 
 many. The study of those years was incorporated into the last 
 volume of this series.
 
 220 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Alison, Sir Archibald. — History of Europe, from the Fall of Na- 
 poleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852. 
 Numerous editions. 
 
 The English edition, in eight vols., 8vo, will be found by stu- 
 dents to be the most satisfactory, though it contains some serious 
 errors on American affairs — errors, too, that have been corrected 
 only in the American edition. The index published in England 
 forms a separate volume ; and, in order that it may be readily 
 used with either edition, its references are made, not to pages, 
 but to chapters and paragraphs. There is ;dso to be obtained a 
 very valuable atlas, containing 109 maps, plans of sieges, etc., illus- 
 trative of the work. 
 
 This history is not only the most valuable in our language on 
 the period described, but, although it is not without faults, it is a 
 production of many good qualities. It was prepared with the 
 utmost care, and its descriptions have the merits of minuteness 
 and honesty. It would not be easy to show that any fact is sup- 
 pressed or given less than its true force -in order to strengthen the 
 author's position. But while the author obviously endeavors to 
 be entirely fair in his statements of facts, he allows his political 
 sympathies, those of a high Tory, to pervade every part of the 
 production and give color to his interpretations. His strong 
 prejudices draw him often into ardent political discussions, and 
 the work is written in a style that shows a constant tendency 
 to run into exaggerated and frothy declamation. But the thought- 
 ful student has only to keep these characteristics in mind, in or- 
 der to profit greatly by the work. As a description of the great 
 events that intervened between the two Napoleons there is no 
 other book in our language comparable with it. It is admirably 
 supplied with an analytical table of contents and very full mar- 
 ginal references. 
 
 Beaumont-Vassy, E. F. Vicomte de. — Ilistoire des Etats Eu- 
 ropd'cns dcpuis Ic Congres dc Vicnnc. 6 vols., Svo, 1813- 
 63. 
 
 Not a work of genius, but a useful book for the study of the
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 221 
 
 first half of the present century. The various European nations 
 are taken up in order. The narrative begins Avith a description 
 of political affairs at the close of the Napoleonic wars. This is 
 followed by a somewhat rapid, but sufliciently comprehensive, 
 account of subsequent events down to the date of publication. 
 
 Gabourd, Amedee. — Histoire Contemporainc. Coraprenant les 
 principaux evenements qui se sont accomplis dcpuis la Revo- 
 lution de 1830 jusqu'a, nos jours, et resumant, durant la meme 
 periode, le niouvement social, artistiquc et litteraire. 12 vols., 
 8vo, Paris, 1863-74. 
 
 The great prominence of France in international affairs during 
 the period treated is not quite sufficient reason for giving to that 
 nation so large a proportion of the space of what purports to be 
 a general history. The affairs of other nations are not very satis- 
 factorily described. The author does not limit himself to politi- 
 cal facts or to the struggles of arms and diplomacy, but deals 
 with social events and the history of ideas. Industrial develop- 
 ment, the progress of science, and the manifestations of literature 
 and art receive a considerable share of attention. 
 
 The volumes are written in pleasing style, and are pervaded 
 with independence of spirit, and impartiality and calmness of 
 judgment. 
 
 Bulle, Dr. Constantin.— Geschichte der ncuesten Zeit, 1815-85. 
 4 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 2d revised edition, 1886-87. 
 
 No other history conveys in moderate space so gocfd an idea of 
 the progress of events in Europe down to the close of the Franco- 
 German war. The work is the result of careful and thorough 
 study, and is presented in attractive form. The author has shown 
 an aptness for clear and suggestive modes of expression, an earn- 
 estness of moral and patriotic conviction, and an ability to group 
 his materials in the most effective manner. The book, there- 
 fore, has merits of a kind not often found among German works. 
 It is made useful for reference by a good index.
 
 222 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Wernicke, C. — Die Geschicbte der Welt. 6te Auflage. 6 vols., 
 8vo, Leipzig, 1878-1881. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to ancient history ; the second 
 to the Middle Ages; the third and fourth to the period be- 
 tween the Reformation and the French Revolution ; the fifth 
 and sixth to the years between 1789 and 1871. 
 
 It is a book of facts rather than of opinions. The narrative 
 flows on in a tranquil stream that conveys much information, but 
 never arouses any very great interest. The author's absolute im- 
 partiality seems often to reach the point of indifference. 
 
 Mackenzie, Robert. — The Nineteenth Century. A History. 
 12mo, London and New York, 1880. 
 
 This volume might very properly have been called a sketch, or 
 a series of sketches, rather than a history. If it is not very sat- 
 isfying, it still enjoys almost a monopoly of the subject among 
 books written in English. The arrangement is good, and the 
 style is spirited, though often inelegant. The most serious fault 
 of the work is a certain nonchalant and irresponsible manner of 
 the writer, somewhat tending to shake the confidence of the 
 reader. The book is nnich inferior to Miiller's. 
 
 Fyffe, A. C— Ilistory of Modern Europe. Vol. i. (1792-1814). 
 8vo, London and New York, 1880. Vol. ii. (1814-1848). 1886. 
 
 The most brilliant picture we have in English of the age of 
 revolution. It is a remarkably successful attempt to show the 
 fundamental characteristics of the revolutionary period, and the 
 connection of Napoleon with them. The author liolds that the 
 emperor cared little for anything but the establishment and in- 
 crease of liis own power ; that he felt a contempt for republican 
 dreams and aspirations ; but that at the same time he was at
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 223 
 
 heart a Jacobin, though a Jacobin of genius. Thus lie makes it 
 appear that although Napoleon broke down the Revolutionary 
 government and established imperialism in its place, he was in 
 reality the leader and representative of the Revolution itself. 
 
 The other important idea of the volume is that although Napo- 
 leon embodied in himself almost everything that was bad, yet the 
 government he established was better in almost all essential char- 
 acteristics than the governments by which he was surrounded 
 and which he supplanted. In Italy, in Switzerland, and along the 
 Rhine he established far better methods of administration than 
 those which lie displaced. 
 
 The volume is both brilliant and suggestive. No one will read 
 it without clearer ideas of the true nature of that great struggle 
 which for vears drew all interests into its vortex. 
 
 Cayley, Edward Stillingfleet. — The European Revolutions of 
 1848. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1856. 
 
 A somewhat entertaining book ; but it is inaccurate, and really 
 possesses very little historical value. It gives an account of the 
 revolutionary movements in France, Italy, Germany, and Austria, 
 and closes with a sketch of what the author seems to regard a 
 revolution in England. It is of the lurid kind, and its conclu- 
 sions are quite worthless. The author evidently had no adequate 
 conception whatever of the causes of the movements he desciibes. 
 His pages abound in irrelevant facts and foolish reflections. 
 
 Cantu, Cesare. — Les Trente Dernieres Annees (1848-78). Edi- 
 tion fran^aise, revue par I'Auteur, precedee d'un Essai Biogra- 
 phique et Litt6raire sur Cesar Cantu, et suivie de la Vie de 
 I'Archiduc Maximilien d'Autriche, Empereur du Mexique. 8vo, 
 Paris, 1 880. 
 
 The latest words of an eminent scholar and writer of history can 
 hardly fail to be of interest. But there are special reasons why 
 the observations of the venerable historian of Italy on recent
 
 224 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 affairs should be of value. He is at once an ardent republican in 
 sympathy and a close observer of the republican movements that 
 have taken place during the last half-century. We have had so 
 much from the Germans and the French that it is interesting to 
 liear the story from the Italian point of view. And herein, per- 
 haps, is the chief value of the book. 
 
 Tlie author is patriotic, ardent, positive, almost unquestioning 
 in his opinions. He never doubts in his history any more than 
 in his Catholic faith. This peculiarity gives to all his writings 
 the interest of an ardent fervor; but, at the same time, it takes 
 away from them that judicious quality which is the only sure 
 guarantee of permanent interest and value. But, in spite of this 
 characteristic, the volume is not without considerable importance, 
 especially to a student of recent Italian affairs. 
 
 Mtiller, Wilhelm.— Political History of Recent Times, 1816-V5. 
 "With special reference to Germany. Revised and enlarged by 
 the author. Translated with an Appendix, covering the period 
 from 1876 to 1881, by the Rev. John P. Peters, Ph.D. 8vo, 
 New York, 1882. 
 
 Professor Miillcr, though a German, writes with the vivacity of 
 a Frenchman. It is almost needless to say, therefore, that he pro- 
 duces a very readable book ; but his book is not only readable, it 
 is valuable. It is founded on a good knowledge of events, and is 
 the product of a judicious as well as a vivacious mind. The work 
 does not profess to throw new light on political affairs, nor, in- 
 deed, to give to them, in all cases, the exact amount of attention 
 strictly their due. It is rather the purpose of the author to pre- 
 sent an account of such events as have exerted an exceptional 
 influence in shaping modern political affairs. It is, perhaps, a 
 slight weakness in the book that it tends to convey the impression 
 that political affairs have an existence independent of material 
 affairs. As the author, however, chose to limit his subject, per- 
 ha])s this trittiiig drawback is inherent in his method. With this 
 slight qualification, the work may be heartily recommended. Es- 
 pecially noteworthy is the author's wholesome hatred of Metter- 
 nich and his policy. Tlie translation of Dr. Peters is good, and the 
 version in English is somewhat more extended than the original.
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 225 
 
 Muller, Wilhelm. — Politischc Gescliichte der Gegenwart. 19 
 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1867-86. 
 
 The successive volumes of this annual, as they have appeared 
 from year to year, luive done much to keep readers of the Ger- 
 man language informed on the current political affairs of the 
 world. They are written with the skill and spirit characteristic 
 of the author. The discussions and descriptions are confined 
 chiefly to political affairs, but they are presented with so much 
 force that the work has justly attained great popularity. The 
 political movements of the last twelve years are nowhere else so 
 well described. 
 
 The Annual Register. — Comprising a Record of Public Events 
 at Home and Abroad; a Retrospect of Literature, Art, and 
 Science ; a Chronicle of Remarkable Occurrences ; an Obituary 
 of Eminent Persons; Remarkable Trials, Public Documents, 
 and State-papers. 8vo, London. A volume has been pub- 
 lished annually since 1758. 
 
 The most famous, and one of the most useful, of the annual 
 publications on the events of current history. It was given charac- 
 ter in the last century by the editing of Burke ; and its reputation 
 has been well sustained down to the present day. It is much less 
 strictly political than is the German work of Muller, but it is far 
 more comprehensive in its scope, and therefore, to the general 
 student, is even more useful. 
 
 III. HISTORIES OF INSTITUTIONS AND CIVILIZATION. 
 
 Bonnemere, Eugene. — Ilistoire des Paysans depuis la fin du Moyen 
 Age jusqu'a nos jours. 1200-1850. Precedee d'une Introduc- 
 tion, B.C. 50-A.D. 1200. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1856. Also 4to, 
 illustrated edition, Paris, 1876. 
 
 The purpose of the writer of these important volumes is not 
 only to describe the condition of the peasantry of France during 
 the modern history of the nation, but also to show the relations 
 of the peasantry to the nobles and the king. 
 
 15
 
 226 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The author begins his work with a graphic account of the rela- 
 tions of kings and nobles during the Middle Ages, and then pro- 
 ceeds to describe the circumstances which enabled the nobles to 
 reduce the people into serfs. 
 
 The first chapters of that portion of the first volume which fol- 
 low the Introduction are among the most important. They de- 
 scribe in strong light the fatal influence of the power given to the 
 nobility. While in England, in order to secure the support of 
 the masses, the nobles were obliged to confer upon the people a 
 share of those rights which they had received from the king, in 
 France the nobles were strong enough to fight their battles with- 
 out the necessity of conferring political privileges on their follow- 
 ers. While, therefore, in England the rights of the people were 
 constantly increasing, in France they were constantly diminishing. 
 The French nobles not only became practically absolute in their 
 own districts, but they became hereditary rulers. It was thus 
 that popular freedom in France practically disappeared. 
 
 In the early chapters of the second volume is described the ter- 
 rible condition of the peasantry in the seventeenth century. The 
 fifth chapter of this volume is especially noteworthy. The book 
 as a whole is entitled to the thoughtfal attention of the student. 
 Few modern works will be found of greater interest or greater 
 value. 
 
 Bossuet, Bishop J. B. — Ilistoire dcs Variations des Eglises Pro- 
 testantes. Suivie de la Defense de cette Ilistoire et de la Cor- 
 respondance entre Bossuet et Leibnitz sur un Projet de Reunion 
 cntre les Catholiques et les Protcstantes. 2 vols., 12mo, Paris, 
 1844. Numerous subsequent editions. 
 
 The great Bishop of Mcaux spent much of his energies and 
 eloquence in controversy. His endeavors to break the force of 
 the Reformation, and to call back to his own Church all those who 
 liad gone astray, constituted no inconsiderable part of his work. 
 His attacks on the Protestants were sometimes harsh and unjust, 
 but they wore always able and olo(|uent. 
 
 The correspondence with Leibnitz is of interest, as it shows the 
 spirit witii whidi a gi'imine elfort to bring the churches together
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TLMES. 227 
 
 was carried on. These two volumes probably constitute the most 
 important of the numerous works left by Bossuet. 
 
 Dorner, J. A. — History of Protestant Theology, particularly in 
 Germany. Translated from the German. 2 vols., 8vo, Edin- 
 burgh, 1871. 
 
 A book of great ability as well as of great learning. It not 
 only describes the theological differences of the various Protestant 
 sects, but it also points out the causes of those differences. The 
 theological movements during the present century are traced with 
 remarkable learning and acumen. It is not a book calculated to 
 interest the general reader, but for those desiring an acquaintance 
 with the subtler workings of theological thought it is of great im- 
 portance. 
 
 Hallam, Henry. — Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 
 Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries. 4 vols., Svo 
 and 12mo, London; 4 vols., 12mo, New York, 1870. Origi- 
 nally published in 1837-39, the work was revised for the edi- 
 tions of 1842, 1847, and 1853. The American issue in four 
 volumes embodies all the corrections and additions. 
 
 This was the latest of the g)^at works on which the literary 
 fame of Hallam rests ; and it shows the ability and the accom- 
 plishments of the author to better advantage than cither of his 
 other productions. Its great qualities have been universally ac- 
 knowledged. It displays conscientiousness, accuracy, good judg- 
 ment, and great familiarity with the vast subject of which it 
 treats. It comprehends within its scope the literature of poetry, 
 history, romance, natural science, mathematics, physics, medicine, 
 law, and theology ; and at all points the author shows himself, 
 not merely a good descriptive writer, but also a fair and compe- 
 tent critic. The style is less faulty than that of Hallam's earlier 
 works, as it is less involved and more uniform and straightforward. 
 
 The chapters are grouped into four parts. The first is " On the 
 Literature of the Fifteenth and the first half of the Sixteenth Cen-
 
 228 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tury ;'' tlie second, third, and fourtli are each devoted to one of 
 the half-centuries between 1550 and 1700. Each part is subdi- 
 vided into chapters, each chapter being devoted to some one of 
 the numerous branches of literary activity. Thus, all the chap- 
 ters after those of the first part are in some sense monographs, 
 each being complete and independent. 
 
 The arrangement is slightly artificial, and may afford the reader 
 some inconvenience, inasmuch as the different writings of the same 
 author are sometimes treated in different chapters. But, on the 
 whole, the advantages of the topical method far more than coun- 
 terbalance the slight annoyance of occasionally having to turn to 
 other parts of a volume. In spite of this small drawback, the ad- 
 mirable qualities of the work are so marked and so numerous 
 that the lover of good historical description and criticism will 
 scarcely deem any praise of it extravagant. 
 
 The table of contents and index arc so full as to make the vol- 
 umes very easy of use. ^ 
 
 Honegger, J. J. — Grundsteine einer allgemeinen Kulturgeschichte 
 der neuesten Zeit. 5 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1868-74. Also by the 
 same author : Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte, vols. i. and ii., Leip- 
 zig, 1882-86. To be completed in 5 vols., and to cover the 
 whole history of human affairs. 
 
 The first work, the product of years of devoted labor, is a picture 
 of the advancement made in the several branches of culture in the 
 course of the nineteenth century.' The various subjects treated are 
 taken up topically, and are described with admirable thoroughness 
 and freshness. Each topic is traced in its course through different 
 countries in such a manner as to give a very satisfactory view of 
 the progress of literature and the arts in all their manifestations. 
 
 The fifth volume is devoted to a comprehensive survey of the 
 whole field, including politics and government. The work ends 
 with a very full index. 
 
 Hurst, John F. — History of Rationalism ; embracing a Survey of 
 the I'resent State of Protestant Theology. With Appendix of 
 Literature. Hvo, New York, 1865. 
 
 A very different book from that of Lecky, both in spirit and in
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 229 
 
 metliod. It is not so mucli a history of the spirit of rationalism 
 as a history of the spirit of rationalists. A vast number of piii- 
 losophers are passed in review for tl^e purpose of exposing their 
 doctrines. Tlie work shows unmistakable learning, though it is 
 wanting in the care and exactness of a finished scholarship. Dr. 
 Ilurst shows considerable familiarity with the literature of the 
 subject ; but, unfortunately, his work contains so few references 
 to authorities that it is often impossible, or at least very difficult, 
 to verify his conclusions. 
 
 The most obvious weakness of the work is the extreme polemi- 
 cal spirit in which it is written. The very first words of the book 
 are an accusing sentence from Bacon quoted with approbation. 
 The result of this method has been to produce a work that is 
 likely at once to give great satisfaction to intense and unthink- 
 ing religionists, and to disgust and repel those who are in doubt, 
 but are seeking the truth. It may fortify those who are already 
 strong, but it is not likely to change any man's opinion. 
 
 Lange, Fred. Albert. — History of Materialism, and Criticism of 
 its Present Importance. Authorized translation by E. C. 
 Thomas. 3 vols., 8vo, London and Boston, 1880. 
 
 The author of this book is a scholar of unquestionable ability ; 
 and the work itself is valuable both as history and as criticisni. 
 It shows that with some minor differences the positions of mod- 
 ern materialists arc not essentially unlike those of Democritus 
 and Lucretius. As a portrayal of an important phase of modern 
 thought the book is worthy of the highest recognition. 
 
 Lecky, W. E. H. — History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit 
 of Rationalism in Europe. 2 vols., Svo, London and New 
 York, 1865. 
 
 A very able and interesting historical study. It is an effort 
 to trace the historical development of that method of reasoning 
 which, since the Reformation, has been steadily gaining an as-
 
 230 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 cendency in Europe. The author defines his purpose as an at- 
 tempt to trace that spirit which "leads men on all occasions to 
 subordinate dogmatic theology to the dictates of reason and of 
 conscience, and, as a necessary consequence, greatly to restrict its 
 influence upon life" — which "predisposes men, in history, to at- 
 tribute all kinds of phenomena to natural rather than miraculous 
 causes ; in theology, to esteem succeeding systems the expres- 
 sions of the wants and aspirations of that religious sentiment 
 which is planted in all men ; and, in ethics, to regard as duties 
 only those which conscience reveals to be such." 
 
 The author traces the declining sense of the miraculous; the 
 a3sthetic, scientific, and moral developments of rationalism; the 
 spirit of persecution ; the secularization of politics; and the in- 
 dustrial history of rationalism. 
 
 The work abounds in facts and discussions of extreme interest. 
 The author's style is always attractive. His learning is extensive, 
 though he seems not to have made much use of the numerous 
 German authorities on the subject. His sympathies are obviously 
 rationalistic, though he usually succeeds in maintaining a moder- 
 ate and judicicus spirit. 
 
 Llorente, D. Jean Antoine. — The History of the Inquisition of 
 Spain, from the Time of its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdi- 
 nand VH. Composed from the Original Documents in the Ar- 
 chives of the Supreme Council, and from those of Subordinate 
 Tribunals of the Holy Office. 8vo, London, 1826. 
 
 This is at once a free translation and an abridgment of the au- 
 thor's voluminous work in Spanish. Llorente was at one time 
 secretary of the Inquisition and chancellor of the University of 
 Toledo. Some knowledge of the Inquisition is necessary to an 
 understanding of Spanish history ; and of the various works on 
 the subject, tliat of Llorente is probably the most authentic and 
 valuable. Th(> recent work of Dr. Rule may well be examined in 
 connection with it. 
 
 Rule, William H.— History of the Inquisition, from its IMablish-
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 231 
 
 ment in the Twelfth Century to its Extinction in the Nine- 
 teenth. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1874. 
 
 Dr. Rule is a Wesleyan divine, and consequently writes from a 
 Protestant point of view. His work is somewhat controversial in 
 character, but it is written with general fairness and considerable 
 ability. It has also the advantage of being the only comprehen- 
 sive history of an important subject in our language. It may 
 well be consulted in connection with a reading of Balmes and 
 Llorente ; though the points of view of the three authors are so 
 different that the one hardly even tends to refute or neutralize the 
 other. If coercion is once established as a right and a duty, of 
 course all questions as to the manner of coercion are simply ques- 
 tions of policy. 
 
 Schaff, Philip. — The Creeds of Christendom, with a History and 
 Critical Notes. 3 vols., large Bvo, New York, 1877. 
 
 Of these volumes, the first contains the historical narrative, 
 while the second and third contain the text of the creeds, both in 
 the original language and in translation. The first, therefore, is 
 to be regarded as a history of Christian doctrine, while the others 
 are an embodiment of the doctrines themselves. In the second 
 volume are to be found the Greek and Latin creeds, with trans- 
 lations; in the third, the Evangelical Protestant creeds. 
 
 Shedd, William G. T. — A History of Christian Doctrine. 2 vols., 
 8vo, 3d ed., New York, 1872. 
 
 Though designed especially for theologians and theological 
 students, these volumes are not without some interest to the 
 student of general history. The doctrines of the Church at dif- 
 ferent periods are nowhere more clearly or accurately presented. 
 As a work of reference, therefore, the volumes may be heartily 
 recommended. With the help of a good table of contents and 
 an excellent index, the student will have no difficulty in ascertain- 
 ing what the Church, or almost any part of it, believed at any 
 given time.
 
 232 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Sug-enheim, S. — Gescliichte der Aufhebuno; der Leibeigenschaft 
 mid Horigkeit in Europa bis uui die Mitte des neunzehnten 
 Jahrlmnderts. 8vo, St. Petersburg, 1861. 
 
 The best presentation of the nature of serfdom and slavery in 
 the different countries of Europe during tlie Middle Ages and 
 modern times. The volume also conveys a striking impression of 
 the constant obstacles to the advancement of liberty imposed by 
 the minor barons. It was crowned by the Imperial Academy of 
 Sciences at St. Petersburg, in recognition of its great and numer- 
 ous merits. 
 
 Tooke, Thomas, and Newmarch, William. — A History of Prices 
 and of Paper Currency from 1798 to 1837 et seq. 6 vols., 
 London, 1833-1857. 
 
 A standard work of very great value to one who would go to 
 the bottom of modern political economy. It is a conscientious 
 effort to trace carefully all the causes that have in any way af- 
 fected the subject under examination. 
 
 Tlie value of the book has been greatly enhanced by the index, 
 which is so full as to form what is sometimes bound separately as 
 a seventh volume. 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 1. Arnold's "Lectures" are the best discussion of the impor- 
 tance and nature of modern history. Yonge's "Three Centuries 
 of Modern History," followed by Mignet's or Morris's "French 
 Revolution," and these by either Miillcr's or Mackenzie's " His- 
 tory of the Nineteenth Century," would be a good short course 
 of study. The political and religious phases of the great period 
 extending from 1515 to 1048 are presented with great ability 
 and acute discrimination by Hausser in his " Period of the llefor* 
 mation." The same age is also well described, though with less 
 conspicuous ability, by Secbohm, in his " Era of the Protestant 
 Ilevolution," and by Ciardincr, in his "Thirty Years' War." 
 
 2. Dyer's " Mo<lern iMiropc" covers the whole ground of this
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 233 
 
 period ; and the book is the best we have on the subject, though 
 the author's style is somewhat dry and unattractive. The best 
 books on the Renaissance are those of Symonds and Burckliardt. 
 The religious condition of Italy just before the Reformation is 
 best portrayed in Villari's "Savonarola." In the same connection 
 George EHot's " Romola" may be read with advantage. Taine's 
 " Art in Italy " aims to show that the excellence of Italian art 
 sprang from the social and religious character of the times. On 
 the Reformation, D'Aubigne is the representative of ardent Prot- 
 estantism, Spalding and Balmes of ardent Catholicism. Ranke, 
 though a Protestant, is at once moderate and judicial in his views. 
 The work of Fisher on the Reformation has a valuable list of au- 
 thorities in an appendix. Gieseler's *' Church History " presents 
 what is probably, on the whole, the most satisfactory view of the 
 Reformation. Ranke's " History of the Popes " may still be re- 
 garded as this author's greatest work. Iliibner'^s " Life of Sixtus 
 the Fifth " is also of great importance. Of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury after the Treaty of Westphalia no good, comprehensive view 
 has been published, though Von Raumer's is perhaps the least de- 
 fective. The student, therefore, will be obliged to resort to the 
 histories of individual nationalities for the best results. Van 
 Praet's Essays are valuable. Schlosser's " Eighteenth Century " 
 is a work, for the most part, deserving of its great reputation. 
 The strong and ever-present Toryism of Alison makes his work 
 offensive to many readers ; but it is entitled to great praise for its 
 candor, its fulness, and the general attractiveness of its style. In 
 spite of some faults, it has not been equalled by any other work. 
 BuUe's "Neuestc Zeit" and Muller's "Politische Geschichte der 
 neuesten Zeit " are briefer works, of admirable spirit and ability. 
 Mackenzie's " History of the Nineteenth Century " is much less 
 valuable ; Fyffe, on the other hand, is able and excellent. Mliller's 
 " Politische Geschichte der Gegenwart," Martin's " Statesman's 
 Manual," "The Annual Register," " Appletons' Annual Cyclopa3- 
 dia," "The British Almanac and Companion," and Spofford's 
 " American Almanac " are the best annuals on current events. 
 
 3. A curious paper on the first sources of modern history is 
 given in the first volume of Disraeli's "Amenities of Literature." 
 The "Annual Register," published from 1758 down to the pres- 
 ent time, is a very valuable contemporaneous chronicle, the his-
 
 234 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 torical portions of the earlier volumes having been written by 
 Burke. Cellini's " Autobiography " is one of the most graphic 
 pictures of life at the beginning of the sixteenth century. For 
 accounts of the revival of art, Grimm's " Michael Angelo " and 
 the works of Crowe and Cavalcasellc are recent and standard au- 
 thorities. Erasmus's "Colloquies" and Luther's " Table- talk" 
 give important views of the times of the Reformation. Father 
 Paul Sarpi's " Council of Trent'' is a work of genius, concerning 
 which see Dr. Johnson's account in his " Lives of Eminent Per- 
 sons," also a charming account in Howell's "Venetian Life." 
 Audin's "Life of Luther" and Cobbett's "Reformation in Eng- 
 land and L'eland" present the extreme Roman Catholic view. 
 Dollinger's "Reunion of the Churches" and Spalding's "Miscel- 
 lanea" represent the more moderate views of the same Church. 
 Macaulay's essays on Ranke, Ilallam, and Burleigh present very 
 striking views. Froude, in his " Short Studies," has very inter- 
 esting essays on " Erasmus and Luther," on the " Influence of the 
 Reformation on the Scottish Character," on the ''' Philosophy of 
 Catholicism," and on " Calvinism." Sir James Stephen's essay 
 on Loyola, published in his " Ecclesiastical Essays," is the best 
 brief account of the rise of the Jesuits. Carlyle, in his " Hero- 
 worship," has treated Luther and Knox as heroes in the priest- 
 hood. Macaulay's essay on Ranke takes the ground that the 
 history of the Jesuits is the history of Catholic reaction ; and 
 Carlyle's essay on Jesuitism, in his " Latter-day I'amphlets," goes 
 so far as to say that the present age should be called the Age of 
 Jesuitism. The Catholic Inquisition is best described by Llorentc, 
 is most heartily justified by Balmes, and most vigorously de- 
 nounced by Buckle. The recent histories by Stanhoi)e, Burton, 
 and Wyon throw light especially on the part of Marlborough in 
 the war of the Spanish Succession, though for a full history of 
 that great contest the reader should consult Mahon's " War of 
 the Succession " and Macaulay's review of it. The baleful influ- 
 ence of Louis XIV. is nowhere so powerfully shown as in the 
 first volume of Buckle. The same subject is indirectly but ad- 
 iniralily shown in Tairie's "Ancient Regime." On the general 
 character of society in the eighteenth century Bicdcrmann's 
 " Germany " and Lecky's " England " arc the most valuable au- 
 tlioritifjs. Since the outbreak of llic i^'rcich Revolution general
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 235 
 
 European politics must be studied in the light of the history of 
 individual nations. The great events of the last twenty years are 
 generally well described in the yearly volumes of the "Annual 
 Register" and in Miiller's " Politische Geschichtc der Gegenwart ;" 
 though, if the student desires very full information, he will be 
 obliged to resort to the works on individual nationalities. On 
 the history of Literature, Hallam is the most important of all au- 
 thorities. 
 
 The fiction of most value bearing on the period are Reade's 
 " The Cloister and the Hearth," George Eliot's " Romola," and 
 Mrs. Charles's " Schonberg - Cotta Family." If the student de- 
 sires that his history should be still further diluted, he will find 
 satisfaction in James's " Henry of Guise" for the French religious 
 wars, "Heidelberg" for the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, 
 " Richelieu " for the intrigues of the French nobles, and " The 
 Huguenots " for the persecution of Protestants under Louis XIV. 
 Dumas' " Forty-five Guardsmen " is a graphic picture of the tur- 
 bulence under Henry HI.; and De Vigny's "Cinq-Mars" is an 
 admirable portrayal of the contest between Richelieu and the 
 French nobles. 
 
 4. Of recent works on Modern Times the larger part are to be 
 found under the individual nationalities of which they respect- 
 ively treat. The following, however, are of a general nature, and 
 are here brought together. 
 
 W. Maurenbrecher's " Geschichte der katholischen Reformation " 
 (vol. i., 8vo, Nordlingen, 1880) is as yet only a keen and judicial 
 introductory study, stopping at the year 1534, before the Catholic 
 Reformation proper had begun ; Auguste Himly's " Histoire de la 
 Formation Tcrritoriale des Etats de I'Europe Centrale" (2 vols., 8vo, 
 Paris, 1876), a work quite worthy of the very important subject of 
 which it treats ; W. Cooke Taylor's " Students' Manual of Modern 
 History : the Rise and Progress of the Principal Modern Nations" 
 (cr. 8vo, London, 1882); Archibald Weir's "The Historical Basis 
 of Modern Europe (1760-1815)" (8vo, London, 1887); Oskar 
 Schade's " Satiren und Pasquinade aus der Reformationszeit " (3 
 vols., 8vo, Hannover, 1863); A. Henne's " Histoire de Charles Quint 
 enBelgique" (10 vols., 8 vo, Brussels, 1858-60); Kostlin's" Luther's 
 Leben" (3d ed., 2 vols., Leipzig, 8vo, 1883) ; F. Kuhn's " Luther, sa 
 Vie ct son Q^uvre " (3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1883-84) ; G. Droysen's
 
 236 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 "Bernbard von Weimar" (2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1885) ; also "Gu- 
 stav Adolph " (2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1 869-70) ; J. L. Stevens's " His- 
 tory of Giistavus Adolphns" (8vo, New York, 1884) ; E. Charve- 
 riot's " Histoirc de la Guerre de Trente Ans" (2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1876-78), a work of considerable importance; Le Comtc de 
 Garden's " Ilistoire Generale dcs Traites de Paix et autres Trans- 
 actions Principalcs entre toutes les Puissances de I'Europe depuis 
 la Paix de Westpbalie" (15 vols., 8vo, Paris) ends with the close 
 of the Napoleonic wars. Geo. Fr. de Martens's " Recueil de Traites 
 <rAlliance, de Paix, de Treve, de Ncutralite, de Commerce, de 
 Limites, de rEchange," etc., is the most important collection of 
 modern treaties in existence. It consists of four series, and is 
 made up as follows: from 1761 to 1807, 8 vols.; from 1808 to 
 1839, 19 vols. ; from 1840 to 1876, 22 vols. ; from 1876 to 1886, 
 10 vols. (8vo, Gottingen). The work is continued by Charles de 
 Martens and others. Henry Wheaton's " Histoirc du Droit Inter- 
 national" (8vo, Paris, 3d ed., 1853 ; also in English translation, 8vo, 
 New York, 1845) continues to be a work of standard authority. 
 
 Of the many recent Avorks on the development of modern civil- 
 ization the following may be noted : Iv. Griin's " Culturgeschichte 
 des 16ten Jahrhunderts " (8vo, Leipzig, 1872) ; the same author's 
 " Culturgeschichte des l7tcn Jahrhunderts" (2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 
 1880); A. F. Gfrorer's "Geschichte des 18ten Jahrhunderts" (4 
 vols., Schaffhausen, 1880-84). 
 
 The following histories of the Jesuits may be noted : R. T. W. 
 Gucttee's " Uistoire des Jesuites" (3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1858-59), 
 Jacques Cretineau-Joly's " Histoirc Religieuse, Politique, et Lit- 
 teraire de la Compagnie de Jesus" (3d cd., 6 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1858-59), A. Steinmetz's "History of the Jesuits" (3 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1848), E. Zirngicbl's " Studien iiber das Institut der 
 Gesellscliaft Jesu, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der piidago- 
 gischen Wirksamkeit dieses Ordcns in Deutschland " (8vo, Leip- 
 zig, 1870). This last is a valuable contribution to the History 
 of Education ; and not less notable from this point of view are 
 the volumes devoted to the Jesuits in the " Monumenta Germaniac 
 Paodagogica" (vols. ii. and v. of the series, of which six volumes 
 arc now in print). 
 
 In the general history of literature the most important of re- 
 cent works is George Brandes's " Die llauptstroinungcn der Lite-
 
 HISTORIES OF MODERN TIMES. 23V 
 
 ratiir des nennzehnten Jaliiliumloils" (5 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1872- 
 86). It is characterized by excellent arrangement and great crit- 
 ical ability. J. J. Ilonegger's " Literatur und Cultur des 19ten 
 Jahrliunderts" (8vo, 2te Aufl., Leipzig, 1880). 
 
 In political economy Karl Knies's "Die politisclie Oekononiie 
 vom gescliichtlicben Standpunkte " (8vo, 2te Aufl., Braunschweig, 
 1883) is the most noteworthy example of the historical method. 
 The work is much enlarged and improved in the second edition. 
 Robert v. Mohl's " Geschichte und Literatur der Staatswissen- 
 schaften in Monographien dargestellt" (3teAufl., 3 vols., Leipzig, 
 1858). Eugen Diihring's " Kritische Geschichte der National- 
 Oekonomie und Socialismus" (8vo, 3te Aufl., Berlin, 1879) ; the 
 author is an ardent disciple of Carey. Travers Twiss's " Progress 
 of Political Economy in Europe since the Sixteenth Century " 
 (8vo, London, 1847), though out of print and scarce, is valuable 
 for learning and good judgment. Walter Bagehot's " Economic 
 Studies" (8vo, London, 1880) are the comments of a specialist of 
 remarkable acumen and power. 
 
 On the history of the nineteenth century Karl Biedermann's 
 " Staatengeschichte der neuesten Zeit" is by far the most impor- 
 tant general collection of works. The series is prepared by se- 
 lected authors, and in 1888 consists of about 20 vols., 8vo, Leip- 
 zig. Wilhelra Hohoff's "Die Revolution seit dem 16ten Jahr- 
 hundert im Lichte der Forschung" (8vo, Freiburg, 1887) consists 
 of an effort to connect all the modern revolutionary movements 
 directly with the Reformation. Also cf. A. Ruge's " Geschichte 
 unserer Zeit "(8vo, Berlin, 1881), and T.Flathe's" Das Zeitalter der 
 Restauration und Revolution (1815-51) " (8vo, Berlin, 1885). G. 
 G. Gervinus's "Geschichte des IDten Jahrhunderts seit den Wiener 
 Vertrilgen " (8 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1855-67) is noted for the au- 
 thor's great ability and the badness of his style. Wilhelm Piitz's 
 "Geschichte der neueren Zeit (1492-1815)," "Geschichte der neu- 
 esten Zeit" (2 vols., 8vo, 2te Aufl.,K6ln, 1876-77), C.BuUe's "Ge- 
 schichte der neuesten Zeit (1815-85)" (4 vols., 8vo, 2te Aufl., 
 Leipzig, 1886), and "Geschichte der Jahre 1871-77 " (8vo, Leip» 
 zig, 1878). AV. Miiller's "Politische Geschichte der Gegenwart" 
 has appeared in annual volumes since 1866, and is a valuable com- 
 panion of the " Annual Register." These two works, with the 
 "Statesman's Year Book" (12mo, London), may be relied upon 
 to sive the most trustworthy information of verv recent events.
 
 238 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Cantu, Cesar. — Histoire des Italiens. Traduite sous les yeux do 
 I'auteur, par M. Armand Lacoinbe, sur la dcuxieme edition 
 italienne. 12 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1859. 
 
 A history of Italy, or rather of the Italian people, from the 
 earliest times down to the present day. The author dwells much 
 more fully upon the habits and institutions of the Italians than 
 upon their military struggles; and hence the work is in some 
 sense a history of civilization in Italy. Cantu's writings have 
 gained for him considerable distinction in his own country ; and, 
 as this work covers the whole field of Italian history down to 
 quite recent times, it is worthy of attention. The student, how- 
 ever, will generally be better served by the histories of special 
 periods. 
 
 The author is an ardent republican in politics, and a Roman 
 Catholic in religion. His sympathies are with the Church, on the 
 one hand, and with free institutions on the other. 
 
 Hunt, William. — History of Italy. IGmo, London and New 
 York, 1«74. 
 
 One of tlic excellent scries prepared by selected authors and 
 edited by Dr. Freeman, for the use of schools. As a bird's-eye 
 view of the continuous liistory of Italy from the fall of the 
 Western Empire to the establishment of the united kingdom 
 under Victor JMiiiiianucl, it has no superior.
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 239 
 
 The second lialf of the volume, beginning witli chapter vii., 
 will probably be found most interesting, as it gives in brief space 
 a clear presentation of the obstacles to Italian unity. The man- 
 ner in which these obstacles were finally overcome is well de- 
 scribed in chapter xi. 
 
 Leo, Keinrich. — Geschichte von Italien. 5 vols., 8vo, Hamburg, 
 1829-32. 
 
 Though it is now nearly half a century since Leo's " History of 
 Italy" was completed, it still remains the most satisfactory com- 
 prehensive work on the subject we have. Several periods of the 
 national life have been more successfully treated by other au- 
 thors, but no other general work can boast of so many and so 
 striking excellences. Its style is clear, its grouping of subjects 
 is skilful, its learning is abundant, and its positions are, for the 
 most part, such as subsequent investigations have tended to con- 
 firm. It is entitled to a high rank among the series edited by 
 Heeren and Ukert. 
 
 The work begins with an introductory account of the country 
 and of the condition of the people under the Romans. The sec- 
 ond and third books describe Italy under the Lombards and 
 Franks, while a fourth gives a view of the country under the 
 monarchs of the Saxon and Hohenstaufen lines. With the fifth 
 book begins an account of the growth of the cities, and of the 
 struggle which resulted in the general establishment of indepen- 
 dent republics. The eleventh describes the manner in wliicli, be- 
 tween 1492 and 1559, the several individual republics lost the 
 peculiarities of their government, and finally their independence. 
 The twelfth book closes the work with an account of the period 
 between 1559 and 1830. There is a full table of contents, but 
 no index. 
 
 Mariotti L. [pseudonym of Antonio Gallenga]. — Italy, Past and 
 Present. 2 vols., 12mo, London, 1846. 
 
 A cry raised by the author to create an mterest in "behalf of 
 something like the union which has since been achieved.
 
 240 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The fii'st volume is a summary of Italian history before the 
 sixteenth century ; the second a continuation to the period of the 
 principalities. The last three chapters are of the most value as 
 giving a picture of Italy since Napoleon I., and as showing the 
 difficulties in the way of a united nationality. The book has had 
 no little influence, and is still of considerable value. 
 
 Sismondi, J. C. L. Simonde de. — Histolre des Republlques Itali- 
 ennes du Moyen Age. Nouvelle edition, revue et corrigee. 16 
 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1826. Two volumes on the Renaissance were 
 added in 1841, and the whole was published in 10 vols., 8vo. 
 
 Sismondi has been regarded as a standard authority ever since 
 his great work was published. To the. collection and preparation 
 of the material he devoted his gifted powers from 1796 to 1818, 
 in which latter year the last volume of the first edition was is- 
 sued. 
 
 The author's style is generally clear and sometimes eloquent, 
 though it is not quite of the highest quality. His judgment is 
 discriminating and impartial ; his investigations are thorough and 
 conscientious. 
 
 The period covered embraces the centuries intervening between 
 the fall of the Western Empire and the establishment of com- 
 parative peace in the sixteenth century. A few concluding chap- 
 ters explain the general course of events to the outbreak of the 
 French Revolution. 
 
 More recent investigations have tlirown new light on Italian 
 affairs of the Middle Ages, and consequently Sismondi's work 
 cannot now be regarded as possessing all its former value. But 
 though the author's conclusions in regard to individual events 
 can no longer be accepted as final, his work continues to enjoy 
 the distinction of being the best comprehensive history of the 
 Italian republics as a whole. For the best history of the indi- 
 vidual states the student must now g(j to other works. 
 
 Spalding, William. — Italy and the Italian Islands. From the
 
 HISTORIES OF ITiVLY. 241 
 
 Earliest Ages to the Present Times. 3 vols., 12mo, New York, 
 1842. 
 
 A woi'k which has the rare merits of general accuracy, of liter- 
 ary finish, and of judicial impartiality. It is still a good authority 
 for one who desires a somewhat fuller view of Italian history than 
 that given by Hunt, and has not time for the great works of 
 Cantu and Sismondi. It was intended for the general reader 
 rather than for the special student, and it lays no claim to such 
 merits uf original research as those which characterize the pages 
 of Leo. 
 
 II. HISTOKIES OF LIMITED PERIODS, f 
 
 Hodgkin, Thomas. — Italy and her Invaders. 4 vols., 8vo, Ox- 
 ford, 1880-85. 
 
 The first attempt to sum up for English readers the results of 
 modern research into the civil, social, and political characteristics 
 of the early German and Asiatic invaders. It is a field in which 
 much has been done by the modern scholars of Germany and 
 France. The subject is one which, in Gibbon's great work, is 
 treated in a less satisfactory manner than perhaps any other ; and 
 the fruits of recent explorations amply justify Mr. Hodgkin's en- 
 deavor. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to the Visigothic irruption ; the 
 second to the invasion of the Iluns and Vandals. In later vol- 
 umes the author hopes to trace in similar manner the movements 
 of the Franks, Burgundians, Lombards, and Ostrogoths, bringing 
 the history down to the accession of the Carlovingian dynasty. 
 
 The work is not the result of independent research, but is 
 rather the accumulation for English readers of the results reached 
 by Thierry, Sismondi, Guizot, and Martin, as well as by the best 
 German authorities. 
 
 The author agrees with Gibbon in thinking that Christianity 
 was one of the most powerful solvents of the Roman Empire ; 
 also with the best modern authorities in identifying the Huns 
 with the inhabitants of Mongolia. In his opinion, they were the 
 same great race that gave the Chinese so much trouble and that 
 
 16
 
 242 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 forced their southern neighbors to erect the Great Wall in self- 
 defence. 
 
 The third and fourth volumes by their thorough mastery of 
 all new sources have added not a little to the already good rep- 
 utation of the work. 
 
 Testa, Giovanni Battista. — History of the War of Frederick I. 
 against the Communes of Lombardy. Translated from the 
 Italian and revised by the author. 8vo, London, 1877. 
 
 A picture of the manner in which Italy was broken up into 
 the petty states of the twelfth century. The work includes in its 
 scope the thirty years extending from 1152 to 1183; but the 
 history of this period is preceded by a preliminary discourse of 
 about one hundred pages, designed to portray the tendency of 
 affairs during the "whole of the Middle Ages. The work is unique 
 in its design, and, as a picture of an important struggle, is of 
 much value; indeed, to the special student of Italian history it is 
 indispensable. 
 
 The translation, though generally true to the original, abounds 
 in faulty English. 
 
 Heyd,Wilhelm von. — Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittel- 
 
 ulter. 2 vols., 8vo, Stuttgart, 1879, 
 
 One of the most important of recent works on the Middle 
 Ages. It is the fruit of some twenty years of industrious and 
 skilful research in this special field. While the narrative is co- 
 herent, the notes present an imposing mass of details for the 
 benefit of all those who would follow the subject to its limits. 
 It describes the commercial relations of the Levant with all the 
 nations of Europe. 
 
 Hegel, Dr. Carl — Geschichte der Stadteverfassung von Italien 
 
 1
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 043 
 
 seit der Zeit der romisclien Ilerrscliaft bis ziim Ansgang dcs 
 zwolften Jalirhnnderts. 2 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1847. In tl)e French 
 translation (" Histoire du Commerce dii Levant au Moyen Age," 
 8vo, Leipzig, 1885-86) the work is rewritten and enlarged," 
 
 The author is of the opinion that tlic extraordinary intellectual 
 activity which displayed itself in Italy from the twelfth to the 
 fifteenth century is to be adequately accounted for only by the 
 peculiar nature of the early municipal organizations. To show 
 the peculiarities of the city governments from the time of the 
 Empire to the general establishment of the republics in the thir- 
 teenth century is therefore the purpose of this work. It begins 
 with a description of the development of municipal law in Rome ; 
 describes the various changes to which that law was subjected dur- 
 ing the Empire ; points out the peculiarities of the changes that re- 
 sulted from the invasions as well as from the institutions of the 
 Franks, Goths, and especially the Lombards ; shows the influence 
 of the Church on the nature of the municipalities ; and, finally, 
 describes the insurrection of the communes and the establishment 
 of the free cities. 
 
 The author's method at once secures the admiration of the stu- 
 dent. Every page of the work gives evidence of the most pains- 
 taking and the most comprehensive study of all the materials at 
 hand. He has explored the archives of the Italian cities with 
 rich results, and he has thus been able to controvert some of the 
 positions taken by Savigny and generally accepted on his au- 
 thority. In point of style the volumes are unusually attractive. 
 
 Guicciardini, Francesco. — The History of Italy from the year 
 1490 to 1532. Translated into English by Austin Parke God- 
 dard. 10 vols., 8vo, London, 1753. 
 
 A classical work, giving an account of one of the most turbu- 
 lent periods in Italian history. It is a great storehouse of infor- 
 mation, chiefly useless except as a picture of the " unutterable 
 chaos" of the time. It is filled with the minutest details of 
 events important and unimportant, and is of little use save for 
 purposes of research and verification. 
 
 It was concerning this book that the story was originally told 
 of a man who was condemned either to read it through or go to
 
 244 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the galleys for life. Not familiar with its character, he chose the 
 book. But when he had got into the wars of the Pisans he 
 could go no further, and accordingly reappeared before the judge, 
 got his sentence changed, and joyfully accepted the commutation 
 of going to the galleys. 
 
 Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo. — Storia d' Italia. 14 vols., 
 8vo, Paris, 1837. 
 
 The most comprehensive history of modern Italy. It takes up 
 the narrative at the point where Guicciardini drops it (1532), and 
 brings it down to 1837. 
 
 The author's knowledge and application, however, were not 
 quite adequate to so great a task. The narrative is easy and 
 spirited ; but the work as a whole lacks the erudition necessary 
 to give it a prominent place among literary works of a high rank. 
 It is not founded on the extent of research that has given to the 
 works of Leo, Hegel, and Reuchlin their great merits. 
 
 Symonds, John Addington. — Renaissance in Italy. The Age of 
 Despots. The Fine Arts. The Revival of Learning. Italian 
 Literature. The Catholic Reaction. 7 vols., 8vo, London and 
 New York, 1875-86. 
 
 The student of the transitional period, extending from the 
 thirteenth to the end of the sixteenth century, should apply him- 
 self to these portly volumes with diligence. Though the author's 
 method is dignified and even severe, his style is graceful and at 
 times brilliant. The student of political history will find the 
 volume on "The Age of Despots" of especial service. In chap- 
 ter iii. of this volume is an interesting description of the "Six 
 Sorts of Italian Despots;" in chapter v. a good account of Machia- 
 velli and his writings; and in chapter viii. a similar and even a 
 better description of that great prophet of the reformation, Savo- 
 narola, and of his attitude towards the Renaissance. 
 
 The character of the other volumes is fully indicated by their 
 titles. It may be said, however, that the author has pursued
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 245 
 
 Gibbon's method of making each chapter a monograph but little 
 dependent for its interest on what precedes or follows. 
 
 As a whole, these works are among the most valuable of the 
 many recent contributions to our knowledge of Italy. 
 
 Voigt, Dr. Georg. — Die Wiederbelebung des classischen Alter- 
 thums, oder das erste Jahrhundert des Humanisraus. 2te um- 
 gearbeitete Aufl. 2 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1880-81. 
 
 The object of the author is to portray that revival of classical 
 learning which was the first harbinger of the Renaissance. He 
 discusses the condition of Italy at the time of Petrarch, the influ- 
 ence of the poet in calling attention to Greek and Latin letters, 
 the discovery of the works of classical authors, the influence of 
 the family of Medici, and of the papal government, and, finally, 
 the propagation of the humanistic spirit north of the Alps. 
 
 The work shows unquestionable learning and ability. At the 
 time of its publication it was received with great favor through- 
 out Germany. 
 
 Burckhardt, Jacob.— The Civilization of the Period of the Renais- 
 sance in Italy. Authorized translation by S. G. C. Middlemore. 
 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1878. 
 
 Fo-r some years the Avork from which this translation was made 
 has been acknowledged in Germany as one of the most prominent 
 among several books of great merit on the subject of the Renais- 
 sance. It is founded on real erudition, and is written with great 
 literary skill as well as sobriety of judgment. The author is es- 
 pecially successful in his account of the political preparation for 
 the Renaissance; and he treats the whole subject with a judicious 
 moderation that constantly increases the reader's respect for his 
 knowledge and impartiality. With many readers the book will 
 probably be found less entertaining than the works of Symonds 
 and Villari ; but, if so, it is because of a certain want of enthu- 
 siasm that comes from the extreme impartiality with which the 
 author holds the balance of probabilities.
 
 246 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Cellini, Benvenuto — Memoirs of. Written by Himself. Con- 
 taining a variety of Information respecting the Arts, and the 
 History of the Sixteenth Century. With notes and observa- 
 tions by G. P. Carpani. Transhxted by Tliomas Roscoe. Crown 
 8vo, London, 1850. 
 
 On many accounts one of the most interesting and valuable 
 autobiographies ever written. The author was contemporaneous 
 with Raphael and Michael Angelo, and was the most skilful 
 worker in metals in that age of artists. It was while he was en- 
 gaged in the varied labors of his craft that he dictated this fas- 
 cinating work. The variety of its incidents, the minuteness of its 
 descriptions, the pictures of the people, and of the manners of 
 the time, and, above all, the view it affords of the life of one of 
 the most powerful characters of the age, give it at once the charm 
 of romance and the value of a record of contemporaneous events. 
 
 Sarpi, Father Paul (Pietro Soave Polano). — The History of the 
 
 Council of Trent. Containing eight books, in which, besides 
 the ordinary Acts of the Council, are deduced many notable 
 occurrences which happened in Christendom during the space 
 of forty years and more, and particularly the Practices of the 
 Court of Rome, to hinder the Reformation of their Errors and 
 to maintain their Greatness. Translated into English by 
 Nathaniel Brent, Knight ; whereunto is added the Life of the 
 Learned Author and the History of the Inquisition. English 
 translation, folio, London, 1(376. 
 
 A very remarkable book by a very remarkable man. Its ap- 
 pearance, about the middle of the seventeenth century, was a 
 literary and religious event. The author was a political envoy of 
 Rome at the moment when the papacy was making its most 
 strenuous endeavor to plant itself above the Teniporal Power. 
 He would not adopt the views and methods of the Church, and 
 consequently the harmony between him and the papal authority 
 came to an end. He was placed under the interdict; and from 
 an assassin he received wounds from which for months it seemel 
 likely that he wuuld not recover. It was after this event that his 
 great work was written.
 
 HISTORIES OP ITALY. 24V 
 
 The picture wliich Father Paul gives of the Church is perhaps 
 the most damaging over painted. He does not break out into 
 reproaches lilvc Luther, but adopts the far more effective method 
 of rending the veil and simply allowing the public to judge for 
 itself. His representations evince remarkable dramatic power. 
 In a few words he is able to concentrate the meaning of an event 
 on a trait of character in a manner probably never excelled since 
 the time of Tacitus. His portraits of the popes are entitled to 
 rank among the best specimens of clear, concise, nervous, and 
 comprehensive description to be found in modern literature. 
 
 Villari, Pasquale. — Niccolo Machiavelli and his Times. Trans- 
 lated by Linda Villari. 4 vols., 8vo, London, 1878-81. 
 
 The latest and most satisfactory work on the life and public 
 services of this great political philosopher and writer. For cen- 
 turies Machiavelli has been regarded as a species of sphinx of whom 
 no one could solve the riddle. While some have maintained that 
 the most famous of his works was a collection of iniquitous pre- 
 cepts for the support of tyranny, others have held with equal 
 confidence that this same Avork was a sharp satire on despots, was 
 calculated to tui'n daggers against them and to arouse people to 
 rebellion. The work of Professor Villari is an effort to solve the 
 enigma. The theory of the author is that an adequate explana- 
 tion can only be found in a study of the man and of his times, 
 as revealed especially in his unpublished writings. To this task 
 Villari has applied himself with unusual assiduity and success. 
 He has made use of several thousands of Machiavelli's official 
 letters still unedited, and never before examined by any biog- 
 rapher. 
 
 The first volume is taken up with an excellent introductory 
 account of the political condition of Italy ; the second with the 
 life of Machiavelli to the time of his retirement from office, in 
 1512. The third and fourth volumes complete the book. The 
 literary workmanship of the volumes is admirable, and the trans- 
 lation, for the most part, is excellent.
 
 248 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Villari, Pasquale. — The History of Girolamo Savonarola and of 
 his Times. Translated from the Italian by Leonard Horner, 
 witli the co-operation of the author. 2 vols., 12mo, London, 
 1863. 
 
 The work of an eminent scholar, who has made a special study 
 of the period of the Renaissance. It is founded on the results of 
 much original research, not only in the archives of the govern- 
 ment, but also among papers preserved by the families of the old 
 Italian nobility. The search has brought to light many new docu- 
 ments of great importance ; and in the light of them the author 
 has considered Savonarola, both as a philosoplier and as a states- 
 man. The work may be considered the only one that does full 
 justice to the life and public services of one of the most remark- 
 able men of his time. 
 
 Grimm, Herman. — Life of Michael Angelo. Translated, with the 
 author's sanction, by Fanny Elizabeth Burnett. 2 vols., 12mo, 
 Boston, ninth edition, 187 7, 
 
 One of the most valuable contributions ever made to our knowl- 
 edge of the greatest age of Italian art. It is not simply a life of 
 a very extraordinary man, but is also a description by an able 
 writer and critic of the most remarkable period in the history of 
 art. The book contains much information that had never before 
 appeared, many letters of a private and domestic nature, and much 
 new light on the relations of Michael Angelo to the other great 
 artists of the day. The translation is inferior. 
 
 Crowe, J. A., and Cavalcaselle, G. B. — A New History of Paint- 
 ing in Italy, from the Second to the Sixteenth Century. Drawn 
 np from Fresh Materials and liecent Researches in the Archives 
 of Italy, as well as fi'om Personal Inspection of the Worka 
 of Art scattered throughout Europe. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 
 1864-00. 
 
 The recent labors of these authors in the various fields of art 
 have given them great prominence, and, indeed, great fame. The
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 
 
 249 
 
 long and slow development of painting during the obscurities of 
 the Middle Ages has never before been so fully described. By 
 the title of the work it will be observed that it deals with the 
 history of painting before the time when the art had arrived at 
 the condition of its greatest excellence. The author gives a suffi- 
 ciently full account of Perugino, and of the less distinguished of 
 his pupils; but of Raphael and his works the description is very 
 meagre, and is perhaps reserved for future consideration. 
 
 The descriptions are too elaborate to maintain the continuous 
 interest of a general student. While the style is by no means 
 imattractive, the accounts are often so minute, and the analysis 
 so subtle, that they can be of general interest only to artists or 
 art critics. The greatest value of the work for general purposes 
 is in th^ fact that it affords easy means of getting the most com- 
 plete information attainable of any of the mediaeval painters. Its 
 pages are enriched with very full illustrative notes, the engravings 
 are numerous and excellent, and the index is unusually complete. 
 
 Crowe, J. A., and Cavalcaselle, G. B. — A History of Painting in 
 North Italy, Venice, Padua, Vicenza, Verona, Ferrara, Milan, 
 Friuli, Brescia, from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth Century. 
 Drawn up from Fresh ]\Iaterials after Recent Researches in the 
 Archives of Italy, and from Personal Inspection of the Works of 
 Art scattered throughout Europe. With illustrations. 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1871. 
 
 Characterized by the same minute and exhaustive scholarship 
 as that manifested in the same authors' earlier work. Its thor- 
 oughness and its critical acumen must long make it a final author- 
 ity on the subject. Its very full index enables it to be of use to 
 the general student of Italian history. 
 
 Reuchlin, Hermann. — Geschichte Italiens, von der Grundung der 
 regierenden Dynastien bis zur Gegenwart. 4 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 
 1859-73. 
 
 The first two hundred pages are devoted to an introduction,
 
 „.^ HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 which brino-s the history down to the French Revolution. The 
 remainder of vols. i. and ii. complete the history to 1848, while 
 vols. iii. and iv. are devoted to the subsequent period, and the im- 
 mediate events that resulted in the completion of Italian unity in 
 1871. 
 
 Of the histories of Italy during the present century this is 
 incomparably the best. It is not only the result of twenty years 
 of laborious and successful study, but it is written in fluent and 
 graceful German. Unfortunately, the work has no index, and has 
 only a very meagre table of contents. Otherwise, the book, from 
 almost every point of view, is all that could be desired. The con- 
 flicting interests that long prevented Italian unity, and the vari- 
 ous means by which these interests were made to yield to the 
 statesmanship of Cavour and Victor Emmanuel, are analyzed with 
 a master's hand. 
 
 Botta, C. G. Gr. — History of Italy during the Consulate and Em- 
 pire of Napoleon Bonaparte. Translated from the Italian. 2 
 vols., 8vo, London, 1828. 
 
 This was one of the earliest of Botta's works, but it shows the 
 characteristics which, a little later, made his w^ritings so well 
 known. It is not a history of the highest type, but is the au- 
 thor's best work, and it is an agreeable portrayal of the con- 
 dition of Italy during the stormy period of Napoleon's domi- 
 nance. 
 
 The most noteworthy characteristic of the book is the fact that 
 the writer was the most ardent exponent of the reaction against 
 France. In point of style it is often impassioned and eloquent, 
 but it is also somewhat stilted, and is written in imitation of 
 models now quite antiquated. 
 
 Butt, Isaac. — The History of Italy from the Abdication of Na- 
 p(jlcon I., with Introductory Keferences to that of Earlier 
 Times. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 18G0. 
 
 The title of this history is delusive, as the author appears to
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 251 
 
 have abandoned his task soon after it was begun. The fragment 
 embodied in the first two volumes carries tlie history no further 
 than to tlie Treaty of Vienna. 
 
 The author's purpose evidently was elaborate. He begins with 
 an account of the Treaty of Paris, and of the changes introduced 
 into Italy by the Restoration of the Bourbons. He then builds 
 up a number of historical books on separate foundations, going 
 back into the heart of the Middle Ages for the early history of 
 the different Italian states. This method gives the work an un- 
 symmetrical form, and detracts somewhat from the interest of 
 the reader, if not from the real value of the production. 
 
 The researches seem to have been carried on with integrity ; 
 the spirit is liberal and the style ornate. The book, therefore, is 
 not without value, though its title is misleading and disappointing. 
 
 Wrightson, Richard Heber.— A History of Modern Italy, from 
 the First French Revolution to the year 1850. 8vo, London, 
 1855. 
 
 The most satisfactory brief account in English of the course of 
 political events in Italy during the present century. With a firm 
 and discriminating hand the author describes the various events 
 that led to the part played by Italy in the Napoleonic days, and 
 to the final establishment of the dynasties of Tuscany, Lombardy, 
 and the Two Sicilies. 
 
 Not the least valuable portion is the account of political com- 
 plications during the early years of the reign of Pope Pius IX. 
 Unfortunately, the book ends before the drama was completed. 
 
 Mazzini, Joseph.— Life and Writings of. 6 vols., 8vo, London, 
 1869. 
 
 The best description of the man who for many years was the 
 great moving force among the revolutionists of Italy. The pres- 
 ent unity of the Italian State is in no small measure due to his 
 writinccs and his influence.
 
 252 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Of bis collected works the first and fifth volumes are the 
 most important. These are largely autobiographical, and contain 
 the most valuable part of his political writings. Mazzini was not 
 a statesman like Cavour, but he furnished many of the ideas with 
 which Cavour and his followers were inspired. For a student of 
 recent Italian history, therefore, tbey are invaluable. 
 
 D'Azeglio, Massimo— Recollections of. Translated, with Notes 
 and an Introduction, by Count Maffei. 2 vols., 12mo, London, 
 1868. 
 
 The memoirs of one who did a considerable part of the work 
 of preparing Italy for the great general movement which finally 
 placed Victor Emmanuel on the throne. In the later years of 
 his life D'Azeglio, as cabinet oflScer and ambassador, wielded an 
 influence second only to that of Cavour. 
 
 Mazade, Charles de. — Le Comte de Cavour. 8vo, Paris, 1877. 
 Also in English. London, 1877. 
 
 A criticism by a very acute and discriminating French writer of 
 the life and work of the father of modern Italian unity. To no 
 other one in this ccjitury does Italy owe so much as to Cavour, 
 and no one has given a better view of Cavour's life and work than 
 Mazade. As a brief representation of the struggle for unity, and 
 also of the various international questions involved, the book is 
 the best accessible. It deals with forces quite as much as with 
 facts, and, therefore, will be used with most profit by those who 
 already have some familiarity with recent Italian affairs. 
 
 About, Edmond. — Tlie Koman Question. Translated by H. C. 
 Coape. 12 mo. New York, 1859. 
 
 An exceedingly brisk assault on the temporal power of the
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 253 
 
 pope. Its spirit may be inferred from these words of the pref- 
 ace : " I travelled oyer every part of the country ; I conversed 
 with men of all opinions, examined things very closely, and col- 
 lected my information on the spot. My first impressions, noted 
 down from day to day without any especial object, appeared in the 
 Moniteur Universcl. I was obliged to discontinue in consequence 
 of the violent outcry of the Pontifical government. I threw my 
 notes into the fire, and wrote a book instead. Pardon me certain 
 vivacities of style, which I have not time to correct, and plunge 
 boldly into the heart of the book. You will find something there. 
 I fight fairly, and in good faith. I do not pretend to have judged 
 the foes of Italy without passion, but I have calumniated none of 
 them." 
 
 The caustic wit of the book may be conjectured from its first 
 sentence: "The Roman Catholic Church, which I sincerely re- 
 spect, consists of one hundred and thirty-nine millions of individ- 
 uals, without counting little Mortara." 
 
 Trollope, Adolphus.— The Story of the Life of Pius the Ninth. 
 2 vols., Svo, London, ISVT. 
 
 An attempt to portray simply the outer life of Pope Pius IX. 
 The book is a spirited piece of writing ; but it is scarcely entitled 
 to very high rank either as history or as biography. The con- 
 spicuous fault of the volumes is the author's habit of seizing 
 upon some one picturesque fact, and putting it forward as the 
 cause of all that follows. 
 
 The work will receive no permanent place in historical litera- 
 ture ; but it is interesting, and, until something better appears, is 
 not to be despised. 
 
 Arrivabene, Count C. — Italy under Victor Emmanuel. A Per- 
 sonal Narrative. 2 vols., Svo, London, 1862. 
 
 A very bright description of the stirring events in Italy from 
 1859 to 1862, Count Arrivabene was with the Italian and
 
 254 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 French armies as the correspondent of the London Daily Xews. 
 The author was warmly attached to Garibaldi, and admired the 
 Emperor of the French, but he endeavored to be just to all 
 parties. 
 
 The book is one of striking and brilliant pictures. That of 
 the conduct of Cavour, and of his meeting with the king after 
 the annolmccment of the truce of Villafranca, is remarkable for 
 its vividness and graphic power. The work does not complete 
 the important story ; but, so far as it goes, it is one of the best 
 accounts of a struggle that did more, perhaps, than any other to 
 establish Italian unitv. 
 
 Godkin, Gr. S.— Life of Victor Emmanuel IL, First King of Italy. 
 2 vols., 12mo, London, 1879. 
 
 Not a profound, but an interesting, work. It is devoted pri- 
 marily to the personal life and character of the king ; but in- 
 cidentally it shows the course and significance of those events 
 which placed the king on the Italian throne. Many anecdotes 
 are related which give charming glimpses of the king's char- 
 acter. 
 
 The book is defective in arrangement, and bears frequent marks 
 of too great haste in preparation. It also contains some inaccu- 
 racies that even careful correction of the proofs would have rem- 
 edied. 
 
 III. HISTORIES OF INDIVIDUAL STATES. 
 
 Daru, Pierre Antoine. — Ilistoire de la Republique de Venise. 9 
 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1853. 
 
 This work, the first edition of which appeared in 1819, has long 
 been the standard liistory of Venice in the French language, 
 though its faults are numerous and conspicuous. It owes its 
 [)<)|)ularity to the vigor and perspicuity of its style. It is found- 
 ed, however, on a very sliallow investigation of facts, and for any 
 other purpose than that of entertainment is quite untrustworthy.
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 255 
 
 Tho author's fame as a diplomatist gave to tlic work a popularity 
 which its merits as a history never deserved. 
 
 Hazlitt, W. C. — History of the Venetian Republic. Her Rise, 
 her Greatness, and her Civilization, 4 vols., 8vo, London, 
 1860. 
 
 A full, and in the main a satisfactory, history of Venice from 
 the origin of the city to the middle of the fifteenth century. It 
 is founded on a careful study of authorities, and consequently it 
 shows that many of the popular notions concerning Venetian his- 
 tory are grossly erroneous. The worthlessness of Darn's famous 
 history is made very obvious. The third and fourth volumes 
 (1309-1457) will be found by most students of especial interest 
 and value. The author's style is clear and often picturesque. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold. — Zur Venetianer Geschichte. 8vo, Leipsic. Vol. 
 42 of Kanke's Sammtliche Werke. Also published separately, 
 
 1878. 
 
 The Venetian archives are exceedingly rich, and no historian 
 has explored them so thoroughly as Ranke. In the course of 
 these investigations on various subjects this author has not been 
 forgetful of Venice herself. Whatever he has found of interest- 
 ing import he has gathered into this volume. 
 
 Machiavelli, Niccolb. — The History of Florence, and of the Af- 
 fairs of Italy, from the Earliest Times to the Death of Lorenzo 
 the Magnificent. Crown 8vo, London, 1847. Also a part of the 
 author's works, translated by Detmold. 4 vols., 8vo, Boston,! 882. 
 
 The last of this famous author's works. It was written at the 
 command of the pope, who, as the head of the family of Medici, 
 was also ruler of Florence. But the history treats the characters 
 of that illustrious house with fairness and impartiality. It does
 
 256 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 not seem to have been the fruit of great original research, and is 
 by no means free from inaccuracies. But, in spite of this fact, it 
 has qualities of great excellence. It is spirited and picturesque, 
 beyond any other history of Italy. Notwithstanding its occasion- 
 al errors of detail, the reader will bring away from its perusal a 
 more lively and a more correct impression of early Florentine his- 
 tory than he could acquire from any other source. The great 
 and striking features of the history are painted with a master's 
 hand. 
 
 It had been the authors purpose to continue his narrative be- 
 yond Lorenzo de' Medici. But death prevented ; and the task of 
 describing the turbulence and ruin that followed devolved on the 
 less skilful pen of Guicciardiui. 
 
 Capponi, Gino. — Geschichte der florentinischen Republik. Aus 
 dem Italienischcn iibersetzt von Dr. Hans Diitschke. 2 vols., 
 8vo, Leipsic, 1876. 
 
 At the time of the first appearance of the original of this work, 
 in 1874, it awakened unusual interest. The author had long been 
 known as a w^ealthy nobleman of scholarly habits and tastes, 
 whose encouragement and hospitality had been freely extended to 
 literary men from all parts of the world. The misfortune of 
 blindness had come upon him, but, in spite of every temptation, 
 he had persevered with his investigations until the publication of 
 his history in extreme old-age. 
 
 The scope of the work is the entire history of the Florentine 
 republic from its earliest existence to the conquest of the city by 
 the imperial and papal army, and the establishment of the prince- 
 ly house of Medici in 1532. The first volume describes the his- 
 tory of the republic to the return of Cosmo de' Medici from ban- 
 ishment, in the year 1434; the second, the course of the govern- 
 ment under the first Medici until the overthrow of Piero, in 1495, 
 and the re-establishment of republican methods between 1495 and 
 1532. 
 
 Capponi's knowledge of the Italian archives was doubtless very 
 extensive and very exact. His style is fluent and graceful, quali-
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 
 
 257 
 
 tics that are also manifest in the translation. It is obvious, how- 
 ever, that the noble author did not, either by inclination or hab- 
 it, apply to his authorities those rigid methods of criticism at 
 present demanded of the historical investigator. While the pro- 
 duction, therefore, is amply fortified by authorities, and is more 
 readable than the works of Reumont, Scheffer-Boichorst, and 
 Bernhardi, it is somewhat less trustworthy, for the reason that it 
 has freely used a number of documents thought by the severer 
 critics to be undoubtedly spurious. 
 
 ScheflFer-Boichorst, Paul. — Florentinev Studien. 8vo, Leipsic, 
 
 1874. 
 
 A remarkable series of studies, said to be preliminary to an 
 elaborate work on the " Politik und Cultur des Trecento." The 
 volume consists of three essays designed to show the spuriousness 
 of certain very important historical documents. 
 
 Of these essays by far the most noteworthy is that entitled 
 "Die Chronik des Dino Compagni cine Fiilschung." The others, 
 "Die Geschichtc der Malespini eine Fiilschung," and " Gesta Flo- 
 rentinorum," are somewhat less important, but still are of much 
 interest. All of these documents had previously been relied upon 
 as of undoubted authority. It is here shown, however, that they 
 contain within themselves evidences either of entire spuriousness, 
 or, at least, of spurious interpolations. 
 
 Napier, Henry Edward. — Florentine History, from the Earliest 
 Authentic Records to the Accession of Ferdinand the Third, 
 Grand-duke of Tuscany. 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1847. 
 
 By no means a great book, but one that has some sterling qual- 
 ities. Its characteristics are impartiality of judgment, a rough 
 energy of expression, and an honest independence on the part of 
 the author of all other people's opinions. 
 
 These vigorous characteristics are counteracted by a certain 
 
 17
 
 258 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 prolixity of style, a constant tendency to digression, and a some- 
 what defective arrangement. 
 
 Perrens, F. T.— Histoire de Florence. 6 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1877- 
 84 
 
 A work of the first importance. The author has long been 
 recognized as one of the most learned and judicious students of 
 the Middle Ages, and this work has even raised still higher the 
 estimation in which he has for many years been held. The thor- 
 oughness with whicli the details of early Florentine history are 
 presented will long make it the basis of all successful studies of 
 that period. It unites with these solid qualities the charm of 
 having been written in a vivacious and interesting style. 
 
 The most striking feature of the work is its unusual fulness in 
 its treatment of the earliest period of Florentine history. The 
 third volume brings the history only to the conclusion of what 
 may be called the period of the formation of the republic. Espe- 
 cially worthy of commendation are the chapters on the institu- 
 tions of Florence. By no other writer have these been so ably 
 analyzed and fully described. The fourth volume ends with the 
 events of 1358. 
 
 Reumont, Alfred von. — Gcschichtc Toscana's seit dem Ende des 
 llorcntinischeu Freistaats, 1530-1859. 2 vols., 8vo, Gotha, 
 1876. 
 
 The author is a diplomatist who for some years was a resident 
 of Florence in the service of one of the German courts. He 
 made industrious and judicious use of the vast literary treasures 
 at his disposal, and one of the fruits of his labors is the history of 
 Tuscany. It has everywhere been rccoguizod as a work of ability 
 and importance. It portrays the period since the Reformation in 
 a manner not unworthy of comparison with the history of earlier 
 centuries by Tcrrens.
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 259 
 
 Reumont, Alfred von. — Lorenzo dc' Medici, the Magnificent. 
 Translated from the German by Robert Harrison. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1876. 
 
 Not so much a biography of Lorenzo as a history of Italy at 
 the time when Lorenzo was its most important figure. The work 
 fully sustains the author's high reputation as a scholar and an his- 
 torian. Residing for many years as German ambassador at Flor- 
 ence, Von Reumont was able to discover and make use of valua- 
 ble materials hitherto unknown. These he has wrought into his 
 writings with unquestionable skill. 
 
 Eight introductory chapters treat at some length of the consti- 
 tution, art, manners, and commerce of mediaeval Florence, and 
 show the tendency which finally culminated in the overthrow of 
 the republic. The work is written with considerable literary skill, 
 though its most striking merits are the industry, the accuracy, 
 and the rigid impartiality of the author. The translation is dis- 
 figured with numerous errors, and the work has no index. 
 
 Roscoe, William. — The Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, called the 
 Magnificent. 2 vols., 8vo, London ; 8th ed., greatly improved, 
 1845. 
 
 This work, like the same author's " Pontificate of Leo X.," is 
 not to be regarded as a good authority. Roscoe's style intro- 
 duced his books easily into public favor, but his works have been 
 shown again and again to be inaccurate. lie evidently took very 
 little pains to inform himself on doubtful points ; and some ab- 
 surd blunders he did not take the trouble to correct, even though 
 they were pointed out before the earlier editions were exhausted. 
 
 Trollope, T. Adolphus. — A History of the Commonwealth of 
 Florence, from the Earliest Independence of the Commune to 
 the Fall of the Republic, in 1531. 4 vols., Svo, London, 1805. 
 
 The most satisfactory history of Florence written in English, 
 though, in some respects, it is much inferior to the works of Per-
 
 260 HISTORICAL LITERATURE, 
 
 reus, Rcumont, and even Capponi. It should be classed with 
 those correct but rather dull books which give information, but 
 which awaken little interest and no enthusiasm. The most obvi- 
 ous fault of tlie work is that it is written with too little regard 
 for historical perspective. Many unimportant events are given 
 too conspicuous a place. 
 
 Colletta, General Pietro. — History of the Kingdom of Naples, 
 1V34-1825. With a Supplementary Chapter, 1825-56. 2 
 vols., Bvo, Edinburgh, 1858. 
 
 ' A brilliant but a partisan narrative by a military officer who 
 had suffered much at the hands of the Neapolitan government. 
 In spite of very serious defects, it is the most satisfactory history 
 in English cf the important period of Neapolitan history of which 
 it treats. It is graphic and interesting, but it lacks those high 
 qualities of judicial impartiality necessary to give it permanent 
 value. 
 
 Dennistoun, James. — Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino. Illus- 
 trating the Arms, Arts, and Literature of Italy from 1440 to 
 1650. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1851. 
 
 This description of one of the most important duchies on the 
 Adriatic is a valuable picture of Italian society in the fifteenth 
 and sixteenth centuries. The volumes are not likely to interest 
 the general reader; but the student of Italian life and manners 
 will find in them much that is useful, and a little that is enter- 
 taining. The author's style is not attractive, but his investiga- 
 tions were thorough, and liis observations judicious. 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND KEADERS. 
 
 1. The best short sketch of Italian history is that of William 
 Hunt in Freeman's " Historical Series." Mariotti's book is a gen-
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 261 
 
 eral and rapid survey down to 1840; and Spalding's "Italy and 
 the Italian Islands " is a successful review of Italian history down 
 to the same year. There is a small volume in Lardner's " Cyclo- 
 paedia of History," compiled from Sismondi, which describes 
 briefly but clearly the vicissitudes of the various Italian states from 
 476 to the accession *of Napoleon I. A good short course on the 
 mediaeval history of Italy would be the sixty-ninth and seventieth 
 chapters of Gibbon, followed by the third chapter of Hallam's 
 "Middle Ages," These might be followed Avith Barckhardt's 
 "Renaissance," or Symonds's "Age of Despots;" and these, in 
 turn, by the second volume of Mariotti. From the time of the 
 French Revolution, Reuchlin's work is the great authoiity ; but if 
 a book in English is desired, that of Wrightson will probably give 
 most satisfaction. 
 
 2. The groat works of Sismondi and Cantu have unquestiona- 
 ble merits, but they are too voluminous except for consultation on 
 specific subjects and periods. If the reader can use German, be 
 will find Gi'cgorovius the most useful of all authorities on inediai- 
 val Italy. If, on the contrary, he is confined to English, the chap- 
 ters on Italian history in Gibbon and Hallam will be found among 
 the best accessible. On the period of the Renaissance there are 
 now so many excellent books that the student has much freedom 
 of choice, Burckhardt, Symonds, Reumont, Villari, and Perrens 
 each have marked excellences. Voigt's " Wiederbelebung des 
 classischen Altertluims " is a monograph, but it is the best author- 
 ity on the revival of classical learning. For a full account of 
 events in Italy from the Reformation to the French Revolution 
 the reader may use Botta, but he will do best to resort to the 
 histories of the individual states. Since the Revolution, Reuchlin 
 is the best of all authorities, though Botta, on the period of the 
 Revolution, may be read with profit. The " Memoirs " of D'Aze- 
 glio give an excellent view of the preliminaries of Italian unity ; 
 and Mazade's " Cavour " is the most appreciative and just account 
 of the work of that great statesman. The books of Godkiu and 
 Arrivabene on the achievements of Victor Emmanuel are graphic 
 pictures, though they will probably have no very permanent 
 value. 
 
 3. The most important collection of original authorities on 
 Italian history is the great storehouse of Muratori, the best edi-
 
 262 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tion of -whose works is that of Milan, 18 vols., 8vo. The edition 
 of Florence (40 vols., Svo, 1827-32) is also well edited, and has 
 a continuation down to the date of publication. 
 
 The contributions of the different Northern races to the char- 
 acter of modern Italy may be studied with best advantage in 
 the works of Hodgkin and Coulanges. Much light is thrown on 
 the same subject by Freeman's essays on " Bryce's Holy Roman 
 Empire," " Frederick I.," and " Frederick 11."— all in the " First 
 Series " of Freeman's essays ; and by the essay on " The Goths at 
 Ravenna," in the " Third Series." Testa's " Frederick I." is the 
 most recent portrayal of the period when Italy was broken up 
 into petty governments. Machiavelli's " History of Florence " is 
 not a work of accuracy, but is a work of genius. Under the 
 guidance of Villari, it may well be examined. Macaulay's essay 
 on Machiavelli will be likely both to interest and to mislead. If 
 the student should desire to examine Guicciardini, he will profit 
 b}^ doing it in connection with an article on this author in the 
 London Quarterly Revieio for October, 1871. In the first volume 
 of Grimm's "Michael Angelo" is a good account of the sources 
 of early Italian history. Of the period just before the Renais- 
 sance, Bulwer's novel of " Rienzi " is a striking and, in the main, 
 an accurate picture. 
 
 Of more recent Italian history, interesting and instructive views 
 are given by D'Ideville in his " Journal d'un Diplomate en Ita- 
 lic;" by the London Quarterhj Review for July, 1867, and for 
 July, 1872 ; and by the Fortnightly Review for June, 1868. The 
 recent separation of ecclesiastical from temporal power may be 
 studied in Mazzini's " Religious Side of the Italian Question ;" in 
 About's " Roman Question ;" in the Fortnightly Review for 1872 ; 
 in the Atlantic Monthly for 1867; and in the Westminster Re- 
 view for 1867. 
 
 The works on Italian art are very numerous. Viardot's *' Won- 
 ders of Italian Art," and the same writer's " Wonders of Sculpt- 
 ure," are perhaps the most valuable small Avorks for strictly pop- 
 ular use. Tlic most exhaustive authorities, liowever, arc the 
 works of Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Eastlako's edition of Kugler's 
 "Schools of Painting" is less voluminous, and it justly enjoys 
 higli repute. Taine's " Art in Italy " aims not so much to de- 
 scribe as to account for the characteristics of Italian art. Lanzi
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 263 
 
 and Vasari arc native authorities of importance, Vasari having 
 himself lived and painted in the days of the great artists he de- 
 scribes. Valery's " Historical, Literary, and Artistical Travels in 
 Italy" is a mine of scholarly wealth. Ilillard's "Six Months in 
 Italy " is also an admirable book. The works of Mrs. Jameson 
 treat attractively of Italian art; and Hawthorne, in his "Marble 
 Faun," throws around the same subject the weird witchery of his 
 remarkable genius. The essays of Horace Binney Wallace may 
 also be read, in the study of Italian art, with great profit. 
 
 On Italian literature the books are also numerous and copious. 
 The most famous native authority is Tiraboschi, a learned Jesuit, 
 monarchist, and professor of history of the last century. His work, 
 in thirteen volumes, has been translated into French, but not into 
 English. The subject of Italian literature has been attractively 
 treated in French by Yillemain and Sismondi, the work of Sis- 
 mondi having been translated into English. Fauriel's " Proven- 
 9al Literature" gives a review of Italian letters at the time of the 
 Renaissance ; but the best special authorities on this period are 
 Symonds and Voigt. The whole ground is briefly traversed in 
 English by Mrs. Foster's "Hand-book of Italian Literature;" and 
 information in regard to any particular author can generally be 
 found in Hallam's " Literature." Leigh Hunt's work on the 
 Italian poets, with prose translations, will please the most refined 
 literary tastes. The essays in Prescott's "Miscellanies" on the 
 "Narrative Poetry of Italy" and the "Poetry and Romance of 
 Italy" ar(5 written in the author's well-known style. Symonds 
 lias published a charming little volume of translations of the 
 " Sonnets of Michael Angelo." The North American Revieio for 
 October, 1864, and October, 1866, has valuable articles on "Ital- 
 ian Literature;" and the same review for July, 1867, has an in- 
 structive paper on the " Origin of the Italian Language." 
 
 Numerous other articles may be readily found by looking un- 
 der "Italy" in Poole's "Index to Periodical Literature," in the 
 Catalogue of the Brooklyn Mercantile Library Association, and in 
 the Catalogue of the Library of the Boston Athen?eum. A very 
 complete list of historical novels and dramas on Italian history is 
 to be found under the head of " Italy " in the " Class List for 
 English Prose Fiction " published by the Boston Public Library. 
 
 If the list above given were to be extended, the following works
 
 264 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 would be entitled to mention : Ileinrich Leo's " Entwickelung der 
 Veifassung der Lombardischen Stadte bis zur Ankunft Kaiser 
 Friediich I., in Italien " (8vo, Hamburg, 1824). Lorenzo Pig- 
 noti's " History of Tuscany," translated by John Bowring (4 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1828), of which the original is in 12 vols, (12mo, 
 Livorno, 1820-21). Rignzzio Galluzzi's " Storia del Granducata 
 de Toscana" (new ed., 11 vols., 8vo, Firenze, 1822) is an indis- 
 pensable source of information to one who would make a thor- 
 ough study of the subject. Giovanni Yillani's " Historic Floren- 
 tine air anno 1348, continuate da F. Villani " (12 vols., 8vo, Mi- 
 lauo e Firenze, 1802-46). Giuseppe Montanelli's " Memoires sur 
 ritalie; traduction dc F. Armand" (2 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1859). 
 Jules Zeller's " Abrege de I'Histoire d'ltalie depuis laChute de I'Em- 
 pire Romain " (2d ed., 12mo, Paris, 1864). F. L. Kington's " His- 
 tory of Frederick H., King of the Romans" (2 vols., 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1862). William Sheppard's "The Life of Poggio Braccio- 
 lini " (8vo, Liverpool, 1837), a valuable biography of a famous 
 Italian scholar of the fifteenth century. William Gilbert's " Lu- 
 cretia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara, a biography illustrated by rare 
 and unpublished documents" (2 vols., 8vo, London, 1869). Karl 
 Ilillebrand's " Dino Compagni ; Etude Historique et Litteraire sur 
 I'Epoquede Dante" (8vo, Paris, 1862), an admirable book, though 
 much new light has since been thrown on the subject. F. Gregoro- 
 vius's"Lucrezia Borgia" (3te verb. Auil., 2 Bde.,8vo, Leipzig, 1875), 
 the best of all books on Lucretia Borgia. Le Vicomte de Beaumont- 
 Vassy's " Histoire des Etats Europeens depuis le Congres de Vi- 
 enne" (6 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1843-53) is only a fragment, but vol, 
 IV., pertaining to Italy, is valuable. James Whiteside's " Italy in 
 the Nineteenth Century" (new ed., 8vo, London, 1860). Edgar 
 Quinet's " Les Revolutions d'ltalie" (Svo, Paris, 1857) is a com- 
 mentary rather than a history, but, like all of Quinet's works, 
 shows great acumen and power. L. C. Farini's"The Roman 
 State from 1815 to 1850, translated by \V. E. Gladstone" (4 vols., 
 Svo, London, 1851-54). Alfred Reumont's " Bibliografia dei La- 
 vori Publicati in Germania sulla Storia d'ltalia" (8vo, Berlino, 
 1863) is invaluable for the special student of Italian history. 
 
 4, Of recent works on Italian history the following are most 
 worthy of note. On the Italian Folk-lore of the Middle Ages, T. 
 F. Crane's " Italian Popular Talcs" (Svo, New York and London,
 
 HISTORIES OF ITALY. 265 
 
 1885) is unique, and throws lio-]it upon a very curious phase of 
 mcdijieval civilization. John Addington S}'monds's " Renaissance 
 in Italy" (7 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1880-87): 
 Vol. I.'" The Age of Despots;" Vol. II. "The Revival of Learn- 
 ing ;" Vol. in., " The Fine Arts ;" Vols. IV. and V., " Italian Liter- 
 ature ;" Vols. VL and VIL, " The Catholic Reaction." The whole 
 constitutes a work of great historical and literary merit. J. Burck- 
 hardt's "Cultur der Renaissance in Italicn " (2 Bde., 8vo, 3te Aufl., 
 von Lud. Geiger, Leipzig, 1877) is greatly enlarged and improved 
 in Geiger's edition, A. Gallenga's [Luigi Mariotti's] " The Pope 
 and the King" (2 vols., 8vo, London, 1879) is an account of the 
 contest between the temporal and the spiritual power. The same 
 suhject is more satisfactorily treated in Zeller's " Pie IX. et Victor 
 Emmanuel (1848-78)" (l2mo, Paris, 1878). 
 
 To one who would make a special study of Italian history, the 
 following will be found invaluable. Otto Ilartwig's " Quellen und 
 Forschungen zur altesten Geschiclit3 der Stadt Florenz" (2 vols., 
 4to, Halle, 1875-80) is the most important of all publications on 
 the subject. A. Bartoli's " I Primi due Secoli della Litteratura 
 Italiana" (8vo, Milano, 1880) is the first really scientific Italian 
 literary history. P, L, Ginguene's "Ilistoire Littferaire d'ltalie" 
 (8vo, Paris) is a very successful condensation of Tiraboschi with 
 enough original material to give it considerable independent value. 
 Pohlmann's "Die Wirthschafts-Politik der Florentiner Renais- 
 sance und das Princip der Verkchrsfreiheit " (8vo, Leipzig, 1878) 
 is a remarkably successful attempt to ascertain in what measure 
 the principles of modern agricultural, commercial, and industrial 
 liberty were applied to Italy, Giuseppe Bertocci's " Repertorio 
 Bibliografico delle Opere stampate in Italia nel Secolo XIX." (vols. 
 I.-IIL, Roma, 1876-87), an admirable but badly arranged and, as 
 yet, incomplete descriptive catalogue of the historical works pub- 
 lished in Italy in this century.
 
 2QQ HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Chapter IX. 
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Bryce, James. — The Holy Koman Empire. 12 mo, London and 
 New York. Seventh edition, 1887. 
 
 A book that has steadily grown into the highest favor Avith 
 scholars. It is a portrayal of the mutual relations of Rome and 
 Germany during the Middle Ages — of that singular connection 
 which received the name of Holy Roman Empire, but of which 
 Voltaire said that it was neither holy, nor Roman, nor empire. 
 Bryce has shown clearly that the Roman Empire had a continued 
 existence throughout the Middle Ages — an existence which, as 
 Freeman has well remarked, is the key to a correct understanding 
 of the whole period. Freeman's essay on the subject may well 
 be read with the volume. 
 
 Dunham, S. A. — A History of the Germanic Empire. 3 vols., 
 lOmo, London, 1834. 
 
 All of Dr. Dunham's works are carefully and competently writ- 
 ten. The one before us deals somewhat less fully with the more 
 modern history of Germany than most readers would desire, but 
 the mcdiieval portion is a clear and judicious narrative of a pe- 
 riod tliat is often confusing to the mind of the student. 
 
 As especially worthy of notice may be mentioned the author's 
 account of " Indulgences," at the end of the second volume. In 
 an appendix are brought together the views on this subject of a 
 large number of doctors of the Roman Catholic Church. The 
 period subsequent to the Treaty of Westphalia is much less satis-
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 267 
 
 factorily described than is the same period by Menzel and Lewis. 
 That of the lieforraation is given with more fulness and care. 
 For an account of events during the present century, the reader 
 will be oblio-ed to resort to other works. 
 
 Kohlrausch, Frederick. — A History of Germany. Translated by 
 James D. Haas. 8vo, London, 1844. 
 
 This work long enjoyed much popularity in Germany. It was 
 written in a style adapted to excite the interest and sympathy of 
 readers, especially of those who wish to acquire accurate knowl- 
 edge of tlie records of the country. As it does not include a 
 record of events during the last forty years, and as it has no char- 
 acteristics of superior excellence, it must be regarded as deficient 
 in comparison with the works of more recent writers. The trans- 
 lation is faulty. 
 
 Lewis, Charlton T. — A History of Germany from the Earliest 
 Times. Founded on Dr. David Miiller's " History of the Ger- 
 man People." Large 12mo, New York, 1874. 
 
 Of the several works from which the youth of Germany learn 
 the history of their fatherland, that of Dr. David Miiller is one of 
 the most popular and valuable. Many of its details concerning 
 some of the princely houses have no interest except to a German 
 subject, and such have wisely been omitted in the preparation of 
 the volume befoi-e us. Additions have also been made from the 
 works of Ranke, Menzel, and Wirth for the purpose of amplify- 
 ing the too meagre account of the empire before the period of 
 the Reformation. With these exceptions, and the addition of a 
 chapter on the principal events since 1870, the volume is substan- 
 tially a translation of Miiller's work. 
 
 It is the best brief history of Germany for the use of students 
 we have. Each of the six periods is subdivided in such a way as 
 to unite happily a narration of events with an account of civiliza- 
 tion and progress. Chapters xiii. and xiv. give an admirable ac-
 
 268 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 count of " The Cities and their Leagues," <and of the " Life of 
 the People, Plague and Persecution, Science and Art," in the 
 fourteenth century. The fifth and sixth books are devoted to 
 the period since the Treaty of Westphalia, and will be found an 
 admirable presentation. 
 
 Menzel, Wolfgang. — The History of Germany from the Earliest 
 Period to the Present Time. Translated from the fourth Ger- 
 man edition by Mrs. George Horrocks. 3 vols., crown 8vo, 
 London, 1849. 
 
 Menzel is a Protestant, a man of strong feelings, an earnest pa- 
 triot, and, above all, a man of ideas. The work has enjoyed 
 much popularity in Germany. The third volume is devoted to 
 the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and will be found to 
 contain a more intelligible account of German complications dur- 
 ing that period than is to be obtained elsewhei'e within limited 
 space. 
 
 The author's style, unlike that of most Germans, is epigram- 
 matic and eminently readable. The account of the turbulence 
 that long disquieted Germany after the fall of Napoleon L is espe- 
 cially full. The history during the present century is brought no 
 further than 1848, but down to that year the account is the most 
 satisfactory accessible to the general student. The book is made 
 easy of use by a good index. 
 
 Piitter, John Stephen. — An Historical Development of the Pres- 
 ent Political Constitution of the German Empire. Translated 
 from the German by Josiah Dornford. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 
 1790. 
 
 Though hastily prepared, and written a century ago, these 
 volumes still possess some value as a description of Germany in 
 former days. The author was one of the prominent jurists of his 
 time, and lie wrote the work at the suggestion of the Queen of 
 England. It is not the result of any especial study, but rather
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 269 
 
 the easy effusion of a scholar whose head was full of the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 As a whole, it need not receive the very seiious attention of the 
 scholar; but the last five chapters of the third volume are of con- 
 siderable value. They are devoted to a general description of the 
 constitutional peculiarities of the German empire at the end of 
 the last century. Of these peculiarities no better account is any- 
 where accessible to the reader of EnoUsh. 
 
 Sime, James. — History of Germany. 16mo, New York, 1875. 
 
 No very small volume calling itself a history of Germany can 
 be very satisfactory, for the reason that Germany is not one na- 
 tion, but a confederation of many. The details are too numerous 
 and too intricate to be crowded into a brief space. 
 
 There has been no more successful effort, however, in this di- 
 rection than the one before us. The author has brought the 
 prominent events so well into the foreground, and has so judi- 
 ciously omitted the less important details, that the result is not 
 only a useful, but also an interesting, little book. 
 
 Taylor, Bayard. — History of Germany. 12rao, New York, 1874. 
 
 Like the larger volume by Lewis, this is founded on the work 
 of Miiller. It gives us general views rather than minute details, 
 touching only the most important features of the great events. 
 For the use of a student who would get a sketch rather than a 
 history of Germany, the volume is one of the most useful, and 
 will dispute the palm with that of Sime. To a majority of stu- 
 dents, the somewhat ampler history by Lewis will be more satis- 
 factory.
 
 270 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von. — Geschichte der deutsclien Kaiserzeit. 
 5 vols., 8vo, 3d ed., 1863-81. 
 
 One of the great modern works on the mediaeval history of 
 Germany. The author passes the period before Otho the Great 
 in rapid review ; but from the tenth century his narrative is very 
 complete and satisfactory. Its value for the general student is 
 in the fact that it is the latest and perhaps the best presentation, 
 from a German point of view, of the struggle between Germany 
 and Rome in the time of Gregory VII. The work is carried for- 
 ward with admirable spirit, and is fully entitled to the abundant 
 praise it has received in Germany. In point of style it is per- 
 haps a trifle less attractive than the history of the same period by 
 Von Raumer ; but it has the advantage of the author's acquaint- 
 ance with the results of the most recent researches. 
 
 At the end of vol. i. is an admirable map by Kiepert of the 
 political divisions of Germany at the time of the First Crusade. 
 
 Raumer, Friedrich von. — Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer 
 Zeit. G vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1825; 5th ed., 1878. 
 
 Long the standard history of the great house which so valiant- 
 ly carried on the struggle with the popes in the eleventh, twelfth, 
 and thirteenth centuries. The subject was perhaps the most im- 
 portant that could engage the historian of mediaeval Europe ; and 
 it was treated by Von Raumer in a manner Avorthy of the great 
 events described. The volumes established the reputation of the 
 writer as one of the foremost historians of his day. 
 
 The work is exceptional among German histories, in that it 
 abounds in eloquent passages and elaborate descriptions ; and, 
 what is far better, it is wrought into so complete and symmetri- 
 cal a wliole that it impresses the character of the age with great 
 force and clearness on the mind of the reader. When to this is 
 added abundant evidence of true German diligence in the collec-
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 
 
 271 
 
 tion and examination of materials, it will be seen that the work 
 is entitled to a distinguished place among the great histories of 
 this century. 
 
 The narrative fills four volumes. The fifth and sixth are de- 
 voted to an account of the laws, customs, and arts of the period. 
 This, of course, is not the least valuable portion of the work. 
 
 Lindner, Prof. Dr. Theodor. — Geschichte des dcutschcn Reichcs, 
 voni Endc des vierzelintcn Jahrhunderts bis zur Reformation. 
 Vols, i., ii., 8vo, Braunschweig, 1875-80. As the first volume 
 reaches only to the year 1388, the complete work seems likely 
 to be voluminous. 
 
 The period which Lindner purposes to describe has heretofore 
 received very inadequate treatment at the hands of German his- 
 torians. The great works of Raumer and Giesebrecht are brought 
 to an end before the beginning of the fifteenth century is reached. 
 The present undertaking, therefore, is not unwelcome. 
 
 The author has made a thorough study of the sources, and has 
 brought to light much new material. An appendix contains 
 twenty-two papers of valuable illustrative matter. 
 
 Robertson, William. — The History of the Reign of the Em- 
 peror Charles V. With an Account of the Emperor's Life after 
 his Abdication, by William H. Prescott. 3 vols., 8vo, Phila- 
 delphia, 1870. One vol., 8vo, New York, 1860. 
 
 A work deservedly recognized as a classic among English his- 
 tories. Though written nearly a century ago, it was prepared 
 with the utmost care, and must still be regarded as a standard 
 authority on the period of Charles V. 
 
 The author's style is one of the utmost dignity, and conse- 
 quently he finds it convenient to omit the consideration of many 
 events that an historian of the present day would dceiU of impor- 
 tance. Though Robertson's judgments are founded on a careful 
 scrutiny of evidence, yet it can hardly be claimed that he pene- 
 trates, like Ranke, to the secret springs of action.
 
 2-72 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Of the numerous editions, that of Prcscott is to be preferred, 
 as it tliroAvs new light on the last two years of the emperor's life. 
 The body of the work, however, received no important changes 
 or additions from the hand of the American editor. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold von. — History of the Reformation in German}-. 
 
 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1845-4:7. 
 
 A book of commentaries on the Reformation rather than a 
 history of the Reformation itself. Its greatest value is in the 
 light it throws on the relations of Germany to the other states of 
 Europe while the Reformation was in progress. It shows how 
 completely the great upheaval in Germany w-as connected with 
 Continental affairs everywhere. It is to be valued for its judg- 
 ments on difficult and obscure points rather than for its descrip- 
 tions. The opinions of the author are quoted with the greatest 
 respect by all recent writers on the period. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold von. — Zur deutsche Geschichte vom Religionsfrie- 
 den bis zum dreissigjiihrigen Krieg. 8vo, Berlin, 1870. 
 
 This might with propriety be called an Introduction to the 
 Thirty Years' War. It throws a flood of light on that period of 
 turmoil and uncertainty extending from 1552 to 1618. It shows 
 all of Ranke's well-known characteristics, and is a commentary 
 on the meaning of events, rather than a description of events 
 themselves. It is especially strong in the knowledge it displays 
 of the diplomatic correspondence of the times. 
 
 It forms vol. vii. of Ranke's Sammtliche Werke. 
 
 Droysen, G.— Gustav Adolph. 2 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1869. 
 
 The author takes it for granted that the most prominent facts 
 in the life of Gustavus are sufficiently well known. He therefore
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 5-3 
 
 limits his purpose to the work of describing and discussing the 
 various political considerations and situations into which the 
 Swedish king was drawn. He has gathered his information 
 from many archives. lie makes clear the general policy in Eu- 
 ropean affairs of the House of Vasa. The various German prob- 
 lems, the foreign policy of Gustavus before and after 1625, and 
 the different phases of the situation between 1630 and 1632 are 
 analyzed with great ability. The work is an important contribu- 
 tion to the literature of the period. 
 
 Schafer, Arnold. — Geschichte des siebenjahrigen Kriegs. 2 vols., 
 
 8vo, Berlin, 1867-74. 
 
 By far the most able and satisfactory of the histories of the 
 Seven Years' War. Until Schafer wrote, many of the archives 
 that contained important records of this period had not been 
 carefully examined ; some of them had not even become accessi- 
 ble. The embarrassments arising from this exclusiveness were 
 not completel}'' removed until after the publication of Schafer's 
 first volume ; but before the publication of the second, the ar- 
 chives of Vienna, as well as the other bureaus of publication in 
 Germany, were placed at the service of scholars. Schafer was 
 therefore able to throw much new light on the diplomacy of the 
 period under examination. 
 
 As a narrative of events the book is somewhat wanting in 
 color ; but what is lacking in spirit is perhaps gained in im- 
 partiality. It is to be considered as really a diplomatic history ; 
 and as such it is of the first order of importance. For these 
 reasons the reader is likely to find it less interesting than valuable. 
 
 Duncker, Max. — Aus der Zeit Friedrichs des Grossen und Fried- 
 rich Wilhelms III. Abhandlungen zur preussischen Geschichte. 
 8vo, Leipsic, 1876. 
 
 The critical skill shown by Duncker in his " History of An- 
 tiquity " is fully maintained in this volume of essays. Some 
 
 18
 
 274 HISTORICAL LITER ATUEE. 
 
 of them are among the ablest productions of recent historical 
 criticism. The most noteworthy are entitled " Die Besitzer- 
 greifung von Westpreussen," and " Preussen warend der fran- 
 zosischen Occupation." The first of these is an examination of 
 recent evidence in regard to the first partition of Poland ; the 
 latter is the fruit of ten years of study of the period of French 
 supremacy. The importance of the first has been somewhat 
 lessened by the recent work of Beer; but the second is still of 
 the greatest consequence. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold von. — Die deutschen Machte und der Fiirstenbund. 
 
 Deutsche Geschichte von 1780 bis 1790, 2 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 
 
 1872. 
 
 The object of Ranke in this work is to show that, after the 
 Peace of Hubertsburg, Germany had a right to look forward to 
 peace and a promising future. The nation, however, was sur- 
 prised and overwhelmed by the French Revolution ; and the peo- 
 ple gave themselves up, in great measure, to revolutionary ideas. 
 The complications of Prussia and Austria arc described in a few 
 masterstrokes at the very beginning of the volume. 
 
 The book constitutes vols. xxxi. and xxxii. of Ranke's Sammt- 
 liche Werke. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold von. — Ansprung und Beginn der Revolutions- 
 kriege, 1791-92. Svo, Berlin, 1878. 
 
 A remarkable presentation of the various causes that finally 
 embroiled all Europe in war with France. The difficult compli- 
 cations of the German governments have been nowhere more 
 skilfully presented. 
 
 The book is vol. xlv. of Ranke's Siimmtlichc Werke. 
 
 Hausser, Ludwig. — D(Mitsche (Jeschichto vom Tode Friedrichs 
 (Ics (Jrosscii liis zur (Jriinduiig dcs deutschen Bundos. 4 vols., 
 8vo, ;Jd enlarged and iiiii)rovcd edition, Berlin, 18G3. 
 
 By far the ablest and most valuable history of Germany during
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 275 
 
 its trying struggles with tlic Frcncli Revolution and with Napo- 
 leon, Hausser was esteemed by many as the most successful 
 professor of history in Germany during his times ; and he de- 
 voted himself with especial fervor and success to the study of the 
 Revolutionary period. This is his most important work. It 
 shows conspicuous evidence of great industry, of scrupulous fair- 
 ness, and of what is far more rare among German historians — the 
 gift of forcible and graphic narration. Joined to these qualities 
 also is an unusual ability to trace out and bring into bold relief 
 the subtle causes and relations of events. Of all the pupils of 
 Ranke, probably Hausser most resembled his master. 
 
 In politics Hausser was a liberal monarchist ; and, like most of 
 the other German historians, he set his influence firmly against 
 the influences of the French Revolution. 
 
 Segur, L. P., I'Aine. — Tableau Historique et Politique do I'Eu- 
 rope depuis 1786 jusqu'a 1796, on I'An 4. Contenant I'his- 
 toire des principaux evenemens du regne de Guillaume II., Roi 
 de Prusse. Seconde edition, revue et corrigee. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 Paris, 1801. Also published in translation under the title of 
 " History of the Principal Events in the Reign of Frederick 
 William II., and a Political Picture of Europe from 1786 to 
 1796." 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1801. 
 
 An account by an intelligent observer of a turbulent period 
 and a contemptible king. As French Ambassador at the Court 
 of Russia, Segur had unusual advantages for observing the springs 
 of diplomatic action. He was a skilful diplomatist and a spirit- 
 ed and graceful writer. His account, therefore, is an interesting 
 picture of certain secret movements of considerable importance. 
 As a narrative it is unquestionably inaccurate in some minor par- 
 ticulars. But as a picture it represents the more prominent feat- 
 ures of the time with accuracy as well as with spirit. 
 
 Seeley, J. R. — Life and Times of Stein ; or, Germany and Prussia 
 in the Napoleonic Age. 3 vols., 8vo, London and Boston, 
 1879.
 
 276 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Unquestionably one of tlie most important contributions to the 
 liistory of Germany ever placed before English readers. It is 
 founded upon a long and arduous study of original materials, and 
 it is a substantial contribution to the knowledge of the worldo 
 
 The influence of Stein in shaping the destiny of Prussia during 
 the years that followed the disaster of Jena was scarcely less im- 
 portant than has been that of Bismarck since 1865. This influ- 
 ence it has been the purpose of Professor Seeley to describe. 
 And he has fulfilled his task with rare ability and moderation. 
 He is never intemperate in his criticisms or laudations, and he 
 uses few allurements of rhetoric to entice the reader. 
 
 The work has to do with the whole range of activity during 
 the long period under review, and perhaps its most striking char- 
 acteristic is that the author never for a moment allows himself to 
 become the victim either of a prejudice or an enthusiasm. It 
 may, perhaps, be said that the work lacks spirit ; but it is so emi- 
 nently judicial in tone that even when a reason for a position 
 taken is not given, the reader does not doubt that a good reason 
 exists. 
 
 It is not easy to discriminate in favor of any one portion of so 
 excellent a book, but in part v. of vol. ii. will be found what to 
 most students will probably be of greatest value. The author here 
 gives a better description than is elsewhere to be found in Eng- 
 lish of those legislative, administrative, municipal, and educational 
 reforms which have been the potent means of raising Prussia to 
 her present greatness. This portion of the work cannot be too 
 heartily recommended. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold von. — Denkwiirdigkeitcn dcs Staatskanzlers 
 Fiirsten von Ilardc'iiberg. 5 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1877. 
 
 A work entitled to the highest rank among the important pub- 
 lications illustrative of the recent history of Germany. It is 
 edited with the characteristic skill of the foremost of German 
 historians, and it abounds in papers, notes, and fragments of the 
 highest moment. Few more valuable contributions have ever 
 been made to the literature of the Na})oleonic period. 
 
 The first and fourth volumes are written by Ranke liimself,
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 277 
 
 and might be called the Life and PuWic Services of Ilardenberg ; 
 the other three volumes are made up of illustrative documents. 
 For the general student, the portions contributed by Kanke are 
 the most interesting and the most important. In fact, they are 
 this distinguished author's account of that most turbulent and 
 most disastrous period extending from the outbreak of the French 
 Revolution to the organization of the Grand Alliance after the 
 close of the Russian campaign. 
 
 The first book shows the condition of Germany at the begin- 
 ning of the French Revolution, and the clear insight of ilarden- 
 berg into the necessities of the government. Book second de- 
 scribes Ilardenberg's part in German politics in 1794 and 1795. 
 The third book is a masterly account, in twenty chapters, of the 
 "Period of Neutrality," extending from 1796 to 1806. The still 
 more important events between the outbreak of the war in 1806 
 and the reconstruction of Prussia after the establishment of peace 
 occupy the whole of the twenty-six chapters of the fourth book. 
 At the close of the fourth volume is to be found in full the fa- 
 mous paper of Ilardenberg on the " Reorganization of the Prussian 
 State," written in 1807 at the command of the king. This 
 should be read in connection with a similar paper prepared at the 
 same time by Stein and published by Seeley. In connection with 
 both, the reader may profit by Ranke's last chapter, where a most 
 critical and interesting comparison is drawn between the two 
 statesmen. 
 
 Droysen, Joh. Gust. — Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen 
 York von Wartenburg. 3 vols., Berlin, 2d ed., 1851. 
 
 York was the last great general of Prussia of the old school ; 
 and he set his face firmly against those reforms of Scharnhorst 
 which have resulted in the modern military system of Prussia. 
 He was sent by the king to aid Napoleon in the famous Russian 
 campaign ; but as soon as the disasters of that campaign com- 
 pelled the French to retreat, York saw that the interests of 
 Prussia called for an immediate alliance with Russia against Na- 
 poleon, At the Convention of Tauroggen such an alliance was 
 negotiated without the knowledge of the Prussian .king. This
 
 278 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 assumption of responsibility was doubtless treason — indeed, 
 York himself said that "his old head felt very loose on his 
 shoulders ;" but the event seemed to justify the action. In the 
 beginning of the second volume of Droysen's " Life" these singu- 
 lar events are best narrated. 
 
 Metternich, Prince — Memoirs of, 1773-1815. Edited by Prince 
 Richard Metternich, and translated by Mrs. Alexander Napier. 
 4 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1880-81. 
 
 The papers left by Chancellor Metternich constitute three 
 series, the first of which is here given to the public, twenty years 
 after the death of the writer. They are of great importance to 
 the historian of that period, and of great interest to the general 
 reader. 
 
 So niucli may be said without asserting that they are not dis- 
 appointing. Metternich held the threads of European diplomacy 
 from the battle of Wagram, in 1809, to his own downfall in 
 1848 ; and during the whole of this period he was not only one of 
 the most conspicuous figures, but he was one of the most potent 
 forces, in European politics. In his " Memoirs," therefore, we might 
 expect to find much that is new ; but such an expectation will 
 be disappointed. In these volumes there are not many facts that 
 were not known long ago, and there arc not many descriptions 
 that have not been equalled or excelled by others. 
 
 But while this is true, it ought also to be said that the impres- 
 sions of a man who was himself a great part of the great events 
 he describes can never be without interest. The Duke of Wel- 
 lington might not have given a fuller or more accurate description 
 of the battle of Waterloo than those of Thiers and Victor Hugo, 
 but who would not have preferred his account? 
 
 Metternich was the most influential, if not the greatest, con- 
 servative opponent of the French Kevoluti(Mi ; and his policy from 
 first to last was directed to the work of thwarting its results. It 
 was in the interest of this policy that he supported Ferdinand of 
 Naples, Ferdinand of Spain, and Sultan Mahmoud ; and that he 
 did whatever lie could to stifle every i)opular movement within 
 his reach and influence. As the expression of one of the most
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 279 
 
 formidable opponents of liberal government in Europe during 
 nearly forty years, these " Memoirs" will always be of interest. 
 
 The author's pictures of Alexander I., and of the famous in- 
 terview with Napoleon at Dresden in June, 1813, are the most 
 valuable portions of the book. This interview, however, had been 
 described by Thiers after a sight of the Metternich MSS., and, 
 therefore, the presentation as it here appears is not to be re- 
 garded as strictly new. 
 
 Treitschke, Heinrich von. — Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehn- 
 ten Jahrhundert. Vols, i.-iii., Leipzig, 1879-8G. 
 
 Of modern German historical writers, probably Treitschke is 
 the most picturesque and graphic, as well as the most powerful. 
 He is an ardent admirer of Prussian methods and Prussian states- 
 manship. His object in the great work, the first volumes of which 
 are here before us, is to explain the origin and depict the charac- 
 teristics of the new life of Germany. The chief agent of this new 
 life the author regards as the House of HohenzoUern. 
 
 The first volume begins with a full general introduction, designed 
 to show the sources of disunion. This disunion the author attrib- 
 utes chiefiy to the House of Hapsburg. The Treaty of Westphalia 
 was the first blow that disunion received. This made the several 
 states independent de jure as well as de facto ; and, consequently, 
 from that time they were able to group themselves as they chose. 
 
 The principal part of the volume is devoted to a description of 
 "The Downfall of the Empire," and "The Beginnings of the 
 Confederacy." The work of Stein receives full and adequate, as 
 well as generous, treatment, and the volume closes with the second 
 Treaty of Paris. 
 
 The author writes with strong prepossessions if not prejudices; 
 but his work in point of ability must take rank among the fore- 
 most of recent historical productions. The second and third vol- 
 umes are especially worthy of notice. 
 
 Kliipfel, K. — Geschichte der deutschen Einheitsbestrebungen bis 
 zu ihrer Erfiillung, 1848-71. 2 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1872-73.
 
 280 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The most satisfactory history yet written of the various efforts 
 to establish a German Union in place of the old German Confed- 
 eration. The author published in 1853 a similar worlc on the 
 period previous to 1848 ; and the encouragement which that pre- 
 liminary study received led to the further prosecution of his in- 
 vestigations, and the ultimate publication of the present more 
 elaborate work. It has substantial merits ; and, though not a 
 work of the first order of talent, may be used with profit by any 
 student of the present century. 
 
 Frank, Constantin. — Die Wiederherstellung Deutschlands. Bvo, 
 Berlin, 1865. 
 
 A book of considerable value in the work of showing the 
 condition of Germany before the constitutional changes that re- 
 sulted from the war of 1866. The work is a powerful plea for 
 the dissolution of the old confederation and the establishment of 
 a new and a stronger union. The necessity of a union, the weak- 
 ness of the tie at the time the author wrote, the difficulties in the 
 way, and the proper methods of overcoming them are presented 
 with clearness and ability. 
 
 Van Deventer, M. L.^-Cinquante Annees de I'llistoire Federale 
 de I'Allemagne. Etude historique et politique. 8vo, Brus- 
 sels, 1870. 
 
 In no book will the student get a better account of the German 
 Confederation from 1815 to 18GG than in this volume. The 
 author discusses the organization and character of the Federal con- 
 stitution, the characteristics of the Diet, the Zollverein, the effort 
 in behalf of unity in 1848, the dissolution of the old Confeder- 
 ation, and the final establishment of the North German Union 
 under the leadership of I'russia. 
 
 Lecomte, Ferdinand. — Guerre de la Trusso ct de I'ltalie contrc 
 rAutriche et la Confederation Germaiii(iue en 1866. Rela-
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY, 281 
 
 tion historiqne et critique. Avec cartes ct plans. 2 vols., 
 8vo, Paris, 1868. 
 
 This work, prepared by a Swiss officer, is probably the most 
 satisfactory yet published 'on the war of 1866. It has good maps 
 and plans, and is especially excellent in its account of the grow- 
 ing political animosities of Prussia and Austria before the final 
 outbreak of the war. 
 
 Hozier, H. M. — The Seven Weeks' War. Its Antecedents and 
 
 its Incidents. 2 vols., 8vo, London and Philadelphia, 1867. 
 
 One of the best accounts in English of the war of 1866. It is 
 founded on letters written to the Times, is easy to read, and is 
 well illustrated with maps and plans. 
 
 As a history of the war it is, of course, not to be accepted as 
 final authority on all points. It has the merits simply of a 
 graphic picture of a short but momentous struggle. 
 
 Veron, Eug. — Ilistoire de I'Allemagne depuis la Bataille de Sa- 
 dowa. 12mo, Paris, 1874. 
 
 A spirited picture of Germany during the important period be- 
 tween the close of the Austro-Prussian war and the end of the 
 great struggle between Germany and France in 1871. The au- 
 thor admits the infatuation of France, and sees no hope of coping 
 witb Germany except in a thorough reform of her institutions. 
 The reforms that took place in Germany, and the reorganization 
 of administrations at the close of the war, are well described at 
 the end of the volume. 
 
 Droysen, Joh. Gust. — Abhandlungen, zur neucren Geschichte. 
 8vo, Leipsic, 1876. 
 
 The importance of these essays is chiefly in the light they
 
 282 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 throw on the relations of the several German states with one an- 
 other during the present century. The author here develops 
 more fully the idea advanced in the early part of his great " His- 
 tory of Prussian Politics " — namely, that Prussia, throughout its 
 history, has had a distinct mission in German political affairs ; and 
 that it is the prime duty of the historian to point out that mis- 
 sion. The great work of Prussia has been, in his opinion, to pre- 
 vent Germany from becoming " kosakisch," on the one hand, and 
 *' republikanisch," on the other. This position gives a key to the 
 spirit of all of Droysen's works. 
 
 The most valuable of the essays have the following titles: 
 " Zur Geschichte der deutschen Partci in Deutschland ;" " Preus- 
 sen und das System der Grossmachte ;" " Zur Geschichte der 
 preussischen Politik in den Jahren 1830-32;" and " Friedrichs 
 des Grossen politische Stellung im Anfang des schlesischcn Krie- 
 ges." 
 
 The author's style is always difficult, and here, as well as in his 
 larger work, he maintains his apparent contempt for what he 
 calls " rhetorische Geschichtschreibung." 
 
 Treitschke,Heinrich von. — Zehn Jahre deutscher Kampfe, 1865- 
 74. 2te Aufl.,fortgefiihrt bis zum Jahre 1879. Svo, Berlin, 1879. 
 
 A book quite worthy and characteristic of one of the most in- 
 fluential teachers and writers of history in Germany. Treitschke 
 was a pupil of Iliiusser's ; he writes in an especially spirited and 
 rhetorical style, and is an intense supporter of Prussian policy. 
 The essays which make up the volume are perhaps the ablest 
 presentation we have of the important political problems arising 
 between the Danish war and the complete establishment of the 
 empire. 
 
 Riistow, W. — The War for the Rhine Frontier. Its Political and 
 .Military History. Translated from the German by J. G. Need- 
 ham. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1871-72. 
 
 Though the writer is a military officer, and, in general, an histo-
 
 mSTOKIES OF GERMANY. 283 
 
 riaii of military affairs, yet tlie portions of this work that will be 
 found of greatest interest and value arc those of a political nature. 
 The author has succeeded, in the first volume, in giving an ad- 
 mirable portrayal of the difference between the German and the 
 French system, as well as of the events immediately pi'eceding 
 the war. The more strictly military events are described with 
 the author's well-known ability and skill. 
 
 Junck, Karl. — Dor deutscb-fraazosische Kricg, 1870 und 18*71. 
 Historisch, politiscli und kriegswissenschaftlich dargestellt. Mit 
 Karten und Pliinen, 2 vols., Svo, Leipsic, 1876. 
 
 One of the most satisfactory histories of the war from a Ger- 
 man point of view. The author was an officer of the army, and 
 consequently the work is cast in a military mould ; but the vol- 
 umes give abundant evidence that Herr Junck thought of other 
 matters besides battles and sieges. The historical and political 
 phases of the work are worthy of commendation. 
 
 III. IIISTOEIES OF INDIVIDUAL STATES. 
 
 Coxe, William. — History of the House of Austria from the 
 Foundation of the Monarchy by Rodolph of Ilapsburg to 
 the Death of Leopold the Second, 1218-1792. 3 vols., crown 
 Svo. Also Continuation from the Accession of Francis I. to 
 the Revolution of 1848. 1 vol., crown Svo, London, 1860, 
 
 Of the numerous scholarly productions of Archdeacon Coxe, 
 this is one of the most useful. Besides being a work of real in- 
 trinsic merit, it has the greater distinction of being the only com- 
 plete history of the House of Austria accessible to the reader of 
 English. The author has dealt very fully with the military affairs 
 with which Austria has been engaged, and his accounts of mili- 
 tary transactions are always clear and often graphic. In his 
 presentation of the causes of the wars he is not so fortunate.
 
 284 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 There is often a certain vagueness that must be regarded as a 
 fault. As an example of this may be noted his account of the 
 Prussian claims to Silesia. But, in spite of this defect, the work 
 is one of substantial value. 
 
 The " Continuation " was prepared by two hands. Mr. Walter 
 K. Kelley wrote the epitome of the history from the accession of 
 Francis I. to the close of the Hungarian war in 1849. This is 
 followed by the treatise that forms the body of the work, enti- 
 tled "Genesis of the Revolution in Austria." It is written by 
 Count Ilartig, an Austrian official of high rank. At the time of 
 its publication it attracted so much attention for its ability and 
 its boldness that several editions were called for in rapid succes- 
 sion. The author took the ground that " there are no abrupt 
 transitions in nations," and that the causes of the Revolution 
 were to be looked for in the characteristics of the government it- 
 self. It is a most searching piece of criticism, and is well worth 
 the study of any student of political history. It had much to do 
 with the amelioration of Austrian methods of government and 
 administration. 
 
 Krones, Franz. — Ilandbuch der Gcschichte Oestcrreichs, von der 
 altesten bis zur neuesten Zeit, mit besondercr Riicksicht auf 
 Lander-, Volkerkunde und Culturgeschichtc. 4 vols., 8vo, Ber- 
 lin, 1876-79. 
 
 For acquiring a knowledge of early Austrian history this is, per- 
 haps, the best authority for the use of a student. Its references 
 to other works arc sufficiently numerous to enable the reader to 
 pursue his investigations at will. As yet, however, the book has 
 not advanced to a date later than IVOO. The Austrian part in 
 the Thirty Years' War, and in the great struggles of the seven- 
 teenth century with France, form the most interesting and valu- 
 able part of the work. 
 
 Mailath, Johann Graf. — Gcschichte Oestcrreichs. 5 vols., 8vo, 
 Hamburg, 1834-50. 
 
 These voinmcs form a part of the Ilccrcn and Ukert scries, and
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 285 
 
 they are entitled to liigli rank. They make np what for thh'ty 
 years has been considered the standard history of Austria. The 
 style of the author is not of the best ; but to the reader of Ger- 
 man desirous of tracing the tortuous course of that imperial house, 
 the work will give much valuable information. 
 
 Its superiority over the work of Coxe is in the fact that it is 
 founded on a much more thorough study of the original sources. 
 The archives of the government, however, had not been fully 
 opened to investigation at the time Mailatli wrote. 
 
 Asseline, Louis. — Ilistoire do I'xVutriche depuis la Mort de Marie 
 Therese jusqu'a nos jours. 12mo, Paris, 1877. 
 
 A convenient and useful little book, designed to inform French 
 I'cadcrs of the general course of events in Austria during the last 
 century. 
 
 The author has made diligent use of the best authorities, and 
 has framed his materials into a readable book. The portion wliich 
 relates to the period before 1848, however, is inferior to the work 
 of Coxe; but for events since the Revolution the volume has 
 more substantial value. 
 
 Springer, Anton. — Geschichte Oesterreichs seit dem Wiener Frie- 
 den, 1809. 2 vols., Svo, Leipsic, 18G3-G5. 
 
 One of the best of the excellent series edited by Biedermann on 
 the contemporary history of European nations. Springer brought 
 to his work unusual qualifications. In addition to the attractions 
 of a clear and compact style of narration, he gives his readers a 
 vast amount of information derived from sources hitherto unex- 
 plored. 
 
 Though the Austrian archives were still, for the most part, in- 
 accessible, yet the proceedings of the parliaments of Bohemia 
 and Hungary were placed before the author, and consequently 
 he Avas able to throw much new light on several dark questions. 
 His description of the Austrian policy during the Napoleonic rule
 
 286 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 is masterly ; and his account of the " System " of Metternich, in 
 the second book, is one of the best specimens of modern analyt- 
 ical treatment. The work is pervaded with a spirit of intellect- 
 ual freedom as refreshing as it is rare. The second volume is 
 devoted chiefly to that turbulent period which ended in the pres- 
 ent union of Hungary and Austria. 
 
 Almost the only word to be said against the book is that it has 
 only a very meagre table of contents, and no index. 
 
 Vehse, Dr. E. — Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy 
 of Austria. Translated from the German by Franz Demmler. 
 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1856. 
 
 A picture of society and of public characters. The author's 
 model is Horace AValpole, though it ought to be said that, if he 
 follows Walpole, he follows hiin at a long distance behind. His 
 pictures are not derived from personal observation so much as 
 from study of what others have written. This is, of course, a 
 necessity, as the author deals with the whole period of Austrian 
 history from Maximilian I. to the death of Francis H., in 1835. 
 
 Arneth, Alfred, Ritter von. — Geschichte Maria Theresia's. 10 
 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 1880. 
 
 A work which takes high rank among the great historical pro- 
 ductions of the present generation. In many respects the volumes 
 of Arneth sustain the same relation to Maria Theresa and Austria 
 that those of Carlyle do to Frederick the Great and Prussia. 
 
 The German author is even more comprehensive in his method 
 of treatment than is his English contemporary. On the subjects 
 of art, education, and religion, where Carlyle showed some weak- 
 ness, Arneth is espocially strong. The merit of the work is not 
 simply in its comprehensiveness of design and fulness of treat- 
 ment, but also quite as much fi'om the fact that the author had 
 access to a vast amount of original materials never before ex-
 
 HISTORIES OF GERiMANY. 287 
 
 amined by any historian. As a history of Austria during the 
 most important period of the last century, it is without a rival. 
 
 De Worms, Baron Henry. — The Austro- Hungarian Empire. A 
 Political Sketch of Men and Events since 1866. 8vo, 2d ed., 
 London, 1877. 
 
 This volume is both historical and descriptive. The author 
 had the advantage of a long residence in Austria, and of great 
 familiarity with its political and social condition. As an account 
 of the present condition of the Austro - Hungarian empire the 
 work has no equal — indeed, in English, has no rival. The value 
 of the book is enhanced by several excellent maps, designed to 
 show the ethnographical and religious divisions of the people. 
 
 Hiiffer, Hermann. — Ocsterreich und Preusscn gegeniiber dor 
 franzosisehen Revolution bis zuni Abschluss des Friedens von 
 Campo Forraio. Vornehmlich nach ungedriickteu TJrkunden 
 der Archiv in Berlin, Wien und Paris. 8vo, Bonn, 1868. 
 
 A work of considerable importance, designed to show the criti- 
 cal relations of the two most powerful of the Gennan states to 
 each other, and the reasons why Germany was unable to pursue a 
 united policy towards France. The student of European politics 
 during the period of the French Revolution will find the work 
 suggestive and helpful. 
 
 Beer, A.— Zehn Jahre osterreichischer Politik, 1800-1810. 8vo, 
 Leipsic, 1877. 
 
 Since the opening of the archives at Vienna to historical inves- 
 tigators, the writings of Beer have been among the most impor- 
 tant contributions to our knowledge of recent German history and 
 policy. His volume on Austrian politics during the Napoleonic 
 period rests upon a minute, and at the same time comprehensive,
 
 288 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 study of the rich stores in the possession of the government. It 
 is divided into two parts, the first of which — entitled " Die Coali- 
 tion von 1805 " — deals with the period of Austrian history under 
 Graf Ludwig Cobenzl ; and the second — entitled "Die iister- 
 reichische Politik unter Stadion " — with the events from 1805 to 
 the Peace of Vienna. 
 
 Though somewhat ungraceful in style, the volume is a valuable 
 contribution to the literature of that eventful period. An ap- 
 pendix furnishes several of the most important of the newly 
 discovered sources. 
 
 Bbttig-er, C. W., and Flathe, T. — Geschichte des Kurstaates und 
 Konigreiches Sachsen. 3 vols., 8vo, Hamburg, 1830-71. 
 
 These volumes form a part of the Ileeren and Ukert scries, 
 and are still probably the best history of the Electorate and King- 
 dom of Saxony. The prominence of the electorate in the time 
 of the Reformation, and of the kingdom in the period of the Na- 
 poleonic wars, gives to the history of the country a very consider- 
 able general importance. The position of Saxony during these 
 ^'criods is described with clearness and discriminating judgment. 
 
 Stenzel, G. A. H. — Geschichte des preussischen Staates. 5 vols., 
 8vo, Gotha, 1831-54. 
 
 Stenzel's History of Prussia is one of the most valuable of the 
 series edited by Heeren and Ukert; and for some years has been 
 regarded as one of the mcjst satisfactory general accounts of that 
 nation. The author was professor of history at the University 
 of Brcslau, and enjoyed a high reputation as a scholar and author. 
 His work is free from the military flavor of Coscl, on the one 
 hand, and the strong political partisanship of Droysen, on the 
 other. The author's style is refreshingly picturesque, and, what 
 is not less rare among the historical productions of Germany, is 
 free from the strong bias of political prejudice. Unfortunately 
 the author did not live to complete the work. It ends with 
 1703.
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 289 
 
 Eberty, Prof. Felix. — Geschichte des prcussisclicn Staates, 7 
 vols., 8vo, Brcslau, 1873. 
 
 Of the larger histories of Prussia, this is the only one of im- 
 portance that embraces within its scope the whole period of the 
 national life. It bo<2;ins with the earliest known events, and con- 
 cludes with the stirring- scenes of 1871. In spirit and purpose it 
 is a happy mean between the military history of Cosel and the 
 political history of Droysen. It is more nearly what Stenzel's 
 work would have been had the author lived to complete his un- 
 dertaking. The result of Eberty's labors is the most readable 
 and the most useful of the several large histories of Prussia. 
 
 The portion relating to the period since Frederick the Great is 
 of especial interest. The author has made judicious use of his 
 materials, has given interesting views of social life and culture, 
 and has shown himself especially happy in his analysis of charac- 
 ter and his narrations of events. The prominent personages he 
 places before us with unusual clearness and vividness. This iis 
 especially noteworthy in the period of the Napoleonic wars. The 
 description of the years between 1848 and 1871 are much less 
 elaborate and somewhat less satisfactory. 
 
 The usefulness of the work is enhanced by a very full index. 
 
 Pierson, William. — Preussische Geschichte. 4te vermehrte u. vcr- 
 bcsserte Aufl. 2 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1881. 
 
 The author's style is compact and sententious ; and, conse- 
 quently, he is able to condense a vast amount of information into 
 a small space. He is not only a man of thought, but a man of 
 discriminating judgment. He penetrates at once to the kernel of 
 the subject in hand, and lays it before the reader with great clear- 
 ness and force. The narrative is accompanied with a large and 
 excellent map of Prussia, showing the acquisitio.ns of territory at 
 diflFerent periods of the nation's history. 
 
 The history is pervaded with an earnestness of patriotic admi- 
 ration for Prussia which, if it does not add to the judicial fairness 
 of the work, imparts a welcome glow of warmth to its pages. .It 
 closes with a good index. 
 
 19
 
 290 , HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Heinel, Dr. Eduard. — Geschichte Preussens, Bearbeitet und 
 vom Jahre 1867-71 fortgefiilirt von E. F. Laudien. 8vo, 
 7th ed., Konigsberg, 1876. 
 
 Heiners " History of Prussia" has for some years been a favorite 
 in Germany. The author's clear, simple, and picturesque style of 
 narration, his good judgment, and his firm grasp of the signifi- 
 cance of leading events have given his work a very great and a 
 very just popularity. 
 
 In the continuation, Dr. Laudien has endeavored strictly to 
 preserve the original characteristics of the earlier editions, and in 
 this effort he has been in the main successful. As a history of 
 Prussia in one volume, this is one of the best. 
 
 Droysen, Joh. Gust. — Geschichte der preussischen Politik. 5 
 vols, in 14, 8vo, Leipzig, 1868-86. 
 
 The first volume of this important work appeared in 1855, and 
 was at once hailed as the production of a master. The author, 
 almost immediately afterwards, was appointed to a professorship 
 of history in the University of Berlin, where he has since exerted 
 his powerful influence upon a very large number of students. 
 
 The eight volumes already published bring the history down 
 only to the early years of the reign of Frederick the Great. The 
 size of the work, therefore, puts it out of the range of all except 
 special students. But for one who would understand the funda- 
 mental principles of the Prussian government as they have been 
 slowly wrought out of a turbulent history, the volumes are indis- 
 pensable. 
 
 For thoroughness of research, the work of Droysen certainly 
 leaves nothing to be desired. In point of style, however, it is in- 
 volved, and lacking in perspicuity. In politics the author is a 
 monarchist of the Bismarck type, and, throughout the work, he 
 shows his devotion to high Tory ideas. He is as much opposed 
 to tlic principles of the French Revolution as was Burke or 
 George HI.; and, though his history only comes down to the 
 middle of the last century, his antipathies to the principles of 
 that great upheaval are often made manifest.
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 291 
 
 These are what may be regarded, perhaps, as faults of iniiior 
 importance. A more fundamental defect is the apologetic spirit 
 with which the author is accustomed to treat the unconstitutional 
 usurpations of the early Ilohenzollerns. The manner in which 
 the early promises of liberty in Prussia ■were trodden under foot 
 has received no adequate condemnation at his hands. 
 
 Cosel, E. von. — Geschichtc des preussischen Staates und Volkes 
 unter den Hohenzollern'schen Fiirsten. 8 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 
 1869-76. 
 
 As a description of the development of Prussia from the earli- 
 est times of the Ilohenzollerns down to the close of the Franco- 
 Prussian war, this history, in spite of some defects, is perhaps to 
 be preferred above all others. The author has not the deep po- 
 litical insight of Droyscn, nor the literary skill of Stenzel ; but 
 his work has the great advantage of describing a longer and a 
 more important period. It is founded on original research, and 
 is written with considerable skill, though it is hardly entitled to 
 the highest rank. 
 
 The most important portion is the latest. Five of the vol- 
 umes are devoted to the period subsequent to the outbreak of the 
 French Revolution. Tlie criticism most likely to be made is that 
 undue importance has been given to military affairs — a fact prob- 
 ably accounted for by the military vocation of the author. But 
 it must not be forgotten that the growth of Prussia has very 
 largely resulted from military successes. 
 
 As a comprehensive history of Prussia during- all the most im- 
 portant periods of the national history, it has no superior, except, 
 perhaps, the work of Eberty. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold. — Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg, and 
 History of Prussia during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth 
 Centuries. Translated from the German by Sir Alexander and 
 Lady Duff Gordon. 3 vols., Svo, London, 1849. 
 
 The most valuable account accessible in English of the history
 
 292 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 of Brandenburg and Prussia before the outbreak of the Seven 
 Years' War. It begins with an account of tlic gradual develop- 
 ment of the German territorial princes, the rise of the House of 
 HohenzoUern, and the way in which the family obtained posses- 
 sion of Brandenburg and Prussia. The accounts of the Great 
 Elector and of Frederick I. are brief, but of the highest value. 
 The reign of Frederick AVilliam I. is treated with much more ful- 
 ness, and with great discrimination and insight. This monarch 
 is shown to be not merely the brutal father and ruler he is often 
 represented as being, but a king with a stern purpose, who carried 
 out a definite domestic and foreign policy, and who left the im- 
 press of his ideas permanently stamped upon his country. 
 
 The second and third volumes are devoted to the reign of 
 Frederick II., from his accession in 1740 to the end of the peace 
 before the Seven Years' Waro The value of this part of the book 
 is in the calm but comprehensive account of the reforms insti- 
 tuted in the earlier part of Frederick's reign. Every reader will 
 regret that the history terminates so abruptly at an unnatural 
 point. The work was subsequently continued by the author, but 
 no translation of the continuation has been published. 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas. — History of Friedrich the Second, called Fred- 
 erick the Great. 6 vols., 12mo, New York, 185S-6G. Peo- 
 ple's Edition, 10 vols., 16mo, London and New York, 1873. 
 
 A work of superlative genius, which defies, every canon of crit- 
 icism and sets at nought every rule of historical composition. It 
 is a succession of startling flashes and detonations. In no one of 
 Carlyle's works do the peculiar qualities of his genius show them- 
 selves vvitli more intensity. There is scarcely a paragra})h that 
 does not contain in itself either a poem or a picture. 
 
 Tlie book is founded on the most exhaustive study and the 
 most careful observation. The author even visited the more 
 important of Frederick's battle-fields, and had surveys made in 
 the interests of absolute accuracy. Every scrap of German writ- 
 ing that would tlirow light on the reign appears to have been ex- 
 amined and weitihed. The result is one of the most remarkable
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 
 
 293 
 
 books in the English language, aiul one wliicli, all things consid- 
 ered, is unquestionably the best history uf Frederick the Great in 
 iuiy language. 
 
 The first two volumes are devoted to an account of the history 
 of Prussia down to the accession of Frederick. That which de- 
 scribes the reign of the eccentric father of the great king is one 
 of the mcst interesting and valuable portions of the work. The 
 third, fourth, and tifth volumes, and tlie first half of the sixth, are 
 devoted to the course of Frederick's reign during the wars that 
 have made his name so famous. The last half of the sixth vol- 
 ume discusses the remaining twenty-three years, which the author 
 calls "the afternoon and evening" of Frederick's life. A great 
 believer in kings and heroes, Carlyle found in Frederick a king 
 and a hero after his own heart. Though he is not blind to the 
 monarch's faults, he attributes them generally to the defects of 
 his education and the peculiarities of his age. In his last para- 
 graph lie defines him as "hitherto the last of the kings." 
 
 The book is admirably supplied with maps, tables of contents, 
 and an index. 
 
 Preuss, J. D. E. — Friedrich der Grosse. Eine Lebensgeschichte. 
 5 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1832-34. 
 
 Dr. Preuss, for more than twenty-five years, devoted himself 
 almost exclusively to the study of the life and works of Frederick. 
 No other man has ever so thoroughly mastered the subject. His 
 work is distinguished for great carefulness and exactness in the 
 statement of facts and details. As an authority, therefore, it is 
 of the highest value ; but it is not readable. The author had no 
 gift for organizing, arranging, or setting forth the results of his 
 researches. The volumes, therefore, with all their merits, can 
 hardly be said to be accessible to the general reader. 
 
 Thiebault, Dieudonne, — Frederic le-Grand, sa Famille, sa Cour, 
 son Gouvernement, son Academies, ses Ecoles, et ses Amis, 
 Generaux, Philosophes, et Litterateurs; ou mes Souvenirs de
 
 294 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Vingt Ans de Sejour a Berlin. 4th cd., 5 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1826. 
 
 A book abounding in piquant anecdotes. It is not organized 
 into any conventional form, but is simply an interesting bundle 
 of recollections founded upon the author's experience of twenty 
 years at the Prussian court. 
 
 The most valuable portion is the first half of the fourth vol- 
 ume, Avhich is devoted to a description of Frederick's government 
 in its different branches. 
 
 The anecdotes of the book, though often very curious, are ut- 
 terly untrustworthy. They were related long after the time when 
 they are said to have occurred, and the author must often have 
 depended upon his imagination for his facts. 
 
 Raumer, Frederick von. — Frederick the Second and his Times, 
 being Contributions to Modern History from the British Mu- 
 seum and the State-paper Othce. 8vo, London, 1837. 
 
 This volume, made up largely from new materials, throws 
 much new light on the international relations of Prussia and the 
 other countries of Europe. The general reader will find it, how- 
 ever, somewhat devoid of interest, as it makes no effort towards 
 a continuous narration of events. It may be used with profit in 
 connection with other works on the subject. 
 
 Mirabeau, Le Comte de. — Dc la Monarchic Prussienne sous Fre- 
 d6iu'-lc-(ii;iii(l. Avcc uu Appendice contenant dcs recherches 
 sur la situation actuellc des principalcs contrees de I'Alle- 
 magne. 8 vols., 8vo, London, 1788. 
 
 In 1786, Caionne sent Mirabeau to Prussia on a secret mission, 
 partly to remove liim from France, and partly to obtain informa- 
 lion concerning the resources of Prussia. 
 
 The result was that, in less than two years from the time of his 
 ap[)oinlment, Mirabeau had acc(jmj)lished the stupendous feat of
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 295 
 
 collecting the materials for this work, of writing it, and of put- 
 ting it througli the press. The haste of preparation accounts for 
 many inaccuracies of detail ; but, in spite of numerous faults of 
 this kind, the work has great value as a description of the condi- 
 tion of the nation. Agricultural, commercial, and military re- 
 sources are all surveyed ; and a folio volume of charts, maps, and 
 tables is ffiven in illustration of the text. 
 
 Veron, Eugene. — Ilistoire de la Prusse depuis la Mort de Frede- 
 ric II. jusqu'a la Bataille de Sadowa. 12mo, Paris, 1867. 
 
 A skilful presentation of the most important facts of Prussian 
 history since the death of Frederick the Great. The author 
 passed lightly over details of minor importance in order to devote 
 more space to those of peculiar significance. His object was to 
 show that Prussian power has not come by chance, but is the re- 
 sult of causes long in course of preparation. The book is written 
 from a French point of view and with French sympathies, but 
 without animosity. 
 
 Hillebrand, M. K. — La Prusse Contemporaine et ses Institutions. 
 12 mo, Paris, 1867. 
 
 Of this volume, part first is devoted to a description of the 
 work of Prussia in Germany in 1866 ; part second, to Prussia and 
 her institutions. The account, therefore, is descriptive rather 
 than historical. It is devoted to a discussion of the internal char- 
 acter and of the external relations of Prussia at the period of the 
 war which secured Prussian ascendency in Germany. 
 
 Hillebrand was a revolutionist in 1848, and ever since he has 
 been a keen observer of political affairs. As a study of Prussian 
 institutions, the work has real merits ; though, like all the minor 
 works of the author, it has an air of controversy about it which 
 detracts somewhat from its value.
 
 296 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Tuttle, Herbert. — German Political Leaders. 16ino, London and 
 New York, 1876. 
 
 Nineteen descriptive essays, forming an admirable introduction 
 to the leading personages in the recent political history of Ger- 
 many. The author's habit of mind is essentially critical. He 
 therefore not only describes, but analyzes and compares. lie is 
 convinced that the experiment that Germany is making in consti- 
 tutional government is already rich in lessons for the philosophic 
 student of politics, and several of these lessons he has not neg- 
 lected to point out. The volume may be studied with much ad- 
 vantage by any student of recent German political affairs. "The 
 Chancellor," "The Principal Ministers," "The Diplomatists," 
 "The Parliamentarians," "The Party Leaders," and "The Schol- 
 ars in Politics" are the titles of the several chapters into which 
 the volume is divided. 
 
 IV. IIISTOKIES OF INSTITUTIONS AND CIVILIZATION. 
 
 Arnold, Wilhelm. — Ansiedelungen und AVandcrungen deutschev 
 Stammc. Zumeist nach hessischcn Ortsnamen. 8vo, Mar- 
 burg, 1875. 
 
 A masterly study of one of the most difficult subjects of me- 
 diaeval history. At the time the volume appeared it was every- 
 where greeted as a genuine contribution to historical knowledge. 
 It has to do not so much with the movements of the German 
 races before what may be called historical times as with the 
 changes that have taken place since the fourth centur}'. The 
 most interesting part of the work is that embraced between chap- 
 ter vi. and the end of the volume, in which the author describes 
 the divisions of the land, and the nature of social and military 
 institutions. 
 
 Arnold, Wilhelm. — Deutsche Geschichte. Vols, i.-iii., 8vo, Gotha, 
 18H1-S3. Vol. i. is devoted to the Deutsche Urzeit; vols. ii. 
 and iii. to Die Friinkische Zcit. 
 
 The investigations carried on by the author while preparing 
 his great work on "Migrations" fitted him admirably to present
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 297 
 
 in popular form an account of early German institutions. This 
 lie lias done in the volume before us. The title, however, is 
 slightly misleading. It is not a description of prehistoric times, 
 but of the conditions of the Germans and their institutions at the 
 time they emerge into the historic period. Divided into two 
 parts, it describes, first, the movement which led to the establish- 
 ment of the Prankish dynasty, and, second, the condition of the 
 people and of their political and social customs. 
 
 Ozanam, A. F. — Les Germains avant le Christianisme. Recherchcs 
 sur les Origines, les Traditions, les Institutions des Peuplcs 
 German iques, et sur Icur Etablissement dans I'Erapire Romain. 
 12mo, 5th ed., Paris, 1872. 
 
 The author, a professor of foreign literature in the University 
 of Paris, availed himself very fully of the results of recent Ger- 
 man research. Though the book is perhaps somewhat less pro- 
 found than the works on the same period by Arnold, it has the 
 advantage of being written in a picturesque and entertaining 
 style, and is therefore more likely to awaken the interest of the 
 student. 
 
 The first part is devoted to a description of the origin, the re- 
 ligion, the laws, the languages, and the poetry of the Germans. In 
 the second part a description is given of the conflict between the 
 Romans and Germans — a conflict -which the author deems quite 
 as much one of institutions as one of arms. In chapter vi. he 
 presents essentially the same view as that put forward by Cou- 
 langes — viz., that the Germans -worked themselves into the empire 
 in various pacific methods, and that these methods constitute the 
 most important and interesting feature of what are commonly 
 called the invasions. A very interesting account is that entitled 
 " The Germans in the Public Offices." 
 
 Sohm, Rudolph. — Die Altdeutsche Reichs- und Gerichtsverfassung. 
 I, Band. Die frankische Reichs- und Gerichtsverfassunir. Svo, 
 AVeimar, 1871. 
 
 For a student of early German institutions this is a book of
 
 298 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the first importance. It embraces in its treatment tlie period 
 from the earliest history to the fall of the Carlovingians. It de- 
 scribes with great fulness the courts of the eai'l}' Germans, as well 
 as the methods of imperial and local administration. The book 
 is a part of the best results of recent German scholarship, and 
 perhaps, for the limited period of which it treats, is to be com- 
 pared in importance only with the great works of Waitz and 
 Maurer. 
 
 Maurer, Georg Ludwig von. — Geschichte der Markenverfassung 
 
 in Deutschland. 8vo, Erlangen, 1856. 
 
 With the possible exception of Waitz, no living writer has in- 
 vestigated with so much care the early organization of German 
 local institutions as has the author of this work. It is his belief 
 that the Mark system is the basis of modern municipal institu- 
 tions throughout Germany, and, as such, should be thoroughly 
 understood. The book is full of learning, and is indispensable to 
 one who would go to the lower foundations of German local in- 
 stitutions. 
 
 Maurer, Georg Ludwig von. — Geschichte der Dorfverfassung in 
 Deutschland. 2 vols., Svo, Erlangen, 1865-66. 
 
 Every student of German history and every traveller in Ger- 
 many has noted the peculiarities of the German village system. 
 The system is unique in some of its particulars. It is the result 
 of a slow evolution, which it is the object of Von Maurer in these 
 volumes to describe. The work is quite worthy of the author's 
 great fame. 
 
 Maurer, Georg Ludwig von. — Geschichte der Stildteverfassung 
 in Duiitschland. 4 vols., 8vo, Erlangen, 1869-71. 
 
 Tills great work is the culmination of Yon Maurcr's studies of 
 local institutions, carried on with unusual diligence and skill for 
 nearly half a century. He began his life work in the belief that
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 299 
 
 the theories then prevailing concerning the origin of German 
 municipal institutions were essentially erroneous. A general be- 
 lief had been entertained that they were Roman in their deriva- 
 tion. It was the purpose of Von Maurer to overthrow this belief. 
 lie examines the condition of the cities at each period in the 
 Middle Ages ; and the result is a work that, for its learning and 
 its critical acumen, has everywhere awakened the admiration of 
 the best scholarship. It takes high rank among the great his- 
 torical works of the present century. 
 
 Waitz, Georg. — Deutsche Verfassungsgcschichte. 8 vols., 8vo, 
 Leipsic, 1844-78. The first three volumes passed into a second 
 and enlarged edition, 1865-80. 
 
 These formidable volumes bring the constitutional history of 
 Germany down only to the middle of the tvv'elfth century. The 
 work may be called comprehensively exhaustive, but it is as 
 learned and able as it is elaborate. It is founded on the solid 
 basis of the most thorough and protracted investigation, and is 
 written in a style that is not unattractive. Every phase of the 
 early constitutional history of Germany has received the author's 
 careful attention. Very few students will find time to read it 
 from beginning to end ; but it is to the investigator of German 
 institutions what the work of Stubbs is to the student of the 
 early institutions of England. 
 
 The first volume is entitled " Die deutsche Verfassung in der 
 altesten Zeit ;" the second, third, and fourth, " Die deutsche Ver- 
 fassung im frankischen Reich ;" tlie fifth to the eighth, inclusive, 
 " Die Verfassung des deutschen Reichs bis zur vollen Herrschaft 
 dcs Lehnwesens." 
 
 The wealth of learning here shown will be most appreciated by 
 the student who has most to do with the questions discussed. 
 In the fifth volume nearly three Imndred pages are devoted to 
 " Das Volk und seine Standc." xVt the beginning of the sixth 
 the description of " Das Lehnwesen " occupies a hundred pages. 
 In the seventh is to be found an admirable account of the feudal 
 courts and of the prevailing systems of finance. The last chapter
 
 300 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 of the work, of somewhat more than a hundred pages, under the 
 title of " Die Furstenthiimer und Stiidte," shows the way in 
 which the Free Cities grew out of the feudal relations. 
 
 Some of the author's positions on the nature of benefices were 
 successfully controverted by Roth ; but the work as a whole is a 
 great monument of ability, learning, and industry. 
 
 The revisions made in the first three volumes are of much im- 
 portance, as the author has re-examined all positions that have 
 been assailed, and in a few instances has changed his views. 
 
 Kriegk, Gr. L. — Deutsclies Burgcrthum im Mittelalter, nach ur- 
 kundlichen Forschungen. 2 vols., 8vo, Frankfort, 1871. 
 
 A systematic presentation of the different vocations and char- 
 acteristics of citizenship in the Middle Ages. Trades and guilds 
 as well as social and political institutions and customs are care- 
 fully described. The value of the work is lessened by the absence 
 of references ; but the want of them is in part atoned for by 
 copious notes and illustrations at the end of each volume. The 
 arrangement is good. Each subject is treated historically, and is 
 carried through the entire period. For example, " Physicians," 
 " Brotherhoods," " Beggars," etc., are titles of chapters. It dif- 
 fers from Maurer in being a social rather than a political liistory. 
 
 Schafer, E. Dietrich. — Die Ilanscstadte und Konig Waldemar 
 von ])ancmark. JIansische Gcschichte bis 1376. Gckronte 
 Preisschrift. 8vo, Jena, 1879. 
 
 The latest and one of tlie most satisfactory studies we have of 
 that remarkable commercial activity which sprang up on the 
 ]3altic at the dawn of modern history. The work is the fruit of 
 a careful examination of tlic numerous writings recently published 
 by tlie Historical Society of the Hanseatic Cities. It is an ani- 
 mated picture of th(^ urban activity of the period. Though not 
 an analysis and desciiption of the entire system, it is a good por- 
 traval of many of its general cliiiracteristics.
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 301 
 
 Ave-Lallemant, F. C. B. — Das deutscbc Gaunerthum in seiner 
 social-politischen, litcrarischcn nnd linguistischcn Ausbildung 
 zu scincni heutigen Jjcstande. Mit zahlreichen llolzsclinittcn. 
 4 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1858-62. 
 
 One of the most curious products of modern German scholar- 
 ship and industry. It is a picture of the various forms of ras- 
 cality in Germany during the past centuries, and, as such, tlirovvs 
 much light on the development of the German people. The first 
 and second volumes are the only ones of any practical value, the 
 third and fourth being devoted to the philology of the rogues' 
 dialects. The author was not a philologist, but a somewhat 
 learned commissioner of police. 
 
 Riehl, W. H. — Die Naturgescliichte des Volkes als Grundlagc 
 einer deutschen Social-Politik. 3 vols., 8vo, Stuttgart, 1847- 
 51. The sixth edition, containing many corrections, was pub- 
 lished in 1866. The volumes are also published separately, un- 
 der the following individual titles: "Land und Leute," "Die 
 biirgerliche Gcsellschaft," and "Die Familie." 
 
 In the volume on " Land und Leute," the author describes the 
 geographical and ethnographical characteristics of Germany and 
 of the German people, including also the various groupings into 
 nationalities and cities as well as into ecclesiastical systems. The 
 second volume describes the organization of society. After the 
 introduction, the work is divided into four parts — one on "Die 
 Bauern," one on "Die Aristokratie," one on "Das Biirgerthum," 
 and one on " Der vierte Stand." The volume on the Family is 
 devoted to a discussion of " Mann und "\Veib " and " Hans und 
 Familie," 
 
 The first and second volumes are of much the greatest impor- 
 tance. They are descriptive rather than analytical ; and, as the 
 style is easy and flowing, and is enlivened by the frequent intro- 
 duction of illustrative anecdotes, they are easy and agreeable read- 
 ing. The author's other works, " Geschichte der alten Zeit," " Kul- 
 turstudien," " Kulturgeschichtliche Novellen," " Aus Feierabend," 
 and "Aus der Ecke," are entertaining and excellent books."
 
 302 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Soldan, Wilhelm Gottlieb. — Gcscbichte der Hexcnprocessen, neu 
 bearbeitet von Dr. Heinricb Heppe. 2 vols., 8vo, Stuttgart, 1880. 
 
 A history of witchcraft, and of the attempts of humanity to ex- 
 terminate it. Beginning with Oriental and Grecian history, the 
 author traces the delusion through the Middle Ages, and ends with 
 the last of the witches in the eighteenth century. He shows that 
 a belief in witchcraft has prevailed everywhere, excepting, per- 
 haps, in America; for of the few persons burned as witches in 
 America he has apparently never heard. 
 
 The account embraced in chaps, xii.— xix. is a portrayal of one 
 of the most remarkable episodes in the history of the human race. 
 The author gives a list of the executions at Wiirzburg for a single 
 month, during every day of which from two to nine persons were 
 burned. 
 
 The attitude of the Church to witchcraft at different periods is 
 presented with admirable self-restraint. The author shows that 
 Protestants and Catholics w'ere equally zealous in their determina- 
 tion to exterminate all who were possessed with the devil. 
 
 Wachter, Dr. Carl Georg v. — Deutsches Straf recht. 8vo, Leipzig, 
 1881. Also Beilagen zu Vorlesungen uber das deutsche Straf- 
 recht. 8vo, Leipzig, 1881. 
 
 An important contribution to our knowledge of the judicial 
 processes in Germany before the reforms of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. The most curious part of the work is that which describes 
 the witchcraft mania that raged in Germany during most of the 
 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. For example, the author 
 shows that in one part of Germany, in the course of a single "Proc- 
 ess" extending from 16G1 to 1664, one eighteenth of the inhab- 
 itants were burned for witchcraft, and that, too, generally on the 
 testimonv of the witches themselves. 
 
 Wirth, Johann Georg August.— Die Geschichtc der Deutschen.
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 303 
 
 Second and greatly improved edition, 4 vols., 8vo, Stuttgart, 
 1853. 
 
 Not so inucli a history of events as a history of development. 
 The author touches but slightly upon the means and methods by 
 which one dynasty came to succeed another, but he dwells with 
 great fulness on the characteristics of the various national institu- 
 tions and on their influence on the life of the people. The work 
 shows industry and discrimination in the use of materials, good 
 judgment in arrangement, and simplicity and clearness in method 
 of presentation. While it is learned, it is popular in the best 
 sense of the term. It begins with the earliest known history, and 
 ends with the fall of the empire in 1806. 
 
 Sugenheim, S. — Geschichte des deutschen Volkes und seiner Kul- 
 tur von den ersten Anfangen historischer Kunde bis zur Gegen- 
 wart. 3 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1866-69. 
 
 Sugenheim has long been known as a careful and diligent stu- 
 dent of the Middle Ages. His history of the emancipation of 
 slavery and serfage was everywhere received as a masterpiece of 
 liistorical and literary work. 
 
 The book before us has much more considerable scope. It sets 
 out witli the purpose of describing the condition of the several 
 classes of the German people in each of the periods from the ear- 
 liest time to the present day. But the work is brought down by 
 the three volumes only to A.D. 1470. So far as has yet been 
 published, it is, therefore, a work on the social condition of Ger- 
 many in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Janssen, Job. — Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Aus- 
 gange des Mittelalters. Vols, i.-v., 8vo, Freiburg, 1876-86. The 
 great Catholic modern authority, the popularity of which is indi- 
 cated by the fact that it has already passed through twelve editions. 
 
 The author assures us that he has given the labors of twenty 
 years to the study of the German people from the close of the 
 Middle Ages to the fall of the empire. It is his purpose to era-
 
 304 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 body the results of these studies in six volumes, each of which 
 shall be devoted to the consideration of one of the phases of this 
 period, and be independent of the others. The first volume, that 
 given to a consideration of the moral and intellectual condition 
 of Germany at the time of tlie Reformation, was so successful 
 that it speedily passed through four editions. It gives abundant 
 promise that the whole work, if completed, will be a most valua- 
 ble addition to the historical literature of Germany. 
 
 The first part, devoted to " Volksunterricht und Wissenschaft," 
 and " Kunst und Volkslcben," gives a very entertaining view of 
 the German people in the fifteenth century. This includes a pict- 
 ure of the universities and schools, and of literature and art at 
 the time of the invention of printing. 
 
 Janssen writes with strong convictions from a Catholic point 
 of view ; but his investigations have been so comprehensive, 
 and his style is so pungent, that the work has at once taken 
 rank among the most noteworthy of recent historical works. 
 
 Biedermann, Karl. — Dcutschlands politische, materielle, und so- 
 ciale Zustiindc im achtzehnten Jahrhundert. 4 vols., 8vo, Leip- 
 sic, 1854-80. The first two volumes appeared in a new and 
 revised edition in 1880. 
 
 A descriptive rather than an historical work, but one of very 
 great importance. Nowhere else can so many interesting facts 
 be found illustrative of the social and political condition of Ger- 
 many during the last century. No one can advance very far in 
 the way of a complete appreciation of the labors of Frederick the 
 Great, of the reforms of Stein, or even of the influence of the 
 French Revolution, until lie has made himself familiar with the 
 wretched state of affairs which it was their mission to supplant. 
 And in no other book is this condition so well described. The 
 author's investigations were most thorough and most comprehen- 
 sive ; his arrangement is generally skilful, and his method of pres- 
 entation is always attractive. 
 
 The good <)iialitiL'.s of the work appear most conspicuously in
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 305 
 
 the first two volumes, Avliich arc devoted to questions of a social 
 and political nature. With the condition and histor}' of litera- 
 ture and art the author seems to he equally familiar; but this 
 phase of the general subject has been ably treated by others, and 
 therefore its presentation here is less new and less important. 
 The third and fourth volumes seem also to show somewhat less 
 skill in their arrangement and method. For the work as a whole, 
 however, every student of German history should be thankful. 
 
 Balcke, Theodor. — Bilder aus der Geschichte der deutschen Land- 
 
 wirthschaft. 3 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1876-77. 
 
 A scries of ten pictures arranged in historical order, for the 
 purpose of showing the industrial condition of Germany from the 
 earliest times to the present day. The most striking portions of 
 the work are the views given of German husbandry since the be- 
 ginning of , the sixteenth century. 
 
 The deep wounds of the Peasants' War were, in the author's 
 opinion, completely healed in the course of one generation. Then 
 followed a period of remarkable prosperity. Merchants became 
 wealthy, products of the soil were sold at a high price, and the 
 streams of wealth continued to flow until the disastrous outbreak 
 of the Thirty Years' War. Then the land once more became al- 
 most a desert. The author asserts that " almost three foui'ths of 
 the inhabitants and eighty per cent, of the movable property per- 
 ished ;" while " all the villages and many of the cities were in 
 ruins." Great credit, in the opinion of the writer, is due to 
 Frederick William I. for a system of husbandry which enabled 
 Prussia at least to recover from the effects of these disasters. The 
 labors of Frederick the Great, the impotence of Frederick William 
 II., the abolition of serfdom by Stein, are each subjected to care- 
 ful examination. 
 
 The whole work rests upon a painstaking and comprehensive 
 study of authorities; and, excepting, perhaps, for a somewhat too 
 emphatic method of statement, it is entitled to hearty commen- 
 dation. 
 
 20
 
 306 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Stael, Baroness de. — Germany. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1813. 
 Many subsequent editions have been issued, but no important 
 revision has been made. 
 
 Perhaps the greatest work of one of the greatest literary gen- 
 iuses of her age. In it the author endeavored to portray the char- 
 acter of the Germans, and to account for the peculiarities of their 
 social and political life. This purpose led her into an examina- 
 tion and a discussion not only of their institutions, but also of 
 their literature and their philosophy. 
 
 The book was the first to call the attention of the outside 
 world to the real character of German life and letters. It came 
 upon Europe as a new revelation. It was therefore as surprising 
 for its novelty as it was remarkable for the keenness of its in- 
 sight and the grace of its expression. 
 
 Freytag, Gustav. — Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit. 4 
 vols, in 5, 12mo, Leipzig, 1884-86. 
 
 The key to the spirit of these volumes is in the first sentence 
 of the introduction, in which the author says that " the German 
 seeks in vain for the good old time." Each of the volumes con- 
 tains twelve essays, the first group being devoted to the task of 
 illustrating the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; the second, to 
 that of the seventeenth and eighteenth. 
 
 The titles of the chapters will convey some idea of the charac- 
 ter of the work. Among others are to be named the following: 
 " Lebcn cines deutschen Gutsbesitzers vor 300, 200, 100 Jahren," 
 " Deutsche Fvirstcn auf dem Reichstage," " Eincs jungen Gelehr- 
 tcn Ilochzeit und Ilaushalt," "Deutschcr Adcl im scchszohnten 
 Jahrhundort," "Der dcutschc Tcufel," "Gauncr und Abcntcurer," 
 " lirautstand und Ehe am Ilofc," " Deutschcs Badelcben." No 
 less tlian six of tlic " pictures" in the second volume are devoted 
 to the period of the Thirty Years' War. 
 
 The noteworthy characteristic of these sketches is their delight- 
 ful literary flavor. They are just what the title indicates, a series 
 of historical pictures ; and they are painted by a master's hand.
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 307 
 
 Perhaps no writer of German prose at the present day commands 
 a more graceful and charming method of expression. The great 
 popularity of the volumes in Germany has been well deserved. 
 Many new editions have been called for, but no revisions have 
 been needed. 
 
 Freytag, Gustav. — Neue Bildcr aus dem Leben des deutschen 
 Volkes. 12mo, Leipsic, 1862. 
 
 Of these twelve charming papers, four or five are especially 
 worthy of note. The first, "Aus dem Leben des deutschen 
 Bauers," is a sketch, fifty pages in length, of the condition of the 
 peasantry from the time of the Romans down to the French Rev- 
 olution. The second is a similar picture, entitled "Aus dem 
 Leben des niedern Adds." The third portrays the growth of the 
 middle class. Under the title " Aus dem Staat Friedrichs des 
 Grossen," the author gives a series of views of the real condition 
 of the country ; and in the eleventh essay, entitled " Die Erhe- 
 bung," we have a view of the way in which all classes were 
 aroused to throw off the foreign yoke after the disasters of 1806. 
 The concluding paper, " Erkrankung und Heilung," is an en- 
 deavor to point out the real difficulty, and the nature of the true 
 remedy. 
 
 All of these essays are remarkable for that delightful combina- 
 tion of instruction and entertainment of which Freytag is so con- 
 summate a master. 
 
 Hawkins, Bisset. — Germany, the Spirit of her History, Litera- 
 ture, Social Condition, and National Economy. Illustrated by 
 reference to her Physical, Moral, and Political Statistics, and by 
 comparison with other Countries. 8vo, London, 1838. 
 
 This study of Germany from a political economist's point of 
 view is not without some merits. It is an attempt to draw a 
 picture by means of colorless statistics and not very interesting- 
 facts. The volume, therefore, is not so attractive as it is valuable. 
 It marshals a formidable array of figures of considerable interest
 
 308 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 to one who is studying the natural resources and the productions 
 of the country, but it presents very few attractions to the general 
 reader. 
 
 Baring-Gould, S. — Germany, Present and Past. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1879. 
 
 In these volumes the author has successfully attempted to trace 
 the causes of the condition of modern Germany. He has studied 
 the country with care, and has recorded the results of his observa- 
 tions with great discrimination and skill. Even the more difficult 
 intricacies of German social rank he has succeeded in presenting 
 before the reader, and in explaining them with admirable clear- 
 ness. In two chapters on the upper and the lower nobility he 
 has pointed out the peculiar stratification of German society. 
 
 Perhaps the most valuable poi'tion of the work is that which is 
 devoted to a description of the peasant proprietors. The subdi- 
 visions of property and the influence of small holdings on the 
 people are discussed in admirable spirit ; and an interesting ac- 
 count is given of the way in which, during the present century, 
 many of the larger and entailed estates have been broken up. 
 
 The book is one to be heartily recommended to any student 
 desirous of informing himself concerning the characteristics of 
 modern Germany. One of its prominent features is the informa- 
 tion it gives of what was done and what was not done for Ger- 
 many by the revolution of 1848. 
 
 Lorenz, Ottokar. — Drei P>iiclier Gcschichte und Politik. 8vo, 
 JJerlin, IhVG. 
 
 The essays here brought together are seventeen in number, and 
 the three books into which they have been grouped by the author 
 bear the titles, " Staat und Kirche," " Znr neuern und ncuesten 
 (ieschiehte," and " Jvritische Unteisuchungen zur Gcschichte des 
 i;j. und 14. Jahrhunderts." 
 
 'J'Ik! discussions show comprehensive learning, good judgment, 
 and (;ritical insight. In the less amplified form in which they
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 309 
 
 were first published they attracted considerable attention. Most 
 of the essays relate to German subjects, but several of the pa- 
 pers in the second book are devoted to English history. The 
 author here discusses, in a very suggestive manner, " English His- 
 tory in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," " English and 
 German Historians," " Henry VHI. and Anne Boleyn," " Lord 
 I'almerston," and "The Growth of the English Constitution," 
 
 Stroehlin, Ernest. — L'Etat Moderne et TEglise Catholique en 
 Allemagne. Premier volume : L'Allemagne sous le Regime des 
 Concordats, 1742-1870. 8vo, Geneva, 1875. 
 
 The most able and the most satisfactory discussion of the 
 ecclesiastical questions that liavc presented themselves in Ger- 
 many during the present century. The author belongs to the 
 Old Catholic wing of the Church, is a professor of theology at 
 Geneva, and has been personally familiar with all the important 
 movements in ecclesiastical affairs since the decrees of the Vati- 
 can Council. 
 
 The present volume is devoted to Bavaria, the Rhenish terri- 
 tory, and Prussia. It is apparently the author's intention to deal 
 with Austria and the remaining German states in a second vol- 
 ume ; and, in a third, to describe the contest between the Empire 
 and the Church since the Franco-German war. 
 
 Low, Ludwig, Freiherr von. — Geschichte dcr deutschen Reichs- 
 und Territorial- Vcrfassung ; audi zum Gebrauche bei academi- 
 schen Vorlesungen. 8vo, Heidelberg, 1832. 
 
 This is one of the most convenient and perspicuous descriptions 
 of the constitutional and political development of Germany. It wasi 
 the aim of the author to seize hold of the strategic points, and to 
 exclude rigidly all matter having no direct bearing on the subject 
 of constitutional development. Of course, the book is no substi- 
 tute for works like those of Maurer and Waitz, but it gives an
 
 310 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 excellent bird's-eye view of the whole subject. The author has 
 brought his materials together with conscientious care, and has 
 placed them before the reader in his foot-notes. The volume is 
 made easy of use by a good table of contents and a good index. 
 
 Martin, Dr. T. H. — Verfassung und Grundgesetze des deutschen 
 Reichs. Zum praktischen Gebrauche nach authentischen Quel- 
 len zusammengestellt. Als Anhang : Die Verfassungs-Urkunde 
 fiir das deutsche Reich. 8vo, Jena, 1871. 
 
 The organization of the German Empire, the most important 
 of the Federal statutes, the relations of the various states to the 
 general government and to one another, and the fundamental 
 laws which prevail throughout Germany are the subjects that the 
 author of this little volume has endeavored to make clear to the 
 reader. The book is especially helpful to a foreigner who would 
 get a clear insight into German political institutions. 
 
 Isaacsohn, S. — Geschichte des prcussischen Beamtenthums vom 
 Anfang des fiinfzehnten Jahrhunderts bis auf die Gegenwart. 
 3 vols., Svo, Berlin, 1874-84. 
 
 These two volumes give ample promise that the work, when 
 completed, will be the most satisfactory history of the Prussian 
 government ever published. The second volume brings the his- 
 tory down only to the beginning of the eighteenth century. It 
 is as learned as it is elaborate. 
 
 The several branches of the government are described with a 
 minuteness that will hardly be needed by any but a special stu- 
 dent ; but an excellent tabic of contents and a full index make 
 the work easy of consultation and useful to every explorer of 
 carlv I'russian ufTairs. 
 
 Lancizolle, Carl Wilhelm von. — (Jeschichtc der Bildung des 
 prcussischen Staats. 8vo, Berlin, 1828.
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 311 
 
 Beginning with a description of the methods by which the 
 House of IlohcnzoUern laid the foundation for their future suc- 
 cess in Nuremberg, the author proceeds to describe with careful 
 minuteness the various steps by which additions from time to 
 time have been made to the original Mark of Brandenburg. The 
 description, however, extends only to the year 1608. 
 
 The volume is one of great learning, and it has the reputation 
 of trustworthy accuracy. Its chief importance to the student of 
 Prussian history is in tlie fact that it brings within reach a clear 
 presentation of the grounds upon which Prussia laid claim to 
 Cleves, Pomerania, and Silesia. It also gives many interesting 
 glimpses of early methods of administration. 
 
 Oesfeld, Max von. — Preussen in staatsrechtlicher, kameralisti- 
 scher und staatswirthschaftlicher Beziehung. Das innere Staats- 
 recht mit besonderer Bezugnahme auf die prewssische Verfas- 
 sungs-Urkunde vom 31. Januar 1850. Ein populiires Hand- 
 und Iliilfslehrbuch der inneren Staatsverfassungs- und Verwal- 
 tungskundc iibcrhaupt. 2 vols., 8vo, Breslau, 2d ed., 1870. 
 
 As its title indicates, this is a popular hand-book. But it is 
 more. It contains an explanation of the Prussian systems of 
 finance, of police, of agriculture, of political economy, of munici- 
 pal organization, and of the relations of the various parts of the 
 State to one another. It also abounds in references to authorities 
 where further information may be obtained. To any student of 
 Germany not already familiar with the somewhat obscure charac- 
 teristics of German institutions, the work will be of great value. 
 
 Gervinus, G. G. — Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung. Fiinfte, 
 giinzlich umgearbeitcte Ausgabe. 5 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1853. 
 
 Of the many writers on the history and characteristics of Ger- 
 man literature, Gervinus is probably entitled to be called the most 
 able and the most critical. His knowledge is comprehensive, his 
 insight is profound, and his methods are severely analytical. 
 Ever since the first part of this work appeared, in 1837, it has
 
 312 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 been regarded as an authority of the first importance. It em- 
 braces within its scope the entire field of German literature from 
 its earliest appearance to the death of Goethe, in 1832. 
 
 But in spite of many great qualities, the work can never be so 
 highly esteemed by foreigners as it is by Germans, Of all writers 
 of German prose, Gervinus is one of the most difficult. His sen- 
 tences are not only long, but they are idiomatic, and often so in- 
 volved as to put a severe strain upon the reader's attention. In 
 one division of this history, covering nearly a hundred pages, the 
 paragraphs average five pages in length, and there are sometimes 
 not more than three or four sentences on a page. This is a tax 
 upon the reader's energies, to which not many foreigners will sub- 
 mit. Fortunately, however, the work is made easy of reference 
 by a very complete index. The fifth edition is much the best. 
 
 Hettner, Hermann. — Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im acht- 
 zehnten Jahrhundcrt. 2teAufl. 4vols.,8vo,Brunswick,1879-81. 
 
 This author, who had already made himself well known in Ger- 
 many by his works on English and French literature, here gives 
 us liis most important production. It is divided into three books. 
 The first describes German literature from the end of the Thirty 
 Years' War to the accession of Frederick the Great. The second 
 deals with the period of struggle for the establishment of a sen- 
 timent of German nationality as seen in the writings especially of 
 Klopstock, Wieland, Lessing, and "NYinckelmann. The third book, 
 in two volumes, portrays the classical period of German literature — 
 the age of Kant, Goethe, and Schiller, and their great contempo- 
 raries. 
 
 The cliaracteristics of the author are clearness and elegance of 
 style, skilful arrangement of material, independent and unpreju- 
 diced judgment, and especially a fine aesthetic sense and practical 
 instinct, which enable him to detect and point out the reciprocal 
 infiiicnccs that liave been at work in each of the periods under 
 review. Of all histories of German literature, it is the most read- 
 able, the most entertaining, and probably, for the period em- 
 braced within its scope, the most instructive. 
 
 The work closes without an index, but the order of arrange-
 
 mSTORIES OF GERMANY. 313 
 
 ment and tlic full tables of contents afford an easy clew to what- 
 ever may be desired. 
 
 V. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 1. Brycc's "Holy Roman Empire" may well be the beginning 
 of all systematic study of German history. This should be ac- 
 companied, however, by Simc, if a very brief sketch is desired ; or, 
 for a somewhat fuller account, by Lewis or Taylor. Mcnzel and 
 Dunham may be used for still fuller information. Tlic part of 
 Germany, in the period of the Reformation, is best described by 
 Hausser. The period of the Revolution is treated exhaustiveh', 
 as well as with great intelligence and good judgment, by Seeley, in 
 his "Life of Stein." For the period since the Revolution, either 
 the chapters on Germany in Alison's "Europe" or the works of 
 Veron and lliiffer may be used with advantage. The " Political 
 History" by Miiller, though brief, is both interesting and instruc- 
 tive. 
 
 2. The books for a more thorough study of Germany can be 
 found only in the German language. Arnold, Ozanam, Coulanges, 
 and Sugenheim are the most valuable authorities on the earliest 
 period. These should be followed by the works of Von Raumer 
 and Von Giesebrecht. Robertson's " History of Charles the Fifth," 
 Ranke's "Germany in the Time of the Reformation," and the 
 same author's " History of the Popes," are of great value in the 
 study of the sixteenth century. Hausser's " Period of the Refor- 
 mation" is the ablest general portrayal of Germany from 1515 
 to 16^8. Gardiner's little book on the " Thirty Years' War" is 
 the best on that subject written in English. The next period is 
 best described in Coxe's " House of Austria." Of the histories 
 of Prussia, Heinel, Pierson, Eberty, and Stenzel are the best ; or, 
 if the reader is not a master of German, Ranke's "House of 
 Brandenburg " and Carlyle's " Frederick the Great " should be 
 the substitutes. The great authority for the period from the 
 death of Frederick the Great to the Congress of Vienna is the 
 masterly work of Hausser. German history during and imme- 
 diately after the Napoleonic wars may be studied to best ad-
 
 314 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 vantage in Ilanke's " Hardenberg " and in Seeley's " Life of 
 Stela ;" though Van Deventer's " L'Histoire Federale," Veron's 
 " La Prusse et I'Allemagne," Springer's " Gcschichte Oester- 
 reichs," and Hillebrand's "La Prusse Contemporaine" are all of 
 importance. Treitschke's " Deutsche Geschichte," the first vol- 
 ume of which only has yet appeared, is a work of great power 
 and brilliancy, and promises to exceed all others in interest, if not 
 in value. De Worms's " Austro-Hungarian Empire" gives a very 
 satisfactory view of the more recent Austrian affairs and institu- 
 tions. 
 
 3. The student desirous of consulting original sources will find 
 the great collection of Pertz, entitled "Monumenta Germanise 
 Hlstorica," of the utmost value. It is in 13 vols,, 4to, and was 
 published in Hanover, 1826-54. Invaluable information con- 
 cerning the further sources of German history may be found in 
 Potthast's " Wegweiser." 
 
 The most trustworthy authorities on the early political char- 
 acteristics of Germany are Waltz, Sohm, Maurer, and Arnold. 
 Krlegk's " Deutsches Biirgerthum " is probably the best represen- 
 tation of German municipal institutions in the Middle Ages. 
 Wachter's "Beltrage" and Soldan's "Hexenprozesse" throw 
 floods of light on early German methods of jurisprudence. Lea's 
 "Superstition and Force" is also of great value. Sugenheim's 
 " Auf hebung der Lclbeigenschaft " paints in strong colors the sys- 
 tem of serfage that long prevailed. Isaacsohn is the most trust- 
 worthy authority on the early political institutions of Prussia. Sir 
 James Stephen's essay on " Hildebrand," in his "Ecclesiastical 
 Essays,"- is the best brief account in English of the great contest 
 between Gregory YII. and Henry IV. On the cities of the Hanse, 
 Sartorlus and Schilfer arc the authorities. Of the political tur- 
 bulence just before the Reformation, Goethe's "Gotz von Berli- 
 chingen" is one of the most successful representations. Scott's 
 "Anne of Geiersteln" also gives a striking picture. 
 
 In the study of the Reformation, Luther's "Table-talk" ought 
 not to be neglected, Erasmus's " Colloquies " and " Praise of 
 Folly " show at once why this autlior was willing to assail the 
 (yhurch, but was unwilling to join in the assaults by Luther. 
 Drummond's "Life of Erasmus," Stephen's "Essay on Luther," 
 and especially Fronde's essays on Luther and Erasmus, are of
 
 HISTOKIES OF GERMANY. 315 
 
 value. Fischer's " Auswilrtige rditik" is a valuable explanation 
 of the way in -which the Reformation was influenced by foreign 
 complications. The most convenient accounts of German affairs 
 in the time of the War of the Spanish Succession are to be found 
 in the works of Noorden and of Coxc. The deplorable condition 
 of Germany in the last century is graphically portrayed in Bie- 
 dermann's " Deutschland im achtzehnten Jahrhuiulert." Floods 
 of light are also thrown on the same subject by Perthes's " Staats- 
 leben vor der Revolution," by Moser's " Ilerr und Diencr," and 
 by the " Gesetztafel" of the Bishop of Speyers. The " Memoirs" 
 of Pollnitz, and of AVilhelmina of Baireuth, may also be read; 
 though, from the representation of the latter, large deductions 
 should be made. Carlyle's "Frederick the Great" is reviewed in 
 the North British Revieiv for January, 1859, and by J. R. Lowell 
 in the North American Revieio for April, 1866. Macaulay's es- 
 say on "Frederick the Great" is brilliant, but several of his po- 
 sitions are utterly demolished by Grimm in his essay on " Ma- 
 caulay and Frederick the Great." Brougham, in his " Statesmen," 
 has a sketch of Frederick that further investigation would doubt- 
 less have inodified. Max Miiller, in review ing Schlozer's " Cha- 
 sot" in vol. iii. of "Chips," discourses on the character of the 
 king. Frederick's own account of his reign and times may be 
 found in Holcroft's translation of his works. On the military 
 career of Frederick, Jomini is the great authority. The king's 
 literary activity is discoursed upon in an entertaining manner in 
 the "Life of Frederick" by Voltaire; also by Stahr in his "Life 
 of Lessing." On the same subject see also papers in Har2}€r''s 
 Monthly for December, 1858, and September, 1862; Quarterly 
 Revieiv for January, 1873 ; and LitteWs Living Age for Decem- 
 ber 10, 1870. The Austrian side of the great contests, extending 
 from the accession of Frederick to the fall of Napoleon, are best 
 studied in the writings of Arneth and Beer. 
 
 The general breakdown after the death of Frederick the Great 
 is best portrayed in Segur's " Frederick William IL," in Seeley's 
 " Life of Stein," and in the early pages of Hausser's " German 
 History." The subsequent military reform is well described in 
 those chapters of Seeley's "Stein" devoted to Gneisenau, Scharn- 
 horst, and Bliicher. Ranke's "Hardenberg" is of the first im- 
 portance to the student of the political phases of this period. Es-
 
 316 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 pecially to be commended is this lustonan's comparison, at the 
 end of the work, of the parts accomplished respectively by Har- 
 denberiij and Stein. Madame de Stiicl's " Germany" is a book of 
 real genius, and is of interest not only for its great intrinsic merits, 
 but also because it -was the first to point out the intellectual char- 
 acteristics of modern Germany. The impression thus made Avas 
 deepened by Carlyle's masterly essays on German authors, pub- 
 lished in the first volume of his "Miscellanies." The " Memoirs" 
 of Metternich are of great value for the light they throw on the 
 motives of Austria in the Napoleonic struggle. On the events 
 that led to the supremacy of Prussia, the essays of Von Treitschke, 
 Duncker, and Droysen are of the utmost importance. On a 
 kindred subject see the North American Review for October, 
 1871. The student Avill also receive valuable assistance from 
 Tuttle's " German Political Leaders," and from Stroehlin's " L'Etat 
 Moderne et TEglise Catholique en Allemagne." Kliipfel's "Ein- 
 heitsbestrebungen" is perhaps the most satisfactory general re- 
 view of Germany during this century. Oesfeld gives the best de- 
 scription of Prussian institutions at the present day ; and Martin 
 of those of the modern German Empire. Matthew Arnold's 
 "Higher Schools and Universities of Germany" is the best de- 
 scription in English of the German school system ; though Hart's 
 "German Universities" is the most graphic account of the life of 
 a German university student. Baring -Gould's "Germany, Past 
 and Present" is the best view in English of social institutions 
 and customs ; though if the reader is able to make use of German, 
 he will receive unfailing satisfaction in the "Bilder" of Freytag. 
 The works of Richl and Balcke are also valuable and interesting. 
 Of the several works on German literature that of Hettner is the 
 most readable and one of the most valuable. An excellent brief 
 sketcli of less than two hundred octavo pages is that in the sec- 
 ond volume of Weber's " Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte." 
 
 The following titles are also worthy of note : AV. Zimmcr- 
 mann's "Popular History of Germany from the earliest period to 
 the present day, with 600 illustrations by Gciger and others, 
 translated by Hugh Craig" (4 vols., 4to, London and New York, 
 1877), is an excellent popular history, but wiLliout an index. W. 
 AVachsmuth's "Geschichte der dcutschcn Nationalitiit " (3 vols., 
 8vo, Braunschweig, 1802). J. Schorr's "Gcrmania" (folio, Stutt-
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 317 
 
 garf, ISVG) is a popular illustrated work. J. Sighart's "Albert 
 the Great, translated by Rev. F. T. A. Dixon" (8vo, London, 
 1876). D, F. Strauss's " Ulrich von Ilutten," translated from 
 the second German edition (Svo, London, 1874). R. Stadel- 
 raann's " Friedrich Wilhelm L in seiner Thiitiokeit fiir die Landcs- 
 cultur Preussens" (Svo, Leipzig, 1878) — a striking presentation 
 of the national influence of Frederick William L F. T. Kugler's 
 " Life of Frederick the Great, translated from the German " 
 (royal Svo, London, 1877), has illustrations by Menzel of extraor- 
 dinary merit. E. N. Hudson's " Life and Times of Louise of 
 Prussia" (2 vols., Svo, 3d ed., London, 1878). Fr. v. Weech's 
 " Die Deutschcn seit der Reformation " (4to, Leipzig, 1879). W. 
 Oncken's"Oesterreicli und Preussen im Befreiungskriege"(2 vols., 
 Svo, Berlin, 1879) — a work of much importance, showing that 
 Thiers is often in error. Also the same author's " Das Zeitalter 
 Friedrichs des Grossen " (2 vols., Svo, Berlin, 1880-82), G. A. H. 
 Stenzel's "Geschichte Schlesiens" (vol. L, Breslau, 1855). W. 
 Maurenbrecher's " Carl der Fiinfte und die deutschcn Protestan- 
 ten " (Svo, Diisseldorf, 1865). M. Ritter's " Geschichte der Union 
 von den Vorbereitungen des Bundes bis zum Tode K. Rudolfs IL" 
 (2 vols., Svo, Leipzig, 1867-73). A. W. Schmidt's " Preussen's 
 deutsche Politik" (Svo, 3te Aufl., Leipzig, 1867). Also "Ge- 
 schichte der Preussisch-Deutschen Unionsbestrebnngen seit der 
 Zeit Fr. d. Grossen" (Svo, Berlin, 1851). E. Diimmler's "Ge- 
 schichte des Ostf riinkischen Reichs" (2 vols., Svo, Berlin, 2tc Aufl., 
 1865) extends to the end of the Carolingian dynasty. II. v. Sy- 
 bel's "Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich" (Svo, Diissel- 
 dorf, 1862). S. 0. Riezler's "Geschichte Baiern's" (2 vols., 
 Svo, Goth a, 1878-80). II. Berghaus, " Deutscliland seit Ilundert 
 Jahren " (5 vols., Svo, Leipzig, 1859-62). H. Riickert's " Cultur- 
 geschichte des deutschcn Volkes " (Svo, Leipzig, 1854). 11. 
 Kurz's " Geschichte der deutschen Literatur mit ausgewiihlten 
 Stiicken aus den Werken der vorziiglichsten Schriftsteller " (4 
 vols., 7te Aufl., Leipzig, 1876) — in double columns and sniall type, 
 but of much value, especially for its well-chosen extracts. L. 
 Cholevius's " Geschichte der deutschen Poesie nach ihren antiken 
 Elementcn" (2 vols., Svo, Leipzig, 1854-56) — a standard author- 
 ity showing in detail the relations of German poetry to the an- 
 cient classics. J. Hillebrand's " Die deutsche National-Literatur
 
 318 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 im XVIII. u. XIX. Jahih." (3 vols., 8vo, Gotba, 1875). Gost- 
 wick and Harrison's "Outlines of German Literature" (8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1873) — before the appearance of Scherer and Hosmer, the 
 best manual in'EngUsh. K. Haym's "Die Roraantische Schule" 
 (8vo, Berlin, 1870) — the best of several works on the subject. R. 
 von Raunier's "Geschichte der Germanischen Philologie, vorzugs- 
 weiso in Deutschland " (8vo, Miincben, 1870) — of great impor- 
 tance. II. Ruckert's " Culturgescbichte des deutschen Volkes in 
 der Zeit des Uebergangs aus dem Heidenthura in das Christen- 
 thum" (2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1883-84). J. J. Plonegger's "Kri- 
 tische Geschichte der franzosischen Cultureinfliisse in den letzten 
 Jahrhunderten " (8vo, Berlin, 1875). F. IL Hedge's "Prose 
 Writers of Germany " (large 8vo, Philadelphia, many editions) — 
 an admirable and useful work by a very accomplished scholar. 
 W. Taylor's " Historic Survey of German Poetry interspersed 
 with various translations" (3 vols., 8vo, London, 1830) — anti- 
 quated but interesting and valuable on account of its numerous 
 and skilful translations. 
 
 On the history of institutions the following are noteworthy : 
 Wilhelm Sickel's "Geschichte der Staatsverfassung bis zur Be- 
 griindung des constitutionellcn Staates" (vol. I., 8vo, Halle, 1879; 
 two other volumes promised). W, Stieda's " Zur Entstehung des 
 deutschen Zunftwesens" (8vo, Leipzig, 1877). C. Wehrmann's 
 " Die altcren Liibeckischen Zunftrollen " (8vo, 2te Aufl., Lubeck, 
 1872) — important contribution to the earliest history of guilds. 
 C. Th. V. Inama-Sternegg's " Deutsche Wirthschaftsgeschichte " 
 (8vo, Leipzig, 1879) — a book showing great ability and learning, 
 but bringing the history only to the end of the Carolingian period. 
 George Meyer's " Geschichte des deutschen Gerichtsverfahrens " 
 (8vo, Braunschweig, 1878). Also, " Lelirbuch des deutschen Ver- 
 waltungsrcchts " (2 vols., 8vo, verb. Aull., Leipzig, 1883) — one of 
 the most satisfactory works on German administration. G. Schon- 
 bcrg's "Zur wirthschaftlichcn Bedeutung des deutschen Zunftwe- 
 sens im Mittelalter" (8vo, Leipzig, 1868). W. Arnold's "Zur 
 Geschiclitc des Eigcnthums in den deutschen Stildten." Also 
 " Vcrfassungsgeschichtc der deutsclien Frcistiidte " (3 vols., 8vo, 
 Leipzig, 1854-Gl). J. Schcrr's "La Socicto et les Ma'urs Alle- 
 mands, traduit par V. Tissot " (3" cd., Paris, 1877). E. N. 
 Ilahn's " Gescliichtc der Ketzer im Mittelalter, besonders im XL,
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 319 
 
 XII., u. XIII. Jahrhundert " (8vo, Stuttgart, 1845). II. Ludcn's 
 "Gcs. des deutsclien Volkcs" (12 vols., Bvo, Leipzig, 1825-37) 
 — antiquated and superseded, but still sometimes quoted. K. 
 Ilillebrand's " German Thought from the Seven Years' War to 
 Goethe's Death" (12mo, New York, 1880). F. v. Iloltzendorff's 
 "Die Principien der Politik" (8vo, verb. Aufl., Berlin, 1879). 
 W. E. Wilda's " Das Strafrecht der Germanen " (8vo, Halle, 
 1842). K. W. Nitzsch's " Ministerialitat und Biirgerthum im 
 XI. und XII. Jahrh." (8vo, Leipzig, 1859). Fr. v. Weech's "Ge- 
 schichte der Badischen Verfassung" (gr. 8vo, Karlsruhe, 1868). 
 G. Schanz's " Zur Geschichte der deutschen Gcsellenverbande im 
 Mittelalter" (8vo, Leipzig, 1877). G. F. Sartorius's " Urkund- 
 liche Geschichte des Ursprungs der deutschen Hanse " (2 vols., 
 4to, Hamburg, 1830) consists largely of illustrative documents. 
 " Die Chroniken der deutschen Stadte vom XIV. bis zum XVI. 
 Jahrhundert, herausgegebcn von der historischen Commission bei 
 der .Koniglichen Bayerischen Akadcmie der Wissenschaften " 
 (20 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1870-87) — by far the most important col- 
 lection on municipal life in Germany during the Middle Ages. 
 
 4. Of recent works the following are of much importance: F. X. v. 
 Wegele's " Geschichte der deutschen Historiographie seit dem Auf- 
 stehen des Humanismus" (8vo, Miinchen und Leipzig, 1885) is an 
 invaluable guide to the history of historical study in the land where 
 it has reached its fullest development. AV.Wattenbach's " Deutsch- 
 lands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter bis zur Mittc des dreizehnten 
 Jahrhunderts " (2 vols., 8vo, 5th enlarged edition, Berlin, 1885) is 
 of the greatest value as a description of the characteristics and merits 
 of the original and secondary sources. The period following is cov- 
 ered by O. Lorenz's " DeutschlandsGescliichtsquellen im Mittelalter 
 seit der Mittc des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts" (2 vols., 8vo, 3d rev. 
 ed., Berlin, 1886-87) — a worthy continuation of Wattenbach's great 
 work. F. C. Dahlmann's " Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte " 
 (5th ed., revised by G. AVaitz, 8vo, Gottingen, 1883) consists of in- 
 valuable lists of authorities topically arranged. Lord Acton's "Die 
 neue dentsche Geschichtswissenschaft" (12mo, Berlin, 1887), or in 
 the original English {Historical Review, Jan., 1886) as "German 
 Schools of History " — an invaluable survey by a master. The 
 " Monumenta Germania? Historica" has reached more than fifty 
 volumes, of which over thirty are in folio, the rest in quarto.
 
 320 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 This great collection, made up of five main parts (I, "Scrip- 
 tores;" n. "Leges;" III. "Diplomata;" IV. " Epistolae ;" V. 
 " Antiquitates"), is indispensable for original work in mediaeval 
 German liistory. The contents of the several volumes are to be 
 found in the standard catalogues. The more important of the 
 " Scriptores " are also accessible to the reader of German in the 
 admirable series of translations known as " Die Geschichtschreiber 
 der deutschen Vorzeit." To the "Monumenta" JafEe's "Bibli- 
 otheca Rerum Germanicarum," made up mainly of the corre- 
 spondence of the Middle Ages, is an invaluable supplement. As 
 an exhaustive combination in annalistic form of all this v/ealth 
 of materials, another great series, the " Jahrbiichev der deutschen 
 Geschichte," is fast crowding out the older authorities. 
 
 J. Zeller's " Histoire d'Allemagne" (vols. I.-V. bring the history 
 only to Conrad IV., 8vo, Paris, 1872-85) promises to be a mon- 
 umental work. Denman W. Ross's " The Early History of Land- 
 holding among the Germans" (8vo, Boston and London, 1883) is 
 devoted to showing that the individual estate was the rule and 
 the communal estate the exception, instead of the reverse as is 
 commonly held. L. Lindenschmidt's " Handbuch der deutschen 
 Alterthumsknnde" (to be in three parts, of which only one has 
 yet appeared, 1880-88) promises to be of the first importance. 
 W. Arnold, two of whose earlier works are noted above, has more 
 recently issued "Deutsche Urzeit" (3te Aufl., 8vo, Leipzig, 1881) 
 and "Frankische Zeit" (8vo, Gotha, 1883) ; all of this author's 
 works have great merit. B. Erdmannsdorffer's " LTrkunden und 
 Actenstiicke zur Ges. d. Kiirf. Fried. Wm. v. Brandenburg" (10 
 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1804-80): — the most important collection on 
 the great elector. II. v. Sybel's " Entstehung des deutschen Konig- 
 thums" (2te Aufl., Frankfurt, 1881) contains views sharply op- 
 posed to Waitz. George Kaufmann's "Deutsche Geschichte bis 
 auf Karl den Grossen " (2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 1880-81); the re- 
 sult of studies that have been thorough and fruitful. II. Baum- 
 garten's "Geschichte Karls V." (vols. I.-II., Stuttgart, 1887 ; four 
 volumes promised, but at present rate eight will be needed) is 
 now the best authority on Charles V. Charles Benoit's "La Poli- 
 tique du Roi Charles V." (8vo, Paris, 1880) is a skilful attempt 
 to show the part of the emperor in shai)ing his realm and reform- 
 ing his government. L. Keller's " Die Reformation und die iiltcren
 
 HISTORIES OF GERMANY. 321 
 
 Rcformparteicn,im ilirem Zusainmenliaiio'c dargcstcllt" (8vo, Leip- 
 zig, 1885) is of importance. Sir W. Stirling-Maxwell's "Don John 
 of Austria, or Passages from the History of the Sixteenth Century " 
 (2 vols., royal Svo, London, 1883) is also a work of importance on 
 the same period. Lohnieyer's " Geschichte von Ost- und West- 
 Preussen" (1st pt., 2d ed., Berlin, 1881), and W. Fix's " Territorial- 
 geschlchte des preussischen Staates" (8vo, 3d ed., Berlin, 1884) are 
 worthy of note. Ernest Lavisse's " Etudes sur I'llistoire de Prusse " 
 (8vo, Paris, 1885) — generally dispassionate and valuable, J. Jans- 
 sen's " Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dcm Ausgang des 
 Mittelalters " (5 vols., Svo, Freiburg, 1887; of which the early 
 volumes have passed through fourteen editions, the thirteenth 
 having been carefully revised) — a work of consummate ability, 
 written from an ultramontane point of view. The fifth volume 
 carries the history to 1618. E. Ricmann's " Neuere Geschichte 
 des preussischen Staates vom Hubertsburger Frieden bis zum 
 Wiener Congress" (vol. L, 8vo, Gotba, 1882) — a worthy continu- 
 ation of Stengel. L. Stacke's "Deutsche Geschichte" (2 vols., 
 gr. Svo, Leipzig, 2te Aufl., 1882), written by different hands and 
 of very uneven merit, but abounding in most interesting illustra- 
 tions, consisting of charters, portraits, and contemporary docu- 
 ments. J. Scherr's "Deutsche Kultur- und Sittengeschichte " (Svo, 
 Ste Aufl., Leipzig, 1882 ; also in a French version). L. v. Ronne's 
 " Verfassung und Verfassungsrecht des deutschen Reichs" (5 vols., 
 Svo, 5te Aufl., 1884); also the same author's "Das Staatsrecht 
 der preussischen Monarchic" (4 vols., Svo, 4te Aufl., Leipzig, 1884) 
 — both works of the first importance. Edgar Loning's " Ge- 
 schichte des deutschen Kirchenrechts" (2 vols., Svo, Strasburg, 
 1878) ; also the same author's " Lehrbuch des deutschen Verwal- 
 tungsrechts" (gr. Svo, Leipzig, 1884); the former work, espe- 
 cially, is highl}^ esteemed. A. Huber's " Geschichte Oesterreichs" 
 (2 vols., Svo, Gotha, 1885) — one of the most successful of the 
 Hecren and Ukert series. D. Miiller's " Geschichte des deutschen 
 Volkes" (lite Aufl., Svo, Berlin, 1884)— a work of great and de- 
 served popularity. K. W. Nitzsch's " Ges. des deutschen Volkes " 
 (3 vols., Svo, Leipzig, 1883-85) is especially valuable for the 
 history of the common people. Stillfried-Alcantara and Kug- 
 ler's " Die Ilohenzollern und das Deutsche Vatcrland " (folio, 
 Miinchen, 1881). Ludv.ig Ilahn's " Fiirst Bismarck: sein poll- 
 
 21
 
 322 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tisches Leben und Wirken " (4 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1878-86). C. 
 Lowe's " Prince Bismarck, an historical biography " (2 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 188.5) — a work of rare excellence by the Berlin corre- 
 spondent of the London Times. Vol. L carries the narrative 
 from Waterloo to Versailles; vol. IL is devoted to the German 
 Empire. Ludwig Ilahn's " Geschichte des preussischen Vater- 
 landes" (8vo, 8te Aufi., Berlin, 1881, of which eight impressions 
 had been called for in 1883). Alfred Stern's " Abhandlungenund 
 Aktenstiicke zur Geschichte der preussischen Reformationszeit, 
 1807-1815" (8vo, Leipzig, 1885) — a work of the greatest impor- 
 tance on the internal political reforms. P. F, Stalin's " Geschichte 
 Wiirtemberg's" (8vo, vol. L, Gotha, 1882). 
 
 Of recent histories of literature the following should be noted: 
 K. Godeke's " Grundriss der Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung " 
 (3 vols., 2te Aufl., 8vo, Dresden, 1884) — a monument of patient 
 research and a recognized authority. A. Koberstein's " Grund- 
 riss der Geschichte der deutschen National-Literatur " (5 vols., 
 8vo, 6te Aufl., Leipzig, 1884) — a valuable work enriched with 
 scholarly foot-notes that occupy more tlian half the space of the 
 page. li.Konig's "Deutsche Literaturgeschichte" (8vo, 13te Aufl., 
 Leipzig, 1882) reproduces many interesting old wood-cuts, man- 
 uscripts, and autographs. A. F. C. Vihnar's " Geschichte der 
 deutschen National-Literatur " (8vo, 21te Aufl., 1883) — inferior to 
 Konig, but exceedingly popular for family reading. W. Scherer's 
 "Geschichte der deutschen Literatur" (2 vols., 8vo, 3te Aufl., 
 Berlin, 1885) — brilliant and full of original views. An English 
 version appeared in London and New York (2 vols., 8vo) in 1886. 
 L. Salomon's "Geschichte der deutschen National-Literatur des 
 neunzehnten Jahrhunderts" (8vo, Stuttgart, 1885). R. Gottschall's 
 " Die deutsche National-Literatur des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts " 
 (4 vols., 8vo, 5te Aufl., Breslau, 1881) — the great authority on the 
 subject. J. K. Ilosmer's "Short History of German Literature" 
 (12mo, St. Louis, 1882) — a series of animated sketches interwoven 
 with interesting personal reminiscences.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 323 
 
 Chapter X. 
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Crowe, Eyre Evans. — The History of France. 5 vols., Svo, Lon- 
 don, 1858-68. , 
 
 Some twenty-five years ago, this author was selected to write 
 the " History of France " for Lardner's Cabinet Library. The limits 
 of the work then desired did not call for general investigation of 
 authorities; but the volumes, when published, were so well re- 
 ceived by the public and the critics that the author determined 
 upon the production of a larger work founded upon the most 
 thorough original research. The result is the history before us. 
 References have not been multiplied, but the writer gives his 
 readers the comprehensive assurance that " no original document 
 or narrative has been left unconsultcd." The production bears 
 evidence of thorough research. It covers the whole period of 
 French history to the coup d'etat of Louis Napoleon ; and 
 though it is not of the highest order of merit, it is generally ac- 
 curate, is composed with temperate judgment, and is presented in 
 a style of considerable literary merit. On the whole, it must be 
 considered one of the most desirable histories of France in the 
 Enorlish lantruao-e. 
 
 Dareste, Cleophas. — Histoire de France depuis lesOrigines jusqu'a 
 nos jours. 8 vols,, Svo, Paris, 1865-73. 2d ed., 1875. 
 
 One of the most desirable of the general histories of France. 
 The author has not the conspicuous ability of Martin or Michelet, 
 but he shows great industry in the investigation of sources, good
 
 324 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 judgment in the arrangement of materials, and descriptive powers 
 of a high order. As an authority midway between the brevity of 
 Duruy and the comprehensiveness of Martin, the work may safely 
 be recommended as the best. Its good qualities have been recog- 
 nized by the highest authority in France ; for it twice received 
 the great Gobert Prize from the Academy. 
 
 Duruy, Victor. — Ilistoire de France. Nouvelle edition, illustree 
 d'un grand nombre de gravures et de cartes geographiques. 2 
 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1876. 
 
 Beyond question, the best history of France ever published in 
 the small space of two volumes. It was prepared especially for 
 the use of students, and is filled with most valuable maps and 
 wood-cuts illustrative of different periods and events. In spite of 
 the school-book appearance thus given to the work, it is very read- 
 able, and will be found both more entertaining and more instruc- 
 tive than many of the larger histories. 
 
 The author was an Imperialist and a Roman Catholic ; but while 
 he was Minister of Instruction under Napoleon III., he was bit- 
 terly attacked by the Catholics, because his religious earnestness 
 ■was not quite sufficiently pronounced in his historical works. 
 His individual views are never offensively conspicuous, but are 
 always given with a moderation that bespeaks the approbation of 
 the judicious reader. 
 
 Godwin, Parke. — The History of France. Vol. i.. Ancient Gaul. 
 
 8vo, New York, 18G0. 
 
 This volume, which, it was long hoped, was but the forerunner 
 of several others, brings the narrative down only to the Peace of 
 Verdun in 843. The fullest history of Ancient Gaul we have in 
 our language, it rests upon the careful examination of original au- 
 thorities, is put together with an appreciative regard for historical 
 perspective, and is written -with considerable literary skill. One 
 peculiarity not altogether agreeable is what seems an approach to
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 325 
 
 affectation in the spcllino; of proper names, as " Cblcdovvig " and 
 "Odliinn," for Clovis and Odin. 
 
 Tlic second and third chapters are worthy of note, as giving an 
 account of the social and political condition of the Ancient Gauls, 
 and as indicating the various changes produced by the conquest 
 of the Franks. The causes of the successes of the Barbarians over 
 the Romans are much less satisfactorily given than by Coulanges. 
 The career of Charlemagne, as a whole, is well drawn ; though as 
 a picture of his efforts as a framer and organizer of civilization, 
 the work of Guizot is to be preferred. 
 
 Guizot, F. — Outlines of the History of France from the Earliest 
 Times to the Outbreak of the Revolution. An Abridgment of 
 the Popular History of France. With a Chronological Index, 
 Historical and Genealogical Tables, and Portraits, by Gustave 
 Masson, B. A. 8vo, Boston, 1 880. 
 
 This abridgment of Guizot's larger work was prepared for the 
 use of schools and general readers. It is doubtless the most read- 
 able of the smaller histories of France. It has also the merits of 
 accuracy and of having been prepared by an author who knew 
 what to omit. Guizot never strove to be a painter of great and 
 startling historical pictures ; but he always succeeded in being- 
 dignified without being dull. 
 
 Guizot, F. — A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times. 
 ■\Vith 300 Illustrations by A. do Neuville. Translated by Rob- 
 ert Black. G vols., royal 8vo, London and Boston, 1876. 
 
 One of the latest of Guizot's productions. On the title-page 
 of the French edition it is described as a history recounted to his 
 grandchildren. It is not only a strictly popular work, but it is 
 written with an especial effort to awaken the attention and in- 
 terest of intelligent young people. This is done not by making 
 a children's book in the ordinary sense of the term, but by especial 
 fulness in the delineations of character and the descriptions of 
 events. The important facts, and the great personages of French
 
 326 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 history, are made the subjects of especially careful study. From 
 these as points or summits in the general landscape, the surround- 
 ino- events are surveyed. Thus, the author has endeavored to 
 make great men and great events appear to be what they really 
 are in the life of the nation, the centres of all subordinate affairs. 
 
 The work is admirably sustained. The chapter on Charlemagne 
 and his government is one of the most successful descriptions of 
 the labors of that great man anywhere to be found. So, too, the 
 chapter on the Ministry of Turgot is an excellent estimate of that 
 eminent but unsuccessful statesman. 
 
 The illustrations are picturesque rather than instructive, inas- 
 much as they are, for the most part, ideal representations of events 
 and scenes. They are, however, well drawn, and add somewhat to 
 the popular interest in the work. The last volume closes with 
 the Convocation of the States-General in 1789. It is not only 
 the best popular history of France we have, but it can probably 
 be said with truth that no other country can boast of a history so 
 well adapted to the needs of intelligent young men and women 
 of sixteen or eighteen years of age. 
 
 The translation abounds in ba-d English, and needs careful re- 
 vision. 
 
 JerviSjW.H. — The History of France. Student's Series. 12mo, 
 New York, 1862. 
 
 No history of France in a single volume is very inspiring to the 
 student. But the " Student's History " is one of the least Unsatis- 
 factory. It is chiefly a compilation from the great work of Mar- 
 tin, whose statements and positions are generally adopted as 
 authority. The author's style is clear and correct, though not 
 very spirited. It is a book of facts rather than of arguments, of 
 statements rather than of explanations. These characteristics 
 make it one of the best of the single volumes on France for 
 reference. The portion on the French Revolution is the least 
 valuable. It is admirably equipi)cd with maps, cuts, and illus- 
 trative documents.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 327 
 
 Kitchin, G. W. — A History of France. 3 vols., Svo, Oxford and 
 New York, 1877. 
 
 The result of an effort at once to avoid tlic dryness of a sum- 
 mary and to compress the whole history of France into three 
 volumes. The author's purpose was to show the growth of the 
 French monarchy by describing the most important events with 
 considerable fulness, and passing over the connecting links with 
 the briefest practicable notice. 
 
 The attempt has not been very successful. The work is not 
 quite devoid of dryness ; and it is written with so evident and 
 strong a partiality for English political forms that the reader is 
 often confronted with comparisons quite out of place. The book 
 was apparently designed for the use of students. It is well sup- 
 plied with maps and tables, and is a useful though not an interest- 
 ino- work. 
 
 Lacombe, Paul.— A Short History of the French People. Trans- 
 lated from the French. 12mo, New York, 1875. 
 
 A delightful little book, showing the growth of the more fla- 
 grant of those evils which it was the work of the French Revolution 
 to sweep away. It is an elementary book, but for many Ameri- 
 cans this elementary character will be found a real advantage ; for 
 the author explains many things more or less familiar to Euro- 
 peans, but quite obscure to people on this side of the Atlantic. 
 It is a work of much less volume and importance than the " Short 
 History of the English People" by Green, whose title it seems to 
 have appropriated ; but it is, nevertheless, not without admirable 
 qualities. 
 
 Martin, Henri. — Histoire de France dcpuis les Temps les plus 
 recules jusqu'en 1789. 17 vols., Svo, Paris, 1837 ; 4"^ ed., 1865. 
 This edition is the best, and is accompanied with fifty-two en- 
 gravings on steel. An edition, abridged and popularized, is also 
 published in 7 vols., Svo, Paris, 1867-85. 
 
 This great work, by virtue of its numerous merits, stands con- 
 fessedly at the head of the long list of general histories of France.
 
 328 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 It is an honor alike to its author and to the nation which it de- 
 scribes. 
 
 Martin began with tlie deliberate purpose of writing what 
 might be called a national history of Jiis country. For thirty 
 years he devoted himself almost exclusively to his task. His de- 
 sign was to show his countrymen that France at every step had 
 grown out of its past history, and that the development of the 
 country is to be regarded as in some sense an organic whole. 
 The influence of his production has been of great national value, 
 inasmuch as it has tended to check the prevalent revolutionary 
 spirit by showing what France has been able to do, and what she 
 has not. 
 
 The work is divided into eight parts, each of which is in some 
 sense complete in itself. The vast wealth of materials at the 
 command of the historian of France the author has made use of 
 in a spirit that is beyond all praise. The seventeenth volume is 
 devoted exclusively to the index. 
 
 Michelet, Jules. — Ilistoire de France. Nouvelle edition, 19 vols., 
 8vo, Paris, 1878-79. The volumes of the first edition were is- 
 sued from time to time during the long period extending from 
 1833 to 1867. Many of them were several times revised ; but 
 the issue of 1878-79 contains all the corrections. In 1851 an 
 English translation of the first six volumes appeared in New York 
 in two octavo volumes. The portion translated is the best part 
 of the work ; but the translation was not extended beyond the 
 death of Louis XL, in 1483. The History of the Ptcvohition 
 constitutes the last 9 vols, of the work, and is sold separately. 
 
 In political and historical philosophy, Michelet called himself a 
 disciple and admirer of Guizot. In manner, however, he possessed 
 little in common with his exemplar. He had, indeed, the sub- 
 stantial qualifications of patient industry and vast erudition, but 
 he liad much more. He was endowed with a subtle and power- 
 ful imagination, and with an extraordinary gift in the art of his- 
 torical delineation. These varied f|ualifications made him one of 
 the most graphic and spirited of all modern historians. There is, 
 perhaps, no more brilliant historical writing in any language than 
 some of the writing of Michelet.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 329 
 
 The sixth volume of the original history, closing with the death 
 of Louis XL, was published in 1844. The work was not resumed 
 by the author until 1855, when the seventh volume appeared. 
 During the interval, however, he had produced his " History of 
 the Revolution," and had become tilled with some of the wildest 
 theories of the revolutionists. The ten volumes of the original 
 work that close up the gap between Louis XL and the Revolu- 
 tion are not free from those sentimental vagaries so characteristic 
 of the author's last writings. He was evidently preparing the 
 way for " L'Amoui*," " La Femme," and the other prose poems 
 of sentiment with which his literarv life sadlv ended. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold von. — Franzosische Geschichte, vornehmlich im 
 scchszehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert. 2d ed., 5 vols., Bvo, 
 Stuttgart, 1861. Translated into French by J. J. Porchat. 4 
 vols.,^8vo, Paris, 1884-85. 
 
 For a thorough understanding of French history during the 
 period from the accession of Francis L to the death of Louis XV. 
 this is one of the most important works yet written. Ranke does 
 not dwell upon details so mucli as Martin ; but in the work of 
 showing the real influence and significance of events the vener- 
 able German historian has probably never been equalled. His 
 long-continued and profound studies of the archives of the sev- 
 eral governments of P]urope in all that pertains to the sixteenth 
 and seventeenth centuries have given him an understanding of in- 
 ternational relations such as no other man has ever possessed. At 
 this point, therefore, he is much stronger than any other contem- 
 poraneous writer. In all of his works he shows with great clear- 
 ness how far the nation whose course he is describing has been 
 influenced by considerations of foreign policy. During the re- 
 ligious wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries these con- 
 siderations were of the utmost importance. 
 
 The fifth volume of his "French History" is exclusively devoted 
 to an examination of some of the most important authorities. 
 The essays on the Memoirs of Richelieu and Saint-Simon are of 
 especial value.
 
 330 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Sismondi, J. C. L. Simonde de. — Ilistoire dcs Fran§ais. 31 vols., 
 Svo, Paris, 1821-44. 
 
 This work was long held as the standard history of France. 
 Its excellence, however, consists largely in the somewhat formal 
 dignity of the author's style rather than in the thoroughness of 
 the scholarship, the accuracy of the presentation, or the soundness 
 of the Avriter's judgments. Since the completion of Martin's 
 great work, that of Sismondi is no longer in much demand. 
 
 White, Rev. James.— History of France, from the Earliest Times 
 to 1848. 8vo, London and New York, 1859. 
 
 One of the most readable of the single volumes on France. 
 The author was not a great historian, but he was an interesting 
 writer. His merit was in his ability to seize upon the salient 
 points of a topic, and present them in such a manner as to inter- 
 est the general reader. The book has less intrinsic merit than 
 Masson's Guizot, less even than the Student's France ; but it will 
 hold to the end a greater number of readers among those who 
 read chiefly for entertainment. This is the book to be chosen 
 for those who '* need to be tempted " to the study of French his- 
 tory. 
 
 II. IIISTOEIES OF LIMITED TERIODS. 
 
 Franklin, Alfred.— Lcs Sources de I'llistoirc do France. No- 
 tice bibliograpliiquc ct analytique dcs inventaires et des rc- 
 cuoils de documents rclatifs a I'histoire de France. 8vo, Paris, 
 18V7. 
 
 Prepared by the librarian of the Mazarin Library at Paris, this 
 volume contains a vast amount of the most valuable information 
 concerning the sources of French history. It is not easy to say 
 too much in praise of the way in wliich the author has performed 
 liis diflicult task. The literature of France is richer in historical 
 material than is tiiat of any other nation; and the author of this
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 33 1 
 
 volume has successfully attempted to show the character of these 
 liistorical treasures, as well as the form in which they exist. The 
 editing is done with the most judicious care. Not only arc the 
 nature and value of each collection indicated, but tables of con- 
 tents of all the more important works are given. The editor's 
 bibliographical comments are critical, but they are always marked 
 with judicial impartiality. For a student or a librarian desirous 
 of information concerning the sources of French history, the work 
 is the most convenient in existence. 
 
 Guizot, F. — Collection des Memoires relatifs a I'llistoire de 
 France depuis la Fondation de la Monarchic Francaise jusqu'au 
 XIIP Siecle. Avec nne introduction, des supplemens, des no- 
 tices, et des notes. 31 vols,, 8vo, Paris, 1824-35. 
 
 There are five important collections of memoirs relating to the 
 history of France, and forming an aggregate of two hundred and 
 seventy-one volumes. In chronological order the collection gath- 
 ered and edited by Guizot is the first ; but it is generally consid- 
 ered the most imperfect. Though nearly all the chronicles of this 
 collection were written in Latin, they all appear here in French. 
 A supplementary volume written by Guizot himself traces the 
 career of the Gauls from their first known history to the over- 
 throw of the Roman Empire. The contents of the individual 
 volumes are given by Franklin. 
 
 Buchon, J. A. — Collection des Chroniques Nationales Frangaises 
 ccrites en langue vulgaire, du XIIP au XVP Siecle. Avec 
 notes et eclaircissements. 47 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1824-29. 
 
 These volumes are grouped in three series, one for each of the 
 centuries from the thirteenth to the sixteenth. The chronicles 
 are of much importance, several of them never having been else- 
 where printed. Though the papers for insertion were judiciously 
 selected, the work of the editor was not done with very great 
 care. Many parts of the collection show signs of undue haste in
 
 332 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the process of preparation for the press ; and the absence of an 
 index, and even a complete table of contents, makes the use of the 
 work very difficult. A list of the papers in the several volumes 
 is given by Franklin. 
 
 Petitot et Monmerque, MM. — Collection Complete des Me- 
 inoircs relatifs a I'Histoire de France, depuis le regne de Phi- 
 lippe-Auguste jusqu'a la Paix de Paris conclue en 1763. Avec 
 des notices sur chaque auteur et des observations sur chaque 
 ouvragc. 131 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1819-29. 
 
 This great collection is divided into two series, the first con- 
 sisting of fifty-two volumes, the second of seventy-nine. They 
 embrace contemporaneous chronicles left by statesfmen, ecclesias- 
 tics, and soldiers. Each chronicle bears the name of its author, 
 and is preceded by a long explanatory essay or history not very 
 judiciously written by one of the editors. The collection is made 
 easy of use by a carefully prepared index at the end of each se- 
 ries. 
 
 Michaud et Poujoulat, MM. — Nouvclle Collection des Memoires 
 pour servir a rilistoire de France, depuis le XIIP Siecle jusqu'a 
 la fin du XVIIP. Precedes de notices pour caracteriser 
 chaque auteur des memoires et son epoque ; suivis de I'analyse 
 des documents historiques qui s'y rapportent. 32 vols., Svo, 
 Paris, 1836-39. 
 
 The editors have here bronglit together all the chronicles and 
 memoirs contained in the hundred and thirty-one volumes of Pet- 
 itot and Monmerque, and several besides. They have also edited 
 the papers with very much more discretion. Long preliminary 
 histories are omitted, but in their place we have brief and judi- 
 cious statements concerning the character and significance of the 
 respective works. The notes are perhaps somewhat too few and 
 too brief, and the series is without index. A list of the works in 
 each volume, however, is given in Franklin.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 333 
 
 Barriere et De Lescure, MM. — Bibliothcque des Ivlt'inoires rcla- 
 tifs a rilistoire de Franco pendant le Dix-liuiticmc Sieclc. Avec 
 avant-propos et notices. 87 vols., 12mo, Taris, 1855-81. 
 
 It was the purpose of the editors simply to gather together in 
 these volumes certain important memoirs omitted by Michaud 
 and Poujoulat. The series, therefore, supplements and completes 
 the great collections previously published. The volumes are edit- 
 ed with care and skill, and thus form a fitting conclusion of the 
 most remarkable collection of original historical authorities ever 
 brought together. Lists of the papers in each volume are given 
 by Franklin. 
 
 Thierry, Amedee. — Histoire des Gaulois depuis les Temps les plus 
 I'ccules jusqu'a I'Entiere Soumission de la Gaule a la Domina- 
 tion Komaine. 2 vols., 12mo, Paris. 5th ed., 1857. 
 
 This work, published first in 1828, and since that time reissued 
 in numerous editions, has acquired the renown of a classic in 
 French historical literature. It is an account of the relations of 
 Gaul to Rome, presented, as far as possible, from the Gaulish point 
 of view. 
 
 A long introduction is devoted to the ethnology of the Gauls ; 
 this is followed by an account of their migrations; and this by a 
 history of the people from the time of Brennus to the complete 
 conquest of the country by the Romans. For the general student 
 the book will be found much less interesting than that of Cou- 
 langes, and yet for a complete knowledge of the Barbarians it is 
 almost indispensable. 
 
 Fauriel, C. C. — Histoire de la Gaule Meridionale sous la Domina- 
 tion des Conquerants Germains. 4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1836. 
 
 Fauriel was a special student of the early history of Southern 
 France. But his mind attached itself to the curious and pictur- 
 esque rather more willingly than to the subtle and obscure causes 
 of events. For this reason his work is not entitled to rank with
 
 334 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 those of Thierry and Coulanges. The work closes with the 
 breaking-up of the empire soon after the death of Charlemagne. 
 
 Wallon, Henri Alexandre. — St. Louis et son Temps. 2 vols., 
 Svo, Paris, 1875. 
 
 The most important study that has ever been published of the 
 life and the times of Louis IX. The author's position among 
 historical writers in France is very high ; and if this work does 
 not increase his reputation, it does nothing to diminish it. The 
 relations of Louis to the State and the Church, and his first feeble 
 efforts to bind together a nationality out of the hostile fragments 
 are among the most important of the numerous questions exam- 
 ined. 
 
 Froissart, Sir John. — Chronicles of England, France, and Spain, 
 and Adjoining Countries, from the Latter Part of the Reign of 
 Edward IL to the Coronation of Henry IV. Translated from 
 the French, with variations and additions from many celebrated 
 MSS. by Thomas Jolincs, Esq. To which are prefixed a Life of 
 the Author, an Essay on his Works, and a Criticism on his His- 
 tory. 2 vols., large Svo, London, 1839. Of this work there 
 are many editions, but the one named is to be preferred. 
 
 Froissart might be called the great interviewer of the Middle 
 Ages. The newspaper correspondent of modern times has scarce- 
 ly surpassed this mediaeval collector of intelligence. He travelled 
 extensively in the various countries of Europe ; he conversed with 
 gentlemen of rank everywhere, and he had the remarkable knack 
 of persuading those about him to divulge all he wanted to know. 
 He learned the details of battles from both sides and from every 
 point of view. He delighted in the minutest affairs of every 
 cavalry skirmish, of the capture of every castle, and of every brave 
 action and gallant deed. His memory was remarkable, and his 
 descriptive powers unusual. lie lived from 1337 to about 1410, 
 and wrote chiefly of contemporaneous events. 
 
 TIk' "("lironicles" of Froissart are universallv considered as the
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 335 
 
 most vivid and faithful picture we Lave of events in the four- 
 teenth century. No more grapliic account of any age has ever 
 been produced. Probably no historian has ever drawn so great a 
 number of good portraits. But Froissart was not critical, and hence 
 his portraits were pictures of men as they appeared rather than 
 as they actually were. He was simply a chronicler, and showed 
 no sense of historical responsibility, and no indignation against 
 oppression and cruelty. The great value of the work, therefore, 
 is in the fact that it holds up a mirror and enables us to see the 
 fourteenth century just as it seemed to the most observing and 
 inquisitive man of that age. The objects Froissart was most in- 
 terested in, however, were not always the things we Avish he had 
 preferred to see. He tells us that he rejoiced mightily in carols 
 and dances, loved to hear minstrels and poems, was fond of those 
 who loved dogs and hawks, and always pricked up his ears at the 
 uncorking of bottles. As he was himself a votai'y of pleasure, 
 the sole object of his chronicles seems to have been to give pleas- 
 ure to his readers. As a picture of the most favorable side of 
 chivaliy, the work has no equal. 
 
 Monstrelet, Enguerrand de — The Chronicles of, containing an 
 Account of the Civil Wars between the Plouses of Orleans and 
 Burgundy, beginning with the year 1400, where that of Sir 
 John Froissart finishes, and ending with the year 1467, and 
 continued by others to the year 1514. Translated by Thomas 
 Johnes, Esq. London, 2 vols., large 8vo, 1867. 
 
 The " Chronicles" of Monstrelet have very little of the merit of 
 those of Froissart or those of Commincs. Their great fault is their 
 tedious diffusiveness. This shows itself in a wearisome fondness 
 for details, even of the most insignificant nature. The author, 
 however, is truthful and candid, and therefore the work is not 
 absolutely devoid of merit. 
 
 Barante, A. Gr. P. de. — Ilistoire des Dues de Bourgogne de la Mai- 
 son de Valois. 1364-1477. Numerous editions, Svo, Paris ; 
 12mo, Brussels, The Parisian editions are much to be pre- 
 ferred. 8th ed., 8 vols., Paris, 1858.
 
 336 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 A work higbly esteemed by historical writers and critics. It 
 is praised by Giiizot as the most vakiable picture of the turbu- 
 lence of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 
 
 The work is too ponderous, however, to be of much value, save 
 to the special student of the period of which it treats. Of the 
 complicated relations of the dukes of Burgundy and the kings of 
 France, the book contains the best account. 
 
 Qliicherat, Jules. — Proces de Condamnation et de Rehabilitation 
 de Jeanne d'Arc. 5 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1841-49. 
 
 To be prized chiefly as a storehouse of documents. It is com- 
 piled from original records and such sources of information as still 
 exist. Its value is in the fact that it is the authority on which 
 all modern works on Joan of Arc must chiefly rest. For an in- 
 vestigator it is invaluable ; for others it is of very little use. 
 
 Wallon, Henri Alexandre. — Jeanne d'xVrc. 2 vols., Svo, Paris, 
 18G0. 
 
 These volumes, at the time of their publication, won the great 
 Gobert Prize of the French Academy. The impression made by 
 the work, on its first appearance, has been fully sustained by sub- 
 sequent opinion. It is not only the most important work on the 
 career of Joan of Arc, but it is perhaps the best picture yet drawn 
 of the condition of France at the period of the formation of na- 
 tionality. It shows how completely Joan was deserted by those 
 who ought in decency to have supported her, and how shamefully 
 ungrateful was the court of France she had restored. 
 
 Tuckey, Janet.— Joan of Arc. lOmo, New York, 18S0. 
 
 A sketch that makes no claims to original research, but gathers 
 most of its facts from the abundant stores of Quichcrat. It is a
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE.. 337 
 
 convenient and a not unsatisfactory account of tlic Maid's cam- 
 paigns, her imprisonment, and her condemnation. In point of 
 historical merit, however, it is not to be compared with the vol- 
 umes on the same subject by Wallon. 
 
 Jamison, D. F. — The Life and Times of Bertrand du Guesclin : 
 a History of the Fourteenth Century. 2 vols., 8vo, Charleston, 
 18(54. 
 
 A meritorious attempt to rescue from forgetfulness one who 
 arose from the utmost obscurity to be constable of his country, 
 and who, after dethroning* Peter the Cruel in Spain, drove the 
 English out of almost all their possessions in France. 
 
 The work is written with grace, even with elegance of style, 
 and is founded on the authority of none but original materials. 
 The abundant references in the book are chiefly to old French 
 and Spanish authorities, and to mcdia;val Latin and Gascon. It 
 is an interesting picture of an interesting period, and it abounds 
 with glimpses of mediaeval society. The circumstances of its pub- 
 lication in the time of the Civil War, as indicated in the preface, 
 are not without considerable interest. 
 
 Commines, Philip de. — The Memoirs of; containing the Histories 
 of Louis XI. and (,-liarles VIII., Kings of France, and of Charles 
 the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. To which is added The Scan- 
 dalous Chronicle or Secret History of Louis, by Jean de Troyes. 
 2 vols., 12mo, London, 1855. 
 
 This author, not without some reason, has been called the father 
 of modern history. Certainly he was the first author of modern 
 times to reason with sagacity on the characters of men and the 
 consequences of their action. This work, therefore, is entitled to 
 consideration. 
 
 Commines was contemporaneous witli Columbus, and conse- 
 quently wrote during that lull which preceded the great storm of 
 the Reformation. He had every opportunity, if not every qualifi-
 
 338 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 cation, for writing the history which he attempted. At one time 
 chamberlain and councillor of Charles the Bold, he was admitted 
 to a considerable degree of intimacy with the great Duke of Bur- 
 gundy. After abandoning the service of the duke, he yielded to 
 the substantial persuasions of the king, and joined the royal court. 
 He became at once councillor and chamberlain of Louis, and from 
 that time forward had the moot perfect opportunities of observing 
 what was taking place. He was a true courtier. Though he de- 
 scribes in detail the cruelties of the king, even testifying that he 
 himself had experienced the tortures of one of his cages, he con- 
 tinued to the last a loyal admirer of the despot. His account in 
 book vi. of the last sickness and of the death of the king is ex- 
 ceedingly curious. 
 
 Kirk, John Foster. — History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur- 
 gundy. 3 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1864-68. 
 
 A book of very considerable importance. It is a successful at- 
 tempt to collect into accessible form the results of recent explora- 
 tions in the materials for a history of the times of the last Duke 
 of Burgundy. The author had access to a large quantity of orig- 
 inal sources ; and he has made judicious use of his opportunities. 
 In no other work have we so good a picture of the desperate strug- 
 gle for the establishment and maintenance of an independent mon- 
 archy along the Rhine. The contest between Charles and Louis 
 XI. is well described. 
 
 Lsgeay, Urbain. — Ilistoire dc Louis XL, son Siecle, ses Exploits 
 comiiu' Daiipliin, ses dix Ans d'Administration en Dauphino, ses 
 cinq Ans de Itosidence en Brabant, et son Regne, d'apres les 
 titres originaux, les chroniques contetnporaines et tons les te- 
 mi/mages les plus authenticiues. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1874. 
 
 No very satisfactory history of the reign of Louis XL has yet 
 been written. The process by wliich the power of the feudal 
 lords was broken, and the authority for the first time since the 
 establishment of feudalism vested in a central government, is one
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 339 
 
 of tlie most interesting and important snbjects of French history, 
 but it has nowhere been quite adequately described. 
 
 The attempt of Legeay is the most recent, and probably, for 
 most purposes, the best we have. The author has brought to- 
 gether a large amount of material ; but he lacks the power of 
 generalization necessary to impress upon the reader the real sig- 
 nificance of the events he describes. The accounts by Martin 
 and Michelet, though much briefer, are likely to convey a stronger, 
 if not even a more correct, impression of the reign. 
 
 Willert, P. F.— The Reign of Louis the Eleventh. With Map. 
 12mo, London and Philadelphia, 1876. 
 
 One of the historical hand-books edited by Mr. Oscar Brown- 
 ing. It is to be especially commended, not so much for its in- 
 trinsic merits, though it is not without commendable qualities, as 
 because of the dearth of books on this important period. The 
 age of Louis XL was not only the time when a new political or- 
 der was built up out of the decay of feudalism, but also the time 
 when physical force began to give way before the subtlety of dip- 
 lomatic methods. A history of this period, therefore, has to 
 describe the process by which France was consolidated from a 
 group of semi-independent provinces into some semblance of na- 
 tionality. 
 
 The volume before us is too brief to represent adequately the 
 great significance of these events and tendencies. But as an out- 
 line of the changes that were going on, it is not without considera- 
 ble value. The author's estimation of the character of Louis XL 
 is much more favorable than that of Sir Walter Scott in " Quen- 
 tin Durward," and more favorable than that generally held. 
 
 Mignet, F. A. — Rivalit6 de Francois I. et de Charles V. 2"^ ed., 
 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1876. 
 
 By far the most important contribution recently made to the
 
 340 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 literature of the great struggle between the Germans and the 
 French during the period of the Reformation. This author sel- 
 dom investigates a subject without throwing light upon it, and 
 his studies bad made him especially familiar witb the period here 
 under review. France has never contributed any more important 
 work to the discussion of this important period. It is the best 
 account of the relations of Francis I. to the work of the Refor- 
 mation. 
 
 Baird, Henry M. — History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France. 
 
 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1879. 
 
 An excellent account of the Protestant movement in France 
 from the accession of Francis I., in 1515, to the death of Charles 
 IX., in 1574. The work is written with a judicial moderation too 
 often wanting in the writings of both Protestants and Catholics. 
 But, while the work is judicial in its tone, and is entirely free from 
 all attempts at what would be called fine writing, the narrative is 
 not without genuine spirit. The author shows how the Refor- 
 mation in France began with the higher classes ; how the power of 
 the government was steadily exercised against the Reformed re- 
 ligion ; how, in spite of this opposition, the Huguenots grew, un- 
 til, in the opinion of the author, they numbered a tenth of the 
 people of France ; how, under the influence of Catharine de' Medici, 
 the religious differences resulted in civil war; and, finally, how 
 they culminated in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
 
 In these two volumes the author goes no further than to show 
 that the Huguenots were not broken by the massacre of 1572; 
 and that at the death of Charles, in 1574, they were as strong as 
 they had been at any previous period. 
 
 Poole, Reginald Lane. — A History of the Huguenots of the Dis- 
 persion at the Recall of the Edict of Nantes. 12mo, London, 
 1880. 
 
 A very learned and a very successful attempt to show what be-
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 341 
 
 came of the Huguenots after the dispersion. Not only does the 
 author follow them into the different countries in which they took 
 up their new abode, but he shows that they exerted a powerful 
 influence in the society of which they became a part. 
 
 The book is written with more than usual literary skill ; and a 
 glance at almost any one of its pages will be enough to convince 
 the student that the author has made good use of the abundant 
 materials at his hand. 
 
 White, Henry. — The Massacre of St. Bartholomew, preceded by 
 a History of the Religious Wars in the Reign of Charles IX. 
 With Illustrations. 8vo, New York, 1871. 
 
 A -work written in a judicious spirit for the purpose of portray- 
 ing the great struggle that devastated France in the later portion 
 of the sixteenth century, and culminated in the memorable tragedy 
 of 1572. The author proceeds on the theory that the real nature 
 of the contest cannot be understood unless the condition of both 
 Protestants and Catholics during the tirst half of the century be 
 taken into consideration. He adopts the view of Ranke and of 
 Soldan in believing that the famous massacre was not the result 
 of a long-premeditated plot, but was rather the fruit of a momen- 
 tary spasm of terror and fanaticism, awakened by the unsuccessful 
 attempt to murder Coligny. The writer has brought forward 
 many new materials tending to confirm this view. 
 
 Though the author looks upon the events he describes witli the 
 eyes of a Protestant, yet his moderation is worthy of universal 
 commendation and confidence. The boolc, however, does not show 
 the same intellectual grasp as that manifested in the pages of 
 Baird. 
 
 Freer, Martha "Walker. — Henry III, King of France and Poland. 
 His Court and Times ; from Numerous Unpublished Sources. 
 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1 859. 
 
 Not a book of any critical value, but one of some interest for 
 the account it gives of court life. It is filled with pictures of the 
 ceremonials and vanities of a pompous but disgusting reign. The
 
 342 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 author gives the representation from only one point of view, and 
 tbe picture therefore is by no means true to life. The court of 
 Henry III. no lady in modern days could understand, much less 
 describe. But the view given, though superficial, is interesting 
 and agreeable. The most important features of the reign are 
 not described; and yet the author shows how the king in public 
 could put himself in chains, kneel in ashes, and wear a chaplet of 
 skulls, while in private he slept in white satin with embroidered 
 gloves and his face smeared with perfumed unguents. 
 
 Freer, Martha Walker. — History of the Reign of Henry IV., 
 King of France and Navarre. From Numerous Unpublished 
 Sources, including MS. Documents in the Bibliotheque Im- 
 periale and the Archives du Koyaume de France. 2 vols., 
 12mo, London, 1860. 
 
 By no means a great history, but simply a bright picture. If 
 it does not go to the bottom of things, it describes well the 
 sJH'face. It has some infelicities of manner, and some passages of 
 questionable taste ; but in the dearth of even moderately good 
 books in English on this reign, it is worthy of a little attention. 
 Il,s characteristics are essentially the same as those of the author's 
 Henry III., though its faults are less conspicuous. 
 
 Sully, The Duke of. — Memoirs of the Prime-minister of Henry 
 the (Jreat. Transhited from the French. With Notes and 
 Historical Introduction, Index, and Portraits of Sully, Henry 
 IV., Coligny, and Marie de Medicis. 4 vols., crown 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1850. 
 
 The remarkable events of the career of Henry IV. are nowhere 
 more adequately described than in the memoirs of his great min- 
 ister. It is worthy of note, however, that, important as they are, 
 they are not without some minor errors. They were written, not 
 as the events which they describe took ])lace, but from memory, 
 after the duke's retirement from public service.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 343 
 
 In the main features of important matters, they are doubtless 
 entirely trustworthy, and they give an invaluable insight into the 
 motives and considerations which intiucnccd the conduct of the 
 government. The minor details, however, especially in the earlier 
 parts of the work, are to be read with the recollection that the 
 events described happened about twenty years before the account 
 of them was written. The author had no especial gift as a writer. 
 His memoirs, therefore, nowhere show either the graces or the 
 force of a good literary style. 
 
 Segretain, E. A. — Sixte V. et Henri IV. Introduction du 
 Protestantisme en France. 8vo, Paris, 1861. 
 
 One of the most successful accounts of the Reformation in 
 France. It traces it from the beginning to its recognition by the 
 Edict of Nantes. The work is written from a Protestant point of 
 view, and is pervaded with coolness, impartiality, and good jud;?"- 
 ment. The appearance of the " History of the Huguenots " by 
 Baird, however, has deprived it of no small part of its value. 
 
 Poirson, Augusts. — Histoire du Regne de Henri IV. Second 
 edition, 4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1862-67. 
 
 This work is declared by the author to be the result of fifteen 
 years of earnest devotion. It fills a space that had too long been 
 vacant. Its great excellences were duly recognized at the time 
 of its appearance ; for in 1857, and again in 1858, it received the 
 great Gobert Prize of the French Academy. The second edition 
 is much to be preferred, as for it the volumes were carefully re- 
 vised and considerably augmented. 
 
 In the latter part of the second volume is to be found an ad- 
 mirable account of the difficult relations of Catholics and Prot- 
 estants, and of the religious embarrassments that beset the great 
 monarch. Nowhere else is the subject so well presented. The 
 fourth volume deals with the king's great foreign projects, and 
 shows in strong and new light his purposes in forming a coalition
 
 344 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 against tlie two houses of Austria. The two great purposes of 
 the king's foreign policy — viz., the estabHshment of international 
 oquilibriura, and the security of the religious autonomy of each 
 country — are described with great skill. 
 
 The work closes with a full table of contents, but it has no 
 index. 
 
 Lacombe, Charles Mercier de. — Henri IV. et sa Politique. 3* 
 ed., revue et augmentee, 12mo, Paris, 1877. 
 
 This admirable book is devoted exclusively to the political pur- 
 poses of the great monarch. The author not only had great per- 
 sonal fitness for the task, but lie had access to the invaluable col- 
 lection of letters of Henry IV., published not long before he 
 wrote. What Poirson and Perrens are to the religious affairs of 
 that reign, and Freer to the court life, Lacombe is to the po- 
 litical. 
 
 The author brings out with great force the relations of France 
 to the important questions that finally resulted in the Thirty 
 Years' War. 
 
 Perrens, F. T. — L'Eglise et I'Etat en France sous le Regne d'Henri 
 IV. et la Regence de Marie de Medicis. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1872. 
 
 This book was crowned by the Academy in recognition of its 
 great merits. It is the most satisfactory presentation we have 
 of the troublesome questions that confronted the French govern- 
 ment at the period under review. It is not a comprehensive his- 
 tory, like that of Poirson ; but in the peculiar field chosen by the 
 author it has no equal. Why the great leader of the Protestant 
 cause concluded that " the crown was worth a mass," and so ac- 
 cepted of the Catholic conimiiiiion, if not of the Catholic faith, is 
 nowhere else so well explained. 
 
 Capefigue, Jean. — Ilistoire dc la Reforme, de la Ligue, et du 
 Kegne de Henri IV. 8 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1834-35. " 
 
 The extraordinary fluency of this author's pen made it inipos-
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 345 
 
 sible for him to write with care. It is said that within thirty 
 years he publislied more than a hundred octavo volumes, besides 
 contributing to very many of the prominent journals of France. 
 From all this enormous raass of good paper and print the vol- 
 umes above mentioned are perhaps the only ones worthy of any 
 especial note. Even these volumes may be said to acquire their 
 interest from the importance of the subject and the peculiarities 
 of the author's views. 
 
 Capefigue was an ardent Roman Catholic, and he always wrote 
 in the interests of political absolutism. Ilis style was facile and 
 clear, though too many of his j^ages show unmistakably that he 
 wrote with slovenly haste. The value of this history, therefore, 
 is chiefly in the fact that it is a presentation of the extremist Ro- 
 man Catholic view. As an ultimate authority, it would nowhere 
 be accepted by critical scholars of any creed. 
 
 Bazin, Antoine. — Ilistoirc de France sous Louis XIII. 4 vols., 
 8vo, Paris, 1838. 
 
 The great period of Richelieu still awaits an historian worthy of 
 that subject. The work of Bazin, however, is the result of ten 
 years of patient industry. The author's views are always put 
 forth with a moderation that commands respect. The fault of 
 the work is a want of proper perspective. The great questions 
 are not duly prominent, and the small ones are too conspicuous. 
 The book is important only because the period has not been ade- 
 quately treated by any writer of superior historical gifts. 
 
 Caillet, Jules. — L' Administration en France sous le Ministere du 
 Cardinal de Richelieu. 2 vols., 8vo, 2® ed., Paris, 1860. 
 
 A highly eulogistic book, but one that is the result of abun- 
 dant and careful research. It contains much that is new, and 
 may well be read in connection with the works of Quinet and De 
 Tocqueville on the pre-revolutionary period. It is much too lau- 
 datory and apologetic to be regarded as a final authority.
 
 346 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Robson, William. — Life of Richelieu. 12mo, new edition, Lon- 
 don, 1854. 
 
 For an account of the great career of Richelieu the student is 
 chiefly dependent on books in French. This little volume of 
 Robson's is raised to an importance somewhat above its intrinsic 
 merits by the dearth of information on the subject in English. 
 The larger histories of France will afford quite as much insight 
 into the significance of that great administration; but if a small 
 book on the subject is desired, that of Robson is probably the 
 best. 
 
 Cheruel, Adolphe. — Ilistoire de France pendant la Minorite de 
 Louis XIV. 4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1880. Also Histoire de France 
 sous le Ministere de Mazarin (1851-61). 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1 883. 
 
 The most recent account, and one of the most satisfactory, of 
 the turbulent and important ministry of Mazarin. AVhy the War 
 of the Fronde served to clinch despotism in France, wlien the 
 War of the Revolution served to break it in England, has never 
 yet been placed in any very strong and satisfactory light. But 
 this author has done much towards giving the reason. He shows 
 himself perfectly at home among the numerous documents at his 
 hand. Perhaps the greatest merit of the Avork, and that which 
 makes us feel that we are on solid ground while reading him, is 
 the constant use which he makes of Mazarin's correspondence with 
 liis agents. The real purposes of the cardinal's government are 
 here fully set forth. 
 
 Martin, Henri. — History of France, from the Earliest Period to 
 1789. The Age of Louis XIV. and the Decline of the Mon- 
 archy. Translated from the fourth edition of the French, by 
 Mary L. Booth. 4 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1 804-06. 
 
 A translation of the last four volumes of the groat work of 
 Martin. It is the best elaborate account we have in English of 
 the course of events from the accession of Louis XIV. to the out- 
 break of the Revolution.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 347 
 
 But it is by no means a completely satisfactory history. Mar- 
 tin, like almost all other French writers, was dazzled by the exter- 
 nal splendors of the reign of Louis XIV., while failing utterly to 
 recognize the unreality and emptiness of the wonderful but un- 
 substantial pageant. The book cannot be said to show a philo- 
 sophic insight into the causes of the Revolution. The best chap- 
 ters are those on Colbert and Turgot. 
 
 The translation is disficcured with a vast number of inaccuracies. 
 
 Pardee, Miss Julia. — Louis XIV. and the Court of France in the 
 Seventeenth Century. 3 vols., 8vo, London; 2 vols., 12mo, 
 New York, 1849. The Court and lieign of P'rancis L 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1850. New edition, London and New York, 1888. 
 The Life of Marie de Medicis. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1852. 
 
 These sketches of French manners about couit are the product 
 of a very facile writer. Miss Pardoe had an especial gift for see- 
 ing the interesting features of society and of events. Her eye 
 did not penetrate very far beneath the surface of things, and per- 
 haps it is for this reason that her works have enjoyed only an 
 ephemeral popularity. They are not of very much consequence, 
 but they abound in gossip and anecdote, and may be read with 
 some profit by those who require something in the way of an 
 allurement to the pursuit of truth. 
 
 Grovestins, Sisterna de. — Guillaume IIL et Louis XIV. His- 
 toire dcs Luttes et Kivalites politiqucs avec les Puissances Mar- 
 itimes et la France dans la derniere moitie du XVIP siecle. 
 8 vols., 8vo, Paris, nouvelle edition, 1855. 
 
 While this work has to do especially with the foreign policy of 
 France, it touches incidentally upon domestic affairs, for the pur- 
 pose of showing the unity of the monarch's policy. The author 
 holds that the dominance of France, after the treaties of West- 
 phalia and the Pyrenees, was owing to the fact that all the re- 
 sources of the nation were under the direction and control of a
 
 ,g HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 single will. To show this fact, and the influence of it, was tbo 
 author's purpose. 
 
 The first edition was completed and published in 1850, just 
 before Napoleon III. grasped the reins of empire ; and by many 
 the book was regarded as a piece of special pleading. The au- 
 thor, however, declares that he had labored industriously upon his 
 history ever since 1828; that he had consulted all accessible ma- 
 terials, including a vast number of manuscripts; that his studies 
 had made him a greater lover of liberty ; and, finally, that, in his 
 belief, liberty is best to be secured through the concentration of 
 substantial power in the hands of a single man. 
 
 As a huge Tory pamphlet it is certainly very successful. 
 
 Saint-Simon, the Duke of.— The Memoirs of the Reign of Louis 
 XIV. and the Regency. Translated from the French by Bayle 
 St. John. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1876. New edition, 1883. 
 
 A judicious abridgment of the voluminous French edition. 
 The original is usually published in 20 vols., 8vo. For all but 
 the special investigator of this period the abridgment will be 
 found quite as useful as the original Avork. 
 
 No memoirs of a similar kind have ever been more popular 
 than those of Saint-Simon. They form a panoramic picture, drawn 
 with wonderful skill, of the last twenty years of the reign of 
 Louis XIV. and of the period of the Regency. The author was 
 himself at court, and was often an actor in the strange scenes he 
 describes. 
 
 Before the year 1829 only fragmentary portions of the work 
 had been allowed to be published. Voltaire and a few other his- 
 torians, however, had been permitted to sec the MS., and had 
 made some use of it in the preparation of historical works. But 
 when, in 1829, it was finally published, it produced an extraordi- 
 nary sensation. It probably gave the severest blow the Bourbons 
 ever received. It showed that the most brilliant reign ever seen 
 in France, when stripped of its gilding and tinsel, was chiefly a 
 mass of rags and wretchedness. The popularity of these "Me- 
 moirs" may be inferred from the fact that in a single year six 
 editions of the work, in 20 vols., were disposed of in Paris.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 349 
 
 Dangeau, Marquis de— Journal du,— publie en cntier pour la 
 premiere fois, avec Ics Additions ineditees du Due de Saint- 
 Simon, publiees par M. Feuillet dc Conches, 1G84-1718. 19 
 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1854-61. 
 
 One of the great sources from which the history of the reign 
 of Louis XIV. is derived. Dangeau was many years at court, 
 and kept a daily account of what took place. The work is not so 
 readable nor so famous as the " Memoirs " of Saint-Simon, but for 
 most purposes it is even more valuable. It deals less with the 
 affairs of the court and more with the affairs of the government. 
 
 Tocqueville, Le Comte de. — Ilistoire Philosophique du Regnc 
 de Louis XV. Deuxieme edition, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1847. 
 
 An effort to trace with philosophical spirit the faults and vices 
 that precipitated the Revolution. The author declares that he 
 wrote because of the dearth of good histories of the reign of 
 Louis XV. Though he is a lover of liberty, he does not hesitate 
 to attack the vices of liberty. The book is one of considerable 
 ability ; though it is not to be compared with that of the author's 
 namesake on " The Ancient Refrime." 
 
 Thiers, Adolphe. — The Mississippi Bubble : A Memoir of John 
 Law. To which are added Authentic Accounts of the Darien 
 Expedition and the South-Sea Scheme. Translated and edited 
 by Frank S. Fiske. 12mo, New York, 1859. 
 
 The most convenient brief account of the singular financial 
 scheme that convulsed France in the early part of the last cen- 
 tury. It was originally written by Thiers for an encyclopsedia, 
 where it appeared as early as 1829. In 1858 a revised reprint was 
 published in Paris, from which the present translation was made. 
 It gives a very readable account of the life of Law, presents a clear 
 statement of his financial scheme and of its results, and relates 
 many curious anecdotes illustrative of the excitement of the times.
 
 350 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Broglie, The Due de. — The King's Secret. ; being the Secret Cor- 
 respondence of Louis XV. with his Diplomatic Agents from 
 1752 to 1774. From the French, 2 vols., 8vo, London and 
 New York, 1879. 
 
 Tlie historians of the period just before the French Revolution 
 have very generally called attention to the strange freak of Louis 
 XY. which led him to enter into a mysterious and secret corre- 
 spondence with his diplomatic agents without the knowledge of 
 his ministers. This correspondence, long known as " The King's 
 Secret," is the sul)ject of these volumes. Many of the letters 
 passed between the king and the Due de Broglie, and they are 
 now published by one of the members of the duke's family. The 
 letters are edited in so skilful a manner as to explain their signifi- 
 cance, and throw considerable light on the character of the king, 
 if not on the nature of the period. 
 
 It can hardly be said, however, that they call for, or would 
 justify, any important revision of our unfavorable opinions of the 
 character of the monarch. On the other hand, we find nothing 
 to intensify our dislike. The editor has remarked, probably with 
 truth, " That which the feeble Louis XY. carefully concealed for 
 twenty years from his subjects as well as from his ministers was 
 the best that was in himself." 
 
 D'Aumale, Le Due— History of the Princes of Conde in the 
 Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Translated from the 
 French by K. B, Bothwick. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1872. 
 
 At the time of its appearance in France this history attracted 
 much attention, not only on account of the rank of the author, 
 but on account of its own intrinsic merit. The Due d'Aumale, 
 as son of Louis Pliilippe, is a member of the famous House of 
 Condo and a direct descendant of the great princes of that name. 
 
 The book, not great in itself, is yet of considerable value. The 
 (.'ondc'S were worth writing about, and the princely author has 
 written a book which would have been no disgrace to an untitled 
 man of letters. It is worth a place in any scholar's library.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 351 
 
 Yonge, C. D. — History of France under the Bourbons, 1589- 
 1830, 4 vols., Svo, London, 1866-G7. 
 
 The author is an industrious compiler, but a careless writer. 
 His work shows that he has collected abundance of material, some 
 of which is quite new, and then has thrown it together with un- 
 discriminatino- haste. His sentence ^ are often awkwardly involved, 
 and his meaning is sometimes quite obscure. A still further fault 
 is the fact that the book does not fulfil the promise of its title. 
 It brings the history down only to the year 1789, and gives no 
 liint of a future. Those who have used Gnizot, Martin, or even 
 Sismondi, will get very little benefit from the work. 
 
 Collier, Admiral Sir George. — France, Holland, and the Nether- 
 lands a Century Ago. Edited by his granddaughter, Mrs. 
 Charles Tennant. 8vo, London, 1861. 
 
 Admiral Collier visited the countries he describes a few years 
 before the outbreak of the great revolution, and this book is a 
 record of what lie saw and thought. The volume is not to be 
 compared in importance with the great work of Arthur Young ; 
 but it abounds in interesting sketches descriptive of the state of 
 society. The style is exceedingly vivacious. 
 
 Foncin, P. — Essai sur le Ministere de Tnrgot. Svo, Paris, 1877. 
 
 The latest considerable attempt to clear up the doubtful points 
 in the life and works of one of the greatest of French statesmen. 
 It is the result of much and careful study not only of all published 
 materials, but also of a vast number of papers never before made 
 use of. The author ranks himself among those who believe that 
 France was in such a desperate condition that Turgot's remedies 
 could not have been successful. He thinks it of value, however, 
 to let the world understand the extent of Turgot's effort and the 
 nature of his noble purpose. The book is a study rather than a 
 biography.
 
 352 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Batbie, Anselme. — Turgot : Philosophc, Economiste, et Adniini- 
 strateur. 8vo, Paris, 1861. 
 
 The author is an able and respected professor of political econ- 
 omy in the University of Paris ; was inember of the National 
 Assembly at Versailles, Minister of Public Instruction in 1873, 
 and was elected Senator in 1876. His studies specially fitted him 
 to discuss the financial and administrative problems of the minis- 
 try of Turgot. 
 
 The especial strength of the volume is in its description of the 
 financial situation of France just before the Revolution, and of the 
 measures proposed by the only public man in the country Avho 
 seems fully to have comprehended the situation. Especially in- 
 structive are the comments on the issues of paper money. 
 
 The merits of the work received the recognition of a crown by 
 the Institute. 
 
 Eocquain, Felix. — L'Esprit Revolutionnaire avant la Revolution, 
 1715-89. 8vo, Paris, 1878. 
 
 Without impropriety, this volume might have been called a his- 
 tory of public opinion in France from the death of Louis XIV. to 
 the outbreak of the Revolution. The author holds that the great 
 upheaval did not have its origin in the philosophers, but rather in 
 a sense of public wrongs that had been taking deeper and deeper 
 root during all the years of the century. Ills purpose is to show 
 the real nature of those wrongs, and to point out the results of the 
 various attempts to correct them. 
 
 Several of the chapters are especially worthy of note. Those 
 on Turgot and Neckor arc among the most valuable. The author 
 liolds th:it the reforms proposed by Turgot were not political in 
 their character, and that very largely for this reason they were 
 opposed by the court, the clergy, the nobles, and by Parliament. 
 
 The volume closes with a very interesting and suggestive appen- 
 dix of forty-five pages, giving a list of books condemned from 
 1715 to 1789. No better view could be given of the way in 
 which ])nblic. opinion was strangled.
 
 HISTORIES OF FEANCE. 353 
 
 Young, Arthur. — Travels in France during the Years 1787, '88, 
 '89. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1793. 
 
 A book cited by every historian, and one that, as far as possible, 
 should be read by every student of the Revolutionary period. It 
 is the work of a very intelligent English gentleman who had 
 travelled much in Europe, and who now visited different parts of 
 France in order to study the condition of the country. 
 
 His observations were mainly directed to agricultural affairs; 
 but they extended, in fact, over the whole range of the economic 
 condition of the people. He stops in coffee-houses in out-of-the- 
 way corners of France ; notes the discussions which he hears ; 
 observes the general want of practical ability in political matters; 
 talks with poor peasants on the road ; dines with the leaders of 
 the States-General at Versailles, and notes their conversation ; in 
 short, has the best of opportunities, and gives a graphic picture of 
 what he sees and hears. All this took place just as the great up- 
 heaval was coming on. It is interesting to note that he attributes 
 much of the wretchedness of the peasantry to the extent to which 
 subdivisions of the soil had been carried. He makes note of the 
 fact that there were some six million landowners in France, and 
 that the parcels owned by individuals were so small that good 
 agriculture was seldom seen. 
 
 It is unfortunate that the book, in English, is out of print and 
 difficult to obtain. 
 
 Doniol, Henry. — La Revolution Frangaise et la Feodalite. 8vo, 
 Paris, 1874 ; 3^ ed., without important changes, 1883. 
 
 The title is slightly misleading, but the volume is one of the 
 most useful of recent contributions to our knowledge of society 
 before the French Revolution. 
 
 It might have been called a history of the abolition of feudal- 
 ism not only in France, but also in the other countries of Europe. 
 Its aim is to show how in different nationalities different methods 
 were adopted, and how, as a consequence, different results ensued. 
 The first book, containing one hundred and seventy-six pages, is 
 devoted to France ; the second, of seventy-five pages, to the other 
 
 23
 
 A 
 
 354 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 countries of the Continent ; and the third, of eiglity pages, to 
 England. 
 
 The causes that led to the abolition of feudal methods are dis- 
 cussed in the most painstaking and philosophical spirit, and the 
 volume may be heartily recommended to every student of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Taine, H. A.— The Revolution. Translated by John Durand. 3 
 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1878-85. 
 
 A very brilliant presentation of the anarchy and confusion re- 
 sulting from the transition from the old to the new regime. The 
 book will serve as a valuable companion to those histories which 
 occupy themselves chiefly with the march of political events. It 
 should not, however, take the place of other works ; for it has 
 nothing to say of the great things done by the National Assembly, 
 or of the general progress that was made in the nation at large. 
 Its chief strength is in its portrayal of the social condition of the 
 nation. It piles up such a mass of evidence of misery and confu- 
 sion in the rural districts that it tends to obscure everything else. 
 
 Still another limitation of the value of the work is in the fact 
 that the author attributes all this misery chiefly to the perversity 
 of the Revolutionary leaders; whereas it was rooted in those rela- 
 tions of the different classes which the nobility and clergy had 
 persistently refused to change. The persons really responsible 
 were not so much those immediately concerned in the events 
 themselves, as those who had refused to remove the prolific causes 
 of them. Taine seems to have overlooked the responsibility of 
 those who defeated the reforms proposed b}^ Turgot. 
 
 But, with all its limitations, the book is exceedingly brilliant; 
 and, to a person already somewhat familiar with the events of the 
 Revolution, will be of great value. 
 
 Mignet, F. A. — Ilistoirc de la Revolution Fran(;alse. 10th ed., 
 ' -J vuls., I'imo, Paris, 1 RGO. Also published in translation in 
 liohn's series, in one volume. 
 
 This still continues to be the most satisfactory short histor.v of
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 355 
 
 the Revolution. In style it is compact, and in method of treat- 
 ment it is clear, thoughtful, and just. The author believed in 
 constitutional government, and his rctlections on the mistakes of 
 the revolutionists are worthy of careful attention. Mignet was 
 one of the most conscientious and judicial of modern French 
 writers, and everything from his pen is entitled to the most re- 
 spectful consideration. 
 
 The narrative is carried to the fall of Napoleon ; but the latter 
 p:ut of the work is briefer and weaker than the earlier portions. 
 
 Thiers, A. — Ilistoire de la Revolution Francaise. 10 vols., 8vo, 
 Paris. Numerous editions, the best of which, the thirteenth, 
 fourteenth, and fifteenth, are accompanied with fifty-four inter- 
 esting illustrative engravings on steel, and an atlas of thirty- 
 two maps and plans. The work has been translated into Eng- 
 lish, as, indeed, into nearly all other modern languages, and is 
 published in 2 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1862. New 
 edition, illustrated, o vols., 8vo, London, 1881. 
 
 Owing partly to the peculiar merits of the work, and partly to 
 the opportune moment of its first publication, this has been the 
 most popular of the histories of the French Revolution. But, in 
 spite of the great literary skill with which it was written, the 
 work has much of the character of a political pamphlet, and its 
 value, therefore, is likely to decrease as time progresses. The au- 
 thor wrote and published it while the tide was rising against the 
 Bourbons, and therefore his pictures of the opening glories of the 
 Revolution were received with unnatural enthusiasm. The later 
 portions of the work were written in a better spirit, and are of 
 greater value. As a whole, however, this liistory is scarcely enti- 
 tled to the honors it has received. It abounds in looseness of 
 statement and in extravagances of expression, which make it at 
 once popular and untrustworthy. 
 
 Michelet, Jules. — Ilistoire de la Revolution Frangaise. Troi- 
 sieme edition, revue et corrigee. 9 vols., 12mo, 1879-80. Of 
 the first edition, which appeared in 1847-53, so much as re- 
 lates to the period before the flight of the king in June, 1791, 
 was published also in an Englisli version, in 1 vol., crown 8vo,
 
 356 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 London, 1860. Tho latest French edition is in two forms, with 
 and without ilkistrations. 
 
 A book of singular merits and of some notable defects. It is es- 
 pecially full and suggestive on the early events of the Revolution. 
 It rests upon the solid foundation of a thorough study of the 
 subject, and it is written with that brilliancy of method which 
 everywhere characterizes Michelet's productions. 
 
 But the sentimentalisra of the author shows itself on almost 
 every page. At one time he indulges in fantastic declamations ; 
 at another he gives us pictures of marvellous exactness and pow- 
 er ; at another he comments on the significance of events like one 
 inspired. The opinions of Michelet are always worth knowing; 
 but the history, as a whole, is not an entirely safe guide. 
 
 Sybel, Heinrich von. — History of the French Revolution. 4 
 vols., 8vo, London, 1866-68. 
 
 The most judicial of all the histories of this great period. The 
 author had access to masses of material never before explored, 
 and therefore he has been able to throw much new light on sev- 
 eral puzzling questions. The most important of these relate to 
 the dealings of other powers with France during the period under 
 examination. A number of important facts are revealed in i*e- 
 gard to the character and the doings of Lafayette. The author 
 iias also discussed briefly, but with great acumen, the different 
 financial expedients that were resorted to at the early period of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 Von Sybel is one of the most respected of living German liis- 
 torians; is a pupil of Ranke, and is no unworthy follower of his 
 great teacher. This history of the Revolution ends with the dis- 
 solution of the National Convention in 1V95. 
 
 Alison, Sir Archibald. — History of Europe from the Com- 
 iiicnccnKjnt of the i"'rench Rcvohition in 1789 to the Restora- 
 tion of the JJourbons in 1815. Tliis forms the first part of 
 the author's great work on the Ilistory of Europe from 1789
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 357 
 
 to 1852, 14 vols., 8vo, London, 1840-50; 4 vols., 8vo, New 
 York. 
 
 The best of those histories written from what may be called an 
 extreme English point of view. The author was High-Tory in 
 spirit ; but he was fair-minded, and his work has the merits of 
 being honest, full, and clear. It was written too early to profit 
 by the revelations that have been made by recent studies, and 
 consequently it is not so trustworthy in all of its statements as 
 some of the later histories. The summary in the first volume is 
 excellent ; but, as a whole, the volumes on the Revolution itself 
 are less valuable than the later portions of the work, of which 
 these volumes really form only the first part. 
 
 The American edition has valuable notes on the author's treat- 
 ment of American questions, and therefore is to be preferred, in 
 spite of its inferiority of paper and print. 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas. — History of the French Revolution. 3 vols , 
 8vo and 12rao, London ; 2 vols., New York, 1837. Various 
 other editions. 
 
 This is truly a marvellous book. But it is not so much a his- 
 tory as a succession of pictures, or perhaps a succession of poems 
 in prose. It is pervaded with Carlyle's philosophy, and is prob- 
 ably his most brilliant work. He finds abundance of demons to 
 hate, and a few heroes to admire. Mirabeau and Danton seem to 
 be his favorites, while Lafayette and Bailly are treated with a 
 more or less obvious contempt. He gives us a picture of pande- 
 monium, interspersing it with judgments that seem sometimes 
 preposterous and sometimes inspired. 
 
 Every student of the Revolutionary period should read the book ; 
 but he will gain his chief advantage from it after his studies have- 
 already made him master of the leading facts of the history. 
 Though it is probably the most remarkable work ever written on 
 the Revolution, it will prove unsatisfactory to nearly every stu- 
 dent unless it be studied in connection with a work of more com- 
 monplace merits.
 
 358 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Blanc, Louis. — Histoire de la Revolution Fran^aise. 12 vols., 8vo, 
 Paris, 1847-62. Also in 2 vols., 4to, with 600 engravings. 1883. 
 
 By many eminent judges this has been considered the most 
 satisfactory history of the Revolution yet produced. It gives ev- 
 idence of careful and ingenious research, abounds in most strik- 
 • ing delineations of character, and is written with great energy and 
 brilliancy of style. The portraiture of Robespierre, and the de- 
 scription of events leading to his fall, are among the most satis- 
 factory accounts of the. subject ever presented. Especially wor- 
 thy of note, also, is the Introduction to the work. This covers 
 much ground, and portrays with great power the events that re- 
 motely and immediately led to the Revolution. 
 
 The author has tinged the work somewhat with his well-known 
 socialistic views ; but these views, when once understood, though 
 they diminish the value of the history, detract but little from the 
 interest and pleasure of the reader. 
 
 The Introduction and a portion of Part i. have been translated 
 and published in America ; but the work, as a whole, has not been 
 rendered into Eno-lish. 
 
 Hausser, Ludwig. — Geschichte dcr franzosischen Revolution, 
 1789-99. Herausgegeben von Wilhelm Oncken. 8vo, Berlin, 
 1867. 
 
 A verbatim report, stenographically taken, of the author's 
 course of lectures on the French Revolution. But it has the ad- 
 vantage of having been carefully collated with the author's notes, 
 after his death. 
 
 The subject is treated with great clearness and strength. An 
 introduction of a hundred and twenty pages gives a comprehen- 
 sive and philosophical account of the causes which led to the 
 great upheaval. This is followed by a brief description of the 
 literature of the subject. Everything that Iliiusser wrote is wor- 
 thv of the student's thoughtful attention. But his studies in 
 liro[)aration for his "(rcrman History" had made him especially 
 at home on the period of the Revolution. The book is all the 
 more valuable because the author luuked at the subject from a
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 359 
 
 German point of view. From no one volume can the student 
 procure a more philosophical account of the events described. It 
 is pervaded with the wisdom so conspicuous in the same author's 
 lectures on the " Period of the Reformation." 
 
 Rabaut, J. P. — Precis Ilistorique de la Revolution Frangaise. As- 
 semblee Constituantc. Suivi do reflexions politiques sur les 
 circonstances. 2 vols., 12mo, Paris. Of several editions, the 
 best is that of 1826. 
 
 The whole of this work is of importance, as it is the product 
 of a man who took a conspicuous part at the time of the Revolu- 
 tion, and whose influence was constantly set against those atroci- 
 ties to which he afterwards fell a victim. 
 
 Its greatest value, however, is in the picture it gives of what 
 such a man thought, rather than what he knew. The " politicid 
 reflections" are the most interesting portion of the book. Many 
 of these are curious in the extreme. The author fully shared tlie 
 more or less common impression of the time that, now that kings 
 " had ceased to excite the nations to war," and that nations had 
 become " sedentary," the millennium would soon be ushered in. 
 Such was the thought of one of the wiser of the revolutionists 
 on the eve of the Reign of Terror, and of the twenty years of 
 Continental war. 
 
 Buchez et Roux. — Histoire Parlementaire de la Revolution Fran- 
 caise, ou Journal des Assemblees Nationales depuis 1789 
 jusqu'en 1815. 40 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1833-38. 
 
 Perhaps the most important of the -several collections of ma- 
 terials for a history of the Revolution. The proceedings of the 
 assemblies, societies, and clubs are given at considerable length, 
 with extracts from the records and discussions. The collection 
 also contains copious citations from newspapers, pamphlets, and 
 reports. 
 
 The work is not a historv, but it is a mass of most valuable
 
 360 HISTOKICAL LITEKATURE. 
 
 materials, arranged with considerable skill. Its generalizations 
 are often puerile, but its facts are of the utmost importance. 
 
 Deux Amis de la Liberie (Kerverseau et Clavelin). — Ilistoire de 
 la Revolution de France. 20 vols., 18mo, Paris, 1792-1800. 
 
 This work, the first eight volumes of which were written by 
 the authors above named, is of value chiefly because it was the 
 work of intelligent men deeply interested in the events they de- 
 scribed. The earlier volumes are of most value. Carlyle regards 
 it as a liistory " worth all the others," and says that the first eight 
 volumes offer " the best, correctest, most picturesque narration 
 yet published." Alison and other later writers quote the book 
 with confidence. The later volumes, however, were written by 
 other hands, and are somewhat untrustworthy. 
 
 Barante, A. G. P. de. — Histoire de la Convention Nationale. 6 
 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1851. 
 
 A book which nobody will find it easy to read continuously, 
 but which for reference is invaluable. It is entitled to the credit 
 of fairness and accuracy. Its merit is largely in the picture it 
 gives of the difficulties confronting the nation, and of the utter 
 demoralization of political life wrought by the institutions of the 
 country and the habits of the people. The reader will be aston- 
 ished to learn how inadequately the situation was comprehended 
 even by the best minds in the Convention. 
 
 Lamartine, Alphonse de. — Les Girondins. 4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1840. An Knglish translation by II. T. Ryde is published in 
 London and New York, 3 vols., 12mo, 1868. 
 
 Lamartine was, perhaps, the most conspicuous of those senti- 
 mentalists whose influence has been so harmful to French political
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 361 
 
 affairs. As an orator and poet lie had no equal among liis con- 
 temporary countryraen, and the influence of his writings on the 
 popular mind was well-nigh boundless. Ilis history of the Gi- 
 rondists was at once the most popular and the most pernicious 
 of his numerous works. It was a glorification of the Revolution- 
 ary spirit, and it has probably had more influence than any 
 other literary production in keeping the revolutionary spirit in 
 France alive. It was sold by the hundred thousand copies ; but 
 the sooner it is forgotten, save as a kind of brilliant literary phe- 
 nomenon, the better for mankind. 
 
 Ternaux, Mortimer. — Histoire de la Terreur, 1V92-94, d'apres 
 des documents authentiques ct inedits. 8 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1862-81. 
 
 A very complete and satisfactory history of the Reign of Ter- 
 ror. It is too voluminous for the purposes of most readers ; but 
 for one who would understand all the bearings of the events of 
 that period of political hurricanes the work is the most valuable 
 yet written. 
 
 The author was a thorough scholar, an eminent jurist, and a 
 member of the Institute. The work is entirely lacking in those 
 elements of sensationalism that have characterized so many of the 
 writers on this period. It is marked by solid rather than by 
 brilliant qualities. 
 
 Montgaillard, G. H. M Histoire de France Chronologique de- 
 
 puis la Preinicre Convocation des Notables jusqu'au Depart 
 des Troupes Etrangeres, 1787-1818, 8vo, Paris, 1823. 
 
 As a chronological summary, giving the events day by day, 
 this work has considerable value. Though written with strong- 
 prejudices of a reactionary type, the book is one of the best of 
 its kind on the subject.
 
 362 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Stael, Madame de. — Considerations sur les Principaux Evene- 
 ments de la Revolution Fran9aise. 8vo and 12mo, Paris, 1818. 
 Numerous subsequent editions, the latest 2 vols., in 1861. 
 
 Like, all the other productions of the author, this volume ig 
 worthy of the student's reading, though it will scarcely be found 
 of as much importance as the same writer's volumes on Germany. 
 It was written after the close of the Napoleonic wars, and was 
 begun simply as an attempt to explain and justify the political 
 life of Necker. But, as the author's work went on, it grew into 
 an examination of the principal events of the whole period down 
 to the overthrow of Napoleon. It is not a history, but is a shrewd 
 commentary on historical events. At the time it was published, 
 it probably did more than any other work had done to point out 
 to Europe the real significance of the Revolution. 
 
 Napoleon I. — Correspondance de, publiee par ordre de Napoleon 
 III. 32 vols., 4to and 8vo, Paris, 1858-70. 
 
 There have been many collections of letters purporting to be 
 Napoleon's correspondence, but this edition is the only one that 
 makes any approach to completeness. The first fifteen volumes, 
 covering the period from 1793 to 1809, were compiled under or- 
 ders " to make no alteration or suppression ;" the remaining thir- 
 teen (1809-15) were compiled under the somewhat indefinite in- 
 junction to insert " only what the emperor would have printed." 
 
 The value of the collection, as a whole, is greatly diminished 
 by the uncertainty which attaches to the editorial work on the 
 later volumes. But concerning the first fifteen there is no uncer- 
 tainty. The disclosures made by them are very largely the basis 
 on which the severe judgments of Napoleon passed by Lanfrey 
 and other recent writers are founded. The work must hence- 
 forth be the foundation of all successful historical studies of the 
 first emperor. 
 
 Lanfrey, P. — Illstoire do Napoleon I. 5 vols., 8vo and 12mo, 
 I'aris. 4^ ed., 1809-75. In translation, 4 vols., 8vo, London 
 and New York, 1871-79 ; and in 1885,
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 363 
 
 The most important contribution ever made to our knowledge 
 of the first Napoleon. It is the only work of comprehensive design 
 published since the correspondence of Napoleon I. was given to 
 the world by Napoleon III, 
 
 In his treatment of the first emperor, Lanfrey is very severe; 
 but his severity is discriminating, and he has therefore been able 
 almost completely to revolutionize public opinion concerning the 
 character and purposes of tjjc emperor. Bonaparte's early educa- 
 tion, the means by which he was first brought into power, the 
 coujj d'etat of the 18th Brumaire, the duplicity before the Treaty 
 of Campo-Formio, the double-dealing with the Venetian Senate 
 and the pope, the false bargain with Prussia, the despicable in- 
 trigue in Spain and the consequent rising of the Spanish peasant- 
 ry, are all portrayed with an energy and a sedateness which carry 
 conviction to the reader, often in spite of himself. The fifth vol- 
 ume brings the history to the organization of the array for the 
 invasion of Russia, ^. / 
 
 It was the hope of the author to complete the history in two 
 additional volumes, but jleath interrupted the work. 
 
 Thiers, Adclph.— History of the Consulate and the Empire of 
 France under Napoleon. Forming a sequel to " The History 
 of the French Revolution." Translated by D. Forbes Campbell, 
 with the sanction and approval of the author. 20 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1845-61. 
 
 For many years this was the standard authority in France on 
 the public career of the emperor. It surrounds the age of Napo- 
 leon with a lialo of glory that has secured for the history an al- 
 most boundless popularity. The flattery of French pride could 
 go no further. As a record of events it is not always careful, 
 and it seems to be certain that the author was sometimes guilty 
 of suppressing important facts that conflicted with his peculiar 
 theories. 
 
 The most incisive criticisms of the work are that of J. Wilson 
 Croker in his " Essays on the Revolution," and that of Barni 
 in his volume of lectures on " Napoleon and his Historian, M. 
 Thiers."
 
 364 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Beyond all doubt, the writings of Thiers have had an exceed- 
 ingly pernicious influence on the French people by means of their 
 consummate flattery. The events of 1870 can hardly be ex- 
 plained without reference to the "chauvinism" encouraged, and 
 in great part created, by the " History of the Consulate and the 
 Empire." 
 
 Barni, Jules.— Napoleon et son Historien, M. Thiers. 8vo, Ge- 
 neva and London, 1865 ; Paris, 1868. 
 
 The most vigorous and the most destructive criticism ever 
 made of the famous history of Thiers. The author maintains 
 that this historian's method is deficient in logic, morality, and 
 critical appreciation. Barni holds that Napoleon was not the 
 continuator of the Revolution ; but, on the contrary, the origina- 
 tor of a counter-revolution; and that the 18th Brumaire, far 
 from being necessary or even beneficial to France, was at once 
 both a crime and a blunder. 
 
 Throughout the whole of the volume, wliich consists of twelve 
 lectures, Thiers is pursued with relentless and cruel rigor. The 
 author even maintains that the famous codification of French law 
 had its origin in the Revolutionary assemblies, and that Napoleon 
 liad only a secondary share in the completion of it. The book 
 goes far towards demolishing the legendary Napoleon, and it 
 shows the most renowned of the emperor's historians to be an un- 
 safe and untrustworthy guide. 
 
 Jung, Thomas. — Bonaparte et son Temps. 1769-99. D'apresles 
 documents inedits, avec cartes. 3 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1880-81. 
 
 The latest and one of the most noteworthy products of the 
 strong current that has lately set in against the Napoleons. The 
 autlior seeks in Bonaparte's early life and education an explana- 
 tion of many of liis cliaracteristics. The fault of the book is the 
 intense warmth with which it carries on the battle against Napo- 
 leon. Though it is written with signal ability, it lacks that judi- 
 
 i
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 365 
 
 cious serenity of judgment necessary to give to a book a perma- 
 nent value. But notwithstanding this characteristic, it will not 
 fail to strengthen and deepen the impression made by the great 
 work of Lanfrey. 
 
 The principal value of these interesting volumes is in the nu- 
 merous important contributions the author makes to our scanty 
 knowledge of Nap'olcon's early life. Two new points he appar- 
 ently succeeds in establishing : first, that Napoleon was not the 
 second son, but the eldest ; and, second, that he was not born in 
 17G9, but in 1768. The ground of the falsification was the fact 
 that when young Bonaparte applied for admission to the school 
 at Brienne, he was past the proper age, and therefore represented 
 himself as one year younger than he really was. To the enor- 
 mous number of deliberate falsehoods of which Napoleon had 
 already been convicted, Jung has made a very considerable addi- 
 tion. 
 
 Remusat, Madame ^Se — Memoirs of. 1802-8. Edited, with a 
 Preface and Notes, by her Grandson, Paul de Remusat, Senator. 
 Translated by Mrs. Cashel Iloey and Mr. John Lillie. 3 vols., 
 8vo, London, 12mo, New York, 1880-81. 
 
 " Madame de Remusat was one of Josephine's maids of honor, 
 and, as such, was familiar with very many of the events that 
 transpired within the household of Napoleon. She was a woman 
 of remarkable intellectual gifts, and of far more than usual ac- 
 complishments as a writer. The keenness of her own intelligence, 
 and the intimacy with Josephine, to which she was not only ad- 
 mitted, but welcomed, gave her those extraordinary opportunities 
 which she has turned to so good account in these " Memoirs." 
 
 The work, as a whole, is at once the most interesting and the 
 most damaging commentary on the character of Napoleon that 
 has ever been produced. His all-devouring selfishness and ego- 
 tism, his brutal tyranny over his own family, his utter lack of 
 sincerity, his profound contempt for truth, his absolute faithless- 
 ness to the obligations he had imposed upon himself, are all 
 shown by an accumulation of evidence that is fairly appalling. 
 
 There is one deduction to be made from the work as an au- •
 
 366 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 thority. The original memoirs were destroyed, and the copy that 
 we now possess was written out from memory. Though there 
 is abundant evidence that the author's powers of exact remem- 
 brance were remarkable, yet the judicious reader will attach to 
 the details of the narrative somewhat less importance than the 
 original copy would have deserved and received. 
 
 Hazlitt, William. — The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. 3 vols., 
 8vo and 12mo, London and Philadelphia, 1878. 
 
 This work, written by one of the most skilful literary artists 
 and critics of the early part of this century, was published in 
 1830, the year of the author's death. Hazlitt entered upon the 
 labor of preparing this book with the serious purpose of doing 
 what he could to counteract the common impressions in Eng- 
 land concerning the character and career of Napoleon. He stud- 
 ied the subject with considerable care, and spent some months on 
 the Continent in tlie examination of sources. 
 
 The result is not, indeed, a correct view of Napoleon as he is 
 revealed to us by later investigators, but still one of the best of 
 those originally published in English. L^nlike most of the his- 
 tories of Napoleon written on the north side of the Channel, it 
 shows a strong sympathy for the career of its subject. Certainly 
 in English no better word than this has been spoken for the first 
 emperor. But as all histories written before the publication of 
 Napoleon's Correspondence arc now to be regarded as incomplete 
 and imperfect, so this cannot be held as a high authority. 
 
 Abbott, J. S. C. — The History of Napoleon Bonaparte. With many 
 Maps and IHustrations. 2 vols., royal 8vo, New York, 1855. 
 
 This book has been read with mure enthusiasm, and criticised 
 with more severity, than perhaps any other life of Napoleon. The 
 author was not simply an JM'dent, but a boundless, admirer of the 
 emperor. His effort was to create an enthusiasm for his liero
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 367 
 
 similar to that wliicli be himself felt. He was not too particular 
 in rog-ard to his facts, but tliose which be made use of be arraj'cd 
 with such consummate skill as to captivate completely the judg- 
 ment of the ignorant and the unwary. Few young persons can 
 read the book without sharing much of the author's enthusiasm 
 even for what a mature judgment must call the bad qualities of 
 an essentially bad man. 
 
 Lamartine, Alphonse de. — The History of the Restoration of 
 Monarchy in Fiance. Translated by Captain Rafter. 4 vols., 
 crown 8vo, London and New York, 1854. 
 
 A work less objectionable than the same author's history of 
 the Girondists, but having many of the same characteristics. It 
 is the production of a rliapsodist, brilliant, interesting, and disap- 
 pointing. After tlie author's fashion, it portrays the government 
 from 1815 to 1830. Nearly the whole of the first volume is de- 
 voted to proving that " Napoleon's genius was posthumous. The 
 first of soldiers, not of statesmen, he Avas clear-sighted as to the 
 past, but blind as to the future." 
 
 Nobody will now care to read the book in course ; but Lamar- 
 tine's testimony on particular points may be profitably consulted, 
 especially as consultation is made easy by a good index. The 
 translation is poor. 
 
 Viel-Castel, Louis de. — Histoire de la Restauration. 20 vols., 
 Bvo, Paris, 1860-78. « 
 
 Even those who find time for tlie perusal of the twenty vol- 
 umes in which Thiers describes the fall of Napoleon need not be 
 encouraged to think they can read the same number of pages of 
 Viel-Castel ; for the work on the Restoration resembles that on 
 the Consulate and Empire only in length. Explorers, however, 
 will find it a useful book, but they will be compelled to use it as 
 they would " Hansard's Debates " or the Congressional Globe.
 
 368 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Blanc, Louis.— The History of Ten Years, 1830-40. 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1844. 
 
 A brilliant piece of writing, which abounds in minute details of 
 obscure events, many of them of no present value whatever, save 
 perhaps as a picture of the animosities between different parties. 
 As a portrayal of a very turbulent period, the book has some 
 value ; but it was written for persons living in the whirl of events 
 described ; and, consequently, it abounds in allusions then per- 
 fectly understood, but now perplexing. 
 
 The introductory portion, swollen to some two hundred and 
 fifty pages, gives an interesting account of affairs from the down- 
 fall of Napoleon to the year 1830. Even these are a series of 
 reflections rather than a history. As a whole, the book is a con- 
 fusing mass of details, interspersed here and there with brilliant 
 similes and sayings. As if to add to the student's disappointment, 
 the book was published without an index. It is a political pam- 
 phlet rather than a history, and was designed not so much to 
 describe events as to preach socialistic doctrines and assail the 
 government of Louis Philippe. It was not without much political 
 influence in its day. 
 
 Hillebrand, Karl. — Geschichtc Frankreichs von der Thronbestci- 
 gung Louis Philippe's bis zum Falle Napoleons III, 2 vols., 
 «vo, Gotha, 1877-79. 
 
 We here liave ample promise of the best history yet produced 
 of the stirring period in the history of France extending from 
 1830 to 1871? The author has the advantage of a thorough 
 training in the best historical methods, of good judgment and 
 critical insight, and of an intimate familiarity with recent French 
 affairs. 
 
 His effort avowedly is to subject to a new examination facts 
 for the most part already siifliciently well known, and to show 
 their relations to one another and their significance in sucli a way 
 as to reveal their real power and influence. In the fulflhiiont of 
 this purpose he lias occasion to analyze the characters and the 
 political doctrines of the statesmen who have stood at the head
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 369 
 
 of affairs. His psychological studies of Louis Philippe, Lafayette, 
 Guizot, and Thiers are among the most interesting and valuable 
 portions of the work. 
 
 The first volume begins with a picture of events left by the 
 July Revolution. Ten chapters carry the history over a period 
 of seven years, and the first volume closes with the conquest of 
 Algiers in October of 1837. 
 
 The second is devoted to what the author happily calls " Die 
 Bliithezeit der parlamentarischen Monarchic." The material is 
 divided into two groups of five chapters each. In the first the 
 writer describes the general condition of society, the literary and 
 religious activities, socialism, and national economy. In the 
 second he portrays in a masterly manner the several phases of 
 the contest between Parliament and the throne extending from 
 1837 to 1840, and closes with an account of the growing separa- 
 tion of the government from the governed. 
 
 In the prosecution of his labors thus far Ilillebrand has made 
 use of a large amount of new material, the most important of 
 which consists of the reports made by ambassadors and envoys 
 to their own governments. 
 
 The remaining portion must be even more interesting and valu- 
 able than that already completed. 
 
 Lamartine, Alphonse de. — Ilistoire de la Revolution de 1848. 
 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1849 ; in English, crown 8vo, London, 1852. 
 
 Though this work partakes strongly of Lamartinc's methods, 
 yet it has the advantage of having been written by a man who 
 was himself in the thick of the struggle. The book was pro- 
 pared in great haste ; but as a picture of actual events it has 
 some value. The author, even when at the head of the govern- 
 ment, could not cease to be a poet ; and it was this fact which led 
 the people to shout, as they did on one famous occasion, " Assez 
 de la lyre." The same characteristic gives interest to his opinions, 
 and robs them of value. 
 
 24
 
 370 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Pierre, Victor. — Histoire de la Republiqne de 1848. 2 vols., 
 8vo, 2d ed., 18V8. 
 
 The most recent and perhaps the most satisfacton-, though not 
 the most complete, history of events in France from February, 
 1848, to December, 1851. It is founded on a careful examina- 
 tion of documents, and is written in a pleasing style. The author 
 is hostile to the imperial policy of the Bonapartes, 
 
 The first volume describes the provisional government, the 
 executive commission, and the power and influence of Cavaignac. 
 The second is an account of events from the full establishment 
 of the republic to its overthrow by the coup d'etat of Napo- 
 leon III. 
 
 Normanby, Marquis of. — A Year of Revolution, from a Journal 
 kept in Paris in 1848. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1857. 
 
 The author was English Ambassador at Paris during the occur- 
 rence of the events he describes. The book is judiciously written, 
 arid is an authority on the period. Alison made frequent use of 
 it in the preparation of his chapters on the Revolution of 1848. 
 
 Carne, Count Louis de. — Etudes sur I'llistoire du Gouvernement 
 Representatif en France de 1789 a 1848. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1855. 
 
 A valuable study, calm in spirit, dignified in manner, and judi- 
 cial in tone. The author's bias is towards the doctrinaire school 
 of politics, but his views are generally tempered by the experi- 
 ences of a practical statesmanship. In his estimate of the revo- 
 luti(»nists lie pursued a middle course, and is therefore more just 
 than are the senliiuental writers of either school, lie has given 
 a judicial estimate of the Girondists, standing about midway be- 
 tween the laudations of Lamartinc and the depreciation of Louis 
 Blanc.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 371 
 
 Guizot, F. — Meraoircs pour servir a rilistoire de rtion Temps. 8 
 vols., Svo and 12mo, Paris and Leipsic, 1858-07. Also in 
 translation, London, 4 vols., Svo. 
 
 These volumes cover the period of Guizot's political life, ex- 
 tending from 1807 to 1848. They are an account not so much 
 of contemporaneous events as of the manner in which those events 
 were looked upon by the author. The second half of the work 
 is devoted exclusively to the period of Guizot's n)inistry, from 
 1840 to 1848. 
 
 It is not too mucli to say that it is the most important and the 
 most successful defence of Louis Philippe's general policy ever 
 published. Few unprejudiced persons will read his account with- 
 out being convinced that the abuses existing under the govern- 
 ment did not call for so violent a remedy as a revolution. In 
 the first chapter of the eighth volume the author expounds the 
 nature of parliamentary government, and declares that both the 
 king and his ministry were ready to advance with reforms as far 
 and as fast as Parliament demanded. He also shows that his 
 ministry constantly held itself accountable to Parliament, and 
 ready to retire whenever it found itself unwilling to support the 
 parliamentary policy. lie shows conclusively that the Revolution 
 of 1848 was not so much directed against the king and ministry 
 as against Parliament. 
 
 In the second chapter of the eighth volume the author devotes 
 more than two hundred pages to the subject of the Spanish mar- 
 riages. This is the most elaborate defence of what is likely to be 
 regarded as the only indefensible part of Guizot's policy. The 
 chapter is an able specimen of special pleading, but it will proba- 
 bly convince very few readers that Guizot was correct. 
 
 Tocqueville, Alexis de — Memoirs, Letters, and Remains of. 
 Translated from the French by the translator of Napoleon's 
 Correspondence with King Joseph. With large additions. 2 
 vols., 12mo, London, 1861. 
 
 Two delightful volumes, that will be sure to interest the stu- 
 dent of modern Frencb history. So acute an observer and so
 
 372 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 profound a critic as De Tocqueville could not look with indiflfor- 
 CMice on the events whicli brought the Republic of 1848 into 
 being, and finally led to the establishment of the Second Empire. 
 
 The value of the work is partly in the articles published in the 
 first volume, and partly in the letters contained chiefly in the 
 second. Of the articles, the most noteworthy are the one on 
 " France before the Revolution " and the two on " France before 
 the Consulate." What the author has written on both of these 
 subjects is worthy of the most earnest attention, as they show 
 what was the natural, if not the inevitable, tendency of events. 
 
 The letters also contain many shrewd and wise observations on 
 the events of the times. The author was a good letter-writer, 
 and he numbered among his correspondents many of the ablest 
 men of France and England. 
 
 Delord, Taxile. — Histoire illustree du Second Empire, complete- 
 ment reman iee par I'auteur, et contcnant 1500 gravures. 6 
 vols.,4to, 1880-83. 
 
 A masterly work, that has already passed through several edi- 
 tions. It was begun some years before the fall of the Second 
 Empire, and was completed in 1874. It shows thorough re- 
 search, careful judgment, and great literary art. The author was 
 opposed to the restoration of the imperial regime, and his book 
 is the most elaborate and powerful arraignment of the Second 
 Empire ever published. It shows with extraordinary skill the 
 speciousness of that apparent prosperity which so long imposed 
 upon the world, and appeared in its true light only after the 
 events of 1870. 
 
 Jerrold, Blanchard.— The Life of Napoleon III., derived from 
 State Records, from Unpublished Family Correspondence, and 
 from Personal Testimony. 4 vols., 8vo, London, 1871-74. 
 
 The author assures us that lie began to collect materials for 
 his work soon after the emperor ascended the French throne. 
 During several years lie hud the active assistance of the imperial
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 373 
 
 family in making liis researches, lie writes from a sympathetic 
 point of view ; but his spirit is in the main impartial, and his 
 history is, beyond all question, the best account of Napoleon III. 
 and the Second Empire we liave in English. It may well be read 
 in connection with the great work of Delord, in w'hich the cause 
 of opposition to Napoleon is presented with consummate skill 
 and power. In point of ability, Jerrold must be considered mucli 
 inferior to Delord. 
 
 Hugo, Victor. — The History of a Crime. The Evidence of a 
 AVitness. 12 mo, New York, 1877. 
 
 This account of the coup cVetat was written during the first 
 months of Victor Hugo's exile, in 1851 and 18o2. It is devoted 
 to a description of the two days which saw the fall of the repub- 
 lic and the elevation of Louis Napoleon on the imperial throne. 
 Of its extraordinary popularity, evidence is seen in the fact tliat 
 in three months after its publication a hundred and twenty edi- 
 tions had been published. Of all the haters of Napoleon III., Vicj- 
 tor Hugo was, perhaps, the most energetic, certainly the most 
 graphic. This fact gives ample key to the nature of the volume. 
 
 Adams, Charles Kendall. — Democracy and Monarchy in France, 
 from the Inception of the Great Revolution to the Overthrow 
 of the Second Empire. Svo, 2d ed.. New York, 1875. 
 
 This volume is made up of ten chapters, designed to show that 
 the political weakness of the Second Empire Avas the legitimate 
 result of the doctrines and habits that liad been taking root in 
 the nation during the previous century. " The Philosophers of 
 the Revolution," " The Politics of the ilevolution," " The Rise of 
 Napoleonism," "The Restoration," "The Ministry of Guizot," 
 "The Revolution of 1848," "From the Second Republic to the 
 Second Empire," " Universal Suffrage under the Second Empire," 
 and "The Decline and Fall" are the titles of the chapters undcv 
 which this discussion is carried on.
 
 374 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The most prominent political evils in France are attributed to 
 the revolutionary spirit engendered and encouraged by the faults 
 of the government, on the one hand, and by the political litera- 
 ture of the period on the other. 
 
 Van Laun, Henry. — The French Revolutionary Epoch. Being 
 a History of France from the Beginning of the First Revolu- 
 tion to the End of the Second Empire. 2 vols., 8vo, London 
 and New York, 1878. 
 
 A rapid sketch, -without groat care, and without deep insight 
 into the significance of events. As a narrative it is generally 
 accurate, and consequently is not without value, though it shows 
 marks of too great haste on the part of the author. It is a de- 
 scription of events, rather than a discussion of causes and conse- 
 quences, 
 
 Martin, Henri. — Histoire de France depuis 1789 jusqu'a nos jours. 
 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1878-85. Published both with and without 
 engravings. 
 
 The reader will here find the well-known characteristics of the 
 author's great " History of France," of which, indeed, it may be 
 regarded as a continuation. Every chapter shows absolute impar- 
 tiality, firm and elevated judgment, clear and rapid narration, and 
 a simple and graphic style. The third volume embraces the his- 
 tory from the treaty of Campo-Formio to the retreat from Russia. 
 The promise given in the title, it will be seen, has been as yet 
 but partially fulfilled. It is a fragment, liowcvcr, for which every 
 genuine scholar of French history will be thankful. 
 
 Le GofF, Francois. — The Life of Louis Adolphe Thiers. Trans- 
 lated from the unj)ublished manuscript by Theodore Stanton. 
 12mo, New York, 187'J. 
 
 A very interesting but much too laudatory sketch of the polit-
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 375 
 
 ical life of Thiers. His career ended, it is true, in triumpli ; but 
 probably no biography will ever be able to show that this sttites- 
 man's vast talents were not very often enlisted in the wrong cause. 
 The deliberate judgment of history will hardly fail to declare that 
 Thiers contributed more than any other man, with the possible 
 exception of Laniartinc, to the weaknesses of French politics from 
 1815 to 1870. His career, at least during forty years, amply jus- 
 tified the mot of Cousin, that Thiers was a vine in constant need 
 of an oak. 
 
 Simon, Jules. — The Government of M. Thiers, from the 8th Feb- 
 ruary, 1871, to the 24th May, 1873. 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 
 
 1878. 
 
 An account of that most trying period which immediately fol- 
 lowed the fall of Paris. It is written by one who was at once a 
 minister of the government, a scholar, and an acute observer of 
 affairs. As member of the Cabinet, Simon had admission to r.U 
 the councils of the President and all the sessions of the Assemblj''. 
 In addition to these qualifications, he has the gift of clear and 
 judicious narration. 
 
 The last chapter of the first volume is devoted to the Commune, 
 and is an excellent account of the rise and fall of that turbulent 
 attempt to control the city. The third chapter of the second vol- 
 ume gives one of the best accessible explanations of the fall of 
 the Thiers o;overnment. 
 
 III. HISTORIES OF INSTITUTIONS AND CIVILIZATION. 
 
 Coulanges, Fustel de. — Ilistoire des Institutions Politiques de 
 rAncicnnc France. Premiere Partie : L'Empire Romain ; Les 
 Gerraains ; La Royaute Merovingienne. 8vo, Paris, 1877. 
 
 While professing to be simply a picture of Gaul from the first 
 to the ninth century, this is really a picture of the whole Barbarian 
 world and of its relations with the Roman Empire. 
 
 All the writings of this author show extensive research, critical
 
 376 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 judgment, and great literary skill. Of the work before us, the 
 most striking portions are books ii. and iii. The former, contain- 
 ing some two hundred pages, is devoted to the political organiza- 
 tion of the Roman Empire ; the latter, of a hundred and twenty- 
 five pages, to the Germanic invasions, or the various methods by 
 which the German element worked itself into the Roman do- 
 mains. The political and social institutions of the German races 
 are described with extraordinary skill. No other recent work has 
 thrown more light on early medi;t!\'al history, and no work on 
 the subject has at any time been presented in so attractive a form. 
 The literary skill of the author has given to the subject a surpris- 
 ing freshness and attractiveness. It is a work that no student 
 can afford to neglect. 
 
 Ampere, J. J. — Histoire Litterairc de la France avant Charle- 
 magne, 2 vols., 8vo, 2d ed., 18G7. The second edition is but 
 slightly modified from the first, though some of the modifica- 
 tions are not without importance. 
 
 The first edition of this work appeared in 1839, and was hon- 
 ored with the Gobert Prize of the French Academy. It was 
 everywhere received as a substantial contribution, not only to the 
 history of French literature, but also to French literature itself. 
 It shows great erudition, and, though written in a pleasing and 
 popular style, the more substantial qualities of learning are never 
 sacrificed to piquancy of language or grace of expression. 
 
 Six preliminary chapters of nearly a hundred and fifty pages 
 arc devoted to a description of the people of Gaul before the 
 Conquest by Cajsar. In the course of this description, the influ- 
 ence of the Iberians, the Celts, the Pha'uicians, the Greeks, and 
 the Romans is carefully considered. Then follow twenty chap- 
 ters on the condition of Gaul from the establishment in the coun- 
 try of the Greeks and liomans to the arrival of the "Barbarians." 
 This includes the period of the establishment of Christianity, and 
 involves a description of such literary works, both ChristiaA and 
 Pagan, as appeared to the author worthy of notice. The second 
 book, of seventeen chapters, concludes the work with an account 
 of the period between the invasions and accession of Charle- 
 magne.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 311 
 
 The last chapters, those in wliich the author describes the 
 legends of the age, and accounts for them in the essential barba- 
 rism of the people, are of especial interest and value. The work 
 as a whole is still an authority, though a few 6f the author's con- 
 clusions have been opened to question by later investigations. 
 
 Ampfere, J. J. — Ilistoire Litteraire de la France sous Charlemagne 
 et durant les X'^ et XP Sieclcs. 8vo, 3d cd., Paris, 1870. 
 
 We here find the same graceful and scholarly characteristics as 
 those which marked the author's preceding work. 
 
 The period is a far more interesting one; but it is one about 
 wliich more was already known, and it may be doubted, there- 
 fore, whether the volume makes as large a contribution to our 
 knowledge as did its predecessors. But it is no less thorough in 
 its methods, and to most readers it will be no less new. It may 
 be used with great advantage in connection with Guizot's " His- 
 tory of Civilization in France " and Mullingcr's " Schools in the 
 Time of Charlemao;ne." 
 
 Guizot, Francois. — History of Civilization in France from the 
 Fall of the Roman Empire. Translated by William Hazlitt. 
 3 vols., 12mo, New York, 1860. 
 
 Two courses of lectures, giving a picture of society in Europe 
 during the period of the invasions and the prevalence of the 
 feudal system. 
 
 Though the work was published as early as 1831, and conse- 
 quently had not the advantages of the profound I'esearches since 
 carried on, yet its merits and importance were such that it has 
 not yet been superseded. 
 
 The characteristics of the lectures are general thoroughness of 
 research, clear insight into political causes, elevation of moral 
 sentiment, and earnest but liberal religious conviction. Guizot 
 had very little dramatic imagination, and was somewhat wanting 
 in narrative and descriptive power, and hence he fell short of be- 
 ing what would be called a great historical artist. But he was
 
 378 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 wliat may be called a physiologist of history, and as such has had 
 no superior. It is in an ability to lay bare the internal and secret 
 connection of facts, the motive forces of the social and political 
 orijanism, that his merits are most conspicuous. 
 
 The work is not limited in its scope to France alone ; but as it 
 treats of the period before the rise of modern nationalities, it is 
 almost equally applicable to other Continental nations. The por- 
 tions that relate to the condition of affairs under Charlemagne 
 and to the feudal system are of greatest value. 
 
 Guizot, Francois. — Essais sur ITIistoire de France. 8vo, Paris, 
 9th ed., 1857. The first edition appeared in 1823. 
 
 The ideas which Guizot gave to the public for the first time in 
 this collection have since been elaborated in his various courses 
 of lectures. But the first essay in the volume continues to have 
 a distinct value. It is " Concerning Municipal Government in the 
 Roman Empire during the Fifth Century of the Christian Era," 
 and is a discussion of the great and puzzling question as to the 
 true causes of the fall of the Roman authority. 
 
 The author fixes attention to the fact that the empire was an 
 agglomeration of towns held together by the central power, but 
 really controlled by classes, which under the Roman system were 
 gradually but completely destroyed. The consequence was that 
 the central authority no longer had any resources on which it 
 could rely. As the Germanic element gradually infiltrated itself 
 into the towns, the Roman authority lost all its vitality. Before 
 the appearance of the work of Coulanges, this essay was the best 
 account ever given of the most fatal weakness of the empire. 
 
 Thierry, Augustin. — Lcttrcs sur rilistoire de France pour servir 
 d'lntroiliicliuii a rKtu<le de cctte llistoire. 13""^' edition, rcvuo 
 ct corrigee. 8vo and 1 2ino, Paris, 18G3. Also vol. 7 of Thierry's 
 complete works, published in 1883. Each vol. is sold separately. 
 
 This volume of letters throws much light on several topics that 
 arc somewhat obscure and difficult. Thj letters are not all of the
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 379 
 
 same value, and need not be read m course. But letters xiii.-xxiv. 
 are devoted to a description of the mediaeval communes; and as 
 a portraiture of the system of free cities arc of the greatest im- 
 portance. Letter xxv., also, is an admirable account, in some 
 twenty pages, of the national assemblies. 
 
 Thierry, Augustin, — Dix Ans d'Etudes Ilistoriqucs. Onzieme 
 edition, revue et corrigee. 8vo and 12 mo, Paris, 1868. Vol. 
 9 of the complete works. 
 
 An admirable collection of essays on the history of England 
 and the liistory of France. Eleven of the papers are devoted to 
 England and eighteen to the author's own country. 
 
 The essays are brief, but they are the fruit of earnest labor, 
 keen intelligence, and careful judgment. The only qualification 
 of praise to be made is the fact that at times they seem a little 
 passe, owing to the result of more recent investigations. Thierry 
 may always, however, be read with interest and profit. 
 
 Thierry, Augustin. — The Formation and Progress of the Tiers 
 Etat, or Third Estate in France. 12mo, London, 1855. 
 
 A portrayal of the rise of the common people in France from 
 villenage to the possession of political power. The humble part 
 of the people in the States-General of the fourteenth, fifteenth, 
 and sixteenth centuries, and the temporary extinction of their in- 
 fluence by the policy of Richelieu and Louis XIV., are fully de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Li the tenth chapter the author shows how completely, under 
 Louis XIV., local institutions were smothered and the life of the 
 nation was drawn towards the centre. The last part of the work 
 ffives an interesting insisrht into the establishment of communal 
 governments in the twelfth century. In an appendix is given an 
 interesting cah'icr drawn up by the village of Blaigny for the 
 States-General of 1576. As a specimen of the state- papers of the 
 sixteenth century, it Is worthy of note.
 
 380 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Bastard, Le Vicomte de. — Les Pailcments dc France. Essai His- 
 
 torique, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1858. 
 
 An admirable picture of the conspicuous part played by the 
 parliaments of France from the thirteenth century to the eigh- 
 teenth. The volumes show the real nature of that long struggle 
 between the parliaments and the crown which had so much to do 
 with shaping French history. 
 
 It was doubtless lai'gcly through the influence of these bodies 
 that the old nobility of France grew into power. The right to 
 judge as well as the right to rule became hereditary. Lads of 
 sixteen or seventeen were often recognized as the successors of 
 their fathers; and although the sons did not acquire the right of 
 sitting as judges at once, they sat to prepare themselves for the 
 time when their fuU rights should be acknowledged. The growth 
 of these characteristics is well traced. The boolc is worthy of the 
 attention of every thoughtful student of political development. 
 
 Bavelier, Adrien. — Essai Historiquc sur le droit d'Election et sur 
 les Anciennes Assemblees Representatives de la France. 8vo, 
 Paris, 1874. 
 
 The importance of the subject here examined is fully indicated 
 by the title of the work. The student who would compare the 
 manner in whicli the early representative assemblies of France 
 lost their power and influence with the way in which representa- 
 tion in England grew into a permanent feature of government 
 will find here much that is of great value. 
 
 The author is a jurist of eminence, and writes from a legal as 
 well as from an historical point of view. 
 
 Picot, Georges. — llistoire dcs Etats-Gencraux, consideree an point 
 de vue de lour influence sur le gouvernement de la France de 
 1355 a 1014. 4 vols., Svo, Paris, 1872. 
 
 A book of great importance in the study of the constitutional 
 development of France. To the student who would learn what
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 381 
 
 the States-General were, and why they accomplished so little for 
 the development of tlie nation, while for England Parliament ac- 
 complished so much, this work of Ticot will afford abundant as- 
 sistance and satisfaction. It is a later and a much more satisfac- 
 tory treatment of the subject than that of Boullee. 
 
 Boullee, M. A. — Histoire Complete des Etats-Generaux et autres 
 Assemblees Representatives de France, depuis 1302 jusqu'en 
 1626. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1845. 
 
 This work received the honor of favorable mention by the In- 
 stitute, and is also worthy of the favorable attention of the stu- 
 dent. During several centuries tl^e States-General were more or 
 less intimately identified with all the great movements in France, 
 and it was long a question whether they would finally develop 
 into a permanent legislative body like the Parliament of England, 
 or whether they would fall into decay and ruin. The author has 
 made very clear how they were called into power, hftw for four 
 centuries they did something to protect popular liberty, how they 
 failed to do very much, and, finally, how they ceased entirely to 
 be a political force. 
 
 The portion of the work that will most interest the general 
 student is the second half of the second volume. This is devoted 
 to the composition of the States-General, the modes of election, 
 and the ceremonials of deliberation. This description might w-ell 
 have formed the introduction instead of the conclusion of the 
 work. 
 
 Dareste, Cleophas. — Histoire de I'Administration en France et 
 des Progres du Pouvoir Royal depuis le regne de Philippe-Au- 
 guste jusqu'a la mort de Louis XIV. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1848. 
 
 The very important subject of these volumes has nowhere re- 
 ceived more adequate treatment. The author describes with am- 
 ple fulness and with judicious discrimination the growth of royal 
 power from the time when the feudal barons were everywhere as- 
 serting their independence to the final absorption of all authority 
 in the hands of Richelieu and Louis XIV.
 
 382 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The most important part of the work is that which depicts the 
 long struggle between the monarch and the parliaments and the 
 States - General. The way in wliich all legislative power was 
 gradually concentrated in the hands of the king forms one of 
 the most instructive lessons of French history. 
 
 Pasquier, Felix. — Histoirede 1' Unite Politique et Territoriale de 
 la France. 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1879-80. 
 
 The subject is one of great interest and importance, and the 
 author has treated it with impartiality and moderation. 
 
 But while the book has these merits, it has some defects. The 
 arrangement of the materials is unsatisfactory ; and the author 
 has not been quite sufficiently careful in his presentation of facts. 
 A more thorough examination of sources or a little more care in 
 the labor of preparation Avould have enabled him to avoid a few 
 errors that now disfigure his pages. The errors, however, are 
 generally of minor importance. 
 
 Doniol, Henry, — Ilistoire des Classes Rurales en France et de leurs 
 Progres dans FEgalite Civile et la Propriete. 8vo, Paris, 1857 ; 
 2d ed., 1865. 
 
 This author has recently made several important contributions 
 to the history of the period just before the French Revolution. 
 He lias studied with special care the condition and the relations 
 of the several classes ; and the most important of the results 
 reached he has embodied in a work on the abolition of feudalism, 
 and in this one on the history of the rural classes. 
 
 Industrious and skilful use has been made of the vast store of 
 materials at the author's hand. He has penetrated the subject 
 with k('<'ii insight, and has pointed to many facts overlooked by 
 De Tocquevillc, Taiue, and Quinet.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 383 
 
 Dareste, Cleophas. — Ilistoiro dcs Classes Agricoles en France de- 
 puis Saint Louis jus<jira Louis XVL 8vo, Paris, 1854 ; 2d cd., 
 entirely recast and much enlarged, 8vo, 1858. 
 
 The systems of land-tenure and the methods by which taxes were 
 imposed are universally regarded as among the most fruitful of 
 the causes that brought on the great Revolution. 
 
 Nowliere else is the subject more adequately and compre- 
 hensively treated than in this volume. The student who is trying 
 to trace the history of social changes in France will derive help 
 from the volume at almost every point. 
 
 Perrens, F. T. — La Democratic en France au Moyen Age. Ilistoire 
 des tendances democratiques dans les populations urbanes au 
 XIV*^ et au XV' siecle. 2 vols., Svo, Paris, 1873. 
 
 This work was crowned by the Listitute, and was generally re- 
 ceived as one of the most scholarly of recent productions on the 
 Middle Ages. It is at once a description of municipal life in 
 mediaeval France and an account of the great struggle towards 
 municipal freedom. It is a production of unquestionable impor- 
 tance, for it shows the same philosophical insight into political and 
 social forces as the author's more recent " History of Florence." 
 
 Stephen, Sir James. — Lectures on the History of France. 2 
 vols., 8vo, London, 1857. An abridged edition, containing se- 
 lected lectures. New York, 1 vol., Svo, 18(30. 
 
 A course of lectures of very considerable value in the study of 
 French institutions. They deal largely with the relations of cause 
 and effect; and, therefore, throw light on the development of 
 French nationality. The lectures giving most important presen- 
 tations are those in which the parliaments and States-General are 
 described. Those on the " Sources and Management of the 
 Revenues" and on the " Power of the Purse " are also of value as 
 showing the fundamental difficulties that finally brought on the 
 Revolution.
 
 384 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Vuitry, Ad. — Etudes sur le Regime Financier de la France avant 
 la Revolution de 1789. Les Impots Remains dans la Ganle au 
 V* au X* Siecle ; Le Regime Financier de la Monarchic Feodalc 
 aux XP, XIP, et XllP^Sieclcs. 8vo, Paris, 1878. 
 
 Of the numerous questions that Calonne, Turgot, and Necker 
 had to grapple with, none were more troublesome than the prob- 
 lems of taxation and revenue. The financial methods of France 
 had been exceedingly confused and incoherent. Taxes had been 
 levied with oppressive inequality ; and injustice was so rooted in 
 the prevailing methods and traditions that all attempts at reform 
 met with a stubborn and successful resistance. 
 
 It is the expressed purpose of M. Vuitry to write a history of 
 financial methods in France from the earliest times down to the 
 close of the eighteenth century. He is well qualified for the task, 
 not only by his ability and learning, but also by some thirty years 
 of successful public service. The first volume gives promise of 
 a work of great learning and value. 
 
 The first part, consisting of a hundred pages, gives a sufficiently 
 full account of the financial methods that prevailed before the 
 eleventh century. The second part is much more elaborate, and 
 is divided into ten chapters. The subjects treated embrace the 
 condition of all ranks of persons, from the serfs to the king ; the 
 division of lands; the power of the seigneurs; the royal power; 
 the domains of the crown and the history of their extension ; the 
 revenues of the monarch ; different kinds of money ; the royal 
 expenses ; methods of financial administration ; and an historical 
 account of receipts and expenditures. Two additional volumes 
 published as a second series, in 1883, are devoted to the period 
 from 1285 to 1380, 
 
 Rosieres,Raoul. — Ilistoire de la Societe' Fran^aisc au Moyen Age. 
 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1878-80. 
 
 In these volumes the author has brought together a vast num- 
 ber of facts gathered promiscuously at second-hand and from 
 original sources. The work, therefore, is not so much a history 
 as a succession of vivi<l pictures. 
 
 Each of the volumes is divided into two parts — the first volume
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 385 
 
 being devoted to monarchy and tlie nobility ; the second, to the 
 Church and the people. 
 
 The most striking peculiarity of the work is the fact that the 
 author, in the second volume, has undertaken to show that the 
 Middle Ages were not a period of faith, as has commonly been 
 supposed, but, on the contrary, that the empire of the clergy over 
 the people was always precarious, and that civil society was al- 
 ways in a state of rebellion against it. These conclusions will 
 hardly be accepted; but, at least, it must be admitted that the 
 author has presented a picturesque view of mediaeval affairs. The 
 sad realities of monastic life are painted in dark contrast with the 
 high ideals entertained by its founders. 
 
 Elliot, Frances. — Old Court Life in France. 2d ed., 2 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1873. Illustrated ed., royal Svo, London, 1886. 
 
 Mrs. Elliot declares in the preface to this book that she has all 
 her life been a student of French memoirs. The result of this 
 devotion is a gossipy picture of the absurd formalities of old times 
 in France. It is a story of unsavory plots and counterplots, be- 
 ginning with Francis I. and ending with Maintenon. 
 
 As a picture of one of the pliases of French society, it has its 
 value ; though it will be thought by most judicious readers to be 
 inferior to some of the chapters on the same subject in Taine's 
 volume on the old reonine. 
 
 Monteil, Amans Alexis. — Ilistoire des Frangais des divers Etats, 
 ou Ilistoire do France aux cinque derniers siecles. 4*^ ed., aug- 
 mentee d'une notice historique par M. Jules Janin, et d'une table 
 analytique par M. Bruguiere. 5 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1853. This 
 edition, though inferior in form to the third, is in other respects 
 superior. 
 
 A book of remarkable erudition, but the arrangement of its 
 materials is so unskilful that it is very difficult to use. A student 
 desiring knowledge of life in France from the fourteenth to the 
 eighteenth century, however, may find much in it that is useful as
 
 386 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 well as entertaining. In imitation of Isaac Disraeli's work, it 
 might have been called " Cm'iosities of French History." Monteil 
 carried on his explorations everywhere, and the fruits of his re- 
 searches constitute an invaluable museum of historical curiosities. 
 Each of the volumes is devoted to one of the centuries included 
 in the scope of the author's purpose. 
 
 Hettner, Eermann. — Geschichte der franzosischen Literatur im 
 achtzehnten Jahrhundert. 4te verbesserte Aufl. 8vo, Braun- 
 schweig, 1880. 
 
 This volume shows the same skilful handiwork that was ob- 
 served in the author's " History of German Literature." 
 
 It begins with a sketch of the literary characteristics of the last 
 years of Louis XIV. and of the regency of the Duke of Orleans. 
 The second book is entitled " Die Bliithe der franzosischen Anf- 
 klarungsliteratur," and includes a critical account of " Voltaire 
 and Montesquieu," " Diderot and the Encyclopedists," and " Rous- 
 seau and his School." 
 
 One of the most interesting and valuable portions of the vol- 
 ume is the third book, in which the author considers the power 
 and influence, in the several nations of Europe, of the French 
 literature of the last centurv. It is in this portion of the work 
 that the writer's powers show to the best advantage. 
 
 Taine, H. A. — The Ancient Regime. Translated by John Du- 
 rand. 8vo, London and New York, 1876. 
 
 Written with the author's well-known brilliancy and ability. 
 The reports of the iiitendants in ditferent parts of the realm are 
 very freely used, and furnish the material for the most valuable 
 parts of the book. As a revelation of society in its different 
 phases during the hundred years before the Revolution, the book 
 lias no equal. The hai)its and methods of the rich and tlie poor 
 are painted with wonderful skill ; and the causes of the prevailing 
 poverty arc shown to be somewhat dillerent from those generally
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 387 
 
 assigned. Great stress is laid upon that system of absenteeism 
 which encouraged the nobles in going to the cities, withdrew the 
 wealth from the country districts, led to the abandonment of vast 
 tracts of fertile soil, and finally brought on famine and starvation. 
 The volume may properly be considered a picture of society 
 preliminary to the author's " History of the Revolution." 
 
 Tocqueville, Alexis De. — L'Ancien Regime ct la Revolution. 
 8vo, Paris. 3"" 6d., revue et corrigee, 8vo, Paris, 1857. Also 
 translated into English by John Bonner, 12mo, New York, 
 1856. 
 
 Somewhat less complete and satisfactory than De Tocqueville's 
 book on Democracy in America ; but doubtless for the reason 
 that the author did not live to complete it. It shows the same 
 diligent research, and tlie same masterly application of the in- 
 ductive method to the study of political and social conditions. 
 
 De Tocqueville possessed a high-minded and pure-hearted sym- 
 pathy with democratic ideas ; and he brought all his great abilities 
 to bear upon the study of the period just before the Revolution. 
 Ilis conclusions were founded upon the most laborious and consci- 
 entious study of original documents, such as the accounts and 
 correspondence of the intendants, the parochial registers, and the 
 parliamentary memoirs. The result was a far more trustworthy 
 and conclusive exposition of the causes that overthrew the old 
 French monarchy than had ever before been presented. 
 
 Not only did he give a striking exposure of the wretched in- 
 competency and oppressiveness of the monarchs ; but, what is per- 
 haps of still greater value, he gave a most convincing demon- 
 stration that the Revolution had changed the governmental system 
 of the monarchy far less than has generally been supposed. He 
 also showed the folly of attributing to the Revolution the ad- 
 ministrative centralization of France, as well as the folly of the 
 promoters of the Revolution in maintaining centralization while 
 professing to foster liberty. 
 
 Although the work is incomplete, and therefore in a measure 
 unsatisfying, yet, notwithstanding this fact, it must be regarded 
 
 />'
 
 388 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 as one of the most valuable books on the period just before the 
 Revolution ever written. 
 
 Janet, Paul. — Philosophic de la Revolution Frangaise. 2 vols., 
 8vo, Paris, 1874. 
 
 The work of a philosopher, who discusses in excellent spirit 
 the predominant views entertained in the time of the Revolution. 
 The book is pervaded by two leading ideas. In the first place, 
 although the dominant aims of the Revolutionists were founded 
 in justice and reason, their extreme and despotic methods could 
 not be otherwise than injurious to the nation. In the second 
 place, these extreme methods begot a revolutionary spirit that, 
 even down to the war of 1870, was a great obstacle to anything 
 like true political development. 
 
 The book is written in the best form of philosophical discus- 
 sion, and to one who is fond of political philosophy will not fail 
 to be attractive. 
 
 Quinet, Edgar. — La Revolution. 5^ ed., revue et augmentee de 
 la critique de la Revolution, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1868. Also 
 vols, xii., xiii., and xiv. of Quinet's collected works, Paris, 1877. 
 
 This might be called a study of the Revolution rather than a 
 history of it. Quinet was a very vigorous and suggestive think- 
 er, and was entirely free from the sentimental and melodramatic 
 methods so common with French writers on the Revolution. Ilis 
 mind was one of the most finely cultured in France. lie studied 
 in all the countries of Western Europe ; and he brought to his 
 work an intelligence enriched with earnest thought as well as with 
 extended observation. Whatever he has written is worthy of 
 attention ; for he is the best representative of the reaction against 
 the optimistic method. 
 
 In his work on the Revolution he has taken up different phases 
 of the subject and studied them in a method similar to that we 
 may imagine De Tocqueville would liave used had he lived to 
 continue his contemplated work. P)Ut Quinet's point of view 
 was quite different from De Tocqueville's. AVhilc the latter was
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 389 
 
 always inclined to inake men the ])roiluct of institutions, the 
 former looked upon institutions as the product of men. This 
 tendency gave Quinet a clear insight into certain phases of the 
 Revolutionary movement that some of the most painstaking inves- 
 tigators have overlooked. lie was a Protestant, and his nature 
 was essentially, perhaps one might say ardently, religious. Hence 
 he did not lose sight of the fact that the faihire of the Revolu- 
 tionists was largely due to their utter inability to solve or under- 
 stand the religious problems that confronted them. He points 
 out with great subtlety the spiritual deficiencies in the Revolu- 
 tionary creed ; and shows that many of the worst features of the 
 old regime were retained simply because the ideas on which they 
 rested were entirely misunderstood. 
 
 Of especial interest is the light the author throws on the career 
 and fall of Robespierre. In this he has contributed largely to our 
 knowledge by introducing extracts from the unedited memoirs of 
 Baudot. 
 
 In the study of what may be called the ethical rather than the 
 material elements of the Revolution. Quinet is perhaps the most 
 useful of all authorities. Like Carlyle, he should be used only 
 after some familiarity with the events of the period has been 
 obtained. 
 
 Berriat Saint Prix, Charles. — La Justice Revolutionnairc. 8vo, 
 Paris, deuxieme edition, 1870. 
 
 The production of a scholarly investigator, this volume is supe- 
 rior to all others on the subject of which it treats. It is success- 
 ful in showing that many of the impressions concerning the Revo- 
 lutionary tribunals are entirely erroneous. Among other correc- 
 tions, he proves at length that the story often repeated by histori- 
 ans and essayists of the so-called " mariages repuhlicains " is pure 
 fiction. 
 
 Burke, Edmund.— Reflections on the Revolution of France. Svo, 
 London, 1790; also to be found in the fourth volume of 
 the American edition of Burke's Works. 
 
 This extraordinary book was published near the outbreak of the
 
 390 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Froncli Revolution, and justly takes rank as one of the master- 
 pieces of English literature. It is at once a condemnation of the 
 Revolution, and a prophecy of the evils the Revolution would pro- 
 duce. As a specimen of denunciatory writing, it is probably one 
 of the most remarkable ever produced in any language. It pours 
 out torrent after torrent, Niagara after Niagara. But though it is 
 repetitious, and therefore somewhat monotonous, it abounds in 
 shrewd judgments, in brilliant pictures, and in prophecies that 
 seem inspired. At times it is so unfair and so unjust that some 
 have attempted to explain its excesses by the presumption that 
 Burke had lost his reason. There is no need, however, of re- 
 sorting to this violent hypothesis. Burke's mind was always 
 essentially denunciatory in its nature ; and he was never able to 
 be quite just either to men or to political methods he disliked. 
 Moreover, though he was a passionate friend of liberty, he never 
 believed liberty was to be secured or preserved by submitting 
 political affairs to the control of masses of ignorant men. These 
 characteristics of his mind and of his political doctrines are quite 
 sufficient to account for the peculiarities of what, with all its 
 drawbacks, must probably be considered the greatest work of the 
 greatest writer of English prose. 
 
 I 
 
 Mackintosh, Sir James. — yiiidici?c Gallic.T. A Defence of the 
 French Revolution and its English Admirers against the Accu- 
 sations of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, including some Strict- 
 ures on the late Production of Mons. de Calonne. 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1791. Also published in the author's collected works. 
 
 This should be read in connection with Burke's essay. Its 
 purpose is sufficiently indicated by its title. I'erhaps Mackintosh 
 was the only man at the time in England who by his literary 
 skill and his political sympathy was qualified to review the work 
 and break the force of its great iufluence. 
 
 Through the whole essay there runs a strong current of liberal 
 thought, which gives to it a constant value. As a presentation of 
 the view opposed to that of I>urke, it has had no superior, and, 
 perhaps, lias never been equalled. Its appearance in England
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 391 
 
 raised tlic author at once to a position of supreme influence 
 among the members of tlie Whig party. 
 
 Croker, John Wilson. — Essays on tlie Early Period of the French 
 llevolution. 8vo, London, 1857. 
 
 A number of searching and very interesting studies on more or 
 less important points in tlie history of tlie lievolutionary period. 
 Croker's paper on the guillotine sliows that the Revolutionary 
 method of decapitation was by no means new ; and his review of 
 the histories of Thiers is the most searching and condemnatory 
 ever published before the appearance of the more elaborate criti- 
 cism of Barni. He was one of the extremest of Conservatives, 
 and, under the name of Rigby, was made to masquerade as a writer 
 of "slashing articles" in Disraeli's "Coningsby." As a reviewer, 
 Croker was one of the most conspicuous Tory figures of his day. 
 
 Schmidt, Julian. — Geschichte der franzosischen Literatur seit der 
 Revolution, 1789. 2teumgearbeitete Aufl. 2 vols., Leipzig, 1873. 
 
 A book at once very useful and very agreeable. Beginnino- 
 with the Revolution, the author passes in review the most impor- 
 tant writers of the several schools down to the developed form of 
 positivism in the productions of Comte. 
 
 The work is descriptive rather than critical. It is written, as 
 the author declares, not for Frenchmen, but for Germans ; and he 
 might have added, not so much for German scholars as for the 
 more intelligent of the German middle class. Its aim is to give a 
 more general knowledge of that remarkable intellectual activity 
 which has characterized France during the present century. 
 
 Perhaps the most striking quality of the volumes is the pictur- 
 esqueness of the descriptions. The author shows a very happy 
 faculty of describing each writer in such a way as to make him 
 a distinct personality in the presence of the reader. At times, 
 his characterizations are perhaps a little overdrawn, but they are 
 always striking and usually just. The descriptions of Lamartine 
 and Capefigue are especially worthy of note.
 
 392 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The author's style is one of the easiest to be found in modern 
 German prose. 
 
 Ferry, Jules.— La Lutte Electorale en 1863. 12 mo, Paris, 1863. 
 
 A remarkable portrayal of the hollowness of the French system 
 of elections under the empire. The author shows in a very strong 
 light and with minute details the utter worthlessness of those 
 elections as an indication of popular opinion. The book was in- 
 directly a powerful attack on the Second Empire, inasmuch as it 
 showed that the popular support on which it pretended to justify 
 its existence was a mere pretence and a sham. 
 
 Reeve, Henry. — Royal and Republican France. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 
 London, 1872. 
 
 Reviews and essays published from time to time by an able 
 and careful observer of Fi-ench aflEairs. Reeve was an intimate 
 friend of De Tocqneville and the translator of his works. Much 
 of his life was spent in France, and he was on intimate terms with 
 the most prominent PVenchmen of his time. Probably no Eng- 
 lishman of the present century, excepting, perhaps, Senior, has 
 made himself more familiar with recent French political history. 
 The essays here collected, therefore, are invariably judicious in 
 tone and are worthy of careful study. Those on " Mirabeau " and 
 on " Marie Antoinette " will probably be found of greatest value. 
 
 Senior, Nassau William.- — Journals kept in France and Italy 
 from 1848 to 1852 ; with a Sketch of the Revolution of 1848. 
 Edited by his Daughter, M. C. M. Simpson. 2 vols,, 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1871. 
 
 Mr. Senior was a well-known English political economist, but 
 liis favorite recreation was the study of politics, and his life was 
 largely spent among politicians. On going to the Continent, he
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 393 
 
 was loaded witli letters of introduction from all quarters, and 
 these, with his personal accomplishments, secured for him every- 
 where a cordial welcome. He kept a journal which differs from 
 the journals of others in the great prominence he gives to the 
 conversations of those he meets. His men:ory was so strong that 
 he was generally able to write a verbatim report of what was said 
 on any occasion. These reports he had the singular habit of hav- 
 ing corrected by the speakers themselves. Their accuracy, there- 
 fore, appears to be unquestionable. 
 
 Senior arrived at the French capital in 1848, in time to witness 
 the attack on the National Assembly. He became the intimate 
 friend of De Tocqueville, and was at once admitted to the best so- 
 ciety of Paris. As material for the history of the time, the value 
 of these volumes must be apparent to every reader. 
 
 Senior, Nassau William. — Conversations with M. Thiers, M. 
 Guizot, and other Distinguished Persons during the Second 
 Empire. Edited by his Daughter, M. C. M. Simpson, 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1878. 
 
 A continuation of the preceding work. The author was much 
 with the leaders of the opposition to the government of the Sec- 
 ond Empire, From 1852 to 1860 he was nearly as much in Paris 
 as in London. During the whole of this time his keeping of a 
 journal was no secret ; and his daughter assures us that in most 
 cases the speakers corrected his reports of their conversations. 
 
 The volumes are at once delightful reading, and of great use as 
 affording to each of the speakers an opportunity to account in his 
 own words for his political stewardship. It is to be noted, how- 
 ever, that Senior was more with the opposition than with friends 
 of the government, and, consequently, the government has not 
 quite a fair representation. But as a presentation of the views of 
 the opposition, the work is one of the most complete ever made. 
 
 Haas, C. P. Marie. — Administration de^ la France. Histoire et 
 Mecanisme dcs Grands Pouvoirs de I'Etat, Fonctions Publiques,
 
 394 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Conditions d' Administration et d'Avancement dans toutes les 
 Carrieres, Privileges ct Inimunites. 2*^ ed., 4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1861. 
 
 The dcsio"n of the author of this great work was to describe 
 the peculiarities of the French government from the earliest times 
 to the present. It docs for the government of France vvliat Todd 
 and Gneist liave done for the government of England. Each pe- 
 riod of the history is taken up in its order, and its peculiarities 
 of sfovernment and administration are well described. 
 
 Kaiser, Simon. — Fi-anzosische Verfassungsgeschichte von 1789 bis 
 1852 in ihrcr historischen Aufeinanderfolge und systematischen 
 Entwickelung. 8vo, Leipsic, 1852. 
 
 As a description of the numerous constitutions adopted in 
 France since the outbreak of the great Revolution, this book has 
 real value. Nor is it merely a collection and description of the 
 constitutions. Although these arc all brought together in an ap- 
 pendix, the main portion of the work consists of a history of the 
 ideas which from time to time were embodied in the constitutions 
 newly adopted. It is probably the most valuable work of its 
 kind yet produced. 
 
 Nisard, D. — lllstoire de la Litterature Fran^aisc. 4 vols., Svo, 
 Paris, 1844-81. Tlie fifth edition, without important changes, 
 was published in 1874. 7th cd., 1879. 
 
 In the first boolc the author describes the general characteris- 
 tics of French literature during the Middle Ages. The second in- 
 troduces the reader to a much fuller treatment of the period of 
 till! Uenaissance ; the third, filling the second and third volumes, 
 describes the literature of llie age of Louis XIV. ; and the fourth 
 brings the work to an end at the beginning of the French Rev- 
 olution. 
 
 As early as 18.34, when only twcnty-eiglit years of age, Nisard 
 attracted the attention of Guizot by the power and brilliancy of
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 395 
 
 his work entitled " Lcs Poetcs Latins do la Decadence." lie was 
 a successful applicant for an important position in the Ecole Nor- 
 male, though Saintc-Beuvc was a rival candidate for the chair. A 
 little later he was chosen first assistant to the Minister of Public 
 Instruction, and in 1850 was given a seat in the Academy. 
 
 In literary criticism, as in politics, Nisard was a liberal Conserv- 
 ative of the school of Guizot. In one of his earliest works he 
 criticised severely the tendency towards literary decadence, as 
 manifested in the popularity of the writings of Victor Hugo ; 
 comparing the tendency with that which was so marked in the 
 later literature of Rome. He was a strenuous opponent of the 
 Revolution of 1848, and criticised it with so much severity that 
 his words brought upon him the interference of the government. 
 lie often refers to the Revolution of 1848 as the embodiment of 
 the worst teachings of the writers of the eighteenth century. 
 
 Throughout his work the author's criticisms are trenchant, his 
 comments are striking, and his style is fluent and interesting. 
 
 Villemain, Abel Francois. — Cours de^Litterature Fran^aise. Ta- 
 bleau de la Litterature du Moyen Age, 2 vols. ; Tableau de la 
 Litterature au XVIIP Siecle, 4 vols. In all, 6 vols., 8vo and 
 12mo, Paris, 1840 ; latest revised and corrected edition, 1864. 
 
 The author, one of the most brilliant lecturers and writers of 
 his generation, early showed extraordinary gifts. He was succes- 
 sively appointed professor of history, of eloquence, and of litera- 
 ture ; was admitted to the Academy as its youngest member ; was 
 made its perpetual secretary ; was appointed Minister of Public 
 Instruction ; and, finally, was elevated to the rank of peer of 
 France. 
 
 The sixty-two lectures of which these volumes are made up 
 were a part of that triad so frequently referred to as the most 
 brilliant event in the history of higher education in France. They 
 were given on alternate days with the lectures of Guizot on the 
 " History of Civilization," and with those of Cousin on the " His- 
 tory of Philosophy." Delivered in 1828 and 1829, they were at 
 first published from stenographic reports. These were revised by
 
 396 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the author in 1840, and again for the edition of 18G4. The latest 
 revision contains no very fundamental or important changes. 
 
 The first volume surveys the period from the death of Louis 
 XIV. to Montesquieu ; the second, from Duclos to Voltaire ; the 
 third, from Voltaire to Beaumarchais ; the fourth, from Beaumar- 
 chais to Madame de Stael and Joseph de Maistre. 
 
 All critics agree that Villemain was one of the most happily 
 endowed writers of modern French. To a liearty appreciation 
 of great thoughts he united a style that was remarkable for its 
 elevation, its grace, its spirit, and its freedom from extravagance. 
 His judgments were independent and moderate, his insight quick 
 and profound, his imagination active and fruitful, and his modes 
 of expression were equally removed from the commonplace and 
 the extravagant. 
 
 It is doubtful whether the form of public lectures is the oi)e 
 best adapted to impart minute information ; but if something is 
 lost in precision, something is gained in spirit, and perhaps in 
 breadth. If the reader of Villemain does not acquire the most 
 exact knowledge, he will at least receive broad impressions that 
 are likely to be both correct and permanent. 
 
 Van Laun, Henri.— History of French Literature. Vol. i., from 
 its Origin to tlie Renaissance ; vol. ii., from the Classical Re- 
 naissance until the End of the Reign of Louis XIV. ; vol. in., 
 from the End of the Reign of Louis XIV. till the End of the 
 Reiirn of Louis riiilippe. 3 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 
 1877. 
 
 A summary of French literature that the reader of English will 
 sometimes find convenient, but not one that is entitled to very 
 high praise. It is agreeably written, and is, for the most part, 
 well arrang(!d. 
 
 But the faults of the work are numerous and important. It 
 shows unmistakable evidence of too great haste in preparation ; it 
 contains numerous errors of considerable moment ; it often shows 
 a fli[)paiit looseness of expression ; and, in general, it seems to be 
 founded (piite as much on the standard histories of French litera- 
 ture as on a study of the literature itself. To one who is famil-
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 397 
 
 iar witli tlie superior works of Ampere, A'illcniain, llettner, and 
 Schmidt, it will appear to be a liat^ty and feeble liandling of a 
 great subject. In one who knows little of French literature it 
 may awaken an interest, and even an enthusiasm. The author's 
 style is at least spirited, and his manifest love of the subject may 
 perhaps be imparted to tlie reader. But his judgments are not 
 an altoo-ether safe truidc. 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 1. The best brief history of France is probably Guizot's "Con- 
 cise History." Lacombe's " Short History of the French People " 
 is a still briefer, but an admirable, book. White's " France " was 
 written with much spirit, but with some lack of judgment. The 
 lectures by Sir James Stephen should form a part even of a short 
 course. The chapters on France in the first volume of Buckle's 
 " Civilization " give one of the best preliminary views of the Rev- 
 olution. This may be followed by Mignet's or Morris's " Revolu- 
 tion," and this by Van Laun or Adams. 
 
 2. The l)est book on the earliest period is Coulanges's " Insti- 
 tutions Politiques." Thierry's "Histoire des Gaulois " is justly 
 famous. Guizot's " Civilization in France " is next in importance. 
 It covers the period from the Roman Conquest to the end of the 
 feudal system. As a narrative history of the period before Louis 
 XL, Michelet's is the best in English, Martin's in French. The 
 events which led to the consolidation under Louis XL are best 
 described in Commines, Willert, and Kirk. In the same connec- 
 tion, lecture xi. of Guizot's " Civilization in Europe " should be 
 read. The period of the Reformation is best described in Baird's 
 " Rise of the Huguenots." The Catholic view is presented by 
 Capefiguc. Poirson, Lacombe, and Perrens are the great modern 
 authorities on the time of Henry IV. ; but nothing supersedes the 
 importance or interest of the " Memoirs" of Sully. If the reader 
 commands German, he should consult Ranke on all questions of 
 the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. On the great period of 
 Richelieu's administration there is no very satisfactory authority. 
 Martin's account, on the whole, is perhaps the best. Michelet
 
 398 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 writes powerfully from a liberal point of view, and Capefigue 
 gives the monarchical side with his customary flippancy. Mar- 
 tin's "Age of Louis XIV." is a somewhat too favorable view. 
 Guizot's account of this reign in his " Popular History " is open 
 to the same objection, though, in the main, it is an admirable 
 picture of one side of the question. For the other side, sec the 
 tirst volume of Buckle, also Taine's " Ancien Regime." 
 
 The most judicious work on the Revolution is that of Von 
 Sybel. Carlyle's is a work of supreme genius, but should be read 
 not as a history, but as a condiment to go with other histories. 
 The history of the Revolution by Thiers has been the most 
 popular one in France, though many good judges give the palm 
 of excellence to that of Louis Blanc. Of all writers on the pe- 
 riod, Quinct is one of the most judicious and suggestive. Thiers's 
 "Consulate and Empire" has some great qualities, but its prodig- 
 ious popularity has been chiefly owing to the adroit manner in 
 which it flatters French vanity. Lanfrey's book has almost rev- 
 olutionized public opinion of Napoleon L Scott wrote without 
 investigation, and is quite untrustworthy. Alison investigated 
 with care, but is always strongly tinctured with Toryism ; Lock- 
 hart has a bias in the same direction. Hazlitt is an energetic 
 champion of Napoleon, and Abbott is absurdly laudatory. If the 
 reader desires a general work in English on France during this 
 century, he must use either Van Laun's "Revolutionary Epoch" 
 or Adams's " Democracy and Monarchy." For fuller accounts 
 of specific events, Hillebrand, Lamartine, Blanc, Hugo, Delord, 
 and Simon should be used, 
 
 3. Aniedoe Thierry's "Gaulois" is well summarized and re- 
 viewed in the Westminster Revieiu for April, 1872. Arnold's 
 "Roman Provincial Administration" throws much light on early 
 munici{)al methods in France. The same subject receives lumi- 
 nous treatment in Guizot's essay on the "Regime Municipal dans 
 I'Empire Romain," published in the author's volume of " Essais." 
 The essay by the same historian on the causes of the fall of the 
 Merovingians and Carlovingians is worthy of careful attention. 
 The writings of Augustin Thierry are among the highest authori- 
 ties on this period, {'auriel's "Southern Gaul under the Germans" 
 is a learned description of society in the South ; and Palgrave's 
 " Xonnaiidv " is a still more able and comprehensive view of the 
 
 I
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 399 
 
 North. Montalembert's " Monks of tlie West " gives eloquent 
 accounts of the introduction of the religious orders. Mullinger's 
 " Schools of Charles the Great " is a useful supplement to Gui- 
 zot's account of tliat monarch, Bulfinch's " Legends of Charle- 
 magne" present the romantic side of the period. De Joinville's 
 "Louis IX." is of interest, not only for its historical value, but as 
 being one of the earliest monuments of French literature. Guizot's 
 essay on St. Louis is an admirable portrait of a representative 
 Catholic Christian of his century. James's novel of " Philip Au- 
 gustus" is a portrayal of society and manners in the thirteenth 
 century ; Scott's " Count Robert of Paris " is a much better repre- 
 sentation of the times of the First Crusade, and " The Talisman " 
 of the Third Crusade. "Quentin Durward" admirably delin- 
 eates the characteristics and the relations of Louis XL and Charles 
 the Bold ; and " Anne of Geicrstein " gives an equally correct and 
 entertaining view of the events which combined the Swiss against 
 the Burgundians, and led to the overthrow of the rash duke. The 
 same novel is of value as introducing the reader to the famous 
 Vehmgericht of media3val Germany. For a full explanation of 
 this remarkable court the introduction to the later editions of the 
 novel should be read. Hugo's " Hunchback of Notre Dame " 
 and Reade's " The Cloister and the Hearth " relate to this same 
 interesting period. The most valuable and entertaining essay on 
 the political relations of this reign is Freeman's review of Kirk's 
 " Charles the Bold." Of the representations of Joan of Arc, 
 Harriet Parr's is the best in English, and Wallon's in French. 
 Stanhope has an essay that gives a good view of the trial, and 
 the paper on the subject in De Quincey's " Miscellanies " is v/or- 
 thy of consultation. 
 
 On the subject of the legislative assemblies in mediaeval France, 
 Bastard and Bavelier are the best authorities, though Picot should 
 be examined, and the lectures on the subject in Sir James Ste- 
 phen should be read. Of the liighest authority, also, is Thierry's 
 "History of the Third Estate." Monteil's "History of the Es- 
 tates" is a book of immense learning, but of so faulty an ar- 
 rangement as to be used with considerable difficulty. 
 
 Of the wars of the League, Lingard, in his " History of Eng- 
 land," has given the Catholic view, and Buckle cites numerous 
 authorities to show that Catholics and Protestants were actuated
 
 400 HISTORICAL LITERATUKE. 
 
 by substantially the same spirit. Disraeli, in liis " Curiosities of 
 Literature," has an apology for the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
 In the Edinburgh Review, vol. xliv. (1826), is to be found a very 
 strong presentation of the view that the massacre was the con- 
 summation of a plan devised long before. The opposite view is 
 held by Kanke and the best of later authorities. The Regency 
 of Mary de' Medici is well described by Dumas in his " Three 
 Guardsmen," and the War of the Fronde is portrayed with equal 
 spirit in the same novelist's " Twenty Years After." The novels 
 of G. P. R. James on this age of French history are countless, if 
 not worthless. On the statesmanship of Richelieu, see President 
 White's article on that minister in the Atlantic Monthly for May, 
 1862. Poole's "Huguenots" is very scholarly, and, if less valua- 
 ble than Baird's, gives a view of the persecutions after the Revo- 
 cation of the Edict of Nantes that is worthy of notice. This ac- 
 count, however, should be compared with the Catholic author- 
 ities. 
 
 The literature on the period from Louis XIV. to the Revolu- 
 tion is almost limitless in extent, and it is therefore difficult to 
 discriminate in attempting to indicate the most valuable. St. 
 John's edition of Saint-Simon's "Memoirs," Reeve's essay on Louis 
 XIV., in that author's " Royal and Republican France ;" De Toc- 
 queville's essay on "France before the Revolution," published in 
 the Westminster Review for April, 1836, and in his " Memoirs;" 
 Morlcy's essays on " Rousseau " and " Voltaire," and Arthur 
 Young's " Travels in France," are perhaps the most important 
 adjuncts to the works already mentioned. Carlyle's essay on 
 the French Revolution, in volume iv. of his " Miscellanies,'' char- 
 acterizes the different works on the period in a masterly man- 
 ner. The essays by Croker arc full of learning, and of the 
 cynical spitefulness so characteristic of his intense Toryism. 
 Burke's famous essay is by far the strongest presentation of 
 the anti-revolutionary argument, and Mackintosh's review of it 
 perhaps the strongest argument on the other side. De Stael's 
 volume on tlic Revolution is a work of great genius; and the 
 essay of Jeffreys, in review of it, pertinently calls attention to 
 the prevailing igiioi'ance of the subject in England. Macaulay's 
 essays on " Mirabcau " and "Barere" are among the more enter- 
 taining of that author's papers. Dickens's "Tale of Two Cities"
 
 IIISTOKIES OF FKANCE. 401 
 
 gives a striking picture of the Keign of Terror. Victor Hugo's 
 "Ninety -three" is devoted to the same period. 
 
 Tlie novels of Erckmann-Chatrian, of which excellent transla- 
 tions have been made, pertain mostly to this period, and are 
 among the best specimens of historical fiction. They are both 
 trustworthy and graphic. Of the numerous essays on Napoleon, 
 those of Channing, Emerson, Carlyle, Bayne, and Hayward arc 
 most worthy of notice. On the military career of Napoleon, 
 Jomini and Napier are the great authorities. The real and fatal 
 significance of Napoleon's Spanish policy is strikingly presented 
 in Seeley's " Life of Stein." The latest, and perhaps the most 
 damaging, assaults upon Napoleon's title to grateful remembrance 
 have been made by Barni, Jung, and Madame de Kemusat. The 
 first shows that he was not entitled even to the credit of the 
 Napoleonic Code ; the last, that from beginning to end he was di- 
 rected by a stupendous and all-devouring egotism and selfishness. 
 
 Striking pictures of France during the last days of Napoleon's 
 career are given in chapter i. of Guizot's "Memoirs," in the. 
 Atlantic Monthly for April and May of 1858, and in volume iii. 
 of John Quincy Adams's " Memoirs." De Tocqueville's " Memoirs" 
 contain an admirable chapter on "France before the Consulate." 
 On the period after the fall of Napoleon, Lamartine and Blanc 
 are the authorities with republican sympathies, Capefiguc with 
 monarchical Much light is thrown on the Revolutions of 1830 
 and 1848 by De Tocqueville's and by Guizot's " IVIemoirs," by Sen- 
 ior's " Journals," also by Alison's essay on " The Revolution of 
 1 830," and by portions of Bulwer's " France." Brougham and Gui- 
 zot condemn the Revolution of 1848 ; Mill and Lamartine justify it. 
 
 The coup (Tetat is elaborately described by Tenot and Hugo. 
 The same event, as well as the general early policy of Napoleon 
 in., is described and reviewed in very spirited and denunciatory 
 terms by Kinglake, in the first volume of his " Crimean "War." De 
 Tocqueville's description, contributed to the Times newspaper, is 
 reproduced in his " Memoirs." What is to be said on the Napo- 
 leonic side of the question may be seen in the brilliant letters of 
 Bagehot, written from Paris, and republished in his posthumous 
 works. 
 
 On the Franco-German War of 1870, Hazen's "Schools and 
 Army of Germany," and Roberts's "Campaigns" are of value. 
 
 26
 
 402 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Reeve's essay on " Communal France " and Michelet's " France 
 before Europe," are worthy of note. Constitutional questions 
 have been very fully and very ably discussed by Renan, Labou- 
 laye, Guizot, De Broglie, and Kaiser. The latter, in an appendix, 
 gives the texts of all the constitutions from 1791 to 1851. Among 
 the most brilliant books on France during this century may be 
 mentioned Seneuil's " L'Heritage de la Revolution " and Prevost- 
 Paradol's " La France Nouvelle." 
 
 On the history of the literature of France the most important 
 authorities are Ampere, Villemain, Nisard, Hettner, Schmidt, and 
 Van Laun. The Revue des Deux Mondes is probably entitled to 
 be ranked as the foremost review in existence, and it may be con- 
 sulted with profit on almost all important questions of the pres- 
 ent century. The Revue Historique, published since 1874, aims 
 to give critical notices of all noteworthy historical publications, 
 together with a periodical list of all articles of note in all parts 
 of the world. 
 
 Nearly all modern French writers of prominence have been 
 reviewed by Sainte-Beuve, perhaps the most brilliant and dis- 
 criminating of all critics. Ills papers have been brought togeth- 
 er in a long series of volumes under the title of " Causeries de 
 Lundi." The criticisms of Edmund Scherer promise to be not 
 an unworthy continuation of the celebrated "Causeries" of 
 Sainte-Beuve. Of Scherer's papers five volumes have already 
 been published. 
 
 II. L. Bordier's " Les Archives de la France, ou Histoire des Ar- 
 chives de FEmpire, des Archives des Ministeres, des Departements, 
 des Communes," etc. (Svo, Paris, 1854), is generally deemed the 
 most valuable authority on the subject. Adolphe Cheruel's " Dic- 
 tionnaire Historique des Institutions, Moiurs, et Coutumes de la 
 France" (2 vols., Svo, Paris, 2d cd., 1865) is a work of unques- 
 tionable importance. Charles Dreyss's " Chronologic Universelle, 
 Suivie de Listes Chronologiques et de Tables Genealogiques" ( 1 2mo, 
 4th cd., Paris, 1873) is a convenient book of reference. Napoleon 
 the First's " Corrcspondance " (32 vols., 4to, Paris, 1858-70) is 
 invaluable, though the editing was not all that could have been 
 desired. The collection is characterized by many important omis- 
 sions, but this defect lias been relieved in part by the publication 
 in the "Revue Historique" (vols. XXXII., XXXIII.) of many of 
 the important letters that were omitted.
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 403 
 
 ifimile Little's " Histoire de la Langue Frangaise" (2 vols., 8vo, 
 Paris, 5th ed., 1865) is of philological importance. Theopliile 
 Lavaliee's "Histoire des Frangais dcpuis le Temps dcs Ganlois 
 jusqii'a nos Jours" (19" ed., 12mo, 6 vols., Paris, 1874). J. M. Le 
 Hiieroii's "Histoire dcs Listitutions Merovingiennes" (8vo, Paris, 
 1841) and " Histoire des Listitutions Carolingiennes" (8vo, Paris, 
 1843). C. J. Perreciot's " De I'Etat Civil des Personnes et de la 
 Condition des Torres dans les Gaules" (3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1845). 
 C. J. B. Girard's " Histoire du Droit Frangais au Moyen Age " (2 
 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1846). M. Deloche's " La Trustis et I'Antrustion 
 Pioyal sous les Deux Premiers Races" (Svo, Paris, 1873). J. M. 
 Pardessus's " Loi Salique" (4to, Paris, 1843). . H. B. Bastard- 
 d'Estang's " Les Parlenients de France" (2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1857). 
 J. B. Pasquicr's " Histoire de TUnite Politique et Territoriale de la 
 France" (3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1879-80). P. Robiquet's " Histoire 
 Municipalede Paris" (8vo, Paris, 1880). A. A. Monteil's "His- 
 toire Agricole de la France " (8vo, nouv. ed., Paris, 1877) ; also the 
 same author's "Histoire Financiere de la France" (8vo, Limoges, 
 1881) and " Histoire de I'Lidustrie Frangaise" (2 vols., Svo, Paris 
 and Limoges, 1878-80). Raynouard's "Histoire du Droit Muni- 
 cipal en France" (2 vols., Svo, Paris, 1829) deals with the subject 
 to the end of Charlemagne's reign. Le Grand d'Aussy's "His- 
 toire de la Vie Privee des Frangais depuis I'Origine de la Nation 
 jusqu'a nos Jours" (3 vols., Svo, Paris, nouv. ed., 1815). G. B. 
 Depping's " Histoire des Expeditions Maritimes des Normands et 
 Icuv Etablissement en France au Dixieme Siecle " (Svo, Paris, nouv. 
 ed., 1843). A. L. Puibusque's "Histoire Comparee des Littera- 
 tures Espagnoles et Frangaise " (2 vols., Svo, Paris, 1843) is an in- 
 teresting and valuable work. A. C. Thibaudeau's " Histoire des 
 Etats Generaux" (2 vols., Svo, Paris, 1843) purports to be a his- 
 tory of representative institutions in France from the beginning 
 of the monarchy to the French Revolution, Flassan's " Histoire 
 Generale et Raisonne de la Diplomatic Frangaise depuis la Fonda- 
 tion de la Monarchic jusqu'k la Fin du Regne de Louis XVL" (7 
 vols., Svo, Paris, 2® ed.,1811) is of much importance. C.Schmidt's 
 "Histoire et Doctrine des Cathares ou Albigeois" (2 vols., Svo, 
 Paris, 1849) is regarded as a standard work. A. C. Davila's " His- 
 tory of the Civil Wars in France" (folio, London, 1647, trans- 
 lated from the Italian, the original being commonly in 8 vols.,
 
 404 HISTORICAL LITERATUKE. 
 
 8vo) is a work of primary importance. E. Ilaag's " La France 
 Protestante" (10 vols., 8vo, Paris) is of great value. A new edi- 
 tion is now in press. 
 
 4. The activity of historical investigators in France has recently 
 been very great, and not a few works of much importance have 
 appeared. A. Longnon's " Atlas Historique de la P'rance " (royal 
 8vo, Paris, 1884) is the production of a geographer of the first 
 rank, and is indispensable in the study of the historical geography 
 of France. Alfred Rambaud's " Histoire de la Civilisation Fran- 
 (jaise" (Paris, 2 vols., 8vo, 1887) is an admirable summary, deal- 
 ing with the history of thought as well as of manners. Jacques 
 Demogeot's "Histoire de la Litte'rature Fran^aise" (14* ed., 
 Paris, 8vo, 1874, with continuation to date) has a standard 
 value. Le Marquis de Belleval's " Nos Peres, Moeurs, et Cou- 
 tumes du Temps Passe" (8vo, Paris, 1879) contains interesting 
 details of dress, manners, and customs. Raoul Rosieres's "His- 
 toire de la Socioto Frangaise au Moyen Age" (2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1880-81) is not so much a history as a picturesque description. 
 Gustave Fayniez's "Etudes sur I'lndustrie et sur la Classe Indus- 
 trielle a Paris au XHP et au XIV* Siecle " (8vo, Paris, 1877) 
 throws much light on mediaeval methods. Herelle's "Documents 
 Inedits sur les Etats Generaux tires des Archives de Vitruy-Ie- 
 Fran^ois et Publies avec une Introduction et des Notes" (8vo, 
 Paris, 1 879). II. P. Riviere's " Codes Fran^aiscs et Lois Usuelles," 
 etc. (8vo, Paris, 1884) ; invaluable for the student of comparative 
 law. Pierre Margry's " Decouvertes et Etablissements des Fran- 
 gais dans I'Ouest et dans le Sud de L'Amerique Septentrionale, 
 1614-1754" (4 vols., large 8vo, Paris, 1879-81)— a valuable col- 
 lection of original memoirs and documents. A. Luchaire's " His- 
 toire des Institutions Monarchiques de la France sous les Premiers 
 Capetiens, 987-1180" (2 vols., Bvo., Paris, 1884). J. Flack's 
 "Les Origines de I'Ancienne France" (vol. i., 8vo, Pans, 1885). 
 Ale.xis Polloc's "Les Postes Frangaises. Recherches Ilistoriques 
 sur leur Originc, leur Developpement, leur Legislation," etc. (Svo, 
 Paris, 1886). J. L. de Lanessau's " L'Expansion Coloniale de la 
 France " (Bvo, Paris, 1886). Ed. Marx's " Essai sur les Pouvoirs 
 du Gouvcrneurde Province sous la lie[)ublique Romaine et jnsqu'k 
 r)iocI(!ticn" (Svo, Paris, 1880). E. Bourgeois's " Le Capitulaire 
 <le Kicrsy-sur-Oise (877)" (8vo, Paris, 1885) is a valuable study
 
 HISTORIES OF FRANCE. 405 
 
 of the political and social condition of society under the Carolin- 
 gian regime. E. Glasson's " llistoire dii Droit et des Institutions 
 de la France" (vol. i., 8vo, Paris, 1887) has to do exclusively with 
 Celtic and Roman Gaul. Alfred Rambaud's " L'llistoire de la 
 Civilisation Fran^aisc" (2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1885-'7) is an excellent 
 work, of which vol. I. brings the study to the Fronde, vol. II. to 
 the Revolution. The subsequent period is covered by his " llis- 
 toire de la Civilisation Conteraporaine en France " (8vo, Paris, 
 1888). Hermann Baumgarten's " Vor der Bartolomiiusnacht " 
 (Svo, Strasburg, f 882) is perhaps the most satisfactory study of 
 the subject. The Vicomte Me'aux's " Les Luttes Religieuses en 
 France au XVP Siecle " (Svo, Paris, 1879) is also very impor- 
 tant. Samuel Smiles's " The Huguenots : their Settlement in Eng- 
 land and Ireland " (Svo, London, rev. ed., ISSO), and the same au- 
 thor's " The Huguenots after the Revocation of the Edict of 
 Nantes" (Svo, London, rev. ed., 1877), are valuable. On a kin- 
 dred subject, C. W. Baird's "History of the Huguenot Emigra- 
 tion to America" (2 vols., Svo, New York, 1885) is of impor- 
 tance. Also II. M. Baird's "The Huguenots and Henry of Na- 
 varre " (2 vols., Svo, New York, 1886). II. Forneron's " Les Dues 
 de Guise et leur Epoque : Etude Historiquc sur le Seizieme Siecle " 
 (2 vols., Svo, Paris, 1877). J. B. Perkins's " France under Riche- 
 lieu and Mazarin" (2 vols., Svo, New York and London, 1SS6). 
 On the period of the French Revolution a considerable number 
 of important works have recently appeared. The most notewor- 
 thy are the following : R. II. Dabney's " The Causes of the French 
 Revolution " (l2mo. New York, 1888). II. M. Stephens's " His- 
 tory of the French Revolution" (vol. I., Svo, London and New 
 York, 1SS6) gives great prominence to the condition of the prov- 
 inces; is to be completed in three volumes. Jules Janin's " Paris 
 et Versailles il y a Cent Ans" (Svo, Paris, 1874). C. A. Dauban''s 
 "La Demagogic en 1793, 1794 et 1795 in Paris;" "Les Prisons 
 de Paris sous la Revolution ;" " llistoire de la Rue, du Club, de la 
 Famine " (3 vols., Svo, Paris, 18G7-70). They contain many illus- 
 trative documents. H. A. Wallon's " llistoire du Tribunal Re'voln- 
 tionnaire de Paris " (6 vols., Svo, Paris, 1880-82) is a work of great 
 importance. E. and J. de Goncourt's " Histoire de la Sociute Fran- 
 gaise pendant la Revolution et la Directoire " (2 vols., Svo, Paris). 
 C. D. Yonge's " Life of Marie Antoinette " (Svo, London and New
 
 406 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 York, 1886). J. E. Robinet's" Lc Proces des Dantonistes, d'Apres 
 les Documents, precede d'line Introduction Historique" (8vo, Par- 
 is, 1879) ; also the same author's " Danton : Memoire sur sa Vie 
 Privfee " (l2mo, 3« ed., Paris, 1884). A. Bougeart's " Marat, I'Ami 
 du Peuple " (2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1865), and "Danton " (8vo, Paris, 
 1879); F. Chevreniont's "Jean Paul Marat" (2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1880) ; E. Ilamel's " Histoire de Hobespierro et du Coup d'Etat 
 du 9 Theruiidor" (3 vols., 4to, Paris, 1878) are among the most 
 important recent works. Albert Sorel's " L'Europe et la Revo- 
 lution Frangaise" (3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1887) p(#tains to the for- 
 eign relations of France, and is singularly strong and exact ; it is 
 full of facts and good sense. H. v. Sybel's "Die Erhebung Eu- 
 ropa's gegen Napoleon L, edited with notes by Granville Sharp " 
 (8vo, London, 1887). Pierre Victor's "La Terreur sous la Di- 
 rectoire" (8vo, Paris, 1887) is a valuable book, written to show 
 that the Terror did not cease with Robespierre. J. R. Seeley's 
 " A Short History of Napoleon L" (8vo, London and New York, 
 1886) is the most able of the brief accounts of Napoleon from a 
 hostile point of view. The best recent account from the other side 
 is J. C. Ropes's " The First Napoleon, a Sketch Political and Mili- 
 tary " (8vo, Boston, 1885) ; it is an able attempt to stem the re- 
 sistless tide of condemnation that set in with the publication of 
 Napoleon's correspondence. E. Bavoux's " La France sous Na- 
 poleon in., TEmpire et la Regime Parlementaire" (2 vols., 8vo, 
 Paris, 1870). Maxime Du Camp's "Les Convulsions de Paris" 
 (4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1878-79) is the great authority on the com- 
 mune of 1871. 
 
 1
 
 HISTORIES dF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 407 
 
 ClIAPTEK XL 
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 
 
 I. HISTORIES OF EUSSIA. 
 
 Bell, Robert. — A History of Russia. 3 vols., 1 2rao, London, 1836. 
 
 Like all the other works of Dr. Lardner's series, this history 
 was written by an author selected on account of his especial quali- 
 fications for the task. The volumes are wu-itten with care and are 
 not without the merit of a graceful and attractive style. The third 
 volume is almost exclusively devoted to the Napoleonic period, and 
 will be found by most readers to awaken the greatest interest and 
 to possess the most value. The author brings his work to a close 
 with the end of the Napoleonic wars. No foot-notes or references 
 to authorities are given, and the presumption is justified that the 
 volumes are made up chiefly from a study of Levesque, Tooke, and 
 Karamsin. The work is greatly inferior to that of Rambaud. 
 
 Bernhardi, Theodor von. — Geschichte Russlands und der euro- 
 piiischen Politik in den Jahren 1814-31. 3 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 
 1868-78. 
 
 The author acted upon the theory that the Napoleonic wars 
 were something quite distinct from the true national life of Russia. 
 He therefore has deemed the great contest which culminated in 
 1813 an episode to receive separate and peculiar treatment. The 
 first volume, accordingly, is devoted exclusively to an account of 
 the contest with Napoleon. Two large volumes of more than 
 twelve hundred pages are then filled with a description of Russian
 
 408 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 politics during- the period previous to the time at which the his- 
 tory avowedly begins. 
 
 But, notwithstanding these unfortunate peculiarities, the work 
 has remarkable merits. In no other book lias the traditional 
 policy of Russia been more ably and clearly presented. The 
 author furnishes evidence on every page of clear insight and im- 
 partial judgment. When the work is completed to the end of 
 the Polish revolt in 1831, it will probably be the most valuable 
 history of modern Russia in our possession. But the arrange- 
 ment must always be considered unfortunate. 
 
 Catherine the Second. — Memoirs written by Herself, with a Pref- 
 ace by Alexander Ilerzen. Translated from the French. 8vo, 
 London, 1859. 
 
 As this work was not published until the outbreak of the Cri- 
 mean War, the question of its genuineness was everywhere raised. 
 From internal evidence, it is now generally accepted as authentic ; 
 though it was long in the hands of Catherine's imperial suc- 
 cessors, and the proof that it was not tampered with is not quite 
 complete. 
 
 The volume has to do almost exclusively "with Catherine's early 
 years. But it is a most extraordinary uncovering of Russian 
 court life. The imbecility of Peter the Third, the dissimulation 
 lind ambition of his wife, the mixture of barbarism and brutality 
 that everywhere prevailed, are nowhere else more graphically por- 
 trayed. 
 
 Howorth, Henry H. — History of the Mongols from the Ninth to 
 the Nineteenth Century. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1876-80. 
 
 The history of the Mongols is so interwoven with the history 
 of Russia that the student who would learn nuich of the latter 
 will find great advantage in at least a general acquaintance with 
 tlie former. The volumes of Howorth, therefore, may serve a use- 
 ful purpose, though they arc lacking in some of the qualities 
 necessary to a work of high merit.
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 409 
 
 The author shows great industry in researcli, a very intimate 
 personal knowlcilge of tlie people of whom he writes, and not a 
 little ingenuity in the interprctati(?n of events. But he is not 
 endowed with the art of graceful or spirited expression. The 
 work, in short, is written in a dull and heavy style. It is also 
 probably somewhat too enthusiastic in its praises of the Mongol 
 conquerors. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to " The Mongols Proper and the 
 Kalmucks ;" the second to " The so-called Tartars of Russia and 
 Central Asia." 
 
 Karamsin, N. — Ilistoire de I'Empire de Russie. Traduite par 
 MM. Saint-Thomas, Jai^ret, et de Divoff. 11 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1819-26. 
 
 The standard history of the early centuries of the empire. The 
 author has shown great erudition as ^vcll as industry. At the end 
 of each volume he has given a series of notes that bear ample 
 testimony to his faithfulness in the examination of authorities. 
 These are not confined to native sources. The historians and 
 travellers of other countries — Greek, Latin, Arabian, German, Scan- 
 dinavian, Polish, Hungarian, and English — are compelled to pay 
 tribute to his volumes. The result is an amount of material and 
 information in regard to the eai'ly history of Russia not elsewhere 
 to be easily found. 
 
 But its very merits exclude it from general use. Its extreme 
 minuteness of detail practically destroys its utility for the general 
 reader. The eleven volumes only bring the history down to 1606 ; 
 and consequently do not even reach the period when Russian his- 
 tory begins to be either very interesting or very important. The 
 highest claim of the work is that of an industrious compilation, 
 for it shows neither critical acumen nor sound judgment. 
 
 The translation is not very faulty in style, but it is said to 
 abound in errors. 
 
 Kelly, W. K. — The History of Russia from the Earliest Period to 
 the Present Time. Compiled from the most authentic sources,
 
 410 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 including the works of Karamsin, Tooke, and Segur. 2 vols., 
 Crown 8vo, London, 1854. 
 
 The author of these voluni'es makes no claim to the credit of 
 original research, but he performed a meritorious service as a com- 
 piler. The writers from whose materials he has built up his 
 structure are too voluminous for the purposes of the ordinary 
 student. The huge volumes of Karamsin and Tooke, nearly 
 twenty in number, are condensed into a handy duodecimo, which 
 contains all that most people will take the trouble to learn of the 
 history of Russia before the time of Peter the Great. The second 
 volume of Kelley is devoted to the last century, and carries the 
 history to the close of the Crimean War. 
 
 Though the work is not generally inaccurate, many errors, some 
 of them of considerable importance, ha\*e crept into it. In spite 
 of these defects, however, in the estimation of a majority of read- 
 ers, it will take rank for general purposes next below tliat of 
 Rambaud. In point of genuine scholarship, it falls much below 
 the German history of Strahl and Hermann. 
 
 Lamartine, Alphonse de. — Ilistoire de la Russie. 2 vols,, 8vo, 
 Paris, 1855. 
 
 The ".York of a poet, compiled on a bookseller's order. It is 
 written with that brilliant vivacity so characteristic of all of La- 
 martine's writings ; but as a history it has no value, save to those 
 who have no access to other authorities. It was made up from 
 the writings of Levesque and others, and has no just claim to any 
 originality save the originality of form. It is undeniabl}^ one of 
 the most readable histories of Russia ; but it must rank with the 
 writings of Voltaire on the same subject, in that its merits are 
 literary rather than historical. 
 
 Levesque, P. C. — Ilistoire de Russie. 4*^ ed., continuee jusqu'a 
 la mort de Paul I., ct publice avec dcs notes par MM. Maltc- 
 P)run et Depping. 4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1812. 
 
 For many years these volumes enjoyed the distinction of being
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 411 
 
 the only ones from which foreii^ners could acquire any consider- 
 able knowledge of Russia. They have been largely used by writ- 
 ers on Russian history in almost all the countries of Western Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 The author resided for some years at the Russian capital, wrote 
 in a spirited style, and had access to many chronicles and public 
 documents. But he had no very clear apprehension of his sub- 
 ject, chose his topics for treatment without discrimination, and, 
 consequently, he cither omitted or but slightly touched upon 
 many subjects of great importance, and indulged in many con- 
 jectures which subsequent researches have shown to be quite un- 
 founded. With some points of merit, therefore, the work is no 
 longer of any especial value. It is, however, accompanied with 
 an atlas of sixty excellent maps. 
 
 Rambaud, Alfred. — The History of Russia from the Earliest 
 Times to 1877. Translated by Leonora B. Lang; also a better 
 translation by N. H. Dole, with illustrations. 2 vols., 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1879. 
 
 By far the best history of Russia accessible to the reader of 
 English, and probably even the best in any of the languages of 
 Western Europe. The author is thoroughly conversant with Rus- 
 sian literature, and in the preparation of the work he has made 
 use of original materials. The history has at once the merits of 
 thoroughness and freshness, while, at the same time, it is made up 
 with so good judgment and so fine a sense of proportion that the 
 perspective leaves nothing to be desired. The author has laid 
 under constant contribution the works of the latest Russian his- 
 torical writers ; and thus the reader is led to feel that he is at all 
 times receiving the benefit of the latest and the best thought on 
 the period under examination. 
 
 The first volume gives us an account of the beginnings of Rus- 
 sia, of the early Russian principalities and republics, of the as- 
 cendency of the Muscovite, of the concentration under Ivan the 
 Terrible and the Romanofs, and, finally, of the turbulent period 
 just before the accession of Peter the Great. To this monarch 
 the author gives a large place, and one has only to look over his 
 pages to see how completely the superficial treatise of Voltaire
 
 412 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 lias been cast into tlic shade. The author seizes upon tlic salient 
 points of tlie reign witli remarkable ability, and shows in a mas- 
 terly manner the means by which Peter was able to shake off the 
 Oriental traditions of his ancestors. Ilis treatment of the inva- 
 sion by Napoleon is very graphic, although his French sympathies 
 lead him to some statements and conclusions with which the read- 
 er will hardly agree. The review of the government and its pol- 
 icy under the four emperors of the present century is also most 
 admirable. 
 
 The translation is excellent, and, as the English version contains 
 several chapters specially prepared by the author for this edition, 
 it is to be preferred to- the work as it was originally written. 
 
 Schnitzler, J, H. — Secret History of the Court and Government 
 of Russia under the Emperors Alexander and Nicholas. 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1847. 
 
 Of some value as a portrayal of the difficulties in Russia that 
 led to the revolts of 1825 and the consequent policy of Nicholas. 
 The author spent several years at St. Petersburg, and was an acute 
 and careful observer of affairs. The volumes are devoted quite 
 exclusively to the portrayal of political matters, and for the stu- 
 dent who would learn what is to be known of more recent political 
 troubles in Russia they are not without considerable importance. 
 
 Segur, General, Count de. — History of Russia and of Peter the 
 Great. 8vo, London, 1829# 
 
 This volume is not without value as a summary of the dreary 
 centuries of early Russian history. Put it may be said that the 
 portion doubtless regarded by the author as the most important 
 is of least value. He shows an absurd idolatry of l*eter the 
 Great, and he wrote in a style that is inflated and unnatural. The 
 volume had considerable popularity at the time of its first appear- 
 ance, and the writings of Sogur on Russian affairs are unquestion- 
 ably entitled to some notice as the work of a personal observer ;
 
 HISTORIES OF IIUSSIA AND POLAND. 413 
 
 but when the author abandons tlic pui'i)osc of telHng us what he 
 saw for the task of tclUng us what he thinks, lie ceases to be 
 either interestinoc or instructive. 
 
 Strahl, Ph., und Hermann, E. — Gcschiclite des russischen Staates. 
 G vols., Svo, Hamburg, 1832-60. 
 
 One of the most notable and one of the best of the complete 
 histories of Russia. It was prepared with great care, after long 
 and painstaking study, and takes a high rank among the Heercn 
 and Ukert scries, of which it forms a part. 
 
 For readers of German it still has no superior, though for most 
 students the more spirited history by Rambaud will be preferred. 
 The part of the work devoted to the eighteenth century is of 
 greatest importance, and embodies the results of important re- 
 searches by Hermann on the puzzling question of the partitions 
 of Poland. The author is not inclined to exculpate Russia from 
 the chief responsibility of the first partition. 
 
 Tissot, Victor. — Russes et AUemands. 12mo, New York, 1881. 
 Also La Russie et les Russes. 12mo, 2^ ed., Paris, 1884, 
 
 Though the first work professes to deal with Germans as well as 
 witli^ Russians, its importance is in the picture it gives of the con- 
 ditions which have developed into modern Nihilism. On this 
 particular phase of modern tliought concerning Russian affairs it 
 is the most clear and concise account we have. The subject which 
 mainly occupies the volume is so important, and the authors 
 method is so perspicuous and so spirited, that the volume passed 
 through several editions within the first month after its publication. 
 
 The first chapter, that devoted to the "Fathers of Nihilism," 
 describes the growth and development of this sect, and indicates 
 with, sufficient cleaniess the nature of the doctrines from time to 
 time entertained. Of especial interest is the account of the 
 manner in which the apostles of this negation have carried on 
 their work of propagandism. The organization of the NihiJists, 
 or rather their want of it, is also explained.
 
 414 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Other chapters are devoted to the education of women in Rus- 
 sia, the Russian universities, the army, the relations between Ger- 
 many and Russia, and the important part of German officers in 
 Russian affairs. 
 
 The account of Alexander llerzen, the real founder of Nihil- 
 ism, is inferior to that given by Eckardt ; but the volume as a 
 whole is more spirited, and for that reason more readable. 
 
 Tooke, William. — Russia ; or, A Complete Historical Account of 
 all the Nations which Comprise the Russian Empire. 4 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1780-83. Also, A History of Russia from A.D. 
 862 to 1762. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1806. Also, The Life of 
 Catharine H. Fourth edition, 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1800. 
 
 Mr. Tooke was a clergyman of the English Church, stationed 
 for a considerable time at Cronstadt and St. Petersburg. Not- 
 withstanding his facilities, however, his histories are crude and 
 unsatisfying. But for the fact that they long had exclusive pos- 
 session of the field, they would hardly be deserving of notice. 
 The history of Catharine H. approaches nearest to having some 
 intrinsic merit. But the volumes were all made up of the results 
 of very superficial observation and very limited acquaintance with 
 original sources of information. Levesque was the author from 
 whose untrustworthy pages he drew a large share of his historical 
 information and his historical ignorance. 
 
 II. HISTORIES OF POLAND. 
 
 Dunham, S. A. — The History of Poland. 12 mo, London, 1834. 
 
 This excellent little volume is not a mere compilation ; but, 
 like most of tlie other histories by ])r. Dunham, is founded on 
 original research. The author explored the best sources of infor- 
 mation in the l*olish, Bohemian, Hungarian, German, and French 
 languages, and has wrought liis materials into admirable form. 
 
 For the first partition of I'oland he is inclined to hold Fred- 
 crick the Great chiefiy responsible, though he confesses to no
 
 HISTOrJES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 415 
 
 positive evidence on the subject, and consequently expresses his 
 conjecture with judicious moderation. The latter part of the 
 work is the least satisfactory, chiefly for the reason that sources 
 of original and correct information on this period were not ac- 
 cessible. Recent investigations have thrown much additional 
 light on Polish history during the last century. 
 
 Fletcher, James. — The History of Poland, from the Earliest Pe- 
 riod to the I'reseiit Time. 8vo, London, 1831. 
 
 One of the most readable of the short histories of Poland. The 
 author brought to his task considerable learning, and carried for- 
 ward his researches with industry and patience. His methods, 
 however, are much less exact than Dr. Dunham's ; and, though he 
 will perhaps more interest the general reader, his opinions will be 
 received with less confidence by the careful student. His account 
 of the several partitions of the country is made valueless by the 
 investigations of more recent writers. 
 
 Lelevel, Joachim. — Histoire de Pologne. 2 vols., Svo, Paris, 
 1844. 
 
 A standard history of Poland from a Polish point of view'. 
 But no work was ever published from which more conclusive 
 evidence can be derived of the essential tyranny of Polish insti- 
 tutions. The second volume gives a sad picture of the relations 
 of the nobles and peasants — relations which grew Avorse and 
 worse from 13*74 to 1572. 
 
 Although the book was w'ritten as a sort of plea for Poland, it 
 is a conclusive condemnation of Polish institutions, if not even of 
 Poland itself. 
 
 Rdpell, R., und Caro, S. — Geschichte Polens. 3 vols., Svo, Ham- 
 burg, 1840-C3. 
 
 The most dispassionate and the most valuable of the compre-
 
 416 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 hensive histories of Poland. Of the general course of Polish 
 history the student will find it the most satisfactory account, 
 though for a view of individual periods other and special works 
 will probably liave to be resorted to. It is much fuller, and was 
 prepared with e\'en greater care, than the general history by Dun- 
 ham, and therefore for the special student is much superior; but 
 for the general reader the small volume of the English author will 
 be more readable and more satisfactory. Another advantage of 
 the English work is in the fact that it brings the narrative down 
 to the present century, whereas Ropell and Caro end before mod- 
 ern history fairly begins. For the more interesting period of the 
 partitions the student must resort to the later works of Ropell and 
 others. 
 
 Ropell, Rich. — Polen urn die Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. 8vo, 
 Gotha, 1876. 
 
 The author has been one of the most thorough students of the 
 original sources of information concerning Polish affairs, and he 
 has treated the limited subject here undertaken with the skill and 
 the ability so conspicuous in his larger history. 
 
 In the first eight chapters of the volume and in four appen- 
 dices he pictures in a masterly manner the deplorable political 
 condition of Poland from 1697 to 1763; while he devotes the 
 remaining portion of the work to an equally graphic and success- 
 ful description of ecclesiastical turbulence. 
 
 Especially noteworthy is the first chapter, entitled " Republik," 
 in which the author points out the characteristics of the govern- 
 ment, and compares its condition with that of Rome in the time 
 of the Gracchi. Equally powerful arc the descriptions of the no- 
 bility and of the common people. The attitude of the one is 
 indicated by the motto "I)er Adel die alleinigc Macht;" of the 
 other, by the co)nmon form of greeting, " Ich kiisse des Ilerrn 
 Fiisse." 
 
 The book, as a whole, is one of the most powerful pictures ever 
 drawn of Poland just before the first partition, and no student 
 can read it without new and stronger impressions of the deplora- 
 ble condition of the countrv.
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 417 
 
 Eulhiere, Claude Carloman de. — Ilistoire de I'Anarcliie de Po- 
 logne. 4 vols., 8vo, I'uris, 1807. Posthumous edition, 1819. 
 Also, .as a supplemt'iitary work, Revolutions de Pologne. 3 
 vols., 8vo, 4th cd., Paris, "l 862. 
 
 This author gives what was for many years the most complete 
 and graphic account of the national turbulence which led to the 
 fall of ].*oland. It is chietly from this work that Alison and oth- 
 ers have drawn their most significant facts. Any one who reads 
 it will be able to understand the tendencies to dissolution which 
 made union for the purpose of resisting partition quite impossible. 
 Whatever may be the opinion of a student concerning the atti- 
 tude of the partitioning powers, a careful reading of these vol- 
 umes will not fail to convince him that the maladies of Poland 
 were very grave, if not absolutely incurable. 
 
 Salvandy, M. de. — Histoire de Pologne, avant et sous le Roi Jean 
 Sobieski. Nouvelle e'd., revue et augmentee. 2 vols., Paris, 1855. 
 
 Salvandy's is a standard history of Poland to the end of the 
 seventeenth century. The work is valuable to any student de- 
 sirous of knowing what is to be learned of the early power and 
 material greatness of the nation. It is much quoted as an au- 
 thority by Alison and others, but it ends before the most inter- 
 esting portion of Polish history begins. Even on the early his- 
 tory of Poland it may be regarded as less important than the 
 later work of Ropell and Caro. 
 
 Ferrand, Le Comte Antoine de.— Les Trois Demembrements de 
 la Pologne, pour faire suite aux Revolutions de Pologne de 
 Rulhiere. Edition revue sur le texte et annotee par Christien 
 Ostrowski. 3 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1865. 
 
 The first edition of this work appeared as early as 1820, and 
 it has done much to shape public opinion in regard to the subject 
 of which it treats. It has not great intrinsic merits, however, and 
 it was written before the archives of the nations engaged in the 
 
 27
 
 418 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 several partitions liad been thrown open to investigators. What- 
 ever value the work may at one time seem to have had, it has 
 been almost entirely taken away by the more recent and thorough 
 researches of Dunckei", Beer, and others. 
 
 Beer, Adolf. — Die erste Theilung Polens. 3 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 
 1873. 
 
 This work is an exhaustive study of the subject of which it 
 treats, in the light of all the most recent researches. Since the 
 appearance of Rulhiere's history, and the continuation of it by 
 Ferrand, the most careful studies of Polish affairs have been car- 
 ried on, and the most fruitful results have been obtained. Her- 
 mann has made known the reports of the Saxon envoys, Theiner 
 has published the despatches of the Papal nuncios, Soloviev has 
 revealed the documents at St. Petersburg, Dunckcr has explored 
 the archives at Berlin, and, lastly. Beer has made the most com- 
 prehensive researches in the state-papers at Vienna. 
 
 The result of all these labors has been to lay the history of the 
 first partition completely open to the eye of the historical student. 
 Ranke, with characteristic foresight, long since predicted that 
 when the archives came to be fully explored it would be found 
 that the account of the first partition given by Frederick the 
 Great was substantially correct. Events ha\'e justified the pre- 
 diction. The writings alluded to have conclusively shown that 
 the partition was not the result of a deliberate policy, but was 
 adopted in an emergency as a means of preventing a general 
 European war. Of the various contributions to this conchision, 
 that of Beer is by far the most important. The author, by trac- 
 ing the history of events from the close of the Seven Years' War, 
 and by following the diplomatic threads discovered in the archives, 
 makes it perfectly clear that the common impression that Frederick 
 was the originator of the scheme is without foundation. The 
 history throughout the volumes rests upon despatches and docu- 
 ments tliat are quoted at Icngtli, and leave no chance for doubt 
 as to tlie correctness of the ground taken. The third volume is 
 made up exclusively of state-papers, now for the first time brought 
 to light.
 
 HISTORIES OF liUSSIA AND POLAND. 419 
 
 Von der Briig-gen, Ernst. — Polcns Auflosuno-. Kulturgescluclit- 
 liclic Skizzcti aus den letztcn Jahrliundertcn dcr polnischcn 
 Selbststandigkeit. 8vo, Leipsic, 1878. 
 
 A series of essays, published from time to time on Polish his- 
 tory and Polish society. The author is not only thoroughly fa- 
 miliar with the land and people of Poland, hut he has made an 
 especial study of its literature, including a mass of memoirs and 
 correspondence, in part, at least, as yet unpublished. 
 
 The volume contains seventeen chapters, the most important of 
 which are on the following subjects : " An Introductory Sketch of 
 the Political and Social History of Poland from the Fifteenth to 
 the Eighteenth Century;" "The Inhabitants;" "The Cities;" 
 " The Finances, the Army, and the Church ;" " The Clergy and 
 the Schools;" "The Magnates;" "Warsaw;" " Poniatowski ;" 
 " The First Partition ;" " Concluding Observations, embracing a 
 View of the Political Development of Poland from the Third 
 Partition to the Insurrection of 1863." 
 
 The chapters are admirably written, and the impressions left 
 upon the mind of the student will be similar to those left by the 
 masterly work of Eopel. The style is more spirited, and conse- 
 quently the book is better calculated to interest the general 
 reader. 
 
 III. HISTORIES OF CIVILIZATION AND PEOGEESS. 
 
 Celestin, Fr. J. — Russland seit Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft. 
 
 8vo, Laibach, 1875. 
 
 This volume, better than any other, better even than that of 
 Wallace, presents a view of what the government in Russia has 
 been attempting to accomplish since the accession of Alexander 
 II. The reforms attempted in finances, in judicial affairs, in gen- 
 eral administration, and in education are explained at length. 
 The result leads to the conclusion that very much has been done, 
 however far the government may still be from the condition of a 
 model state. The Avork admirably treats of several important 
 subjects not touched upon by Wallace at all.
 
 420 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Custine, Le Marquis de. — La Russie en 1839. Cinquieme edi- 
 tion, revue, corrigee et augmentee, sulvie de la critique de I'on- 
 vrage, par un Russe. 4 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1844. In 1854 an 
 Englisli version, somewhat abridged, appeared in New York. 
 
 A boot of considerable value as a picture of Russia at the time 
 when Nicholas I. was at the summit of his power. The author 
 appears, however, to have been constitutionally careless, and con- 
 sequently the first edition of the work abounded in errors. Many 
 of these have been corrected in the editions after the first; but 
 the work, at best, is not entirely trustworthy in its statements. 
 Its great popularity has been due to the attractiveness of the sub- 
 ject and the brilliancy of the author's style. 
 
 Day, W. A. — The Russian Government in Poland. With a Nar- 
 rative of the Polish Insurrection of 1863. 8vo, London, 1867. 
 
 The work of an Englishman Avho, in the course of three years 
 in Russia and Poland, studied the various phases of the subject 
 he intended to describe. The result is a book of real value. The 
 author describes the means by which the Emperor Nicholas alien- 
 ated the Polish leaders, first by destroying their universities, and 
 then by reducing all ranks of the people to a practical servitude. 
 He shows how those methods were all changed under Alexander 
 II., who made a genuine attempt to reform the condition of af- 
 fairs in that unfortunate land. 
 
 But the state of society made permanent reform impossible. 
 In chapter iii, the author gives an excellent picture of the condi- 
 tion to which the peasants had been reduced while Poland was 
 still enjoying what was called freedom. Among other evidences 
 of the crude and even barbarous state of society, he notes the 
 fact that the penalty for killing a peasant was a fine of fifteen 
 livres. This condition of affairs liaving existed since 1572, the 
 author finds abundant reasons why a government acceptable to 
 the old nobility is impossible. 
 
 Eckardt, Julius. — Modern Ftussia. Comprising Russia under Alex- 
 ander 11.; Russian Communism; the Greek Orthodox Church
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 421 
 
 and its Sects ; the Baltic Provinces of Russia. Translated from 
 the Gennan. 8vo, London, 1870. 
 
 The author is a German publicist who lived for many years in 
 Russia and was educated in part, or wholly, in St. Petersburg. He 
 is a writer of unusual ability and force. Not only does he wield 
 a powerful pen, but his familiarity with Russian institutions and 
 Russian sentiment extends to almost every branch of government 
 and society. He has long been carrying on a controversy witli 
 several writers of the extreme Muscovite school ; and his papers 
 have attracted very general attention both for the keen intelli- 
 gence of the author and for the comprehensive acquaintance 
 which he shows with the several ranks of Russian society. 
 
 All the writings of Eckardt differ from those of Wallace in 
 that they are less descriptive and more analytical. They deal 
 with the physiology of society rather than with its anatomy. For 
 imparting a knowledge of the organization of the government 
 and people, Wallace's volumes will be the most useful ; but for 
 gaining an insight into the views and motives of the intelligent 
 classes, those of Eckardt are superior. 
 
 Russia Before and After the War. By the author of " Society 
 in St. l*etersburg," etc. Translated from the German (with later 
 Additions by the Author) by Edward Fairfax Taylor. 12 mo, 
 London and New York, 1880. 
 
 Within the last few years a series of small volumes on Russian 
 affairs have attracted great attention in Europe by their unusual 
 ability and brilliancy. They have appeared without the author's 
 name ; but while they purport to come from a Russian, they are 
 written in German. The peculiar abilities of the writer, and his 
 great familiarity with the different phases of Russian society, have 
 led to the general supposition that the author is none other than 
 Julius Eckardt. 
 
 The first of these volumes appeared in 1873, and was entitled, 
 "Aus der Petersburger Gesellschaft." It was an able and con- 
 nected account of contemporaneous Russian events, with masterly 
 sketches of some of the most important personages about the
 
 422 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 government. The volume rapidly passed through many editions, 
 and was translated into several of the languages of Europe. Not 
 long after appeared " Russland vor und nach dem Kriege ;" and 
 this, in 1881, was followed by "Von Nikolnus I. zu Alexander 
 III." All the volumes reveal the same master's hand, and, though 
 only one of them has appeared in English, they are all entitled to 
 the student's most careful consideration. 
 
 The leadmg thought is that the cultivated classes of Russia are 
 profoundly dissatisfied with what they regard as the harsh, foolish, 
 and short-sighted policy of repression. The author gives a mul- 
 titude of facts in striking confirmation of his opinion. He as^ 
 serts that in consequence of the prevailing dissatisfaction there is 
 almost an entire absence, even among the cultivated classes, of 
 what may be called public spirit. In illustration he gives his own 
 experience as a student in 1855 at St. Petersburg, and declares 
 that it is impossible to conceive of a more absolute indifference 
 than that with which the students received the bad news that ar- 
 rived almost daily from the Crimea. 
 
 The volumes are all rich in precise and exhaustive information 
 on subjects of the utmost importance to one who would interpret 
 the recent difficulties of the Russian government. The author is 
 entirely fair-minded, but his tone is severe and his conclusions arc 
 far from cheerinsr. 
 
 Gurowski, Count Adam. — Russia as it is. 12mo, New York, 
 1854. 
 
 An honest and entertaining description of Russian government 
 and society by an acute observer. Gurowski, however, was a 
 Polish exile whose estates had been confiscated, and consequently 
 he wrote as an enemy of Russia, and as one whose hatred was 
 very intense. The book is bright, and, with a remembrance of 
 the circumstances under which it was written, may be read with 
 some profit as well as with great interest. 
 
 Haxthausen, Le Baron Auguste de.— Etudes snr la Situation In- 
 terieurc, la Vic Nationale, ct les Institutions de la Russic. Edi-
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 423 
 
 tion frangaise. 3 vols., 8vo, Ilanovcr, 1848-53. An English 
 version was published in 2 vols., 8vo, London, 185G. 
 
 Before the appearance of Wallace's book this was much the 
 best general description of Russia. The author was one of the 
 most thorough as well as one of the wisest "observers. He spent 
 some years in personal study of the country. Of especial and 
 exceptional value is his description of the philosophical school of 
 Herzen as he found and observed it at Moscow. From his pres- 
 entation of their modes of thought, it is easy to account for the 
 recent disturbances in the Russijui Empire. 
 
 Maxwell, J. S. — The Czar; his Court and his People. 12mo, 
 New York, 1849. 
 
 A little book of some value to the student as a picture of Russia 
 just before the outbreak of the Crimean War. It is not very pro- 
 found ; but it is a judicious sketch of what was seen by the au- 
 thor during a diplomatic residence at St. Petersburg. It is not, 
 however, comparable in importance with the works of Haxthausen, 
 Eekardt, and Wallace, though as a sketch it may be read with 
 interest bv those to whom the larti-er works are not acces*ble. 
 
 Ralston, W. R. S. — Early Russian History. Four Lectures de- 
 livered at Oxford in the Taylor Institution. 8vo, London, 
 1874. 
 
 l\Ir. Ralston for many years has been recognized as the most 
 eminent English authority on Russian literature and history. 
 This little volume, therefore, may be relied upon as giving the 
 best general survey extant in brief space of early Russian institu- 
 tions and progress. 
 
 The four lectures have been rearranged into seven chapters, six 
 of which relate to the period before the first of the Ronianofs, 
 while the seventh is devoted to a critical discussion of some 
 points that are yet a matter of controversy. The book is not so 
 much a presentation of opinions as an effort to lay before the
 
 424 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 reader " the judgment on vexed questions of the best and most 
 recent of Russian historians." The purpose is admirably carried 
 out, and the volume may well be used by the studeuL as an in- 
 troduction to the recent work of Wallace. 
 
 Schnitzler, Jean Henri. — Les Institutions de la Russie depuis 
 les Reformes de I'Empereur Alexandre II. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1866. 
 
 The first work of this author on Russia was published as early 
 as 1829. Since that time he has been a constant student of 
 Russian institutions, and probably no writer has ever understood 
 Russian affairs more perfectly than he. For some years he was 
 an officer in the employ of the government, and consequently had 
 good opportunities for seeing the peculiarities of Russian methods 
 from within as well as from without. The writer was not devoid 
 of sympathy with the government ; indeed, his most important 
 work was prepared under the patronage of the emperor himself. 
 
 Of his numerous books the one here named is the most impor- 
 tant. In a somewhat less amplified form it originally was the 
 third volume of the author's work " L'Empirc des Tsars." 
 
 Schnitzler, Jean Henri. — L'Empire des Tsars au point actuel de 
 la science. 4 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1856-69. 
 
 The most comprehensive of the accessible works on Russia. 
 The first volume is devoted to a description of the natural re- 
 sources of the country ; the second describes the various races, 
 tribes, and divisions of the people, including an account of their 
 social habits and peculiarities; the third portrays the organiza- 
 tion and administration of the government and the Church ; while 
 the fourth is given up to a description of material and private 
 interests, especially agriculture, and the various branches of in- 
 dustry and commerce. 
 
 The great familiarity of the author with the people and the 
 institutions of Russia gives whatever he may write on the subject 
 the weight of an authority, lie is destitute, however, of the im-
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 425 
 
 agination necessary to give life and spirit to his writings. The 
 result is that the volumes arc not very readable. With all his 
 knowledge, he seems not quite able to interpret what he sees, so 
 as to indicate and impress upon his readers its real significance. 
 On this account the work will generally give less satisfaction than 
 those of Wallace, Eckardt, and Tissot. 
 
 Schuyler, Eugene. — Turkistan. Notes of a Journey in Russian 
 Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja. With three maps 
 and numerous illustrations. 2 vols., 8vo, London and New 
 York, 18V6. 
 
 The journey here described was made in 1873 for the especial 
 purpose of studying the political and social condition of the re- 
 gions which, at the extreme southeast, had recently been annexed 
 to Russia. Mr. Schuyler visited all the more important cities and 
 towns of the territory, and, by reason of the facilities and protec- 
 tion afforded him by the Russian government, succeeded in mak- 
 ing every observation he desired. He had ample opportunities 
 for comparing the condition of the inhabitants under Russia q 
 rule with the condition of those living under the government of 
 the Khans. 
 
 The first volume is largely devoted to descriptions of the places 
 visited and the social customs observed. In the latter part of the 
 work are given a few admirable chapters on the condition of that 
 portion of the country not yet brought completely under Russian 
 rule, and on the nature of Russian administration and Russian 
 foreign policy in Asia. The Kliivan campaign and its conse- 
 quences are described at length. In an appendix is an historical 
 sketch of "The Russian Policy regarding Central Asia," prepared 
 by Professor Grigorief. The despotism of the Khans is made 
 painfully real by the incidents related in chapters iii. and ix. 
 
 The work is not only instructive, but it is interesting. Its plan 
 is not strictly chronological ; but the author usually devotes a 
 chapter cither to a city or a district, and groups his information 
 in such a way as to make a very effective picture. He not only 
 gives his impressions of what he saw, but he also makes use of 
 what he was able to learn both from Russians and from natives.
 
 426 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 He does not hesitate to point out certain weaknesses in Russian 
 methods of administration ; but his tone is not unf riqndl y, and lie 
 makes it abundantly obvious that the government of Russia is 
 vastly superior to that which it overthrew. The value of the 
 work is much increased by two admirable maps. 
 
 Tilley, Henry Arthur. — Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Po- 
 litical and Social Sketches on Russia, Greece, and Syria in 
 1861, '62, '63. 12mo, London, 1864. 
 
 The chief value of this book is in the excellent account given 
 in chapters iii., iv., and v. of the various reforms in Russian insti- 
 tutions introduced by Alexander II. at the beginning of his reign. 
 The \exed Polish question is also treated with intelligence, and 
 three chapters of some merit are devoted to the condition of 
 Greece. 
 
 The volume, however, is not an authority on the general condi- 
 tion of Russian affairs. The reader will gain much more infor- 
 mation from the use of the better works of Wallace and Eckardt. 
 
 TourgueneflF, N. — La Russie et les Russes. 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 
 1847. 
 
 This eminent author was many years in the service of the 
 Russian government, and thus he became thoroughly familiar 
 with the political affairs of the nation. He was much interested 
 in the emancipation of the serfs, and in 1825 became involved in 
 such a way that he was sentenced to death. Escaping to I\'iris, he 
 devoted himself henceforth to literary work. 
 
 The first volume is an account of the affairs which led to liis 
 proscription, and is no longer of any very general importance; 
 the second is a political and social picture of Russia well worth 
 the student's attention ; the third is of less importance, as it is 
 devoted to speculations concerning the future of the country. 
 
 The author received his political bias from the famous Von 
 Stein when tiiat great German statesman was at St. Petersburg in 
 1813. Tiic work, therefore, is marked with great positiveness of
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 427 
 
 expression and cliaracter. It is not a coiTcct description of the 
 Russia of to-day, of course ; but it is useful as a means of show- 
 ing the great advances made in that country in all the essential 
 ways of civilization since the accession of Alexander II. 
 
 Wallace, D. Mackenzie. — Russia. 2 vols., 8vo, London ; 1 vol., 
 8vo, New York, 1877 ; 9th ed., London, 1885. 
 
 As a picture of modern Russia, this work is, for the reader of 
 English, superior to all others. The author spent six years in the 
 Russian Empire, travelling into its various parts, and conversing 
 with all classes of people. The information thus gained he has 
 embodied in a work which is nearly a perfect model of its kind. 
 Not every subject of interest is considered, but whatever is de- 
 scribed is treated in a most thorough and satisfactory manner. It 
 is one of the few books in English on Russia that can be rccom-> 
 mended without important reserve. 
 
 Several subjects of importance on Russian affairs were left ap- 
 parently for future treatment. The methods of imperial admin- 
 istration and the Russian system of schools are almost altogether 
 untouched in the present volumes. As the work stands, it is an 
 admirable description of the Russian people and of local affairs 
 rather than of that more comprehensive subject included in its 
 title. Fortunately, the subjects omitted by Wallace are admira- 
 bly treated by Eckardt and Celestin. 
 
 In point of literary style the book is admirably clear and inter- 
 estino-. 
 
 III. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND EEADEES. 
 
 1. Rambaud's history is the best continuous account of Russia, 
 Ihough the volumes of Kelly are not without some merit. The 
 books of Schnitzler followed by that of Wallace are the best au- 
 thorities for Russian affairs during the present century. The ac- 
 count of Poland given in Alison's Europe is doubtless the best 
 brief description in English of Polish difficulties. Beer's is incom- 
 parably the best in German.
 
 428 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 2. As the history of Russia before the time of Peter the Great 
 is of little interest to the general reader, the works of Rambaud 
 and Kelly will be found adequate. Ralston's " Early Russian 
 History," however, gives broad views, and will be sure to interest as 
 well as instruct. Of the work of Peter the Great, no account yet 
 given is very satisfactory, except, perhaps, that in Oncken's " Allge- 
 meine Geschichte." Schuyler's " History of Peter the Great," now 
 in course of publication, promises to supply an important want. 
 Schnitzler's " Russia under Alexander and Nicholas " is a good 
 authority ; though, if the student commands German, Bernhardi 
 should be preferred. Haxthausen enjoys the distinction of hav- 
 ing been the first to reveal the real condition of modern Russia to 
 the outer world. The present social state of the country is no- 
 where else so well described as in the admirable book of Wallace. 
 The characteristics of the Imperial administration, however, are 
 much more satisfactorily treated by Celestin. The origin of Ni- 
 Jiilism is admirably explained in the chapter of Eckardt's " Rus- 
 sische und baltische Bilder " entitled " Die neue Formel der Civi- 
 lisation." A more spirited, but not a more satisfactory, account 
 is given in the first chapter of Tissot's " Russes et Allemands." 
 The educational system, including the reforms under Alexander 
 II., is best portrayed by Celestin and Tissot. The most interest- 
 ing continuous history of Poland in English is that of Dunham, 
 though the difficulties which led to thq partitions must be sought 
 in RuUiiere, Peer, Von der Briiggen, and in the various histories of 
 the partitioning powers. Day's book is of some value as an ac- 
 count of Poland under Russian rule. 
 
 3, The bulky history of Karamsin is reduced into a nutshell 
 by Alison in one of his essays. The chapters on Russia in Alison's 
 "p]urope" are of exceptional value. Gibbon, chapter lv\, sketches 
 the origin of the Russian monarchy. The various writings of 
 Ralston are of the first importance on all Russian subjects. Motley's 
 famous essay on Peter the Great, originally contributed to the 
 North American Heview for October, 1845, has been recently re- 
 published in various forms. Voltaire's " Russia in the Time of 
 Peter the Great " is a graceful Nummary of knowledge possessed a 
 century ago. On Catharine II., see Harper's Monthhj for April, 
 1H09, and Brougham's sketch in the second series of his "States- 
 men in the Time of (ieorge 111." The " Memoirs" of Catharine
 
 HISTORIES OF RUSSIA AND POLAND. 429 
 
 throw more light on her real character than anything that can be 
 written about her. The traditional policy of Russia is well de- 
 scribed in the Atlantic Monthhj for November, 1868. The first 
 partition of Poland is admirably discussed in the light of the 
 latest researches by Yon Sybel in the Fortmrfhtly Revieio for 
 August, 1874. 
 
 The first chapters of Kinglake's " Crimean War" give the best 
 account of Russia's position under Nicholas. Fronde's essay on 
 the Eastern Question in vol. ii. of his " Short Studies," and llay- 
 ward's essay on the Crimean War, are among the most interesting' 
 papers on the subject. Madame Swetchine's "Memoirs" give a 
 good representation of court life under Paul, Alexander, and 
 Nicholas. The condition of affairs which led to emancipation is 
 best described in Morley's " Sketches," Browne's " Land of Thor," 
 Dixon's "Free Russia," the Atlantic Monthhj for July, 1861, and 
 November, 1862, Westminster Review for October, 1867, North 
 American Review for July, 1867, and the chapter in Eckardt's 
 "Russische und baltische Bilder" entitled "Die neue Formel der 
 Civilisation." Tourguencff's " Fathers and Sons," " Lisa," and 
 "Smoke" are novels of great power, designed to portray certain 
 phases of Russian life. 
 
 The struggles of Alexander IL to introduce financial, judicial, 
 administrative, and educational reforms are best described by 
 Celestin. On recent reforms in education see also International 
 Revieio for July, 1879. Certain phases of Russian international 
 policy are discussed with great brilliancy by Klaczko in his "Two 
 Chancellors." The questions involved in the recent Russo-Tarkish 
 war are fully presented in Argyll's " Eastern Question," and in the 
 Contonporari/ Revieio and other English journals of the time. 
 The most brilliant contribution to our knowledge of Russia since 
 the close of the Turkish war is Victor Tissot's striking volume 
 entitled " Russes et Allemands," and the various works of Tolstoi. 
 J. Bnkowski's "Histoire de la Reformation en Pologne depuis 
 ses Commencements jusqu'a sa Fin " (2 vols., 8vo, Cracovie, 1886) 
 is highly commended. For the sources of Polish history the 
 " Monumenta Poloniae Historica," of which vol. iv. appeared in 
 1884, is of the greatest importance.
 
 430 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Chapter XIL 
 
 HISTORIES OF THE SMALLER NATIONx^LITIES OF EUROPE. 
 I. IIISTOKIES OF SPAIN AND POKTUGAL. 
 
 Baumgarten, Hermann. — Geschiclite Spaniens vom Ausbrucli der 
 franzosisclien Revolution bis auf unscre Tage. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 Leipsic, 1860-71. 
 
 As a description of the turbulent liistory of Spain since the 
 outbreak of the French Revolution, this work has merits superior 
 to those of any other. The author had access to a vast amount 
 of material hitherto unedited, and he used it with rare good sense 
 and judgment. The nari'ative is attractive, and the opinions of 
 the author are founded on a careful examination of evidence. 
 There is no work on this subject of similar excellence in English ; 
 indeed, Baumgarten is the only worthy continuation of Lenibke 
 and Schiifcr, and even of Dunham. 
 
 Bollaert, William.— The Wars of Succession in Portugal and 
 Spain from 18-26 to 1840 ; with a Rosumo of the Political His- 
 tory of Portugal and Spain to the Present Time. Maps and 
 Illustrations. 2 vols., Svo, London, 1870. 
 
 The recent political movements in Spain have not been very 
 successfully described for readers of English. The two volumes 
 of Bollaert owe their importance almost solely to the dearth of 
 good books on the subject. 
 
 The author participated in tlu' movement of Dom Pedro of 
 Portugal; and had ho coufintMl Iiis narrative to a description of 
 what he saw, he would at least have produced a readable and a
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 431 
 
 useful book. But he possesses very few of the quaUtics of an 
 historian. His vohimes are bulky and arc encumbered with a 
 vast amount of ill-chosen and irrelevant matter. As a picture of 
 the atrocious crimes that marked the conflict, the volumes, in spite 
 of their faults, arc not without some value. 
 
 Conde, J. A. — History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain. 
 Transhited from the Spanish by Mrs. Jonathan Foster. 3 vols., 
 12mo, London, ISOO. 
 
 The product of a vast amount of minute learning of little value 
 save for the purposes of reference. The book is a record of in- 
 terminable petty Avars, and of little else. It gives a very inade- 
 quate picture of Arabic civilization, though licrc and there in the 
 midst of masses of rubbish one finds something of value. A very 
 full index affords a key to the worthless exploits of several thou- 
 sands of worthless Arabic rulers and knights. 
 
 Coppe'e, Henry. — History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab 
 Moors, With a Sketch of the Civilization which they Achieved 
 and Imparted to Europe. 2 vols., 12mo, Boston, 1881. 
 
 The most recent and by far the most attractive account of the 
 Moorish conquest of Spain. It rests on the basis of Arabic and 
 Spanish sources; though it ought, perhaps, to be added that the 
 most important of the authorities is not of an earlier date than 
 about the middle of the seventeenth century. It is not, therefore, 
 a history of the highest order of merit.' Its value is chiefly in 
 the attractiveness of the presentation, and in the fact that our 
 literature affords no other readable account of the period. 
 
 The work is divided into ten books. The first is devoted to a 
 sketch of the earliest Mohammedan history and to the causes of the 
 Spanish invasion. The second is a description of Spain before 
 the Conquest. The next five books describe the progress of the 
 invaders from the year 711, when the Arabs first crossed the
 
 432 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Straits, to 788, when their authority may be said to have been fully 
 established. The eighth book gives a rapid sketch of Moslem 
 power to the time of its extinction by Ferdinand and Isabella, 
 in the fifteenth century ; and the ninth and tenth treat of the civil- 
 ization and achievements of the Arabs while in Spain. 
 
 Coxe, Archdeacon William. — Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of 
 the House of Bourbon from the Accession of Philip V. to the 
 Death of Charles III. (1700-88). Drawn from original and un- 
 published documents. 2d ed., 5 vo's., 8vo, London, 1815. 
 
 The author of this work, the first edition of which appeared in 
 1813, was not only one of the most painstaking historians of his 
 time, but he had made liimself especially familiar by his previous 
 studies with the period here described. The work is the fruit 
 of thorough investigation and scrupulous impartiality. Though 
 important studies in the same field have since been carried on, the 
 work of Coxe has not been superseded. 
 
 Crawfurd, Oswald. — Portugal, Old and New. With Maps and 
 Illustrations. 8vo, London and New York, 1880. 
 
 The author was for many years English Consul at Oporto, and 
 had excellent opportunities for observing and studying the coun- 
 try. His volume is a most important addition to our scanty 
 knowledge of Portugal. It may be called a scries of studies of 
 I'ortuguese history, literature, and social life, and it is by far the 
 most accurate and discriminating account of this people that has 
 been given to English readers. 
 
 As the country has practically been cut off from the rest of 
 Europe by the necessity of a sea voyage to reach it, so it has 
 been less visited by Europeans and Americans than perhaps any 
 other portion of the Continent. But this volume, which the au- 
 thor himself describes as a medley of history, criticism, and de- 
 scription, gives an admirable idea of what every reader will agree
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 433 
 
 to call an interesting country. The nutlior is a ripe scholar, a close 
 observer, and a zealous student of history and antiquities. 
 
 Dunham, S. A. — The History of Spain and Portugal. 5 vols., 
 l:2ni(), London, 1832. 
 
 This work covers the whole period from the earliest history of 
 the Spanish peninsula down to the outbreak of the French Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 The author enjoyed the advantage of a long and intimate ac- 
 quaintance with Spain ; and he turned his knowledge to excellent 
 account in the preparation of these volumes. The literary work- 
 manship is good; but the greatest merit of the book is to be 
 found in the conscientious thoroughness with which the writer 
 studied the mass of original authorities before him, and the judi- 
 cious use he made of his acqui^sitions. The value of the book is 
 enhanced by excellent tables, full analytical tables of contents, and 
 a very complete index. It is not only the best general history of 
 Spain in English, but is one of the best in any language. 
 
 Dunlap, John. — Memoirs of Spain during the Reigns of Philip 
 IV. and Charles II. (1621-1700). 2 vols., 8vo, Edinburgh, 
 1834. 
 
 A book of some value, inasmuch as it conveniently deals with 
 the events that transpired between the periods described respec- 
 tively by Watson and Coxe. It contains much information of 
 importance, and is written in a style generally agreeable and. 
 spirited. The judgments of the author, however, are not entitled 
 to very great weight. The work, therefore, will be regarded as 
 quite unimportant by those who can make use of larger works in 
 French and German. 
 
 Irving, Washington. — Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada. 
 12mo, New York, 1850. 
 
 One of the most important and one of the most charming of 
 
 28
 
 434 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Irving's historical works. Its plan was developed when the author 
 was engaged on his "Life of Columbus," and was brought to a 
 close only after a careful inspection of the most important rec- 
 ords, and of the places made famous by the events described. 
 The work received the hearty endorsement of Prescott for its 
 accuracy and good judgment as well as for the almost matchless 
 beauty of its style. 
 
 Landmann, George. — Historical, Military, and Picturesque Obser- 
 vations on Portugal. Illustrated by sev^enty-five colored plates, 
 and numerous maps and plans. 2 vols., imp. 4to, London, 
 1818. 
 
 A sumptuous work, prepared by an officer of the British army, 
 and designed to give to English readers a description of the coun- 
 try, which at the close of the Napoleonic wars first began to at- 
 tract considerable attention. The historical part is less attractive 
 than the descriptive ; but as an account of the nature and resources 
 of Portugal, it was long unsurpassed. The appearance of Craw- 
 furd's book has deprived it of its principal importance. , 
 
 Lembke, F. W., und Schafer, H. — Geschichtc von Spanien. 3 
 
 vols., 8vo, Hamburg, 1831-Gl. 
 
 These volumes, forming a part of the Heeren and Ukert series, 
 are probably the best general history of Spain yet published. If 
 not the very best, they dispute the palm with the history by Dun- 
 ham. In point of thoroughness they are superior to the English 
 author, though in freshness and grace of style they are inferior. 
 
 The authors long made the history and condition of the Spanish 
 peninsula a subject of special and careful study, and they have 
 had some advantages, in the way of access to archives, not en- 
 joyed by Dunham. The opinions of the authors are therefore 
 entitled to much weight. 
 
 Mariana, John de. — 'J'he (Jcncral History of Spain. From the 
 I'^irst Peoiiling of it by Tubal till the Death of King Ferdinand,
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 435 
 
 who United tlic Crowns of Castile and Arao-on, with a Contin- 
 uation to the Death of Kino- Philip III. To which are added 
 two Supplements ; the first by F. Ferdinand Camargo y Salccdo, 
 the other by F. Basil Varen de Soto, bringing it down to the 
 Present Reign. The whole Translated from the Spanish by 
 Capt. John Stephens. Folio, London, 1G99. 
 
 This great work, the first twenty books of which were pub- 
 lished as early as 1592, is the most important liistorical monu- 
 ment ever reared in* Spanish literature. The author was a learned 
 Jesuit, who, after withdrawing from the active duties of a preacher 
 and teacher, devoted some thirty years to the preparation of his 
 great history. It was originally written in Latin, but was received 
 with so much favor that the author was himself persuaded to 
 translate it into the language of the Spanish people. In tlic 
 course of the successive editions it was greatly enriched and en- 
 larged, until, at the time of the author's death, it liad been extended 
 by nearly the amount of an octavo volume. 
 
 Even in the English version the remarkable qualities of the 
 author do not fail to appear. The narrative everywhere moves 
 on with a graceful but stately tread. The author had not the 
 characteristics of a modern critical scholar. He generally accepted 
 evidence as he found it. He built up his work apparently on the 
 model of Livy, composing speeches for his orators after the same 
 antique fashion. In many respects he was quite the equal of his 
 Roman exemplar. The turbulence of the times of Peter the Cruel 
 has never elsewhere been described with so much spirit, and that 
 haughtiness of the nobles which so long made liberty in Spain im- 
 possible is portrayed with a power not often found in historical 
 literature. The qualities of the work are so remarkable that Tick- 
 nor, in his " History of Spanish Literature," does not hesitate to 
 affirm that " it presents the most remarkable union of picturesque 
 chronicling with sober history that the world has ever seen." It 
 is a book which every true historical scholar will read with de- 
 light, if not with profit, 
 
 Marliani, M. de. — Histoire Politique de I'Espagne Moderne, sui- 
 vie d'un Aper^u sur les Finances. 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1840. 
 
 These volumes are introduced by a brief review of Spanish
 
 436 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 history from the days of Charles Y. to those of the Constitutional 
 movement in 1810. At this point the body of the work begins. 
 It might be called a political description of Spain extending over 
 the period from 1810 to 1840. 
 
 Though the book is not without substantial value, it is much 
 inferior to the German work of Bauragarten on the same period. 
 Its value is in the view it affords of the financial weakness of 
 Spain during the first half of this century. 
 
 Mazade, Charles de.— L'Espagne Moderne. 12mo, Paris, 1855. 
 
 Not a history, but a descriptive commentary. Mazade was a 
 very shrewd observer of political events and tendencies. As one 
 of the editors of the Revue des Deux Mondes, he gathered infor- 
 mation from all sources. His commentary on Spanish affairs 
 shows familiarity with the subject, and a deep insight into the 
 causes of Spanish troubles. No other small book on Spain during 
 the present century is so interesting or so valuable. It will be all 
 the more enjoyed if the reader is already possessed of some 
 knowledge of current Spanish events. 
 
 Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick. — History of the War in 
 the Peninsula and the south of France. Many editions, of which 
 the best are those of London, 1857 and 1883, 6 vols., 8vo. A 
 cheaper edition was published in New York in 5 vols., 12mo, 1856. 
 
 The volumes of this history first appeared at intervals between 
 1828 and 1840, and attracted universal attention. The work 
 has gradually settled into the reputation of being one of the 
 best, if not the very best, of the military histories in our lan- 
 guage. 
 
 At the time of its appearance it was highly extolled and se- 
 verely criticised. The author himself took part in the contest 
 which he describes, and ho wrote with as much earnestness and 
 gallantry of spirit as he had fouglit. It was but natural, there- 
 fure, that the volumes should invite criticism.
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 437 
 
 The cli.aracteristics of Napier's " History " arc vividness of de- 
 scription and beauty of narration, llis pictures of battles and of 
 the heart-stirring- events of the war have scarcely been surpassed 
 by any descriptions in literature, either ancient or modern. 
 
 The defect of the work springs naturally out of what may be 
 called its great merits. It shows a want of calmness of judg- 
 ment, especially concerning political matters ; and it is inclined 
 to be overcrowded with details that now seem to be unimportant. 
 But for these drawbacks there would probably be few to dispute 
 the praise — sometimes bestowed upon the work — of being the 
 most successful military history in our language. 
 
 Prescott, William H. — History of the Reign of Ferdinand and 
 Isabella. Revised edition. Edited by J. F. Kirk. 3 vols., 
 8vo, Philadelphia, 1876. 
 
 Though this history was the first written by Prescott, it has 
 scarcely been excelled in merit by any of its successors. The 
 author expended ten years of arduous labor upon the work, and 
 on its publication its superior qualities were everywhere recog- 
 nized, both in Europe and in America. 
 
 Prescott's writings are conspicuous for thoroughness of re- 
 search, keenness of insight, impartiality of judgment, picturesque- 
 ness of narration, exclusion of irrelevant matter, and correctness 
 and elegance of style. lie had not much of the passion of the 
 politician or the imagination of the poet; and therefore he is 
 never quite able to produce the highest dramatic effects in narra- 
 tion, or arouse the highest enthusiasm of the reader. But as an 
 offset to this deficiency, if, indeed, it can be called such, he has the 
 far more than counterbalancing merit of making his readers feel 
 that they are listening to a wise and learned judge rather than 
 to a skilful advocate. Prescott's good qualities are so marked 
 and so numerous that the best judges will hardly hesitate to place 
 him at the head of American historians. 
 
 In the first two chapters of the History of Ferdinand and Isa- 
 bella we have an excellent summary of Spanish history during 
 the Middle Ages, and a good account, in brief space, of the gen- 
 eral political condition of Spain in the fifteenth century. Chap-
 
 438 mSTORICAL LITERATUllE. 
 
 tcr vii. of volume i. is a brief but admirable sketch of " The 
 Establishment of the Modern Inquisition." Chapter viii. gives a 
 " Review of the Political and Intellectual Condition of the Span- 
 ish Arabs previous to the War of Granada." 
 
 As a description of the important period of the consolidation 
 of Spain from a number of i)etty governments into what was 
 practically one kingdom, this work has no rival in any language. 
 
 Prescott, William H. — History of the Reign of Philip the Sec- 
 ond, King of Spain. Revised edition, edited by J. F. Kirk, 
 3 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1876. 
 
 This history, which the author, unfortunately for letters, did 
 not live to complete, is a worthy conclusion of the literary work 
 of our foremost historian. It is a monument of thorough study 
 and research, of tolerant and dispassionate judgment, and a model 
 of skill in narration. 
 
 The terrible shock of passions in the reign of Philip XL seemed 
 to fill the author with a gentle and wise melancholy, instead of 
 the stormy emotions of a violent indignation. The reader, in 
 consequence, soon learns to look for no very great energy in 
 denunciation, but is content to listen to the careful decisions of 
 a dispassionate judge. 
 
 The last volume completed by Prescott brings the history down 
 only to 1580. The work covers much of the ground traversed 
 by Motley in his " Rise of the Dutch Republic." But as the pur- 
 pose of Prescott included a view of the whole policy of Philip, it 
 is far more comprehensive in its scope than that of his more bi'ill- 
 iant but less judicious countryman. 
 
 Romey, Charles. — Ilistoirc d'P^spagne dcpuis Ics premiers temj)s 
 jus(pr;i iios jours. 9 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1839-50. 
 
 The author claims tliat this is the first earnest effort made to 
 apply the principles of modern historical composition and criti- 
 cism to the history of Spain. He regarded Augustin Thierry as
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 439 
 
 his model, and consequently he endeavored to sift Lis materials 
 in the spirit of careful discrimination. In this effort he was suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 But the work became so voluminous on his hands that he was 
 unable to fulfil the promise made in the title. The ninth and 
 last volume closes with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 It is to be regarded, therefore, not as a general liistory, but as sim- 
 ply a history of Spain during the Middle Ages. It ends at the 
 point where Prescott begins. 
 
 Rosseeuw-Saint-Hilaire, Eugene Francois. — Ilistoire d'Espagne 
 depuis rinvasion des Goths jusqu'au Commencement du XIX'^ 
 Siecle. 14 vols., Paris, 1846-77. 
 
 This unfinished work brings the history down only to the mid- 
 dle of the sixteenth century. As a portrayal of the mediaeval 
 history of Spain, it is in one respect excellent. It shows in strong 
 light how, from first to last, the great political curse of Spain was 
 the inordinate power of the nobility. They were arrayed against 
 both the monarchs and the people, and the consequence was that 
 although the people of Spain had an earlier representation in the 
 government than did the people of England, they were unable to 
 organize any influence or power for the formation of political in- 
 stitutions. While in England the people, led by the nobles, 
 formed a check upon the monarch, and finally organized a true 
 representative branch of government, in Spain they were con- 
 stantly oppressed by the nobles, and consequently were unable to 
 exert any political influence whatever. 
 
 This great lesson of the mediaeval history of Spain is here 
 brought out with great force, though it was hardly necessary to 
 write ten volumes in order to teach it. 
 
 Ticknor, George.— History of Spanish Literature. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 New York, 1849. New and revised edition, Boston, 1872. 
 
 One of the most creditable contributions ever made to Ameri- 
 can letters. It is founded on the most extensive and critical
 
 440 HISTOKICAL LITERATUKE. 
 
 studies ; it is written in a style that is a happy combination of 
 force and o-race, and it comprehends within its scope the whole 
 period of Spanish literature down to the early part of the present 
 century. It has been translated into the most important lan- 
 o-nao-es of Europe, and it is everywhere recognized as a work of 
 ffreat and permanent qualities. In no country have its merits 
 received more hearty recognition than in Spain. 
 
 The author's method of treatment combines the chronological 
 and the philosophical. He groups the authors -whose works he 
 considers into such connection as to show the natural development 
 of the various species of literary production. " Early National 
 Literature," " Old Ballads," " Chronicles," " The Early Drama," 
 " Provencal Literature in Spain," " Courtly School in Castile," 
 " Historical Literature," are the titles of some of the chapters of 
 the first volume. In the second and third are described at length 
 the characteristics of dramatic and lyric poetry, as well as the 
 literature of history and romance. 
 
 The work is divided into three periods — the first extending 
 to the reign of Charles V. ; the second from the death of Charles 
 y. to the accession of the Bourbon family ; the third from the 
 beo-inning of the eighteenth century to the invasion of Bonaparte. 
 
 Walton, William.— Kevolutions in Spain, 1808-36. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1837. 
 
 A graphic picture of the contests that raged in the Spanish 
 peninsula during the early years of this century. The author 
 wrote with great clearness, moderation, and ability. He explains 
 the objects of the parties engaged, the claims of the competitors 
 to the throne, the consequences of triumph on the part of the 
 one claimant or the other, and the frightful results of what he 
 considers the iniquitous co-operation of the English with the 
 cause of oppression. He writes as an ardent Tory, but his pages 
 show both ability and candor. 
 
 Watson, Robert. — History of the Reigns of Philip H. and Philip 
 111. 4 vols., 8vo, London, 1777-83. 
 
 These books have been somewhat famous ; but they possess
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 441 
 
 very little liistorical value. The account of Philip II. has been 
 demolished and superseded by the great work of Prescott, and 
 the Pliilip III. is only important because it stands in a gap be- 
 tween Prescott and Coxe. The author's literary skill was consid- 
 erable, but his habits of investigation were careless, and his con- 
 clusions untrustworthy. 
 
 II. IIISTOKIES OF 8WITZEKLAND. 
 
 Daguet, Alexandre. — Ilistoire de la Confederation Suisse depuis 
 les temps anciens jusqu'en 1864. 7"^ ed.,refondu et considera- 
 bleraent augmentee. 2 vols., 8vo, Geneve et Paris, 1880. 
 
 A volume acknowledged in Switzerland to be an authority, and, 
 indeed, one of the best brief histories of that country extant. The 
 sixth edition is to be preferred ; for it embodies numerous correc- 
 tions as the result of recent investigations. The author shows by 
 his clinging to the story of Tell that his patriotic sentiments are 
 somewhat stronger than his critical judgment. But he is en- 
 titled to the praise of having generally made industrious use cf 
 a large amount of original material, and of having produced a 
 convenient and useful book. 
 
 The History of Switzerland, in Lardner's Cyclopaedia. 12 mo, 
 London, 1832. 
 
 A useful little book, descriptive of Switzerland from the earliest 
 times down to 1830. 
 
 The best features of the volume arc the descriptions of the 
 condition of the people at different periods. In chapter viii., e. g,, 
 is a striking account of the prevalence of ignorance before the 
 founding of the university at Basle in 1460. 
 
 Morin, A. — Precis de I'Histoire Politique de la Suisse. 5 vols., 
 8vo, Geneve, 1855-75. 
 
 The most complete and valuable history of Switzerland. It is
 
 442 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 all the more to be esteemed by the general student because it 
 deals but slightly with the details of military affairs. The nature 
 of the struggles of Switzerland with surrounding nations, es- 
 pecially with Austria, the internal contests which preceded the 
 final organization of the Confederation, and the problems which 
 have received the attentions of the Confederation itself will here 
 be found adequately described. 
 
 Miiller, Monnard et Vulliemin. — Ilistoire de la Suisse. 19 vols., 
 8 vo, Paris, 1837-51. 
 
 The work of the German historian Johannes Miiller, written in 
 the latter part of the eighteenth century, has been universally 
 received as the most important work on the early history of 
 Switzerland ever published. But the seven volumes of that his- 
 tory bring the narrative down only to the end of the sixteenth 
 century. It has been the work of Monnard and Vuillemin to 
 translate Miiller into French, and continue the history down to 
 the present century. 
 
 Though the work is too elaborate and minute in its details for 
 the general student, it is invaluable as a work of reference. It is 
 the most comprehensive of the histories, and its positioms are al 
 ways entitled at least to respect. 
 
 Rochholz, E. L. — Tell und Gessler in Sage und Geschichte. Nach 
 urkundlichen Quellen. 8vo, Heilbronn, 1877. 
 
 The most critical and conclusive examination of the story of 
 Tell and Gessler. 
 
 The purpose of the book is twofold — first, to show that the 
 ordinarily received story cannot be true, and, secondly, to indicate 
 the manner in which the myth came to be regarded as history. 
 This purpose involves an examination of the substance of the 
 story of Tell, and a history of the family of Gessler. To most 
 readers the presentation will be conclusive. 
 
 Vieusseux, A. — The History of Switzerland from the First Irrup-
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 443 
 
 tion of the Northern Tribes to the I'resent Time. 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1846. 
 
 A compilation from the great works of Miiller, Meyer, Franscini, 
 and Kasthofer. At the time of its publication, it was one of the 
 best of the short histories of Switzerland. Since 1846, however, 
 much has been done by explorers of early Swiss annals; and con- 
 sequently it is no longer of its former value. 
 
 The portions of the work on the period of the Reformation 
 and the period of the French Revolution are of most value. The 
 author has no doubt whatever of the truth of the story of Tell 
 and Gessler. 
 
 Zschokke, H. — History of Switzerland, with a Continuation to 
 1848 by Emil Zschokke. 12mo, New York, 1858 ; new edi 
 tion, 1875. 
 
 A translation from a well-known German work of value. The 
 book is generally trustworthy in its statements ; and as a sum- 
 mary may be read with profit. It does not embody, however, the 
 results of recent research, and very great importance, therefore, 
 should not be attached to its conclusions. It is one of the most 
 readable of the small books on the subject. 
 
 III. HISTOEIES OF TURKEY AND MODERN EGYPT. 
 
 Freeman, Edward A. — The History and Conquests of the Saracens. 
 Six Lectures. Third edition, with new preface. Crown 8vo, 
 London, 1880. 
 
 The first edition of this little volume was published as early as 
 1856; and ever since that time it has been the most interesting, 
 and perhaps the most valuable, introduction we have to the study 
 of Turkish history. It has not so much to do with the Ottoman 
 Turks as with the other Mohammedan nations ; but it indicates 
 tlie relations of the Turks to the races and tribes of the East;
 
 444 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 and, in so doing, forms a fit introduction to tlie same author's 
 "Ottoman Power in Europe." 
 
 Baker, James. — Turkey. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1876 ; 1 vol., 8vo, 
 New York, 1 877, 
 
 The author is an English gentleman who, just before the prepa- 
 ration of his volume, resided three years in Turkey, and visited 
 nearly every part of the country. He shows little of that spirit 
 of careful and patient investigation so admirable in Wallace's 
 Russia ; but, notwithstanding this fact, the book is not without 
 some value. It is descriptive rather than historical ; but it gives 
 such an abundance of facts that the reader will have no ditficulty 
 in forming an opinion concerning the embarrassments of the 
 Turkish government. 
 
 The view presented is more favorable to Turkey than Ameri- 
 cans generally have been disposed to entertain. The most satis- 
 factory part of the work is the account of the several tribes and 
 races that go to make up the conglomerate population of the 
 country. Its most serious fault is a certain flippant and jocose 
 method of discussinac even matters of o-reatest moment. 
 
 Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von. — Geschichtc des osmanischen 
 liciches, grt)ssentheils aus bishcr unbcniitzten Ilandschriften 
 und Archiven. 10 vols., 8vo, Pcsth, 1827-35. A second edi- 
 tion, slightly revised, but without the documents, was published 
 in 4 vols., 8vo, in 183G. A P^rench translation by J. J. Ilellcrt 
 appeared in 18 vols., 8vo, at Paris, 1835-44, with atlas in folio. 
 
 A work designed not so much for readers as for investigators. 
 It is the great mine from which materials are procured for nearly 
 all the other histories of Turkey. On the work the author is 
 said to have expended thirty years of more than ordinary German 
 industry. The product of this labor and learning is a series of 
 volumes that take high rank among the historical productions of 
 this centurv.
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 445 
 
 Creasy, Sir Edward S. — History of the Ottoman Turks from the 
 lie'g-iniiiiin- of their Empire to the Present Time, Revised edi- 
 tion, 8vo, London and New York, 1877. 
 
 One of the most satisfactory histories of the Ottoman Turks 
 in our hinguao'c. The author lias freely availed himself of the 
 learning of Germany and France on the subject. E]specially is 
 he indebted to the great Avork of Von Ilammer-Purgstall. 
 
 On recent Turkish affairs the volume is not especially strong. 
 It differs from the work of Freeman in being more historical and 
 much less descriptive and critical. While, therefore, it will be 
 found somewhat less interesting to the general reader, it will be 
 perhaps even more valuable to the historical student. 
 
 Freeman, Edward A. — The Ottoman Power in Europe, its Nat- 
 ure, its Growth, and its Decline. With three colored Maps. 
 12mo, London, 1877. 
 
 A companion and supplement to the same author's " History 
 and Conquests of the Saracens." While in the earlier Avork Free- 
 man treated of the other Mohammedan races and nations, he 
 here deals with the history and character of the Ottoman Turks. 
 
 The conspicuous characteristic as well as the great merit of the 
 book is the fact that it deals with Eastern and Mohammedan 
 affairs from a Western and European point of view. It is, there- 
 fore, political more than historical. The author discusses " Eastern 
 and Western Europe ;" " The Races of Eastern Europe ;" " The 
 Ottoman Turks and their Religion ;" " The Rise and Growth of 
 the Ottoman Power;" "The Decline of the Ottoman Power;" 
 " The Revolts against the Ottoman Power ;" and " The Practical 
 Question." 
 
 At the end of the preface is a valuable list of articles written 
 by the author on the same general subject, and published in the 
 various English reviews in the course of the last twenty years. 
 
 Lane, Edward William.— Manners and Customs of the M(xlern 
 Egyptians. 2 vols., 12mo, London, 1836. Fifth edition, 1848. 
 
 For many years in the early part of this century, Mr. Lane re-
 
 446 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 sided in Egypt, devoting himself to the preparation of an Arabic 
 lexicon. As a scholar he is well known through his translation 
 of the " Arabian Nights." 
 
 The especial and exceptional value of this work is in its careful 
 and minute account of the social conditions and habits of the 
 people of Egypt. Mr. McCoan, in his recent work on Egypt, as- 
 sures us that the descriptions are admirable portrayals of Egyp- 
 tian life at the present day. 
 
 McCoan, J. C. — Egypt as it is. "With a Map, taken from the most 
 recent survey. 8vo, London and New York, 1878. 
 
 This work is entirely descriptive, but it describes not only the 
 present condition of society and government, but also the recent 
 efforts to revive the old importance of the country. 
 
 The author's information has been gained chiefly during a long- 
 residence in Egypt ; but his own observations have been supple- 
 mented by constant reference to the numerous works of recent 
 French writers. Of German authorities, Mr. McCoan has appar- 
 ently made no use whatever. The value of the book consists in 
 its descriptions of Egypt's present material and administrative 
 condition. 
 
 Eanke, Leopold von. — A History of Servia and the Servian Rev- 
 olution, from Original MSS. and Documents. Translated from 
 the German by Mrs. Alexander Kerr. 8vo, London, 1847. 
 
 The importance of this volume is much greater than at first 
 would appear. The geographical position of Servia between Tur- 
 key and Austria has made the country the seat of a protracted 
 struggle between European civilization and Asiatic despotism. 
 Ranke's work, therefore, is nothing less than an account, by the 
 most eminent of living historians, of the international interests 
 involved in the lont; contest. 
 
 Zinkeisen, J. W. — Gcschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa. 
 7 vols., Hvo, Hamburg, 1840-03. 
 
 The work on the history of Turkey next in importance to the
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 447 
 
 famous production of Von Ilaniiner-Purgstall. For all but writ- 
 ers of history it is even superior to the more celebrated work, 
 upon which, indeed, it is largely founded. As one of the " His- 
 tories of the European States" edited by Ileeren and Ukert, it 
 partakes of the characteristics of that excellent series. The use 
 of the volumes is made easy by a good index. On the whole, it 
 is the best history of Turkey. 
 
 IV. HISTORIES OF HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. 
 
 Amicis, Edmondo de. — Holland and its People. Translated from 
 the Italian by Caroline Tilton. 12mo, New York, 1880. 
 
 A very bright book, better calculated than any other to give 
 the reader a vivid and true impression of the country and people 
 it describes. The writer is an Italian gentleman who visited all 
 parts of the Netherlands, inspected the country thoroughly, be- 
 came familiar with people and institutions, and wrote down on 
 the spot his descriptions of what he saw and thought. The most 
 noteworthy qualities of the book are its fresh, original, and some- 
 what enthusiastic methods. The writer is at times somewhat too 
 voluble, but he is always interesting and always instructive. The 
 translation is excellent. 
 
 Davies, C. M.— History of Holland and the Dutch. 900-1799. 
 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1841-44. New edition, 1851. 
 
 As a continuous history of Holland, these volumes are not with- 
 out some value. Their inherent merits, however, are not great. 
 A work, covering the whole ground of the national life of the 
 Dutch, Avas doubtless needed in English ; but the student is like- 
 ly to be better satisfied with the volumes of Motley, Dunham, and 
 Schlosser. The most useful part of Davies's book is that which 
 treats of Holland from the wars of Louis XIV. to the French 
 Revolution ; but Schlosser's " History of the Eighteenth Century" 
 will be found quite as valuable even on this period.
 
 448 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Geddes, James. — History of the Administration of Jolin De Witt, 
 Grand Pensioner of Holland. Vol. i., 1623-54, 12mo, Lon- 
 don and New York, 1380. 
 
 The author has made painstaking search in the archives of the 
 Hague for information illustrative of the life and work of the 
 Grand Pensioner. Much that he presents is new even to the peo- 
 ple of Plolland. 
 
 The period from the death of Barneveld to the accession of 
 William HI. was one of turbulence, but it has been only imper- 
 fectly understood. From the accession of John De Witt, in 
 1652, to the time of his assassination, in 16V2, he ruled the Dutch 
 provinces with a firm hand, secured internal peace and prosperity, 
 and made the country feared and honored by the other nations of 
 Europe. 
 
 To the early life of this man, who once more made Holland 
 great and powerful, the author devotes his first volume. He 
 shows that the government, put into operation after the establish- 
 ment of Dutch independence, was a government full of corrup- 
 tions and weaknesses ; in fact, that it was at best nothing but a 
 spurious republic. The States-General was a packed body, filled 
 with the creatures of the prince ; and the mass of the Dutch people 
 had no political power whatever. The authority was exclusively 
 in'the hands of the wealthy burghers, who ruled the local govern- 
 ments absolutely, and who kept themselves united under the cen- 
 tral power of the States-General only because of the threatening 
 attitude of foreign aggression. Such was the condition of affairs 
 when the De Witts came forward, not as the advocates of liberty, 
 but as the opposers of the tyranny of the House of Orange, and 
 the promoters of national concentration and unity. 
 
 The first volume is but introductory to what must be the more 
 important portion of the work; but it gives ample promise of a 
 substantial addition to our historical literature. In the years from 
 1652 to 1654 De Witt already had begun to have important deal- 
 ings with Cromwell ; and the author, in treating of these years, 
 has been able to throw new light upon the policy of England as 
 well as upon that of Holland. His researches have been most 
 thorough, and the first volume is written with considerable literary 
 skill.
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 449 
 
 Grattan, Thomas Colley. — The History of the Netherlands. 1 2 mo, 
 London and New York, 1830. 
 
 A valuable little book as a compendium of the " History of the 
 Netherlands, from the Christian Jilra down to the Formation of 
 the Kingdom of Belgium." As a bird's-eye view of the whole 
 history of the country, this is one of the best in English, and is 
 really excellent. More than such a view, however, it is not ; for 
 it embraces in its narrative the whole period from the time of 
 Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1830. In point of style, the 
 volume is attractive and spirited. 
 
 Juste, Theodore. — Histoire de Belgique depuis les temps primi- 
 tifs jusqu'ti la fin du regne de Leopold L 4® ed., 3 vols., 8vo, 
 Brussels, 1868. 
 
 The author is one of the most respected historical writers and 
 teachers of history in Belgium, and his work is probably the most 
 successful of the several attempts to describe the entire history of 
 the country within the limits of a single treatise. It is written 
 in a spirited style, but it has the weakness of a somewhat undis- 
 criminating enthusiasm. This shows itself especially in the his- 
 tory of Leopold I., who is treated with altogether extravagant 
 praise. 
 
 Juste, Theodore. — La Revolution Beige de 1830, d'apres des 
 documens inedits. 2 vols., 8vo, Brussels, 1873. 
 
 The best description of the revolution which raised Belgium to 
 an independent kingdom, and placed the nation in its present 
 condition. The volumes have the same general characteristics as 
 the author's general history of Belgium. Though this is perhaps 
 the best account of the revolution we have, its conclusions are not 
 to be accepted without the limitations indicated in characterizing 
 the same author's general historv. 
 
 Motley, John Lothrop. — The Rise of the Dutcii Republic. A 
 
 29
 
 450 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 History. 3 vols., 8vo, New York, 1856; new edition. New 
 York, 1880. 
 
 This is a remarkable book. It is a vivid portrayal of one of 
 the most dramatic portions of modern European history. Motley 
 possessed nearly all the essentials of a great historical writer. His 
 industry was unwearied, and his opportunities were all that could 
 be desired. He penetrated deep below the surface of things, and 
 explored their hidden causes. His pages are instinct with the 
 love of freedom and hatred of tyranny. His style is clear, vivid, 
 and eloquent. His analysis of character is remarkably distinct, 
 and his power of dramatic narrative has not often been excelled. 
 
 But the work, with all these excellent characteristics, has its 
 drawbacks. The judicious reader constantly labors under the im- 
 pression that there is another story to be told. The author's 
 aversions are so strong and his predilections so extreme that they 
 seem often to have taken absolute possession of his judgment. 
 At times he almost appears to be apprehensive that his words will 
 not adequately express the energy of his thoughts, and conse- 
 quently his language sometimes becomes so emphatic as to appear 
 stilted and declamatory. 
 
 The work, after an historical introduction of ninety-two pages, 
 is devoted to that turbulent age from the abdication of Charles 
 v., in 1555, to the assassination of William of Orange, in 1584. 
 Much of this period, therefore, is the same as that treated by 
 Prescott in his " History of Philip H. ;" but the point of view is 
 essentially different. While the one is looking from Spain, the 
 other is looking from Holland. 
 
 Throughout the history, AVilliam of Orange is Motley's idol 
 and his client. In his behalf he has certainly made a magnificent 
 plea; but it is a plea, not a decision. 
 
 Motley, John Lothrop. — History of the United Netherlands, 
 from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' 
 Truce — 1609. 4 vols., 8vo, New York, 1861-69 ; new edition, 
 1880. 
 
 The period covered by this work is less dramatic than that de- 
 scribed in the "Rise of the Dutch Republic," by the same an-
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 451 
 
 thor; but it was scarcely less significant in its influence on subse- 
 quent events. 
 
 There have been few more important years in all modern his- 
 tory than those during which was matured the great Spanish 
 project of conquering England and the Netherlands, and bringing 
 them again under Catholic rule. The intimate connection of the 
 kingdom of England and the republic of Holland at the time 
 when the fate of Protestantism rested with them alone, made the 
 history of the two commonwealths, in many respects, nearly iden- 
 tical. It is this period and this struggle, as well as the interior 
 government of the Netherlands, that Motley has portrayed in the 
 work before us. 
 
 The book has the same general characteristics as the preceding 
 one. The author, in his preface, characterizes the course of the 
 Catholics as the " deep-laid conspirac}' of Spain and Rome against 
 human rights;" and the period seems to him to show "the dan- 
 gers that come from superstition and despotism, and the blessings 
 which flow from the maintenance of religious and political free- 
 dom." With all the merits of the work, and these are many and 
 conspicuous, it must be conceded that it is too conti'oversial in its 
 character to be accepted as the final judgment of mankind. 
 Though these faults detract from the value of the history, they 
 will not diminish in the least the interest of the reader in its 
 pages. 
 
 Motley, John Lothrop.— The Life and Death of John of Barne- 
 veld, Advocate of Holland. AYith a View of the Primary Causes 
 and Movements of the Thirty Years' War. 2 vols., Svo, New 
 York, 1874. 
 
 The author intended these volumes as a link between the histo- 
 ries he had already published and the even more important work 
 he had in contemplation on the Thirty Years' War. They are an 
 account of what is known in the Netherlands as the "Twelve 
 Years' Truee." It was a turbulent period of intrigues between 
 the conflict that for more than forty years had been raging in 
 Holland, and that greater struggle which engrossed the energies 
 of all Central Europe for more than a quarter of a century. The
 
 452 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 years included within, the scope of the work, therefore, were not 
 well adapted to show the genius of Motley to best advantage. 
 
 Though the volumes are marked with the same general charac- 
 teristics as the former ones by the same author, yet the events 
 they describe are of a less stirring interest, and the faults of the 
 work consequently appear in a much stronger light. The vol- 
 umes, moreover, lack something of that literary finish which was 
 so striking a characteristic of the author's earlier histories. Many 
 of the descriptions, however, are exceedingly interesting and 
 graphic. Especially worthy of note is the account of the deal- 
 ings of the government with Grotius. 
 
 V. HISTOEIES OF SCAKDmAVIA. 
 
 Anderson, R. B. — Norse Mythology ; or, The Eeligion of our 
 Forefathers. Containing all the Mytlis of the Eddas, care- 
 fully systematized and interpreted. With an Introduction, 
 Vocabulary, and Index. 12mo, Chicago, 2d ed., 1878. 
 
 Perhaps the most convenient summary we have of the body of 
 Noi'thern mythology. As such it is not only interesting, but valu- 
 able. The author believes in the essentially indigenous character- 
 istics of the Teutonic and Scandinavian myths, and also in their 
 marked moral superiority over the mythology of Greece and Rome. 
 In this he differs sharply from some of the best authorities on the 
 subject ; but his volume is one which may be read with profit as 
 well as interest. 
 
 Baring-Gould, Sabine. — Iceland, its Scenes and Sagas. Svo, 
 London, 1 .s7;3. 
 
 For English readers this portly volume is the best modern pop- 
 ular description of Iceland. It is written in a free and easy style 
 by one who visited the island for the purpose of making sketches 
 of its scenery, and of studying the scenes of its sagas. Its fault 
 is its great size. It is too large a book for a description of so 
 small a country ; but it is made interesting by an attractive style
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 453 
 
 and numerous weil-drawn illustrations. With the use of the tabic 
 of contents judicious omissions may be made and the volume may 
 thus be of essential service. 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas.— The Early Kings of Norway. 12^io, New 
 
 York, 1875- 
 
 A slight work, that owes its importance chiefly to the fame of 
 its author rather than to its own intrinsic merit. It is mainly a 
 compilation from Sturleson and Daldmann, with here and there a 
 bright phrase thrown in by the distinguished writer. Though 
 published as one of the latest of Carlyle's works, it was prepared 
 during the early years of his literary career, and is not to be re- 
 garded as of much intrinsic importance. 
 
 Dahlmann, F. C. — Geschichte von Diinemark bis zur Reforma- 
 tion, mit Inbegritf von Norwegen und Island. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 Hamburg, 1840-43. 
 
 During many years Dahlmann was a professor of history and a 
 prominent historical writer. He was identified with the political 
 agitations of 1848, and \yas an ardent advocate of liberty. 
 
 His " History of Denmark " is his most considerable work, and 
 it has a standard value. But, as it has to do with the Middle 
 Ages exclusively, it gives no information in regard to the period 
 of most interest in Danish atfairs. The days when the Danes 
 were the terror of French and Eno-lish alike are skilfully described. 
 
 Dunham, S. A. — History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 3 
 vols.., i6mo, London, 1840. 
 
 As a brief history of Scandinavia these volumes still have no 
 superior in English. The writer brought to his task the same 
 characteristics that he has shown in his other works. As a brief 
 general history for the purposes of the general reader, it leaves 
 very little to be desired.
 
 454 HISTORICAL LITEKATURE. 
 
 Fryxell, Anders. — The History of Sweden. Translated from the 
 original. Edited by Mary Hovvitt. 2 vols., 12mo, London, 
 1844. 
 
 The original has great popularity in Sweden, and has been 
 translate^ into the principal European languages. It was written 
 for strictly popular purposes, and was successfully done. 
 
 The translation into English, however, has never been continued 
 beyond that portion of the work which reaches the year 1612. 
 It ends, therefore, before the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, conse- 
 quently before the history of Sweden began to assume European 
 importance. 
 
 Geijer,E.J.,und Carlson, F.F.—GeschichteSchwedens. TJebersetzt 
 von S. P. LefHer und J. E. Petersen. 5 vols., 8vo, Gotha, 1 844-75. 
 
 The standard and by far the most important history of Swe- 
 den. The volumes, the first three of which were prepared by Geij- 
 ger, have steadily maintained the reputation of ranking among 
 the most successful of the admirable series published under the 
 editorial direction of Ilecren and Ukert. The portion written by 
 ,Geijer appeared in a French version, at Brussels, in 1845; but 
 the work has never been translated into English. 
 
 The volumes by Carlson arc in most respects superior to the 
 others. They show unusual powers of description united with a 
 keen insight into the complicated relations of Sweden with the 
 nations adjacent. These qualities appear to great advantage in 
 the fifth volume — the one devoted to the trying years between 
 IGSO and 1097. In 1679 the war had ended which made France 
 the first power in Europe. Into that great war SwedcJi Jiad been 
 drawn, and during some years the contest was nothing less than a 
 struggle for national existence. The period that followed was 
 one of reconstruction. The restoration of internal order, and the 
 establishment of new relations with the altered nationalitii's of 
 Europe, were the two g;"eat political problems demanding solution. 
 The way in wliich the difiicult task was performed is described 
 with a clearness of insight and a vigor of expression that leave 
 little to be desired.
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 455 
 
 Gosch, Charles A. — Denmark and Germany since 1815. With 
 four Maps. 8vo, London, 1802. 
 
 An important work, descriptive of the relations of Denmark and 
 Germany during the twenty years before the Schleswig-IIolstein 
 War. The involved nature of those relations is hinted at in the 
 saying that they were never understood except by one man, and 
 that he died without imparting the secret. 
 
 The author shows a bias towards the Danish side ; but, on the 
 whole, his statements are honest and fair. Perhaps the account 
 is the most satisfactory we liave in English, though the pages 
 must be read with the constant remembrance that the writer can 
 make no claim to impartiality. 
 
 Laing, Samuel. — The Heimskringla ; or. Chronicle of the Kings of 
 Norway. Translated from the Icelandic of Snorro Sturleson. 
 AVith a Preliminary Dissertation. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1844. 
 
 The original of this work, written by Sturleson, an Icelander 
 of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, is a picture of the North- 
 men and their institutions by a rough, wild, and vigorous member 
 of their number, who possessed remarkable literary gifts. No one 
 will doubt the importance of the work who remembers that the 
 Northmen colonized Northumberland and other parts of England, 
 amounting to a third of the whole island. It is thought by many 
 that they were the forefathers of nearly as large a proportion of 
 the present English race as the Anglo-Saxons themselves. Under 
 their own laws, moreover, they occupied this territory for cen- 
 turies. 
 
 Tlie work consists chiefly of a collection of sagas that indicate 
 the history from the earliest traditions to the time of the author. 
 It has been translated into nearly all the languages of Europe, and 
 has a standard and permanent value. 
 
 In the first volume the translator has prefixed to the work a 
 valuable dissertation of some two hundred pages, the purpose of 
 which is to explain the condition of the Northmen and their title 
 to our attention. An appendix to the third volume is also of 
 value.
 
 456 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Mallet, M. — Nortliern Antiquities ; or, An Historical Account of 
 the Manners, Customs, Religion and Laws, Maritime Expedi- 
 tions and Discoveries, Languages and Literature, of the Ancient 
 Scandinavians (Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, and Icelanders) ; 
 with Incidental Notes respecting our Saxon Ancestors. Trans- 
 lated from the French by Bishop Percy. New edition, revised 
 throughout, and enlarged with a Translation of the Prose Edda 
 from the original of the old Norse text ; with Notes, Critical and 
 Explanatory, by J. A. Blackwell, Esq. Crown 8vo, London, 
 1847. 
 
 The author was a French scholar wdio spent several years in 
 Denmark as the instructor of the Prince, who afterwards ascended 
 the throne as King Christian VII. During his residence at the 
 Danish court he began the preparation of a history of Denmark. 
 As an introduction to that history he drew up the two volumes 
 which Bishop Percy translated and published in 1770 and 1809. 
 The importance of the work was recognized in all parts of Europe 
 on its first appearance. But the investigations of half a century 
 have brought together a mass of materials which it was well to 
 make use of in the preparation of a third edition. Mr. Blackwell 
 has added much to the bulk of the book ; but his work was not very 
 judiciously done. His notes are not scholarly, and his explanations 
 are sometimes erroneous. 
 
 MaureT, Konrad. — Island von seiner eK,ston Entdeckung bis zum 
 Untergange des Freistaates. 8vo, Munich, 1874. 
 
 This volume was published on the 2d of August, on the occa- 
 sion of the celebration of the one thousandth anniversary of the 
 settlement of the island. But it is not sinxply an ordinary con- 
 tribution to a national jubilee. No other liviiV writer has studied 
 Iceland so thoroughly as has Konrad MaurerV and he has here 
 brought together the ripe fruit of thirty years of industrious 
 labor. It is by far the best book on Iceland. 
 
 TIjc island appears to have been discovered by Celts about the 
 vear 795. A few years later came the Norsemen discoverers. But 
 it was not until the year 874 that the first immigrants established 
 themficlvcs in a periuMnent home. Within sixty years the num-
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 457 
 
 ber of the population grew to be nearly 70,000, a number that 
 has varied but slightly down to the present time. As the new set- 
 tlers — Celts, Norwegians, Swedes, and Danes — brought their own 
 institutions, the mixture resulted in many new forms and methods. 
 And it is in the develoi)ment and history of these that our inter- 
 est in Iceland chiefly centres. The social customs were in many 
 respects different from any that have elsewhere appeared in Eu- 
 rope. The families were, for the most part, isolated, and there- 
 fore were chietiy dependent upon themselves. Under such in- 
 fluences there grew up a peculiar but a rich national culture 
 which found expression in poetry and song. The history of this 
 singular development the author has portrayed in a manner as 
 interestino; as it is instructive. 
 
 Maurer, Konrad. — Isliindische Volkssagen der Gegenwart gesam- 
 melt und verdeutscht. 8vo, Leipsic, 18G0. 
 
 This work, by the most accomplished living scholar in Icelandic 
 lore, is of more importance than any other on the subject, and 
 is entitled to be regarded as the standard authority. It throws 
 much light on the popular traditions of the North, and should be 
 carefully studied by every student of Scandinavia. It is also not 
 without importance in the general study of modern folk-lore. It 
 may well be read in connection with the author's later and more 
 important work. 
 
 Rink, Dr. Henry. — Danish Greenland. Its People and its Products. 
 Edited by Dr. Robert Brown. With Illustrations by the Es- 
 kimo, and a' Map. 12mo, London, 1877. 
 
 The best account we have of Greenland. It is both historical 
 and descriptive. The author was a Danish official whose duties 
 brought him into the most intimate knowledge of the subject, 
 and who made industrious and judicious use of his opportunities. 
 
 Sinding", Paul C. — History of Scandinavia from the Earliest
 
 458 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Times of the Norsemen and Vikings to the Present Dav. 
 12mo, New York, 1858. 
 
 If English literature abounded in histories of Scandinavia, this 
 book would be considered as of very small importance. But it is 
 a sketch inspired by the dearth of works on the subject, and by 
 the prevailing ignorance concerning the nations described. It is 
 characterized by a certain naive goodishness not very much to be 
 admired ; but it has the merit of making an honest effort to fill a 
 place in which a good book was felt by the author to be needed. 
 
 Thorpe, Benjamin. — Northern Mythology, comi)rising the Prin- 
 cipal Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, 
 North Germany, and the Netherlands. Compiled from original 
 and other sources. 3 vols., 12mo, London, 1852. 
 
 A work on this subject by one of the most eminent of Anglo- 
 Saxon scholars in England could not fail to have great literary 
 and historical value. The very copious and scholarly notes with 
 which it is fortified render it perhaps the most valuable collection 
 we possess of the Northern sagas. It is more voluminous than An- 
 derson's work on the same subject, and to the general reader may be 
 not less interesting ; but as it is devoted largely to mere traditions 
 and superstitions, for the scholar it is less complete and satisfactory. 
 
 Wheaton, Henry. — History of tlie Northmen, or Danes and Nor- 
 mans, from the Earliest Times to the Conquest of William of 
 Normandy. 12mo, London, 1831. 
 
 Few men have done more for the honor of Ainerican letters 
 than Henry Wheaton. The work before us was written during 
 the period when he was American Charge d'Affaires at Copcn- 
 liagen, and after he had become a member of the Scandinavian 
 and Icelandic societies. 
 
 In the preparation of the work the author made use of all the 
 best authorities, and selected from them what was likely to be of 
 most interest and value. He wrote with a combination of judg- 
 metit, learning, and enthusiasm that has justly secured for the 
 work a high place in the literature of the North. Its merits have 
 
 1
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 459 
 
 been recognized by translation into all the more important lan- 
 guages of Europe. 
 
 Worsaae, J. J. A. — An Account of the Danes and Northmen in 
 England, Scotland, and Ireland. 12mo, London, 1852. 
 
 In 1846 a commission was appointed by Christian VIII. of 
 Denmark to investigate and report upon any existing monuments 
 and memorials of Danes and Norwegians in the British Isles. In 
 the work of carrying on the resulting investigations, the com- 
 mission received generous assistance in England. 
 
 The volume before ns is a translation of an account of the re- 
 mains discovered. The plan of the book is historical rather 
 than archajological, and is a good presentation of the part taken 
 by the Danes in the inediteval history of England. 
 
 VI. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 1. The best of all general histories of Spain, in English, is that 
 of Dunham. If the reader desires a less elaborate account of 
 the medifeval turbulence of the country, he will find an excellent 
 summary in the first two chapters of Prescott's " Ferdinand and 
 Isabella." In connection with these chapters the account of 
 Spanish institutions in Ilallam's " Middle Ages," and also that in 
 Robertson's " Introduction to the History of Charles the Fifth," 
 will be found at once interesting and valuable. If the reader 
 uses German, he should follow Dunham with Baumgarten ; if 
 not, he may well read the chapters on the Peninsular War in 
 Seeley's " Stein " or Alison's " French Revolution." 
 
 Daguet's "Switzerland" is to be preferred; though if a work 
 in English is desired, Vieusseux, Zschokke, or the volume on the 
 subject in Lardner's " Cyclopaidia " should be used. 
 
 On the history of Turkey, Freeman and Creasy will be found 
 most valuable. Freeman is more readable, and is not without 
 peculiar and characteristic merits. Lane and McCoan are the au- 
 thorities on modern Egypt. 
 
 Grattan's " Netherlands " is perhaps the most satisfactory brief 
 history. Dunham's " Denmark, Sweden, and Norway " is a useful
 
 460 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 summary. Gosch's "Denmark and Germany since 1815 " is de- 
 voted to a description of the relations and difficulties which re- 
 sulted in the Schlcswig-IIolstein war. Wheaton's is still one of 
 the best accounts of the early Northmen. 
 
 2. Lembke and Schafer's is the best of the larger histories of 
 Spain. If the reader must confine himself to English, Dunham's 
 "Spain" may be used, and may well be followed by Prescott's 
 " Ferdinand and Isabella," Robertson's " Charles V.," and Pres- 
 cott's " Philip II." These are most worthily succeeded by Dunlop, 
 Watson, Coxe, Baumgarten, Napier, and Mazade. The portions 
 of Mariana on the history of Spain in the Middle Ages may be 
 read with pleasure as Avell as profit. 
 
 Of the large histories of Switzerland, Morin is likely to be most 
 satisfactory, though Miiller has not been completely superseded. 
 Rochholz has made the most complete examination of the legend 
 of Tell. 
 
 Baker's " Turkey " gives an alleviating view of the Turkish 
 government. Argyll's " Eastern Question " discusses the general 
 relations of Turkey to the adjacent nationalities. For an account 
 of events leading to the complications of 1875-80, recourse should 
 be had to the "Annual Register" and to the English reviews for 
 tkose years. For a thorough history of Turkey, Zinkeisen is 
 above all others, except Von Ilammer-Purgstall. 
 
 The great struggle by Avhich the Netherlands achieved their 
 independence is portrayed Avith remarkable spirit by Motley. 
 The same author's " History of the United Netherlands " is also 
 a work of very liigh repute. The work of Geddes is one of 
 n^reat promise. Juste's " Belgium " is the standard book on the 
 subject. 
 
 If the reader desires a very complete history of mediaeval Den- 
 mark, he will be satisfied with Dahlmann only, though for most 
 readers Dunham will be entirely adequate. The monographs of 
 Worsaae and Gosch are of considerable merit. Fryxell's "Sweden" 
 may be read for a fuller account than that of Dunham ; but the 
 great authority is that of Geijger and Carlson. The growth of 
 Swedish power under the House of Vasa is admirably sketched by 
 Ilaussor in his " Period of the Reformation." Droysen's " Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus," without going very fully into the details of the 
 king's career, throws inucli light on the relations of Sweden to
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROrK. 401 
 
 Germany. Voltaire's " History of Charles XII." is justly one 
 of the most popular of the witty Frenchman's works. 
 
 3. The works of Bouterwek and SismonJi on the literature 
 of Spain have been greatly surpassed in merit by that of Ticknor ; 
 though the second chapter of Sismondi's " Literature of the South 
 of Europe " is, perhaps, the most graphic account we have of the 
 learning of the Arabs. Important papers on the subject of Span- 
 ish literature are to be found in Gibbon, chapter li.; in Schlegel's 
 " Dramatic Literature," in the Ed'mburcfh Review for January, 
 1841, and in the Quarterly Revieio for July, 1837. Irving's "Al- 
 hambra " is a semi-fictitious account of Spanish manners ; and the 
 same writer's "Conquest of Granada" is a graphic portrayal of 
 the terrible struggle which led to the downfall of the Moors. 
 Southey's "Chronicle of the Cid" is one of the best portrayals 
 of Spanish manners. Irving's "Spanish Papers" give an inter- 
 esting account of the union of Castile and Leon. On the subject 
 of the Inquisition, Llorcnte is the great Roman Catholic authority ; 
 Rule the Protestant authority. Macaulay's essay in review of 
 " Stanhope's War of the Succession " is a brief but an entertain- 
 ing account of an important period. The great work on this war, 
 however, is the recent history by Noorden. The Cornhill Maga- 
 zine for 1871 has a scries of important papers on more recent 
 Spanish affairs. Two of these papers are reprinted in LitteWs* 
 Living Age for the same year. Instructive articles may also be 
 found in the Atlantic Monthly for April, 1868, and i-n volumes 
 xl., xli., Ixii., and Ixiii. of Harpe/s Montlily. Crawfurd's " Portu- 
 gal " is a recent book, combining description and history in an 
 agreeable manner. Cervantes's view of Spanish manners has the 
 high endorsement of Prcscott. Cooper's " Mercedes of Castile " 
 aims to describe Spanish affairs in the time of Ferdinand and Isa- 
 bella. Picton's "Spanish Brothers" relates to the Inquisition, 
 Coleridge's "Remorse" to the times of Philip II., and Mrs, 
 Charles's " Martyrs of Spain " to the days of the Reformation. 
 
 Illustrative of the history of Switzerland, much of importance 
 is to be found in Coxe's " House of Austria " and Barante's 
 "Dukes of Burgundy." For the value of the myth concerning 
 William Tell, see Atlantic Monthly for March, 1861, where the 
 evidences are balanced. See also on the same subject, Baring- 
 Gould's "Curious Myths of the Middle Ages," and the Edinburgh
 
 462 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 RevieiD for January, 1869. Scott's "Anne of Geierstein " is a 
 graceful tribute to Swiss devotion and heroism in the last struggle 
 with Charles the Bold. For the historical details of this contest, 
 Kirk's " Charles the Bold " may be consulted. The Reformation 
 in Switzerland is described at length by D'Aubigne, and concisely 
 by Hausser and Fisher. The part of Switzerland in the Revolu- 
 tionary period is well portrayed by Alison. 
 
 The establishment of Turkish power in Europe is described by 
 Gibbon and Finlay, as well as by Freeman and Creasy. Pi-escott, 
 in his histories of Spain, especially his " Philip II.," gives very 
 graphic portrayals of the long contest between the Spaniards and 
 the Moslems in the sixteenth century. The more recent history 
 of Turkey is illustrated by Benjamin's "The Turk and the 
 Greek," Crowe's " The Greek and the Turk," MacCulloch's " Rus- 
 sia and Turkey," Moltke's "Russians in Bulgaria in 1828-29," 
 Noyes's " Roumania," and Oscanyan's " The Sultan and his Peo- 
 ple." See also Harper's Magazine, volumes xxiv. and xxxv., Inter- 
 national Review for 1876, and the several English reviews since 
 1875. In the preface to Freeman's " Ottoman Power in Europe " 
 is an important list of articles on modern Turkish affairs. 
 
 Miss Barrett, in her " William the Silent," has condensed the 
 histories of Motley and Prescott. The reign of Charles V. in 
 the Netherlands is well described by Juste. Butler's " Life of 
 Grotius " is a good account of the period just before the Thirty 
 Years' War. Schiller's " Revolt of the Netherlands " is much more 
 admirable from a literary than from an historical point of view. 
 Grattan's account of the more recent history of Holland is best 
 supplemented by special portions of the general histories. James's 
 " Mary of Burgundy " and Pichler's " Artist Lovers " depict 
 phases of Dutch society in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 
 Goethe's "Egmont" is a powerful rendering of one of the most 
 painful episodes of tliat terrible struggle. 
 
 On the early history of Scandinavia, Maurer, Thorpe, Laing, and 
 Mallet arc the authors of most importance. A briefer book of 
 great merit is that of Whoaton. Professor Anderson's mono- 
 graphs throw much light on special subjects. His " Norse M}'- 
 thology " is the most comprehensive and trustworthy work on the 
 subject; and his translation of "The Younger Edda" is all that 
 <;oiild be desired. In all that pertains to the history of the institu- 
 IIdus of Tcciland, Koiirad Maurer is the most trustworthy authority.
 
 THE SMALLER NATIONALITIES OF EUROPE. 463 
 
 4. The following, for the most part recent works of impor- 
 tance, are worthy of note: E. C. Otte's "Scandinavian History" 
 (8vo, London, 1874) is the most important general history of 
 Scandinavia in English, A. Geffroy's " Ilistoire des Etats Scan- 
 dinaves" (l2mo, Paris) is one of Duruy's valuable series. George 
 Stephens's "Old Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and 
 England" (3 vols., folio, London, 1866-84) is of great interest 
 and importance. Sven Nilsson's " Primitive Inhabitants of Scan- 
 dinavia, translated into English by Sir John Lubbock" (8vo, Lon- 
 don, 3d ed., 1868). G. W. Dasent's " Story of the Burnt Njal " 
 (2 vols., 8vo, London, 1861) is of the first importance. Rasmus 
 Nyerup's " Kulturgeschichte von Danemark und Norwegen " (8vo, 
 AJtona, 1804). G. Vigfusson's " Sturlunga Saga" (2 vols., 8vo, 
 Oxford, 1878); also "The Orkneyinga Saga" (8vo, Edinburgh, 
 1873) — both of importance. P. E. Miiller's "Saga Bibliothek" 
 (3 vols., 8vo, Copenhagen, 1817-20). J. C. H. R. Stcenstrup's 
 "Normannerne" (vols. L-IV., 8vo, Copenhagen, 1876-82), though 
 still incomplete, is said by high authority to be the best book on 
 the Northmen ever ■written. R. B. Anderson's " The Younger 
 Edda" (l2mo, Chicago, 1884). 
 
 K. Th. Wenzelbui-ger's " Geschichte der Niederliinde" (2 vols., 
 8vo, Gotha, 1879-1886) is the most satisfactory general history 
 of the Netherlands; — one of the Heeren and Ukert series. Don 
 Modesto Lafuente's " Historia general de Espafla" (30 vols., 8vo, 
 Madrid, 1850-67) is the great national history. B. de Sahagun's 
 "Histoire Generale desChosesde la Nouvelle Espagne" (8vo, Paris, 
 1800), a work of originality and ability. L. Viardot's "Histoire 
 des Arabes et des Mores d'Espagne " (2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1851). 
 C. M. Yonge, "Christians and Moors in Spain" (l2mo, London, 
 1878) — a convenient but not very important book. H. Forne- 
 ron's "Hi-stoire de Philippe H." (vols. L-IV., 8vo, Paris, 1880- 
 82) — founded on evidence a considerable part of which was un- 
 known when Prescott wrote ; still incomplete. Hefele's " Life of 
 Cardinal Ximenez, translated from the German by Canon Dalton " 
 (8vo, London, 1860). J. A. los Rios's "Historia Critica de la 
 Litteratura Espanola" (7 vols., 8vo, Madrid, 1861-65) — the most 
 important work on Spanish literature. Lafuente's " Historia Ec- 
 clesiastica de Espana" (6 vols., 8vo, Madrid, 1873-75) — the most 
 important ecclesiastical history of Spain, but written from a fervid
 
 464 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Catholic's point of view. "\V. Scbirrmacliei's " Geschicbte von 
 Spanien " (2 vols., 8vo, Gotlia) is a valuable part of tbe Ileeren 
 and Ukert series. Augusta Boucbot's " Histoire do Portugal et 
 de ses Colonies" (8vo, Paris). 
 
 Fr. Palacky's " Gescbicbtc Bobmen's " (5 vols., 8vo, Prag, 1836- 
 68) is tbe standard bistory of Bobemia. A. Billiet's " Les Origi- 
 nes de la Confederation Suisse" (2 vols., 2° ed., Paris, 1869) and 
 Henne-am-Rbyn's " Gescbicbte dcs Scbweizervolkes und seiner 
 Kultur" (3 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 3te Aufl., 1878) are works of im- 
 portance. G. Rosen's " Geschicbte der Tiirkei von dem Siege der 
 Reform, 1826, bis zuin Pariser Tractat " (2 vols., 8vo, Leipzig, 
 1866-67). C. K. Tuckerraan's " Greeks of To-day " (12mo, New 
 York, 1878). R. C. Jebb's "Modern Greece" (8vo, London, 
 1880). J. K. Jirecek's "Gescbicbte der Bulgaren " (8vo, Prag, 
 1876). D. C. Boulger's " History of China" (3 vols., Bvo, Lon- 
 don, 1885) — the first volume giving a rapid survey of four thou- 
 sand years, the second and third to the present century; a work 
 of considerable value, especially as we have no other carefully 
 written history of China.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 465 
 
 Chapter XIII. 
 
 HISTORIES or ENGLAND. 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Brewer, J. S.— The Student's Hume. 12mo, New York, 1880. 
 
 Before the appearance of Green's " Short History of the Eng- 
 lish People " the volume known as " The Student's Hume " was 
 the best brief account of England for the use of a student. It 
 was generally free from errors, it contained interesting illustra- 
 tions, and it presented to the student many of the most impor- 
 tant documents of English history. 
 
 Professor Brewer undertook the work of revising and editing 
 this volume with the ostensible purpose of giving it all the ben- 
 efits of modern historical research and criticism. But, though 
 he was thoroughly qualified for his task, the result leaves much 
 still to be desired. Many portions of the volume that are in 
 great need of revision retain the unmodified language and judg- 
 ments of Hume. Unlike the work of which it is still for the 
 most part only an abridgment, it brings the history down very 
 nearly to the present time. 
 
 Bright, Frank. — English History for the Use of Public Schools. 
 3 vols., 12mo, London and New York, 1878. 
 
 The author is a lecturer on history in Baliol, New, and Uni- 
 versity colleges at Oxford, and he has produced for the use of 
 college students one of the best text-books on the history of Eng- 
 land in the language. 
 
 30
 
 4G6 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 It is clear, careful, and accurate ; is fortified with excellent ta- 
 bles and maps, is a magazine of information, and in matters of 
 opinion is fully abreast of the latest conclusions and criticisms. 
 
 Its style is very compact, and on this account, unless consider- 
 able time be given to it, there is danger of its being thought hard 
 and dry. If the student is unable to do much collateral reading 
 in connection with it, the results are likely to be inferior to those 
 secured from the study of Green. It is a book of solid rather 
 than of brilliant qualities. 
 
 Burton, John Hill. — The History of Scotland from Agricola's 
 Invasion to the last Jacobite Insurrection. 8 vols., 12mo, Lon- 
 don and New York. 2d ed., 1875. 
 
 It is but simple justice to say that this work has superseded in 
 value all other histories of Scotland. As a complete record of 
 one of the most turbulent of all histories, it is eminently suc- 
 cessful. To the preparation of the work the author devoted 
 many industrious years, and on several of the most disputed ques- 
 tions of Scottish history ho has thrown a welcome light. The 
 work is clear in style, and is arranged with an admirable regard 
 for historical perspective. The events of the sixteenth century 
 accordingly receive a large amount of space. 
 
 Campbell, John Lord. — The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and 
 Keepers of the (Jreat Seal of England from the Earliest Times 
 till the Reign of Queen Victoria. 8 vols., 8vo, and 10 vols., 
 12mo, London and New York, 1869, and many other editions. 
 Also, Lives of the Chief Justices of England from the Norman 
 Conquest till the Death of Lord Tenterden. 4 vols., Svo and 
 12mo, London and New York, 1857, and subsequent editions. 
 
 The writings of Lord Campbell have great merits, but they are 
 not without great defects. They embody a vast amount of inter- 
 esting as well as valuable information. The author was an emi- 
 nent lawyer, and a statesman of considerable prominence. Ilis
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 467 
 
 works show an case and an animation of expression which make 
 them popular with a large class of readers. 
 
 The defects of the work are nearly allied to its merits. They 
 are to be found chiefly in the strong partialities and animosities 
 of the author ; and, while these characteristics impart spirit to his 
 pao-es, they detract very considerably from their real value. Lord 
 Campbell was an energetic hater, and he never hesitated to give 
 expression to his animosities. The value of his writings, there- 
 fore, is in the general impressions and the entertainment they af- 
 ford, rather than in the correctness of the information they give 
 or the soundness of the conclusions they reach. The freedom 
 with which the author reproduced the productions of others 
 amounted at times to unblushing plagiarism. 
 
 Green, John Richard. — A Short History of the English People. 
 Crown 8vo, London and New York, 1875. 
 
 This book has extraordinary merits. It is rather a commentary 
 on the history of England than a history itself, and therefore 
 those who already have some knowledge of the subject are likely 
 to be most profited by its use. 
 
 The qualities which have given to the work its great popular- 
 ity are the brilliancy of its style, the breadth of its generaliza- 
 tions, the vividness with which it portrays the general drift of 
 events, the clearness with which it shows the relations of cause 
 and effect, the prominence which it gives to the literary and so- 
 cial progress of the people, and the skill with which the~authof~ 
 has made his selections and exclusions. The book has been 
 shown to be somewhat inaccurate in matters of minor detail ; but 
 the inaccuracies are, for the most part, such as may easily be 
 remedied by careful revision, without disturbing the general ar- 
 rangement of the work. Fn^ \h(^ piu-pot^pi; of the general reader 
 i t is superior to all othe r works_in a sin gle volume. Its value is 
 also increased by a carefully drawn list of authorities at the be- 
 ginning of each subject. These lists afford a somewhat compre- 
 hensive and very valuable bibliography of English history.
 
 468 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Green, John Richard. — History of the English People. 4 vols., 
 8vo, London and New York, 1878-80. 
 
 By far the most important general history of England that has 
 ever been written. It not only covers the whole period of Eng- 
 lish history down to the close of the Napoleonic wars, but it also 
 embodies the results of those researches into special periods 
 which of late have been so characteristic of English historical ac- 
 tivity. 
 
 To these merits must be added several others of scarcely less 
 importance. The author writes in an unusually vigorous and in- 
 teresting style. His pages are not encumbered with notes, but at 
 the beginning of the history of each period is to be found a very 
 complete and valuable account of the sources from which infor- 
 mation on the subject treated is to be drawn. These bibliograph- 
 ical introductions will be found of the greatest use to the special 
 student of English history. 
 
 Another important feature of the work is the amount of space 
 devoted to descriptions of the social condition of the people — a 
 method of treatment that adds greatly to the interest of the reader 
 as well as to his profit. The first volume brings the history down 
 to the close of the Parliament of 1461, the second to 1603, the 
 third to 1688, the fourth to 1815. The fourth volume is gener- 
 ally thought to be somewhat less meritorious than the others. 
 Finallv, the book is admirably equipped Avith maps and tables, 
 and is brought to a close by a very full index. 
 
 Guizot, F. — The History of England, from the Earliest Times to 
 the Accession of Queen A'ictoria. llelated for the Rising Gen- 
 eration. Translated from the French. 4 vols., 8vo and 12mo, 
 London and Boston, 1879. 
 
 A history especially intended for the young, or, as the venera- 
 ablc author chose to say, for his grandchildren. But in the prep- 
 aration of it the characteristics of the renowned historian and 
 statesman did not desert him. lie had made a profound study 
 of English history, and had followed the different steps in the 
 growth of the English political system with a keen and a sympa-
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 469 
 
 thetic intelligence. This history, therefore, may always be con- 
 sulted with profit as well as with interest. 
 
 Hume, David. — The History of England, from the Invasion of 
 Julius Cicsar to the Revolution in 1688. Various editions, one 
 of the best being in six vols., 8vo, New York, 1880. 
 
 This work, written more than a hundred years ago, has enjoyed 
 the rank of a classic in historical literature from the day of its 
 completion to the present time. In point of clearness, elegance, 
 and simplicity of style it has never been surpassed. This pecu- 
 liarity, however, united as it is with the calm and philosophical 
 spirit with which the author contemplates the events he describes, 
 has given the work a rank to which its strictly historical merits 
 inever would have entitled it. Indeed, Hume was not an historical 
 investigator in any true sense of the term. He was under much 
 greater obligations to some of his predecessors than he ever ac- 
 knowledged. AVith some propriety it may be said that Carte 
 was the miner, while Hume was only the finisher of the materials 
 brought together by his more industrious and thorough predeces- 
 sor. 
 
 An historical work written as Hume wrote could hardly fail to 
 abound in gross errors. For a long time many of the mistakes 
 of this history escaped detection ; but of late the errors have 
 been shown to be so abundant and so flagrant that the opinion 
 of scholars concerning the value of the work has been completely 
 modified. 
 
 The portion relating to the reign of the Stuarts was the first 
 written, and is, perhaps, the most faulty. It is founded on an 
 erroneous conception of the nature of the English government at 
 the time of the accession of James I. Brodie, in his "Consti- 
 tutional History," has shown the worthlessness of Hume's account 
 of this period, and has made it plain that it is " a fictitious phi- 
 losophy buttressed by a fictitious narrative." 
 
 Of the numerous "continuations" of Hume, no one is worthy 
 of the student's notice. The best edition, as above indicated, is 
 that published in New York in 1880; but editions are to be 
 judged chiefly by the external qualities of paper and print ; for
 
 470 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the revisions of the author were of political rather than of his- 
 torical importance, and were really of no value. In 1770 he 
 wrote : " I am running over the last edition of my History in 
 order to correct it still further. I either soften or expunge many 
 villanous, seditious Whig strokes which had crept into it. I am 
 sensible that the first editions were too full of those foolish Eng- 
 lish prejudices which all nations and all ages disavow." It was 
 thus that what he called the "firm conduct and manly resentment 
 of George III." convinced him that he had not done enough to 
 canonize Laud and whitewash Strafford and Jeffreys. 
 
 Knight, Charles. — The Popular History of England. An Illus- 
 trated History of Society and Government, from the Earliest 
 Period to our own Times. 8 vols., London, 1856-62. Also, 
 without the illustrations, 6 vols., 12mo, New York, 1878, and 
 2 vols., 4to, New York, 1880. 
 
 This work was written, as the author declares, for " young men 
 of eighteen," for whom there was no history of England but 
 that of " the cool, scofliing philosopher who could relate with un- 
 rufiled temper the outrages of despotism, the vices of kings, and 
 the extravagances of superstition, and who reserved his criticisms 
 for genius and his sarcasms for zeal." 
 
 As will be inferred from this declaration, the ambition of Mr. 
 Knight was not to write a history of the highest order of merit; 
 but to produce one which should be light and readable without 
 being superficial, which should abound in pictures rather than dis- 
 sertations, and, above all, which should carry the reader through 
 a survey of English life with a generous sympathy for what is 
 noble in all parties, without losing in philosophic indifference his 
 manly confidence in truth and fact. 
 
 The volumes cover the wliolc period of English history down 
 to the pn^sent generation. Wliile the work is not profound, it is 
 thoroughly healthful in tone; and, with the exception of Green, 
 for the purposes of the general reader, is probably the best his- 
 tory of England yet completed. The English edition abounds in 
 illustrations, introduced not merely for the embellishment of the
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 471 
 
 volumes, but for the elucidation of the narrative. The illustrations 
 are unusually excellent, both in Icind and quality. 
 
 Four of the volumes are devoted to the period subsequent to 
 the Revolution of 1688. On the history of more recent events, 
 therefore, it is much fuller than any of the other histories of 
 similar scope and purpose. 
 
 The Pictorial History of England. — Being a History of the 
 People as well as a History of the Kingdom. Illustrated with 
 many hundred wood-cuts. 8 vols., royal 8vo, London ; 4 vols.. 
 New York, 1838. 
 
 Although this is a pictorial history, it can hardly be called a 
 popular history. It is a book of solid rather than brilliant quali- 
 ties. In the preparation of it a large number of the most emi- 
 nent English scholars were engaged, and it is likely to be much 
 more highly prized by scholars than by general readers. 
 
 The editor has divided the history of England into periods, 
 and he has caused each period to be treated under seven different 
 heads, and by as many different hands. These several depart- 
 ments are " Civil and Military Transactions ;" " Religious His- 
 tory ;" " The Constitution and Laws ;" " National Industry ;" 
 " Literature, Science, and the Arts ;" " Manners and Customs ;" 
 and " The Condition of the People." 
 
 The illustrations are well chosen and well engraved. The his- 
 tory closes with the year 1820. 
 
 Lin^ard, John. — A History of England from the First Invasion 
 of the Romans to the Accession of AVilliam and Mary, in 1688. 
 Of this work there are numerous editions, the most accessible 
 and one of the best being that in 10 vols., London and New 
 York. The fourth edition (1837-39) was revised with extraor- 
 dinary care by the author ; and so many changes were made 
 that the former editions may be regarded as of little value. 
 The best edition is the 5th, London, 10 vols., 8vo, 1849. 
 
 The great Roman Catholic authority on the history of Eng-
 
 472 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 land. It covers about the same period as the work of Ilame, 
 but it is written with far more historical learning and care. No 
 history was ever more violently assailed (see Edinburgh Review 
 for April, 1825, and July, 1826), and yet the author succeeded in 
 vindicating himself from the most serious charges brought against 
 him. No one, however, can read the work without perceiving 
 that it is pervaded by a strong bias, which appears, perhaps, not 
 more in what is said than in what is omitted. It will be difficult 
 to detect the author in false assertion ; but very much that is 
 known to be fact, but adverse to his position, is, either purposely 
 or unwittingly, kept out of view. At the same time, it is not 
 free from positive and inexcusable errors. For example, his state- 
 ments in regard to the conduct of Cromwell's army at Drogheda 
 and Wexford not only have no foundation in trustworthy evi- 
 dence, but are in direct opposition to very positive evidence of a 
 contrary nature. These peculiarities make it desirable that the 
 student should read it in constant connection with some other 
 author. Dr. Lingard's talents were of a high order, and his char- 
 acter was above all reproach : it is not easy, therefore, to under- 
 stand how, in the light of this century, he could have written a 
 history so pervaded with the spirit of religious partisanship. 
 Aside from this very considerable drawback, the work is the best 
 general history of England before 1688 yet written for the pur- 
 poses of a student. The scholar who keeps these characteristics 
 in mind will have no difficulty in making all due allowances, and 
 may use the work with great profit. 
 
 MacMullen, John. — The History of Canada, from its first Dis- 
 covery to the l*resent Time. 8vo, Brockwith and London, 
 1868.' 
 
 As a continuous account of Canadian history, this is one of the 
 most satisfactory. 
 
 Tiie early settlement of Canada was so intimately associated 
 with our own that the first chapters of the book will present to 
 the reader very little that is new or especially valuable. But 
 after chapter xii. the v(jlume is of greater interest. It gives a very
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 473 
 
 clear picture of the difficulties which led to the Papincau Rebell- 
 ion and the reforms under Lord Durham. From the twentieth 
 chapter to the end the reader will find a good account of recent 
 Canadian affairs. 
 
 Mill, James. — The History of British India. 4th ed., with Notes, 
 and a Continuation by Horace Hayman Wilson. 9 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1851 ; 5th ed., 9 vols., 12nio, 1858. 
 
 A book of great ability, of strong prejudices, and of very ex- 
 tensive learning. The author plunged deep into the most obscure 
 sources of knowledge, and, for such information a^ he desired, fol- 
 lowed out every clew to its end. He culled frOm old despatches 
 everything that could throw light on the subject in hand. 
 
 The point of view from which he wrote was that of an oppo- 
 nent of the purposes and methods of the East India Company. 
 The volumes might be called an elaborate and sustained arraign- 
 ment of the entire policy of the Company. 
 
 The work has been much improved by the careful hand of the 
 editor. Professor Wilson, one of the foremost Oriental scholars of 
 his day. Under his supervision many errors have been corrected, 
 and a still greater number of extravagant statements have been 
 modified or explained. 
 
 Though the work, as a whole, is a monument of learning, if not 
 of historical skill, it ought to be said, perhaps, that in point of 
 style it lacks animation and picturesqueness. This characteristic 
 will always prevent it from attracting and holding a very large 
 number of general readers. On this account its popularity can 
 never equal its intrinsic merits. For the special student of the 
 English policy in the East it is invaluable. 
 
 Strickland, Agnes. — Lives of the Queens of England, from the 
 Norman Conquest ; with Anecdotes of their Courts, now fii-st 
 published from Official Records and other Authentic Docu-- 
 ments. Private as well as Public. New edition, with Coitcc- 
 tions and Additions. 8 vols., 8vo, London, 1864. Several sub- 
 sequent editions in England and America. 
 
 The author has produced a spirited and interesting series of 
 
 ^^
 
 474 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 biographical sketches. It cannot be claimed, however, that they 
 possess very great historical value. The writer studied carefully 
 and thoroughly, and she has given her readers the advantage of a 
 large number of valuable extracts from original and somewhat 
 obscure sources. But she was moved by strong partialities and 
 prejudices, and her pages constantly show that her judgment was 
 not above being warped by her sympathies. This characteristic 
 is most obvious in her partiality for the Stuarts and in her an- 
 tipathy to the supporters of the Revolution. 
 
 White, Rev. James. — History of England, from the Earliest Times 
 to the Year 1858. 12mo, London, 1860. 
 
 Before the publication of Green's " Short History of the Eng- 
 lish People," this book was much read. It is a sketch of the 
 more striking incidents of English history, -written with an obvi- 
 ous effort to avoid dulness. It is much inferior to Green, though 
 it presents the various phases of English history in a manner that 
 is very attractive. Next to the "Short History of the English 
 People " it is still, perhaps, the most readable of the smaller 
 works on the subject. 
 
 The Parliamentary or Constitutional History of England, being 
 a Faithful Account of all the most Remarkable Transactions in 
 Parliament from the Earliest Times to the Restoration of King 
 Charles II. Collected from the Journals of both Houses, the 
 Records, Original MSS., Scarce Speeches and Tracts, by Several 
 Hands. 24 vols., Bvo, London, 1751-01. 
 
 This scries of volumes is very often used as an authority, and 
 as such it is not without some value. Its chief merits are in its 
 somewhat elaborate presentation of the views of different men on 
 the various questions in hand, and in the authority of the work as 
 a means of verification. It contains many speeches, in full or in 
 part, not elsewhere so easily accessible.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 475 
 
 ir. HISTORIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 Green, John Richard. — The Makinjr of England. The Conquest of 
 England. With Maps. 2 vols., 8vo,' London and New York, 1 882-3, 
 
 The somewhat ambiguous title of the first work indicates the au- 
 thor's belief that the political character of England was substan- 
 tially determined before the time of Edward the Confessor. In- 
 deed, he regards the earlier period as the time of formation ; while 
 that which has elapsed since Edward the Confessor has been sim- 
 ply the period of development. The work is the result of a 
 plan long cherished by the author ; and it shows the same his- 
 torical ability as that which, in his more strictly popular works, 
 has made so great an impression. It is not only the latest, but 
 also by far the most satisfactory description of the Anglo-Saxon 
 conquest and settlement. The Conquest, though valuable, is less 
 important. 
 
 Lappenberg, J. M. — A History of England under the Anglo-Saxon 
 Kings. Translated from the German by Ben j. Thorpe. With Ad- 
 ditions and Corrections by the Author and the Translator. 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1845; new edition, 2 vols., 12mo, London, 1880. 
 
 At the time of the first appearance of this work in Germany, 
 in 1833, it was, beyond all question, the best authority on the 
 subject. Time and subsequent investigations have deprived it of 
 a part of its value, though the edition before us has been greatly 
 improved by the leai'ning and care of its translator, who was one 
 of the profoundest Saxon scholars in England. 
 
 It is a history of events rather than a description of the time, 
 and by most readers will probably be found somewhat juiceless. 
 Part v. of vol. ii. is devoted to the " Social State of the Anglo- 
 Saxons," and is perhaps the most interesting portion of the book. 
 
 Turner, Sharon. — History of the Anglo-Saxons. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 London. Seventh edition, 1852. 
 
 The first edition was published as early as 1805 ; and though for 
 the edition of 1807 the work Avas carefully revised, it can hardly 
 be considered a standard authority at the present day. The in-
 
 476 IlISTOllICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 vestigations of Keinble, Palgrave, and others liavc deprived it of 
 a value it once possessed. 
 
 Aside from its intrinsic merits, the Avork is entitled to some 
 respect ; for, when it was first published, it was a genuine reve- 
 lation to the Englisli people. Until that time, no one had taken 
 the trouble to collect the accessible evidence and bring it into 
 a single book. Turner, therefore, performed a very useful work 
 in calling attention to a field which has since been very success- 
 fully cultivated. 
 
 Palgrave, Sir Francis. — The Rise and Progress of the English 
 Commonwealth. Anglo-Saxon Period, containing the Anglo- 
 Saxon Policy, and the Institutions Arising out of Laws and 
 Usages which Prevailed before the Conquest. 2 vols., 4to, 
 London, 1831. 
 
 These volumes, at the time of their publication, were said by the 
 Edinburgh Review to be " beyond all question the most luminous 
 work that has ever been produced on the early history of Eng- 
 land." They threw so much light on the subject of the origin 
 of modern English jurisprudence that Chancellor Kent declared of 
 the Droduction that it surpasses " every modern work whatever 
 in ingenious and profound antiquarian erudition relative to Eng- 
 lish legal antiquities." 
 
 Some of the author's positions have been made at least question- 
 able by the more recent researches of Kemblc and Stubbs ; but the 
 work will always be esteemed by scholars on account of the great 
 ability with which it points out some of the most subtle charac- 
 teristics of English jurisprudence. For a student of the legal 
 antiquities of England the work still remains without an equal. 
 The account of tlie famous Vchmgericht of mediaeval Germany 
 is one of the best accessible. It consists of two parts — part i., 
 of the text proper; part ii., of proofs and illustrations. The 
 table of contents is very full and satisfactory, but, much to the 
 annoyance of the investigator, it has no index. 
 
 Palgrave, Sir Francis. — History of Normandy and of England. 
 4 vols., 8vo, London and New York. New edition, 1878.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 477 
 
 A work full of learning, and, before the appearance of Freeman's 
 great history, the best account of the period. It was originally 
 intended by the author as a continuation of his work on the 
 Anglo-Saxons ; but the richness of the materials induced him to 
 extend his plan so as to embrace a history of the Norman duchy 
 before the Conquest. 
 
 The first volume is scarcely more than introductory, and the 
 whole work, so far as the author lived to complete it, is quite as 
 much a survey of the groundwork of European history as a his- 
 tory of England. Though this book has great merits, it is too 
 obviously the work of an antiquarian rather than that of an his- 
 torical artist to be in great popular demand. 
 
 The work was very ably examined by Freeman in a paper pub- 
 lislied in the Edinlmrgh Revieio for April, 1859, and republished 
 in that author's " Historical Essays." As the period embraced in 
 the work is considerably less than the author had in mind when 
 it was begun, its title is somewhat misleading. It is nmch more 
 a history of Northern France than a history of England. 
 
 Freeman, E. A. — The History of the Norman Conquest of Eng- 
 land. Its Causes and its Results. 6 vols., 8vo, London and 
 New York, revised ed., 1877-79. Also Reign of William Ru- 
 fus. 2 vols., 8vo, London and New York, l'882. 
 
 One of the greatest monuments of English liistorical scholar- 
 ship. It not only surpasses in importance every former work on 
 the period, but for the purposes of the general student is of 
 greater value than all former works combined. 
 
 The first volume is entitled " The Preliminary History, to the 
 Election of Edward the Confessor ;" the second, " The Reign of 
 Edward the Confessor;" the third, "The Reign of Harold and 
 the Interregnum;" the fourth, "The Reign of William the Con- 
 queror ;" the fifth, " The Effects of the Norman Conquest ;" the 
 sixth, " Index Volume." 
 
 The style of the author is remarkable for its perspicuity, and 
 his learning is everywhere obvious. While lie is the advocate of 
 a particular theory, he furnishes the means by which those who
 
 478 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 differ from his conclusions may determine on what basis their own 
 views rest. He is a firm believer in the continuity of tlie Saxon, 
 or, as be prefers to call it, the English, element, maintaining that 
 the Norman Conquest, instead of overthrowing the Saxon civil- 
 ization, only modified it somewhat, and that its essential character- 
 istics have continued to be predominant throughout the whole 
 history of England. 
 
 In chapter iii. of vol. i. is the best account of the English con- 
 stitution in the tenth and eleventh centuries ; and chapter xxiv. 
 of vol. V. is the best presentation of " The Political Results of the 
 Norman Conquest." The consequences of the change of dynasty 
 are summed up in a manner at once masterly and interesting. 
 Nowhere else can an equal amount of valuable information on 
 the period be found. The work contains full analytical tables of 
 contents. 
 
 Pearson, Charles H. — History of England during the Early and 
 Middle Ages. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1867. 
 
 The production of one who is at the same time a good general 
 scholar and a learned specialist. It is a successful attempt to bring 
 into a convenient form for the use of students the latest results 
 of investigations into the history of early and mediaeval England. 
 Every page of the book bristles with evidence of the author's 
 superior qualifications for his work. 
 
 The volumes have two peculiarities worthy of note. In the 
 first place, they form distinctively a political history, and therefore 
 are of great consequence to the student of politics. Secondly, 
 the author is strongly impressed with the continuity of British 
 history. He holds that the Roman infiuences were perpetuated 
 through the Saxon times, and, indeed, that since the beginning of 
 civilization, all changes in the constitution of society have been 
 gradual and partial. The author's view of the condition of 
 society in the Middle Ages is more favorable than has generally 
 been held. 
 
 The first volume ends with the reign of Richard I., and con- 
 cludes with a good description of the literary and social condition 
 of England at that time. The second volume continues the work
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 479 
 
 to the time of the full cstahlishmcnt of the English constitution 
 under the Lancastrian kinu;s. 
 
 To the student of English political history, many of Pearson's 
 chapters will be found to be of the utmost value. 
 
 Stubbs, William. — The Early Plantagenets. 16mo, London and 
 New York, 1877. 
 
 One of the ablest and most useful of the series known as 
 " Epochs of History." It presents in readable form and brief 
 space the course of events in England during the period in which 
 parliainentaiy government was established. The Great Charter 
 and the founding of the House of Commons are the events of 
 greatest importance. They have been described by the author 
 with brevity, but with rare ability and discrimination. In no 
 other volume are the important characteristics of the time when 
 the foundations of legislative government were laid so well pointed 
 out. 
 
 Longman, William. — Tlie History of the Life and Times of 
 Edward the Third. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1869. 
 
 A history of much importance. It is the first adequate presen- 
 tation of that great reign which saw fifty years of earnest struggle 
 for the crown of France, the development of the House of Com- 
 mons into a regular part of the government, and the first full 
 bloom of English litcBature. 
 
 This work of Longman has several distinctive merits. It is a 
 perspicuous account of what the most recent investigation has to 
 reveal of an important and interesting reign. It is admirably 
 supplied with maps and illustrations, which throw great light, 
 not only on the wars of Edward and the Black Prince in France, 
 but also on the social condition of the English people. 
 
 In the first chapter of vol. ii. is a good account of "The 
 English Rule in Ireland, and its really Mischievous Character." 
 Chapters x. and xiii. of the same volume show how the necessities
 
 480 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 of the king contributed to tlie development of parliamentary 
 power. 
 
 Gairdner, James. — History of the Life and Reign of Richard the 
 Third; to which is added the Story of Perkin Warbeck, from 
 Original Documents. 8vo, London, 1878. 
 
 ft-obably no scholar in England is more thoroughly acquainted 
 with the period of Richard III. than is Mr. Gairdner; and since 
 the publication of this volume all doubt in regard to the character 
 of that monarch may be set aside. The author tells us that for 
 twenty years he labored to convince himself that Richard had 
 been maligned, and that, if the facts could only be known, it 
 would be seen that the king was not a tyrant. But he confesses 
 that his long efforts have been in vain, and that he is finally com- 
 pelled to testify to the general correctness of the picture given by 
 More and Shakespeare. 
 
 As an account of a reign that has long been a kind of riddle, 
 this book must supersede all its predecessors. 
 
 Gairdner, James. — The Houses of Lancaster and York, with the 
 Conquest and Loss of France. With five Maps. 16mo, Lon- 
 don and New York, 1877, 
 
 A compact and readable history of England during the turbu- 
 lent century between the death of Edward IIL and the accession 
 of Henry VH. Though a time of incessant wars, this was a pe- 
 riod during which great efforts were made to secure guarantees 
 for the liberties of the English people. 
 
 Why so much, and no more, was done is well shown by this 
 little book. Of especial interest are the reigns of Henry IV. and 
 Henry \'I., when many things were accomplished to place the 
 representative branch of the government on a firm footing. 
 
 Fenn, Sir John. — J*aston Letters, written during the Reigns of 
 Ib.nry I\'., J'^dward IV., and Richard HI., by various Persons
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 481 
 
 of Rank and Consequence. New edition, by A. Ramsey. 2 
 vols., 12iuo, London, 1859; also published in one volume. A 
 still more recent and superior edition, edited by James Gaird- 
 ner, was published in 3 vols., 8vo, 1872-75. 
 
 These letters, passing between the members of a family of some 
 note, are probably the best account now extant of social life in 
 England during the latter half of the fifteenth century. Inci- 
 dentally, there is also much light thrown on affairs of State, and 
 on the prevailing methods of political wire-pulling. The influ- 
 ence of the aristocracy on the elections of members of Parliament 
 is amply shown in the introduction, and in the course of the let- 
 ters. Almost every imaginable subject is touched upon, from the 
 mightiest affairs of State to a valentine from " the merriest 
 maiden on ground to her right worshipful dear John." 
 
 The great value of the collection is in the fact that the letters 
 give us a real view of the coarseness of feeling, the rudeness of 
 manners, and the low moral sense that prevailed in England dur- 
 ing the century when chivalry is supposed to have been in its 
 perfection. 
 
 The prefaces in Gairdner's edition are of great value to the 
 reader, as they show with much clearness the social animosities 
 that found vent in the Wars of the Roses. 
 
 Froude, James Anthony. — History of England, from the Fall of 
 Wolscy to the Death of Elizabeth. 12 vols., 8vo and 12mo, 
 London, 12mo, New York, 1870. New ed., 12 vols., 1881-82. 
 
 Since the appearance of Macaulay's great work no volumes 
 on English history have awakened so great a popular interest as 
 these. The period of the Reformation in England is not only 
 of great political importance, but is filled with such incidents 
 as encourage a spirited narration. The characteristics of the peri- 
 od, therefore, in the hands of a literary artist of Mr. Fronde's skill 
 could not fail to result in the production of a work of great pop- 
 ularity. The author's style is remarkable for its perspicuity, his 
 narrative is vivacious, his theories are ingenious, and his sympa- 
 thies are intense. Li consequence of these peculiarities, the pages 
 
 31
 
 482 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 of the work often have more of the characteristics of an essay 
 than of a history, and the author appears to write as an advocate 
 rather than a judge. While these features increase the spirit 
 of the narration, they detract from the vahie of the work as an 
 authority. 
 
 The author has made a strenuous effort to reclaim the memory 
 of Henry VIII. from the obloquy under which it has long rested, 
 and in his effort he has been at least partially successful. Not 
 only on the reign of Henry, but also on that of Elizabeth, he has 
 brought to light much new evidence. In the archives of Simancas 
 he discovered many important documents never before used. In 
 the new light of this evidence Mr. Fronde holds that the mascu- 
 line ability of Elizabeth appears not more conspicuous than her 
 jealousies, her prevarications, her treacheries, and her cruelties. 
 And yet it is shown that the greatness of England was really es- 
 tablished on a permanent basis during the reign of Elizabeth, and 
 largely through the direct or indirect efforts of the queen. As 
 for Mary Queen of Scots, she is represented as having little but 
 her physical beauty and her mental vivacity to command our ad- 
 miration, our respect, or our sympathy. 
 
 Numerous errors have been brought to light by the vigorous 
 criticisms to which Mr. Fronde's work has been subjected. But 
 the princi{)al fault of the history is not in its errors in matters 
 of detail so much as in its constant tendency to one-sidedness. 
 The likes and dislikes of the author are too intense to allow him 
 ever to be strictly judicial. Hence, while this history never fails 
 to interest, it always leaves the impression that there is still 
 something of importance to be said in reply. 
 
 The work is made easy of use by an admirable equipment of 
 tables of contents, marginal titles, and index. 
 
 Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, — A History of the Reformation of the 
 
 Church of J:]iiglaiid, V vols., 8vo, London, 18G0. 
 
 This new and best edition is the result of a careful revision and 
 collation of the records by the Rev. N. I'ocock. The original 
 history, while it had many of the characteristics of a great book,
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 483 
 
 abounded in errors and crudities. These it has been tlie editor's 
 effort to clear away, and his work is a monument of critical in- 
 dustry and learning. The edition is not only the best, but it is 
 the only one that may safely be relied upon. 
 
 This history was received with the greatest favor by the people 
 and Parliament of England when it first appeared, but the critics 
 soon showed that it abounded in errors. It is probable, however, 
 that it will not compare unfavorably, even in this respect, with the 
 other historical works of the time. I'erhaps any of the other 
 histories written in the seventeenth century, if subjected to the 
 same scrutiny, would be found to be no less inaccurate and vul- 
 nerable. 
 
 But this is only saying that it is probably not worse than other 
 books of its time. Even with the best of editing, it is not en- 
 tirely a safe guide. 
 
 Geikie, Cunningham. — The English Reformation : How it Came 
 About, and Why we should Uphold it. 12mo, London and 
 New York, 1879. 
 
 An essay rather than a history. It is, however, a strong pres- 
 entation of the Protestant side of the Reformation. The book 
 is argumentative rather than judicial, and is written from the 
 Church-of-England point of view. It is interesting and forcible, 
 but it should be regarded as a plea rather than a decision. 
 
 Cobbett, "William. — History of the Protestant Reformation in 
 England and Ireland. 2 vols., 12mo, London, 1846. 
 
 A curious and elaborate defence of Queen Mary and Bishop 
 Bonner, as well as a vigorous attack upon the Reformation and 
 all those who attempted to bring it about. Its strength is in its 
 style, which partakes of the autlior's well-known vehemence. Its 
 statements are quite untrustworthy, but the energy of the author's 
 method has caused it to be translated into several Continental 
 languages, and to be much read by Roman Catholics.
 
 484 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Labanoff, Prince Alexandre. — Marie Stuart. Lettrcs, Instruc- 
 tions, et Memoires de Marie Stuart, Reine d'Ecosse ; publics 
 sur les Originaux et les Manuscrits du State -paper Office de 
 Londres et des principales Archives et Bibliotheques de I'Eu- 
 rope, et accompagnes d'une Resume Chronologique. 8 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1844-59. 
 
 The most important of all sources of knowledge in regard to 
 Mary Queen of Scots. The collection is the result of a long and 
 laborious etfort to bring together the bits of information scattered 
 throughout a vast number of more or less inaccessible works. 
 The collector seems to have been entirely devoted to the memory 
 of the unfortunate queen. 
 
 At the end of the seventh volume is a notice of the printed 
 works in which the letters of Mary are to be found, as well 
 as a glossary of the peculiar French words then in use. The 
 eighth volume is supplementary, and was not published until fif- 
 teen years after the appearance of the others. 
 
 Tytler, William. — An Historical and Critical Enquiry into the 
 Evidence Produced by the Earls of Murray and Morton against 
 Mary Queen of Scots; with an Examination of the Rev. Dr. 
 Robertson's Dissertation and Mr. Hume's History with respect 
 to that Evidence. 4th ed., with large Additions, 2 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1790. 
 
 A very ingenious and able effort to free Queen Mary from the 
 imputations cast upon her by Hume, Robertson, and others. The 
 aim of the author is to show that the murder of Darnley was 
 committed by Morton, Murray, and their confederates, and not 
 by Mary, or with her knowledge. 
 
 It lias been one of the most influential of the defences of the 
 queen, and, until the appearance of the work In' Ilosaek, was pcr- 
 liaps the ablest. It has to do, however, exclusively with the early 
 portions of the queen's career. A translation edited and' revised 
 by Prince Labanoff, appeared in French in 1800. 
 
 Hosack, John. — Mary Queen of Scots, and her Accusers. 2 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1809-74.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 485 
 
 The author is a learned Scotch barrister and a Protestant, but 
 he has shown liiinself the most able and ardent of Mary's defend- 
 ers. His work is the powerful plea of a well-endowed advocate. 
 He has not much new evidence ; but he has liandled his materi- 
 als with great ingenuity, and has made at least a manly effort to 
 relieve a poor woman's reputation. He paints the character of 
 Elizabeth in the darkest hues, and believes that " the great and 
 unpardonable crime of the Queen of Scots was her religion." His 
 theory is that Mary was the hope of the Catholics, Elizabeth the 
 hope of the Protestants, and that Mary was sacrificed in the gen- 
 eral interests of the Reformed religion. Whether he has done 
 much to relieve Mary from the imputations cast upon her, he has 
 at least succeeded in making more obvious the insincerity of the 
 English court. 
 
 The first volume carries the history to the death of Regent 
 Murray, in 1570 ; the second closes with an index that makes the 
 work easy of use. As a whole, it is to be regarded as by far the 
 most successful defence of the queen. 
 
 Mignet, F. M. A. — Histoire de Marie Stuart. 2 vols., 8vo, 2« 
 ed., Paris, 1854. 
 
 Of the many recent books on Mary Stuart, that of Mignet still 
 remains the most trustworthy and most satisfactory. The author 
 is renowned for his judicial fairness ; and in this work he has 
 sifted and weighed the evidence with great care. 
 
 He is led to condemn the queen, though his condemnation is 
 entirely free from bitterness or prejudice. His conclusions are 
 not essentially different from those of Hume, though his judg- 
 ment is founded on a careful examination of all the material in 
 Labanoff's collection, and such evidence of intrigue as he dis- 
 covered in the Spanish archives. 
 
 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. — History of England from the Acces- 
 sion of James I. to tlie Disgrace of Chief-justice Coke, 2 vols. 
 Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, 2 vols. England un-
 
 486 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 der the Duke of Buckingham and Charles I., 2 vols. The Per- 
 sonal Government of Charles I., 2 vols. 8 vols., 8vo, London, 
 1867-77. 
 
 This series of works, on which the author is still engaced, 
 promises to be the long-needed history of the Stuart dynasty, Mr. 
 Gardiner does not belong to the school of Macaulay and Froude, 
 but rather to that of Freeman and Stubbs. He does not carry 
 his reader along by any such marvels of literary art as those by 
 which Macaulay enchanted so many thousands of seekers of 
 literary pleasure ; but, on the other hand, he never allows his 
 enthusiasm to gain dominion over his judgment, or to interfere 
 with the absolute impartiality with which he holds the balance of 
 evidence. 
 
 The author has availed himself of many new and important 
 authorities that have been brought to light by recent research, 
 and he has therefore been able to modify many conclusions 
 previously reached. He has adopted the highest ideal of the 
 duty of an historian, and he has drawn his pictures, for the most 
 part, with a firm hand. The most conspicuous characteristic of 
 the work is an obvious and ever-present desire to do even justice 
 to all persons with whom he has to deal. Hence, what appears at 
 first thought as one of the faults of the book grows out of one of 
 its great merits. The author's scrupulous anxiety to be fair tow- 
 ards all the characters that pass before him appears to tempt him 
 at times to pare down his statements until they lose much of their 
 force. There is also, perhaps, at times an over-subtlety of argu- 
 ment growing out of the same characteristic. And yet the 
 volumes afford abundant materials from which the thoughtful 
 reader will have no difficulty in forming downright judgments. 
 
 In one other respect these volumes are slightly deficient: they 
 fail to give an adequate account of the people, of that great 
 power which was now, for the first time in English history, mak- 
 ing itself duly felt, and which in the end baffled the king and 
 swept him away. 
 
 But, notwithstanding these slight defects, the work is one of 
 great merit, and the remaining volumes will be looked for with 
 interest.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 487 
 
 Guizot, Francois. — History of the English Revolution of 1G40, 2 
 vols. History of Englmid under Oliver Cromwell, 2 vols. His- 
 tory of England under Richard Cromwell, 1 vol. History of 
 Monk, 1 vol. 6 vols., 8vo, London, 1845. 
 
 It is nearly fifty years since these volumes first appeared; and 
 yet, though a few of the author's conclusions have been over- 
 thrown by the results of more recent researches, they are still 
 worthy of the most careful consultation. 
 
 Guizot deals but slightly with the remote causes of the Revo- 
 lution, a method of treatment manifestly defective. But he has 
 seized with great firmness the leading characteristics of the period, 
 though, if the fruits of recent research had been before him at the 
 time of writing, we cannot but suppose that his views on some 
 points would have undergone important modifications. This is 
 especially the case with the history of Cromwell. It is the por- 
 tion in which the author himself had most confidence ; but it is 
 the portion which now most needs modification on account of 
 the more recent studies of Carlyle and Bisset. 
 
 The volumes on Richard Cromwell and Monk are very full and 
 satisfactory, and form an almost unique description of the diffi- 
 culties and complications of the time. 
 
 Disraeli, Isaac. — Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles 
 the First, King of England. A new edition, revised by the 
 author and edited by his son. 2 vols., Svo, London, 1851. 
 
 This was the closing work of a remarkable literary life. It is 
 written with all that force and command of obscure and remote 
 resources which always characterized the author of the " Curiosi- 
 ties of Literature." 
 
 Disraeli's point of view is that of a High Tory, and it is prob- 
 ably the most powerful plea ever made in behalf of Charles I. 
 But, notwithstanding the ardor of its advocacy, it is temperate in 
 language and dignified in tone. The greatest value of the vol- 
 umes is not so much in the new evidence brought to light, though 
 new evidence is not wanting, as in the ingenuity with which 
 known facts are woven into the argument and made to support
 
 488 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 his cause. The most interesting portions are those on the trial 
 and death of Strafford, the Army Plot, the significance of the 
 letter of the Scotch to the king, the Grand Remonstrance, and 
 the chapter entitled " AVho Began the Wars ?" 
 
 The plea is a much more powerful one than that of Hume ; 
 and the student would do well to examine it in connection with 
 the work on the same events bv Brodie. 
 
 Bisset, Andrew. — The History of the Struggle for Parliamentary 
 Government in England. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1877. 
 
 The success of Mr. Bisset's work on the Commonwealth led 
 him to undertake an exammation, in similar spirit, of the reign of 
 Charles I. His second undertaking has been no less successful 
 than was the earlier one. His theory is that representative gov- 
 ernment was constitutionally established from the days of Ed- 
 ward IV. ; that the Wars of the Ptoses and the consequent inde- 
 pendence of the Tudors enabled them to usurp the powers of the 
 government, and that those powers could only be regained by a 
 second civil war greater than that which had established them. 
 
 The first and second chapters contain a powerful arraignment 
 of the Plantagenet, Tudor, and Stuart monarchs, and a graphic 
 description of the attempt to reduce the people to slavery. The 
 author considers the means employed to overthrow this despotism 
 as entirely justifiable, even to the dethronement and execution of 
 Charles I. He believes that the only mistake made by the king's 
 opponents was in bringing him to trial, and that necessity war- 
 ranted a more summary course. His belief is that the most note- 
 worthy influence of the death of Charles was that it broke " the 
 spell of inviolability and consequent impunity for crimes that had 
 by the divine-right fiction of the two preceding centuries been 
 woven around kings." 
 
 This sentence is a key, to the whole work. It is the fruit of 
 long and careful investigation, and is one of the strongest pres- 
 entations of the case against the king ever published. 
 
 Bisset, Andrew. — History of the Commonwealth of England,
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 489 
 
 from the Death of Charles I. to the Expulsion of the Long 
 Parliament by Cromwell. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1867. 
 
 Volumes of great merit and importance. They are not so 
 much a history, in the ordinary sense of the term, as a criticism 
 on the histories of this period previously written. The basis of 
 the author's work was the " MS. minutes of the Council of State," 
 which had never before been thoroughly explored by an English 
 historian. 
 
 Mr. Bissct condemns Cromwell for the course he took in dis- 
 solving the Long Parliament, and thinks that much of the credit 
 of the Protector's rule was due to the Council, and especially 
 to the wisdom of Blake, for whom he entertains an extravagant 
 and almost unbounded admiration. 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas. — Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, with 
 ^Elucidations. 3 vols., 8vo and 12rao, London ; 2 vols., 12mo, 
 New York, 1850. 
 
 A very extraordinary book, one that has had almost influence 
 enough to reverse public opinion in regard to the Protector. For 
 nearly two hundred years Cromwell had rested under the obloquy 
 heaped upon him by the writers of the Restoration ; and it was 
 the purpose of Carlyle in this book to give Cromwell a hearing 
 in his own behalf. 
 
 Though the editor is strongly in sympathy with his hero, the 
 chief strength and the greatest value of the book are in the original 
 papers here collected, many of which were now for the first time 
 published. Carlyle professes to write for no other purpose than 
 a mere elucidation of the text, but he has so far exceeded his 
 professions as to frame the most powerful argument in behalf of 
 Cromwell ever written. 
 
 The second and subsequent editions (those published since 
 1846) are much superior to the first. 
 
 Forster, John. — Sir John Eliot. A Biography. 1590-1642. 
 
 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1864. 
 
 A work of the very first importance to the student of this
 
 490 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 period. Sir Jolin Eliot was the most eloquent leader of the first 
 Parliament of Charles I. ; but, until the appearance of this biog- 
 raphy, there was no means of obtaining an account of the part 
 he took. His speeches, of whicli MSS. generally remained, had 
 not previously been published or even read. 
 
 These volumes, therefore, contain a vast amount of valuable in- 
 formation not to be found elsewhere. This material comprises 
 not only Eliot's speeches, but also a voluminous correspondence 
 with all the prominent leaders of the popular movement. No 
 one will ever understand thoroughly what the rising against the 
 Stuarts meant until he is well acquainted with its beginning, and 
 no one can get such an acquaintance better than by studying 
 tliese volumes. Mr. Forster was long considered the best English 
 biographer; and the Life of Sir John Eliot is his most valuable 
 production. 
 
 Forster, John. — The Statesmen of the Commonwealth of Eng- 
 land. 7 vols., 12mo, London, 1840; also in 1 vol., 8vo, New 
 York, 1847. 
 
 This series of biographies, prepared by several hands, but edit- 
 ed by Forster, includes lives of Eliot, Wentworth, Pyni, Hamp- 
 den, Vane, Marten, and CromweU. 
 
 The Cromwell has been superseded by the work of Carlyle, and 
 the Eliot has lost its importance in the larger work by the same 
 author. The other biographies continue to retain their great 
 value. Taken as a whole, the volumes constitute a continuous 
 narrative, in the form of biography, of the most extraordinary 
 and eventful period of English history. 
 
 Though Forster sympathized thoroughly with the Revolution- 
 ary movement, he condemns Cromwell severely for the part he 
 took after the death of the king. As Carlyle is Cromwell's most 
 able defender, Forster is perhaps his most able prosecutor. 
 
 Forster, John. — Arrest of the Five Members by Charles the First. 
 A Clia[)ter of English History Rewritten. 12mo, London, 1880. 
 
 An important and successful attempt to counteract the elabo-
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 491 
 
 rate, ingenious, and studied misrepresentation of that act by Lord 
 Clarendon. Forster's account is made up from contemporary and 
 unpublished records, and is indispensable to the most complete 
 understanding of the relations of the Royal and Parliamentary 
 parties. 
 
 Though the act which precipitated the war was by no means 
 the cause of it, yet the attempt to arrest the membei's placed the 
 king so clearly in the wrong that the cause of Parliament re- 
 ceived a powerful impulse. 
 
 Nugent, Lord. — Memorials of John Hampden. 12mo, London, 
 1825. 
 
 A valuable work, brought into general notice by Macaulay's es- 
 say on Hampden. It will hardly be found to be of so great ser- 
 vice as the work of Forster ; but for the student who would study 
 the period exhaustively it is indispensable. It deals, of course, 
 exclusively with the period during which the disagreements of 
 Crown and Parliament ripened into civil conflict. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold von. — A History of England, principally in the 
 Seventeenth Century. 6 vols., 8vo, Oxford, 1876. 
 
 One of the greatest works of the foremost of living historians. 
 No other scholar has studied the period of the Reformation with 
 such profound insight and such fruitful results. In many respects 
 this history differs from all other histories of England; but its 
 most striking difference is in the fact that the author regards Eng- 
 land as playing not an isolated part, but a portion of a great Eu- 
 ropean drama. The bearings of foreign policy on the course of 
 England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries have no- 
 where else been so well described. The author has shown how 
 completely many of the most puzzling events of the period are 
 easily explained by the relations of the country to foreign pow- 
 ers. This is notably the fact in his treatment of the reigns of 
 Elizabeth and Cromwell. 
 
 Thouo-h the author deals in some measure with the whole of
 
 492 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Eoglisli history to the death of George II., yet he evidently re- 
 garded the portions relating to the Revolutionary periods as the 
 body of the work. The whole of the sixth volume is devoted to 
 an Appendix, in which original authorities are discussed "with the 
 author's unrivalled acumen. The three chapters in which are de- 
 scribed the general characteristics of the development of English 
 institutions down to the time of James I. are among the most 
 masterly generalizations of modern historical writing. 
 
 To one who is just beginning the study of English history, 
 much of Ranlce's work will be in a measure incomprehensible ; 
 for one Avho has already considerable knowledge of the subject, it 
 is perhaps superior to all others. It is the history for historians. 
 
 Raumer, Frederick von. — The Political History of England dur- 
 ing the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries. 2 
 vols., 8vo, London, 1837. 
 
 The value of this work is in the fact that it is strictly political. 
 It is by no means the most exhaustive treatment of the subject 
 we have; but the author's well-known eminence and sagacity on 
 all political questions entitle his opinions to a respectful consid- 
 eration. He was thoroughly familiar with English political metli- 
 ods as well as with English political events. Compared with the 
 history by Ranke, however, that of Raumer will be seen to touch 
 only the surface. 
 
 Bayne, Peter.— The Chief Actors in the Puritan Revolution. 8vo, 
 London, 1878. 
 
 A series of eleven chapters planned as a whole, but published 
 originally in tlie Contemporary Revieio. The chapters are studies 
 founded on the most recent researches, and are admirable speci- 
 mens of judicious, incisive, and well-sustained criticism. They 
 are entitled to rank with the best of modern historical essays. 
 
 The subjects treated are, " James I.," " Laud," " Henrietta Ma- 
 ria," "Charles L," "Charles IL," " Argyle," "Montrose," "Mil- 
 ton," "Sir Henry Vane," "Oliver Cronnvell," "Clarendon."
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 493 
 
 Smith, Goldwin. — Three English Statesmen. A Course of Lect- 
 ures on the Political History of England. New and revised 
 edition. 12mo, London and New York, 1868. 
 
 Three very brilliant and valuable lectures on Pym, Cromwell, 
 and the younger Pitt. The paper on Pitt is divided into two 
 parts, one being devoted to a consideration of his education and 
 his early views, the other to his views and course after the French 
 Revolution. 
 
 The lectures on Pym and Pitt will be found to have the great- 
 est value. Pym is regarded by the author as the greatest parlia- 
 mentary leader England has ever known. 
 
 Godwin, William. — History of the Commonwealth of England 
 from the Commencement to the Restoration of Charles the 
 Second. 4 vols., 8vo, London, 1824-28. 
 
 This is not a work of great importance, but the author is per- 
 haps the most vigorous champion of the Cromwellian policy that 
 has written. The work, as a plea for Cromwell, may at times 
 be used with advantage. As it was written before the great work 
 of Carlyle appeared, however, its positions were not always very 
 wisely chosen. It no longer has the reputation it once enjoyed. 
 
 Vaughan, Robert— Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty, including 
 the Constitutional and Ecclesiastical History of England from 
 the Decease of Elizabeth to the Abdication of James II. 2 
 vols., Bvo, London, 1831. 
 
 We here see the same general characteristics as those Ave find 
 in Godwin, although the author is less emphatic in his approval 
 of Cromwell's policy. For some years this work was regarded 
 as an authority on the Cromwellian period ; but, since the pub- 
 lication of the more important writings of Carlyle, Guizot, and 
 Bisset, it is no longer of much consequence. 
 
 Burnet, Bishop Gilbert.— History of His Own Time. 6 vols
 
 494 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 8vo, Oxford, 1833; and 2 vols., royal Bvo, with fifty-one Por- 
 traits, 1847. These are the best of the several editions. 
 
 This famous work covers the period extending from 1659 to 
 the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was highly prized by Macau- 
 lay, not only on account of the author's familiarity with the 
 scenes he describes, but also on account of his prominence and 
 his character. 
 
 The sympathies of Burnet were strongly with the Whigs, and 
 perhaps for this reason Macaulay looked upon his writings with 
 too great favor. Ranke, on the other hand, in the sixth volume 
 of his history, has subjected him to a dissection that completely 
 destroys his value as an authority. He is shown to be quite un- 
 trustworthy by a comparison of many of his statements with 
 those of the Dutch Reports. Ranke also shows that the printed 
 copy differs in many important respects from the manuscript left 
 by Burnet. 
 
 Pepys, Samuel. — The Diary and Correspondence of. From his 
 MS. Cypher in the Pepysian Library, with a Life and Notes by 
 Richard, Lord Braybrooke ; Deciphered, with Additional Notes, 
 by the Rev. jNIynors Bright, ^yitll numerous Portraits. 6 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1875-79. This famous diary was originally writ- 
 ten in a very obscure short-hand, and all the editions previous 
 to that of i3right suffered from more or less numerous sup- 
 pressions and omissions. The edition in 4 vols., crown 8vo, 
 London and New York, is much superior to all issues before 
 1848 ; but even this is marked by serious deficiencies. 
 
 The Diary of Pepys is unquestionably one of the most singu- 
 lar and one of the most entertaining in any language. Though 
 the author was not without royal favor in the days of Charles IL, 
 he was not above the work of making record in his diary of the 
 most insignificant affairs. lie was stage-struck and a tippler; yet, 
 in recounting all his singular adventures and experiences, he ev- 
 erywhere preserves an undertone of gravity that is ineffably ludi- 
 crous and' entertaining. At one time telling us of the hymn that 
 he sang before he arose in the morning ; at another time how he 
 was made glad by being spit upon by a very fair lady ; at all 
 times how resolutely he tried to get the mastery of his appetites,
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 495 
 
 and liow sio'nally he always failed — he ijives us an insight into 
 much that otherwise never Avould have been known concerning 
 the society in which he lived and moved. 
 
 The diary covers the interesting period from 1659 to 1669, and 
 throws a flood of light on the character of that singular decade. 
 It deals with social far more than with political affairs; but the 
 student of politics will here find not only much that will enter- 
 tain, but also something that will instruct. 
 
 Evelyn, John. — Diary and Correspondence of. To which is sub- 
 joined the Private Correspondence between King Charles 1. and 
 Sir Edward Nicholas, and between Sir Edward Hyde (after- 
 wards the Earl of Clarendon) and Sir Richard Browne. Edited 
 from the original MS. at Wotton by William Bray, Esq. New 
 edition in 4 "vols., 12 mo, London, 1868; 8vo, 1869. 
 
 The Diary of Evelyn covers the long period from 1641 to 1705. 
 The author was a much more important and worthy personage 
 than his friend Pepys, and yet his work is of somewhat less in- 
 terest, if not of less value. He travelled extensively in different 
 parts of Europe, and he made record of what impressed him 
 most. But those objects which interested Evelyn were the very 
 objects which Pepys cared least about. In this way the works 
 supplement each other, and give us the most perfect view we have 
 of manners and customs in England during the latter part of the 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 The edition above named contains numerous portraits and a 
 very good index. 
 
 Macaulay, Lord T. B. — The History of England from the Acces- 
 sion of James H. 5 vols., Svo, London and New York, 1879. 
 The first four volumes, first published in 1849-55, were revised 
 by Macaulay in 1857. In selecting an edition, care should be 
 taken not to procure a reprint of the earliest issue. 
 
 This is undoubtedly the most brilliant and the most popular 
 history ever written in the English language. Though the work 
 covers a period of only seventeen years, and those not among the 
 most eventful ones in English annals, yet the splendor of the au-
 
 496 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 thor's style has caused it to be more universally read than any 
 other history in English literature. It shows vast research, ex- 
 traordinary power in the portraiture of individual character, and 
 a literary skill that is unrivalled. 
 
 But with these great qualities it shows also certain defects. 
 The author was always the victim of an intense partisan spirit, 
 and therefore all his writings have something of the flavor of a 
 political pamphlet. His sympathies always inclined strongly to 
 the Whigs, and consequently he was invariably more than just to 
 the Whigs and less than just to the Tories, On some particular 
 points, also, he has been successfully refuted. His severe treat- 
 ment of William Penn appears to have arisen from a confound- 
 ing of two different persons. His description and judgment of 
 Marlborough, his account of the Massacre of Glencoe, and his 
 general representations of the condition of the Highlands of Scot- 
 land have been successfully refuted. The portions of the his- 
 tory relating to these subjects should be read in connection with 
 W. E. Forster's " William Penn and Thomas B. Macaulay " (Lon- 
 don, 1849), and John Paget's " New Examen" (London, 1861). 
 
 But, in spite of these drawbacks, Macaulay's history is executed 
 with such consummate art that it will hardly fail to have a last- 
 ing place in the literature of the language. It is a book that ev- 
 ery person of the slightest literary taste must read with pleasure, 
 and nearly every person with profit. 
 
 Froude, James A. — The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth 
 Century. 3 vols., 8vo, London ; 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 18V3. 
 New ed., London, 3 vols., 8vo, 1881. 
 
 The graphic pen of this author has given a very vivid picture 
 of Irish affairs, from the time of the Revolution in the middle of 
 the seventeenth century to the Union at the close of the eigh- 
 teenth. Mr. Froude always has an opinion. He is firm in the 
 belief that the greater part of the evils to which Ireland has been 
 subjected would have been avoided had the Cromwellian policy 
 not been repealed. The book is written with great force, but it is 
 not judicial in tone, and consequently most readers will conclude 
 that the last word on the subject has not yet been written. Father 
 Burke's review of it may well bo read in the same connection.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND, 497 
 
 Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. — A History of England in the 
 Eighteenth Century. 2 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1 878. 
 
 The high expectations raised by the great merits of this au- 
 thor's previous works were fully met by the admirable qualities 
 of these two volumes. They arc written in the author's well- 
 known method. He has not chosen to deal with events in chro- 
 nological order, nor does he present the details of personal, party, 
 or military affairs. The work is rather an attempt " to disengage 
 from the great mass of facts those which relate to the permanent 
 forces of the nation, or which indicate some of the more enduring- 
 features of national life." 
 
 The author's purpose has led liim to treat of the power of 
 monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy ; of the history of political 
 ideas ; of manners and of beliefs, as well as of the increasing pow- 
 ers of Parliament and of the press. 
 
 The two volumes already published cover much of the ground 
 examined and described by Mahon ; but the object of Lecky is so 
 different that he can hardly be said to traverse the same field. 
 Lecky's work will appear all the more valuable to one who is fa- 
 miliar with the pages of the other histories. 
 
 The most interesting portions to most readers will probably be 
 chapter iii. of vol. i., on the general condition of the people, and 
 the last chapter in vol. ii., on the religious revival and the growth 
 of Methodism. 
 
 Stanhope, Earl (Lord Mahon). — History of England, compris- 
 ing the Reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht, 
 1701-13. 2" vols., 8vo, London, 1870. 
 
 This work was written for the purpose of filling the gap be- 
 tween the larger work by the same author (then known as Lord 
 Mahon) and that of Macaulay. Before the appearance of Bur- 
 ton's, it was the best history of England during the important pe- 
 riod of the War of the Spanish Succession. It is largely made 
 up of descriptions of the campaigns of Marlborough. 
 
 The sympathies of Stanhope are with the Tories, and are there- 
 fore the very opposite of those of Macaulay. In point of style, 
 too, the works are very dissimilar. Stanhope has shown great 
 
 32
 
 498 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 diligence in examining authorities, good judgment in weighing 
 testimony, and great impartiality in estimating characters ; but in 
 the presentation of his results he is quite devoid of that literary 
 skill which made his predecessor so famous. The style, though 
 generally perspicuous, is formal and stiff, sometimes even incor- 
 rect. 
 
 Burton, John Hill. — A History of the Reign of Queen Anne. 
 
 3 vols., Svo, Edinburgh and New York, 1880. 
 
 This work, by the well-known historian of Scotland, is at once 
 the fullest and the ablest account of Queen Anne's reign. It is 
 especially successful in its description of the great event of that 
 period — the union of England aud Scotland into Great Britain. 
 
 The author shows much skill in the portrayal of the various 
 influences which had determined the peculiar attitudes of England 
 and Scotland towards each other, and which finally, under the di- 
 rection of a statesmanship of rare ability, brought the two nations 
 into an harmonious union. He shows that while in the specific 
 terms of the union Scotland got the advantage, inasmuch as nearly 
 every concession was made to the weaker nation, yet, in the long- 
 run, it was so beneficial to England that it may fairly be said to 
 have laid the foundations of the greatness of the British Empire. 
 In the author's opinion, the union has produced greater national 
 prosperity than any other deliberate act of policy of modern 
 times, with the exception of the formation of the United States. 
 
 The military campaigns of Marlborough are admirably de- 
 scribed ; but the general characteristics of the course of political 
 events during the reign are less skilfully delineated. 
 
 The work is disfigured by many misprints, but the errors will 
 doubtless be corrected in a second edition. 
 
 Wyon, Frederick William. — The History of Great Britain dur- 
 ing the Reign of Queen Anne. 2 vols., Svo, London, 1876. 
 
 These volumes relate the story of Queen Anne's reign in a 
 manner that will probably both interest and disappoint the gen- 
 eral reader. The account of the union of England and Scotland,
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 499 
 
 though in the main correct, is inferior to that of Burton, and 
 the description of the great military events is not so good as 
 either Burton's or Stanhope's. The book is a very difficult one 
 to use, as the chapters have no titles, and there is no table of con- 
 tents. The style is hard, and the index is inferior. 
 
 Stanhope, Earl (Lord Mahon). — History of England, from the 
 Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83. 7 vols., 
 12mo, London and Boston, 3d ed., revised, 1853. 
 
 The best history of England daring the period just before and 
 including the American Revolutionary War. Though the author's 
 sympathies were constantly with the Tory party, his Avorlc is gen- 
 erally pervaded with a fair and generous spirit towards the colo- 
 nies struggling for their independence. Onl)- a small portion of 
 the work is devoted to American a£fairs, and yet the account of 
 the Revolutionary War is, with some defects, perhaps the best 
 written in England. With this portion of the work a student 
 may read with great profit an elaborate review of the author's 
 account of American affairs, by J. G. Palfrey, in the North Ameri- 
 can Hevietv, vol. Ixxv. (July, 1852), pp. 125-208. 
 
 The author's condemnation of Washington for the execution 
 of Andre called forth numerous replies, the most important being 
 that of Major Charles Biddle, published in the Historical Maga- 
 zine for July, 1857. After the publication of this paper the 
 London Critic declared, " Lord Mahon owes to the memory of 
 the great American patriot the reparation of an apology, or else 
 he owes to his own fame as an historian a refutation of the facts 
 on which the Americans rely." The same authority adds that in 
 its opinion the evidence produced by Major Biddle " would be 
 sufficient to bring an English jury to the same way of tliinking." 
 
 But, with the exception of a few very weak points of this kind, 
 the book, as a whole, is entitled to general respect. 
 
 Trevelyan, George Otto.— The Eaily History of Charles James 
 Fox. 8vo, London and New York, 1880. 
 
 Although this volume purports to be only a history of a small
 
 500 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 part of the life of a single person, yet its historical importance is 
 such as to entitle it to the student's most careful consideration. 
 The work is fitly described by saying that it is the best picture 
 that has ever been drawn of the transition from the old methods 
 of statesmanship to the new. The author holds that Fox was the 
 first great statesman of the modern school. 
 
 To the student of the last century nothing can be more instruc- 
 tive than the picture painted of the methods of government in the 
 early years of George the Third's reign, and of the processes by 
 which those methods were gradually swept away. The volume 
 may be regarded as the best history we have of the English gov- 
 ernment from the fall of the Whigs in 1760 to the close of the 
 American War. It is an admirable specimen of literary work- 
 manship, and its charming pages are as instructive as they are 
 fascinatino-. 
 
 Malcolm, Maj.-Gen. Sir John.— The Tolitical History of India, 
 from 1784 to 1823. 2 vols., London, 1826. 
 
 A book written at the urgent suggestion of Sir James Mackin- 
 tosh, and one of considerable importance. It presents the history 
 of India from a point of view exactly the opposite of that as- 
 sumed by Mill. 
 
 Malcolm applauds the course of Clive and Hastings, and is the 
 ablest defender of the British policy in subduing and governing 
 the people. The style of the book is graphic ; in this respect it 
 is far superior to that of Mill. It goes less into obscure and in- 
 tricate details, but deals largely with general events and results. 
 
 Adolphus, John. — A History of England, from tlie Accession of 
 George 111. to 1803. New edition. 7 vols., 8vo, London, 1840. 
 
 This work originally appeared as early as 1802. It is a maga- 
 zine of valuable facts; but, on the whole, it is a dull book, which 
 no one in these days ought to spend nuich time in reading. It 
 lias been quite superst^ded by other works of greater value. Its 
 style is cumlrersome, its author's political views arc those of an 
 absolutist, and it is made dillicult of use by the absence of con-
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 501 
 
 tents and index. It was mucli used by tlic English Tories in the 
 early part of this century, and before the revision of 1840 was 
 carried through several editions. The authorities quoted, how- 
 ever, do not include some of the most important. 
 
 Massey, William. — A History of England during the Reign of 
 George the Third. 4 vols., 8vo, London, 1855-63. 
 
 A production of marked ability, and written from a point of 
 view the opposite of that of Adolphus. The author's sympathies 
 are with the Whigs, and he criticises the course of the government 
 in its dealings with the American colonies with severity. The 
 style is graceful, but is, perhaps, slightly lacking in vigor. His 
 condemnation of George HI. has commonly been thought to be 
 too severe. 
 
 The first volume deals with events extending from 1745 to 
 1770; the second with those between 1770 and 1780; the third, 
 those from 1781 to 1793; and the fourth from 1793 to 1802. 
 
 Wright, Thomas. — Caricature History of the Georges; or, An- 
 nals of the House of Hanover, compiled from the Squibs, 
 Broadsides, Window Pictures, Lampoons, and Pictorial Carica- 
 tures of the Time. 8vo, London, 1867. 
 
 The petty spirit with which party warfare was often carried on 
 a century ago is liere abundantly shown. In this sense tlie vol- 
 ume affords not a little instruction. In other respects it is less 
 valuable than amusing. 
 
 Cory, William. — A Guide to Modern English History. Part i., 1815- 
 30. Part ii., 1830-35. 8vo, London and New York, 1880-82. 
 
 This little volume can hardly fail to interest the student of the 
 recent history of England. It is an attempt to give a philosoph- 
 ical explanation of events in the light of political science and po- 
 litical economy. In point of style it is remarkably epigranmiatic
 
 502 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 and pungent. The author is an ardent admirer of bis own coun- 
 try, but his judgments are generally sound and well balanced. 
 His powers of analysis, as shown, for example, in his portrayal of 
 Wellington as a general and a statesman, are altogether excep- 
 tional. 
 
 Martineau, Harriet. — The History of England, from the Com- 
 mencement of the Nineteenth Century to the Crimean War. 4 
 vols., 12mo, London and Philadelphia, 1864. 
 
 A work containing much information of interest and value, and 
 written with the author's well known spirit and vivacity. It is 
 strongly tinged with personal feeling, and, for this reason, the 
 work can hardly be said to have permanent value. Miss Marti- 
 neau entered into the life and activity of political affairs with great 
 zeal, and, as she grasped every subject with the energy of a strong 
 mind, her opinions are always entertaining, and are generally well 
 worth listening to. Her description of the deplorable financial 
 and social condition of England after the Napoleonic wars is per- 
 haps the most successful part of the work. 
 
 The volumes are pervaded with an ardent sympathy for the 
 people in their struggles for greater liberties. In the preparation 
 of the work the author had access to much unpublished material, 
 and received the assistance of numerous friends, a fact that con- 
 tributed largely to its value. The first book was written by 
 Charles Knight; and the early editions ended with the year 1846. 
 The American edition, in 4 vols., continues the narrative to the 
 outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854. 
 
 Walpole, Spencer. — A History of England from the Conclusion 
 
 of the Great War in 1815. 5 vols., 8vo, London, 18*78-86. 
 
 A production of the most substantial merits. It is the result 
 of a careful study into the social conditions of the English people, 
 and of the difliculties with which the English statesmen have had 
 to contend. It abounds in most interesting knowledge, is Avrittcn 
 in a truly philosophical spirit, and is arranged in methodical or- 
 der. Though it has not the same elements of popularity which 
 have insured the great success of McCarthy's history of the same
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 503 
 
 period, its merits are of a more solid quality, and its favor witli 
 historical readers is likely to be more permanent. It is careful 
 and accurate in its statements, tolerant in its judgments, success- 
 ful and methodical in its arrangement, and, in the main, is fHce 
 from party prejudices. 
 
 The first volume deals with the policy of the Tories from the 
 close of the war to the accession of George IV. ; the second re- 
 cords the great reforms in administration, legislation, and finance 
 under the Whigs ; and the third describes the use which the AVhigs 
 made of their victories under Grey and Melbourne. The terrible 
 condition of England's social life, the abolition of slavery, the Fac- 
 tory Act, the Irish Church Act, the reform of the Poor Laws, the 
 O'Connell agitation, the postal reform, the rebellion in Canada, 
 and the Jamaica crisis are some of the subjects which pass under 
 review. 
 
 Molesworth, W. N.— The History of PJngland, from the Year 
 1830 to 1874. 3 vols., 12mo, London, f874. 
 
 A valuable history of England during the generation that saw 
 the reforms of 1832 and 1807. Though it is strictly a political 
 history, it enters sufficiently into military and social events to give 
 to political affairs their true significance. The account of the 
 great Reform of 1832 is the best accessible, and perhaps the same 
 may be said of the Reform of 1867, unless that of Mr. Homers- 
 ham Cox be an exception. The narrative is pervaded with life 
 and spirit. The work is written from a liberal point of view, 
 and may be read by all students with profit. 
 
 McCarthy, Justin.— A History of Our Own Times, from the Ac- 
 cession of Queen Victoria to the Berlin Congress. 4 vols., 8vo, 
 London; 2 vols., 12mo, New York, 1878-80. Also England 
 under the Georges, 2 vols. ; and England under Gladstone. 
 
 The work of a writer who is at once a journalist, a novelist, a 
 member of Parliament, and an active observer of political affairs. 
 For his materials he has drawn from a capacious memory and 
 from contemporaneous accounts of current events.
 
 504 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 His pages give no evidence of familiarity witli secret state-pa- 
 pers. Indeed, his history may be said to be the worlc of a skilful 
 journalist rather than of a practised historian. But it has snb- 
 stantial merits. The admirable accounts it gives of the men who 
 have directed English political affairs during the past fifty years 
 are among the most fascinating pages of modern historical liter- 
 ature. The volumes are far more interesting than any of the au- 
 thor's novels, and that is saying a great deal. It is an admira- 
 ble book for those who seldom try their intellects with anything 
 stronger than a newspaper or a romance; for the reader is be- 
 guiled in the most delightful manner into the possession of a 
 large amount of interesting and valuable information. The chap- 
 ters on Palmerston, Peel, and Beaconsfield are among the best 
 specimens of their kind, even if the kind is not of the highest. 
 All readers of these agreeable volumes will cease to be astonished 
 at the remarkable success of the work both in England and in 
 America. 
 
 Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan. — Young Ireland : a Fragment of Irish 
 History, 1840-50. 8vo, London and New York, 1880. Also 
 Four Years of Irish History (1845-49). 8vo,London and New 
 York, 1883. 
 
 Late in the life of O'Connell a revolt from his leadership was 
 brought about by a considerable number of the most spirited 
 actors in the general movement of opposition to England. They 
 advocated an abandonment of the pacific policy of O'Connell, 
 and the adoption of more energetic and coercive measures. The 
 party was made up chiefly of young men, and prominent among 
 them was the author of this volume. 
 
 The account is very clear and interesting as a picture of the 
 condition of affairs in Ireland a generation ago. It is ably writ- 
 ten by one who has since ha 1 large and successful experience in 
 the British colonics in the South Pacific. The liot temper and 
 the turbulent genius of the Irish are abundantly shown. The 
 most notable defect of what, on the whole, is a good account is 
 tlie fact that it does not point out the mad folly of an appeal to 
 arms by a group of young enthusiasts who had neither officers, 
 arms, organization, nor money.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 605 
 
 Kinglake, Alexander William. — Tlie Invasion of tlie Crimea. 
 Its Origin and an Account of its Progress to tlie Death of 
 Lord Raglan. 8 vols., 8vo, London ; 6 vols., 12nio, New York, 
 18C3-87. 
 
 A work that has taken rank as one of the most important mil- 
 itary histories in the English language. It is still incomplete, the 
 last volume yet published bringing tlic history down only to the 
 Battle of lukcrmann ; but enough has been published to estab- 
 lish its reputation. 
 
 The author's style differs from that of Napier — perhaps the 
 only other great military historian with whom he may properly 
 be compared — in being less graceful, but more vigorous. While 
 his descriptive powers are scarcely inferior, his political acumen 
 is far greater, and his research into the complicated relations of 
 the different nations at war far more subtle and successful. 
 
 The presentation of the causes of the war, occupying more 
 than three hundred pages of the first volume, is perhaps the most 
 brilliant part of the history. The grasp and insight with which 
 the author traced the impulses that finally led to the conflict are 
 worthy of great admiration. The chapter devoted to the history 
 of France just before the outbreak of the Crimean difficulties still 
 remains one of the severest arraignments to which Napoleon III. 
 was ever subjected. 
 
 The book abounds in pictures of great vividness and power. 
 The author is an energetic hater, and, consequently, his words 
 have provoked the most energetic criticism. By many the work 
 is thought to be strongly partisan, but this appearance of parti- 
 sanship probably comes from energy of feeling rather than from 
 any consistent bias. 
 
 Cox, Homersham.— A History of the Reform Bills of 1866-67. 
 Svo, London, 1868. 
 
 The best account, from a Liberal point of view, of the Reform 
 under the Derby-Disraeli government. It is spiced with consid- 
 erable political feeling, but it is generally trustworthy, and always 
 interesting.
 
 506 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Prentice, Archibald. — History of the Anti-Corn-Law League. 2 
 vols., 12ino, London, 1853. 
 
 This book, by one of the Executive Council of the League, is 
 a sketchy account of the great movement which broke down the 
 system of protection in England. 
 
 As a description of an important economical revolution the 
 book is graphic and interesting, though for the general reader the 
 account given in Martineau's " History of the Peace*' vf'iW be found 
 less diffuse and more satisfactory. A full table of contents will 
 enable the student to use the volumes without inconvenience, 
 thouo[h there is no index. 
 
 III. POLITICAL, CONSTITUTIONAL, AND SOCIAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Thorpe, Benjamin. — Ancient Laws and Institutes of England; 
 comprising Laws enacted under the Anglo-Saxon Kings from 
 u^thelbirht to Cnut, with an English Translation of the Saxon. 
 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1840. 
 
 To the student of early English history this compilation is of 
 supreme value. Its title is perhaps enough to recommend it; but 
 the scholarly manner in which the work has been edited gives it 
 great additional importance. Mr. Thorpe was one of the most 
 accomplished Anglo-Saxon scholars England has produced, and 
 his editing has not only made the laws accessible, but materially 
 augmented their value. 
 
 Adams, Lodge, Young, and Laughlin. — Essays in Anglo-Saxon 
 Law: containing Titles of AVorks Cited; The Anglo-Saxon 
 Courts of Law, by Henry Adams; The Anglo-Saxon Land Law, 
 by H. Caltot Lodge; The Anglo-Saxon Family Law, by Ernest 
 Young ; Tlie Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure, by J. Lawrence 
 Laugiilin ; Select Cases in Anglo-Saxon Law. With an Index. 
 8vo, Boston, 187G. 
 
 These admirable ei=>says are the result of special studies carried
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 507 
 
 on in the most scholarly spirit at Harvard University. The top- 
 ics treated, though somewhat obscure and difficult, are of much 
 interest; and the student of Anglo-Saxon times will profit by 
 giving them very careful attention. 
 
 Kemble, J. M. — The Saxons in England. 2 vols., 8vo, London ; 
 new edition, 1877. 
 
 This work, ever since the first edition was published in 1848, 
 has taken rank as the highest authority on the period of which it 
 treats. It is not a book which one who reads simply for recrea- 
 tion is likely to choose ; and yet, if one desires the most complete 
 understanding attainable of the political and social conditions of 
 the country at this early period, Kemble is the most helpful of 
 all authors. 
 
 The volumes deal but slightly with military affairs. Their 
 pages are confined chiefly to a careful description of the consti- 
 tutional, political, and social condition of the people. By most 
 readers they will probably be found more interesting than the 
 pages of either Turner or Lappenberg, since these enter with con- 
 siderable minuteness into the petty and unimportant conflicts of 
 the time. 
 
 Kemble's views and conclusions command the highest respect 
 of all historians, and his work should not be slighted by the stu- 
 dent. 
 
 Wright, Thomas. — Biographia Britannica Literaria ; or. Biogra- 
 phy of the Literary Characters of Great Britain and Ireland ar- 
 ranged in Chronological Order. Vol. i., Anglo-Saxon Period ; 
 Vol. ii., Anglo-Norman Period. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1842-46. 
 
 The most important work on the subject of which it treats. 
 Nowhere else can so much information be found on the earliest 
 writers of English prose and poetry. 
 
 The volumes may often be referred to with profit for accounts 
 of the earliest historical writings.
 
 508 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Wright, Thomas. — A History of Domestic Manners and Senti- 
 ments in England during the Middle Ages. With Illnstrations 
 from illuminations in contemporary manuscripts. 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1862. 
 
 The author was one of the foremost of English antiquarians, 
 and, like all of his other works, this one is worthy of some atten- 
 tion. It abounds in crude and interesting illustrations, and fur- 
 nishes as good evidence as we have of the way in which the 
 people of the Middle Ages lived and amused themselves. It is 
 strictly the production of an antiquarian, not that of an historian ; 
 the student, therefore, must not look for generalizations, or even 
 for very suggestive speculations. 
 
 Wright, Thomas. — Political Poems and Songs relating to Eng- 
 lish History, composed during the Period from the Accession 
 of Edward III. to that of Richard III. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 
 1859. 
 
 An invaluable collection, made with great care by one who was 
 in every way qualified for the somewhat difficult task. It is pro- 
 verbial that the sentiments and feelings of a people shape them- 
 selves in songs before they arc embodied in laws. In no way 
 can we learn more of the ideas and feelings of the people during 
 the turbulent and important period between the third Henry and 
 the third Richard than by an inspection of the somewhat crude 
 lyric poetry here brought together. 
 
 Wright, Thomas. — Essays on Subjects Connected with the Litera- 
 ture, P()|)u]ar Superstitions, and History of England in the 
 Middle Ages. 2 vols., 12mo, London, 184G. 
 
 The importance of the subjects discussed in these volumes is 
 sufficiently indicated by the titles of a few of the chapters. 
 "Anglo-Saxon Poetry," " Anglo-Xorman Poetry," "Adventures 
 of Hereward tlic Saxon," "The Robin Hood P>allads," and " Old 
 Political Songs " are, perhaps, the most important. These sub-
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 509 
 
 jects are treated in a manner quite worthy of the author's great 
 reputation. 
 
 Cox, Homersham. — Anticnt Parliamentary Elections ; a History 
 showiiiiji; how rarliamcnts were Constituted and Representatives 
 of the I'eople Elected in Antient Times. 8vo, Loudon, 1868. 
 
 A very scholarly and valuable work — the only one in which 
 satisfactory information on this important subject can be obtained 
 in brief and convenient space. 
 
 The volume may be used with profit, not only in the study of 
 English institutions, but also for a comparison with the methods 
 that prevailed on the Continent. 
 
 Stubbs, William. — The Constitutional History of England in its 
 Origin and Development. 3 vols., 8vo and 12mo, Oxford and 
 New York, 1874-79. 
 
 This is incomparably superior to all other general authorities 
 on the period of which it treats. The first volume closes with 
 the reign of Henry II. ; the second with that of Richard II. ; and 
 the third with that of Richard HI. The work thus ends at the 
 point where that of Hallam begins. Mr. Freeman, one of the 
 best living judges, has not hesitated to characterize it as " the 
 greatest monument yet reared by English historical scholarship." 
 
 The nature of the history may be correctly inferred from the 
 sentences with which the first volume begins. "The history of 
 institutions cannot be mastered — can scarcely be approached — 
 without an effort. It affords little of romantic incident or of the 
 picturesque grouping which constitutes the charm of historv in 
 general, and holds out small temptation to the mind that requires 
 to be tempted to the study of truth. But it has a deep value 
 and an abiding interest to those who have the courage to work 
 upon it." 
 
 With this spirit of sober earnestness, the author has brought to 
 his work unrivalled familiarity with the original sources of infor- 
 mation, untiring industry, coolness of judgment, and keenness of
 
 510 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 discrimination. Every student of English constitutional history 
 should make this his text-book and his chief authority. By some 
 students it may be deemed dry ; but all such should remember 
 that nine tenths of all fruitful work is drudgery ; and, if tlicy find 
 it impossible to take an interest in this work, they may as well 
 abandon all hope of acquiring any comprehensive knowledge of 
 the subject Chapters v., vi., x., xi., xiii., xv., and xvii. will prob- 
 ably be found to have greatest value ; though a glance at the 
 table of contents will show a great number of chapters that will 
 tempt the diligent and inquiring student. 
 
 As will be inferred from the above quotation, it is a work for 
 earnest study rather than listless reading ; but every sentence has 
 its value, and it is diflBcult to see how it can ever be super- 
 seded. 
 
 Stubbs, William, — Select Charters and other Illustrations of Eng- 
 lish Constitutional History from the Earliest Times to the 
 Reign of Edward the First. 12mo, Oxford and New York, 1875, 
 
 A book that is almost indispensable to one who would under- 
 stand thoroughly the nature of the times of which it treats. The 
 documcuts are all given in the original tongue ; but even for one 
 who cannot read the easy Latin of the Middle Ages, the judicious 
 introductions and explanations of Professor Stnbbs will be found 
 to possess great interest and value. One who is seriously study- 
 ing any portion of the early history of England would do well to 
 liave this little book constantly at his elbow or in his hand. An 
 appendix contains the text of the Petition of Right, and of the 
 Bill of Rights. 
 
 Gneist, Dr. Rudolf, — Gcschichte und houtigc Gestalt der engli- 
 schcn Kdnunuiialverfassung, oder dos Sclfgovernment, Zweite 
 voUig umgearbeitete AuHage. 2 vols,, 8vo, Berlin, 1863, 
 
 For fulness, thoroughness, and accuracy, this is superior to all 
 other works descriptive of the J<)nglish constitution and govern- 
 ment. It is the product of long study of the subject by one who
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. oil 
 
 has devoted liis life very lart^cly to tlie work of teaching German 
 students the characteristics of the English constitution. 
 
 Gneist, as professor in the University of Berlin, lias for years 
 lectured on English political institutions. His work enters into 
 the minutest details. It describes the workings of all the more 
 important parts of the central gDVcrninent as well as all the es- 
 sential characteristics of local administration. It is therefore ex- 
 ceedingly elaborate ; indeed, it is swollen to the bulk of more than 
 fifteen hundred closely printed octavo pages. But it is an au- 
 thority recognized by English and Germans alike as of the first 
 importance. It is too ponderous for the purposes of the general 
 reader ; but as a mine from which materials may be gathered, it 
 has no equal. Though it is doubtful whether the author has al- 
 ways caught the real spirit of English institutions, his views are 
 always worthy of thoughtful consideration. 
 
 Gneist, Dr. Rudolf. — Das cnglische Vcrwaltungsrecht, mit Ein- 
 schluss des Heeres, der Gerichte und dcr Kirche, geschichtlich 
 und systcmatisch. 2 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 2d cd., revised, 1SG7. 
 
 The most exhaustive treatise extant on the subject of English 
 administrative law. It describes with great minuteness the various 
 organizations not only of the general civil government, but also 
 of the army, the courts, and the Church. The work contains 
 1360 large and closely printed pages; and these are crowded with 
 details and references. The English themselves have no work on 
 the subject comparable with it in completeness. It is an enor- 
 mous storehouse of facts, rather than a record of opinions. 
 
 Fischel, Edward. — The English Constitution. Translated from 
 the second German edition by Richard Jcnery Shee. Svo, Lon- 
 don, 1863. 
 
 A work originally prepared for the purpose of giving to Ger- 
 man readers a knowledge of the details of the English govern- 
 ment. The various subjects are treated descriptively as well as
 
 512 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 historically ; and in no otlier volume in English dress is so much 
 knowledge conveyed of the minutiae of English political methods. 
 
 The translator has net strictly followed the original, but has 
 omitted such portions as seemed of value to Germans only. He 
 has also taken some liberties in changing the arrangement of the 
 material and in citing additional authorities. 
 
 The book is much less attractive to the general reader than 
 Bagehot, but for most persons it will be found not less valuable. 
 While Bagehot discusses principles, Fischel describes forms. The 
 one explains fundamental ideas, the other deals with practical 
 every-day workings. Fischel describes how, Bagehot explains why. 
 The books, therefore, may well be read together. 
 
 Creasy, Sir Edward. — The Rise and Progress of the English 
 
 Constitution. 12mo, London and New York, 1855. 
 
 As a manual for the use of the historical student while he is 
 laying the foundation for a knowledge of the English constitu- 
 tion, this little book is without a superior. It is not written as a 
 disquisition, but rather as an historical and descriptive text-book. 
 It combines accuracy with vivacity ; and should be constantly 
 used by the student in the early period of his studies. 
 
 The best portion of the book is that which gives an account 
 of the growth of the constitution before the revolutions of the 
 seventeenth centurv. 
 
 Taswell-Langmead, Thomas Pitt. — English Constitutional His- 
 tory, from the Teutonic Conquest to the Present Time. 8vo, 
 2d ed., with important revisions and additions, London, 1880. 
 
 As a description of the growth of the English constitution, this 
 volume is somewhat fuller than that of Creasy. It shows more 
 learning, though less of ability and good judgment. In the text 
 and in the notes the author introduces a large amount of material 
 which a more judicious writer would have condensed into a more 
 liomogeneous form. 
 
 But, notwithstanding some lack of skill in the literary work-
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 513 
 
 niaiisliip of tlic volume, it sliould be prized for the vast amount 
 of information it brings to the reader. It was intended as a 
 text-book for the use of students at the English universities and 
 inns of court, and was designed to give a concise but compre- 
 hensive history of the origin and development of the English 
 constitution. It cannot be said that the author lias failed to ac- 
 complish his purpose, though, on the other hand, his success can 
 iiardlv be called brilliant. 
 
 Brougham, Henry, Lord. — The British Constitution. Its His- 
 tory, Structure, and Working. 12mo, London, 18GL 
 
 The great ability and the prominence of this author entitle this 
 volume to consideration. 
 
 The first eleven chapters are largely speculative, and to most 
 students will be of less value than those which follow. From 
 chapter xii. to the end, the volume is of considerable historical 
 value. Especially able and discriminating is the discussion of 
 the relations of monarch and Parliament in the time of the 
 Plantagcnets and Tudors. Chapter xix., on judicial establish- 
 ments in different countries and in England, is of especial value 
 to the student of law. 
 
 Freeman, E. A. — The Growth of the English Constitution from 
 the Earliest Times. 12mo, London, 1872. 
 
 A small book expanded into its present form from two popular 
 lectures. Its object is to " show that the earliest institutions of 
 England and of other Teutonic lands are not mere matters of 
 curious speculation, but matters closely connected with our pres- 
 ent political being." It is a successful attempt to explain in a 
 popular way the continuity of English political life. The author 
 makes prominent his theory that since the Saxons got possession 
 of England, no fundamental changes in English institutions have 
 taken place. 
 
 Hallam, Henry. — The Constitutional History of England from 
 
 33
 
 514 HISTORICAL LITERATUHE. 
 
 the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of George III. 
 3 vols., 12mo, New York, 1864 ; and 2 vols., 12mo, 1880. 
 
 This work was greatly revised some years after the publication 
 of the first edition, the revisions amounting to nearly a third part 
 of the whole text of the work. This new version contains so im- 
 portant modifications and enlargements that the earlier issues 
 may be regarded as practically \vorthless. The various editions 
 in one volume are generally reprints of the earliest versions, and 
 should be avoided. 
 
 In connection with chapter viii. of the same author's " History 
 of the Middle Ages," these volumes liave long been considered the 
 standard authority on the subject of which they treat. 
 
 They are the result of most laborious research, and are written 
 with so judicial a spirit that Macaulay, in his essay on the work, 
 characterized it as the most impartial book he had ever read. 
 But, notwithstanding these great qualities, the work no longer has 
 quite the same value it formerly possessed. Though it was care- 
 fully revised in 1846, the subsequent investigations of Stubbs, 
 Gardiner, Forster, and Bisset have thrown floods of new light on 
 many of the questions which Ilallam discussed. 
 
 The author's literary style is so faulty that but for his great 
 learning and good sense the work would long since have been 
 condemned to obscurity. Its judicial spirit of fairness to all per- 
 sons and parties makes it popular with judicious minds, in spite 
 of all its shortcomings. 
 
 May, Thomas Erskine. — The Constitutional History of England 
 since the Accession of George the Third. 3 vols., 8vo and 
 12mo, revised edition, London, 1871; 2 vols., 12mo, New 
 York, 1880. The latest Elnglish edition, of which the New 
 York edition of 1880 is a reprint, brings the history down to 
 1870, and is therefore much to be preferred to the reprints of 
 the first edition. 
 
 In some sense, a continuation of Ilallam's " Constitutional His- 
 tory." The author has deviated from a strictly chronological 
 narrative, and has adopted a much more effective method of treat- 
 ment by a grouping of leading subjects. Each inquiry is pursued
 
 IIISTORIKS OF ENGLAND. 515 
 
 tlirouo-li the entire century, and is devoted strictly to the branch 
 of the work in liand. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to a liistory of the prerogatives, 
 influence, and revenues of the crown, toy-ether witli the constitu- 
 tion, powers, functions, and political relations of the Houses of 
 Parliament. The second comprises a history of parties, of the 
 press, of political agitation, of the Church, of political and civil 
 liberty. The work is concluded with a general review of English 
 legislation during the whole period. 
 
 Though the author has had to deal with many controverted 
 points, he has generally been successful in avoiding a tone of con- 
 troversy. In literary style the work will be found more spirited 
 and readable than that of Hallam, while as an authority it is 
 scarcely less trustworthy. No other work will give to the student 
 so good a view of the political history of England during the cen- 
 tury of its greatest progress and power. As a political text-book 
 it is invaluable. 
 
 Brodie, George.— A Constitutional History of the British Empire 
 from the Accession of Charles I. to the Restoration, with an 
 Introduction tracing the Progress of Society and of the Consti- 
 tution from the Feudal Times to the Opening of the History, 
 and including a Particular Examination of Mr. Hume's State- 
 ments relative to the Character of the English Government. 3 
 vols., 8vo, London, 1866. 
 
 A new and improved edition of a work in four volumes, pub- 
 lished in 1822 under a different title. The author is an admirer 
 of the Revolutionary policy, and is one of the strongest advocates 
 of that cause. The literary style of the work is involved and 
 without much art; and, for this reason, the book is somewhat un- 
 attractive. But it has substantial merits. The criticism of Hume 
 has, without doubt, done much to damage the reputation of that 
 historian for accuracy, if not even for honesty. Few persons can 
 read Brodie's pages without seeing that Hume's history for the 
 period after the Tudors is essentially worthless. 
 
 While the author is a vigorous supporter of the Revolutionary 
 policy, he condemns the course of Cromwell after the establish- 
 ment of the Commonwealth.
 
 616 HISTORICAL LITERATUHE. 
 
 Russell, Lord John. — An Essay on the English Government and 
 Constitution from the Reign of Henry VII. to the Present 
 Time. 12mo, London, revised edition, 1866. 
 
 This little book has enjoyed a just popularity in England, not 
 only on account of the author's political prominence, but also on 
 account of its intrinsic merit. 
 
 The last five chapters are of more consequence than the others. 
 Originally published in 1820, the book has been brought down to 
 modern times by the concluding chapter of the last edition. The 
 author's sympathies are strongly Whig. 
 
 De Lolme, J, L. — Tlic Rise and Progress of the English Constitu- 
 tion, with an Historical and Legal Introduction, and Notes by 
 A. J. Stephens. 2 vols., Svo, London, 1838. 
 
 Of the celebrated essay of De Lolme there have been several 
 editions, but that of Ste])hens is to be preferred. The historical 
 and legal introduction embraces the whole of the first volume, 
 and has been prepared with great care and skill. The notes also 
 on the text of I)e Lolme have corrected certain errors of the 
 French author, and hijve made such modifications as time has ren- 
 dered desirable. 
 
 De Lolme wrote nearly a century ago, and at the present time 
 his treatise is of value chiefly as a study of com[)arative politics. 
 Strictly speaking, the work is an essay, and was written for the 
 purj)ose of showing to the people of France the superiority of the 
 English constitution and government over those then existing on 
 the Continent. The author was a learned and brilliant writer, 
 though at times his brilliancy ran into a certain i)ertness that is 
 fantastic, if not offensive. 
 
 Tiie first three chapters, " The Causes of the Liberty of the 
 English Nation," and the last four, " Very Essential Differences 
 between the English Monarchy, as a Monarchy, and all those with 
 which we arc Acquainted," will probably be found of greatest 
 value.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 517 
 
 Smith, Philip V. — History of Eiigli.>Ii Institutions. 12mo, Lon- 
 don and I'hiladclphia, 1874. 
 
 The object of tliis little volnmc is to show tlie student tlic orii;;in 
 of Knj;lisli local institutions, on the one hand, and of the central 
 government on the other. In a word, it is the history of the evo- 
 lution of the present government out of its original elements. 
 
 The subject is treated under three general heads ; first, the 
 " Social Development of the Constitution ;" secondly, " Constitu- 
 ents of the Central Authority ;" and, thirdly, " Central Govern- 
 ment." Each of these parts is subdivided, and every subject is 
 treated briefly, but generally with sufficient fulness and clearness. 
 If fault is to be found with the book, it is that it deals somewhat 
 too exclusively with facts themselves, and not quite enough with 
 the meaning and relations of facts. With this qualifying remark, 
 the volume niav be commended without further reserve. 
 
 Hearn, William Edward. — The Government of England, its 
 Structure and its Development, 8vo, London, 1867. 
 
 The author of this work is professor of liistory and politic:d 
 economy in the L^niversity of Melbourne, and the book was pre- 
 sumably written for the purpose of supplying a convenient means 
 of information on the subject of the home government to inquir- 
 ers in Australia. 
 
 Dr. Ilcarn advocates no particular political doctrines. lie treats 
 the subject strictly from a constitutional and a legal point of view. 
 The kingship, the cabinet, the various councils of the crown, the 
 systems of tenure, the growth and character of Parliament, and 
 the checks on the various branches of the government are all 
 passed in review. 
 
 Tiie metliod of treatment, as well as the purpose of the autlior, 
 renders it one of the most useful books on the subject for a 
 foreiijn student. 
 
 Cox, Homersham. — The Institutions of the English Government ; 
 being an Account of the Constitution, Powers, and Procedure 
 of its Legislative, Judicial, and Ailministrativc Departments,
 
 518 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 witli Copious References to Antient and Modern Authorities. 
 8vo, London, 1863. 
 
 The work is divided into tliree books, each of whicli treats of 
 one of the three several branches of the government. To the 
 student of constitutional forms each of the parts will be found to 
 be of great importance. That portion which relates to the modes 
 of procedure in Parliament and to the constitution of the respec- 
 tive branches of Legislature is of especial interest. 
 
 The work shows extensive legal knowledge and unwearying 
 industry in the collection and marshalling of authorities. If a 
 student would master the details of the English governmental 
 methods, he will derive the greatest assistance from this work. 
 None but that of Gneist is comparable with it in value. For the 
 purposes of a general reader it may be found inferior to that of 
 Todd, but it is far more learned, and better adapted to the wants 
 of a special student. 
 
 Ewald, Alexander Charles. — The Crown and its Advisers ; or, 
 Queen, Ministers, Lords, and Commons. 12mo, London, 1870. 
 
 Four lectures, delivered to audiences of conservative working- 
 men in London and vicinity. It was the author's design to give 
 to his hearers a knowledge of the leading characteristics of the 
 English constitution. He succeeded admirably. 
 
 The book is strictly elementary, dealing largely with the sim- 
 ple, every-day workings of the government ; but on that account 
 it serves its purpose all the better. Any person in the least inter- 
 ested in political forms will read the book with pleasure from 
 beginning to end. It is one of the best, if not the very best, of 
 the small books. 
 
 Fonblanque, Albany de. — How wc are Governed ; or, The Crown, 
 the Senate, and the Bench. A Hand-book of the Constitution, 
 Government, Laws, and Towers of (Jreat Britain. 1.3th cd., 
 revised to present date, and considerably enlarged, by a Barris- 
 ter. 12mo, London, 1879. 
 
 One of the most useful manuals for a student. Its great pop-
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 519 
 
 ularity in England is well deserved. It is a sketch rather than 
 a book of rc'forcncc. It is more brilliantly written than that of 
 Ewald, though it is not more informing. It tempts the reader to 
 the furlht'r [)ursiiit of information. 
 
 Todd, Alpheus. — Parliamentary Government in England. Its 
 ( )rigin, 1 >cvflt)pment, and Tractical Operation. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 London, 1807. 
 
 A work of unquestionable value to one who would study the 
 machinery of the English government in all its parts. Indeed, for 
 giving an insight into the practical affairs of the politics of Eng- 
 land there is no other work of so great value. 
 
 After a general and historical introduction of nearly two hun- 
 dred pages, in which the growth of the government is traced, the 
 author divides the subject into the three natural divisions, and 
 discusses each of them, both historically and constitutionally. The 
 work happily combines a discussion of principles with a description 
 of methods, though it must be admitted that the author's Tory 
 sympathies occasionally lead him to obtrude opinions which a more 
 judicious historian would keep out of view. The book deals less 
 with civil affairs than does the great work of Cox ; but in strictly 
 political matters it will be found by most students to be more 
 satisfactory. 
 
 Palgrave, Reginald F. D. — The House of Commons. Illustra- 
 tions of its History and Practice. 12mo, London, 1878. 
 
 An entertaining and useful little book, by one of the oflRcers of 
 the House of Commons. It is a series of descriptions and discus- 
 sions thrown together for the purpose of making English people 
 more familiar with the methods of that great legislative body 
 which virtually rules so large a part of the globe. 
 
 It abounds in sketches and incidents, and its literary workman- 
 ship is of a liigh order of merit. 
 
 Jennings, George Henry. — An Anecdotical History of the British 
 Parliament, from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time.
 
 520 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 With Notices of Eminent Parliamentary Men, and Examples of 
 tlieir Oratory. 8vo, London and New York, 1881. 
 
 This production is in no sense a history, but is rather a collec- 
 tion of anecdotes, extending in its scope from the rise of Parlia- 
 mentary institutions down to the present day. 
 
 The anecdotes are arranged in chronological order. A few of 
 them are bright, but by far the greater number are very dull. 
 Few persons will find themselves able to read the volume from 
 beginning to end ; but those who do "will find here and there a 
 passage that will afford temporary relief in what, as a whole, must 
 be a tedious process. 
 
 Cooke, George Wingrove. — History of Party, from the Rise of 
 the AVhig and Tory Factions, in the Reign of Charles II., to 
 the Passing of the Reform Bill. 3 vols., 8vo, London, 1836-37. 
 
 A book that is strongly Whig in its sympathies, and one that 
 makes no pretensions to impartiality. The author speaks freely 
 of the "intrigues" of the Tories, and of the "liberal policy" of 
 the AVhigs. But in spite of the manifest and strong prejudices 
 of the author, the book is of value for its able presentations of 
 the questions at issue at different times in the past two centuries. 
 It should be studied in connection with the works of Bolingbrokc 
 and Disraeli. 
 
 The first volume covers the ground from 1666 to 1V14; the 
 second, from 1714 to 1762 ; the third, from 1762 to 1832. 
 
 Disraeli, B, (Lord Beaconsfield). — Vindication of the English 
 Constitution. 8vo, London, 1835. 
 
 The purpose of the author in this volume was to show, first, 
 that the nature of the English government was essentially Tory; 
 second, that the Tory party is democratic in character; and, 
 third, that the tendency of Whiggism is to the establishment of 
 an oligarchy. 
 
 The views here presented and urged are essentially the same
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 521 
 
 as those advanced in Disraeli's *' Life of Lord George Bentinck," 
 and also in liis novels of " Coninifsby " and " Sybil." Next to the 
 wiitinj^s of JJolingbrokc, these works present the most cogent ar- 
 gument for Toryism easily accessible. 
 
 Cox, Homersham. — Whig and Tory Administrations during the 
 last Tiiirteen Years. 8vo, London, 1868. 
 
 A liberal politician's view of affairs since the accession of Lord 
 Palmerston in 1855. The book has a strong coloring of partv 
 bias. But the severe criticisms of the author abound in evi- 
 dences of honesty as well as of ability and of zeal. It is one of the 
 most powerful arraignments of the Conservative partv, and as 
 such it mav well receive the student's attention. 
 
 Amos, Sheldon.— Fifty Years of the English Constitution, 1830- 
 80. 12nio, London and Boston, 1880. 
 
 Since 1830 the unwritten constitution of Great Britain has 
 been slowly changing. The great Reform Bill of 1832 brought 
 into operation forces which have been showing their power from 
 that day to this. The author of this volume is one of the most 
 capable exponents of this silent revolution. The work is not 
 marked by that keen insight into the hidden characteristics of 
 affairs which we so much admire in Bagehot, but it has succeeded 
 admirably in placing before the eyes of its readers a picture of 
 the slow transformations that have taken place. 
 
 Bagehot, Walter.— The English Constitution. 12mo, London 
 and lioslon, 1873. 
 
 A series of essays on the various branches and functions of the 
 English government. It is the most brilliant political work that 
 has appeared in Europe in many years ; the most brilliant that 
 has appeared in England since the death of Burke. It should be
 
 522 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 thoughtfully studied by every student of political forms and 
 methods, 
 
 Bao^eliot's leading characteristic is not so much that he de- 
 scribes the English government as that he penetrates beyond its 
 forms and examines the essence and significance of whatever part 
 of it he has in hand. To a student, therefore, who already knows 
 something of the organization of the government, Bagehot is 
 likely to be the most suggestive and awakening of all writers. 
 The work is so free from all controversial spirit that it is not 
 easy to decide from it whether the author ranks himself as a Lib- 
 eral or as a Conservative. While he admires the English govern- 
 ment as a whole, he does not hesitate to criticise it sharply wherev- 
 er he finds a weak point. Another feature of the volume is in the 
 frequent comparisons into which the author enters of the results 
 of English methods, and of the results of other methods else- 
 where. These comparisons may not always be accepted as en- 
 tirely just, but they are always suggestive and never common- 
 place. 
 
 The author's style is exceedingly vivacious, and therefore the 
 book is as interesting as it is valuable. 
 
 Merewether, H. A., and Stephens, A. J. — The History of the 
 ])oroughs and Municipal Corporations in the United Kingdom, 
 from the Earliest to the Present Time. 3 vols., large 8vo, 
 London, 1835. 
 
 The great authority on the English system of local govern- 
 ment. The minuteness with which various peculiarities are de- 
 scribed and various questions discussed enables the student gen- 
 erally to got from the work any information he may desire con- 
 cerning the general subject of which the volumes treat. 
 
 Argyll, The Duke of. — The Eastern Question, from the Treaty of 
 Paris in 185G to the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, and to the Sec- 
 ond Afghan War. 2 vols., 12mo, London, 1879. 
 
 The sketch of the Eastern Question here presented is almost
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 523 
 
 entirely made up of official documents. These, however, are 
 bound together by connectins^f threads in such a way as to make 
 an eminently readable narrative. 
 
 The point of view is that of an energetic opponent of the Bea- 
 consfield policy. The author holds tliat England, having taken 
 a'pmininont part in the settlement of the Eastern Question, by 
 the Treaty of 1850, was morally bound to make her influence felt 
 in the adjustment of those difficulties which brought on the late 
 war. In his opinion, it was "the duty of England to join the 
 other powers in acting upon the moral obligations they had in- 
 curred in the Treaty of 1856," and that " the uncertain sound 
 given upon this subject at the beginning of the contest was a fatal 
 mistake." It is his opinion that if England had united with the 
 other powers in the Berlin Memorandum, and had been ready 
 to act promptly in case of its rejection, a far better result would 
 have been secured. 
 
 The history of the Turkish Question, ending with the chapter 
 on "The Congress and the Treaty of Berlin," extends to about 
 the middle of the second volume. The last five chapters are de- 
 voted to a discussion, in similar spirit, of the English policy in 
 Afghanistan. 
 
 De Worms, Baron Henry.— ]:ngland's Policy in the East. An 
 Account of the I'olicy and Interest of England in the Eastern 
 Question as Compared with those of other European Powers. 
 8vo, Gth ed., London, 18V8. 
 
 This work, prepared by a government officer who lias been 
 much in the East, had, until the appearance of the work of Argyll, 
 unique value. It presents the English case in a strong light, and 
 is a convenient work of reference in the study of Eastern politics. 
 The volume has valuable tables and maps, and an appendix con- 
 tains copies of the Treaty of Paris, the Andrassy Note, the Berlin 
 Memorandum, the Derby Despatches, and the Treaties of 1856 
 and 1871. 
 
 Martin, Montgomery. — The Progress and Present State of Brit- 
 ish India. A Manual for General Use, based on Official Docu-
 
 524 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 ments furnislied under the Authority of Her Majesty's Secre- 
 tary of State for India. 12ino, London, 1862. 
 
 A digest of the principal facts that distinguished the condition 
 of India at the time the book was written. It is an admirable 
 little volume for one who would get an idea of the greatness and 
 importance of India without the inconvenience of reading one of 
 the elaborate works. 
 
 The author shows that great wrongs have been perpetrated, 
 but also that the government, as a whole, is slowly but constantly 
 improving, and that it has greatly ameliorated the condition of 
 the native population. 
 
 Rogers, James E. Thorold.— A History of Agriculture and Prices 
 in England, from the Year after the Oxford Parliament (1259) 
 to the Commencement of the Continental "War (1793). Com- 
 piled entirely from original and contemporaneous records. 6 
 vols., large 8vo, London, 1866, Also Six Centuries of Work 
 and Wages, 2 vols., London ; 1 vol.. New York, 1884. A very 
 valuable general survey. 
 
 No other work gives so full and satisfactory an account of the 
 condition of the people of England in the Middle Ages as this. 
 Though the author's design, as expressed in the title, is to bring 
 the work down to the present day, the two volumes already pub- 
 lished are devoted to the years prior to A.D. 1400. 
 
 The first volume is made up of discussions and descriptions 
 founded on the author's tireless investigations. The second is 
 devoted to tables and statistics, gathered from all conceivable 
 sources, for the purpose of showing the prices that prevailed dur- 
 ing the thirteenth and fourteenth eentuiies. 
 
 The author's well-known eminence as a political economist en- 
 titles his opinions to great weight, especially when, as in this in- 
 stance, they are founded on careful and long-continned investigations. 
 
 Some of the chapters in the first volume are invaluable. As 
 especially worthy of note may be mentioned the chapters on 
 " Social Distinctions and the General Distribution of Wealth," 
 " Mediaeval Justice and Courts," '* Taxes and Contributions," 
 ♦'Averages of Prices," "The Price of Labor," "The Price of 
 Live-stock," and "The Purchasing Power of Wages."
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 525 
 
 Nicholls, Sir George. — A History uf tlie Enijlish Poor L:i\v in 
 coniK'ctiini with tliu Loffislatioii and other Circuinstaiices Af- 
 fecting the Condiliun of tlio IVoplc. 2 vols., 8vo, Loiuhm, 
 1854. Also, A llisttJiv of the Scotch Poor Law, and A His- 
 tory of the Irish I'oor Law. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1850. 
 
 The author for many years held the responsible position of 
 Poor-law Commissioner. In this office he had extended obser- 
 vation and experience. These he has turned to advantage in tlie 
 preparation of his works, though it cannot be said that the result 
 has been altogether satisfactory. The works are too narrow in 
 their scope, in that they are a history of I'oor Laws rather than a 
 history of the poor. A long series of legislative acts, tests, penal- 
 ties, and modes of relief are given ; but how the masses of the 
 people were affected by them is not made very clear. 
 
 In the treatment of the Poor Laws of Ireland and Scotland the 
 work is more satisfactory. The real condition of the poor is de- 
 scribed, not iiidecd with skill, bat at least with some effectiveness. 
 
 Jardine, David.— Criminal Trials. 2 vols., lOmo, London, 1832. 
 
 These little volumes, forming a part of the " Library of Enter- 
 taining Knowledge," are of unusual value for the light they tlirow 
 on the metliods of judicial procedure in England in the seven- 
 teenth century. Of especial importance is the introductory es- 
 say on the general subject of criminal trials before the Revolu- 
 tion. The body of the first volume contains accounts of twelve 
 noted trials, from that of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton to that of 
 Sir AValter Raleigh. The second volume is dcA'otcd cxclusivelv 
 to a study of the Gunpowder Plot. 
 
 Fuller, Thomas. — The Church History of Britain from the IJirth 
 of .lesus Christ until the Year 10-48. A new edition with the 
 Author's corrections. vols., Svo, London, 1845. 
 
 No writer of English prose lias been a greater favorite with a 
 certain class of literarv men than Thomas Fuller. Coleridge wrote
 
 526 HISTORICAL LITEKATUKE. 
 
 of him, " Next to Shakespeare, I am not certain whether Thomas 
 Fuller, bevond all other writers, does not excite in me the sense 
 and emotion of the marvellous. . . . You will scarcely find a page 
 in which some one sentence out of every three does not deserve 
 to be quoted by itself, as motto or as maxim." 
 
 This praise, though altogether extravagant, describes the quality 
 of the book. It is especially a subjective history ; but it is per- 
 meated with a candid and liberal spirit. Though Fuller was a 
 firm supporter of the national Church and of the king, yet he 
 made an honest endeavor to reconcile contending factions, and to 
 soften the bitterness of ecclesiastical controversy. 
 
 Blackstone, Sir William. — Commentaries on the Laws of Eng- 
 land, in Four Books ; with an Analysis of the "Work. Edited 
 by Thomas M. Coolcy. 2 vols., large 8vo, Chicago, 1876. 
 
 The grace, clearness, and dignity of style in whicli Blackstone 
 wrote have made his work a favorite text-book with young law- 
 yers for somewhat more than a century. But its popularity has 
 been far greater than its intrinsic merits alone would have justi- 
 fied. Blackstone was not a profound historical scholar; and ho 
 wrote at a period before the investigation of sources had taught 
 students what to accept and what to reject. It is not singular, 
 therefore, that many of his statements of fact have been shown 
 to be erroneous, and that some of his conclusions have been over- 
 thrown. 
 
 The author's legal opinions are probably entitled to much more 
 respect than his historical knowledge, though on this point there 
 has been some disagreement among the best judges ; but, liow- 
 ever this may be, as an historical authority liis "Commentaries" 
 are of verv little value. 
 
 Forsyth, William. — History of Trial by Jury. 8vo, London, 
 1.S52 ; also, edited by J. A. Morgan, Chicago, 1875. 
 
 Not only a very useful sketch of the origin and growth of the 
 system of trial by jury, but also a good comparative view of 
 methods of trial in different countries.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. r,27 
 
 After dcscril)iii£i; tlie nature of tlic jury system and explaining 
 the several theories concerniuo; its orit^in, the author discusses the 
 primitive tribunals of Scandinavia and Germany, and points out 
 the way iti which the English system was evolved from germs 
 brought from the Continent. The view is held that tlic origin 
 of the system cannot properly be referred to a period earlier than 
 the reign of Henry II. Earlier methods of trial not only in Eng- 
 land, but on the Continent, are carefully analyzed for the purpose 
 of showing that they nowhere presented the essential charac- 
 teristics of tlic modern jury. 
 
 Not the least interesting portion of the volume are those chap- 
 ters devoted to a comparative view of the jury systems of Scot- 
 land, America, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe, The 
 work at all points is able and learned, and is fully entitled to 
 the recognition it has received. 
 
 Escott, T. H. S. — England: her People, Polity, and Pursuits. 
 2 vols., Svo, London ; 1 vol., 8vo, New York, 1880. 
 
 This admirable work is designed to present to the reader a 
 faithful and complete picture of the England of the present day. 
 In the preparation of the materials for his book, the author visited 
 nearly all parts of the country and conversed with all classes of 
 people. 
 
 The titles of some of the most important of the chapters will 
 convey an adequate idea of the nature of the work. Some of 
 these are : " The English Village ;" " Great Landlords and Estate- 
 management ;" " Municipal Government ;" " Commercial and 
 Fiiianeial England ;" " The Working Classes ;" " Pauperism and 
 Tlirift ;" " Co-operation ;" " Criminal England ;" " Educational 
 England ;" " The Structure of English Society ;" " Crown and 
 Crowd;" "Official England;" "The House of Commons ;" "The 
 House of Lords ;" " The Law Courts ;" " Religious England ;" 
 "Popular Amusements;" "Professional England;" and "Impe- 
 rial England." 
 
 The descriptions and discussions are carried on in a manner at 
 once philosophical and attractive. The work gives a iKar insight 
 into the fundamental ideas and the methods of English society,
 
 528 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 and it may be studied with equal interest and profit by every 
 intelligent person at all interested in English affairs. 
 
 Creasy, Sir Edward. — The Imperial and Colonial Constitutions 
 of the Britannic Empire, including Indian Institutions. 8vo, 
 London, 1872. 
 
 This admirable work gives a very complete and satisfactory 
 account of the vast colonial possessions of the British Empire. 
 
 The various forms of government and administration are de- 
 scribed in sufficient detail, and the volume is accompanied with 
 excellent maps, showing all the colonies and provinces. From no 
 other work can the student get so good an idea of the vastness, 
 and, at the same time, of the general liberality and excellence, of 
 the methods of administration in the various parts of the empire. 
 
 Todd, Alpheus. — Parliamentary Government in the British Col- 
 onies. Svo, Boston, 1880. 
 
 This volume may be regarded as in some sense a continuation 
 of the work on " Parliamentary Government in England," which 
 has made the author's name so well known. It was written prima- 
 rily for the use of Canadian readers, but it is well adapted to 
 the use of all students who would make themselves familiar with 
 the recent development of English political methods. It is not 
 quite so readable a volume as the work on the same general sub- 
 ject by Sir Edward Creasy ; but what it loses on this account it 
 fully makes up by its more philosophical methods of treatment. 
 
 IV. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND RE-VDEKS. 
 
 1. Green's " History of the English People," for general use, 
 is superior to all others. Tiiis author's " Short History" may be 
 preferred by a few students, but for most persons the work in four 
 volumes is better. Bright is better adapted to certain uicthods of
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 529 
 
 instruction in ;i class-room tlian Green, though much less inter- 
 esting to the general reader. Brewer's edition of "The Student's 
 Hume" is also a book of many excellences, among which are the 
 reprints of important historical (hjcuments. Next to Green in im- 
 portance is Knight, and next to Knight, Lingard. On the growth 
 and characteristics of the Knglish gcnernmcnt Creasy's is the best 
 of the small books. Taswell-Langmcad's is a larger book, found- 
 ed on the most recent authorities. More purely descriptive of 
 the present methods of the government are the books of Fon- 
 blancjuo, Ewald, and Iloani. Modern life in England, in its vari- 
 ous phases, is well described in Escott's " England." Bagehot's 
 " E^nglish Constitution " is the most brilliant discussion of actual 
 English political methods. 
 
 2. In connection with Green, Lingard may be profitably read, 
 for the views of a scholarly Koman Catholic. The popularity of 
 " Hume " has an astonishing vitality ; but this is owing to the 
 literary rather than to the historical value of the work. The 
 controversy concerning Mary Queen of Scots is most ably conduct- 
 ed on the one side by Mignet, on the other by Ilosack. The queen's 
 most ardent advocates, however, arc Tytler and Miss Strickland, 
 while her most pronounced accusers are Hume and Froude. 
 
 On the course of the Reformation in England, Hiiusser's is 
 perhaps the best brief account; Geikie is somewhat fuller, and is 
 excellent. The revolution in the seventeenth century should be 
 studied in the works of Gardiner and Guizot. These may be 
 followed in order by Macaulay, Stanhope, Mahon, and either Wal- 
 pole or McCarthy. The great works on the " Constitutional 
 History of England" are tho.se of Stubbs, Ilallam, and May. 
 Stubbs treats of the subject during the formative })criod, from 
 the earliest times to the accession of the Tudors; Ilallam, during 
 the period of struggle, from Henry VII. to George HI. ; and May, 
 during the period of development, from George III. to the pres- 
 ent time. For the most complete descriptions of governmental 
 methods, Todd's "Parliamentary Government" and Cox's "In- 
 stitutions " arc the authorities. Bagehot is unrivalled for the 
 suggestiveness of his commentaries on the present workings of 
 the government. For the purpose of teaching the real spirit of 
 English institutions, his little book is worth a score of others. 
 
 3. For the more thorough study of English history there arc 
 
 34
 
 530 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 certain catalogues and serial publications that are of the greatest 
 importance to the student. Among these the following are per- 
 haps most worthy of note : 
 
 Sir Thomas D. Hardy, in 1862-71, published an invaluable 
 work in three volumes, entitled " Descriptive Catalogue of Ma- 
 terials relating to the History of Great Britain aiid Ireland." 
 It furnishes a detailed critical account of the printed and un- 
 printed sources of English history, from the earliest times down 
 to the accession of Edward III., and is by far the most important 
 of all works on the subject. If this masterpiece of historical bib- 
 liography is not at hand, adequate accounts of early writers on 
 historical subjects may generally be found in Wright's " Bio- 
 graphia Britannica Litcraria," and in Morley's "English Writers." 
 
 Sir Henry Ellis, in 1824-46, published three series of histori- 
 cal letters of much value. The first series, in three volumes, 
 embraces a collection extending from Henry V. to the end of 
 Elizabeth's reign ; the second series, in four volumes, from the 
 outbreak of Glendower's Rebellion to the reign of George II. ; 
 the third series, also in four volumes, from the time of Lanfranc 
 to the reign of George III. 
 
 In 1857, on the recommendation of the Master of the Rolls, 
 the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury determined upon the 
 publication of a series to be known as " Chronicles and Memo- 
 rials of Great Britain and Ireland, from the Invasion by the Ro- 
 mans to the Reign of Henry VIII." The conditions of publica- 
 tion were such as to contribute greatly to the usefulness of the 
 works. Three important rules for the guidance of editors were 
 adopted. First, the works selected were to be published without 
 mutilation or abridgment ; second, the text adopted should bo 
 founded on a careful collation of the best manuscripts ; and, third, 
 each paper should be preceded by an account of the manuscripts 
 used, a notice of the era in which the author wrote, and an expla- 
 nation of all chronological difficulties. These conditions have 
 brought to the work of editing some of the most eminent histor- 
 ical talent in the realm. This series, popularly known as the 
 " Rolls Series," contains many volumes, each of which has been 
 edited by an eminent specialist. The prefaces arc of the greatest 
 importance, often representing an amount of special knowledge 
 possessed by no other person than the editor.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND, 531 
 
 Unlil after tlic Rcstonition, all papers with respect to negotia- 
 tions of State were kept carefully secluded from men of letters. 
 Four treaties were ordered published by Charles II., and on the 
 recommendation of the ministry, at a somewhat later period, 
 Thomas llymer, in his capacity as historiographer royal, was di- 
 rected to transcribe and publish " all the leagues, treaties, alli- 
 ances, capitulations, and confederacies" which, up to that time, had 
 been made between England and the other powers of the world. 
 The result of this commission was the series of volumes known 
 as " Rymer's Fu'dera,'' published first in the early part of the 
 eighteenth century, but republished in a better edition at the 
 Hague in 1737-45. A complete account of the contents of the 
 series may be found in Hardy's " Catalogue." 
 
 "What arc commonly known as the "Rolls of Parliament" are 
 six folio volumes, published by the government in 1767, and de- 
 voted to the period extending from the reign of Edward I. to that 
 of Henry VII. They form the most valuable and authentic 
 source of information on the constitutional and parliamentary 
 liistory of the country. A general index of the volumes was pub- 
 lished in 1832. 
 
 In 1855 the Lords of the Treasury, on the suggestion of the 
 Master of the Rolls, gave orders for the preparation and publica- 
 tion of a series of indexes, or, as they were known, " Calendars 
 of State-Papers," intended ultimately to cover the several divis- 
 ions under which the records are classified — Domestic, Foreign, 
 Colonial, and Irish. Thus the contents of the vast stores of doc- 
 uments preserved in the British archives are to be placed before 
 the literary world. The number of volumes already published 
 reaches nearly a hundred, and is rapidly increasing. A complete 
 list is published in Longman's " Catalogue of Books." 
 
 The collection known as the " Parliamentary History " was 
 projected in the early part of this century by the famous demo- 
 cratic leader William Cobbett. It is embraced in thirty-six vol- 
 umes, and is so well edited as to supersede in importance most of 
 the several collections made in the last century. The history 
 covers the whole period from 1066 to 1803. The index is in a 
 separate volume. 
 
 The work begun by Cobbett has been continued in the series 
 known as " Parliamentary Debates," often called, from the name
 
 532 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 of the editor and printer, " Hansard's Debates." They form a 
 complete record of parliamentary proceedings since 1803, and 
 already number about three hundred volumes. There are two 
 indexes, covering the portions before 1830, since which time there 
 is a separate index for each session of Parliament. 
 
 AH the above works have been supplemented during this cen- 
 tury by the publication of the " Journals of the House of Lords," 
 beginning with the year 1509, and the "Journals of the House 
 of Commons," since the year 1547. Each of the volumes has a 
 separate index. 
 
 The series of twelve quarto volumes known as the " Harleian 
 Miscellany " contains a vast number of papers of the greatest im- 
 portance, on almost every subject of modern history. But the 
 papers are arranged without system, and no index has yet been 
 prepared. A list of the contents is published in the " Catalogue 
 of the Boston Athenteum." 
 
 Of the papers printed by the learned societies, many possess 
 not a little interest and importance, though by far the greater 
 number are of purely local and antiquarian interest. The names 
 of these societies, the purposes for which they were severally or- 
 ganized, and complete lists of the publications they contain may 
 be found in the first volume of Hardy's " Catalogue." The Cam- 
 den Society, one of the most important, has an excellent catalogue 
 descriptive of all the publications of the society down to 1872. 
 The Early English Text Society is one of the most important, as 
 its list of publications contains many works never before printed, 
 some of them possessing much value for the historical student. 
 The papers arc generally edited with praiseworthy ability and care. 
 
 On the history of special phases of English progress and civili- 
 zation a number of works arc noteworthy. 
 
 A clew to the leading authorities on ecclesiastical and university 
 l)istory may be attained in Le Neve's " Fasti P^cclesiju Anglicana; ; 
 or, Calendar of the Principal Dignitaries in England and Wales, 
 and of the Chief Oflicers of the Universities of Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge, from the I-ilarliest Times to the Year 1715. Corrected 
 and continued to the present time by T. Duffus Hardy," 3 vols., 
 8vo, London, 1854. 
 
 The " Athen.'c Oxonienses " of Anthony Wood is a valuable 
 collection of biographies of eminent persons educated at Oxford.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 533 
 
 It was first publislic'd in IGOl, and lias acquired a fame perliaps 
 sonicwliat exceeding its deserts. 
 
 Fuller's "History of the Wortliies of England" is a book tliat 
 will not only give miicli knowledge of early ilnglish life, but, by 
 reason of the remarkable qualities of the author's wit, will afford 
 unfailing entertainment. 
 
 Macplicrson's " Aimals of Commerce, Manufactories, Fisheries, 
 and Navigation " was published in 1805, in 4 vols., 4to, and was in- 
 tended to give a history of the intercourse of England with other 
 nations, from the earliest times down to tlie beginning of the 
 present century. " The Progress of the Nation," by R. G. Porter, 
 carries on the narrative down to the date of publication of tlic 
 third edition, in 1851, A more philosophic and successful pres- 
 entation of the same subject is that in Levi's " Ilistory of British 
 Commerce and of the Economic Progress of the Nation." It is 
 in one volume, and covers the period from 1763 to 1878. 
 
 The naval history of Great Britain is best described in the work 
 by William James. A new and improved edition, in six volumes, 
 appeared in 1878, in which the accounts of the growth of the navy, 
 the changes in the methods of naval warfare, and the improve- 
 ments in vessels of war and in artillery arc continued down to 
 the battle of Navarino, in 1827. 
 
 Of the numerous histories of English literature, a few arc so 
 important as to deserve mention. 
 
 Thomas "NVarton's "Ilistory of English Poetry, from the Close 
 of the Eleventh to the Commencement of the Seventeenth Cen- 
 tury," is a very curious and valuable work. It has had the rep- 
 utation of a classic ever since its first publication, in 1774. 
 The best edition is that in 4 vols., 8vo, London, 1871. Henry 
 Morley's " English Writers " is the most exhaustive description 
 of the earliest literature of the language, but the two volumes 
 published bring the wurk down only to Dunbar. George L. 
 Craik's " Compendious Ilistory of English Literature and of the 
 English Language " is the production of a ripe scholar and a 
 specialist; but it everywhere shows solid rather than brilliant 
 qualities. The second volume ends with a chapter on the general 
 character of the Victorian literature. Of the manuals of English 
 literature in a single volume, that of Morley and Tyler and that 
 of Shaw are the most valuable. J. Pavne Collier's " Historv of
 
 634 HISTORICAL LITER ATUEE. 
 
 English Dramatic Poetry to the Time of Shakespeare, and Annals 
 of the Stage to the Restoration " is a work of much renown, and 
 abounds in minute and curious information. A new and much im- 
 proved edition in three vols., large 8vo, appeared in London, 1879. 
 Adolphus William Ward's " History of Dramatic Literature to the 
 Death of Queen Anne" deals with the subject from a literary 
 rather than an antiquarian point of view. Thomas Ilumpliiy 
 Ward's " EngUsh Poets : Selections, with Critical Litroductions 
 by Various Authors, and a General Introduction by Matthew 
 Arnold," is a delightful collection of the gems of English poetr}'. 
 The first volume covers the period from Chaucer to Donne ; the 
 second, from Ben Jonson to Dryden ; the third, from Addison to 
 Blake ; the fourth, from Wordsworth to Sydney Dobell. H. 
 Taine's "History of English Literature" is by far the most brill- 
 iant and the most suggestive of the general works on the subject. 
 The peculiar theories of the author confront the reader at every 
 point; but the brilHancy of the book is everywhere unquestion- 
 able. Of the numerous editions, that in 4 vols., 8vo, London, 
 1878, is the best. 
 
 4. For a thorough study of the constitutional and politic«il 
 history of England, the topical method is earnestly recommended. 
 Not only does it secure far more satisfactory results, but it has 
 the additional advantage of giving the student an invaluable 
 knowledge of the sources of information. The following sugges- 
 tions and references may serve as a guide to the student in the 
 prosecution of his work. 
 
 L The Anglo-Saxon Period. — The first thirteen pages of 
 Stubbs's "Select Charters," and chapters iii. to viii., especially 
 chapters v, and vi., of the same author's " Constitutional His- 
 tory," are the most important of all authorities on the subject. 
 Kemble's " Saxons in England " is also worthy of the highest 
 consideration. Palgravc's " Commonwealth," vol. i., chapters iv. 
 and vii., gives the most trustworthy account of the early courts. 
 For valuable illustrated papers on Anglo-Saxon antiquities and ar- 
 chitecture, see Wright's " Essays on Arclueology," vol. i., chap- 
 ters vii. and ix. The same author's ." History of Domestic Man- 
 ners and Sentiments," chapters i.-v., arc of value. Pearson's 
 " Early and Middle Ages," chapters xvi.-xviii., embodies, in a 
 scholarly manner, the results of recent investigations. Green's
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 535 
 
 " Maklnrr of England " is the best of all authorities. Book viii. 
 of Turner will be found to give an interesting though not very 
 accurate account of the early witenageinots. The most valuable 
 part of Lappenbcrg is vol. ii., part v., in which the origin of 
 titles uf nubility, the duties of nobles, the condition of freemen, 
 slaves, and clergy, may be studied with advantage. On p. 350 
 et seq. of the same volume may be found a brief and persjjicuous 
 account of the origin of guilds and of the municipal system of 
 England. 
 
 Ilallain, in " Middle Ages," vol. ii., chapter viii., part i., presents 
 a very clear and concise account of the most important Anglo- 
 Sa.xon institutions. Especially worthy of remark is the discus- 
 sion upon feudal tenures before the Conque-st. On the courts, 
 notes v.-viii. are entitled to particular consideration. Though 
 llallam wrote with the most judicious care, the student should 
 not forget that the first edition of "The Middle Ages" was writ- 
 ten as early as 18IS, and that even the very thorough and impor- 
 tant revision of 1848 did not embody the results of the most re- 
 cent researches. 
 
 Guizot's "Representative Government" is remarkable for the 
 clearness of the author's style and the judicial habit of his mind. 
 The most important characteristic of this history consists of the 
 comparisons frequently drawn between the various governments 
 of Europe in early times. Lectures ii.-v. of part i. pertain espe- 
 cially to this period. 
 
 Freeman, in vol. i., chapter iii., gives one of the best accounts 
 of the origin and power of the witenagemot and of the imperial 
 power of the king. Crcasy's " English Constitution " contains an 
 admirable discussion of the opinions of llallam, Palgrave, and 
 Kemble; and for a student who desires opinions and conclusions, 
 rather than facts on which to found opinions, it is probably the 
 best of the manuals. Brougham's " British Constitution " is a 
 work of great ability, of considerable knowledge, and of much 
 ignorance. Of the condition of the Anglo-Sa.\on government, 
 Brougham gives a much too lugubrious account; but the intel- 
 lectual power of the author makes his pages always worthy of 
 consultation. The first part of Freeman's "Growth of the Eng- 
 lish Constitution " embodies the opinions of one of the most 
 careful students of tac period.
 
 536 
 
 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Adams's " Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law " are of especial value 
 to a student of the legal phases of the Anglo-Saxon constitution. 
 
 The much-disputed question concerning the permanence of Ro- 
 man influence may be studied in Pearson, vol. i., pp. 83-103 ; in the 
 Quarterly Review, vol. cxli., pp. 295-301 ; in Dr. Edwin Guest's 
 " Early English Settlements in South Britain ;" and in Mr. Coate's 
 "The Romans in Britain." All these authorities hold to the 
 greater or less permanence of Roman institutions. On the other 
 side of the question arc ranged Lappenberg, Stubbs, Freeman, and 
 Wright. On the same subject Algernon Herbert's "Britannia 
 after the Romans," in 2 vols., 1836-41, will throw some light, 
 though its authority is not very great. On the influence of the 
 Danish Conquest, Worsaac, in his " Account of the Danes and Nor- 
 wegians in England," is the best authority, though it seems prob- 
 able that he pushes his theories and conclusions somewhat too far. 
 
 Of the historical literature on this period an admirable account 
 is given in Lappenbcrg's " Introduction." Anglo-Saxon authors 
 are best described and characterized by Wright in his " Bio- 
 graphia Britannica Literaria." The most valuable and accessible 
 original authorities are Thorpe's " Anglo-Saxon Laws," the same 
 author's " Anglo-Saxon Chronicle," and the writings of Gildas, 
 Bede, Asser, Ethelward, Florence of W^orcester, William of 
 Malmesbury, Geoffrey of Monmouth, and Ingulph of Croyland. 
 Translations of these important original authorities have been 
 published by Bohn, and will be found not only valuable, but also 
 curiously interesting. ILirdy's "Catalogue" furnishes a critical ac- 
 count of all the original authorities on the period. Gardiner and 
 Mullinger's "Introduction to the Study of English History " also 
 contains excellent descriptions and characterizations. 
 
 II. The History and the Influence of^he Norman Con- 
 quest. — The writings of Thierry and Palgrave on the history of 
 the Conquest have been practically superseded by the great work 
 of Freeman. The political results of the Conquest arc nowhere 
 else so ably and exhaustively treated as in Freeman, vol. v., chap. 
 xxiv. The pcculiaritv of this masterly work is in its showing how 
 the Conquest made, rather than nnmadc, the English people. The 
 same author, in his lectures on the " Growth of the Constitution," 
 has treated the subject from the same point of view, but m a 
 more popular manner.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 587 
 
 Stiibbs, in vol. i., cliaptcrs ix.-xiii., also discusses the subject in 
 a manner woitliy of the most careful attention. In cliapter xiii. is 
 to be found the best l)rief account of the origin of juries. For 
 a fuller account, Forsyth's " History of Trial by Jury " should be 
 consulted. 
 
 Guizot's lectures iii.-v. of part ii. explain in an admirable man- 
 ner the peculiar dilfcrences between the fortunes of liberty in 
 England and in the countries of the Continent. Notice especially 
 the author's position, in lectures iv. and v., on the influence of 
 the inordinate power of royalty in moulding baronial opinions 
 and producing a gradual resistance on the part of the feudal aris- 
 tocracy. 
 
 Ilallani's treatment of this question, vol. ii., chapter viii., part 
 ii., also note x., is worthy of notice for the account it gives of the 
 Anglo-Norman courts and of the origin of the common law. 
 
 Creasy's account, in cliapters vii. and viii. of the Feudal System, is 
 worthy of note, though it is not an exhaustive presentation. Ste- 
 phens's edition of l)e Lolme, chapter ii., section i., explains in a very 
 satisfactory manner the terms *' sac " and " soc," and others used 
 under tlie feudal regime. The various tenures of land are also 
 clearly described. In the "Pictorial History of England," vol. i., 
 p. 562, is to be found a good description of tlie changes from a 
 system of local to a system of general jurisdiction. 
 
 Turner, in cliapter xiv. of vol. iv., lias an interesting account of 
 the rise of chivalry in England '^ and Mills's " History of Chiv- 
 alry," vol. i., cliapter viii., gives a sketch of chivalry from the Nor- 
 man Conquest to the death of Edward II. "Wright's "Domestic 
 Manners," chapters v. and vi., contains interesting accounts and 
 illustrations. 
 
 Pearson, in chapter xxiii., gives an excellent general vicAV of 
 the results of the Conquest, and in chapter xxxiii. perhaps the 
 best brief account we have of the Anglo-Norman law-courts, 
 Longman's " Lectures on the Early History of England," lecture 
 ii., gives a popular statement of the feudal system and of the 
 courts of law under the Normans. The list of authorities on p. 
 151 may be found useful. Green's "History," vol. i., book ii., 
 chapter i., contains a characteristically neat statement of the con- 
 dition of affairs in the latter part of the eleventh century. Note 
 this author's estimate of the real benefit derived from the Con-
 
 538 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 quest ; also the way in which he differs from the view of Scott 
 in " Ivanhoe '' as to the time when the two races became assimi- 
 lated into one people. 
 
 Johnson's " Xormans in Europe " gives a bird's-eye view, in a 
 manner that affords both information and pleasure. Lingard's 
 account of this period is spirited, though the author's tendency 
 to take the side of the conquered party gives one a more favorable 
 impression of his humanity than of his judgment. Ilume's ac- 
 count is slipshod and unimportant. Kingsley's " Hereward " and 
 Scott's " Ivanhoe " are spirited and famous novels, illustrative of 
 the period of the Conquest. 
 
 The first chapter of the sixth of Guizot's " Essais sur I'llistoire 
 de France "' gives a view of the strong contrast between English 
 and French constitutional history at the period of the Conquest. 
 Ecclesiastical questions and their relations to politics may be 
 studied to advantage in the essay on Thomas a Becket in the 
 second series of Freeman's " Historical Essays," in Dean Church's 
 " Life of Anselm," in Perry's " Life of St. Hugh of Lincoln," and 
 in Ci-ozat's " Lanfranc : sa Vie, son Enseignement, sa Politique." 
 
 For the best account of modern works on the period see Lap- 
 penberg, vol. i., literary introduction, pp. Ixii.-lxviii. The best 
 descriptions of the original authorities are given in "Wright's 
 "Biographia Literaria" (Anglo -Norman Period), in Hardy's 
 " Catalogue," and in Lappenberg, pp. Iv.-lxii. Valuable bibli- 
 ographical statements are also given in the " Student's Hume," 
 and especially in Green's " Short History." 
 
 The most important of the original authorities are the "Saxon 
 Chronicle," Roger of Hovcden, Ingulph, Henry of Huntingdon, 
 Florence of Worcester, William of Malmesbury, Odericus Vitalis, 
 Roger of Wendovcr, William of Poitiers, and William of Ju- 
 mieges. Of these, the last four are of special value. Stubbs's 
 "Documents Illustrative," etc., with the comments of the editor, 
 is invaluable, and should constantly be within the student's 
 reach. 
 
 III. The Great Charter, and itb Influence on the Growth 
 OF Liberty. — The immediate causes of the charter are described 
 with most judicious discrimination by Stubbs in his "Constitu- 
 tional History," vol. i., pp. 513-544. The account includes a de- 
 scription of John's quarrel with the Church, of his general misgov-
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 539 
 
 ernment, of his ill-trcatmetit of the barons personally, as well as of 
 the more remarkable causes of M;iiftia Carta itself. Stiibbs's 
 "Select Charters," j)|). 2G0-298, allords the means of comparing 
 the Great Charter with others. 
 
 Thompson's "Essay on Magna Charta" contains not only an 
 English translation of the great document itself, but copies of the 
 confirmation charters, together with very full illustrative notes. 
 A careful study of pp. 159-328 will be found at once more te- 
 dious and more profitable than the study of any other authority. 
 
 Blackstonc's monograph on the charters is worthy of more 
 respect for historical merit than is the same author's more cele- 
 brated commentaries. Creasy's "Constitution," chapters xi.-xiii., • 
 gives the text of Jolm's charter in English ; also the charter as 
 confirmed in the ninth year of Ilcnry III., and a valuable dis- 
 cussion of the principles embodied in the charter as a whole. 
 Brougham, in chapter xii., has called attention to the important 
 evidence of union between the barons and the people. 
 
 Stephens's "De Lolme," vol. i., pp. 50-65, has some suggestive 
 remarks on certain fine-spun theories concerning the influence of 
 the Great Charter on legislative assemblies and borough institu- 
 tions. The same author, however, shows the real advantages of 
 the charter to the clergy, the barons, and the people, llallam, in 
 his " Middle Ages," vol. ii., p. 308 et seq., maintains that the 
 charter really " infused a new soul into the people of England," 
 and points out the advantages accruing to the cause of liberty 
 from the reign of Ilcnry III. Guizot, part ii., lecture vii., gives a 
 characteristic analysis of the most important clauses, and in lect- 
 ures viii. and ix. discusses the charters of Henry III. and Edward 
 I. This sequel to the history of the Great Charter conveys much 
 valuable information in regard to the Great Charter itself. 
 
 Lingard's account of John's reign is one of the most skilfully 
 drawn we have. Few will be able to read it without an increased 
 hatred for the meanness and the mad folly of the king. The 
 author's Catholicism clearly shows itself in his effort to exculpate 
 the monarch's whining submission to the Pope. Hume's account, 
 though written with this author's unfailing literary skill, is much 
 inferior. 
 
 The struggle for the charters after the death of John is well 
 portrayed in Stubbs, vol. ii., pp. 1-V2. A more vivid account
 
 540 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 of the alternate violation and confirmation of the charter will be 
 found in Gnizot, part ii., lectures viii. and ix. Stubbs's "Early 
 Plantagenets " is one of the most admirable of the "Epochs of 
 History" Series, and at page 151 it gives a short and clear state- 
 ment of the bar6nial quarrel and its results. Accounts of the 
 Great Charter are also given by Green, vol. iv., p. 240 ; by Turner, 
 vol. iv., p. 420; by Knight, chapter xxiii., and by the "Pictorial 
 History," vol. i., pp. 515 and 671. 
 
 Of the contemporaneous writers, Matthew Paris is much the 
 most important. The great work known commonly as " Historia 
 Major "is universally associated with his name, though it seems 
 •probable that only a portion of it is the production of his pen. 
 It is the opinion of Mr. Luard, the editor of the best edition, that 
 the narrative up to the year 1119 was the production of John de 
 Cella; that it was continued by Roger of Wendover to 1235, and 
 that from 1235 to 1259 it was exclusively the work of Matthew 
 Paris. The whole of the history was transcribed by Paris, and 
 in many places corrected and amplified. Its importance is largely 
 in the fact that it is not merely a chronicle, like the works that 
 had preceded it, but that it is the first of English works to rise 
 to something, of the dignity of history. The author shows him- 
 self an opponent of political and ecclesiastical tyranny, and a 
 warm ad\'ocate of civil rights and liberties. 
 
 Of the other contemporaneous writers, full accounts may be 
 found in ILu'dy's " Catalogue," in Wright's " Biographia Lite- 
 raria," in Luard's "Annalcs Monastici," and in Gardiner and 
 Mullinger's " Introduction." Luard's work, published in the " Rolls 
 Series," will be found of value, not only for the chronicles them- 
 selves, but for the admirable prefaces of the editor. 
 
 Wright's "Political Songs of England, from the Reign of John 
 to that of Edward II.," and Shirley's " Royal and Historical Let- 
 ters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry HI.," reveal the senti- 
 ments and opinions of different classes on the political questions 
 of the day. 
 
 IV. The Estaulishment of Representative Government. — 
 Stubbs's authority on this subject is undoubtedly the best. Chap- 
 ter V. of vol. i. contains much valuable information concerning 
 the township assemblies under the Saxons — the burh-gemots, the 
 hundred-moots, the shires, and the shirc-moots. Note especially
 
 HISTORIES 01' ENGLAND. 541 
 
 tliL' iiiacliiiK-ry of tlie courts, the noiiiiiiation and powers of tlic 
 geivfa, of the caldoniieii, and of the four best men. Tlie ques- 
 tion of double government in the shire-moot is one of intcrc^st, as 
 is also that of legislative action in the same court. The AVitcna- 
 gemot, chapter vi., p[). 118-140, must be thoroughly understood 
 before any very prolitablo examination of subsequent assemblies 
 can be made. Chapter ix., § 123, on the Magnum Concilium of 
 the Norman kings, is properly a continuation of cha})ter vi. 
 What is said on the " Assizes " of Clarendon should be read ; also 
 the description in chapter xii. of the amalgamation of races, of 
 tongues, and of institutions. On the characteristics of local rep- 
 resentation before the time of the Great Charter, useful informa- 
 tion may be obtained from the references already made to Pal- 
 gravc, Kemble, Freeman, Creasy, Guizot, and others. Chapters 
 xiv. auvl XV., vol. ii., of Stubbs, describe the parliaments in the 
 last half of the thirteenth century, and show, in a masterly man- 
 ncr, the characteristics of each. 
 
 Guizot has several very attractive lectures on this period. Es- 
 pecially to be noted arc lectures xii. and xiii. of part ii. The ad- 
 mission of shire, borough, and city members in the pavliamcnts 
 of 1-J54, 1273, and 1283 should not be overlooked. Stubbs's 
 "Select Charters" is an invaluable authority on the early parlia- 
 ments. Tauli, in his " Pictures of Old England," has reviewed 
 the parliaments of the fourteenth century. The same author's 
 " Simon de Montfort " throws much light on the motives of the 
 duke in summoning the commoners in 12G4. Prothero's " Simon 
 de Montfort" is less a biography and more a history of constitu- 
 tional changes than the book of Pauli. The chapters on the 
 revolution of 1258 and on the government of the duke arc per- 
 haps most worthy of note. 
 
 llomershain Cox's " Antient Parliamentary Elections" is a 
 very scholarly work, the preliminary chapters of which are well 
 adapted to the proper examination of the first part of this ques- 
 tion ; and chapters iii. and iv. will be found to present some novel 
 ideas on the construction of county courts before and after the 
 Conquest. Note that the author insists on the democratic char- 
 acter of the courts, and that he brings evidence to show the pres- 
 ence of villeins even in the assemblies of the Saxons. Chapters 
 v., viii., and ix. will be found especially suggestive and valuable.
 
 542 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Chapters ix. and x. of Stubbs's " Plantagcnets " contain a con- 
 cise account of the parliaments of Edward I. Freeman, in " His- 
 torical Essays," series i., essay ii., in discussing the continuity of 
 Eno-lish history, presents a contrast of the several peculiarities of 
 English, French, and German legislative institutions. The "Notes " 
 appended to part iii. of chapter viii. of Ilallam's " Middle Ages," 
 especially notes iii.-x., are of considerable value, inasmuch as they 
 correct certain errors of the text into which the author had fallen 
 in the earlier editions. The one-volume editions do not gener- 
 allv contain these invaluable notes. 
 
 Hume's treatment of De Montfort is marked by the most spite- 
 ful and unwarranted bias. Green, vol. i., book iii., contains a clear 
 treatment of the parliamentary reforms of Edward I. Milman's 
 " Latin Christianity," book ix., chapters ix. and x., gives an excel- 
 lent account of the Church at this period. The same subject 
 may be studied in detail in the lives of Stephen de Langton, Bon- 
 iface of Savoy, Edmund Rich, and Robert Winchelsey, in Dean 
 Hook's " Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury." The general 
 effects of the policy of Pope Boniface VHL on the condition of 
 England and the other countries of Europe are considered in 
 Milman's '' Latin Christianity," book xi., chapters vii., viii., and ix. 
 
 Of original authorities, Hardy's " Catalogue " gives the most 
 complete information down to the year 1327. Gardiner and Mul- 
 linger's " Litroduction " also gives a clew to the most important 
 sources. 
 
 V. The Development of Representative Institutions. — 
 The history of the House of Commons is the distinctive feature 
 of the history of England during the fourteenth century. On 
 this, as on previous topics, the best single authority is that of 
 Stubbs. Chapter xviii. gives to the knights of the shire due 
 praise as the true upholders of national right, and explains the 
 reciprocal action of the principles of constitutional freedom and 
 the counter-principles of royal prerogative. Note also the checks 
 on royal abuses, through the impeachment of 1376, as well as 
 tiirqugh the tightening of the vulgar clutch on the purse-strings. 
 The history of petitions, the evasions of royal promises, tlie grow- 
 ing freedom of discussion, and the influence of legislation on the 
 nobility and clergy arc all treated with the author's characteristic 
 good judgment.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 543 
 
 The subject is also well treated by Green, in vol. i., book iv., of 
 his larger " History." The importance of tlic union of knights 
 and burjfcsscs is pointed out, and the etfect of the wars of Etlward 
 III. on the powers of Parliament is set forth. The observing 
 reader will note the growing weakness of the baronage and cler- 
 gy, and the growing strength of the Commons, as well as the re- 
 sult of a limitation of the suflrage. 
 
 Cox's "Antient I'arliamentary Elections" throws much light 
 on this question. It clears up completely the disputed question 
 as to the early nature of county suflFrage. Quotations and ex- 
 tremely useful inferences from petitions, writs, statutes, etc., are 
 given concerning the parliaments between 1327 and 1485, Note 
 the two important questions on p. 148. 
 
 Longman's "Life and Times of Edward IIL" vol. i., chapter xix., 
 treats skilfully of domestic legislation. The exclusion of lawyers 
 from Parliament is pointed out. Of especial importance are chap- 
 ters v., X., and xiii. The paper in the first series of Freeman's 
 "Historical Essays" on the French wars of Edward IIL and 
 Henry V. is the best general review and criticism of England's 
 Continental polic}'. 
 
 In (iuizot, part ii., lectures xiv., xv., and xvi., is an examination 
 of the electoral system of the fourteenth century. Beginning with 
 the separation of the houses of Parliament, the author reviews 
 the wliole life of representation until the accession of Henry ^'II. 
 This is the most interesting and pliilosopliieal treatment of the 
 subject accessible to the student ; but it should be read in connec- 
 tion with one of the more recent authorities, for the correction of 
 certain errors of detail. 
 
 Hallani's account in part iii. of chapter viii. will be found useful, 
 if road in connection with Notes iii., viii., ix., xi. In Freeman's 
 " Historical Essays," series i., essay v., the author calls attention to 
 the accidental growth of parliamentary power, as aided by the use- 
 less victories and territorial losses of Edward IIL Brougham, in 
 chapter xiii. of his " British Constitution," has some suggestive 
 pages on the careless preparation of acts of Parliament, the even 
 tenor of constitutional government, and the irregularity of baronial 
 and plebeian influence upon the acts of the crown. Creasy's ac- 
 count is concise, but clear. The development of the Commons 
 is also treated, but not in a very satisfactory manner, by Lingard,
 
 544 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Knight, and Hume. Ranke's account, in vol. i., pp. 74-96, is of 
 more real value, as it indicates the influence on domestic institu- 
 tions of foreign complications. Brougham's " History of England 
 under the House of Lancaster " is a useful sketch, though it is 
 not without the faults of the author's other historical writings. 
 Much more valuable are the works of Gairdner on "liichard HI." 
 and on the " Houses of York and Lancaster." Wallon's " Richard 
 IL" is the best authority on the life of that monarch. 
 
 "Wyclifs Select English Works," edited by T. Arnold, 3 
 vols., 1871, and "The English Works of Wyclif, hitherto un- 
 printed," edited by F. D. Matthew, and published in 1880, are not 
 only admirable specimens of early English, but are also of consid- 
 erable historical value. Wright's "• Political Poems and Songs, 
 from Edward HL to Henry VHL" will both interest and instruct. 
 
 The most important of the original authorities are in the pub- 
 lications of the Master of the Rolls. Fabyan's " New Chronicles," 
 however, are worthy of mention as the massive and dull writings 
 of a contemporaneous London alderman. His musty pages give 
 much information in regard to the city, and a little in regard to 
 the country as a whole. His partialities for the Lancastrian House 
 were very strong. Sir Thomas Morc's " History of Richard HL," 
 though not precisely an original authority, set a seal upon the 
 name of that monarch which no subsequent investigation lias 
 been able to break. Fenn's "Paston Letters" are among the 
 most interesting relics of this age. These letters passed between 
 members of a family of some note, and treat of all subjects. The 
 prefaces in Gairdner's edition are especially interesting and val- 
 uable. Sir John Fortescue's " De Laudibus Legum Angliai " is 
 of great importance as showing the manner in which the king's 
 chancellor regarded the limitations of the king's power. Chap- 
 ters xvii.-xix. arc of especial value. The popular feeling of Eng- 
 land during this period is best shown, perhaps, in Wright's "Po- 
 litical Songs, from Edward HL to Richard HL" The other au- 
 thorities are named in " Student's Hume," p. 240, and in Green, 
 vol. i., p. 375, and in Gardiner and Miillinger's " Litroduction," 
 part ii., chapters v. and vi. 
 
 VL The Relations of Monarch and People during the 
 Reign of the Tudors. — The great authority of Stubbs now 
 fails us, but we are not without some compensation in the supe-
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 545 
 
 riority of Ilallam's "Constitutional History" over his "Middle 
 Ages." The judicious student will always retain some measure 
 of fondness for this author, on account of his unswerving impar- 
 tiality. The various questions involved in this subject are com- 
 prehensively treated in the first five chapters of vol. i. And 
 no part of this treatment can safely be omitted. The subtle dis- 
 tinctions and contrary inlluences embodied in the statute of fines, 
 the exaction of benevolences, the statutes of treason, the creation 
 of boroughs, the force of royal proclamations, are all wurthy of 
 the most thoughtful attention. 
 
 Hume, in ap{)endix iii. of vol. v., labors to show that England 
 was in a state of serfdom under the reign of Elizabeth, giving as 
 the basis of his authority some instances of ancient royal prerog- 
 atives exercised by the queen. Having read this account, with a 
 fitting reserve of confidence in Hume, the student should turn to 
 Brodie's "Constitutional History," vol. i., chapter ii., and witness 
 the flagellation of the more famous historian at the hands of his 
 brother Scot. 
 
 Brougham, in chapter xiv., sots forth with great power the sub- 
 serviency of Parliament to the first of the Tudors ; also the some- 
 what progressive attitude of liberty under Elizabeth. Russell, in 
 his "English Government and Constitution," points out with 
 great clearness and force, in chapter i., the elements of freedom 
 under the Tudors, and in chapter v. the elements of Elizabeth's 
 success. 
 
 Froude shows the temper of Parliament in its relation to the 
 power of the crown, in vol. i., p. 209 ; vol. iv., p. 150. The anxi- 
 ety of the crown in regard to general elections, and the signifi- 
 cance of that anxiety, may be gathered from vol. iii., p. 374. The 
 monarch's fear of Parliament is well shown in vols. x. and xi. 
 
 Forster, in his "Biographical and Historical Essays," vol. i., pp. 
 212-227, has given a very able analysis of the character of par- 
 liamentary action under the Tudors. The most potent cause of 
 the peculiar despotism that prevailed — namely, the faintness of 
 leaders — is pointed out with proper emphasis. 
 
 Freeman, in his "English Constitution," pp. 98-105, draws an 
 interesting comparison between William I. and Henry VHf. The 
 second volume of Green treats chiefly of the Tudor government. 
 The influence of Thomas Cromwell in the development of Parlia- 
 
 35
 
 546 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 ment is shown at p. 197; and tlie movement towards liberty in 
 the reign of Elizabeth at p. 354. 
 
 On the condition of political, religious, and social affairs during 
 the period of the Reformation, Blunt's " Reformation in Eng- 
 land," Dixon's "History of the Church of England," and Ha- 
 weis's " Sketches of the Reformation " are of much value. 
 
 In volume ii. of the "Pictorial History" is to be found an 
 eminently legal discussion of the constitution and laws under the 
 Tudors. The argument is founded on the statutes of the period. 
 
 Stephens's De Lolme, vol. i., p. 151 et seq., shows the degrada- 
 tion and servility of parliaments during the whole of this period. 
 The significance of Mary's interference with elections is pointed 
 out. The concluding words of Guizot's " Representative Govern- 
 ment " are of importance. Lingard takes the same general posi- 
 tions as Hume. In the first chapter of Macaulay's " History " some 
 twenty pages are devoted to a description of the canny tempera- 
 ment of the Tudors, their confidence in discretion, and their will- 
 ingness to yield when surrender was necessary. The same au- 
 thor's essay on Nares's "Life of Burleigh" is a very interesting 
 discussion of certain phases of the question. 
 
 Lists of the original authorities, with brief characterizations, 
 may be found in " Student's Hume," pp. 240 and 367 ; Green, 
 vol. fi., p. 195 ; and Bright, vol. ii., p. iii. From tliis period the 
 authorities become so numerous that it is not easy to indicate the 
 most important without extending the list beyond proper limits. 
 They may readily be found in the authors named, or, better still, 
 in Gardiner and Mullinger's "Introduction to the Study of Eng- 
 lish History." 
 
 VII. TeIE GOVEIINMENT FROM THE ACCESSION OF JaMES I. 
 
 TO THE End of the Civil War. — Forster's " Biography of Sir 
 John Eliot" is perhaps the most useful book on the early years 
 of this period. The work is so arranged as to afford easy access 
 to what the reader wants. The celebrated speeches of the patriot 
 will be read with great interest and advantage. 
 
 On tlie personal characteristics of James, and liis relations with 
 his ministers, Dalrymple's "Memorials" is of importance. In 
 Harris's " Lives of the Stuarts," curious information on the same 
 subject may also be found. 
 
 Another work of supreme importance on this period is Mack-
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 547 
 
 intosh, Courtenay, and Forstci's "J>iitUli Statesmen.'' In vol. ii. 
 is a valuable life of Wentwoitli, and a good account of that min- 
 ister's policy of " Tlnji-ongli " in Ireland. The sketches in the 
 same volume of Pym and Hampden arc also important. Note 
 especially Pym's speeches. 
 
 In Forster's " Historical and r.ioi,n'aphical Essays," vol. i., pp. 
 2:i8-239, is a strong portrait of the weak character of James I. 
 
 Bisset's "Struggle for Parliamentary (jrovernmcnt " is one of 
 the latest and best authorities. The first chapter shows the real 
 nature of the attempt to reduce the people to slavery. The four 
 chapters which immediately follow cover the period of the first 
 four parliaments of Charles I., and explain the unconstitutionality 
 of the government of Laud and Stratford. 
 
 Gardiner's great work on this period is the latest and most 
 trustworthy of all general authorities, and on every phase of the 
 great struggle should, if possible, be consulted. The two volumes 
 on " I'rincc Charles and the Spanish Marriage " are not so impor- 
 tant as those which follow; but in vol. i., pp. 176-209, the condi- 
 tion of James's finances is well explained. Other passages of im- 
 portance will be found by consulting the table of contents. Es- 
 pecially worthy of note is the account of the Parliament of 1G21, 
 given on the first pages of the second volume. In the first chap- 
 ters of this author's "England under the Duke of Buckingham 
 and Charles" is a judicious account of the connection between 
 parliamentary difliiculties in the last years of James and the early 
 difticulties of Charles. The description of the several parliaments 
 given in these volumes is of great importance. The volumes on 
 the "Personal Government of Charles" bear particularly on the 
 later years embraced in this question. It is not easy to designate 
 the most important chapters. In vol. ii., chapter x., Wentworth's 
 Irish policy is described. Note that this author differs from 
 Forstcr in regard to some of the facts of this administration. 
 
 Kanke's "History" is of great value on this subject; not so 
 much for the new facts he brings to light as for the fairness 
 of his judgment, the scholarly nature of his deductions, and the 
 unrivalled general knowledge of this century which lie brings 
 to bear on all English questions. As a good illustration of the 
 author's methods, see book vi., chapters ii., iv., and v., on the criti- 
 cal relations of Scotland and France.
 
 548 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 In the first volume of Masson's "Life of Milton" is a good 
 account of the Short Parliament and of the events just before the 
 Long Parliament. 
 
 Guizot's " History of the English Revolution " will not fail to 
 be found agreeable. The account which he gives at the opening of 
 the work of the two opposing revolutions is very suggestive and 
 of great importance. The sketches of events in the parliaments 
 of Charles are also very excellent in their way. 
 
 Disraeli, in his "Commentaries on the Life and Reign of 
 Charles L," is the most valorous champion history has ever fur- 
 nished the unlucky king. The beauty of his style and the fervor 
 of liis passion are such that the reader's judgment is in some dan- 
 ger of being carried by storm. The chapters most worthy of 
 note are chapters xxxii. in vol. i., on the queen's influence over 
 the king's conduct, and chapters ix. and x. of vol. ii., on the influ- 
 ence of Richelieu over Charles L For the rest, the book is a 
 warm vindication of the royal claims to sympathy. 
 
 Of the essays on this period, those of Bayne, in his " Chief 
 Actors of the Puritan Revolution," are among the most worthy 
 of note. Chapter ii. is a very bright account of James L The 
 pictures of the Anglo-Catholic reaction, of Henrietta Maria, and 
 of Charles are full of the keenest thought and most genial 
 humor. 
 
 Macaulay's essays on ITallam and Hampden are of the utmost 
 interest. Professor Goldwin Smith's essay on Pym, in his "Three 
 ilnglish Statesmen," is excellent. In J. B. Mozley's "Essays" 
 (2 vols., 1878) are to be found very important papers on Straf- 
 ford, Laud, and Cromwell, written from the royalist point of view. 
 Bisset's " Essays on Historical Truth " contains several papers of 
 value from a firm advocate of the Revolutionary party. 
 
 On the later years embraced in the question, Carlyle's " Crom- 
 well," Forstcr's " Arrest of the Five Members " and " Grand Re- 
 monstrance," the latter in vol. i. of " Historical and Biographical 
 Essays," arc of the greatest importance. 
 
 In vol. i. of "Milt(jn's Prose Works," Bohn's edition, are to be 
 found three powerful replies to the defenders of the king. His 
 reply to Salmasius is bitter and coarse, and his " Eikonoclastes " 
 is a singular combination of Puritanic disdain and sarcasm, aimed 
 at the unreasoning worshippers of " EikOn BasilikO," because it
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 549 
 
 was supposed to bo a kind's book, 'riicro is no more suggestive 
 comiiieiitary on tlic spirit that generally prevailed than that afford- 
 ed by the brutal feroeity of this givat poet's political writings. 
 
 Hallam's treatment of this period is marked by the judicious 
 fairness wliicli he always observes, though lie wrote before the 
 fruitful investigations of the last twenty-tive years had been made. 
 
 Of the accounts in the general histories, that of Green is the 
 best ; that of Knight is next in importance. Lingard's fondness 
 for royal methods and hatred of fanaticism incline him to the 
 side of despotism, though evidently, in his opinion, James and 
 Charles were despots of a bad kind. Hume, as an authority on 
 this period, is worthless. Clarendon is the great original source 
 of information for the later years included in the question ; but 
 if he is made use of, he should be read in connection with Bayne's 
 essay, or, better still, the 'masterly analysis of his qualities in vol. 
 vi. of llanke's "History." 
 
 The debates in Parliament during this period are of the first 
 importance ; but they have nowhere been collected in a single 
 work. Some of the speeches may be found in volume i. of the 
 " Parliamentary History;" others in the collections by liushworth, 
 Whitelock, and May. Several volumes of original notes on the 
 debates between 1610 and 1629 have been collected and edited 
 by S. R. Gardiner, and published by the Camden Society. May's 
 " History of the Long Parliament" is a standard authority, and 
 contains reports of many of the speeches ; but many of them are 
 more fully given in the " Notes "*of Sir Ralph Yerney, edited by 
 John l>ruce, and published by the Camden Society. 
 
 The other authorities on the period are generally less impor- 
 tant, though they are very numerous, and some on special points 
 are of great consequence. The student who would pursue the 
 subject into a more thorough examination of original sources will 
 find an ample account of the materials in chapter vii. of Gardiner 
 and Mullinger's *' Introduction." 
 
 YHI. IInglaxd under the Rule of Cromwell. — Carlyle's 
 "Cromwell" was written on the principle that every man is en- 
 titled to be lieard before he is condemned. The work, therefore, 
 is made up chiefly of the Protector's letters and speeches. These 
 arc tacked together by Carlyle in his inimitable manner, but in 
 such a way as to make a continuous narrative. It is scarcely too
 
 550 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 mncli to say that this book revolutionized public opinion concern- 
 ing Oliver Cromwell. Certainly it is the most important of all 
 authorities on this subject, and should be studied at every point, 
 whether its opinions and conclusions are adopted or not. 
 
 Of especial importance are the accounts of the Irish campaign 
 in the first volume, and of the Protector's policy in England in 
 the second. See also the speeches on the second parliament and 
 on the kingship. 
 
 Forster, in vol. vi. of "British Statesmen," gives another and a 
 very different view of Cromwell's character and statesmanship. At 
 p. 148 this same author gives his views on the origin of Cromwell's 
 greatness ; at p. 190, on his statesmanship ; and at p. 236, on his 
 opinions concerning the establishment of a republic. The same 
 author's essays on the " Civil Wars and Oliver Cromwell," in " His- 
 torical and Biographical Essays," vol. i., is another presenta,tion of 
 essentially the same views. The aspects of Cromwell's character as 
 presented by Guizot and Carlyle ai-e well discussed, pp. 280-287. 
 
 Guizot's " History of the Revolution," followed by the " His- 
 tory of England under Cromwell,'' will be found generally one of 
 the most judicious and useful authorities. The history is admira- 
 bly impartial, but at times the author's information was not com- 
 plete. As an example, compare his account of the Irish massa- 
 cre with that of Carlyle and Prcndergast. 
 
 On the complications and difficulties in Ireland, the best ac- 
 counts arc to be found in Graham's " Annals," covering the period 
 from 1641 to 1653 ; in Cox's " Hibernia Anglicana;" and in War- 
 ner's "History of the Rebellion of 1641." The Roman Catholic 
 view may be obtained from Lingard, and from the " History of 
 Ireland "*l)y MacGeoghegan. The American edition of O'llallo- 
 ran's " History " also contains a continuation that embraces this 
 period. Temple, Borlace, and Clarendon are entirely untrust- 
 worthy. On the Cromwellian settlement, Prcndergast is the latest 
 and best authority. 
 
 Ranke's opinions are entitled to great weight. In vol. iii. arc 
 to be found the author's views of the dissolution of the Long 
 Parliament and the formation of the Runip. Note that, in vol. 
 v., p. 517, Rankc gives another version of the April speech of 1657 
 which so staggered Carlyle. Ranke understands the speech as a 
 positive refusal of the kingship.
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 551 
 
 Brodic, in vol. iii. of liis " History," gives an elaborate account 
 of the early coniinoinvcaltli and of the Irish ditliculties. The 
 work, however, was written too early to contain the results of re- 
 cent researches. On the earlier periods liis authority is more im- 
 portant. In chapters iii. and iv. of vol. ii., the fearful state of Eng- 
 land and Ireland is well set forth. The first four chapters of vol. 
 iii. contain one of the most satisfactory accounts of the Solemn 
 League and Covenant (p. 80) ; of the Self-denying Ordinance (p. 
 151); of Naseby and the capture of the king's letters (p. 181); 
 and of the king's last days (chapter iv.). 
 
 Bissct's "Commonwealth " is one of the latest and most care- 
 fully written books on the subject. By consulting the contents, 
 the grounds of the author's unfavorable estimate of Cromwell 
 may be easily ascertained. The same author's " Struggle for 
 Parliamentary Government" is an able presentation of the justice 
 of parliamentary dealings, and is one of the most valuable books 
 on this whole subject. 
 
 Bayne's " Chief Actors " shows admirably the casuistry, the 
 double-dealing, and the folly of the king in his relations with the 
 Long Parliament and the Grand Remonstrance. 
 
 As on the previous period, the great champion of the royal 
 party is Isaac Disraeli. On p. 205 of vol. i. is a valuable exam- 
 ination of various statements concerning the Army Plot. The 
 author uses with great force the Scotch letter to Louis XIII., vol. 
 i., p. 254. Chapter xxv., " Who Began the Wars," and chapter 
 xxxvi., on the letter intercepted by Cromwell and Ireton, arc am- 
 ply worth examination. 
 
 llallam's treatment of the subject is vitiated by the erroneous 
 notion with which the author was haunted, that constitutional 
 forms and methods must be observed even after the outbreak of 
 the Civil War; whereas the Civil War was a confession that con- 
 stitutional forms were inadequate. 
 
 Smith's " Three English Statesmen " gives an adipiring ac- 
 count of Cromwell. Godwin's " Commonwealth " is a very elabo- 
 rate and intemperate defence of Cromwell's methods and policy. 
 The closing chapter of vol. iv. gives an analysis of the period and 
 of the career of the Protector. 
 
 Prendergast's " CromwcUian Settlement in Ireland " is a useful 
 book on a dismal subject. The whole of the work may be read
 
 552 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 with profit. The latest contribution to the literature of this sub- 
 ject is "A Contemporary History of Affairs in Ireland from 1641 to 
 1652 ;" edited by J. T. Gilbert, and published by the Irish Archaeo- 
 logical and Celtic Society, 1879-80. The new evidence tends to 
 convict Charles I. of complicity with the Irish Catholics, in order to 
 secure their assistance against his own Parliament. Bisset's "Com- 
 monwealth " should be consulted on the same subject. Fronde's 
 " Ireland in the Eighteenth Century " deals with this period in 
 his first four chapters with the author's characteristic brilliancy. 
 Lingard adopts certain erroneous reports concerning the massa- 
 cres, which are corrected by Carlyle and Prendergast. Macaulay's 
 " Speeches," vol. ii., p. 176, gives the author's views on the state 
 of Ireland. On the same subject see also the same author's es- 
 say on " Sir William Temple." 
 
 Of the general histories. Green and Knight will be found most 
 serviceable. In Knight, vol. v., chapter xiv., the general fruits of 
 the Civil War are pointed out. Neal's " History of the Puritans," 
 vol. ii., part iv., chapters i.-iii., and May's "Democracy in Eu- 
 rope," vol. ii., pp. 438-451, and the last three volumes of Masson's 
 "Life and Times of Milton," may be consulted with profit. 
 
 IX. The Revolution of 1688. — A proper consideration of 
 this event must include a survey of the reaction under Charles II. 
 and James II. 
 
 Guizot's " Life of Monk " gives the most interesting and most 
 valuable account of the conditions which led to the Restoration. 
 The anarchy of the protectorate of Richard Cromwell is well por- 
 trayed in vol. v., book iii., of Masson's "Life and Times of Mil- 
 ton." 
 
 Consult also Rankc, vol. iii., book xiv., chapter i. ; also the in- 
 troduction to book xiii. These passages arc valuable not only as 
 a description of the antagonistic elements which convulsed the 
 nation at Cromwell's death, but also as indicating the grounds of 
 Lambert's, failure, of Monk's success, and of the king's recall. 
 
 The tone of public opinion at the time of the Restoration is 
 best described in Vaughan's "Stuart Dynasty," vol. ii., pp. 266- 
 296, and in the "Diaries" of Evelyn and Pepys. The political 
 and social condition of affairs under Charles II. may be gathered 
 from chapter ii. of Macaulay's " History," and from liis essay 
 on "The Comic Dramatists of the Restoration."
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 5.53 
 
 This satnc oluqui-nt writer is the j^resit aiitliority on the reiifii 
 of James II. and the Kevokitioii. His famous third chapter may 
 well be read for a knowledt^e of the condition of the country. In 
 vol. ii., chapter x., may be found a description of the necessity of 
 the Revolution. The remarkable nature of the movement is made 
 clear, and the quiet but mighty chanoe in public sentiment is de- 
 lineated with masterly skill. The Bill of Rights, the Corporation 
 Bill, the origin of the land-tax, the prevalence of parliamentary 
 corruption, projects of parliamentary reform, the bill on high- 
 treason, the Mutiny Act, and the origin of the public debt, all re- 
 ceive the studied attention of his magic pen. 
 
 But the most important of all the great changes resulting from 
 the Revolution was the introduction of a true ministerial govern- 
 ment, the real nature of whicli is explained in vol. iv., chapter xx. 
 Rankc brings liis judicial methods to a careful consideration of 
 the reforms attempted by ^ViHiam in vol. iv., book xix., chapter 
 iii. The position of parties (vol. v., book xx., chapter v.) and 
 the financial condition of the country (book xx., chapter vi.) are 
 discussed in a manner worthy of note. In the study of Macau- 
 lay the student will find some advantage in consulting AV. E. For- 
 stcr's "William Pcnn and Thomas B. Macaulay ;" and the "New 
 Exaraen into Passages of Lord Macaulay's History,'' a later and 
 more extended criticism by John Paget. 
 
 In the first pages of Stanhope's "Reign of Queen Anne" is a 
 l)rief but well-drawn sketch of the relation of AVilliam to his par- 
 liaments during the last years of his reign. Stanhope was a Tory 
 in sympathy, and his account, therefore, was less favorable to 
 William. 
 
 Mackintosh's fragment on the Revolution gives a good account 
 of the causes of the uprising; and in the rather bad continuation 
 of it there is a good review of parties in 1088. Macaulay's essay 
 on " Mackintosh's History " names concisely the benefits spring- 
 ing from the Revolution, and explains the secret of the seventv 
 years of Wliiggism that ensued. 
 
 Cooke's "History of Party" contains a very valuable account 
 of the AVhigs and Tories during the Revolutionary period- Chap- 
 ter ii. and chapters xvi.-xix. delineate the party views in the Con- 
 vention Parliament, and the history of changes in the methods of 
 administration.
 
 55 i HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Disraeli's " Vindication of the EngUsli Constitution " was writ- 
 ten two years before the author entered Parliament, and aims to 
 show that the tendency of Whiggisra, from William III. to George 
 III., was towards oligarchical government. Consult pp. 168-188 
 for the gist of the work. The author stoutly maintains that the 
 Whigs were " odious to the people ;" that the Tories were re- 
 formed, under the happy influence of Bolingbroke, so as to be 
 the real defenders of the popular interests. 
 
 Bolingbroke's works, though they relate chiefly to the period 
 which follows, may be consulted with profit. The most impor- 
 tant are the letters on "Parties" and the political "Tracts." 
 
 In Canning's " Speeches," vol. iv., pp. 363-373, is to be found 
 a curious and interesting passage on the monarch's right to inter- 
 fere with elections. The notes especially are exceedingly curious. 
 
 Burke's famous "Appeal from the New Whigs to the Old" 
 ("Works," vol. iv., pp. 120-151) contains a very valuable series 
 of extracts from the Whigs of 1688, and throws much light on 
 the doctrines held. 
 
 May's " Constitutional History," vol. ii., chapters vii.-ix., gives 
 a clear account of the rise of parliamentary control over the reve- 
 nue ; of the development and influence of parties ; of the growth 
 of the freedom of the press after the Revolution ; and of the con- 
 nection between religion and politics during the struggle for re- 
 ligious liberty. Hallara, in chapter xvi., describes the features of 
 Whig and Tory principles. Creasy, pp. 280-309, has given a 
 good outline of the constitutional fruits of the Revolution. Green's 
 account in vol. iv. is very able, though it seems to have been more 
 liastily prepared than the earlier portions of his work. That of 
 Knight, in vols. iv. and v., though less valuable, will, if read with 
 judicious omissions, give some insight into the character of the 
 struggle. 
 
 Of the contemporaneous writings the most worthy of note are, 
 Burnet's " History of His Own Time ;" the " Memoirs " by Sir 
 William Temple; the "Diaries" of Evelyn, Pepys, Luttrell, and 
 Burton; the "Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland" by Sir 
 John Dalrymple ; and the " Autobiography " of Ricliard Baxter. 
 Descriptions of other works of greater or less importance may 
 b(! f<»uiid in chapter viii. of Gardiner and Muliingcr's "Introduc- 
 ti(;n."
 
 lUSTOUlES OF ENGLAND. 555 
 
 X. The Struggles of Partv Government in the Eigh- 
 teenth Century. — The great apostle of Toryism is Boliiigbruke, 
 aiul his works arc the arsi'iial from wliicli all tlic Later Tories have 
 drawn the best of their ammunition. The letters on the "Spirit 
 of Patriotism," the " Idea of a Patriot Kinj;," and the " State of 
 Parties on the Accession of Kini^ George I." are the most famous 
 and the most important. In addition to these, the series of nine- 
 teen letters on "Parties," and tlie volume of "Tracts," all deal on 
 this general subject. The student will do well not to read the.sc 
 works until he has made himself familiar with the most impor- 
 tant political events of the reigns of Anne and the first two 
 Georges. But after the reading of Bright or Green, or, better 
 still, Stanhope and Mahon, Bolingbroke may be studied with the 
 greatest profit. Probably the "Idea of a Patriot King" is the 
 ablest exposition of the principles of Toryism ever produced. 
 
 Somewhat inferior in importance, but even more interesting as 
 illustrative of the spirit of the times, are the works of Swift. 
 The "Journal to Stella," the " History of the Four Last Years of 
 Queen Anne's Keign," and the pamphlet " On the Conduct of 
 the Allies" are especially worthy of note. The imputations he 
 casts on his political enemies arc of the darkest kind ; his descrip- 
 tions of his friends are ecjually extravagant in their praise. The 
 criticisms on Clarendon and Burnet are of especial interest. 
 
 The same general views as those of Bolingbroke are advocated 
 in the political works of Disraeli. The most notewoi'thy of these 
 are the "Vindication of the English Constitution" and the politi- 
 cal " Memoir of Lord Bentinck." These works, however, will be 
 found interesting only to those who are familiar with the leading 
 facts of which they treat. In " Coningsby " and " Sybil " the au- 
 thor has developed the same ideas in the political talk of his 
 leading characters. 
 
 The doctrines of the Whigs, on the other hand, are best ex- 
 pounded by Burke, Macaulay, and Cooke. Burke's " Ai)peal " 
 (" Works," vol. iv., p, 120) is perhaps the most concise exposition 
 of the doctrines of the Whigs at different periods of their his- 
 tory. Macaulay's works abound in discussions that will throw 
 light on the subject. These, too numerous for reference here, 
 may be found by consulting the index of his works. 
 
 Cooke's " History of Party," though written from an avowed
 
 556 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Whig point of view, will be found of great service. That portion 
 of the work which treats of the period from the death of William 
 III. to the accession to power of the younger Pitt should be care- 
 fully studied. 
 
 Lord Holland's " Memoirs of the Whig Party," with some rub- 
 bish, contains much that is at least suggestive. In vol.ii.,pp. 84-91, 
 he explains how business used to be done in the British cabinet. 
 "On the old methods of cabinet-making light is also thrown by 
 Buckingham's " Memoirs," vol. i., p. 215. 
 
 Lecky's " England in the Eighteenth Century," vol. i., chapter ii., 
 gives a somewhat critical account of the AVhig party, and of legis- 
 lation under it, before its overthrow on the accession of George 
 III. Lecky's pages should be carefully studied. 
 
 The most important of the histories of England during the 
 period of this struggle is that of Mahon. In the first pages of 
 his work he gives an account of the state of parties, comparing 
 the Whigs and Tories ; and again, in vol. v., chapter xliv., he 
 passes the same parties under review. The positions here taken 
 have been examined and opposed by Macaulay in his essay on 
 " Stanhope's War of the Spanish Succession." 
 
 Ilallam, at the beginning of chapter xvi., has given a statement 
 of the essential doctrines of Whigs and Tories and of the changes 
 in each of the parties. 
 
 May's " Constitutional History " is of great importance in the 
 study of this question. In the first pages of the work is a sketch 
 of the influence of the sovereign since the Revolution, of minis- 
 terial responsibility, and of the strong government of the Whigs. 
 In chapter viii. is an admirable account of the growtli and develop- 
 ment of parties, both before and after the Revolution. 
 
 The change from the old methods to the new is portrayed in a 
 masterly manner by Trevelyan in chapters ii.-iv. of his "Early 
 History of Charles James Fox." Nowhere else arc the corrup- 
 tions of the old methods, and the follies of the policy of George 
 HI., so graphically and powerfully described. As a picture of the 
 English government just after the middle of the last century, the 
 first half of this work probably has no equal. 
 
 Russell's "Life of Fox," though much less suggestive and less 
 skilfully written than Trevelyan's, is fuller and not without impor- 
 tance. Chapters xix. and xx. describe tlje great contest of 1784,
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 557 
 
 when inaiiy of the |)rinci[)les wlilcli now control the comiuct of 
 cabinet and Parliament were established. 
 
 To one who is familiar with the principal events of that period 
 the " Letters of Junius" will be of much value; to all others, un- 
 interesting and pointless. The jneaning and character of the ex- 
 cited contest over Wilkes are best given by Trevelyan. 
 
 Walpole's "Letters" will afford unfailing entertainment to the 
 reader; and will leave a very singular impression on the mind 
 concerning the political practices of the time. Macaulay's essay 
 on "\Val[)ole is considered one of his most successful. The essays 
 on Chatham are also valuable contributions to the literature of 
 the period. Hunt's " History of Religious Thought," vol. iii., 
 and Leslie Stephen's "History of English Thought in the Eigh- 
 teenth Century," have to do especially with religious opinions, and 
 the growth of that element of socpticisin which came at last to 
 appear so prominent. 
 
 XL The Establishment and Development of Cabinet Gov- 
 eUnment. — Todd's "Parliamentary Government in England" is 
 very exhaustive in its methods of treatment; and, on the whole, 
 in spite of some diffuseness, will probably be found the most sat- 
 isfactory authority. Li vol. i., chapter iii., is a sketch of the sev- 
 eral administrations from 1782 to 18GG. Ministerial responsi- 
 bility is well explained, pp. 169-174; the selection of ministers, 
 pp. 210-233. Li chapters i.-iv, is to be found a somewhat compre- 
 hensive consideration of the whole subject; but the student must 
 guard against losing himself in the discussion of the early coun- 
 cils in chapter i. 
 
 Hearn's " Government of England" will be found useful ; chap- 
 ters vii.-ix. are especially to be commended. The works to which 
 Hearn refers, especially Peel's speeches, may well be consulted. 
 May's " Constitutional History " is, in fact, a history of England 
 under cabinet government. The only American edition contain- 
 ing the author's supplementary chapter is that of 1880. The 
 whole of the work is so important that it is difficult to discrimi- 
 nate between the merits of the several chapters; but [)robably 
 chapters vii. and viii. will be found the most useful. 
 
 Taswell-Langmead's " Constitutional History,'' chapters xvi. and 
 xvii., gives an account somewhat more condensed and more 
 conveniently arranged than that of May, though the work reveals 
 less abilitv.
 
 558 HISTORICAL LITERATUEE. 
 
 Trevelyan's " Early History of Fox," chapters ii.-iv., gives a 
 wonderfully interesting account of the government under the old 
 Whig regime. The ensuing pages of the same work give the 
 best view of the transfer from the old methods to the new. 
 
 Bagehot's " English Constitution " is invaluable for its ingen- 
 ious suggestions and brilliant generalizations. The author makes 
 une or two mistakes in his introduction, touching American affairs, 
 with which, of course, he was less thoroughly informed ; but the 
 work, in general, may be relied upon as most trustworthy. It is a 
 book of principles and discussions rather than of facts ; but it is 
 one of the most valuable, as it is certainly the most interesting, of 
 all works on the nature of the English government. 
 
 A book of a very different nature is Cox's " Institutions of the 
 English Government." It is the work of an eminent barrister 
 rather than of a brilliant essayist. On the councils of the crown, 
 chapter x. of book i., p. 222, will be found one of the best ac- 
 counts, and one which will yield to careful stud}^ the best results. 
 
 In Freeman's " Essays," first series, p. 383, is to be found an in- 
 teresting description of the essential differences between cabinet 
 government and presidential govei'nment. The same author, in 
 "Comparative Politics," p. 183, shows the importance of distin- 
 guishing between kingly dignity and kingly power. 
 
 Burke, in vol. v., pp. 1-63, has discoursed on the subject of the 
 essential nature of party government with great learning and 
 power; and, though the strength of the paper is marred by its 
 intense controversial spirit, it will be found suggestive and valua- 
 ble. See, especially at p. 57, the author's views of the princi- 
 ples that should govern the minority in Parliament. 
 
 Doubleday's "Political Life of Peel," vol. ii.'pp. 411-430, gives 
 an admirable example of the manner in which a skilful parliamen- 
 tary leader may control Parliament. The same characteristics are 
 revealed in chapters xiii. and xiv. of Guizot's " Memoirs of Peel," 
 where the changing spirit of English politics under Peel's influ- 
 ence is forcibly brought out. 
 
 Macaulay, " Speeches," vol. i., pp. 1 TC-IBG, treats with his char- 
 acteristic ability, of the resignation of ministers, and of the cir- 
 cumstances under which they are expected to retire. 
 
 Sir George C. Lewis's " Essays on the Administrations of 
 Great Britain from 1783 to 1830 " are among the most profitable
 
 IIISTOUIES OF ENGLAND. 559 
 
 sources of information. The author was one of the wisest as well 
 as one of the most learned men of the last generation. At j). 
 95 is to be found a striking comparison of the old Wliig and 
 Tory parties, and at p. 290 a neat showing of how far a cabinet 
 is responsible, and how far it is not. 
 
 Brougham's "Autobiography," V(j1. iii., pp. 49-149, gives inter- 
 esting details of cabinet-making from 1830 to 1833. Note espe- 
 cially what the author says of the methods by wliich it was pro- 
 posed to overcome the opposition of the House of Lords. 
 
 Eaton's " Civil Service in Jlngland " traces the method by 
 which the old corrupt practices have been replaced by the ad- 
 mirable service of tlie present day. Chapters may be selected 
 at will, though the whole volume would be a useful revelation to 
 every American student. 
 
 The colonial governments subordinate to Great Britain are 
 best described in Creasy's "Constitutions of the Britannic Empire." 
 Todd's "Colonial Governments" is a later, though scarcely a more 
 useful, work. 
 
 If the student desires brief and elementary descriptive accounts 
 of the English government, he will he well served by Ewald's 
 " Crown and its Advisers," Fonblanqne's " How We Are Governed," 
 Smith's "History of English Institutions," and Palgrave's " House 
 of Commons." In the Conteviiyorary Revieio, vol. xxiii., pp. 1 
 and 165, are to be found two very important essays by Sir James 
 Fitzjames Stephen on certain embarrassments that have grown 
 out of the present methods of carrying on parliamentary work. 
 The same subject has also been discussed at considerable length 
 in the various English reviews of 1881 apropos of legislative de- 
 lays in the passage of the Irish Reform Bill. 
 
 XII. Reforms in the English Government during the 
 Present Century. — On this subject May's "Constitutional His- 
 tory" is the most important single authority. There is scarcely 
 a page of the work that is irrelevant to the question, and that may 
 not be read with protit. The great parliamentary reform of 
 1832 is described in chapter vi. ; that of 18G7 in the supplemen- 
 tary chapter added to the work by the author in 1871, and first 
 incorporated into the American edition in 1880. Reforms in 
 libertv of opinion are treated in chapters ix. and x. ; liberty of 
 the subject in chapter xi. ; religious liberty in chapters xii.-xiv. ;
 
 560 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 local government in chapter xv. ; Ireland in chapter xvi. ; colonial 
 governments in chapter xvii. ; and general legislation in chapter 
 xviii. 
 
 Russell's "English Government," at pp. 168 and 210, contains 
 very instructive words on the reform of 1832 by one who was 
 among the foremost of its promoters. The speeches of Macaulay 
 on the reform, in vol. i. of his " Speeches," and especial!}' the 
 great speech of Brougham, in vol. ii., are of interest and impor- 
 tance, as revealing the spirit of the discussion. Brougham has 
 also treated the subject in his "British Constitution," p. 268. 
 For the best view of the old system of general corruption, see 
 chapters ii.-iv. of Trevelyan's " Life of Fox," already referred to. 
 A brief but admirable summary of the old methods is given in 
 chaj^ter ii. of Walpole's " History of England since the Great 
 "War." The passage of the Reform Bill itself is described in vol. 
 ii., pp. 638-680. 
 
 On the excitement which prevailed in Parliament while the bill 
 was pending, see two very spirited and graphic letters in Trevel- 
 yan's " Life of Macaulay," vol. i., pp. 186 and 212. 
 
 McCarthy's " Ilistory of Our Own Times " may be consulted with 
 interest on the reforms that have taken place since the accession 
 of Queen Victoria. 
 
 Martineau's "History of England during the Peace" is of es- 
 pecial importance on financial and economical subjects. Miss 
 Martineau was a good hater, but she hated with considerable dis- 
 crimination, and most Americans will probably think that she 
 hated wisely. Her work is so ill arranged that it should be stud- 
 ied with the constant use of the index and tables of contents. 
 The best parts of the book arc those which give an account of the 
 Corn Laws and of their repeal, and of the financial and social con- 
 ditions of the country. Prentice's " History of the Repeal of the 
 Corn Laws" may also be consulted with profit. On all financial 
 questions Tooke's " History of Prices" is invaluable. Molesworth's 
 history describes the reforms since 1830. Of especial valug are 
 the accounts of the " Corporation Reform," vol. i., chapter vi. ; the 
 "Corn Law Reform," vol. ii., chapters iii.-v. ; and the "Reform 
 of 1867," vol. iii., chapter v. 
 
 The reform in tlu^ English civil service is best described in the 
 work of Eaton. Though his treatment of the subject is at times
 
 HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 5G1 
 
 somewhat diffuse, yet the hook, and tlic reports to which the au- 
 thor refers, may he studied with sxreat prtitit. 
 
 Disraeli, in his Life of Lord Gcorijc Bcntinck," has portray- 
 ed the purposes of the nondescript party known as Young Eng- 
 land, of which Disraeli himself was at one time a prominent 
 member. The novels of " Couiiig.sby," and " Sybil" also describe 
 the views and purposes of the same part}'. On this subject see 
 also the bright pages of McCarthy's "History of Our Own 
 Times." 
 
 Nicholls's " History of the Poor Laws" gives the best account of 
 reformatory legislation on this important subject, though the mat- 
 ter is treated in a very striking manner by Miss Martineau in her 
 " History." On the condition of the poor before the reforms, see 
 some very striking passages in Lccky's " Eighteenth Century," vol. 
 i., pp. 51G-529 ; and vol. ii., pp. 24-44. On reforms in methods 
 of legal procedure, see Brougham's speech on the subject in vol. 
 ii. of his " Speeches." 
 
 For the thorough study of English history there are several great 
 series of publications that are indispensable. The most important 
 are the following : 
 
 L "Calendars of State Papers" (royal 8vo, London). The se- 
 ries consists of collections of mediaeval and modern State Papers, 
 some of them in full, but the most of them abridged so as simply to 
 show their import. Li 188G the number of volumes had reached 
 one hundred and twenty-two, of which a complete catalogue may 
 be obtained from any prominent bookseller. 
 
 n. "Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland 
 during the Middle Ages." Published by the Master of the Rolls, 
 hence popularly called " The Rolls Series." The collection is 
 made up of original te.\ts carefully edited by selected editors. In 
 1880 eighty-one volumes had been published, seventeen other 
 volumes were announced as in press, and seven volumes as in 
 progress. 
 
 HI. " Publications of the Records Commissioners," of which, 
 in 1887, forty-three titles had been included, many of them in 
 several volumes each. 
 
 IV. " Publications in Photozincography " — consisting of a very 
 considerable number of important works in facsimile. 
 
 5. Of recent works there are not a few of much importance. 
 
 36
 
 562 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Low (S. J.) and Pulling's (F. S.) " Dictionary of English History " 
 (8vo, London, 1885) is an invaluable work for the general reader 
 as well as for the student. Rudolf Gneist's " History of the Eng- 
 lish Constitution" (2 vols., 8vo, London and New York, 1885), 
 and the same author's " The English Parliament in its Transfor- 
 mation through a Thousand Years" (8vo, London, 1886), though 
 indifferently translated from the German, are works of much im- 
 portance. M. S. Dowell's " History of Taxes and Taxation in 
 England" (4 vols., 8vo, London, 1884) is a careful and valuable 
 work. 
 
 J. R. S. Vine's " English Municipal Listitutions, their Growth 
 and Development" (royal 8vo, 1879), Geo. Norton's "History, 
 Constitution, etc., of the City of London " (8vo, 3d ed., London, 
 1869), and J. B. Firth's "Municipal London" (royal 8vo, Lon- 
 don, 1876) shed much light on local methods. Geo. L. Gomme's 
 " Tlie Literature of Local Institutions" (8vo, London, 1886), 
 though limited to Great Britain, is of the first importance on the 
 subject. T. E. Scrutton's " Commons and Common Fields" (8vo, 
 London, 1887) is of great importance. F. Secbohm's "The Eng- 
 lish Village Community" (8vo, London, 2d ed., 1883) is a very 
 scholarly description of the manorial, the tribal, and the open 
 field systems of industry in the early days of English history. 
 W. J. Ashley's "An Introduction to English Political Economy 
 and History, Part I. The Middle Ages" (8vo, London and New 
 York, 1888), is devoted chiefly to a description of the economic 
 phases of the Manor and Village Community, Merchant Guilds, 
 and Craft Guilds. The most important exposition in English of 
 the "historical method" of political economy is J.K.Ingram's 
 "History of Political Economy" (12mo, London and New York, 
 1888). W. Cunningham's " The Growth of English Industry and 
 Commerce" (8vo, Cambridge, 1882) is a brief but admirable eco- 
 nomic history. An invaluable book on the modern financial his- 
 tory of England is Sydney Buxton's "Finance and Politics: an 
 Historical Study, 1 783-1885 " (2 vols., 8vo, London, 1888). John 
 Yeats's " The Technical History of Commerce ; or the Progress of 
 the Useful Arts" (4 vols., 12mo, 3d cd., revised and enlarged, Lon- 
 don, 1887) is a mine of valuable information. 
 
 A. V. Dicey's " Lectures Introductory to the Law of the Con- 
 stitution" (8vo, London, 1885) is a work of conspicuous ability
 
 IIISTOUIES OF ENGLAND. 563 
 
 and of historical itnportanoe. Sir Win. 11. Anson's " Law and Cus- 
 tom of the Constitution," of which I'art I. was published in 1880, 
 is a very able exposition of the processes of the English constitu- 
 tion as tlioy have been historically developed. James Murdock's 
 " liislury of Constitutional Reform in Great Dritain and Ireland, 
 with a Full Account of the Three Great Measures of 1832, 1807, 
 and 1884" (crown 8vo, London, 1 885), Walter Bagehot's "Essays 
 on Parliamentary lieforni" (l2mo, London, 1883), and John Ra- 
 ven's " rarliamentary History of England from the Passing of the 
 Reform Bill of 1832 " (l2mo, London, 1885) contain the best ac- 
 counts of modern reforms. Joseph Grego's "History of Parlia- 
 mentary Elections and Electioneering in the Old Days" (8vo, 
 London, 188C) abounds in amusing illustrations and descriptions 
 of the methods from the time of Anne to Victoria, The follow- 
 ing are also recent works of not a little importance: Frederick 
 Harrison's "History of the Law of Treason" {Fortnightly Review 
 for May and June, 1882) — two articles of unusual interest; Cyril 
 Ransome's "The Rise of Constitutional Government in England" 
 (12 mo, London, 1887) ; H. C. M. Lyte's " History of the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford from the Earliest Times to 1830" (8vo, London, 
 1880) ; G. C. Broderick's "History of the University of Oxford" 
 (8vo, London, 1886) ; and C.Elton's "Origin of English His- 
 tory " (royal 8vo, London, 1882). Mrs. J. R. Green's " Henry H." 
 (12mo, London, 1888) ; J. H. AVylie's " History of England under 
 Henry the Fourth" (vol. L, 1399-1404, London, 1884) arc also 
 of unquestionable value. Charles Bcmont's, "Simon de Mont- 
 fort, Comte de Leicester" (8vo, Paris, 1884) is an important con- 
 tribution, showing great learning, good judgment, and rare skill. 
 G. Lechler's "Joljn Wyclif and his Precursors in England" (2 
 vols., 8vo, London, 1878). Sir John Fortescue's " Tlie Govern- 
 ance of England, otherwise called The Difference between an 
 Absolute and a Limited Monarchy,'' a revised text edited with 
 an Introduction, Notes, and Appendices by Charles Plummer 
 (8vo, Oxford, 1885), is a valuable original authority on the Eng- 
 lish government ur'^the fifteenth century. Mandell Croighton's 
 "A History df the Papacy during the Period of the Reforma- 
 tion" (4 vols., Svo, London, 1884-87) is a book of great learn- 
 ing, sobriety, and good judgment. Paul Friedmann's " Anne 
 Boleyn ; a Chapter of English History " (2 vols., Svo, London,
 
 564 HISTORICAL LITERATUKE. 
 
 1884) tends to counteract Froude's account by giving enipliasis 
 to the corruptions of the court and the baseness of the king's 
 character. B. Sepp's " Maria Stuart's Briefwechsel mit Anthony 
 Babington " (Svo, Miinchen, 1886) brings together important doc- 
 uments, and acquits Mary. Ernst Bekker's " Maria Stuart, Darn- 
 ley, Bothwell" (8vo, Giessen, 1881), liolds that both Rizzio and 
 Darnley fell as the result of a Protestant conspiracy, and that no 
 charges of improper relations between Mary and Bothwell were 
 made till after Mary's flight into England. Jules Gauthier's 
 " Histoire de Marie Stuart, Ouvrage Couronne par I'Academie 
 Francaisc" (2^ ed., 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1875) is much more favor- 
 able to Mary than the work of Mignet. Richard Bagwell's "Ire- 
 land under the Tudors" {8vo, London, 1885) shows great learning, 
 and is written with such impartiality that it is difficult to detect 
 the author's sympathies. Justin H. McCarthy's "Outline of Irisli 
 History from the Earliest Time to the Present Day " (12mo, Lon- 
 don and New York, 1883) is the best recent summary of Irish 
 history, 
 
 H. T. Riley's " Memorials of London and London Life in the 
 Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries" (8vo, London, 
 1868), John Ashton's "Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne" 
 (2 vols., Svo, London, 1884), and the same author's " Dawn of the 
 Nineteenth Century in England " (Svo, London and New York, 
 1886), both by their illustrations and descriptions, give a good 
 view of the development of social life. To these should be added 
 A. J. Shand's "Half a Century; or. Changes in Men and Manners" 
 (Svo, London, 1887), an interesting series of twenty-nine descrip- 
 tive essays, many of wliich first appeared in tlie Saturday Revieio. 
 Justin McCarthy's "History of the Four Georges" (vols. i. and 
 ii., Svo, London and New York, 1885) is written in the author's 
 pleasing method, and is to be completed in four volumes. 
 "Worthy of special note is J, R. Seeley's " The Expansion of Eng- 
 land, Two Courses of Lectures" (Svo, London, 1885), a book of 
 remarkable snggestiveness and power, holding that the expansion 
 of England in America and India is the dominant historical fact 
 of the last three centuries. Oscar Browning's " Napoleon and Eng- 
 land in 1803" (Svo, London, 1887) contains the despatches of 
 Lord Whitworth and others. John Morley's " Life of Richard 
 Cobden " (2 vols., Svo, London ; 1 vol., Svo, Boston, 1882) is the
 
 HISTOlilES OF ENGLAND. 505 
 
 best account of tlic ai^itation wliich led to the establishment of 
 free trade in En<iland. "The lleijjjn of (^uccn Victoria; a Survey 
 of Fifty Years of Progress, Edited by Thomas Humphry Ward" 
 (2 vols,, 8vo, London, 1887) consists of an invaluable collection 
 of papers on specific, subjects by many of the ablest writers of 
 Great liritain. II. M. Elliot's " History of India as told by its 
 own Historians" (8 vols., 8vo, London, 1 872-77), and J. Talboys 
 Wheeler's " J^arly Records of British India ; a History of English 
 Settlements in India, as told in the Government Records," etc. 
 (8vo, London, 1878), constitute a valuable supplement to Mill's 
 great work. 
 
 What is known as "The English Citizen Series" (crown 8vo, 
 London and New York, 1882-85) consists of fourteen admirable 
 volumes that are at once historical and philosophically descriptive 
 of the political and social machinery of the British people. The 
 works already published are as follows: "Central Government," 
 by H. D. Traill ; " The Electorate and the Legislature," by Spen- 
 cer Walpole; "Local Government," by M.D.Chalmers; "The 
 National Budget, the National Debt, Taxes, and Rates," by A. J. 
 Wilson ; " The State in its Relation to Education," by Henry Craik ; 
 " The l*oor Law," by T. W. Eowie ; " The State in Relation to La- 
 bor," by W.Stanley Jevons; "The State in Relation to Trade," 
 by Sir T. H. Farrer, Bart. ; "The State and the Church," by the 
 Hon. A. D. Elliot; "The Land Laws," by F'. Pollock ; " Foreign 
 Relations," by Spen-cer AValpole; "Colonies and Dependencies. 
 I'art I. India," by J. S. Cotton ; " Part II. The Colonies," by E. 
 J. Payne; "Justice and Police," by V. W. Maitland ; "The Pun- 
 ishment and Prevention of Crime,'' by Col. Sir F]d. F. Du Cane. 
 
 The series entitled "Twelve English Statesmen" (crown 8vo, 
 London and New Yt)rk, 1888) is to consist of short biographies 
 designed to describe the work of the leading actors in English af- 
 fairs in the light of the most modern evidence, and promises to 
 be of considerable importance. 
 
 Of recent historical works excellent current notices may be 
 found in the Historical Review (London, quarterlv), in the Re- 
 vue Historique (Paris, bimonthly), in Sj/bePs Jlistorische Zeit- 
 schrift (Berlin, quarterly), and in Jastroivs Jahresberichl der 
 Historischcn T I "isscn scJi a ft.
 
 566 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Chapter XIY. 
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 I. GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Bancroft, George. — History of the United States, from the Dis- 
 covery of the American Continent to the Close of the Revohi- 
 tionary War. 10 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1834-74; and 6 vols., 
 12mo, Boston, 1876, The duodecimo edition has a complete 
 index, and contains the author's careful revisions of the text; 
 but the notes are, for the most part, omitted. The index of the 
 octavo edition is published in a separate pamphlet. Also His- 
 tory of the Formation of the Constitution. 2 vols., 8vo, New 
 York, 1883. 
 
 The work of Bancroft is by far the most elaborate and the 
 most carefully prepared history of the Colonial and Revolutionary 
 periods yet published. Six volumes of the octavo edition arc de- 
 voted to the Colonial age, and four to the Revolutionary. 
 
 To the preparation of the work the author has brought unusual 
 advantages. His diligent and long -continued devotion to the 
 subject has awakened such respect and admiration that the libra- 
 ries of Europe as well as of America have placed at his disposal 
 whatever they have that would contribute to the success of his 
 undertaking. His sources of information, therefore, have been 
 far more numerous and more important than those enjoyed by 
 any previous historian of America. To the study of these ma- 
 terials, and the preparation of his history, he has devoted nearly 
 fifty years of untiring and almost uninterrupted labor. This con- 
 scientious devotion to a single lofty purpose has perhaps been un- 
 surpassed in the history of literature. 
 
 The fruits of these advantages and labors are a production that 
 must always take high rank as a history. It is not simply a nar- 
 ration of events, but is also a philosophical discussion of the va- 
 rious principles and ideas that have entered into the structure of 
 our government and society.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 507 
 
 The work lias two strikiiij^ peculiarities. The first is a certain 
 stateliness of style, that is a little out of harmony with the easy 
 methods of every-day life. The author's ideas are habitually 
 elollied in court dress, and therefore often appear to be deficient 
 in siiM{)iicity and enerfjy. The other peculiarity is a more or less 
 obvious tendency to discursiveness. There arc several chapters 
 that seem to have only a remote bearing on the subject in hand ; 
 and, although they show great learning and ingenuity, they ob- 
 struct the general current of the narration. To many of those 
 using the work, these discursions will doubtless appear necessary 
 to the adequate presentation of the author's idea or argument, but 
 to others they are likely to indicate a lack of harmonious con- 
 struction. 
 
 To these peculiarities different readers -will attach different 
 measures of importance; but they ought not to be regarded as 
 detracting from the fundanientai merits of the work. The table 
 of contents, which is very complete, w ill enable every student to 
 select such portions as he needs. 
 
 To students of constitutional history the work, first published 
 in 1883, will prove invaluable. Though a distinct work, it forms 
 a natural continuation of the other volumes. 
 
 Bryant, William Cullen, and Gay, Sydney Howard. — A Popular 
 Jlistory of the United States, from the First Discovery of the 
 AVestern Hemisphere by the Northmen to the p]nd of the First 
 Century of the Union of the States. Preceded by a Sketch of 
 the I'rehistoric Period and the Age of the Mound-builders. 4 
 vols., large Svo, New York, 1879. 
 
 The four sumptuous volumes which go to make up this history 
 present to the reader the attractions of a great name and a 
 great literary reputation. The part of Mr. Bryant in the prepara- 
 tion of the work appears, however, to have been confined to the 
 devising of its plan, the selection of the writers, the furnishing of 
 the preface, and the correction of the proof-sheets of the first two 
 volumes. Mr. Bryant's death occurred before the publication of 
 the second volume ; but all of the volumes bear upon their cover 
 the somewhat misleading title, "Bryant's Popular History of the 
 United States.''
 
 568 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 In spite, however, of the questionable propriety of the methods 
 of its production, the volumes are not without numerous merits. 
 They present an affluence of paper and illustrations calculated to 
 conciliate the buyer and attract the reader. The style is good, and 
 the account of the prehistoric period is more satisfactory than 
 that to be found in any of the other general histories. 
 
 In view of the plan of the work, it is not singular that in the 
 course of its preparation the writers have found it convenient to 
 modify the original purpose of the designer. In his preface, Mr. 
 Bryant assures his readers that the book is to occupy an inter- 
 mediate place between the larger and the smaller histories, and 
 that to the period subsequent to the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence " a large space has been allotted." The reader is led to 
 suppose that the volumes are chiefly devoted to the history of 
 the present century. But in the execution, nearly three fourths 
 of the whole work are occupied with an account of the colonial 
 peiiod. The subsequent events are, consequently, very inade- 
 quately described. 
 
 It is due to Mr. Gay and the other writers engaged on the vol- 
 umes to say that their work has generally been creditably done ; 
 but to compare the merits of the book for the purposes of a stu- 
 dent with those of Hildreth and Bancroft would be doing great 
 injustice to the patient investigations of those eminent scholars. 
 
 Doyle, J. A.— History of the United States. With Maps Illus- 
 trative of the Acquisition of Territory and the Increase of Pop- 
 ulation, by Francis A. Walker. ICrao, New York, 187G. 
 
 Of the small books on the history of the United States, this is 
 one of the best. It forms a part of the historical course for 
 schools edited by E. A. Freeman. 
 
 Its cliaracteristics are that it is carefully prepared, is very accu- 
 rate, and is free from those factitious allurements which some- 
 times constitute the chief merit of a school history. Its only 
 illustrations are its few maps, and therefore it appeals to those 
 whose desire for useful and accurate knowledge predominates 
 over their desire for entertainment.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G9 
 
 Eliot, Samuel.— M:imial <if United States History from 1492 to 
 1850. l-'mo, IJostoii. In late editions the History is contin- 
 ued to the cU>sc of the Civil War. 
 
 One of the best of the manuals, \vritten, not for cliildrcn, but 
 for youth and adults. Its merits, however, arc exceedingly vari- 
 able. At times it sliows a very appreciative rei,fard for liistorical 
 perspective; at others, events of minor importance arc thrust into 
 the foreground, quite to the confusion of a proper discrimination 
 between the important and the unimportant. The book, there- 
 fore, though it has conspicuous merits, is likely to annoy and dis- 
 appoint the student. The author's political bias is that of op- 
 position to Federalism. 
 
 Hildreth, Richard. — History of tlie United States from the Dis- 
 covery of America to the End of the Sixteenth Congress, 6 
 vols., 8vo, New York, new edition, 1879. 
 
 These volumes, completed as early as 1850, still probably form 
 the most valuable single work on American history. 
 
 But, though they have genuine merits, they also arc not with- 
 out somewhat serious defects. They have the advantage of de- 
 scribing a longer period than docs the work of Bancroft, the only 
 history with which llildreth's may properly be compared. The 
 author's style is free from irrelevant discursiveness, is direct, is 
 devoid of imagination and fancy, is often so bald in its methods 
 as to be dry, and sometimes is even so careless as to be ungram- 
 matical. It never rises to anything like fervor, nor does it exhibit 
 the slightest capacity for the graphic or picturcscjue. A still fur- 
 ther defect is the absence of foot-notes and references to authori- 
 ties, thougli for this deficiency the author has made partial atone- 
 ment by publishing a long list of works used in tlie preparation 
 of the volumes. 
 
 But these somewhat grave defects are more than counterbal- 
 anced by the general accuracy and sterling qualities of the au- 
 thor's judgment. The peculiarities named make the work less a 
 favorite with the general reader than with the serious student. 
 
 The second series, or 'second half of the work, will be of the 
 greatest service to a majority of students. Of this series, the first
 
 570 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 volume is devoted to the presidency of Washington. It traces tlie 
 growth and conflicts of the Federal and Anti- federal parties, 
 showing a strong bias in favor of the Federalists. The second 
 volume gives an account of the downfall of this party under John 
 Adams, and of the accession to power of the Republicans under 
 Jefferson. It also traces. the rule of Jefferson from his efforts to 
 diminish the Federal authority to the measures of embargo and 
 non-intercourse. The third volumo exhibits the theories of the 
 two political parties brought to the test of an experience by which 
 each was led to occupy, in great measure, the very position of its 
 political opponent. The author then shows how this change of 
 ground wrought a substantial extinction of old party lines during 
 the first administration of President Monroe. 
 
 Laboulaye, Edouard. — Histoire des Etats-Unis. 3 vols., 12mo, 
 Paris, 1862-66. 
 
 The first of these volumes is devoted to the colonial period, 
 the second to the Revolutionary AVar, the third to the formation 
 of the Constitution. The volumes were not written as a narra- 
 tive of events, but were three courses of lectures delivered by the 
 author at the College de France, in Paris. 
 
 Laboulaye had long been an ardent admirer of America; and 
 when, in 1849, he was appointed professor of history, he con- 
 ceived it to be his duty to do what he could to make America 
 Icnown to France: ^^defah-e connaitre VAmirique a la France, et 
 lui dcinandcr des exemples et des secours "pour Torage qui appro- 
 chaity 
 
 In carrying out the design thus expressed, the author has pro- 
 duced not so much a history as a study of comparative politics, 
 with the United States as the central point about which his ob- 
 servations have been grouped. The book is founded upon a 
 reading of materials generally familiar to Americans, and not 
 upon what may properly be called original research. The value 
 of the work, therefore, is chiefly in its shrewd comments on our 
 institutions, and in the comparisons which the author draws be- 
 tween our government and the governments of Europe.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 571 
 
 The tliird volume is of greater importance tlian either of the 
 others. It presents a striking view of the men who framed the 
 Constitution, and of tlic ideas whicli they respectively contributed 
 to that instrument. It also discusses in admirable spirit the jiow- 
 crs and privileges of the different branches of the new govern- 
 ment, comparing these powers very frequently with those of the 
 governments of Europe. 
 
 The work was published just after tlie outbreak of our Civil 
 A\ ar. Tlic author sympathized ardently with the cause of the 
 Union, and therefore he threw into his book the fire of a glowing 
 admiration for American institutions. Unquestionably his design 
 was to teach his hearers at once what they had to learn from 
 American institutions, and what their sympathies ought to be in 
 regard to American aifairs. But while this purpose adds to the 
 spirit of the work, it detracts somewhat from its permanent value. 
 It is not without an unwholesome tendency to niagnify our polit- 
 ical merits and obscure our political defects. 
 
 The author's sympathies were strongly Federal, Hamilton being 
 his favorite among American statesmen. In style the book is ex- 
 ceedingly vivacious. 
 
 Neumann, Karl Friedrich. — Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten 
 voii Auierika. 3 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1SG6. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to the period previous to the presi- 
 dency of Jefferson, the second to that extending from Jefferson 
 to Van Burcn, the third to that from the accession of ^'an Buren 
 to the inauguration of Lincoln. 
 
 This work, like that of Laboulaye, was written during the 
 years of our Civil War, and is pervaded by a spirit of warm, 
 and at times even fervid, sympathy for the country and the pres- 
 ervation of the Union. It is founded on considerable research, 
 and has the rare excellence among German books of being writ- 
 ten in a graceful and picturesque style. It has the further ad- 
 vantage of covering the whole period of American history down 
 to the outbii^ak of the Civil War. It is fuller, shows more re- 
 search, and has jn-obably fewer defects than any other work de- 
 voted to the whole period.
 
 5*72 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 But, with these good qualities to recommend it, it still cannot 
 take rank as a great book. The author did not always under- 
 stand the relations of cause and effect, and he did not always pre- 
 serve a strictly judicial spirit. A tendency to enthusiasm is the 
 weakness of the work. Many positions are taken which will 
 scarcely resist the assaults of a searching criticism. 
 
 Patton, J. H. — The History of the United States of America, 
 from the Discovery of the Continent to the Close of the First 
 Session of the Thirty-fifth Congress, in 1858. Svo, New York, 
 1866. 
 
 A work designed to fill a niche midway between the school- 
 books and the larger histories of Bancroft and Ilildreth, Two 
 thirds of the volume is devoted to the Colonial and Revolutionary 
 periods ; and consequently the history of the country under the 
 Constitution has received but meagre and unsatisfactory treat- 
 ment. As an easily flowing narrative of events, the book lias 
 some merit ; though it is written without much vigor of expres- 
 sion, and the author shows no very deep insight or clear discrimi- 
 nation. 
 
 Ridpath, John Clark. — A Popular History of the United States 
 of America, from the Aboriginal Times to the Present Day. 
 Illustrated with Maps, Charts, Portraits, and Diagrams. Svo, 
 Cincinnati, 1881. 
 
 Intended, not for the student, but, as the author says, " for thn 
 average American ; for the man of business; for the practical man 
 of the shop, the counter, and the j^lough. The work is dedicated 
 to the household and the library of the poor." 
 
 In point of style, maps, and illustrations, the volume is admi- 
 rably adapted to the purpose thus set forth by the author. The 
 portraits are good, the maps excellent, and the other ilhistrations 
 have been judiciously selected. 
 
 It is, however, but just to say that while it is written in a style 
 that is free from serious defects, in point of historical accuracy
 
 IIISTOUIKS OF TIIIO UNITED STATES. 573 
 
 jind completeness of information it leaves somotliing to be de- 
 sired, liy the painstaking student, therefore, it can liardly be ac- 
 cepted as authority. 
 
 The pages of the volume glow with a fervor of patriotism 
 which by some will bo deemed a substantia} merit, bv others 
 a somewhat undiscriminatiiig laudation of American institutions 
 and methods. 
 
 Tucker, George. — The History of the United States from their 
 Colonization to tlie End of tiie Twenty-sixth Congress, in 1841. 
 4 vols., 8vo, Piiiladelphia, 1800. 
 
 A book that may well be read in connection with Ilildrcth's, 
 as it is written from an opposite point of view. It is a political 
 liistory, and is devoted chieUy to the period subsequent to the 
 adoption of the Federal Constitution. 
 
 In a single chapter of a hundred pages tlic author traces the 
 political history of the colonies down to the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. He presents with unusual fulness such questions and 
 subjects as have a sectional bearing and have furnished the 
 grounds of sectional controversy. The author writes from a 
 Southern point of view. But, though he avows Iiimself a friend 
 of Soutliern institutions, he acknowledges the right of dissent, and 
 concedes that there are prima-facic reasons for a different view 
 on the part of those whose political training has been different 
 from his own. Completing the work just before the ouibreak of 
 the Civil War, he declared himself a friend of imion and an advo- 
 cate of mutual concessions. 
 
 The greatest value of the work is in the fact that it is the most 
 able and candid historical presentation from a Southern point of 
 view of the various political and constitutional questions that agi- 
 tated the country from the adoption of the Constitution to the 
 triumph of the Whigs under General Uarrisou.
 
 574 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 II. HISTOEIES OF LIMITED PERIODS. 
 
 Count of Paris. — History of the Civil War in America. Trans- 
 lated with the Approval of the Author by Louis F. Tasistro. 
 Edited by Henry Coppee. 2 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1875-76. 
 
 The work of the Count of Paris is essentially a military his- 
 torv, and is the first successful attempt to give a full and careful 
 account of the stupendous conflict to which it is devoted. But 
 while it deals especially with military affairs, it intei'sperses such 
 accounts of civil transactions as arc necessary to throw light on 
 the military movements. 
 
 The author, besides having had the advantage of participating 
 in the conflict, has had access to the most valuable materials both 
 North and South. 
 
 The purely political portion of the work is confined to a brief 
 but very clear account of the origin of the war. The author's 
 theory may be stated in this way. The South, in view of the in- 
 creasing prosperity of the North, saw that it was losing the pre- 
 ponderance it had enjoyed ever since the adoption of the Consti- 
 tution. It was determined, therefore, to force slavery into the 
 Territories and into the new States. Failing in this attempt, there 
 was nothing left but to abandon the political field and give up the 
 cause as lost, or to force a contest and a satisfactory peace from 
 the North. This latter expedient was determined upon. 
 
 The style of the narrative is clear and easy. The maps of 
 battle-fields are taken from the oflBcial records of the Coast Sur- 
 vey and the War Department, and leave nothing to be desired. 
 
 The second volume conchides with an admirable survey of the 
 situation at the time of the J)mancipation Proclamation of Janu- 
 ary 1, 1863. When completed, the work can hardly fail to be 
 accepted as a history of the war of great and permanent value. 
 
 Draper, John William. — History of the American Civil War. 3 
 
 Vols., Hvo, New York, 1807. 
 
 Tills book is pervaded with Dr. Draper's peculiar views of the
 
 IIISTOllIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 575 
 
 causes of national tlcvclopnicnt. It is introduced by a long dis- 
 sertation, which occupies nearly the whole of the first volume, and 
 in which the author elaborates his peculiar theories. Ilis beliefs 
 are essentially those of liuckle. At bottom, he has no faith in 
 other causes than those wliieli can be traced directly to Nature. 
 Climate is the great controlling force, lie attaches his faith 
 principally to the January isothermal of forty-one degrees. More- 
 over, Nature gave the United States a concave surface, while the 
 surface of Euro[)C is convex ; therefore the United States should 
 be one nation, while Europe should be many. 
 
 As an attempt to build a history on a philosophical foundation, 
 the work cannot be called a very signal success. Until it can be 
 shown that an isothermal has something to do with such blunders 
 as those at Kredericksburg and Cliickamauga, most men w ill regard 
 Dr. Draper's theories, as not [)roved. 
 
 Doyle, John Andrew. — The American Colonics Previous to the 
 Declaration vi Independence. 8vo, London, 18G9. 
 
 The Arnold Prize Essay, read at Oxford in 18G9. It aims to 
 show the early characteristics of the colonies and of colonial life. 
 
 The author has made constant use of the best published au- 
 thorities, and has produced a work which, as a condensed account, 
 is well worthy of the student's notice. There are four chapters — 
 one on the " Discoveries," one on the " Formation of the Thir- 
 teen Colonies," one on the " General Characteristics o£ the Colo- 
 nics from 1688 to 1760," and one on "The Contest for Inde- 
 pendence." The last chapter consists of a hundred pages, and is 
 the most valuable. 
 
 Greeley, Horace.— The American Conflict. A History of the 
 CJreat Rebellion in the United States of xVmerica, 1800-64 ; its 
 Causes, Incidents, and Results ; intended to exhibit especially 
 its Moral and Political I'liases, with the Drift and Progress of 
 American Opinion respecting Human Slavery from 1776 to the 
 Close of the War for the Union. 2 vols., royal 8vo, Hartford, 
 1864-67. 
 
 Distinctively a political rather than a military history of the
 
 576 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 war. It is one of the most valuable, as it is quite the most inter- 
 estino' of the numerous accounts of our great civil contest. 
 
 Tiie first half of the first volume is perhaps the best existing 
 portraval of the causes that led gradually up to the conflict. No 
 man was more familiar with American politics from 1830 to 
 1860 than Mr. Greeley ; and of the vast stores of his knowledge 
 he made good use in the volume before us. The part of slavery 
 is especially well portrayed, and the cumulative power of the 
 story carries the reader forward with irresistible force. 
 
 The military portion of the history is less fortunate. Mr. 
 Greeley held his opinions Avith great tenacity, and he sometimes 
 appeared to think that if he, sitting in his editorial room in New 
 York could have directed the armies, military affairs would have 
 sooner reached a happy conclusion. Aside from this not alto- 
 gether praiseworthy eccentricity, the book is to be recommended. 
 
 Grahame, James. — The History of the Rise and Progress of the 
 United States of North America from their Colonization till 
 the Declaration of Independence. 4 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 
 1845. 
 
 One of the very best histories of our colonial period. Since 
 Grahame wrote, investigation has thrown new light on many 
 questions previously obscure ; but the author spared no pains in 
 the investigation of such sources as were then at his command, 
 and he always conducted his researches with great discrimination 
 as well as praiseworthy candor. His work is justly quoted with 
 great respect by all later writers on our early history. 
 
 In point of style, the work is clear, correct, and agreeable. 
 
 Greene, George Washington.— Historical View of the American 
 Uevolution. 12mo, New York, 4tli ed., 1870. 
 
 > 
 
 Twelve lectures, originally delivered before the Lowell Institute 
 in Boston, and designed to present in popular form the most im- 
 portant phases of the llevohition. 
 
 It is a good book to read in connection with one of the stand-
 
 IIISTORIKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5TV 
 
 ard histories of the war. Its especial merit is the fact that it 
 presents in striking light the salient points of tlic Revolution, un- 
 encumbered with the details of unimportant affairs. 
 
 Hamilton, J. C. — History of the llcpublic of tlic United States 
 of Anirrica as Traced in the Writings of Alexander JIamilton 
 and his Contemporaries. • 7 vols., bvu, riiiladelpliia, ;id cd., 
 18G8. 
 
 In addition to much that was old, these volumes contain a 
 small amount of new material brought together from the editor's 
 explorations in the archives at Washington. This would have 
 made a valuable appendix to IIaniilton''s works. But there was 
 no sufficient reason for intlating so small an amount of new mat- 
 ter into seven large octavos. Though the book mnv be used bv 
 means of its index witli ailvantage, it is for a student one of the 
 most unsatisfactory wurks published in our country. 
 
 Holmes, Abiel. — The Annals of America, from the Discovery by 
 ('..lunibus in the Year 1492 to the Year 182G. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 Cambridge, 2d ed., much improved, 1829. 
 
 A book to wdiich workers in American history owe a great debt 
 of gratitude. It is quoted by some historians with almost the 
 same confidence as an original authority. 
 
 Dr. Holmes was a most careful and laborious investigator; and 
 his object in this work was to bring together such information as 
 could be drawn from the most unquestionable sources. Ilis in- 
 vestigations ranged through a vast field, and his selections were 
 made with the utmost care. For many years this book was the 
 best repository of all desirable knowledge of American history. 
 
 Unfortunately, the work has long been out of print, and is not 
 easy to procure. 
 
 Ingersoll, Charles J. — Historical Sketch of tlic Second War 
 belweeu the United States of America and Great Britain, 
 
 31
 
 678 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 1812-15. 2 vols., 8 vo, Philadelphia, 1845-49. Second Series, 
 2 vols., 1852. 
 
 The first volume covers the period of mismanagement and dis- 
 aster during the first j^car and a half of the war ; the second con- 
 tinues the narration to the close of the actual contest. The 
 supplementary series is devoted to the Treaty of Ghent and the 
 foreign relations of the United States. 
 
 The work has always been looked upon by historians as one 
 possessing substantial merit; but certain unfortunate peculiari- 
 ties of its literary workmanship have prevented it from becom- 
 ing popular with the reading public. It is not destitute of happy 
 and vivid expressions ; but the style as a whole is rough and 
 uncouth. The author even shows real contempt for some of the 
 commonest rules of English composition. It also abounds in ex- 
 travagances of expression and in words that have not yet received 
 the hospitality of good usage. 
 
 But the author gave both talent and industry to the prepara- 
 tion of his work, and, with all its faults, it is probably the best 
 history of the War of 1812 yet produced. 
 
 Jay, William. — A Review of the Causes and Consequences of the 
 Mexican War. 16mo, Boston, 1849. 
 
 This little book, prepared by a prominent antislavery agitator, 
 was published for the purpose of showing " the wickedness, the 
 baseness, and the calamitous consequences" of that war. 
 
 It is written with great energy of expression ; and the author's 
 positions are strongly fortified by citations of authorities. 
 
 As a presentation of the view of those opposed to the war it is 
 one of great strength. 
 
 Jones, Thomas. — History of New York during the Revolutionary 
 War; and of the Leading Events of the other Colonies during 
 that Period. Edited by Floyd do Lanccy, with Notes, Contem- 
 porary Documents, Maps, and Portraits. 2 vols., 8vo, New 
 York," 1879. 
 
 This may be called an account of the Revolutionary War by
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 579 
 
 one of the most conspicuous of the Tories. Tlie autliur was not 
 only Ciiief-justicc of the Suproiuc Court of New York, but was 
 a persistent adherent of the crown. During the war he endured 
 many distresses; but he lived through it, to tell his story from the 
 Loyalist j)oint of view. The history is an interesting one ; but it 
 abounds in inaccuracies, and it may be doubted whether it con- 
 tributes anything to our kn(j\vlcdge of the struggle. 
 
 Livermore, A. A. — The War with .\rexico Reviewed. 16mo, Bos- 
 ton, liSaU. 
 
 A prize essay written in tlie interest of universal peace. It is 
 of very little consequence save as it presents in very strono- lifdit 
 some of the causes of the war. The value of the book is in cliap- 
 ters iii.-'viii., where is clearly presented, from extracts of writino-s 
 and speeches, the desire of the South to acquire new territory in 
 the interests of slaverv. 
 
 Lossing", Benson J. — Pictorial Ficld-Book of the Revolution. 2 
 vols., Svo, New York, 1851 ; I'ictorial Field-Book of the War of 
 1812. 8vo, New York, 18G9 ; Pictorial Field-Book of the Civil 
 War of the United States. 3 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1866 ; 
 Harper's Popular Cyclopa'dia of United States History. 2 vols., 
 royal 8vo, New York, 1882. 
 
 The author has devoted his life to what may be called the pict- 
 uresque side of American history. Of his numerous works, those 
 named arc the most important. The illustrations, by their ingenu- 
 ity and excellence, add greatly to the peculiar charm of the volumes. 
 
 Neill, Edward D. — The English Colonization of America during 
 the Seventeenth Century. 8vo, London, 1871. 
 
 The importance of this work is largely in the fact that it was 
 prepared after a careful study of the MS. transactions of the Lon- 
 don Trading Company. The author's new evidence concerning 
 the early history of the Middle States is of especial signiticance. 
 
 Parkman, Francis. — The Pioneers of North America; The Dis- 
 covery of the (.Jreat West; The Jesuits in North America in
 
 680 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the Seventeenth Centnry ; The Old Regime in Canada ; History 
 of the Conspiracy of Pontiac, and the War of the North Ameri- 
 can Tribes against the EngUsh Colonies after the Conquest of 
 Canada. 8 vols., 8vo, Boston, various dates; new ed., 1880. 
 
 The conspicuous merits of these works were at once recognized 
 both in Europe and in America as from time to time the individ- 
 ual volumes appeared. 
 
 The object of the author has been to present a view of the 
 early French explorers of the continent, and to give a represen- 
 tation of the Indian difficulties which so distuibed the colonial 
 peace. His effort has been eminently successful. In a series of 
 graphic pictures, he has placed before us the self-denials and ad- 
 ventures of the explorers of the Great West, as well as the forti- 
 tude and the failures of the early Jesuit missionaries. " The Old 
 Regime in Canada" is the best description ever given of the 
 peculiar government existing in that country before the fall of 
 Quebec. In the " Conspiracy of Pontiac " we have a more vivid 
 picture of Indian life and warfare a hundred years ago than is to 
 be found in any other book. 
 
 The work, as a whole, is not only written in a spirited and 
 picturesque style, but is the result of thorough research as well 
 as of careful thouirht and stud v. 
 
 Ramsay, David. — History of the American Revolution; Continued 
 to the Treaty of Ghent by S. G. Smith and other Literary 
 Gentlemen, 's vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 181G-17. 
 
 Of this edition, the first two volumes, and the first nine chap- 
 ters of the third volume, were written by Dr. Ramsay. Many 
 earlier editions had -appeared, and the work had already been 
 translated into several European languages when the continuation 
 was added. 
 
 It is one of the most substantial and worthy accounts of our 
 Revolutionary period. In the light of more modern investigation, 
 it is not difficult to criticise some of the details of the work, but 
 it is more easy to commend it. 
 
 Perhaps the author dwells with too much minuteness on mili-
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 581 
 
 tary affairs, and lias somewhat too lil'Jc to say of the great causes 
 of the events which he describes. There is also a tendency to 
 tone down the proper cner<ijy of ex[»rossion, as, for example, when 
 he characterizes an outrat^e that excited universal horror as " a 
 signal violation of the peace." At times, moreover, especially in 
 the continuation, the work is disfigured with violations of that 
 purity of style which should prevail in such a history. 
 
 Ripley, R. S. — The War with Mexico. 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 
 184'.». 
 
 This is the fullest history of the Mexican AVar we yet have. 
 The author had the advantages of a thorough military education 
 and of having partici[)ated in the struggle. The work is a mili- 
 tary history. Until the Mexican sources are explored, a good 
 history of the war cannot be written ; but at present llipley's is 
 probably the best book on the subject. 
 
 Winsor, Justin. — The Reader's Hand-book of the American Rev- 
 olution, 17G1-1V83. IGmo, Boston, 1880, 
 
 An admirable little guide-book for the use of students of the 
 Revolutionary period of our history. 
 
 Beginning at the time of the first discontents with British rule, 
 the author indicates where the best information on each point is 
 to be gathered. The book will be found of great value to all 
 students, but more especially to such as have free access to large 
 libraries, and are striving for a very thorough knowledge of the 
 subject. 
 
 III. LOCAL HISTORIES, AND HISTORIES OF INDIVIDUAL STATES. 
 
 Bradford, William.— History of 1 •lymouth Plantation. Now First 
 I'resented from the Original Manuscript, for the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society. Edited, with Notes, by Charles Deane. 
 8vo, Boston, 1856. 
 
 The manuscript of this invaluable history was long believed to 
 be lost. It was consulted by Morton in preparing his " Memo-
 
 582 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 rial," published in 1669, and also by Prince and Hutchinson just 
 before the middle of the last century. The manuscript was in 
 the toAvcr of the Old South Church when that edifice was occu- 
 pied during the Revolutionary AVar as a riding-school for British 
 soldiers. The papers were taken away; but whether they were 
 destroyed or merely concealed was not definitely known until they 
 were discovered in 1855 in the library of the Bishop of London 
 at Fulham. 
 
 As the work describes the struggles of the colonists from 1602 
 to 1647, it is of the utmost importance. Indeed, as an original 
 authority it is only second in value to that of Governor Winthrop. 
 
 The publication is an exact transcript of the MS. even in mat- 
 ters of minute detail. The work of the editor, Mr. Deane, has 
 been done with conspicuous good judgment and good taste. 
 
 Elliot, Charles W. — The New England Ilistory, from the Discov- 
 ery of the Continent by the Northmen, A.D. 986, to the Period 
 when the Colonies Declared their Independence. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 New York, 1857. 
 
 This work is not without real merits ; but its scope is much 
 less comprehensive than that of Palfrey, and it is written with 
 much less ability. The chapters on the discovery of the conti- 
 nent by the Northmen give a good view of the foundations on 
 which a belief in the discovery rested at the time the work was 
 written. 
 
 Oliver, Peter. — The Puritan Commonwealth. An Historical Re- 
 view of Puritan Government in Massachusetts in its Civil and 
 Ecclesiastical Relation, from its Rise to the Abrogation of its 
 First Charter ; together with some General Refiections on the 
 English CJolonial Policy and on the Character of Puritanism. 
 8vo, Boston, 1856. 
 
 A work of importance, inasmuch as it is the ablest presentation 
 of wliat may be called the " other side" of I'urit.anism. It is not 
 simply an unfriendly, but also an exceedingly severe, criticism 
 of the Puritan polity. The motives, the principles, and the con-
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 583 
 
 duct of the early settlers of New England are subjected to a most 
 searching examination. The author has made exhaustive use of 
 the original sources of information as well as of the more accessi- 
 ble mjiierials. 
 
 Thu work is written with rare grace and beauty of style ; and 
 it abounds in terse and emphatic passages which go far to com- 
 pel our admiration. 
 
 Though the author saw but one side, and that the most repul- 
 sive side, of I'uritaiiism, he is entitled to our thanks for having 
 presented it with so much grace and force. Thornton's volume 
 in review of the work points out its weak spots. 
 
 Palfrey, John Gorham.— History of New England. 4 vols., 8vo, 
 Boston, 1858-78. 
 
 Not only the most satisfactory history of New England we have, 
 but one of the most admirable historical works ever produced in 
 America. It shows great learning, industrious research, compre- 
 hensive views, critical acumen, and sound judgment. In addition 
 to these great qualities, it possesses the charm of having been writ- 
 ten in a graceful and agreeable style. 
 
 The first three volumes deal with the period of the Stuart 
 dynasty, and the fourth brings the work to the year 1740. The 
 author expressed the hope of completing the history to the out- 
 break of the Revolutionary "War. 
 
 Thornton, J. W. — Peter Oliver's "Puritan Commonwealth" Re- 
 viewed. 8vo, Boston, 1857. 
 
 This work, by one of the most accomplished antiquaries of New 
 England, shows great learning and ingenuity. It thrusts a keen 
 lance into the joints of Oliver's harness, and should be read in 
 connection with the work it reviews. As a defence of the Puri- 
 tans against the most damaging charges made against them, it is 
 one of the most successful. 
 
 Winthrop, John. — The History of New England from 1G30 to
 
 584 HISTOEICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 1649, with Notes to Illustrate the Civil and Ecclesiastical Con- 
 cerns, the Geography, Settlement, and Institutions of the 
 Country, and the Lives and Manners of the Principal Planters. 
 By James Savage, President of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society. A new edition, 2 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1853. 
 
 This work, by the first governor of the Colony of Massachu- 
 setts Bay, is perhaps the most important storehouse of informa- 
 tion concerning the early history of New England. The edition 
 of 1853 contains a vast amount of material added by the labori- 
 ous and learned researches of Mr. Savage — researches which have 
 greatly enriched as well as enlarged the original work. In addi- 
 tion to his invaluable notes, the editor has also added an appen- 
 dix containing a large number of Governor Winthrop's letters 
 not previously published. 
 
 As a description, not only of the early life, but also of the 
 character and methods, of the Puritan fathers, this work has no 
 superior, if, indeed, it has an equal. 
 
 Young, Alexander. — Chronicles of the First Planters of the Col- 
 ony of Massachusetts Bay, from 1623 to 1636. Now first Col- 
 lected from Original Records and Contemporaneous Manu- 
 scripts, and Illustrated with Notes. 8vo, Boston, 1856. 
 
 This work is an effort to collect within the covers of one largo 
 volume every authentic document relating to the planting of the 
 Colony of Massachusetts Bay. These documents cover the period 
 from the first faint dawnings in 1623 to the full sunrise in 1636, 
 with the single exception of Winthrop's " History," to which, in- 
 deed, they may be regarded as a kind of introduction. To the stu- 
 dent of that period, tlie collection is of the utmost importance. 
 
 Williamson, William D. — Tlio History of the State of Maine, 
 from its J^iscovery, A.D. \(J0'2, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, 
 iiichisivc. New impression, 2 vols., 8vo, Ilallowell, 1839. 
 
 A work of standard value, though it is not skilfully or con- 
 veniently arranged. Tiic author's style is uninteresting and in-
 
 IIISTOIUKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 585 
 
 elegant. 'riioiiLjli, for these reasons, it does not rise to the rank 
 of a finislied and philosophical work, it is a vast collection of 
 vahiahle facts, and could not well be spared from our li.st of local 
 histories. 
 
 The faulty arranj^cnieiit is somewhat relieved by a very full 
 index. 
 
 Belknap, Jeremy. — The History of New Hampshire. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 liubton, 1784-92. 
 
 Unquestionably one of the most admirable local histories ever 
 published in our country. 
 
 The first and second volumes arc historical ; the third is de- 
 voted to an account of the resources and productions of the State. 
 
 The author was free in his methods of inquiry, resolute in 
 research, accurate in statement, sound in judgment, patriotic in 
 feeling, candid and liberal in all his ways of thinking and writ- 
 ing. In point of style the work is easy and flowing. Of the 
 three volumes, the third is least satisfactory. 
 
 Williams, Samuel. — The Natural and Civil History of Vermont. 
 2 vols., 8vo, Burlington, Vt., 1809. 
 
 The author of these volumes was a graduate and professor of 
 Harvard College, as well as an industrious and careful student. 
 
 The book is to be commended for its research, though it is not 
 worthy of a place by the side of Trumbull and Belknap. It has 
 to do, of course, only with the early history of a state that was 
 still very young when the book was written. 
 
 Hutchinson, Thomas. — The History of the Province of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay from 1028 to 1774. Also a Collection of Origi- 
 nal I'apers relating to the History of the Colony of Massachu- 
 setts Bay. 4 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1764-74. 
 
 No other work produced during our colonial period rises so 
 nearly to the standard of modern historical composition. The
 
 586 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 author not only wrote like an historian, but he labored diligently 
 in the field of colonial antiquities, and his work must ever be con- 
 sidered a mine of wealth to all future students of our early politi- 
 cal institutions. It has not quite the value of a strictly original 
 authority, as the author was removed by a short period from the 
 events he describes. 
 
 Hutchinson's position as governor of the province gave him 
 access to all needed materials ; and what imparts an additional 
 value to the work is the fact that a large number of papers used 
 by him in the preparation of his " History " were irrecoverably lost 
 at the time of the Stamp-Act riots in 1765. 
 
 The work is written with a lively and critical spirit as well as 
 with fidelity and minuteness of detail ; but, with its many excel- 
 lences, it lacks somewhat of that literary quality necessary to 
 secure for it a general and permanent interest. It ought also to 
 be added that the author was a thoroughgoing royalist, and had 
 no appreciation whatever of the great truths and theories which 
 lay at the bottom of the Revolutionary upheaval. 
 
 Minot, George Richard. — Continuation of the History of the 
 •I'rovince of Massachusetts Bay from the Year 1748. 2 vols., 
 8vo, Boston, 1798-1803. 
 
 A continuation of Hutchinson's " History." Judge Minot was an 
 ardent patriot. He presents the cause of the colonists with great 
 cogency. The various considerations which led to the alienation 
 of the colonies are perhaps nowhere more successfully given. 
 
 The work is written in terse, pure, and elegant English, and 
 everywhere shows good judgment. The facts are treated with 
 fidelity and impartiality. 
 
 The second volume, which was published posthumously, closes 
 with an account of the great excitement in Boston over the Stamp 
 Act. 
 
 Barry, John Stetson. — The History of Massachusetts. Vol. i.. 
 Colonial i'eriod. Vol. ii., I'roviiicial I'eriod. Vol. iii., Com- 
 monwealth I'oriod. 3 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1855-57, 
 
 As a continuous account of the history of Massachusetts down
 
 IIISTOUIES UF THE UNITED STATES. 587 
 
 to recent times, tliis is the most valii:iblo yet produced. It lacks 
 none of the characteristics of a finislied and scholarly production. 
 The best autliorities liave been uniformly consulted ; conflictinG: 
 testimonies have been carefully wcii^hed ; and the judgjuent of the 
 author is so steady as to commend itself constantly to the confi- 
 dence of the reader. If the style is lacking a little in force, on 
 the other hand it has the advantage of being chaste and free from 
 offensive mannerisms. The author is somewhat inclined to fall 
 into moralizing, and he has a fondness for poetical quotation. 
 
 But, with these slight drawbacks, the work is one of genuine 
 merit. The third volume will be found most valuable. The ac- 
 counts of Shays's Rebellion and of the Hartford Convention are 
 especially satisfactory. 
 
 Bradford, Alden. — History of Massachusetts from 176-4 to 1789. 
 3 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1822-25. 
 
 The author of this work was secretary of the commonwealth 
 from 1812 to 1824. His production, however, has not very much 
 historical value. A far better view of Massachusetts in the tur- 
 bulent period of the Revolutionary "War can be obtained in the 
 biographies of the more prominent men of the time. . 
 
 Dexter, Henry Martyn. — As to Roger AVilliams and his "Banish- 
 ment" from Massachusetts Plantation, with a Few further Words 
 concerning the Baptists, the Quakers, and Religious Liberty. 
 A Monograph. 4to, Boston, 1876. 
 
 In this monograph of one hundred and forty-six quarto pages 
 the object of the autlior is to justify the original act of exclusion. 
 His argument is twofold. First, the Governor and Company of 
 Massachusetts Bay did not at this time compose a state, nor even 
 a colony, but simply a plantation. Thus it was really a private 
 corporation, chartered by the government for purposes of fishing, 
 real-estate improvement, and general commerce. This planta- 
 tion had a strong religious idea behind it, and it was on its 
 way to become a colony and ii state. But when it excluded 
 Roger Williams it was merely a private corporation ; and so long
 
 588 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 as it remaiued sucli it had an undoubted right to exclude from its 
 privileges any person, even a member, who interfered with its 
 privileges. But Roger "Williams was not even a member, never 
 having been admitted as a " freeman." 
 
 The second position is that the grounds of exclusion were 
 mainly political, and not religious, and that the doctrines of toler- 
 ation had very little to do with it. Williams denied the validity 
 of the grant by which they held the lands, and also resisted the 
 Residents' Oath, on the ground that " it was not lawful to call a 
 wicked person to swear or pray." These doctrines were subver- 
 sive of public authority at the moment when the plantation was 
 in great peril of its existence. 
 
 Dr. Dexter is the first in modern years to establish the date of 
 the vote of exclusion, October 9 (19), 1635. 
 
 The book has awakened the most emphatic approval as v.-ell as 
 the most violent dissent; but its historical accuracy has not been 
 successfully impeached. As to whether the facts as established 
 justify the exclusion, there will doubtless continue to be differ- 
 ences of opinion. 
 
 Arnold, Samuel Greene. — History of the State of Rhode Island 
 i^nd Providence Tlantations. 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1859-60. 
 
 A work prepared after long and careful research. Probably no 
 student has ever made himself more familiar with the history of 
 Rhode Island than did Arnold. This volume abounds, therefore, 
 in valuable information. As a presentation of what may be called 
 the Rhode Island view of the early contest between the settlers of 
 Massachusetts and Roger Williams, it is probably superior to all 
 other works. 
 
 The book has some limitations in point of style, and for this 
 reason can never be a favorite with the general reader. 
 
 Trumbull, Benjamin. — A Complete History of Connecticut, Civil 
 and KccK'siasticai, from the Emigration of the First Planters in 
 the Year 1630 to the Year 1764 ; and to the Close of the In- 
 dian Wars. 2 vols., 8vo, New Haven, 1818. 
 
 The author lived in the midst of many of the scenes he de-
 
 IIISTOKIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 589 
 
 scribes, picked up and cxainiuod all sorts of traditions, was an adept 
 in theology, knew the name of every minister that had preached 
 a good sermon, and every soldier that had done a brave deed, 
 lie was ignorant of European liistory, and made many mistakes 
 in his book concerning it ; but he knew the history of Connecti- 
 cut better than any other man has ever known it, and lie care- 
 fully wrote it out. 
 
 The fault of the work is its diflfuscness, especially in giving the 
 history of churches and villages. The reader will lind in it 
 accounts of many ridiculous acts and laws ; but in spite of 
 these, he will probably be compelled to admit that in the Consti- 
 tution and laws of Connecticut, as much as in those of any other 
 State, the wisdom and tolerance of the day found expression. 
 
 Trumbull, J. Hammond. — The True Blue Laws of Connecticut 
 and New II;, veil, ami the False Blue Laws Forged by Peters; 
 to which arc ad led Specimens of the Laws and Judicial Pro- 
 ceedings of other Colonies, and some P>lue Laws of England in 
 the Reign of James L 12mo, New York, 1870. 
 
 The author has successfully attempted two things — first, to 
 show wliat the so-called Blue Laws were ; and, secondly, to show 
 their importance by comparing them with the habits and methods 
 of other states and countries in the seventeenth century. 
 
 Li carrying out his purpose. Dr. Trumbull has brought together 
 wliatever throws light on the real nature of the early Puritanical 
 laws. 
 
 The famous Blue Laws forged by Peters are given, and numer- 
 ous laws of other states and nations arc presented to afford the 
 reader opportunity of comparison. 
 
 Brodhead, John Romeyn. — History of the State of New York, 
 1GU'.)-'J1. 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1 853-7 L 
 
 A book abounding in solid qualities, but possessing no popular 
 merit. The author never acquired the art of etfective expression, 
 and consequently his readers are likely to be few aud select. The
 
 590 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 work is of great value to the historical student ; but those who 
 read for the mere pleasure of the hour Avill scarcely advance fur- 
 ther than the first few chapters. A continuation of the work was 
 conditionally promised in the second volume, but it has not yet 
 been published. 
 
 Hammond, J. D. — The History of the Political Parties in the 
 State of New York from the "Ratification of the Federal Consti- 
 tution to December, 1840. 4th ed., corrected and enlarged, 
 to which are added Notes by General Root. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 Buffalo, 1850. Also Life of Silas Wright, sometimes classed 
 as vol. iii. of the Political History of New York. 
 
 This work deserves and has received the commendation of po- 
 litical students of all parties. The author wrote from a Demo- 
 cratic point of view, but he wrote with a fairness generally wor- 
 thy of entire confidence. It is one of the most valuable political 
 histories in our possession. 
 
 O'Callaghan, E. B. — History of New Netherlands ; or, New York 
 under the Dutch. 2d ed., 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1855. 
 
 A work constantly used by the historians. It is the prod- 
 uct of an investigator rather than of a literary artist, and there- 
 fore is to be classed with the solid rather than the entertain- 
 ing works of our literature. It is, however, inferior in impor- 
 tance to the work of Brodhead. 
 
 Mulford, Isaac S. — A Civil and Political History of New Jersey ; 
 embracing a Compendious History of the State from its Early 
 Discovery and Settlement by Europeans, brought down to the 
 Present Time. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1851. 
 
 The most obvious fault of this book is that it does not fulfil 
 the promise of its title. The history closes with an account of 
 the war and the establishment of the Federal government. 
 
 It possesses not much literary merit ; but it is honest, and, for 
 the most part, accurate.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 591 
 
 Egle, William H. — An llhistrntcd History of the Common wcallli 
 of Pennsylvania, Civil, Political, and Military, from its Ivirliest 
 Settlement to the Present Time; inchidint; Historical Descrip- 
 tions of each County of the State, their Towns and Industrial 
 Resources. Royal 8vc, Ilarrisburg, 2d ed., 1882. 
 
 This excellent work is the most important of the several histories 
 of Pennsylvania. It consists of two parts : the first being devoted 
 to a liistory of the state as such ; tlie second, to the liistory of in- 
 dividual counties. The author made careful use of the collections 
 of Proud, Gordon, Day, and Hazard, as well as of the Colonial 
 records and archives. 
 
 Bozman, J. L.— History of Maryland, 1G33-1G«0 ; witli a Prelim- 
 inary Sketch, 1-492 to 1G38. ' 2 vols., 8vo, Baltimore, 1837. 
 
 The Preliminary Skctcli was publisliod as a separate volume in 
 1811, and is especially devoted to the first three years of the 
 Maryland Plantation. When the subsequent work was published, 
 the two were put together. 
 
 Bozman has long been considered the standard autliority on 
 the early history of Maryland. His production abounds in useful 
 information ; but it was not written with great skill, and there- 
 fore it has not found a large number of readers. 
 
 Scharf, J. Thomas. — History of Maryland from the Earliest Pe- 
 riod to the I'resent Day. 3 vols., 8vo, Baltimore, 1879. 
 
 This is the only work that, up to the present time, has endeav- 
 ored to portray the history of Maryland as a whole. The author 
 has had the advantage of much material that, until very recently, 
 has been quite inaccessible; of these the most noteworthy are the 
 abstracts from tlie English State-paper Office, made and presented 
 by Mr. George Pcabody to the Maryland Historical Society. 
 
 The first volume of Mr. Scharf s work will generally be thought 
 the most valuable. In it the author portrays the real character of 
 the province under the proprietary governments of the Lords Bal-
 
 592 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tiraore, and gives some cnrious information concerning the rela- 
 tions of Maryland and Pennsylvania. He takes the view that the 
 religious toleration which was characteristic of the early history 
 of Maryland was not owing to the letter of the charter, or the 
 views of Catholics or Protestants as such, but rather to the mag- 
 nanimous policy of the first proprietary, who endeavored to make 
 his province an asylum for the oppressed of every faith. 
 
 The history of Maryland during the Revolutionary period pre- 
 sents no very striking peculiarities. Coming down to more mod- 
 ern times, the author takes extreme state-sovereignty views, and 
 accordingly this portion of the work is strongly tinged with 
 Southern ideas. 
 
 The book is a valuable one for reference, but it is too much en- 
 cumbered with long extracts to be inviting to the general reader. 
 This peculiarity, however, adds to its value for the purposes of a 
 student. 
 
 Beverley, Robert. — The History of Virginia, in Four Parts. Re- 
 printed from the author's second edition, London, 1722; with 
 an Introduction by Charles Campbell. 8vo, Richmond, 1855. 
 
 A history much prized, but one so very concise that it is, on 
 the whole, quite unsatisfactory. 
 
 But it has the great advantage of having been written by a 
 man living in the seventeenth century, and by one who observed 
 much of what he so briefly describes. The most important jiarts 
 of the work are perhaps those which relate to the Indian tribes, 
 and the natural products and resources of the state. 
 
 The account of the founding of William and Mary College is 
 also important. 
 
 Burk, John. — The History of Virginia, from its First Settlement 
 to the Present Day. 3 vols., Svo, Petersburg, 1804-5. With 
 a Continuation to 1781 by Skelton Jones and Louis Hue Gi- 
 rardin ; iu all 4 vols., 1810. 
 
 This book has not the advantage of being an original author- 
 ity, nor of having been written in the light of modern research.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 593 
 
 Faithful use of the materials at hand, however, was made ; and 
 the work is a useful one in hrinifiuL,' tu<^ether, under a sinyle title, 
 an acceptable account of ^'irgiMia down to the adoption of the 
 Articles of Confederation. 
 
 The fourth volume is very rare, all but about fifty copies hav- 
 ing been accidentally destroyed. 
 
 Campbell, Charles. — History of the Colony and Ancient Domin- 
 ion of Virginia. 8vo, I'hiladelphia, 1860. 
 
 On the whole, this volume will probably be generally accepted 
 as the most satisfactory presentation of early Virginian history 
 we have. 
 
 The author's skill as a writer is conspicuous, especially in nar- 
 ration. His account of the early life of Captain Jolm Smith is 
 an admirable example of terse and vivid description. In matters 
 requiring the exercise of critical judgment the author is less suc- 
 cessful. He seems to take his authorities as he finds them, with- 
 out questioning their trustworthiness. He believed implicitly even 
 so doubtful an authority as Ca[)tain Smith himself. 
 
 Stith, William.— The History of the First Discovery and Settle- 
 ment of Virginia. New edition, with Bibliographical Notes by 
 J. Sabin. 8vo, New York, 1866. 
 
 The very counterpart of Beverley ; for the work is as prolix as 
 that of Beverley is concise. The author was one of the presi- 
 dents of William and Mary College, but he was not possessed of 
 the gift of literary skill. The style is inelegant as well as diffuse. 
 The book, therefore, was condemned by its author to be used only 
 by those who can work the material over into another form. 
 By all the later historians the work is cited as a high authority. 
 
 Howison, Robert R. — A History of Virginia, from its Discovery 
 and Settlement by Europeans to the Present Time. Vol. i., 
 8vo, Philadelphia, 1S46; Vol. ii., 8vo, Richmond, 1848. 
 
 38
 
 594 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Of this latest history of Virginia, the first volume relates to the 
 period before the Treaty of Paris, in 1763 ; the second, to that in- 
 tervening between 1763 and 1847. 
 
 The work rests upon the solid basis of original research, and is 
 entitled to the credit of general fidelity and judicial impartiality. 
 It is not only the latest, but also the most comprehensive and the 
 most satisfactory, account of the state whose history it describes. 
 
 Hawks, Francis L. — History of North Carolina. With Maps and 
 Illustrations. 2 vols., 8vo, Fayetteville, 1857-58. 
 
 This work is largely documentary, but it was prepared with the 
 well-known skill of one of the most eloquent writers and orators 
 of his day, as well as one of the foremost of antiquarians. 
 
 The first volume covers only the years from 1584 to 1591, be- 
 ing devoted exclusively to the five voyages made under the char- 
 ter to Sir Walter Raleigh. Volume ii. covers the second period in 
 the history of the state — viz., from 1663 to 1729, the time during 
 which the colony was under proprietary dominion. 
 
 Williamson, Hugh. — History of North Carolina. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 Philadelphia, 1812. 
 
 Though this work, in amplitude of margins and generosity of 
 type, presents an attractive appearance, it is exceedingly unsatis- 
 factory to the reader. The author apparently cared nothing for 
 historical perspective; for he selected his topics with the most 
 astounding disregard of their importance. Put for the position, 
 and even fame, of the author the work would be quite unworthy 
 of notice. 
 
 Wheeler, John H. — Historical Sketches of North Carolina from 
 1580 to 1851. 2 vols., 8v(>, IMiiladelphia, 1851. 
 
 A work compiled from original records and oflBcial documents.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 595 
 
 It is a jiunblc of ill-digested material; indeed, is ratlier a collec- 
 tion of tables, lists, and facts than a liistory. To the investigator 
 it is not without value; but to the general reader it will be dry 
 and uninterestinir. 
 
 Simms, W. G. — The History of South Carolina from its First Eu- 
 roprau Discovery to its Erection into a State; with a Supple- 
 mentary ]>ook bringing the Narration down to the Present 
 Time. New and revised edition. 12mo, New York, 18C0. 
 
 This work has several distinctive merits above other histories 
 of South Carolina. It covers the whole period down to our Civil 
 War. It has all the beauties of tlie author's characteristic style. 
 It shows an intense local patriotism, and, consequently, on all sec- 
 tional questions it is ardently South Carolinian. 
 
 From beginning to end the narration is spirited and graphic, 
 but the sketch is too brief for details even on the most important 
 points. 
 
 Ramsay, David. — History of South Carolina, from its Settlement 
 in 1670 to the Year 1808. 2 vols., 8vo. Charleston, 1809. 
 
 One of the most important of this author's numerous histories. 
 Dr. Ramsay gave himself up to zealous and unwearied research ; 
 and several of his works have contributed generously to the his- 
 torical literature of the country. His style is neat, his opinions 
 arc judicious, his statements generally accurate. To the period at 
 which these volumes close, they arc still probably the most ac- 
 ceptable liistory of South Carolina. 
 
 Stevens, William Bacon. — A History of Georgia, from its First 
 l>iscovory by Kurupeans to the Adoption of the l*rcscnt Con- 
 stitution in 1798. 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1847. 
 
 The author of this work was for many years professor of belles- 
 lettres in the University of Georgia, and subsequently was still 
 more widely known as Bishop of reunsylvania.
 
 596 HISTOEICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 For thoroughness of research, for grace of style, and for con- 
 venience of method, it is entitled to rank ^Yith the very best of 
 our state histories. It is a genuine contribution to our knowledge 
 of the history of the South as well as to the literature of the 
 country. 
 
 Picket, Albert James. — History of Alabama, and incidentally of 
 Georgia and Mississippi, from the Earliest Period. 2 vols., 2d 
 ed., 12mo, Charleston, 1851. 
 
 One of the most spirited and interesting of the local histories. 
 Its descriptions throw much light on the character and habit of 
 early Southern and Southwestern life. 
 
 Picket's account of the Seminole War is of especial interest 
 and value. The work is largely quoted, and duly praised by Par- 
 ton, in his "Life of Jackson.". 
 
 French, B. F. — Historical Collections of Louisiana. 5 vols., 8vo, 
 
 1846-53. 
 
 • 
 
 An exceedingly interesting and valuable collection of papers on 
 the early history of the Lower Mississippi Valley. The accounts 
 of the Jesuit discoveries are of great interest and importance. 
 Many of them are journals kept by the fathers themselves; and 
 therefore may be regarded as authentic accounts of the earliest 
 explorations. 
 
 The editing by Mr. French has been commcndably done, the 
 notes in explanation being ample and judicious. 
 
 Gayarre, Charles. — Louisiana : its Colonial History and Romance. 
 8v<>, New York, 1851. 
 
 A series of spirited lectures, delivered while the author was en- 
 gaged on the more serious work of prcjiaring his " History." 
 The lectures abound in anecdote, and to many readers will be
 
 IIISTUIUKS OF TIIK UNITED bTATES. 597 
 
 found very cntcrtaiiiin;,', and also of soniu value as a picture of 
 early Southern life. 
 
 Gayarre, Charles.— History of Louisiana. 5 vols., 8vo, New York, 
 1851-54. 
 
 These volumes, thouj^h publislied as separate works, cover the 
 whole of the history of Louisiana during the dominion of the 
 Spanish and the French. They arc the fruit of arduous and lov- 
 ing study, not only in Louisiana, but also in the archives of France 
 and of other European states. 
 
 The work has a standard value, and is a reservoir from which 
 every student of French and Spanish occupation may draw sup- 
 plies. The author's style is spirited, and, though lie does not rise 
 into the highest realm of historical merit, his discriminations arc, 
 for the most part, just, and his conclusions such as will be ap- 
 proved. 
 
 Yoakum, H. — History of Texas, from its First Settlement in 1685 
 to its Annexation to the United States in 1846. 2 vols., Svo, 
 New York, 1856. 
 
 The product of earnest and conscientious research. At the 
 time the book was written, however, the important sources of in- 
 formation concerning early Texan history contained in the Fran- 
 ciscan records had not been made accessible. Until these arc 
 opened, and the Spanish MSS. consulted, no history of Texas dur- 
 ing the eighteenth century can be regarded as conclusive. 
 
 But of the materials at hand this author has made good use. 
 His style as a writer is careless ; but the work is not without con- 
 siderable value. 
 
 Ramsey, J. G. M. — The Annals of Tennessee to the End of the 
 Eighteenth Century. Svo, Philadelphia, 1860. 
 
 Not so much a history as a parcel of documents and statistics 
 for history. The work, however, gives numerous glimpses of the
 
 598 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 people who first established homes in the Southwest. It is a 
 book not to be read, but to be consulted. 
 
 Collins, Luther. — Historical Sketches of Kentucky, embracing its 
 History, Antiquities, and Natural Curiosities; Geographical, Sta- 
 tistical, and Geological Descriptions ; with Anecdotes of Pioneer 
 Life, and more than One Hundred Biographical Sketches of 
 Distinguished Pioneers, Soldiers, Statesmen, Jurists, Lawyers, 
 Divines, etc. Illustrated by Forty Engravings. 8vo, Cincin- 
 nati, 1847. 
 
 A series of curious and interesting sketches, and therefore not 
 without its value. The first hundred pages only are strictly his- 
 torical. The remaining pages — several hundred in number — are 
 descriptive and biographical. 
 
 Drake, Charles D. — Pioneer Life in Kentucky. A Series of Ke- 
 miniscential Letters from David Drake to his Children. 8vo, 
 Cincinnati, 1870. 
 
 A book illustrative of history, rather than a history itself. It is 
 a series of letters by a physician who had been forty years in 
 Kentuckv, written for the purpose of describing to his children 
 the characteristics of earlv life on the frontier. 
 
 Marshall, Humphrey. — The History of Kentucky, exhibiting an 
 Account of the Modern Discovery, Settlement, Progressive Im- 
 provement, Civil and Military Transactions, and the Present 
 State of the Country. 2 vols', Svo, Frankfort, 1824. 
 
 Uncouth in style, but the original fountain from which the 
 early history of Kentucky is usually drawn. It may generally be 
 relied upon as accurate. 
 
 Hildreth, S. P. — Pioneer History, being an Account of the First 
 J'lxaiiiination of the Ohio Valley, and the Early Settlement of
 
 IIISTOUIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 599 
 
 the Northwest Territory, chiefly from Original MSS. 8vo, Cin- 
 cinnati, 1848. 
 
 The work of a man wlio liad lived in the Ohio Valley more 
 than forty years, and who was personally acquainted with a large 
 portion of the early settlers. 
 
 The chief interest of the vohime clusters about the work of the 
 Ohio Company, which made its lirst settlement at Marietta, and 
 which soon extended its influence over the whole State. But Mr. 
 llildreth was not simply a pioneer; he enjoyed much reputa- 
 tion, especially as a magazine writer on affairs of local interest. 
 
 Howe, Henry. — Historical Collections of Ohio, containing a Col- 
 lection of the most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical 
 Sketches, Anecdotes, etc., relating to its General Local History ; 
 •with Descriptions of Counties, Principal Towns, and Villages. 
 Illustrated by 130 Engravings. 8vo, Cincinnati, 1850. 
 
 A huge book, stuffed witli curious information. The volume 
 has a catchpenny appearance, but it is really better than it looks. 
 
 The counties arc taken up in alphabetical order, and are histor- 
 ically described. 
 
 Taylor, James W.— History of the State of Ohio. First Period, 
 1050-1787. 12mo, Cincinnati, 1854. 
 
 Although this first volume gave great promise, it has had no 
 successor. The author's original purpose of writing a complete 
 history of the State in four volumes seems to have been perma- 
 nently abandoned. The fragment we have, however, is the most 
 satisfactory account yet written of the ante-territorial period. 
 
 Brown, Henry. — The History of Illinois from its First Discovery 
 to the I'resent Time. 8vo, New York, 1844. 
 
 Of value on the early history of the State, but on the later por-
 
 600 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tion of niucli less general interest than the work of Ford. The 
 chapter on the earliest history of Chicago is the one of most im- 
 portance. 
 
 Edwards, Ninian W.— History of Illinois from 1778 to 1833, 
 and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards. 8vo, Springfield, 1870. 
 
 An attempt to convey an impression as to the condition of Il- 
 linois during the years of its territorial life and the first years of 
 its existence as a State. The effort was not very successful. The 
 book contains a discouraging multitude of public documents ; 
 and, what adds to the disheartenment of the explorer, it is fur- 
 nished with neither table of contents nor index. The document- 
 ary nature of the book would give it value as a work of reference 
 if the student could find conveniently what it contains. 
 
 Ford, Thomas. — A History of Illinois from its Commencement as 
 a State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a Full Account of the 
 Black Hawk War; the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormonism; 
 the Alton and Lovejoy Riots ; and other Important and Inter- 
 esting Events. 8vo, Chicago, 1854. 
 
 This book has enjoyed great popularity. The author, as jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Court and governor of the State, had ample 
 opportunities of observing the course of events. He was a man 
 of strong feelings, ardent admirations, and intense hatreds. On 
 this account the book is not entitled to the credit of impartiality; 
 but it has one advantage over most works of its class, that of be- 
 ing spirited and interesting. 
 
 Monette, J. W. — History of the Discovery and Settlement of the 
 Valley of the Mississippi until the Year 1846. 2 vols., Svo, 
 New York, 184G. 
 
 A work embodying the result of careful researches carried on 
 through many years. It is of much value to the lustorical and
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. GOl 
 
 political student ; indeed, no other sin<j;le history contains so iniu'li 
 information of importance concerning the vast region included 
 within the scope of the author's purpose. 
 
 Campbell, James V. — Outlines of the Political History of Michi- 
 gan. Svo, L)L'troit, 1870. 
 
 Under this modest title Judge Campbell has published one of 
 the best of our State histories. It is not so much the result of 
 special research conducted for the purpose of producing a book, 
 as the ripe fruit of many years of familiarity with the men and 
 events that have made the State what it is. 
 
 The author has not only known Michigan intimately ever since 
 it became a State, but his industrious researches in the liistory of 
 the period of French occupation have filled his mind with curious 
 and rare knowledge. The book is written with the well-known 
 literary skill and good judgment of the author. 
 
 Lanman, James H. — History of Michigan, Civil and Topographi- 
 cal, in a ("oM)j)endious Form, with a View of the Surrounding 
 States, Svo, Xcw York, 1839. 
 
 A work prepared for the purpose of revealing to the people of 
 the country the real condition and resources of the State. It is 
 written with more than usual discrimination and care. 
 
 The author divides the history of Michigan into three portions 
 — the romantic period, the military period, and the period of de- 
 velopment. The first extends to the surrender of the French to 
 the English in IVGO ; the second, to the death of Tecumseh ; and 
 the third, to the end. Among our State histories, it is entitled to 
 a hiirh rank. 
 
 Neill, Edward Duffield. — The History of Minnesota from the 
 Earliest French Explorations to the Present Time. Svo, Phila- 
 delphia, 1858. 
 
 A very complete and creditable history. It contains not only
 
 602 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 an ample description of the natural characteristics and resources 
 of the State, but it also gives a judicious account of the early 
 history of the Territory, The author has consulted the works of 
 the early French explorers, and has used his material with judi- 
 cious discrimination. 
 
 IV. SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CONSTITUTIONAL HISTOEIES. 
 
 Adams, Henry. — Documents relating to New England Federal- 
 ism, 1815. 8vo, Boston, 1876. ' f 
 
 The papers brought together in this volume by Mr. Adams 
 throw a much-needed light on the first fifteen years of American 
 history in this century. 
 
 The attitude of New England Federalism towards the War of 
 1812 has been an object of much dispute; and the presentation 
 of these papers does much to settle the questions in doubt. The 
 most important of the documents presented is the " Reply to the 
 Appeal of the Massachusetts Federalists, by John Q. Adams" — 
 a paper more than two hundred pages in length, but full of infor- 
 mation of the utmost value. 
 
 Bancroft, Hubert H.— The Native Races of the Pacific States of 
 North America. 5 vols., large 8vo, New York, 1875-76. 
 
 The author had access to a vast number of early Spanish works 
 relating to the condition of the early inhabitants of Mexico and 
 the Pacific slopes ; and he has not only used these with inde- 
 fatigable industry, but he has also availed himself of such results 
 as could come from recent observation of the native races. The 
 production shows learning and good judgment, as well as un- 
 wearied research. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to " The Wild Tribes ;" the second 
 to " Civilized Nations ;" the third to " Myths and Languages ;" 
 the fourth to "Antiquities;" and the fifth to "Primitive His- 
 tory."
 
 lIlsT()liIi:s OF THE UNITED STATES. 003 
 
 Benton, Thomas H. — Tliirty Years' View ; or, A History of the 
 Workiiiii; of the American Government for Tliirty Years, 18:iO 
 to ISoO. 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1854-56. 
 
 A book of the greatest consequence to the student of American 
 history. The author was a shrewd observer, and during all the 
 period of which he wrote lie was in tlie United States Senate. 
 
 Ilis account is remarkable for its simplicity of style, and for 
 the admirable spirit with which he treats political foes as well as 
 political friends. In no other work can be obtained so good an 
 account of passing political events during those important years 
 which extended from 1820 to 1850. 
 
 Brownson, 0. A. — The American Republic ; its Constitution, Ten- 
 dencies, and Destiny. 8vo, New York, 1866. 
 
 This vigorous thinker and writer, though essentially a reviewer 
 of books rather than a writer of them, is well worthy of the his- 
 torical student's attention. The author accepts universal suffrage 
 as a principle, and defends it in its practical workings. lie rejects 
 state sovereignty, though lie maintains that the sovereignty of the 
 general government rests in the states collectively. He holds 
 Madison to have been our most philosophical statesman, and he 
 follows him generally in his political doctrines. The student will 
 often reject the writer's conclusions; but he will find the vigor 
 and originality of the work exceedingly suggestive and profitable. 
 
 Carlier, Auguste. — Ilistoiie du Pcuple Americain (EtatsUnis) et 
 ses Kaiijxn'ts avec los Indiens depuis la Fondation dcs Colonies 
 Anglaises jusqu'a laKevohitiondelTTO. 2 vols., 8vo, I'aris, 1SG4. 
 
 At the beginning of his work this author condemns what he re- 
 gards as the hasty generalizations of De Tocqueville, and endeav- 
 ors to show that they were made on the basis of too superficial an 
 examination. His judgments are severe, but not intemperate. 
 Each of the colonics he has subjected to examination, and has
 
 604 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 pointed out what be believes to be its elements of strength and its 
 elements of weakness. 
 
 Curtis, George Ticknor. — Histor}' of the Origin, Formation, and 
 Adoption of the Constitution of the United States ; with Notices 
 of its Principal Framers. 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1854. 
 
 Mr. Curtis had the advantage of a long and familiar acquaintance 
 with Daniel Webster, from whom he drew much of the spirit man- 
 ifested in this work. The object was to show the circumstances 
 from which the Constitution of the United States arose, the rela- 
 tions which it bears to the institutions that previously existed, the 
 necessities it satisfied, and its adaptation to the various interests of 
 the country. The first volume is devoted to the period between 
 the beginning of the Revolution and the assembling of the Con- 
 vention of 1V87; the second, to a description of the process by 
 which the Constitution was framed. The first part of the work 
 is by far the most important. 
 
 Foster, J. W. — Prehistoric Races of the United States of Amer- 
 ica. 8vo, Chicago, 3d ed., 1874. 
 
 The author of this work, in the course of a professional life de- 
 voted largely to geological and raineralogical explorations, has 
 personally examined very many of the most interesting evidences 
 of prehistoric society. 
 
 This volume, therefore, is to be regarded as the contribution of 
 an eminent ethnologist and archaeologist to our knowledge of the 
 earliest history of the human race on this continent. Its numer- 
 ous illustrations reveal the character of the evidence in support of 
 the positions held and the theories advanced. 
 
 Frothingham, Richard. — The Rise of the Republic of the United 
 States. 8vo, Boston, 1872. 
 
 This is likely to be a favorite volume with all thoughtful stu- 
 dents of American colonial history. It is clear in style, thorough
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. G05 
 
 in rcsoarcli, and methodical in arranjijcincnt. As a liand-book for 
 the study of our early political life it has no superior. 
 
 The author's purpose was to point out the gradual develop- 
 ment of our national life out of the marked individualism of the 
 colonial days, lie has very little, therefore, to say of civil and 
 military transactions, excepting so far as they arc necessary to the 
 development of the subject more immediately in hand. The book 
 presupposes some knowledge of our history, and proceeds at once 
 to trace the growth of the national sentiment until its partial in- 
 corporation into the Articles of Confederation, and, finally, its full 
 embodiment in the Constitution. It is an excellent book, and one 
 with which no student is likely to become too familiar. 
 
 Goodell, William.— Slavery and Antislnvery : a History of the 
 Great Struggle in both Hemispheres ; with a View of the Slav- 
 ery Question in the United States. 8vo, New York, 3d ed., 
 1855. 
 
 By far the most judicial of the numerous books on the growth 
 of the antislavery movement in the United States. 
 
 Thc'author looks upon the subject as a social phenomenon to 
 be studied and accounted for, rather than as a cause to be advo- 
 cated or opposed. Accordingly, the volume is made up very 
 largely of extracts brought from numerous sources and presented 
 for tltc purpose of showing the attitude of public opinion. The 
 growth of antislavery doctrines is thus traced from the beginning 
 until near the end of the volume, where the inlierent merits of 
 the struggle are judiciously considered. 
 
 Gordon, William. — The History of the Rise, Progress, and Estab- 
 lishiiicnt of the Independence of the United States of America; 
 including an Account of the Late War, and of the Thirteen 
 Colonies from their Origin to the Present. 4 vols., Svo, Lon- 
 don, 1788. 
 
 The production of an Englishman who came to America just 
 before the beginning of the war, and. settling near Boston, began
 
 t 
 
 606 HISTORICAL LITERATURE 
 
 the collection of materials, whicli be finally wrought into the form 
 here published. He appears to have made a strict effort to be 
 impartial. His history, therefore, is not without value as the 
 record of a contemporaneous witness. But it contains many 
 statements that subsequent investigations have shown to be incor- 
 rect. In spite of this serious defect, however, it gives us much 
 information not to be found in any other work ; and, therefore, 
 it may often be consulted with advantage. 
 
 Hennepin, Father Louis. — A Description of Louisiana. Trans- 
 lated from the edition of 1683, and compared Avith the Nouvelle 
 Decouverte, the La Salle Documents, and other Contemporane- 
 ous Papers. 8vo, New York, 1880. 
 
 The most valuable as *'cll as the most graphic of the original 
 accounts of La Salle's course of exploration as far as Illinois, and 
 the only detailed narrative of Hennepin's voyage up the Missis- 
 sippi as far as to the Falls of St. Anthony. 
 
 Though some of the writings attributed to Hennepin at a later 
 period of his life are of doubtful authenticity, the genuineness of 
 the description here republished is supported by a remjfi-kable 
 amount of contemporaneous and subsequent authority. Accord- 
 ingly, it is a most valuable addition to the knowledge of our ear- 
 liest history. Accompanying the volume is a fac-simile of a very 
 curious map made by Hennepin in 1683, and dedicated t6 the 
 Kino: of France. 
 
 Hock, Dr. Carl Freiherr von. — Die Finanzen und die Finanzgc- 
 schiclite dcr Vereiuigten Staaten von Amerika. Svo, Stutt- 
 gart, 1867. 
 
 A description of American finances from an historical but not 
 from a chronological point of view. 
 
 The " Powers and Methods of Congress," the " Duties of the 
 President and Secretary of State," the " Systems of Taxation," 
 the "Organization and Powers of the Treasury Department," and 
 the "System of Currency and P>anking" are treated analytically 
 and historically in such a way as to show the course of the gov-
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 007 
 
 crnmciit on each of these subjects. The volume has more es- 
 pecially to do with the period since the outbreak of tho Civil 
 War. 
 
 The purpose of the autlior was not to give an elementary de- 
 scription, but rather a full and critical discussion. His ability is 
 quite adequate to the task ; for he has acquired distinction as 
 Professor of Political Economy in the University of Vienna, and 
 lias brought to bear upon this subject the well-known characteris- 
 tics of German methods. The most obvious criticism to be made 
 on the work is that it rests somewhat too exclusively on the stat- 
 utes as the sources of his information. 
 
 The use of the book is made easy by a full table of contents 
 and a very complete index. 
 
 Hoist, Dr. H. von. — The Constitutional and Political History of 
 the l'nit(^(l States. Translated from the German by John J. 
 Lalor, Alfred B. Mason, and Paul Shorey. 5 vols., 8vo, Chi- 
 cago, 1870-85. 
 
 Unquestionably the ablest Avork that has yet been written on 
 our constitutional and jjolitical history. It begins with the period 
 of the adoption of the Constitution, and ends witli an account of 
 the Compromise of 1850. The first volume closes with the elec- 
 tion of Jackson to the presidency ; the second with the election 
 of Polk; the third with the agitation on the question of slavery 
 Avhicli ended in the famous Compromise. 
 
 The author's method combines the narrative with the argument- 
 ative, llis purpose, evidently, is not to give a history of events, 
 but a searching review of them, lie presupposes a familiarity 
 •with the principal facts of our political life. The ability he 
 shows in the processes of analysis and criticism appeals to the 
 highest powers of the reader's judgment and intelligence. The 
 student of lofty purpose will find his thoughts constantlv stimu- 
 lated by its perusal. 
 
 The point of view from which the volumes are written may be 
 said to be that of a political pessimist. It would be difficult to 
 find a passage in the course of the whole work that shows an ad- 
 miration of any one feature of our institutions; but it would be
 
 608 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 easy to point out many that seem to indicate a hearty contempt 
 for our political theories and methods. If the generous pecuniary 
 support given to the author for the prosecution of his investiga- 
 tions by the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, and alluded to 
 in the preface of the third volume, had been granted for the ex- 
 press purpose of subsidizing a systematic attempt to undermine 
 the foundations of republican institutions, and throw ridicule 
 upon them in the eyes of royalists, the Academy would have had 
 abundant reasons to be satistied with the result. 
 
 Aside from the general spirit pervading the volumes, they are 
 not free from faults of a more specific nature. The author shows 
 a singular, almost an eccentric, disregard for what would appear 
 to be a proper perspective. In illustration, attention may be 
 called to the fact that he devotes some two hundred and fifty 
 pages to a description of the " political trickeries " of Van Burcn's 
 administration, while of the great constitutional contest in which 
 Webster was so long engaged he gives almost absolutely no ac- 
 count whatever. In point of style, also, the work leaves much to 
 be desired. The sentences are often long and awkwardly in- 
 volved. Sometimes the heavy monotony is relieved by the use 
 of a grotesque comparison or metaphor. In fact, it is not too 
 much to say that the pages reveal no appreciation whatever of the 
 merits of a good literary style. Everything seems to liave been 
 sacrificed to vigor and emphasis. 
 
 Thus, while the work is written with conspicuous ability, it 
 shows numerous and great defects. It is not injurious to know 
 the worst that can be said of us ; and, therefore, every student of 
 robust intelligence may receive advantage from the stimulus it 
 will afford. Indeed, as a counterpoise to any spirit of undiscrim- 
 inating and too optimistic patriotism that may exist, the volumes 
 may be heartily recommended. The translation is not felicitous 
 in style, and is not free from serious errors. 
 
 Lamphere, George N. — The United States Government: its Or- 
 ganization and J'ractical AVorkings. Including the Declaration 
 of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and a 
 Description of the Three Grand Divisions of the Government. 
 8vo, I'hiladclphia, 1880.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. G09 
 
 A very useful book of rofcreiicc. It contiiiiis the fullest and 
 most .authentic accounts we have of the origan ization of the several 
 departments and branches of the i^overnmeiit. This includes the 
 number, title, and compensation of ail persons employed in each 
 department. Tlie volume also contains many intcrestino; facts 
 and histories not easily accessible elsewhere. In short, it is a 
 mine of information iu regard to all branches of the public ser- 
 vice. 
 
 Lodge, Henry Cabot. — A Short History of the English Colonies 
 in America. 8vo, New York, 1881. 
 
 The purpose of the author, in this volume, was to describe the 
 social condition of the English colonies in America at the time 
 of the meeting of the Stamp Act Congress in 17G5. The life, 
 the thought, the manners, and the habits of the people were the 
 subjects that he investigated and has well described. In the ac- 
 complishment of his task he has made use of an enormous mass 
 of materials, much of which is not easily accessible. Full refer- 
 ences to authorities are given in the notes. 
 
 The arrangement of the materials is somewhat peculiar and not 
 altogether felicitous. Each of the descriptive chapters is preceded 
 by an outline of the political history of the particular colony de- 
 scribed. Thus we have " Virginia from 1G06 to 17G5;" and 
 then "Virginia in 17G5," and so on with the other colonies. 
 The chapters are arranged in couplets, the first in each case form- 
 ing simply an historical sketch introductory to the second and 
 much more important of the two. 
 
 The disadvantages of this method of arrangement arc in the 
 fact that each colony is made to stand out with something like 
 an isolated distinctness from the others, whereas, in fact, the inter- 
 ests and the methods of the colonists were intimately interwoven. 
 
 With this not very important qualification, the volume may be 
 commended as a scholarly production, in every way worthy of the 
 student's attention. 
 
 Mather, Cotton. — Magnalia Christi Americana ; or. The Ecclesi- 
 astical History of New England from its First I'lanting, in the 
 
 39
 
 610 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Year 1620, until the Year of our Lord 1698. 2 vols., 8vo, 
 Hartford, 1855. 
 
 One of the most singular books ever written. The author was 
 a man of almost unexampled industry and of astonishing attain- 
 ments. But interspersed with a vast amount of knowledge is at 
 least an equal amount of pedantry and folly. The earlier editions 
 overflowed with quotations from the almost countless languages 
 at Mather's disposal ; and the whole was interspersed with a jufU' 
 ble of puns and poems, of sermons and anagrams. Though writ- 
 ten in a brisk and genial style, the book is so encumbered with 
 irrelevant matter that nobody at the present day will waste his 
 time by reading it as a whole. Probably very few persons in the 
 ninetcentli century have had the patience to go through it from 
 beginning to end. 
 
 So far as it is used even as an original authority, its statements 
 must be accepted with great caution. Mather, with all his learn- 
 ing, was the most inaccurate of men. The investigator must be 
 constantly on his guard against the authors stupendous conceits 
 and violent prejudices. As if to add to the already sufficient con- 
 fusion of the student, even the best edition is without an index. 
 
 But, with all its faults, it is still quite indispensable to the his- 
 torian of New England. As a picture of certain phases of New 
 Eno'land life it is imrivalled. 
 
 Pitkin, Timothy. — A Political and Civil History of the United 
 fStatcs of America from their Commencement to the Close of 
 the Administration of Washington, including a Summary of 
 the Political and Civil State of the New England Colonies 
 prior to that Period. 2 vols., 8vo, New Haven,! 828. 
 
 A magazine of carefully collected and important information. 
 It is information, however, still in a crude form. The book is ex- 
 ceedingly valuable to investigators; but it will be sure to repel 
 those who are readers merely for jileasure. It is a dry record of 
 facts, unrelieved by any spirited narrative, or any attempt at de- 
 lineation of character. The style is not pure, nor is the manner 
 elevated. The author's knowledge was unquestionably extensive ;
 
 HISTOKIKS OK TlIK UNITED STATES. 01] 
 
 and liis jiulLCmcnt was impartial ; but lie showed utter lack of 
 skill in the art of puttinir his materials together into attractive 
 form, and consequently the book lias met with but limited use. 
 Its value, however, will be appreciated by the most thorough stu- 
 dents. 
 
 Schoolcraft, H. R. — History, Condition, and I'rospects of tlic In- 
 dian Tribes of the United States, vols., large 4to, Washing- 
 ton, 1851-55. 
 
 The great thesaurus of information concerning the Indian races 
 cast of the Rocky Mountains. The author was an enthusiast in 
 the study of the habits and character of the Indian ; and his huge 
 volumes will be a permanent monument to liis name. The labors 
 of the author were carried on under the patronage of the govern- 
 ment; and, although the work is more picturesque than scientific, 
 it can never cease to have considerable value. 
 
 Seybert, Adam. — Statistical Annals, Embracing Views of the 
 I'opulatioii, Commerce, Navigation, Fisheries, Public Lands, 
 ]*ost-otlice Jlstablishment, Uevenucs, Mint, ^Military and Naval 
 Establishment Expenditures, I'ublic Debt, and Sinking Fund of 
 the United States, founded on ( )fKcial Documents, commencing 
 with March 4, 1789, and ending with April 20, 1818. 4to, 
 Philadelphia, 1818. 
 
 A vast fund of somewhat ill-arranged information of a valuable 
 nature. It is of especial importance on the early financial history 
 of the country. 
 
 Short, John T. — The North Americans of Antiquity, Their Orig- 
 inal Migrations and Tvpe of Civilization Considered, 8vo, 
 New York, 1880, 
 
 This valuable work, unlike that of Foster, has not been drawn 
 so much from personal explorations in the field as from the ex- 
 plorations and writings of others. The material has been gathered
 
 612 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 cliiefly from the Smithsonian reports and the monographs of 
 specialists. The Spanish and Mexican sources are especially rich 
 on the subject ; and the author has made use of these with great 
 advantage. 
 
 Stedman, C. — The History of the Origin, Progress, and Termina- 
 tion of the American War. 2 vols., 4to, London, 1794. 
 
 The production of an English officer who served under Sir 
 "William Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, and Lord Cornwallis. The 
 work, therefore, is of value as being the record of an intelligent 
 eye-witness from an English point of view. He seems to have 
 had no very great respect for the military capacity and skill of 
 his commanders. As Stedman's opportunities were limited to 
 those of a military nature, his history is of no importance except 
 on military affairs. 
 
 Stephens, Alexander H. — A Constitutional View of the War be- 
 tween the States. Its Causes, Character, Conduct, and Results, 
 Presented in a Series of Colloquies at Liberty Hall. 2 vols., 
 8vo, Philadelphia, 1868. 
 
 These volumes, by one of the ablest as well as one of the most 
 conspicuous champions of the South, might very properly liave 
 been called a history of the doctrines of nullification and seces- 
 sion. But they are not simply a history, they are an argument. 
 
 The whole of the first volume and a half of the second are 
 taken up with a presentation of the case historically and consti- 
 tutionally, from the Southern point of view. There has probably 
 been no abler presentation of the argument of the South. 
 
 Tocqueville, Alexis de. — Democracy in America. Translated by 
 Henry Keeve, P^sq. Edited with Notes, the translation revised 
 and in great part rewritten, and the Additions made to the 
 recent Paris editions now first translated. l>y Francis Bowen. 
 2 vols., 8vo, Cambridge, 3d ed., 18G3.
 
 IIISTOUIES OF THE UNITED STATES. (513 
 
 This famous bouk is :i work of iiiitlciubted genius. It contains 
 here and tlierc an error in statement of faet, and tlie author has 
 occasionally allowed liiniself to draw inferences from insufficient 
 observations. But, in spite of a few defects of this nature, it still 
 remains perhaps the most valuable book ever written on American 
 institutions. Every student of our national history would do well 
 to study its pages with thoughtful care. 
 
 It may be described as a book of comments and speculations 
 on our political and social characteristics. Intermingled with 
 these comments the reader finds an abundance of interesting gen- 
 eralization on the characteristics of democratic as distinguished 
 from aristocratic institutions. 
 
 The author's view, as a whole, is a sympathetic one, though by 
 no means one of indiscriminate praise. 
 
 Washington, George, and Crawford, William. — Correspondence 
 concerning Western Lands, 1767-81. Arranged -and Anno- 
 tated by C. W. Butterfield. 8vo, Cincinnati, 1877. 
 
 A collection of much importance for the study of tlie relations 
 of the Northwest to the Union. The letters of Washington show 
 that he had a clear vision of the great future in store for the 
 region north of the Ohio, and that he did not fail to see tlie op- 
 portunities for successful investment. 
 
 Wilson, Henry. — History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power 
 in America. 4th edition, 3 vols., large 8vo, Boston, 1875. 
 
 The author took a prominent part in the aiitislavcry struggle, 
 and was in many respects well fitted to perform the task he under- 
 took. He was intimately acquainted with the subject, and he 
 spent upon it years of unstinted labor. 
 
 But the production has two limitations of some importance. 
 In the first place, the author gives the student no references to 
 authorities; and, in tlie second, lie uses with too great freedom 
 the language of denunciation. It is a subjective history, written
 
 614 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 with much intensity of feeling. The volumes are made easy of 
 use by tables of contents and a good index. 
 
 Young, Andrew W. — The American Statesman : a Political His- 
 tory Exhibiting the Origin, Nature, and Practical Operation of 
 Constitutional Government in the United States ; the Rise and 
 Progress of Parties ; and the Views of Distinguished States- 
 men on Questions of Foreign and Domestic Policy. Large 
 8vo, New York, 1861. 
 
 Not a book of great original merits, but one that has been, and 
 still may be, useful to a large number of persons. It passes lightly 
 over the period before the adoption of the Constitution, reserving 
 its strength for the political struggles of the past century. 
 
 The most noteworthy characteristic of the volume is the fact 
 that the author docs not obtrude his own opinions, but introduces 
 very largely.the opinions of those who, at the time he is discuss- 
 ing, were prominent in affairs. This is the conspicuous merit of 
 the book. "While it detracts from the historical symmetry of the 
 work, it brings before the reader many opinions which it may be 
 profitable for him to know. It might with some propriety have 
 been called a history of public opinion on political questions. 
 The author has been very successful in his effort to preserve 
 what he deems a commendable impartiality. 
 
 V. IMPOKTANT BIOGKAPIIIES AND COLLECTED WETTINGS. 
 
 Adams, Henry.— The Life of Albert Gallatin. 8vo, Philadelphia, 
 
 1879. 
 
 A volume designed to supply historians with some of the ma- 
 terials for the history of a period as yet only imperfectly under- 
 stood. 
 
 The principal sources from which the author has drawn his 
 materials are the rich collection left by Gallatin, and the papers 
 still Iving in the archives of the government at Washington. For
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Glo 
 
 the financial liistory of the years between 1801 and 1829 tlie vul- 
 unic is of inij)Oitanec only second to that of Galhitin's " Works.'' 
 It is not a biograpliy written for popuhir use, but rather a narra- 
 tive designed to assist the most thoughtful student. 
 
 Austin, James T. — The Life of KIbridge Gerry, with Contempo- 
 rary Letters to the Close of the lievolution. 2 vols., 8vo, Bos- 
 ton, 1828-29. 
 
 Of these volumes, the second is the most important ; for it 
 embraces the period during which Gerry was at the head of the 
 Autifedcralist party iu New England. The book is not one of 
 great inherent merits ; but a sympathetic view of Gerry's life 
 while he was governor of Massachusetts and Vice-President of 
 the United States, as well as the acknowledged leader of the op- 
 position to New England Federalism, is not without considerable 
 importance. 
 
 Bigelow, John. — The Life of Benjamin Franklin, Written by Ilira- 
 self ; now first edited from Original Manuscripts, and from his 
 Printed Correspondence and other Writings. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 Philadelphia, 1875. 
 
 Probably no public man ever left more ample materials in his 
 own writings for his own life than did Franklin. During the 
 twenty years of his residence in Europe as a representative of his 
 State and his country, lie was in constant correspondence with his 
 government and his friends. The result was the gradual accumu- 
 lation of a mass of invaluable materials. 
 
 Besides all these writings, he left an autobiography of his early 
 years, prepared at the special request of a friend in Paris. This 
 autobiograph}', for a considerable time held in MS., was finally 
 translated into French and published. This French version was 
 converted back into English, and thus the translation of a trans- 
 lation was the only form in which the work Avas accessible to 
 English readers until the appearance of the edition published by 
 Mr. Bitrelow.
 
 616 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The later portions are derived almost exclusively from Frank- 
 lin's published writings. The importance of the volumes grows 
 not simply or even chiefly out of their descriptions of contempo- 
 raneous events, but rather from the revelation they give of Frank- 
 lin's methods of viewing the political affairs of his times. 
 
 Curtis, George Ticknor. — Life of Daniel Webster. 2 vols., 8vo 
 and 12 mo, New York, 1869. 
 
 The author of these volumes for many years knew Webster in- 
 timately, and by his own studies of the history of the Constitu- 
 tion was well qualified for the task of describing Webster's public 
 career. The especial value of the work is in the light it throws 
 on the development of Webster's ideas concerning the proper in- 
 terpretation of the Constitution. It may always be read with 
 profit in connection with a study of Webster's positions in the 
 great constitutional struggles between the North and the South. 
 
 Garland, Hugh H. — The Life of John Randolph of Roanoke. 
 2 vols., Svo, New York, 1860. 
 
 For many years Randolph was not simply one of the most 
 eccentric, but was also one of the most influential, members of 
 Congress. To the details of his life, therefore, there has always 
 attached a curious interest. Garland's work is not entirely worthy 
 of the subject ; but it is the best biography of Randolph we have, 
 and, therefore, is not without some interest and value. 
 
 Greene, George Washington. — The Life of Nathaniel Greene, 
 Major-general in the Army of the Revolution. 3 vols., Svo, 
 New York, 1868. 
 
 As the most important biography of the ablest subordinate to 
 Washington in the Revolutionary War, these volumes are not 
 without considerable historical value. They throw much light
 
 HISTORIES OF Tin: united states. gi7 
 
 on tlic military history of tlic war, especially tliat portion of it 
 which was under General (ircene's immediate direction. The bi- 
 ographer differs in some important particidars from Bancroft ; 
 and, therefore, tlie two works may well be used in common. 
 
 Irving, Washington. — Life of George Washington. 5 vols., 
 12mo, New York, 185G-G0. 
 
 This work was regarded by tlic author as the most important 
 of his productions, and as, in some sense, the crown of his literary 
 career. It partakes of his well-known characteristics as a writer; 
 and will probably acquire a permanent place in our literature as 
 the standard life of Washington. 
 
 For the purposes of an liistorical student, tlic last two volumes 
 will probably be found the most important. I'lie phases of polit- 
 ical life which Irving saw-, however, were not always the phases 
 which the student will now desire to see ; and, therefore, too high 
 expectations must not be raised. Recourse must constantly be 
 had to other sources of information. 
 
 Johnson, Oliver. — William Lloyd Garrison and his Times; or, 
 Sketches of the Antislavery ^lovement in America, and of the 
 Man who was its Founder and Moral Leader. 12mo, Boston, 
 1880. 
 
 As a description of the antislavery movement, this volume has 
 the merit of having been prepared by one who was familiar with 
 all the details of its progress from its beginning. Though it is 
 not written in a very animated style, it is still one of the most 
 valuable contributions yet made to the history of that long agita- 
 tion. 
 
 Lodge, Henry Cabot.— Life and Letters of George Cabot, Svo, 
 
 Boston, 1877. 
 
 The importance of this work is in the light it throws on the
 
 618 HISTORICAL LITEEATURE. 
 
 attitude of the Federalists of New England at the period of the 
 War of 1812. 
 
 The part of Cabot before and during the Hartford Convention 
 was so conspicuous that the publication of his letters alone would 
 have been a genuine contribution to our means of understanding 
 the period. For a proper understanding of the war, therefore, 
 the volume is an authority of much consequence. It leaves the 
 attitude of the Federalists of New EnHand no longer in doubt. 
 
 Marshall, John. — The Life of George Washington. To which is 
 prefixed an Introduction containing a Comprehensive View of 
 the Colonies Planted by the English on the Continent of North 
 America. 5 vols., Svo, London and Philadelphia, 1804-V; 
 2d ed. revised, 2 vols., Svo, Philadelphia, 1832. 
 
 This author had not so large advantages in the way of materials 
 as some of the later writers, but his political acumen and his ju- 
 dicial equipoise were such as to give his work a great and a per- 
 manent importance. The first volume is devoted to a description 
 of the colonial period, and it still remains one of the most satis- 
 factory works we have on the subject. The last volume is also 
 of great importance as a view of Washington's administration. 
 
 Morse, John T. — The Life of Alexander Hamilton. 2 vols., 12mo, 
 Boston, 187G. 
 
 The author is a hearty admirer of Hamilton ; but he has suc- 
 ceeded in being fairly impartial in his work. The volumes are 
 designed for popular uses rather than for the use of the historical 
 investigator. By all students of the Constitutional period, how- 
 ever, they may be read with profit. The infiiicncc of Hamilton 
 in the framing of the Constitution, and in the securing of its 
 adoption, is nowhere better presented. 
 
 Parton, James. — Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin. 2 vols., 
 8v(., New York, 1 8G4. 
 
 Like all of Parton's books, this work is especially adapted to
 
 UISTOIUES OF THE UNITED STATES. 019 
 
 those wlio need to be tempted to the [nirsuit of trutli. Its style 
 is the most spiritud, and its subject is the most interesting. Even 
 tliu dullest reader will not fail to have his attention excited by the 
 story ; for it is a remarkable story told in a remarkable way. 
 
 Perhaps the most valuable portion is that which gives in detail 
 the part of Beaumarehais in securing the assistance of France to 
 tlic struggling colonies of America. The most noteworthy weak- 
 ness of the volumes is a tendency to eccentric and extravagant 
 forms of statement. 
 
 Parton, James. — Life of Thomas Jefferson. 8vo, Boston, 1874. 
 
 The least valuable of the author's biographical productions, 
 with the possible exception of the " Life of Burr." From begin- 
 ning to end the writer seems to have been moved by two im- 
 pulses equally strong — admiration of Jefferson and aversion to 
 Hamilton. As lie seldom lets an opportunity pass without deal- 
 ing a blow at the one, so he is always inclined to praise and ex- 
 cuse the other. The narrative is fascinating, but the historical 
 value of the work is very slight. The intense spirit of partisan- 
 ship pervading its pages robs it of judicial candor. 
 
 Parton, James. — Life of Andrew Jackson. 3 vols., 8vo and 
 12nio, New York, 18G0. 
 
 Unquestionably one of the best of Parton's biographies. Jack- 
 son's weaknesses arc not concealed ; on the contrary, he is shown 
 to have had serious faults, but, at the same time, to have been 
 honest and interesting, though not at all times wise. The author 
 regards Jackson as a specimen to study rather than as a model to 
 copy. Though the book contains nmch that a severe judgment 
 would exclude, yet from beginning to end it is a narrative of ab- 
 sorbing interest. 
 
 The most important part of the work is that which describes 
 the violent change introduced into the civil service on the acces- 
 sion of Jackson to the presidency. The circumstances and the 
 significance of tlie change arc clearly and fairly presented.
 
 620 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Pickering, Cctavius, and TJpham, C. W. — Life of Timothy Pick- 
 ering. 4 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1867. 
 
 Of these volumes only the first was written by the son of Colo- 
 nel Pickering; the second, third, and fourth are by Mr, TJpham. 
 
 The especial value of the work is in the nature of the materials 
 used in the course of its preparation, and in the description of the 
 part played by Colonel Pickering during the administrations of 
 John Adams, Jefferson, and Madison. As leader of the New Eng- 
 land Federalists, Pickering's importance was everywhere acknowl- 
 edged ; and, at the time of his death, he left a vast number of 
 manuscripts of value. These have formed the basis of this bio- 
 graphical history. 
 
 Quincy, Edmund. — Life of Josiah Quincy. 8vo, Boston, 1869. 
 
 The part of Josiah Quincy in Congress during the years before 
 the War of 1812 was of great importance. As a representative 
 of a certain phase of New England ideas, Quincy is entitled to be 
 studied. Of this work, chapters iv.-xi. are of most importance. 
 
 Randall, Henry S. — The Life of Thomas Jefferson. 3 vols., 8vo, 
 New York, 1858. 
 
 By far the most valuable of the biographies of Jefferson. It 
 is a very elaborate effort to place the third President before the 
 people of the country in a favorable light. 
 
 The author is a great admirer of the statesman he describes ; 
 and he has brought together a large amount of valuable material 
 in the interests of his purpose. It is chiefly in this material that 
 the real importance of the volumes consists. In point of style 
 the volumes are not attractive; and the work is so voluminous as 
 to be somewhat discouraging to such as may desire to read it from 
 beginning to end ; but with the help of the index every student 
 may use it with profit. 
 
 I
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 02 1 
 
 Reed, William B. — Lifo and Correspondence of Joseph Reed. 2 
 vols., 8vo, riiiladelpliia, 1842. 
 
 President Reed was military secretary of Washington, Adju- 
 tant-<;eneral of the Continental Army, Member of Congress, and 
 President of the Executive Council of the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The confidential relations of the commander-in-chief and liis 
 military secretary give to these letters great value. They have 
 lieen much used by the historians; and, although there has been 
 some controversy concerning them, tlieir importance is universally 
 conceded. They throw light not only on tlie Revolutionarv, but 
 also on the Constitutional, period. 
 
 Rives, William C. — History of the Lifo and Times of James 
 Madison. '3 vols., 8vo, Boston, ISGO-GB, 
 
 The author of these volumes, in the course of his duties as edi- 
 tor of Madison's Works, came into possession of valuable materials 
 for the illustration of the lives and character of many of the 
 founders of the government and the Constitution. These vol- 
 umes, therefore, belong to the domain of history raore than to 
 that of biography. They arc founded on original and, in some 
 instances, unpublished documents. 
 
 L'nfortunately, the author did not live to complete the work. 
 The third volume ends with the election of John Adams to the 
 presidency. Although Rives was the victim of violent prejudices, 
 his volumes are of value for the period of the formation of the 
 Constitution and the presidency of Washington. 
 
 Sabine, Lorenzo. — The American Loyalists ; or. Biographical 
 Sketches of the Adherents of the British Crown in the ^\'ar of 
 the Revolution. 8vo, Boston, 1847. 
 
 The principal value of tliis volume is to show that a very con- 
 siderable number of persons considered it tlieir duty to dissent 
 from the action of the Revolutionary party, and, at the expense 
 perhaps of their property and their lives, maintain a loyalty to
 
 622 HISTOEICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 the crown. The sketches arc very short and very numerous, but 
 here and there glimpses are given showing that even the Revolu- 
 tionary fathers were not all worthy of canonization. 
 
 The work is introduced by an essay of more than a hundred 
 pages on the nature of the legislation which brought on the war. 
 The ground is taken that the causes for grievance were not so 
 much the forms of objectionable taxation as the repeated interfer- 
 ence with the natural industries of the country. 
 
 Sargent, Nathan. — Public Men and Events from the Commence- 
 ment of Mr. Monroe's Administration, in 1817, to the Close of 
 Mr, Fillmore's Administration, in 1853. 2 vols., 8vo, Phila- 
 delphia, 1875. 
 
 A volume of interesting reminiscences by one who was many 
 years in the public service at a time when great questions were 
 under discussion. 
 
 The famous debate between Webster and Ilayne, as well as 
 those on the tariffs of 1828 and 1832; on the bill to recharter 
 the United States Bank ; on the removal of the public deposits ; 
 on the annexation of Texas; on the Compromise of 1850; and 
 on the Fugitive Slave Law, took place under the Avriter's obser- 
 vation. His personal acquaintanceship seems to have extended 
 to all members of Congress, 
 
 Shea, George, — The Life and Epoch of Alexander ILamilton. An 
 Historical Study, 2d ed., revised and corrected, 8vo, Boston, 
 1880. 
 
 As the title indicates, this is not in any strict sense a biography. 
 It is the author's aim not so much to portray the events of Hamil- 
 ton's early life as to show the influence of his life and character 
 on the times in which he lived. The period studied embraces 
 only the early years of Hamilton's career, and closes with the 
 events of 177G. The volume shows unquestionable ability, and 
 is of considerable importance.
 
 HISTORIKS OF THE UNITED STATES. G2.3 
 
 Sparks, Jared. — Library of American Biography. 10 vols., IGmo, 
 New York, 185;i. 
 
 A scries of bioi^raphies of prominent persons, forty -cin'ht in 
 number, prepared by writers selected for the purpose by the edi- 
 tor. Though the collection was designed for the general public, 
 the papers are to be regarded as biographical essays rather than 
 as biographical sketches, and arc therefore not without consider- 
 able value in the study of our early history. The scries contains 
 a number of studies of persons, an account of whose lives is not 
 elsewhere easily accessible, A list of the biographies may be 
 found in the catalogues of the Brooklyn Mercantile Library, and 
 of the Boston x\theii:eiuii. 
 
 Tudor, James. — Life of James Otis, of Massachusetts. Contain- 
 ing, also, Notices of some Contemporary Characters and Events 
 from the year 17G0 to l77o. 8vo, Boston, 1823. 
 
 Of some value as a sketch of the circumstances which called 
 out the great work of Otis in arousing Revolutionary opinions. 
 
 The speeches and papers of Otis that did so much to shape 
 public opinion arc not given in full. These must be sought else- 
 where. They may be found in vol. i. of the 4th series of Force's 
 " Archives." 
 
 Tyler, Samuel. — Memoir of Roger Brook Taney, Chief-justice of 
 the Supreme Court of the United States. 8vo, Baltimore, 1872. 
 
 Judge Taney seemed to be going into history simply as the 
 author of the famous Dred Scott Decision. This book is an effort 
 to show in a favorable light the character of the chief-justice as a 
 statesman and a jurist. The portion of the volume of greatest 
 interest to the historical student is tliat which reveals Taney's 
 private views on the fugitive-slave question, and the process by 
 which he brought himself to the positions taken in the famous 
 decision. The Dred Scott Decision is given in full in an appen- 
 dix.
 
 624 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Wells, William V. — The Life and Public Services of Samuel 
 Adams, bein:^ a Xarrative of his Acts and Opinions and of his 
 Agency in Procuring" and Forwarding the American Revolu- 
 tion. With Extracts from his Correspondence, State -papers, 
 and Political Essays. 3 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1865. 
 
 One of the most valuable contributions to our knowledge of 
 the Revolutionary period. It was not written so mucli for the 
 purpose of constructing a fascinating narrative as to give a sober 
 account of the great events in which Samuel Adams took so con- 
 spicuous a part. The early j'ears of his life are therefore rapidly 
 passed over, and the principal part of the work is devoted to his 
 Revolutionary services. 
 
 Wirt, William.— Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick 
 Henry. 15th ed.. New York, 1860. 
 
 A work that has long been regarded a classic among American 
 biographies. It is highly laudatory, and has probably done more 
 than any other book to form the halo which rests on the head of 
 the Revolutionary patriot. 
 
 Patrick Henry exerted a powerful influence at two periods in 
 his life : first, when he aroused the State against the mother 
 country ; and, second, when he made herculean efforts to prevent 
 Virginia from ratifying the Constitution and becoming a part of 
 the Union. In other respects the life of Henry is a picturesque 
 one, but not one of very great importance. Wirt's book should 
 be used by the student with great caution. 
 
 Adams, John.— The Works of, with a Life of the Author. Notes 
 and Illustrations by his grandson, Charles Francis Adams. 10 
 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1856. 
 
 The first volume is devoted to the life of the author; vols. ii. 
 and iii. to the autobiography, the debates in the Constitutional 
 Convention, a dissertation on canon and feudal law, and the inde- 
 pendence of the judiciary ; vols, iv,, v., and vi. to a defence of the 
 
 I
 
 HISTORIES OF i'lIK UNITED STATES. 625 
 
 Constitution, tlie discourses on D.ivila, and letters on government ; 
 vols, vii., viii., and ix. to ofKcial letters, messages, and public pa- 
 pers; and vol. x. to correspondence. 
 
 In vol. v. is to he found a history of the dispute between Eng- 
 land and America from l7o4. The works close with a very com- 
 plete index. 
 
 Adams, John Quincy — Memoirs of. Comprising Portions of his 
 i>iary from 17U5 to 1848. 12 vols., 8vo, I'liiladelphia, 1874-77. 
 
 Volumes of surpassing interest on the personal and political 
 life of one of the noblest and most accomplished of our public 
 men. 
 
 The most striking and interesting peculiarity of the diary is 
 the fulness of the author's reflections and comments on the men 
 and on the events among which he lived. It was his constant 
 habit to jot down his thoughts on what was taking place about 
 him. Accordingly, there is scarcely an event of importance dur- 
 ing the long years of his public career on which he has not ex- 
 pressed an opinion. The very full index at the end gives an easy 
 elew to what is contained in the volumes. 
 
 Calhoun, John C. — The AVorks of. Edited by Richard K. Crallc. 
 6 vols., 8vo, New York, 1854-50. 
 
 These works are of the utmost importance to the student who 
 would learn the views of our government generally entertained at 
 the South. 
 
 In the tirst volume are to be found the "Discpiisition on Gov- 
 ernment" and the papers on the Constitution and government of 
 the United States. The speeches on various political subjects are 
 in vols, ii.-iv. Volume v. is devoted to reports while in Congress 
 and while Secretary of War; and vol. vi. to reports and public 
 letters. The first half of the sixth volume contains the most im- 
 portant papers of the author on the relations of the State to the 
 general government. 
 
 40
 
 626 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Clay, Henry — The "Works of, edited by Calvin Colton. 6 vols., 
 8vo, New York, 1855. 
 
 The first three volumes are devoted to the life of the orator; 
 though the third is largely composed of material designed to illus- 
 trate Clay's influence on the various subjects with which he es- 
 pecially had to deal. The fourth volume contains the correspond- 
 ence ; while the fifth and sixth are made up of the orator's 
 speeches in Congress. Unfortunately, the volumes contain no 
 general index ; but tlie tables of contents will generally give a 
 clew to what the author had to say on any given subject. 
 
 Everett, Edward, — Orations and Speeches "on Various Occasions. 
 4 vols., Svo, Boston, 1850-68. 
 
 The orations and addresses here collected arc, for the most part, 
 arranged in the chronological order of their delivery : vol. i. covers 
 the period from 1824 to 1835; vol. ii., 1829 to 1850; vol. iii., 
 1850 to 1858; vol. iv., 1858 to 1865. The subjects of the ad- 
 dresses may be found under the head of " Everett " in the Brook- 
 lyn Mercantile Library Catalogue and in the Catalogue of the 
 Boston Athenaeum Librarv. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin — The Works of, containing Several Political 
 Tracts not included in any former edition, and many Letters, 
 Official and Private, not hitherto published. With Notes and 
 Life of the Author by Jared Sparks. 10 vols., 8vo, Boston, 
 1836-40; better editions Philadelphia, 1858, and London, 1881. 
 
 The first volume contains Franklin's autobiography, with a con- 
 tinuation by Sparks; vol. ii., essays on religious and moral sub- 
 jects, politics, commerce, and political economy; vols. iii. and iv., 
 essays and tracts, historical and political, before the American 
 Revolution ; vol. v., political papers during and after the Revolu- 
 tion ; vol. vi., letters and papers on philosophical and scientific 
 subjects ; vols. vii. and viii., correspondence, and fragment of 
 Polybius; vol. ix., corrcsjiondence and journal of negotiations for 
 peace ; vol. x., private letters. 
 
 I
 
 HISTORIES OB^ Tin: united states. 027 
 
 Gallatin, Albert — The Writings of, edited by Henry Adams. 3 
 vols., 8v(>, rhiladelphia, 1879. 
 
 Of tliese voluinos, the first two are made up <»f Gallatin's cor- 
 respondence. The tliird embraces the more valuable of his larger 
 writings. The most important of tliese arc the " Sketch of the 
 Finances of the United States," pp. G9-207 ; " Considerations on 
 the Currency and Banking System of the United States," pp. 
 231-365; and "Suggestions on the Banks and Currency of the 
 United States in reference principally to the Suspension of Specie 
 Payments," pp. 305-489. 
 
 The works are of the utmost importance to the student of the 
 financial history of the country. Their use is made easy by a 
 good inde.v. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas — The Writings of. Published by order of 
 the Joint Committee of Congress on the Library from the Orig- 
 inal Manuscripts deposited in the Department of State, with 
 Explanatory Notes, Tables of Contents, and a Copious Index 
 to each volume, as well as a ijeneral Index to the whole. 9 
 vols., Svo, AVashington, 1853. 
 
 Of this collection, vol. i. consists of autobiography and letters, 
 1773-1790; vols. ii. and iii., of letters from 1784 to 1790; vols, 
 iv.-vi., of letters from 1790 to 1820; vol. vii., of reports and 
 opinions while Secretary of State ; vol. viii., of inaugural adch'esses, 
 messages, replies, and notes on Virginia; vol. ix.. Parliamentary 
 Manual, the anas, and miscellaneous papers. 
 
 As Jefferson's political ideas are very fully given in his letters, 
 the student should make free use of the index. 
 
 Madison, James — Letters and other Writings of. Published by 
 order of Congress. 4 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1805. 
 
 In vol. i., which is devoteil to the period between 1709 and 
 1793, are to be found a large number of very important papers, 
 including the "Declaration of Rights," reported by the Select
 
 628 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Committee of the Virginia Convention in 17Y6, Vol. ii, covers 
 the period from 1794 to 1815; vol. iii., that from 1816 to 1828; 
 and vol. iv., that from 1829 to 1836. 
 
 In the last volume are to be found important letters on the 
 Virginia resolutions of 1798, pp. 61-66; and also the author's 
 maturer views on the subject of nullification, pp. 95-105. There 
 is an unusually copious general index. 
 
 Seward, William H. — The Works of. Edited by George E. 
 Baker. 5 vols., 8vo, Xew York, 1853-83. 
 
 The first volume contains a biographical memoir, speeches and 
 debates in the United States Senate, and forensic arguments ; 
 vol. ii., the writings of the author as Governor of New York ; 
 vol. iii., orations and occasional addresses, executive speeches, and 
 general correspondence; vol. iv., speeches in the United States 
 Senate. 
 
 As the fourth volume contains the record of the author's work 
 during the important years between 1852 and 1862, it is of more 
 consequence to the student than the preceding ones. The promi- 
 nent part of Seward in shaping the early policy of the Republican 
 party is here clearly revealed. The fifth volume is of the highest 
 value in the study of our diplomatic relations in the time of the 
 Civil War. 
 
 Sumner, Charles — Works of. 12 vols., 12mo, Boston, 1875. 
 
 The contents of these volumes are arranged in chronological 
 order. As yet no general index of the works has been published. 
 Each volume contains a table of contents ; but if the student de- 
 sires a view of the contents of the whole series of volumes, he 
 must resort to the catalogues, the best of which are the Brooklyn 
 Mercantile I/ibrary Catalogue and the Catalogue of the Boston 
 Athenfcum. The pre-eminence of Sumner in the antislavcry 
 struggle gives to the volumes great importanee. 
 
 Vol. i. is devoted to addresses and papers written and delivered 
 between 1845 and 1847 ; vol. ii., 1847-51 ; vol. iii., 1851-55 ; vol. 
 iv., 1855-60 ; vol. v., 1860-61 ; vol. vi., 1861-62 ; vol. vii., 1862-
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITi:i) STATES. GiiO 
 
 63; vol. viii., 1863-04; vol. ix., 18G4-G5; vol. x., 1865-66; vol. 
 xi., 1800-07 ; vui. xii., 1S07-GS; vol. xiii., 1808-70. 
 
 Washington, George — The Writings of. JJeing liis Corrcspoiid- 
 ciHc, Addro.NSLS, -Messages, and other Papors, Ofllcial and Tri- 
 vate, Selected and Published from the Original Manuscripts. 
 With a Life of the Author, and Notes and Illustrations. JJy 
 Jarcd Sparks. 12 vols., 8vo, New York, 1852. 
 
 Of these writings, vol. i. consists of the life of AVashington by 
 Sparks ; vol. ii., of official letters on the French war, and private 
 letters before the Revolution ; vols, iii.-viii., letters and miscella- 
 neous papers relating to the American llevolution; vol. ix., cor- 
 respondence from.1783 to 1789, with Lllustrativo documents; vols. 
 X.— xi., correspondence from the beginning of his presidency to 
 the end of his life; vol. xii,, speeches, messages, proclamations, 
 and addresses. 
 
 Webster, Daniel— The Works of, 6 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1853-56. 
 
 The first and second volumes arc devoted to a biographical 
 memoir of the author, and to speeches and addresses on various 
 public occasions. Vols, iii.-v. contain his political speeches in 
 Congress; vol. vi., his legal arguments, his addresses to a jury, 
 and his diplomatic ami otUcial papers. 
 
 To the student of our political and constitutional history the 
 works of Webster are invaluable. He exerted a powerful influ- 
 ence in shaping public opinion on almost every question of im- 
 portance that came up in the course of liis public career. A 
 good index makes the volumes easy of nse. 
 
 VI. SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND READERS. 
 
 1. Ilildrcth's, though its style is apt to discourage, is the most 
 satisfactory single work for the nse of a thoughtful student. 
 Lodsfc's "Short llistorv of the English Colonies" is the best
 
 630 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 general account of the condition of the people during the colonial 
 period. Frothingham's "Rise of the Republic" is admirable for 
 its representation of the causes and tendencies leading to union. 
 If the reader desires entertainment as well as instruction, he will 
 receive unfailing satisfaction in the works of Parkman. The dis- 
 coveries by the Northmen are, perhaps, best described in the work 
 of Bryant and Gay. Ridpath's is one of the most satisfactory 
 single volumes on the entire history of the country. 
 
 2. The work of Pitkin, though too dry to be read for pleasure, 
 has great intrinsic value. Palfrey's "History of New England" 
 is a work of the highest merit. If the reader desires to know 
 what is to be said on the unfavorable side of the Puritan charac- 
 ter, he should read Oliver's "Puritan Commonwealth," and then 
 Thornton's volume in review of it. Bancroft's "History " gives the 
 best account of the Revolution, and of the events leading to the 
 failure of the confederation and the adoption of the Constitution. 
 In a systematic study of the Revolutionary period, great assistance 
 will be gained from Winsor's "Hand-book." Volume i. of Cur- 
 tis's "History of the Constitution" may be read with advantage. 
 The difficulties of the early history under the Constitution are 
 best described in Gibbs's "Administrations of Washington and 
 Adams." On the War of 1812 perhaps the most light is thrown 
 by Adams's " New England Federalism." The great Constitu- 
 tional struggle extending from 1820 to 1832 is best studied in 
 the works of Calhoun and Webster. Tucker's "General History" 
 gives the Southern view in a spirit of moderation. The leading 
 facts of the struggle between the forces of slavery and antislavcry 
 are best presented in Goodell's " Slavery and Antislavcry," and 
 in vol. i. of Greeley's " x\mcrican Conflict." A much fuller, but 
 not more satisfactory, account is the one in Wilson's " Rise and 
 Fall of the Slave Power." On Constitutional questions Von 
 Hoist ought not to be ignored, though his book is a history of 
 political parties rather than a history of Constitutional develop- 
 ment. Of the histories of the Civil War, that of the Count of 
 Paris is justly in the highest repute. In the study of the present 
 century, and, indeed, of all of the history of the country, constant 
 use must be made of Winsor's great collection, 
 
 3. Among the materials for a thorough study of our history the 
 publications of several learned societies are especially worthy of note.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. G31 
 
 Foremost among these are the "Collections" of the Massa- 
 chusetts Historical Society. This organization was incorporated 
 (luring the last century, and its first volume was published as early 
 as 17'J2. The earlier issues have been republished, and the series 
 at present consists of forty-six octavo volumes — a storehouse of 
 the most valuable materials, many of wliich have never elsewhere 
 been printed. They arc indispensable to a thorough study of 
 colonial history. A general index is to be found at the end of 
 each tenth volume. The table of contents occupies four and a 
 half closely printed pages of the Catalogue of the Library of the 
 Boston Athenaium, in which also may be found lists of the 
 papers included in the " Collections" of the societies hereafter 
 mentioned. The "Proceedings" of the same society down to 
 1878 occupy fifteen octavo volumes, and, though of soniewhat 
 less importance, arc not without much value. 
 
 The "Collections" of the New York Historical Society are em- 
 braced in seven octavo volumes, and were published at different 
 periods between the years 1811 and 1857. Many of the papers 
 here, also, are of the first importance. 
 
 The " Collections " of the Maine Historical Society down to 
 1877 make up nine volumes; those of the New Hampshire His- 
 torical Society, eight; those of Rhode Island, six: but all these 
 pertain chiefiy to affairs of local rather than of general impor- 
 tance. The " Collections " of the New Jersey Historical Society, 
 in seven octavo volumes, arc of much greater general interest, as 
 they describe very fully the constitution and government of the 
 colony from its earliest settlement down to the adoption of the 
 State constitution. The " Proceedings," in nine volumes, are also 
 of importance. The " Memoirs " of the Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society, in 12 vols., Svo, 1 820-7 G, give much information on the 
 character of the early government. The "Ohio Valley Historical 
 Series," vols., Svo, Cincinnati, 1SG8-71, relates to the early 
 settlement and history of Southern Ohio. Of especial value is 
 the second volume, in which an important account of the Ohio 
 Land Company is given. 
 
 The collection made by J. K. Brodhead, edited by E. B. O'Cal- 
 laglian, and published under the title of "Documents relative 
 to the Colonial History of the State of New York," forms ten 
 large quarto volumes, besides an index volume and a supple-
 
 632 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 mentary volume on the " History of the Dutch and Swedish 
 Settlements on the Delaware River." The papers here brought 
 together relate to the entire period from 1603 to 1778. The 
 " Documentary History of the State of New York " was compiled 
 by the same editor, and consists of four quarto volumes. The 
 two series taken together form one of the most important collec- 
 tions accessible to the student of the colonial period. 
 
 The " Publications " of the Narragansett Club, 6 vols., 4to, 
 Providence, 1866-74, are of great importance on the controverted 
 questions involved in the life of Roger AVilliams. 
 
 One of the most valuable series of papers on the early history 
 of the country is that of Peter Force, entitled "Collection of 
 Tracts and Papers relative to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress 
 of the Colonies of North America," 4 vols., 8vo, Washington, 
 1836. There is scarcely a subject relating to the condition of 
 the colonies in the seventeenth century that is not treated by one 
 who speaks as a contemporaneous observer. 
 
 Of similar importance is the volume collected by Alexander 
 Young, entitled " Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony 
 of Massachusetts Bay, from 1623 to 1636," 8vo, Boston, 1846. 
 It is the belief of the editor that, with the single exception of 
 Winthrop's " History," the volume contains every authentic doc- 
 ument relating to the Colony of Massachusetts during the years 
 indicated in the title. The editing has been judiciously done; 
 and the notes are abundant as well as learned. 
 
 On the early settlement of the French in this country, the au- 
 thority of greatest importance is that entitled " Relations des 
 Jesuites, contenant ce qui s'est passe de plus remarqnable dans Ics 
 missions des peres de la Compagnic de Jesus dans la Nouvelle- 
 Franee. Ouvrage public sous les auspices du gouvcrnemcnt Ca- 
 nadien," 3 vols., royal 8vo, Quebec, 1858. While the Jesuit mis- 
 sionaries of France were carrying on their work in North America 
 they were in the habit of sending back annually to the Old World 
 elaborate reports of what they had seen and done. These writ- 
 ings, annually published in duodecimo volumes, are here bnnight 
 together in collected form. The " Relations" arc of very unequal 
 value, but the best critics arc of the opinion that they were writ- 
 ten in perfect good faith, and that they are entitled to be regarded 
 as quite authentic and trustworthy documents. The first volume is
 
 HISTORIKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 033 
 
 devoted to tlic period from 1(111 to 1G26, and to that from 1632 
 to 1041; the second, from 1042 to 1055; and the third, from 
 1G5G to 1072. The scries ends with a very complete index. 
 
 A volume of great general interest, tliougii not of the nature of 
 an original authority, is one published by the Massachusetts His- 
 torical Society, at Boston, in 18G9, entitled "Lectures Delivered 
 in a Course before the Lowell Institute, in Boston, by Members 
 of the Massachusetts Historical Society, on Subjects relating to 
 the Early History of Massachusi'tts." The course consisted of 
 thirteen lectures, of the most scholarly character. The importance 
 of the work may be inferred from the titles — " Treatment of In- 
 truders and Dissenters by the Founders of Massachusetts,'' " Slav- 
 ery as it once Prevailed in Massachusetts," "I'uritan Politics of 
 England and New England," and " Education in Massachusetts : 
 Early Legislation and History." Each of these subjects is treated 
 with good judgment and great learning. 
 
 On the period just before the outbreak of the Kevolutionary 
 War, the most valuable of all collections is that of I'etcr Force, 
 entitled " Amei'ican Archives," 9 vols,, folio, Washington, 183.3— 
 37. The author designed a documentary history of America 
 from 1492 to the adoption of the Constitution in 1789. It was 
 his purpose to embody the results of his labors in six series of 
 volumes. In 1833, Congress provided for the publication of the 
 fourth and fifth series; but when the third volume of the fifth 
 series was printed the appropriation was exhausted. Though the 
 publication hsvs not been continued, the papers and materials left 
 by the author were purchased for the Lilirary of Congress in 
 1867. According to the report of the Librarian, the MSS. left 
 by the author amount to not less tlian about 230,000 pages of 
 foolscap, or enough for thirty volumes of the size of those already 
 given to the public. 
 
 The published collection is made up of contemporary materials, 
 in part manuscript and in part previously printed. The first two 
 volumes of the fourth series are invaluable for the study of the 
 alienation of the colonics. They contain copies of the " Quebec 
 Act" and the "Boston Port Bill," as well as numerous speeches 
 and letters on these and other matters of ini{)ortance. The vol- 
 umes printed cover only the period from the beginning of colonial 
 discontents to December, 1770. The papers were not very judi-
 
 634 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 ciously edited, even obvious errors in the originals having been 
 literally copied. 
 
 Pertaining to a later period, and of a more comprehensive 
 nature, are the thirty-eight folio volumes (published in \Yashing- 
 ton, 1832-61) known as "American State - papers : Documents, 
 Legislative and Executive, from 1789." The collection is invalu- 
 able, indeed indispensable, to one who would make a thorough 
 study of the early history and development of our country from 
 original sources. The volumes are divided into ten groups, each 
 group appertaining to a distinct class of affairs. The papers in 
 each series are arranged in chronological order ; and each volume 
 is preceded by a very complete table of contents. The respective 
 groups cover periods indicated by the following figures : Foreign 
 Relations, 6 vols., 1789 to 1827; Indian Affairs, 2 vols., 1789 to 
 1827; Finance, 5 vols., 1789 to 1828; Commerce and Naviga- 
 tion, 2 vols., 1789 to 1825; Military Affairs, 7 vols., 1789 to 
 1828; Naval Affairs, 4 vols., 1789 to 1836; Post-office, 1 vol., 
 1789 to 1832; Public Lands, 8 vols., 1789 to 1837; Claims, 1 
 vol., 1789 to 1825; Miscellaneous, 2 vols., 1789 to 1825. Those 
 on " Foreign Relations," " Finance," and " Public Lands," and 
 the two volumes entitled "Miscellaneous" are especially worthy 
 of note. 
 
 " The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution " 
 is the title of a series of twelve octavo volumes edited by Jared 
 Sparks, and published at Boston in 1829-30. The collection 
 embraces not only the letters of our ministers and others concern- 
 ing the foreign relations of the country during the Revolution, 
 but also the letters in reply from the Secret Committee of Con- 
 gress and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. The correspondence 
 is arranged in chronological order, so that whatever is wanted, if 
 embraced in the collection, can easily be found. 
 
 Another series of twelve octavo volumes was published at Bos- 
 ton, 1813-19, entitled "State-papers and Public Documents of 
 the United States, from the Accession of George Washington to 
 the Presidency." The importance of the collection is in the fact 
 that it contains documents, both public and confidential, designed 
 to give a complete view of the foreign relations of the country 
 from the adoption of the Constitution down to the publication of 
 the last volume.
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 035 
 
 "The Journals of Congress from 1774 to 1788" were first 
 publislied at riiiladelphia in 13 vols., 8vo, 1777-88; but they 
 were reprinted at AVashingtou in -4 vols., 8vo, 1823. For the 
 study of political and constitutional affairs under the Confeder- 
 ation they are indispensable. 
 
 On the proceedings of the convention which framed the Con- 
 stitution, a volume published at Loston, 1819, entitled "Journal, 
 Acts, and Proceedings of the Convention Assembled at riiiladel- 
 phia which Framed the Constitution of the L'nited States," indi- 
 cates with sufficient clearness the daily progress of the conven- 
 tion. Another work, published in 4 vols., Boston, 18:21, entitled 
 " Secret Journals of the Acts and rrocecdings of Congress from 
 the First Meeting thereof to the Dissolution of the Confederation 
 by the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States," is not 
 without importance. 
 
 But the authority of transcendent value on the period of the 
 adoption of the Constitution is Jonathan Elliot's collection, en- 
 titled " The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the 
 Adoption of the Federal Constitution, as Recommended by the 
 General Convention at I'hiladelphia in 1787, together with tlie 
 Journal of the Federal Convention, Luther Martin's Letter, Yates's 
 Minutes, Congressional Opinions, Virginia and Kentucky Resolu- 
 tions of '98 and '99, and other Illustrations," 5 vols., 8vo, Phila- 
 delphia, 1861. Vol. i. contains a journal of the Federal Conven- 
 tion, Martin's letter, and Yates's minutes ; vol. ii., an account of the 
 debates on the Constitution in the conventions of Massachusetts, 
 New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Maryland ; vol. iii., the debates 
 in Virginia; and vol. iv., the debates in North Carolina and South 
 Carolina. The fourth volume also contains important opinions 
 from Congressional debates between 1789 and 1836; the "Vir- 
 ginia Resolutions" of 1798; the answers to them by the several 
 states, and Madison's rejoinder thereto ; the " Kentucky Resolu- 
 tions;" the South Carolina "Ordinance of Nullification," and 
 President Jackson's proclamation thereon ; and several papers of 
 importance on the bank tmd tariff, as well as a digest of impor- 
 tant judicial decisions. The fifth volume of the series is made up of 
 Madison's journal of the convention that framed the Constitution. 
 Its importance is in the fact that it reveals how each principle 
 embodied in the Constitution took root and grew up into its final
 
 636 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 sliape. The work is a necessary and a favorite authority with all 
 investigators of the period with which it deals. 
 
 The record of Congressional proceedings from the adoption of 
 the Constitution down to the present time is comprised in no one 
 series of volumes under a single title. From the assembling of 
 the first Congress down to May, 1824, the record is to be found 
 in Gales and Seaton's "Annals of Congress," 42 vols., 8vo, 1834- 
 56. Not only are the proceedings and debates given, but also the 
 most impoi'tant state-papers, public documents, and the laws of. a 
 public nature. The volumes are made easy of use by a copious 
 index. " The Register of Debates," in 29 vols., continues the 
 record from December, 1824, to October, 183V, when it is taken 
 up by the "Congressional Globe," and continued in 108 quarto 
 volumes down to 1872. The "Globe" contains not only a ver- 
 batim report of proceedings, but also all laws passed within the 
 period of its scope. Since 1872 its place has been taken by the 
 " Congressional Record." 
 
 Besides the record of proceedings in Congress, several collec- 
 tions are worthy of note. Among these Benton's "Abridgment 
 of the Debates of Congress from 1789 to 1856," 16 vols., large 
 8vo, New York, 1856, is one of the most noteworthy and valu- 
 able. The condensations were made by Mr. Benton with so much 
 fidelity and skill that they may generally be relied upon as giving 
 a true representation of the speeches as they were delivered. An- 
 other collection of not less importance is Nilcs's " Weekly Regis- 
 ter," in 75 vols., 8vo and 4to, Baltimore, 1811-49. It is an invalu- 
 able collection of facts and opinions, not simply on political affairs, 
 but also on all the activities of our national life. The material 
 was generally well selected, and many important papers, not on 
 political subjects, are given in unabridged form. Each volume is 
 accompanied by an index ; but there is no general index, except of 
 the first twelve volumes. 
 
 A very convenient collection for the use of a student is that of 
 Ben : Pcrley Poore, entitled " The Federal and State Constitutions, 
 Colonial Charters, and other Organic Laws of the United States," 
 2 vols., 4to, Washington, 1877; second edition, 1878. The Fed- 
 eral constitutions and organic laws arc arranged in chronological 
 order, and these are followed by similar documents pertaining to 
 each of the states. The states are arranged iu alphabetical order;
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 637 
 
 and uiulor each state, in the order of tlieir occurrence, stand all 
 the grants, charters, constitutions, and amendments down to the 
 date of publication. 
 
 "The Ilebcllion Record," by Frank Moore, 11 vols., 8vo, New 
 York, 1 801 -09, <j;ives an important diary of events from the out- 
 break of the Civil War to its close. In addition to the more 
 formal documents introduced, it contains many maps and por- 
 traits, as well as a vast number of newspaper scraps, songs, bio- 
 graphical sketches, military orders, and proclamations. 
 
 A very convenient work, and one much used, is " The States- 
 man's Manual." Besides other important documents, it contains 
 all the Presidential messages down to the date of publication. 
 The compilation was made by Edwin "Williams and Benson J. 
 Lossing. 4 vols, in 8, New York, 1858. 
 
 '' 'J'he I'olitical llegister and Congressional Directory," by Ben : 
 Pcrley Poore, contains, in one large octavo volume (Boston, 1878), 
 a statistical record of the Federal otiicials, legislative, executive, 
 and judicial, from 1770 to 1878, It is so arranged as to enable 
 the reader easily to ascertain the personnel of the government in 
 all its branches at any given moment. It has, in addition, short 
 biographical or statistical sketches of all members of Congress, 
 Federal judges, and heads of de})artmcnts. 
 
 M. W. Cluskey's " Political Text-book, or Encyclopjcdia " was 
 intended to contain "everything necessary for the reference of 
 the politicians of the United States." First published in 1857, it 
 passed through twelve editions in less than four years. The thir- 
 teenth edition, large 8vo, Philadelphia, 18G0, was the last. As 
 the subjects treated arc arranged in alphabetical order, the volume 
 is easy of use. The student will often find explanations of terms 
 that otherwise might be perplexing. 
 
 On the literature of America, there are three works that are 
 conspicuous for one excellence or another. Professor Moses Coit 
 Tyler's "History of American Literature" is the only one of the 
 three that will probably hold the reader to a continuous perusal. 
 It is not only written in a style of exceptional grace, but it is the 
 fruit of most thorough research, and consequently it throws light 
 into a great number of corners that hitherto have been very ob- 
 scure. The first two volumes (8vo, New York, 1879) bring the 
 history down to 1705. A work which it is impossible to read
 
 638 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 continuous!}-, but wlucli is invaluable for the purposes of refer- 
 ence, is that of Evert Augustus and George Long Duyckinck, en- 
 titled " Cyclopaedia of American Literature, embracing Personal 
 and Critical Notices of Authors, and Selections from their Writ- 
 ings, from the Earliest Period to the Present Day ; with Portraits, 
 Autographs, and other Illustrations," 2 vols., large 8vo, New York, 
 1855. A new and enlarged edition, edited by M. L. Simons, was 
 published in 1875. A production of similar but more limited 
 purpose is that of Rufus Wilmot Griswold on " The Poets and 
 Poetry of America." The volume was carefully revised for the 
 edition of 1873; and important additions were made by R. 11. 
 Stoddard. 
 
 The eight octavo volumes (New York, 1859-65) entitled "An- 
 nals of the American Pulpit," by William B. Sprague, are of value 
 for the light they throw on certain phases of social life, especially 
 in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They are intended 
 to commemorate the most distinguished clergymen of all denomi- 
 nations, from the settlement of the country to the year 1855. 
 The tirst two volumes arc descriptive of eminent Trinitarian Con- 
 gregationalists ; the third and fourth of Presbyterians ; the fifth 
 of Episcopalians; the sixth of Baptists; the seventh of Metho- 
 dists ; and the eighth of Unitarians. The volumes abound in 
 anecdotes illustrative of social usages, and are exempt from de- 
 nominational partiality. 
 
 Of the magazines and reviews the most important arc "The 
 Magazine of American History;" "The American Review: a 
 Whig Journal of Politics, Literature, and Science," 16 vols., 1844- 
 52; "The United States Magazine and Democratic Review," 31 
 vols., 1838-52 ; "The Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries 
 concerning the Antiquities, History, and Biography of America," 
 18 vols., 4to, 1857-73; and "The North American Review," 132 
 vols., extending from 1815 to the present time. An index to the 
 "North American Review" was published in 1878. 
 
 4. For a systematic and somewhat thorough study of American 
 history, the following topics and references are suggested : 
 
 L The Political and Religious Charactekistics ok the 
 Colonial Governments. — Among the most valuable authorities 
 on this subject will be found the series of "Tracts" published by 
 Peter Force. They make up four volumes of original documents
 
 HISTORIES OF TIIR UNITED STATES. G39 
 
 illustrative of the early liistory of the thirteen colonies. They 
 not only describe the resources of the different parts of the coun- 
 try, but they also throw much li^ht on the different methods of 
 g'overninent, and the spirit of the people. Several of them were 
 never before; printed. 
 
 Some of the most important illustrate the early -history of New 
 England. Tract iii. of vol. ii. gives us "The I'lantcr's Plea," a 
 paper chiefly valuable as showing, by way of contrast, the induce- 
 ments to immigration held out by different portions of the coun- 
 try. Part iii. of tract v., vol. ii., is " New England Canaan," in 
 which the people and the practices of the Church are described. 
 Tract ix. of vol. iii. contains an abstract of the laws of New Eng- 
 land as they were in 1041. In vol. iv., Nos. iii., iv., vi., and x., 
 much information may be obtained concerning the intolerance of 
 the times and the causes of the Kevolution of 1G90. 
 
 On the same subject, several of the "Reprints" by J. Sabin 
 are of the greatest value. Especially noteworthy are " New Eng- 
 land's First Fruits," " Further Queries on the Present State of 
 New English Affairs," and " The Late Revolution in New England 
 (1089-90)." In the " Massachusetts Historical Collections," 2d 
 series, vol. vii., p. 189 et seq., is to be found the account of the Gen- 
 eral Court given in " Prince s z\nnals," p. 5. In vol. viii. of series 
 iii., pp. 191-237, is one of the most complete and satisfactory ac- 
 counts of the early laws of Massachusetts Bay, U pham's " Salem 
 ^Vitchcraft" is the most satisfactory account of that delusion. 
 The arguments for and against the treatment of Roger Williams 
 by the people of Massachusetts will be found in Dexter's "Con- 
 cerning Roger Williams " and in Arnold's " History of Rhode 
 Island." The subject may also be examined at length in the 
 papers of the " Narragansett Club." The general attitude of 
 Massachusetts towards Dissenters is admirably discussed in the 
 Lowell Lectures for 18G9, on "The Early History of Massachu- 
 setts." TrumbuH's " True Blue Laws and False Blue Laws of 
 Connecticut" is a useful book, not only for the facts it gives, but 
 also for the comparisons it contains of the statutes and customs 
 of the different colonies. Of the more general authorities, the 
 most important are Winthrop's " New England," Palfrey's " New 
 England," Hutchinson's "Massachusetts," Mather's "Magnalia," 
 Barry's "Massachusetts," Trunibuirs "Connecticut," Oliver's
 
 640 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 " Puritan Commonwealth," and Thornton's review of it. It may 
 be well to remember that Oliver was a good hater of the Puri- 
 tans. 
 
 The early government of Maryland is described in '" ^^llite's 
 Relation," printed in Force's " Tracts," vol. iv., No. xii. The 
 paper is a reprint of a report made by Father Andrew White to 
 the General of the Jesuits, and is especially interesting for its ac- 
 count of the relations of the settlers and the Indians. But the 
 most valuable early document we have on this State is that en- 
 titled "A Relation of Maryland," printed in 1635, and reprinted 
 by Sabin in 1865. This pamphlet, of more than a hundred pages, 
 is probably the earliest account in existence of Lord Baltimore's 
 colon3\ In Force, vol. ii., tract ix., is a furious Protestant pam- 
 phlet entitled "Virginia and Maryland; or, Lord Baltimore's 
 Printed Case Uncased and Answered." Tract xiv. of vol. iii. is 
 an attempt " to relieve the two faithful sisters — Virginia and 
 Maryland — from the imputations scandalously cast upon them." 
 Scharfs " History of Maryland," and chaps, xi.-xviii. of Neill's 
 "English Colonization of America," also Lodge's "Short His- 
 tory," are modern authorities of value. 
 
 An early description of Virginia, including an account of the 
 organization of the Court, is to be found in the " Massachusetts 
 Historical Collections," 1st series, vol. v., pp. 146-166. In the last 
 section of this paper is a description of the early organization and 
 government of William and Mary College. The works of Captain 
 John Smith should be read in connection with the " North Amer- 
 ican Review," vol. xvi., p. 270, and vol. civ., p. 1 ; and Neill's ac- 
 count of the same transactions, derived from the company's original 
 papers in England. In Force's "Tracts," vol. i., Nos. viii., ix., x., 
 and xi., are three original accounts of Bacon's Rebellion. These 
 are the basis of our knowledge of that event, for, before their 
 publication in 1804 and 1814, the causes of Bacon's Rebellion had 
 been but imperfectly explained by any authentic document. The 
 MS. of tract viii. was found in England by Jefferson, and copied, 
 even to spelling and ])unct nation, by his own hand. Of the more 
 formal histories of early Virginia, Stith and Beverley arc the most 
 important, but Howison is the latest. 
 
 The Southern colonies are described in Force. Tract i. of vol. 
 i. is exceedingly curious as an evidence of the way in which colo-
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. G41 
 
 nists were persuaded to go to Georgia. Sec, also, in tract iv. of 
 the same volume, a poetical extract from the celebrated perform- 
 ance of the Kev. Saiimel Wesly ; also the results of certain at- 
 tempts at prohibition pointed out on p. 21. On the difference 
 between the inducements ollered to colonists in the South and 
 those offered to colonists in the North, sec vol. ii., tract iii. In 
 the same volume, tract x. gives the causes and motives that led 
 the people of South Carolina to renounce their allegiance to the 
 Lords Proprietors and put themselves under the immediate gov- 
 ernment of the crown. 
 
 Of the general histories. Lodge's " Short History of the Eng- 
 lish Colonies," Marshall's "American Colonies," Doyle's "British 
 Colonics in America," Grahame's " United States," Pitkin's " Po- 
 litic.'il History," Bancroft, Ilildreth, and Palfrey are the most im- 
 pt)rtant. 
 
 On the early political and convstitutional questions, the first 
 book of Story's "Commentaries" will be found very convenient. 
 The especial political and constitutional characteristics of each of 
 the colonies are described and discussed in the author's character- 
 istic methods. The lirst volume of Laboulaye's "Etats-Unis" is 
 also devoted to the colonies, and is arranged in such a manner 
 that it may be easily used in the study of this question. Carlier 
 is more critical in his judgments. Among modern authorities, 
 Lodge's volume will probably be found tlie most suggestive and 
 useful. 
 
 II. The Alienation of the Colonies from the Mother 
 Country. — The great source of information on this subject will 
 be found to be Force's " American Archives," 4th series, vols. i. 
 and ii. Copies of original papers and speeches of importance 
 will be found given in full. All of the larger histories may well 
 be consulted. Specific references to Bancroft, Ilildreth, and other 
 standard works are unnecessary.. Much assistance may be gained 
 by the use of Winsor's " Hand-book of the Revolution." The 
 references in Bancroft, so far as they are to accessible authorities, 
 may also be used with profit. One of the brief accounts of the 
 causes of alienation is chap. iv. of Doyle's " British Colonies." 
 
 Marshall's " American Colonies," chaps, xiii. and xiv., discusses 
 not only the facts, but the legal aspects, of the question. In 
 Story's "Commentaries" (Cooley's edition), vol. i., pp. 100-15G, 
 
 41
 
 642 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Blackstone's theory of the relation of the colonies to the mother 
 country is examined, and the legal grounds of the alienation and 
 separation considered. 
 
 A very convenient -work for the student of this subject is 
 Niles's " Principles and Acts of the Revolution." By consulting 
 the table of contents, very much of value may be found. Be- 
 tween pp. 17 and 140 are printed the most important accounts of 
 proceedings in Massachusetts; and between pp. 410 and 460, the 
 proceedings of the British Parliament, including the most impor- 
 tant speeches on the subject. 
 
 Among the works which had great influence on the colonists, 
 the letters of John Dickinson, known as the " Letters of a Farm- 
 er," were among the most important. The different phases of 
 the subject were placed before the reader with great skill. Not 
 less important at the time, perhaps, was the " Common Sense " of 
 Thomas Paine. 
 
 The part of Samuel Adams in arousing the people of Massa- 
 chusetts is best described in Wells's " Life " of that patriot. By 
 the use of the table of contents and index the work may easily 
 be made useful. The work of the Committee of Correspondence 
 is of especial importance. Adams's "Circular Letter" is given 
 in vol. ii., p. 158; and the whole of the correspondence may be 
 studied in " Massachusetts Historical Collections," 4th series, 
 vol. iv. 
 
 The resolutions of the New York Convention of 1765 are given 
 in Pitkin, vol. i., note 8, p. 446, and should be noted as the most 
 formal declaration of the rights of the colonists. The works of 
 Otis and Patrick Henry should be consulted, as well as those of 
 JeflFerson, John Adams, and Franklin. 
 
 Minot's "History of Massachusetts Bay" is, perhaps, the best 
 of the local histories on this subject; though Palfrey's " New 
 England " should never be neglected. On the positions and views 
 of the Tories, the introductory chapter of Sabine's " Loyalists," 
 and selected portions of Judge Jones's "History of New York," 
 are of importance. 
 
 English views of the subject are to be learned in the general 
 histories of Mahon, Mnsson,- and Adolphus, and the first volume 
 of Stcdinan's " History of the American War." The general 
 character of the English government at this period is vividly por-
 
 IlISTORIKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 043 
 
 tnivcd ill Trt'velv ail's " ]"];niy Lift.' of Cliarlos James Fox," ami in 
 the letters of Horace Walpole and of Junius. 
 
 III. The Union of the Colonies into One Government. — 
 Frotliitigham's "Rise of the Republic" is the best single work 
 on this subject, and is written with general fairness and good 
 judgment. Though nearly every stop in the history of consoli- 
 dation is touched upon in this work, yet for full accounts of the 
 individual events recourse must be had to other authorities, many 
 of which are referred to by Frothingham in his notes. 
 
 The Xcw England Confederation is best described by Hubbard 
 in " Massachusetts Historical Collections," 2d series, vol. v. The 
 text of the articles is to be found on pp. 407-474. In the 3d 
 scries, vol. ix., p. 189, is given the Memorial Discourse on the 
 Confederacy of 1043 by John Quincy Adams. This is probably 
 the most important document yet published on the history of that 
 first effort to unite the colonics. 
 
 The next efforts at union are best described by Frothingham 
 and by the works to which he refers. The Convention of 1084 is 
 treated at p. 86; and the effort made by Penn in 1690 is de- 
 scribed at p. 111. 
 
 The most important of the colonial efforts at union was that 
 made by the Albany Convention in 1754. The Journal of the 
 Convention is printed in " Massachusetts Historical Collections," 
 3d series, vol. v., pp. 5-75. Franklin's plan of union is given 
 on pp. 70-75 of the same volume. For the best account of. 
 Franklin's part and infiucnce at this period, sec Sparks's " Life of 
 Franklin," vol. iii., pp. 22-55, where not only the proposed articles 
 arc given, but also some important comments on them by Frank- 
 lin himself. On the same subject Frothingham, pp. 137-150, 
 should be consulted. 
 
 On the Congresses of 1705 and 1775, Frothingham is tlie best 
 guide, pp. 167-189 and 329-300. The Massachusetts Circular 
 Letter is given on p. 212. 
 
 On the period which immediately followed 1705 there is jirob- 
 ably no bettor authority than Wells's "Life of Samuel Adams." 
 In vol. ii., p. 158, is given Adams's Circular Letter. The whole 
 of this part of the work may well be. read for the light it throws 
 on the labors of the Committee of Correspondence. The letters 
 themselves, throbbing with the spirit of liberty and good sense,
 
 644 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 may be found in " Massachusetts Historical Collections," 4tli series, 
 vol. iv. Tins correspondence is the most valuable coninientar}' 
 on the spirit of the time. 
 
 The first volume of Elliot's " Debates" contains a brief account 
 of the first Congress, together with Jefferson's notes on the pro- 
 ceedings. The whole of the account, extending from p. 42 to 
 p. 124, should be examined. The "Declaration of Rights," the 
 ablest formal presentation of the cause of the colonists, is given 
 in Pitkin, vol. i., note 8, p. 446. In the same volume, p. 433, is 
 to be found the "Stamp Act." The chapters in book iii. of 
 Story's " Commentaries on the Constitution,'' and part ii. of Kent's 
 " Commentaries on American Law," will be found of great value. 
 The table of contents in each of these distinguished works will 
 afford a clew to what is desired. 
 
 IV. The Decline and Fall of the Coxfederation. — A 
 general survey of this subject may be found in selected chapters 
 of the last volumes of Bancroft, and iu vol. iii. of Hildreth, chaps, 
 xliv.-xlvii. ; Curtis's " History of the Constitution," vol. i. ; and 
 "The Federalist," consulted by means of its index, will be found 
 among the best authorities. 
 
 The "Madison Papers," forming vol, v. of Elliot's "Debates," 
 are of the first importance in showing the spirit of the fathers 
 just before the adoption of the Constitution, The first 105 pages 
 arc devoted to the debates in Congress from November, 1782, to 
 February, 1783, Following this account are a few pages of ex- 
 tracts from letters showing the condition of affairs just prior to 
 1787. The later portion of the volume is devoted to an account 
 of the proceedings in the convention which framed the Constitu- 
 tion, and is the most important authority we have on the subject. 
 
 In the "Works" of John Adams, vol. i., p. 23, is an interesting 
 letter on the future prospects of the country, written as early as 
 1755. On pp. 67-09 and on p. 15G are given some early passages 
 on the necessity of union. The attitude of the colonies on the 
 subject is commented on at p. 440. In vol. ii., pp. 387 et scq., is 
 Galloway's plan of union; and at p. 402 an interesting account 
 of the debate on the confederation. On the arts that were used 
 to divide the people, see p. 196 of vol. x. 
 
 Pitkin's " Political and Civil History " is a difficult book to 
 use, owing to the dryness of the style, and the absence of an iu-
 
 IIISTOUIKS OF Tin: LNiTKU .STAiL.S. 645 
 
 dcx, as Wfll as of all datos ami catfli-wonls on tlie pages. But 
 tlic tabic <»f contents is full, and the material conUuned in the vul- 
 iiines will amply reward the explorations of the student. Almost 
 tlic whole of the first volume will be found useful in the study of 
 this subject. 
 
 Curtis's " Jlistory of the Constitution" contains a very full de- 
 scription of affairs from the Conujress of 177-1 to tl»c niettiii<^ <jf 
 the Philadelphia Convention. The table of contents, which is 
 unusually full, will enable the student to find readily whatever the 
 volume contains. See a very interesting note on pp. 41-48 of 
 vol. i., on the appointment of Washington. The financial diffi- 
 culties of the confederation are well described in book ii., chap, 
 ii. ; and in chap. iii. the most glaring defects of the confederation 
 are pointed out. The utter failure of the government to give 
 security to the individual states is pointed out on pp. 200-274 of 
 vol. i. ; and the necessity of a greater power to regulate commerce 
 in the same volume at pp. 270-290. For the author's account of 
 the decay and failure of the confederation, see pp. 328-379. 
 One of the most interesting chapters in the volume is that on the 
 "Northwestern Territory," pp. 291-327. 
 
 Laboulaye's " Ktats-Unis," vol. iii., pp. 118 and 130, has a char- 
 acteristically bright account of the defects of the confederation. 
 Of great interest, also, arc the same author's pictures of the indi- 
 vidual men who had most to do in framing the Constitution. 
 
 Freeman's "History of Federal Government," chap, v., pp. 237 
 -322, in giving an account of the Achaian League, affords an ad- 
 mirable opportunity for comparing the characteristics of our con- 
 federation with those of the government which, in some respects, it 
 most closely resembled. Note especially this author's comments on 
 Hamilton's views, as expressed in No. xviii. of "The Federalist." 
 
 Story on the Constitution, vol. i., pp. 158-187; Bancroft, vol. 
 ix. (8vo cd,), and Webster, in his " Works," vol. iii., p. 454 et seq., 
 liavc each pointed out the defects of the confederation. The 
 chapter in Story on "The Decline and Fall of the Confederation,'' 
 §§ 243-271, is one of the most satisfactory presentations of the 
 subject. The references in the foot-notes may be used with es- 
 pecial advantage. 
 
 For a very satisfactory account of Shays's Rebellion, sc3 Barry's 
 "Massachusetts," vol. iii., pp. 218-200.
 
 646 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 For the study of the process by which the Constitution itself 
 was adopted, Elliot's "Debates" is by far the most important 
 authority. For the consideration of specific clauses of the Con- 
 stitution the index must be used. Of the speeches on the Con- 
 stitution as a whole, one of the most important is that of Judge 
 Wilson (Elliot, vol. ii., pp. 418-434), and quoted at length in Cur- 
 tis's "History of the Constitution," vol. i., pp. 465-479. The 
 arguments by which the people generally were induced to accept 
 of the Constitution are given in " The Federalist." 
 
 V. The Political Doctrines of Federalists and of Anti- 
 federalists IN THE Early History of the Government. — 
 These are best studied in the lives and works of the great rep- 
 resentatives of the opposite parties — Hamilton and Jefferson. 
 The authorities may profitably be used in the following order : 
 
 Morse's "Life of Hamilton," vol. i., chap, vi., gives an account 
 of the work and influence of Hamilton in the formation and 
 adoption of the Constitution. The political principles of Hamil- 
 ton and Jefferson are compared at p. 386 of the same volume. In 
 vol. ii., pp. 1, 83, and 220, may be found accounts of the opposi- 
 tion and the cabinet quarrel of the two leaders. Morse loves 
 Hamilton and hates Jefferson, but he generally succeeds in attain- 
 ing to a reasonable impartialit}-. In chap, iii, of Shea's " Life of 
 Hamilton " is an excellent account of the influences tending tow- 
 ards the closer union of the states. 
 
 In Randall's "Life of Jefferson," vol. i., pp. 451-461, is dis- 
 cussed the origin and extent of Jefferson's democracy. In chap, 
 xii. of the same volume are to be found valuable suggestions as 
 to the influence of Jefferson's European observations on his politi- 
 cal ideas. In chaps, xiv. and xv. Jefferson's ideas of Hamilton 
 and of what he called the monarchical party arc expressed. Ran- 
 dall's work will be found very valuable, tliougli the busy student 
 will have to omit many portions. Parton's brilliant, but very one- 
 sided, "Life of Jefferson," especially pp. 318-419, may be read 
 wi'h some profit as well as much pleasure. The review of it in 
 "North American Review" for A])ril, 1S74, has a mucli higher 
 esteem for the author's brilliancy than for his impartiality. 
 
 In Hamilton's Works, vol i., p. 150, is a letter, written as early 
 as 1780, to Duane, giving Hamilton's views of the defects of the 
 confederation, and recommending a revising convention. In vol.
 
 HISTORIES OF Tlir: UNITKD STATES. 047 
 
 ii., p[). 393-471, is Haiiiiltoirs plan of a constitution, as laid licfore 
 the J'liilaiit'lpliia Convention; and in vol. iv,, jtp, 28U, LJ'J3, and 
 3U3, may be seen extracts from iiis letters in and after the conven- 
 tion. The corres[»ondencc of Washinj^toii, Hamilton, and Jeffer- 
 son relative to the ditferences between the two secretaries is to be 
 found in vol. iv., pp. 2(SU, 293, 303. In the first part of vol. vii. 
 are reprinted the news[)aper articles written by JIaniilton in the 
 controversy between liim and Jefferson. 
 
 The " Works" of Jefferson f urnisji abundant opportunity for the 
 study of that author's political opinions. His views of the Con- 
 stitution are expressed in vol. ii., p]). 318, 324, 328, 355, 358, 397, 
 also in vol. iv., p. 441. His general views on what he deemed the 
 correct principles of government may be gathered from vol. iv., 
 p. 208; vol. vi., p. 45; vol. vii., p. 319; and from bis Inaugural 
 Address in vol. viii., pp. 1-0. The desirability of periodical 
 changes in the Constitution, vol. vii., p. 15, and vol. iii., p. 102. 
 The proper construction to be put upon the Constitution is dis- 
 cussed in vol. vii., jip. 290, 330, and 358. His fears of the Feder- 
 alist.s. Vol. iv., pp. Ill, 139, 197, and vol. v., p. 559. His views of 
 the judiciary, vol. vii., pp. 134, 210, 250, 278. On the same sub- 
 ject see Hildreth, second series, vol. ii., pp. 400 and 440. The 
 Kentucky liesolutions are given in Jefferson's " Works," vol. i.v., 
 p. 404, and are authenticated in vol. iv., pp. 258 and 305. On 
 the early influence of these resolutions, see the speech of Hayne 
 in the debate between him and Webster, in which the orator 
 (juotes Jefferson as his "high and imposing authority in sup[)ort 
 of the (,'arolina doctrine." 
 
 In "Webster's "Works," vol. iii., p. 449, and especially on pp. 
 457 and 479, is to be found the author's constructit)n of the 
 Constitution on the question at issue between the two parties. 
 
 Mr. J. C. Hamilton, in his "History of the Republic,'' vol. vii., 
 pp. 771-788, has given the views held by his father on the ques- 
 tion of states' rights and a possible separation. In vol. iv., pp. 
 443-499, Jefferson's views are also collated. 
 
 Elliot's "I).'bates" is tlic great authority on the proceedings 
 in all the Constitutional Conventions. In vol. v., pp. 120-129, is 
 to be found "The Virginia Plan;" at pp. 170-193 "The New 
 Jersey Plan;" and at pp. 198-205 "Hamilton's Plan." 
 
 The introduction to J. C. Hamilton's edition of "The Federal-
 
 648 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 ist " gives an elaborate account of Hamilton's share in the forma- 
 tion and adoption of the Constitution, though the reader should 
 remember that it is the work of partisanship rather than of care- 
 ful historical judgment. The papers in " The Federalist " having 
 most bearing on the subject arc Nos. xv., xvii., xlv., xlvi., which 
 give the reasons for the author's belief that there is more danger 
 from anarchy in the members than from tyranny at the head of 
 the government. In contrast with Jefferson's views, No. Ixxx., on 
 the powers of the Federal judiciary, may well be read. 
 
 Calhoun, in vol. i. of his "Works," has given a "Disquisition 
 on Government," in which his general views are elaborated ; also, 
 in the same vol., pp. 174-187, are given some interesting pages 
 on " The Constitution and Government of the United States." 
 These will be found good specimens of Calhoun's subtlety of 
 reasoning. 
 
 In Laboulaye's " Etats-Unis," vol. iii., chap, ix., p. 210, is to be 
 found a highly laudatory estimate of Hamilton. In Brougham's 
 "Statesmen of the Time of George HI.," vol. iii., p. 280, is a pa- 
 per on Jefferson and his political work. Macaulay's estimate of 
 Jefferson's work, and of our Constitution as a -whole, may be 
 learned from his letters to Randall, published in the appendix to 
 vol. ii., p. 407, of Trevelyan's " Life of Macaulay." In the first 
 volume of J)e Tocqueville's " Democracy in America," chaps, viii., 
 xiii., and xviii. have some bearing on this question, and are of 
 great interest. In Sullivan's "Public Men of the Revolution," 
 pp. 171-240, is an indictment of Jefferson and of his administra- 
 tion by an ardent Federalist, supported by striking quotations 
 from Jefferson's words. Lieber's " Civil Liberty," chaps, xxxiv. 
 and XXXV., as well as the papers in the appendix, may well be 
 read, as they throw much light on questions of centralization and 
 anarchy. 
 
 VI. New England Federalism and its Attitude towards 
 THE General Government. — The most valuable authority on 
 this subject is the volume on " New England Federalism " edited 
 by Henry Adams. It consists of a collection of papers relating 
 to matters of a national character between the years 1800 and 
 1815. These papers furnish the best opportunity for studying 
 the question whether the Federalists were, as is sometimes charged, 
 practically disunionists. The most important of the documents
 
 IIISTOKIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 049 
 
 are tlie " A[ij)cal," [jivcn on jt. M, and tlif "l{ei»Iy" l)y John 
 Qiiincy Adams, which bi-i^ins on p. 107. In connection with this 
 response should also he read the letters puhlished in the appendix, 
 some of which it will he found difticiilt to reconcile with the 
 statements of President Adams, lly iisini; the index the views 
 of I'Y'deralists on the siihjects of KmharLjo, Impressment, Northeiii 
 Confederacy, Union, and Hartford Convention mav be profitably 
 learned. 
 
 Lodge's "Life of Cabot" is also a book of importance on this 
 subject. The great prominence of Cabot at the Hartford ("on- 
 vention gives interest as well as value to the n*w light thrown 
 upt)n his opinions. Chaps, xi. and xii. are devoted to the general 
 subject of New England Federalism, and chap. xiii. to the Corre- 
 spondence relating to the Hartford Convention. 
 
 Morse's "Life of Hamilton" relates more cspcciallv to an ear- 
 lier period than that now under consideration, but the later por- 
 tion of the work throws much light on the general polic\' of the 
 Federal leaders. The position of the party towards England be- 
 fore the Jay Treaty is described on [). 72 of vol. ii., the "Alien 
 and Sedition Acts," p. 253. The change of position of President 
 Adams t<jwards France, and the great importance of that change, 
 are pointed out in vol. ii., pp. 270-283. Chap. vii. of vol. ii. ex- 
 plains the action of the Federalists in the election of 1801, and in 
 their relations to the candidacy of P)urr. 
 
 Sullivan's "Men of the Revolution"' is a very interesting and 
 instructive work, though it is tinged with a strong bias of Feder- 
 alism. 
 
 Dwight's "History of the Hartford Convention" not onlv con- 
 tains a very satisfactory account of that famous ineetinir, but also 
 a very useful "Review of the Policy of the United States Gov- 
 ernment which led to the War of 1812." The early part of this 
 review gives an account of the several lines of policy pursued by 
 the Federal party while charged with the nianngenient of the 
 government. The attitude of the party towards the Embarixo is 
 also explained. Beginning on p. 383 is the Secret Journal of the 
 Convention. In vol. iv. of Upham's " Life of Timothv Pickering" 
 will be found many valuable letters and papers on this subject. 
 Pickering was one of the most prominent and one of the most 
 intluential Federalists of his day. On p. o3 of vol. iv. his views
 
 C50 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 are given maintaining that the general government not only had 
 no constitutional right to purchase Louisiana, but that, even after 
 the purchase, it could not be incorporated into the Union without 
 the assent of each individual state. Tlie author's estimation of 
 the general government may be profitably consulted on pp. 107- 
 111, and 121-123. Perhaps the most important part of the vol- 
 ume is that giving Pickering's speech in the Senate (December, 
 1808) on the Embargo, vol. iv., p. 138. It reveals very clearly 
 and forcibly the attitude of the Federalists towards England and 
 towards France. For a view of the animosities provoked by the 
 speech, see the newspaper headings copied opposite pp. 159 and 
 162 of the same volume. Three of the most important letters of 
 Pickering niay also be seen in Niles's "Register," vol. ii., pp. 155, 
 185, 201. In the same volume, on pp. 309-315, is the address by 
 a minority of Congress to their constituents on the uselcssness of 
 the war. This may be regarded as a formal and authoritative 
 declaration by the Federalists of their attitude in 1812. 
 
 In Calhoun's " Works," vol. ii., p. 117, is to be seen the speech 
 in which the views of the Antifederalists are best enunciated. 
 The works of Jefferson may also be consulted on the same sub- 
 ject with profit. 
 
 Of the accounts given in the general histories, that of Hildreth 
 is by far the best. In the 2d series, vol. i., p. 300 et scq., is to be 
 found a description of the Kepublican party and of Jefferson's 
 charges against the Federalists. The loss to the Federalists in 
 the death of Washington, and the general causes of the fall of the 
 party, are discussed in vol. ii. of the same series, pp. 338-418. In 
 vol. iii., p. 117, the alleged plot of the Federalists is considered; 
 and in pp. 142, 143, the change in the relative positions of the two 
 parties. From the 404th page to the close of the volume, almost 
 the whole of the author's space is devoted to the attitude of New 
 England. Throughout the work Ilildreth's views are iu strong 
 sympathy with the Federalists, but it will be found that not very 
 many of his positions have been shaken by subsetpient criticism. 
 
 \'on Hoist's "Constitutional History" will l)e studied on this 
 question with groat advantage. Unfortunately the work, as yet, 
 lias* no index, and the first two volumes have; only a very unsatis- 
 factory table of contents. But jiassages of great importance on 
 the present cjuestion will be found by consulting the following
 
 HISTORIES OF TlIK UNITKU STATES. 051 
 
 references ; The j)()siti<»n of the early I-Vilcralists, vul. i., p. 72; 
 the fall of the Federal ists, i., 181-191 ; I'V-deralist plans of seces- 
 sion, i., 193, 194 ; their intrigues with JJurr, i., 195, 190; the Em- 
 harifo, and the attitude of the parties towanls it, i., 203-217 ; the 
 o|)position of New Eni;land to the war, i., 235-2 72 ; the death ol 
 the Federal party, i., 273-27U. 
 
 \U. TlIK FaUI.V FoUEUiN liELATIONS OK TllK UnITEU StATES. 
 
 — The first approaches to France througli the efforts of Silas 
 Dcane are described in Bancroft (8vo ed.), vol. ix., chap, iii., pp. 
 01-75. Chaps, xvi. and xvii. relate to the continued attitude of 
 France and Spain ; aiul chap, xxix, to France and the Commis- 
 sioners, at the head of whom was Fraidclin, In vol. x., chaps, ii., 
 iii., v., and vi., are described and discussed the continued relations 
 of the several nations of Europe and the colonies up to the time 
 of the open alliance. 
 
 A more graphic, and in some respects more satisfactory, account 
 of the way in which the alliance was brought about is given by 
 Pftrton in his '* Life of Franklin," vol. ii., part v., chap. vii. The 
 "Life of Ijcaumarchais," by Loiuenie, of which there are several 
 editions, may be consulted with proHt for a further account of the 
 service of that singular man in the interests of alliance. 
 
 The circumstances which led to Jay's Treaty, the causes of 
 complaint against the P^nglisli government, and the character of 
 the treaty itself, may well be studied in Jay's " Works," vol. i., 
 pp. 302-384. The subject is also treated at some length in 
 Gibbs's " Administrations of AVashington and Adams," vol. i., 
 pp. 191, 319 et seq. In llildrcth, 2d series, vol. i., chaps, vi. and 
 viii., the causes of the treaty, as well as its provisions, are 
 described. In chap. viii. is also to be found an analvsis of the 
 debates in Congress on the treaty. 
 
 The full importance of the subject, however, can only be under- 
 stood by one who studies the literature of the time. The ques- 
 tion occupied nearly the sole attention of Congress for a month. 
 The debates on the subject may be found in "Annals of Con- 
 gress," 4th Congress, 1st Session, 1795-90, pp. 420-783 and pp. 
 975-1298, The same, in a somcwliat condensed and more satis- 
 factory form, will be found in Benton's "Abridgment," vol, i., 
 pp. 039-710. Sec especially the note on p. 754. 
 
 The most elaborate defence of the treaty was that by llaiuil-
 
 652 HISTORICAL LITERATUEE. 
 
 ton, King, and Jay in the letters signed " Camillus," Hamilton's 
 "Works," vol. vii., pp. 172-528. Concerning the authorship of 
 these letters, see " Life of John Adams," vol. ii., p. 195, and J. C. 
 Hamilton's "History of the Republic," vol. vi., p. 273. Hamil- 
 ton's views of the particular phases of the treaty may be ascer- 
 tained by consulting the index. 
 
 On the other side, the most important writer was Madison. In 
 Jefferson's " Works," vol. iv., p. 121, is a letter in which Jefferson 
 expresses himself very freely to Madison. In the course of the 
 correspondence he says, " For God's sake, take up your pen and 
 give a fundamental reply to ' Curtius' and ' Camillus.' Hamilton 
 is really a colossus ; and when ho comes forward, there is nobody 
 but yourself who can meet him." He also referred to Washing- 
 ton as " the only honest man who has assented to it." Madison's 
 objections to the treaty are to be found in the first hundred pages 
 of vol. ii. of his " Works." 
 
 The relations with France involved in Monroe's mission and 
 recall, and the appointment of a special mission, are described in 
 Ilildreth, 2d scries, vol. i., chap, ix., and vol. ii., chaps, x. and xi. 
 
 VIII. The Acquisition of the Territories and their Po- 
 litical Organization and Significance. — The territory of the 
 Northwest is only to be studied successfully in a series of mono- 
 graphs. The nature of the conflicting claims is best indicated in 
 II. B. Adams's pamphlet, read before the Maryland Historical 
 Society, on " Maryland's Influence in Founding a National Com- 
 monwealth; or. The History of the Accession of Public Lands." 
 The paper of J. A. Garfield on " The Discovery and Ownership of 
 the Northwestern Territory, and Settlement of the Western Re- 
 serve," published in the collections of the Western Reserve and 
 Northern Ohio Historical Society for 1874, points out the earliest 
 phases of this question. Franklin's paper entitled "The Ohio 
 Settlement," in Franklin's "Works," vol. iv., pp. 324-379, is of 
 great interest and importance. Butterfield's " Washington-Craw- 
 ford Letters," concerning Western lands, show the interest and 
 the foresight of Washington in regard to tlic importance of 
 the Northwest. The influence of the Quebec Act of 1774 is 
 pointed out in Burke's letter on the subject, published in New 
 York Historical Society's Collections, 2d series, vol. ii., pp. 219- 
 225. Thomas I*ainc's essays " I'ublic Good" and " Plain Facts," 
 
 ^
 
 IIISTOKIKS OF THE L'NITKD STATICS. 653 
 
 written icspcctivcly ii» 1780 and 1781, pertain to the nurture and 
 nianaijcment of our Western domains. For an account of the 
 manner of brini^iuLC the territories of the Northwest under the 
 control «>f the <:;eneral <;ovcrnment, see the admirahle inonoijraph 
 of II. 1>. Adams above referred to. 
 
 The circumstances leadiui^ to tlic Ordinance of 1787 were for 
 the fii-st time mado clear by W. V. I'oolc, in " Nortli American 
 lleview" for July, 1870. The paper is of great importance for 
 the light it throws on tlic clauses of the ordinance relating to 
 slavery and education. The Ordinance of 1787 itself is to be 
 found in Poore's "Federal ami State Constitutions," vol. i., pp. 
 429-432. 
 
 The "Louisiana I'urihasc" is treated with characteristic ability 
 and acumen by Von Ilolst, vol. i., pp. 183-199. This may be 
 consiikred one of the most satisfactory portions of the work, 
 though there is occasionally an error, as, for example, in note i., 
 p. 186. The notes in Von Hoist will furnish am{ile clew to the 
 more important sources of information. Webster, in his " Works," 
 vol. i., p. 355, justifies the acquisition of Louisiana and Florida, 
 though he does so exclusively on the ground of necessity. In 
 vol. ii., p. 551, he further declares that the purchase was not 
 within the scope of the Constitution, but was purt'ly a work of 
 necessity. The nature of the necessity is explained in Adams's 
 "Life of <iallatin," p. 3(»7, and in Tucker's *' History," vol. ii., pp. 
 171-180. 
 
 The Seminole War and the cession of Florida arc treated in 
 Hildreth, 2d series, vol. iii., p. 658, but more fully and satisfac- 
 torily in Tarton's "Life of Jackson," vol. ii., pp. 397, 407, 421, 
 583, and 001. By tracing these references, the necessity of ac- 
 quiring the territory will be made obvious. 
 
 The turbulence in Texas, which led to a desire to be annexed, 
 may be studied in the last eha])ters of Yoakum's "History" of 
 that state. The circumstances which made the United States 
 willing to receive the state can be traced in Benton's " Debates," 
 vol. xii., pp. 762-778, and in vol. xiii., pp. 325-331. The manner 
 in which the annexation was brought about is considered in the 
 last part of vol. ii. of Von Ilolst. On the same subject sec, also, 
 Tucker's "History," vol. iv., pp. 232-207 and 329-341; and 
 Wilson's "Rise anil Fall of the Slave I'ower," vol. i., pj). qS7 et
 
 654 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 seq. The spirit of Wilson is in the title of his chapter " Plot for 
 the Annexation of Texas." In Webster's " Works" the Constitu- 
 tional objections are urged. In vol. i., p. 354, the objections are 
 briefly stated; in vol. ii., p. 437, the author declares by Avhom 
 annexation is promoted ; and in vol. v., pp. 55-60, he makes a 
 brief but pointed protest. 
 
 The most important political results of these acquisitions were 
 those which led to the Missouri Coni])romise, and still later to 
 the repeal of the Compromise and the great struggle for freedom 
 in Kansas. On this phase of the subject, the speeches of Clav, 
 Webster, and Calhoun are of the first importance. See Calhoun's 
 " Works," vol. iv., pp. 542-573, and vol. v., pp. 322-461 ; Clay's 
 " Works," vol. iii., pp. 302-345 ; Webster's " Works," vol. v., pp. 
 324-368. On the significance and effect of this speech of Web- 
 ster, see Curtis's "Life of Webster," voh ii., pp. 402 and 431 ; also, 
 Theodore Parker's " Eulogy on Webster." The debates on this 
 great question are to be studied in Benton's " Debates," vol. vi. 
 A survey of the whole question is given in Von Hoist, vol. ii., pp. 
 340-382. The Southern view of the question is presented by 
 Tucker, vol. iii., pp. 226-315. 
 
 IX. The Financial History of the Country from the Be- 
 ginning OF the Revolutionary War to the Close of the 
 War of 1812. — The first sixty-ciglit pages of Sumner's " History 
 of American Currency" will serve as a good introduction to the 
 study of the subject. Bolles's "Financial History of the United 
 States" covers the period from 1774 to 1789, and will be found 
 both readable and valuable. After an outline of the facts has 
 been mastered, the student will profit by a reading of the chap- 
 ters on " How Paper Money was lieceivcd," " Limitation of 
 Prices," "Legal Tender Laws of the Revolution," "Taxation," 
 "Speculation," and "Corruption and Repudiation." 
 
 The nature of the exigencies demanding financial attention 
 may best be reviewed in Bancroft. See especially vol. vi., p. 166 
 (12nio ed.), for the way in which the value of paper was reduced ; 
 and p. 334 for the purchasing power of paper. The most impor- 
 tant authority on this subject, however, is I'hillips's "Sketches of 
 Paper Currency in the American Colonies." ]>iit so few copies 
 of the book were printed that it is not easy of access. 
 
 The manner in which tlie colonies secured the first material
 
 IIISTORIKS OF Tin-: UMTKI) STATES. 055 
 
 assistance from France is best j^iven in vol. ii., part v., cliaj»«i. vi. 
 and \ ii. of I'arton's " Life of Franklin." A still fuller account is 
 to 1)(; found in Lomenie's " Life of IJcauniarcltais." An excellent 
 suniinary is i^iven l>y Pitkin, V(»l. i., j)j). 4U1-422. 
 
 The j^eiieral tinancial weakness of tin; f^overnineiit under tla- 
 confederation is discussed by Story, vol. i., JJs^ 240, 254, 255, 280. 
 The weakness of the j^eiieral i;overnnient under the confederation 
 is also described in vol. ii, of Morse's " Life of Alexander Hamil- 
 ton.'' < )ii the same subject, see also Titkin, vol. ii., chaps, xvi. and 
 xvii. 
 
 Pitkin also (vol. ii., pp. 341-350) gives a very fair presentation 
 of the arguments used on both sides of the proposition to fund 
 the debt. Giles's first attack on the Treasury, and the repf)rt of 
 his committee, are described in the same vol., pp. 353-417. 
 
 On the years immediately following the adoption of the Con- 
 stitution, vol. V. of Marshall's " Life of Washington" is one of the 
 most important authorities. Imposts and tonnage are discussed, 
 pp. 219-228; the duties of the Secretary of the Treasury, pp. 
 232-239 ; the first report of the Treasurer, and its various recom- 
 mendations, pp. 272-279; arguments for and against a National 
 Bank, pp. 341-340; the division of parties on financial questions, 
 pp. 297-299, 346-351, 362-360, 386-387, 550-557. Notes iii., 
 iv., and v. are of iniportance. See especially note iii., which gives 
 an outline of Hamilton's argument on the constitutionality and 
 expediency of a bank. 
 
 The same subjects are discussed in Morse's " Life of Hamil- 
 ton." On the reasons of Hamilton for an assumption of the 
 debts, and the debates thereon, see vol. i., pp. 301-332; on the 
 constitutionality of a bank, pp. 333-348 ; on the success of 
 Hamilton's measures, vol. ii., pp. 20-30. On the finances of this 
 period the following chapters may all bo read with profit : \'ol. i., 
 chaps, iv., vii., viii., ix., x., xii., and vol. ii., chaps, ii. and iv. 
 
 (iibbs's "Administrations of Washington and Adams" is es- 
 pi'cially strong on financial questions. The writer was familiar 
 with all the financial projects brought before the government. 
 The index and table of contents should be freely used. The or- 
 ganization of the Treasury Department is described, vol. i., pp. 
 
 2S-31. Light is thrown on the ac unts of the individual states 
 
 with the general govciiiment, vol. i., p. 54, jind vol. ii., p. 48 et
 
 656 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 seq. The index should be consulted on the subjects of " Bank," 
 " Funding System," and " Assumption of Debts." Many letters 
 of Hamilton and Wolcott are given which comment on the finan- 
 cial condition of affairs. The two ways of calculating the debt, 
 vol. i., p. iTl, and the Report of the Committee on Wolcott's 
 management, vol. ii., p. 469, are especially worthy of notice. 
 
 Adams's "Life of Gallatin" and the "Works" of Gallatin are 
 the most important authorities on the next period. The change 
 from the system of Hamilton to the system of Gallatin is de- 
 scribed by Adams on pp. 167-180 of the former work; and a 
 comparison between the systems of Federalists and Republicans 
 is drawn on pp. 267-274. Some vigorous comments on Jeffer- 
 son's policy and influence are to be seen on pp. 310, 334, 354- 
 356, 367-372, 376-383, 391-401, 411-417, 419-425, 443-455, 
 491-492. The financial bearing of the Louisiana purchase is dis- 
 cussed, pp. 317-321 and 334-338. The condition of the debt in 
 1805-6 is indicated at p. 348; and the characteristics of the 
 Bank Charter, pp. 426-433. 
 
 On this whole subject, the "American State-papers on Finance" 
 is an inexhaustible mine of most valuable material. Here can 
 be found all the state-documents bearing on the subject — reports 
 of secretaries and committees as well as messages of Presidents. 
 The plans and arguments of Hamilton arc given in full ; and on 
 pp. 424, 425 of vol. ii. are very interesting tables showing the 
 state of the debt in each year from 1789 to 1810. These tables 
 may well be carefully studied for the light they throw on the two 
 systems — the steady decrease of internal revenue from 1801, the 
 increase of the sale of public lands, the gradual increase of cus- 
 toms duties, and, finally, after the crash, their entire disappear- 
 ance. These papers will be of little value to the student before 
 lie has made himself familiar with the general policies of the time ; 
 but when he has once gained an insight into the subject so as to 
 appreciate their drift, they will be found invaluable. 
 
 Important original papers are also to be found in the appendix 
 to the " Report of the International Monetary Congress of 1878," 
 pp. 417-486. Especially noteworthy are the "Coinage Scheme 
 of Robert Morris," p. 425, "Jefferson on a Monetary Unit," p. 
 437, and "Hamilton on the Establishment of a Mint," p. 445. 
 
 The debates in Congress on the various subjects may be cou-
 
 HISTOHIKS OF TIIH UNITKI) STATES. 657 
 
 suited with profit in the appropriate volumes of " AunaU of Con- 
 fjress." Tlie views of llaiiiiltoii, Jellersoii, (lallaliu, Madison, and 
 Adams on any of the j)oiiits uikUt i-xamination may generally be 
 found by consultinu^ tliu indexes of tiieir respective works. 
 
 X. The FiNANTiAi, IIi.stukv uk the Countrv sin'ce the 
 Close ok the Wak uf 1812. — For anything more than a very 
 superficial study, this (juestion will require constant recourse to 
 original documents. A bird's-eye view of the subject niay be ob- 
 tained from the following works: Sunuier's "History of Ameri- 
 can Currency," pp. 70 et seq. Walker's " Treatise on Money," 
 pp. 479-517. Gouge's "History of Paper Money and IJanking 
 in the United States" was published as early as 183:}, but it is 
 still in high esteem by economists. Sumner's lectures on the 
 "History of Protection" arc designed to show historically the 
 evil results of the protective policy. Carey's " Harmony of Inter- 
 ests " is, perhaps, the strongest presentation of the opposite view. 
 Perry's " Elements of Political Economy," pp. 459-483, reviews 
 the several Tariff Laws from the Hamilton Tariff of 1789 to the 
 Morrill Tariff of 18G1, and its modification in 1871. A still more 
 elaborate description is given in Young's "Tariff Legislation." 
 The most systematic and thorough study of our finances is Von 
 Hock's "Die Finaiizen und die Finanzgeschichte der ^'ereinigtcn 
 Staaten von Amerika." The work has to do chiefly, though not 
 exclusively, with the period since 18G0. The best presentation 
 of the subject in any of tlie general histories is in Young's 
 "American Statesman, or Political History." 
 
 For a careful study of the subject, two works are worthy of 
 mention as especially helpful. The first is McPherson's " Index 
 of Bills Presented in the House of Representatives relating to 
 Hanks, Currency, Public Debt, Tariff, and Direct Taxes." This 
 valuable index was published as " No. 92, House Miscellaneous 
 Documents of 2d Session, 43d Congress," and is so arranLjed as 
 to show at a glance the history of each bill from its introduction 
 to its disappearance. The second document referred to is " The 
 Laws of the L'nited States relating to Loans and the Currency, 
 including the Coinage Acts." This work was compiled by the 
 Treasury ])epartment in 1878, and contains all the laws passed 
 since 18G(), and the most important ones of the previous years. 
 It is easily used by means of a very complete index. Elliot's 
 
 42
 
 658 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 *' Funding System " is a very rare but ca very valuable authority. 
 The details of tlie organization of the Treasury Department are 
 well given in Lamphere's " United States Government," pp. 44- 
 141. 
 
 The "American State-papers on Finance" furnish all the ma- 
 terial, excepting the debates, from 1789 to 1828. Vol. i. is 
 devoted to the years 1789-1801; vol. ii., 1801-1815; vol. iii., 
 1815-1821; vol. iv., 1821-1824; vol. v., 1824-1828. Since 
 1828 no corresponding collection has been made. The debates 
 may be found in a somewhat abridged but very satisfactory form 
 in ■ Benton's "Abridgment," which, however, ends with 1850. 
 The 50 vols, of Niles's "Register" cover the ground from 1811 
 to 1836, and will at times be found useful, though generally less 
 satisfactory than Benton. 
 
 The report of Secretary Crawford, made in Februarj', 1820, is 
 of much value for the light it throws on the events which led to 
 the financial disasters of 1818. The report of Secretary Rush, of 
 December, 1828, also is worthy of note for its review of financial 
 afEairs since the charter of the Second Bank had been granted. 
 
 In President Jackson's message of December 8, 1829, the first 
 note of war on the bank was sounded. On the questions involved 
 in the recharter of the bank, the best authorities are the speeches 
 in Congress. Especially noteworthy are the speeches of Calhoun, 
 "Works," vol. ii., pp. 344-376; vol. iii., pp. 36-134; of Clay, 
 "Works," vol. v., pp. 22-33, 74-80, and 575-623; and of Web- 
 ster, " Works," vol. iii., pp. 391-416 ; also, on the veto of the Batik 
 Bill, pp. 416-447, and on the removal of the deposits, pp. 506-551. 
 The part of Secretary Taney in this bank war may be observed in 
 Tyler's "Life of Taney," pp. 155-248. Barton's account in his 
 " Life of Jackson," vol. iii., chaps, xx., xxix., xxx., xxxvi., xxxvii.- 
 xxxix. is an interesting narrative, though it will give little insight 
 into the financial merits of the case. Royal's "Andrew Jackson 
 and the Bank of the United States, including a History of Paper 
 Money," No. xix. of "Economic Monographs," New York, 1880, 
 is the most recent review of tlie subject. 
 
 On tlie various tariffs the speeches of Calhoun, (^lay, and Web- 
 ster are also of great importance. Especially worthy of note are 
 the following: On tlie tariff of 1816, Calhoun, "Works," vol. ii., 
 pp. 163-173 and 197-262; on the tariff of 1824, Webster, vol.
 
 HISTOUIKS OF rilK UMTKD STATKS. 059 
 
 iii., pp. J»4-ir,(); on the taiilT of lMi>S, vol. iii., pp. 228-247; on 
 thu TaiitI IJill of IH42, Calhoun, " Works," vol. iv., pp. Hil-'JlJ ; 
 on the tariff of 184G, Clay, " Works," vol. ii., pp. 234-204; vol. 
 v., pp. 536-549, and vol. vi., pp. 32U-351 ; Webster, "Works," 
 vol. v., pp. 160-243. 
 
 The results of tiie tariffs arc survoyetl from opposite points of 
 view in Carey's "Ilannony of Interests" an<l in Sumner's "His- 
 tory of Protection." 
 
 The report of Secretary Gutlirie for Decemhor, 1856, is of con- 
 siderable historical and financial value. Especially worthy of note 
 is his account of the losses to which the government was sub- 
 jected through the private use of public moneys. 
 
 Of the more recent reports, tiiat of Secretary McCullocli for 
 1865 is one of the ablest and most notable. Secretary Sherman's 
 "Speeches and lleports on Finance and Taxation from 1859 to 
 1878" form a valuable collection, covering tiie whole of the war 
 and resumption periods. The present banking systeui is reviewed 
 with great ability by Comptroller J. J. Knox in his report for 
 1875-76. Spaulding's "History of tlie Legal - tender Paper 
 Money " is a narr.itive that may be found useful. An appendix 
 contains a brief but valuable paper by George S. Coe on "The 
 Financial History of the War." 
 
 Tlie collection of " Economic Monographs " recently published 
 in New York treat of a variety of subjects of present interest, al- 
 ways in an interesting and often in an able manner. 
 
 XI. History of tiik Doctrine of Nillificatiox and Seces- 
 
 SIOX BEFORE THE ] 'RESIDENCY OF GENERAL JaCKSON. — Perhaps 
 
 the most eompreliensive general presentation of this subject, from 
 the Southern point of view, is that contained in the first volume 
 of A. H. Stephens's "War between the States." The author 
 liolds that the Union js a compact between sovereign states, and 
 that secession was inexpedient, though constitutionally justifiable. 
 In su[>port of his position, lie not only argues at great length, but 
 he <|uotes from numerous writers in tlie North as well as in the 
 South. A book of somewliat different nature is that of President 
 l>uchanan entitled " Mr. liuchan.in's Ailministration on the Eve 
 of the Rebellion." The object of this work was to show that the 
 war had its origin in the intense antagonisms begotten by tlio 
 mutual recriminations of abolitionists and fire-catere. His belief
 
 660 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 appears to have been that the war was to be prevented, if at all, 
 by the soothing process of reconciling the antagonistic factions. 
 The principal value of the book is in the collection of views of 
 different men brought together. The claim is made that the doc- 
 trine of secession did not originate in the South, but in the North. 
 In support of this position Mr. Buchanan quotes from numerous 
 authors, among others Josiah Quincy, as reported in "Annals of 
 Congress," 1810-11, 3d Session, pp. 524 and 577. In chapter iv. 
 of Buchanan's work are to be found numerous expressions of 
 opinion tending to show that the right to secede was admitted 
 by a large number of persons. The question may well be studied 
 by following these references so far as possible to their original 
 sources. Mr. Randall, in his " Life of Jefferson," has made a 
 similar collection of opinions, though a much less extended one. 
 In vol. iii., pp. 295, 363, 634 many of these views are brought to- 
 gether, and should be carefully studied. In Fowler's " Sectional 
 Controversy," chap, vi., arc also to be found many extracts de- 
 signed to show the temper of both North and South during 
 Madison's administration. The views of Gouvcrneur Morris are 
 of especial interest on the question. 
 
 For the more particular study of special periods, works of a 
 less general nature must be consulted. The fourth volume of Up- 
 ham's " Life of Pickering," Lodge's " Life of Cabot," " Dwight's 
 "History of the Hartford Convention," and, perhaps most impor- 
 tant of all, Adams's " New England Federalism," will be sufficient 
 to reveal the spirit of New England, The early views of the 
 people of the South are formulated in the Kentucky Resolu- 
 tions, written by Jefferson, and the Virginia Resolutions, by 
 Madison. The former are to be found in Jefferson's "Works," 
 vol. ix., p. 464; the latter in Elliot's "Debates," vol. iv., p. 528. 
 The answers of the several states to these resolutions are also to 
 be found in Elliot, vol. iv., pp. 532-545. These answers were re- 
 ferred to a committee, at the head of which was Madison, and his 
 report on them is given in cxtcnso in vol. iv., pp. 546-580. These 
 documents are of tiie utmost importance as revealing the views of 
 the leading men at the close of the last century. The study of 
 Madison's writings by means of the index to his works will show 
 that his views were somewhat modified before the end of his life. 
 The meaning and importance of the A'irgini;i iind Kentucky Rcso- 
 
 1
 
 HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 061 
 
 lutions sliouUl be stiulu'tl in tlic lii^lil uf Vuii Hoist's cha[»tcT on 
 them, vol. i., pp. 1;JS-1G7. 
 
 XII. The DEVELor.MENT of tii!': Slave I'owEFt and of the 
 Antislaveuv Movement to the Auottion ok the Missoriu 
 Co-MPRo-MisE. — Tlic i^rowtli of slavery is nowhcro tniced with 
 more vijjor than in \'on llulst. "Tlic History of the Slavery 
 Question from 1789 until the Missouri Compromise of 1820," 
 " The Economic Contrast between the Free and the Slave States," 
 "The Abolitionists and the Slavery Question in Coiijj^ress," arc 
 the titles of the most iin[)ortant eliapters in whieh this great ques- 
 tion is considered. The foot-notes and references jrivcn by Von 
 Hoist will afford a clew to very many of the authorities of impor- 
 tance. These should be studied with ti^reat care. 
 
 The status of slavery durin;; the colonial period may be studied 
 in Goodell's "Slavery and Antislavery," in \V. Jay's "Miscellane- 
 ous Writinq;* on Slavery," in Bancroft, 8vo cd., vol. vi., p. 413 et 
 seq. These references arc of value for the purpose of showing 
 the attitude of Enj^jland as well as of the colonies on the subject. 
 In the first part of Helper's "Inipendinu^ Crisis" arc also brought 
 together a considerable number of oi)inions of the fathers on the 
 subject. For an account of the first movement of the Quakers 
 on the subject, sec Clarkson on "The Slave-trade,'' p. 110. The 
 views generally held at the time of the Uevolution may be seen 
 in the prohibition of further importation, adopted October 20, 
 1774, and the way in which the prohibition was looked upon by 
 the public. The papers are in " American Archives," 4th series, 
 vol. i., p. 914. For the way in which the prohibition of April G, 
 1776, was passed, see Elliot, " Debates,'' vol. i., p. 54, and Adams's 
 " Works," vol. iii., p. 39. The way in which opposition to pro- 
 hibition was first shown is indicated by the striking-out of the 
 Declaration of Independence Jefferson's complaint against George 
 III. that he had forbidden all attempts " lo prohibit or restrain 
 this execrable commerce." See Jefferson's " Works," vol. i., p. 
 175 ; Ellii>t's " Debates," vol. v., p. 459 ; Bancroft, Svo ed., vol. iii., 
 pp. 413-417 ; and (Joodell, pp. 109-117. 
 
 The first attempt made to organize the territories was that 
 which resulted in the plan of 1784. The antislavery clause in- 
 serted in the paper drawn u[) by Jefferson was voted down in a 
 manner which Von Hoist docs not make clear. IIuw completely
 
 G62 HISTORICAL LITERATURE, 
 
 this acute author failed to apprelien J the significance of the ques- 
 tion may be seen by comparing his account, vol. i., pp. 286-288, 
 with the account in Randall's " Life of Jefferson," vol. i., pp. 
 397-399. The nature of the vote to strike out the antislavery 
 clause is also clearly explained by Randall, though completely 
 mystified by Von Hoist. The oflicial proceedings may be studied 
 in "Journals of Congress," vol. iv., p. 373. Jefferson's views on 
 the subject of slavery are summed up by Randall, vol. iii., pp. 
 643-645. 
 
 The history and the importance of the antislavery clause in 
 the ordinance of 1787 are given in the valuable paper by W. F. 
 Poole in "The North American Review" for April, 1876. The 
 same subject is discussed in similar spirit in a paper in " Pro- 
 ceedings of New Jersey Historical Society," 2d series, vol. iii., 
 p. 76. By comparing these with the account of Von Hoist, the 
 conclusions of the German author will be seen to be somewhat 
 erroneous. 
 
 The famous three -fifths compromise can best be studied in 
 Elliot's " Debates." Its history may be traced by consulting vol. 
 v., pp. 79, 81, 181, 190, 301, 304, 305, 379,' 459, 460; also in vol. 
 iv., pp. 272, 273, 283, 284, 296. The importance and significance 
 of this compromise can only be understood after a study of the 
 proceedings of the convention. The student who has not access 
 to Elliot may find an interesting sketch in Curtis's " History of 
 the Constitution," vol. ii. 
 
 The history of slavery from this time forward is easily to be 
 traced, though it is to be found only in a multitude of authorities. 
 To these the notes in Von Hoist give the most ample clew. The 
 period which this author calls " The Thirty Years' War," extend- 
 ing from 1789 to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, may be 
 easily traced in chap. viii. of vol. i., though the student is cautioned 
 against the author's lack of judicial fairness. The economic con- 
 tnist between tlie free and the slave states is ably presented in 
 chap. ix. ; and the events which led to the adoption of the Com- 
 promise of 1820 may be traced through the authorities to which 
 he refers. The first part of Greeley's "American Conflict" and 
 vol. i. of Draper's "Civil ^Viu•" will present outlines of the sub- 
 ject from different points of view. Tucker's "History" presents 
 the Southern view of the subject in moderate language, while the
 
 HISTOUIi:s OF Tin: LMTKD states. 063 
 
 last paijos of IlilJrcth t^ivo tliu <>|)[)c)site hide. For the sjiccchL's 
 on llii; ('(iiii[iri>misL', scl- liciitoii's " iJebates," vol. vi. 
 
 XI 11. 'J'liK Development of the Slave I'oweh and of the 
 Antislavkhy Movement from the Auoi'Tion of the Missolki 
 
 CoMI'KoMiSE TO THE OUTUKEAK OF THE ClVlL WaH. TIlC ijC'ht 
 
 outline of events is that in tlie first volume of Greeley's "Ameri- 
 can Conflict." The .Southern view of the case may be studied 
 in Tucker. The controversy over Nullification, cxtenditi!^ from 
 1829 to 1833, has an important thouj^h an indirect bearinij on 
 the ([uestion, inasn)uch as the control of the territories for the 
 admission or exclusion of slavery was at issue. The speeches 
 of C'alhoun, Webster, and llayne may be read with profit, 
 thouj^h they have a more direct bcarin<4 on the subject of seces- 
 sion. 
 
 Succecdin<^ events may be traced in Wilson's " Rise and Fall 
 of the Slave Tower,'' vol. i. ; in Greeley's "American Conflict," 
 vol. i. ; and in Goodell's " Slavery and Antislavery." 
 
 The importance of the Clay Compromise of 1850 can only be 
 fully understood after readini; at least the most important speeches 
 on the subject. That of Clay is i^ivcn in Clay's " Works,'' vol. 
 iii., pp. 302-352 ; that of Calhoun in Calhoun's " Works," vol. 
 iv., {). 542 ; and that of Webster in \N'ebster's " Works," vol. v., 
 pp. 324-307. On the way in which Webster's speech was re- 
 ceived, see Theodore I'arker's " Addresses," vol, iii., pp. 1-38, and 
 Curtis's "Life of Webster," vol. ii., pp. 387-415. Calhoun's 
 views on the slavery question are also given in a speech in his 
 "Works," vol. iv., pp. 339-382, and vol. iii., pp. 140-202. The 
 views of Clay on abolition are to be found in his " Works," vol. 
 vi., ]>p. 139 and 419. Webster's position on the slavery ques- 
 tion can be more fullv studied bv the use of the index to his 
 " Works." 
 
 The antislavery aijjitation gave expression to a very copious 
 literature, but oidy the most conspicuous and influential works 
 need now to be studied. Of these the writings of Channing arc 
 amonir the most important. His paper on "Slavery'' in his 
 " Works," Vol. ii.. pp. 7-180 ; on the "Annexation of Texas," vol. 
 ii, pp. I83-2UU; on " Emancipation," vol. v., pp. 7-100, may be 
 studied as among the most influential expressions of the anti- 
 slavcrv sentiment. Theodore I'arker's "Addresses" had less
 
 664 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 permanent influence, though more immediate power. See several 
 speeches before the Antislavery Society, in " Speeches," vols. ii. 
 and iii. That on the Nebraska Question, pp. 297-3S0, vol. i. of 
 " Additional Speeches," is especially noteworthy. Of the writings 
 of the period, those of William Lloyd Garrison, and of popular 
 addresses those of Wendell Pliillips, are most noteworthy. 
 
 In Congress, the most important antislavery speeches were 
 those of Charles Sumner. The one entitled "No Repeal of the 
 Missouri Compromise " is given in his " Works," vol. iii., p. 280 ; 
 "The Crime against Kansas," vol. iv., p. 127; "The Barbarism 
 of Slavery," vol. v., p. 1 ; " Universal Emancipation," vol. viii., p. 
 347; "Equal Rights of All," vol. x,, p. 114; "Arc We a Na- 
 tion?" vol. xii., p. 187. Several of these speeches formed almost 
 epochs in the history of the antislavery movement, and not only 
 the speeches themselves, but the notes and extracts by which they 
 arc followed, may well be consulted, if not read in extenso. They 
 give a good idea of the magnitude of the contest. 
 
 The Southern view can only be correctly learned through the 
 study of the " Congressional Globe " for the years extending from 
 1850, where Benton's useful "Abridgment" leaves us, to the out- 
 break of the war. Something, however, may be learned from the 
 works of Stephens, Pollard, Tucker, and Davis. As important 
 elements of the antislavery agitation should be mentioned Hel- 
 per's "Impending Crisis" and Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cab- 
 in." The periodical literature of the time may be profitably con- 
 sulted, though its mass is too voluminous to justify references 
 to it, unless, perhaps, to the Democratic Review and the Whig 
 Review. 
 
 XIV. Nullification and Secession from the Election of 
 I'liEsiDENT Jackson to the Outbreak of the Civil War. — 
 The best bird's-eye view of the whole subject is to be obtained 
 from the first volume of Greeley's "American Conflict" and from 
 Tucker's "History." Wilson's "Rise and Fall of the Slave 
 Power" is written from so ardent antislavery convictions that it 
 is utterly wanting in the judicial impartiality necessary for an his- 
 torical authority. Fowler's "Sectional Controversy," Goodcll's 
 "Slavery and Antislavery," and T. S. Goodwin's " Natural His- 
 tory of Secession" 12mo, New York, 1864, may be used with 
 greater profit.
 
 HISIOIMKS OF THE rNITKI) STATKS. 605 
 
 The iiKiiiiKT ill wliicli the (jiR-stiim <if secessiuii came fiMwanl 
 in Jaeksoii's administratiDii is described with eharaeteristie spirit 
 by Parton in his " Life of Jackson," vol. iii., chaps, xxxii.-xxxiv. 
 The action of South ('arolina and the proclamation of Jackson 
 are tjiven in Elliot's "Debates," vol. iv., pp. 580-5J»'2. ('oin-crn- 
 iiii; the writini; of Jacksoji's [)roclaniation, see Hunt's " Life of 
 Livinijston," pp. ;ni-3Hl. The "Address of the Xiillitier^,"' in 
 answer to the I'rcsidcnt's proclamation, is jjiven in Niles's "Keiris- 
 ter," vol. xliii., pp. 231-234. Note also the claim .»f llarnwdl 
 Smith in the san)e vol., p. 288. 
 
 Tlie course of the del>ate on secession is pointed out in Vtm 
 Hoist, vol. i., j>p. 459-505. It may be traced chronoloijically in 
 Benton's " Debates," vols. xi. and xii. ; in Niics's " Register," vols, 
 xliv.-xlvi. The speeches, in abritlt^ed form, are jjiven in Elliot's 
 " Debates," vol. iv., pp. 494-522. The threat sources of infor- 
 mation, however, on this period are the sj)eeches of Calhoun 
 and Webster, as found in the works of those authors. These 
 may well be studied with great care. Calhoun's views of the re- 
 lations of the states to the general government are given in the 
 first vulumc of his " Works." His speeches of greatest impor- 
 tance are that on "The Force Bill,'' vol. ii., p. 197 ; that in sup- 
 port of " States Rights," vol. ii., p. 202 ; that on the .same subject 
 in vol. iii., p. 140; and that on the "Inevitable Tendency of the 
 Slavery C^uestion to Disunion," vol. iv., p. 542. The most inipor- 
 taiit of these are the two last mentioned. That in vol. iv. was 
 delivered on the 4th of March, 1850, only three days before the 
 more famous 7th of March speech by Webster. 
 
 The positions taken by Webster may be well studied by reading 
 his speeches on the relations (»f the states to the general govern- 
 ment in the following order: The three speeches on Foote's Res- 
 olution, the second of which is commonly known as the Reply to 
 Hayne, arc in Wpbster's " Works," vol. iii., pp. 248-355. The 
 circumstances of the delivery of these speeches arc well explained 
 in the " IViographical Memoir" in vol. i., chap. vi. The effect may 
 also be inferred frou) the bancpiet in New York and the speech 
 given on p. 191 of vol. i. The speech in vol. iii., p. 448, on " The 
 Constitution not a Compact between Sovereign States" is of great 
 importance. The famous .speech on " The Constitution and tlie 
 Union," of the 7tli of March, 1850, is in vol. v., pp. 324-307.
 
 666 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 The speeches on the Siib-trcasary, given in vol. iv., are scarcely less 
 important, as they were delivered in reply to Calhoun, and apper- 
 tain directly to the powers of the general government. The man- 
 ner in which Webster's services were esteemed may be inferred 
 from his reception at Pittsburg, vol. i., p. 291, and at Boston, vol. 
 i., p. 413, and the speeches delivered on those occasions. The 
 speech of Everett in introducing Webster at Faneuil Hall is es- 
 pecially noteworthy. 
 
 The Compromise measures of 1850 should be studied in the 
 debates of Congress while the measures were pending. These 
 may be found either in the " Congressional Globe," or quite as 
 satisfactorily in Benton's "Abridgment of the Debates." Ben- 
 ton's " Thirty Years in the Senate " is important for the light it 
 throws on the spirit and method of the times. The famous 
 speech of Clay on the Compromise is to be found in Chiy's 
 " Works," vol. iii., pp. 302-351. llis views of Nullification are 
 expressed in vol. v., pp. 392-416. 
 
 The events on the eve of the war are best to be studied in Wil- 
 son's " Rise and Fall of the Slave Power," Greeley's " American 
 Conflict," and in the first hundred pages of Pollard's " Lost 
 Cause.'' The first few chapters of Pollard's " Secret History of 
 the Confederacy " throw light into several dark places of the 
 secession movement. The debates of Congress as given in the 
 volumes of the "Globe" for the autumn of 1860 are also of 
 primary importance. The speech of Stephens of November 14, 
 1860, and the comments on it in the first pages of his " War be- 
 tween the States," are worthy of note. 
 
 The Dred Scott Decision will be found in 19 Howard, p. 393. 
 For interesting facts in relation to that famous decision, see 
 Tyler's " Life of Taney," pp. 358 and 382-385. The decision 
 itself is of great interest, not only on account of the conclusions 
 of the court, but also on account of the very plaborate review it 
 contains of the way in which negroes had long been regarded 
 when the Constitution was framed. 
 
 5. Of more recent works on American history the following 
 arc worthy of note : The Marquis de Nadaiilac's " Prehistoric 
 America" (Svo, New York, 1884) embodies the results of the 
 latest researches. This, with D. Charnay's " The Ancient Cities of 
 the New World " (translated from the French, 4to, London and
 
 HISTORIES OF TllK UNITED STATES. G67 
 
 New Yolk, 1887), quite siiperscilL's C. C. liafii's " Aiiti<|uitates 
 AmeiicaniL- " {4to, Copetiliau;cn, 1837), wliicli was lon^ coiisidiTcJ 
 an authority. R. IJ. Anderson's" Aujoricu not Discovered by Co- 
 lumbus" (iL'ino, Ciiica<,'o, 3d ed., 1883) contains an important bib- 
 lioLcrapliy of pro-Columbian discoverers. Of Kiicdrich Kalzcl's "Die 
 Vcreinijftc-n Staaten von Nord Amerilia"(2 vols., 8vo, .MUnclicn, 
 1878-80) the first volume is devoted to a description of the phys- 
 ical features of the country, the second to a description of the civ- 
 ilization and culture prevailinij; in the different parts of the land. 
 J(jhn J. Lalor's " Cyclop;edia of l*olitioal .Science, I'olilical Kcono- 
 iny, and of the Political History of the United States" (3 vols., 
 royal 8vo, Chicago, 1881-84) was written by eminent American and 
 European scholars, and as a work of reference is invaluable to the 
 student of American history. Of kindred importance is Harper's 
 " Popular Cyclopiedia of United States History from the Abor- 
 iginal Period to 1S7G," by Benson J. Lossing (2 vols., royal 8vo, 
 containing 1000 illustrations, New York, 2d ed., 1887). 
 
 Several important series have recently been published. Justin 
 Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of North America" 
 (8 vols., royal 8vo, Boston, 1881-88) is of the utmost importance. 
 It is written by specialists selected for the purpose, and each di- 
 vision of the work consists of a " Narrative," of a "Critical Essay," 
 and of " Editorial Notes." It is fully illustrated with cuts and 
 maps of extreme value. Vol. i. (which, in 1888, has not ap- 
 peared) is devoted to "America before Columbus;" vol. ii., to 
 "Spanish Explorations and Conquests in America;" vol. iii., to 
 "English Explorations and Settlements;" vol. iv., to "French E.\- 
 plorations and Settlements;" vol. v., to "The French and English 
 in North America;" vol. vi., to "The American Revolution ;" vol. 
 vii., to "The United States, from 1783 to 1830;" vol. viii., to 
 " Canada, and the American Outgrowths of Continental Europe." 
 
 H. H. Bancroft's " History of the Pacific States" is to be com- 
 pleted in 39 vols. ( Svo, San Francisco, 1875-), of which the 
 26th was issued in 1888. The work, when complete, is to con- 
 sist of, vols, i.-v., " The Native Races of the Pacific States;" vi.— 
 viii., "History of Central America;" ix.-xiv., "History of Mex- 
 ico;" XV., xvi., "History of the North American States;" xvii., 
 " History of New Mexico and Arizona ;" xviii.-xxiv., " History of 
 California;" xxv., " History of Nevada;" xxvi., " History of Utah;"
 
 668 HISTOKICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 xxvii.,xxviii., "History of the Northwest Coast;" xxix., xxx., "His- 
 tory of Oregon ;" xxxi., " History of Wasliington, Idaho, and 
 Montana;" xxxii., " History of British Columbia;" xxxiii., "His- 
 tory of Alaska;" xxxiv., " California Pastoral;" xxxv., "Califor- 
 nia inter Pociila ;" xxxvi., xxxvii., "Popular Tribunals;" xxxviii., 
 "Essays and Miscellany ;" xxxix., "Literary Industries." 
 
 The series of volumes (16mo, Boston) edited by H. E. Scudder, 
 and known as " The American Commonwealths," aims to give the 
 history of such States of the Union as have exerted a positive in- 
 fluence in the shaping of the national government, or have a 
 striking political, social, or economical history. The following 
 have appeared : " Virginia," by John Esten Cooke ; " Oregon," 
 by William Barrows; "Maryland," by William Hand Browne; 
 " Kentucky," by Nathaniel Southgate Shaler ; " Michigan," by T. 
 M. Cooley; "Kansas," by L. M. Spring; "California," by Josiah 
 Royce; "New York" (2 vols.), by Ellis II. Roberts; "Connecti- 
 cut," by Alexander Johnston ; *' Tennessee," by James Phelan ; 
 "Ohio," by Rufus King; and " Missouri," by Lucien Carr. Also 
 announced as in preparation : "Pennsylvania," by W. McVeagh ; 
 and " New Jersey," by Austin Scott. 
 
 The " American Statesmen Series," edited by John T. Morse, Jr., 
 consists of biographies of men who have been conspicuous in the 
 political history of the United States. The following have ap- 
 peared : "John Quincy Adams," by John T, Morse, Jr. ; "Alex- 
 ander Hamilton," by H. C. Lodge;' "John C.Calhoun," by II. v. 
 Hoist ; " Andrew Jackson," by W. G. Sumner ; " John Randolph," 
 by Henrv Adams; "James Monroe," by D. C. Oilman ; "Thomas 
 Jefferson," by John T. Morse, Jr. ; " Daniel Webster," by H. C. 
 Lodge; "Albert Gallatin," by J. A.Stevens; "James Madison," 
 by Sydney II. Gay ; " John Adams," by John T. Morse, Jr. ; " John 
 Marshall," by A. B. Magruder; "Samuel Adams," by J. K. IIos- 
 mer; "Thomas H. Benton," by Theodore Roosevelt; "Henry 
 Clay" (2 vols.), by Carl Schurz; " I'atriek Henry," by Moses 
 Coit Tyler; "Gouvcrneur Morris," by Theodore Roosevelt. Also 
 announced as in preparation: "George Washington" (2 vols.), 
 by H. C. Lodge; and "Martin Van Burcn," by E. M. Shepard. 
 Those on Patrick Henry and Henry Clay may be signalized as 
 exceptionally important: the former, because it brings out into 
 clear light a man about whom very little was really known; the 
 
 I
 
 HISTORIES OF Till: UNITED STATES. 009 
 
 latter, because it is a masterly portrayal of tlic political life of the 
 great leader of tiic Wliig party. 
 
 Of recent gciR-ral histories the following; arc worthy of note : 
 Alexander Johnston's " A History of the United States, for 
 Schools" (l2nio. New York, 1H85), a book of much merit, ^iv- 
 inj; more than usual attention to the period subsequent to the 
 Revolutionary War. J. II. I'atton's " A Concise History of the 
 American People, from the Discovery of the Continent down to 
 the Present Time'' (2 vols., 8vo, Now York, 1884); P. (iron's 
 "History of the United States, from the Fonndin<; of \'iiixiiiia 
 to the Reconstruction of the Union" (2 vols., 8vo, London, 
 188(3); T. ^V. Hi«,'L;insoii's "A Larger History of the United 
 States, to the Close of President Jackson's Administration " 
 (Svo, New York, 1885) ; J. A. Doyle's "The English in Amer- 
 ica" {'i vols., 8vo, London, 1882-87) — the first volume relating 
 to the colonies of the South; the second and third to those of 
 New England. The first embodies valuable results of studies 
 in the Record Office in London ; the others contain less that is 
 new. James Schoulcr's '' History of the United Stiitcs under the 
 Constitution" (4 vols., 8vo, Washington, 1880-89) is, on the 
 whole, the most able and satisfactory history of the period. J. 
 B. McMaster's "A History of the People of the United States" 
 (vols, i., ii., Svo, New York, 1883-85) is a very brilliantly written 
 history, given largely to a portrayal of the social side of life. It 
 is to be completed in about live volumes. 
 
 Alexander Johnston's "History of American Politics" (IGmo, 
 revised and enlarged, New York, 1SS2) is a little book of unusual 
 merit. Luther Henry Porter's "Outlines of the Constitutional 
 History of the- United States" (l2mo. New York, 188.3). Will- 
 iam Stevens Perry's "The History of the American Episcopal 
 Church, 1 587-1 883" (2 vols., 4to, New York, 1885) is a work 
 of unusual excellence. W. II. Trescott's "The Diplomacy of the 
 Revolution" (12mo, New York, 1852) ; also " The I)i|)lomatic His- 
 tory of the Administrations of Washington and Adams" (8vo, 
 Boston, 1857). Henri Doniol's " Histoire de la Participatitju de 
 la France a TEtablissement des Etats-Unis d'Amorique" (3 vols., 
 4to, Paris, 1880-89) contains invaluable diplomatic correspond- 
 ence and documents. R llarbe-Marbois' "History of Louisiana, 
 particularly of the Cession of that Colony to the United States of
 
 670 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 America, translated from the Frencli by an American Citizen" 
 [William Beach Lawrence] (8vo, Philadelphia, 1830) is, next to 
 State papers, the chief authority on the subject. 
 
 On more limited subjects the following are of importance: S. 
 A. Drake's " A Book of New England Legends and Folk Lore in 
 Prose and Poetry" (12mo, Boston, 1888) — the legends of places 
 being very fully illns!;rated. George E. Ellis's "The Puritan Age 
 and Rule in the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay " (8vo, Boston, 
 1888) is a work of the first importance. Brooks Adams's "The 
 Emancipation of Massachusetts" (12mo, Boston, 1887) is able, 
 but bitterly hostile to the Puritans. C. W. Baird's " History of 
 the Huguenot Emigration to America" (2 vols., 8vo, New York, 
 1885). P.O. Hutchinson's "The Diary and Letters of his Ex- 
 cellency, Thomas Hutchinson" (vol. i., 8vo, Boston, 1884) throws 
 very important light on the period just before the Revolution. Ed. 
 D. O'Neill's " Virginia Vetusta during the Reign of James L, con- 
 taining Letters and Documents never before Printed" (12mo, 
 Albany, 1 885). Woodrow Wilson's " Congressional Government : 
 a Study of American Politics" (12mo, New York, 1885) is a 
 brilliant and very valuable book. Andrew Carnegie's " Trium- 
 phant Democracy ; or. Fifty Years' March of the Republic " (8vo, 
 New York, 1886) is an exuberant historical eulogy. Francis Park- 
 man's " Montcalm and Wolfe" (2 vols., 8vo, Boston and London, 
 1884) is very brilliant, scholarly, and valuable. 
 
 The following works, for the most part recent, are also worihy 
 of a student's examination : Fr. Kapp's " Geschichte des Sol- 
 daten-Handcl nach Amerika" (8vo, 2te Aufl., Berlin, 1874); 
 also "Die Dcutschen im Staatc New York wahrend d. 18. 
 Jahrh. ;" also "Friedrich der Grosse und die yercinigten Staa- 
 ten von Amerika" (8vo, Leipzig, lS7l) ; C. C. Coffin's "Build- 
 ing the Nation" (8vo, New York, 1885); A. Gilman's "History 
 of the American People" (12mo, Boston, 1884) ; E. J. Lowell's 
 "Hessians and other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the 
 Revolution " (l2mo, New Y(»rk, 1886) ; E. M.Stone's "Our French 
 Allies" (8vo, Providence, 1886); Jared Sparks's "The Life of 
 Gouverneur Morris, with Selections from his Correspondence and 
 Miscellaneous Papers" (3 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1832); C. Colton's 
 " Life and Times of Henry Clay " (2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1846) ; 
 also the same author's "The Last Seven Years of the Life of
 
 IIISTOUIKS OF TIIK UNITKl) S lAlKS. 071 
 
 llcnrv Clay" (8vo, New Vurk, ls,'i(;) ; James A. Hamilton's " liein- 
 inisccnccs of Men and Events at Home and Abruad" (Svo, New 
 York, 18G9); Martin ^'an limen's "Irnjiiiry into the Ori;,nn and 
 Cause of I'olitieal I'arties in tlie United States" (ftvo, New York, 
 1867); Geori;e Ticknor Cnrtis's "Life of James llnehnnan" (2 
 vols., 8vo, New York, 1883); Ben: Perlcy Poore's " Itcniiniseences 
 of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis" (2 vols., 8vo, New 
 York, 1880-87); T. M. Anderson's " Political Conspiracies Prc- 
 ccdinjT the Ilebellion ;" 11. P. Johnston's " Yale and her Ilonor- 
 Koll in the American Revolution, includinj; Original Letters," etc. 
 (8vo, privately printed. New York, 1888); H. Flanders' "Lives 
 and Times of the Chief-Justices of the United States" (2 vols., 
 8vo, New York, 1881); Theodore lioosevelt's "Naval Warfare of 
 1812" (8vo, New York, 1882); Jefferson Davis's "The Ptise and 
 Fall of the Confederate Government" (2 vols., 8vo, New York, 
 1881); J. G. Blaine's "Twenty Years in Compress" (2 vols., 8vo, 
 1883-85); S. S. Cox's "Throe Decades of Federal Letxislation " 
 {8vo, New York, 1888) ; Alfred Dehorle's " llistoire dc I'Anieriquc 
 du Slid depnis la Conqnetc jnsqu'a nos Jours" (12mo, Paris, 
 187G); li. A. Hinsdale's "The Old Northwest" (12mo, New 
 York, 1888). 
 
 The series of volumes known as "The Camf)aitjns of the Civil 
 ^Var" were written by a number of loadint; actors with a view to 
 briuginnj toii^cther a full and authoritative military history of the 
 suppression of the llebellii^n. The volumes (12mo, New York, 
 1881-84) are as follows: J. G. Nicolay's "The Outbreak of the 
 Rebellion;" M. F. Force's " From Fort Henry to Corinth ;" A. S. 
 AVebb's "The Peninsula;'' John C. Ropes's "The Army under 
 Pope;" F. W. Palfrey's "The Antictam and Frcdericksburi; Cam- 
 paijjns;" Abner Doubleday's " Chancellorsville and Gettysburj;;" 
 H. M. Cist's "The Armv of the Cumberland;" F. V. Greene's 
 "The Mississippi;" J. 1). Cox's "Atlanta;" J. D. Cox's "The 
 March to the Sea: Franklin and Nashville;" G. E. Pond's "The 
 Shenandoah Valley in 1864 : the Campaiqjn of Sheri(hm ;" A. A. 
 Humphroy's "The Vircjinia Campaign in 1804-05;" F. Phistcr- 
 er's "Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States," con- 
 taining the figures of the quotas of men in the various armies and 
 from the several states. 
 
 The volumes on "The Navy in the Civil War'' were also pub-
 
 672 HISTORICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 lislied with the following titles : J. R. Soley's " The Blockade and 
 the Cruisers;" Daniel Amnien's "The Atlantic Coast;" A. T. 
 Mahan's " The Gulf and Inland Waters ;" John Bigelow's " France 
 and the Confederate Navy, 1862-68," is the most important pres- 
 entation of an interesting phase of the war. 
 
 Of the elaborate histories of the Civil War that of the Corate 
 de Paris (4 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1876-88) brings the contest 
 to 1864, and is the most valuable yet published. It is probable that 
 one more volume will complete the work. Of the "Memoirs" 
 those of W. T. Sherman (2 vols., Svo, New York, 1875) and those 
 of U. S. Grant (New York, 1885) are the most valuable. Scarcely 
 less important is Hugh McCulloch's " Men and Measures of Half 
 a Century" (Svo, New York, 1888), dealing as it does with his- 
 tory as well as finance. Walter Allen's "Governor Chamberhiin's 
 Administration in South Carolina : a Chapter of Reconstruction in 
 the Southern States" (8vo, New York, 1888) is an important contri- 
 bution to the history of theperiod followingthe war. F. W.Taussig's 
 " The Tariff History of the United States " (8vo, New York, 1886) 
 presents a brief but scholarly view of an important subject. " The 
 History of Co-operation in the United States," consisting of vol. 
 vi. of " Studies in Historical and Political Scieoce," edited by H. 
 B. Adams, of Johns Hopkins University, is of much importance. 
 
 All the papers in this series of studies are worthy of the student's 
 note. Of more, general interest are the papers published by the 
 "American Historical Association," of which the second vol. was 
 completed in 1888. Exceptionally valuable are Prof. Knight's 
 "History of Land Grants for Education in the Northwest," and JMiss 
 Salmon's "History of the Appointing Power of the President.'' 
 
 The following are works of importance : E. I). Warficld's " Ken- 
 tucky Resolutions of 1798" (12mo,New York, 1887); G.F.Tucker's 
 "Concise History of the Monroe Doctrine" (Svo, Boston, 1885) ; 
 M. D. Conway's "Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph" (8vo, 
 New York, 1888) ; A. W. Ciasson's " Seven Conventions'' (12mo, 
 New York, 1888) ; J. K. llosmer's " Young Sir Harry Yane " (Svo, 
 Boston, 1888); W. Whitlock's "Life and Times of John Jay "(Svo, 
 New York, 1887) ; E. E. Hale's " Franklin in France " (2 vols., Svo, 
 Boston, 1 887-88) ; Francis Wharton's " Digest of the International 
 Law of the United States" (8 vols., Svo, Washington, 1886). 
 
 Of transcendent im[)ortance is James Bryce's "American Com- 
 monwealth" (London, ;J vols.. New York, 2 vols., Svo. 1888).
 
 I N D E X. 
 
 Abbott, E., History of IKlIn?, 121. 
 
 Abbott, .1. S. C, History of Xnpolcoii ISonnpartc, 3CG. 
 
 About, Kilinond, The lluninii (^iiostion, '2o2. 
 
 Aclmi.-ni Lcaj;uo, Frpcman's History of, 108. 
 
 Acta .Sanctorum of the llollaiulists, VJS. 
 
 Acton, IjiTd, Die ncue deutschc (icscliiclitswisscnschaft, 319. 
 
 Adams, IJ., 'riie Kmancii)ati4)n of Massaclinsftts, (JTO. 
 
 Adams, C. K., Democracy and Monarchy in France, 373. 
 
 Adams, H. H., The .Study of History in American Colleges and Universities, 71 ; 
 Studies in Historical and Political Science, G72. 
 
 Adams, Henry, Anj^lo-.Saxon Courts of Law, .')()(;; Docimienfs relating to New 
 England Federalism, C.d-.' C.llt; Life of Albert Gallatin, Gil. 
 
 Adams, .lohn, Tlic Life and Works of, 025, C15. 
 
 Adams, .b)hn (^uincy, .Memoirs of, CJ.'); IJeply to Appeal, 019. 
 
 Adams, Samuel, Wdls's Life of, 024, 010. 
 
 Adams, \V.. Inriuiry into the Theories of History, 71. 
 
 Administration in France, Darcste's History of, 381 ; Haas's History and Jlech- 
 anism of, 3'Xi. 
 
 Adolphus, .lohn. History of England under George HL, 500. 
 
 Agricultural Classes in France, Uareste's History of, 383. 
 
 Agricultural Commimity in the Middle Ages, 185. 
 
 Agriculture in Englaiul, liogers's History of, 521. 
 
 Alabama, Picket's History of, 500. 
 
 Albany t'oiivention, .lonrnal of the, 01.S. 
 
 Alexander I. of Kussia, Metternich on, 270. 
 
 Alexander IL. Condition of IJussia under, 420. 
 
 Alexander the (ireal, !)royseu's History <if, ]()0. 
 
 Alexandrian <;reeks, King^ley's description of, 119, 
 
 Alien and Sedition Acts, Consideration of, 049. 
 
 Alienation of America from England, 033, 041-043. 
 
 Alison, .\rchibald. History of I'.urope, 220, 233, 313 ; History of the French Revo- 
 lution, 3.jt>; Account of Polaml, 427. 
 
 Allen, W., (iovernor ('haml)erlaiu's Administration in .South Carolina, 072. 
 
 Alzog, .b)hn, Manual of Cuiversal Church History, 109. 
 
 American Almanac, .SpolToril's, 233. 
 
 American Historical .\ssociation, publications of, 072. 
 
 American ^lagazines and IJeviews, 038. 
 
 American .Siate-(>apers, GiM. 
 
 Amicis, Edmondo de. Holland and its People, 447. 
 
 Ammen, I)., The Atlantic Ciiast, 072. 
 
 Ammiamis Marcellinus, Komaii llislorv of, 145. 
 
 '43
 
 674 INDEX. 
 
 Amos, Sheldon, Great Oyer of Poisoning, 10; Fifty Years of the English Consti- 
 tution, 52 1. 
 Ampere, J. J., Ilistoire Romaine a Rome, 122, 157 ; Histoire Litteraire de la 
 
 France, avant Charlemagne, 376 ; sous Charlemagne et durant les X. et XI. 
 
 Siecles, 377. 
 Amy Robsart, Uncertainties concerning, 9. 
 Ancient History, Authorities on, 75-93 ; Outlines of, 35. 
 Ancient Institutions, McLennan on, 8G; Maine's studies in, 87; Morgan's studies 
 
 in, 88; Ty lot's studies in, 86 ; Wallon's studies in, 89 ; Coulanges's studies in, 
 
 91. 
 Anderson, R. B., Norse Mythology, 452 ; The Younger Edda, 463 ; America not 
 
 Discovered by Columbus, 667. 
 Anderson, T. M., Political Conspiracies preceding the Rebellion, 671. 
 Andrews, Institutes of General History, 72. 
 Anecdotical History of Parliament, 519. 
 Anglo-Saxons, Histories of the, 475-478, 50G-507, 534-536. 
 Annals of Congress, 636. 
 Annals of the American Pulpit, 638. 
 Anne, Histories of the Reign of Queen, 497-499. 
 Annual Register, 225, 233. 
 
 Anson, Sir W. R., Law and Custom of the Constitution, 563. 
 Anticjuity, Histories of, 75-93; of Man, 90; Travelling in. 111; Police in, 111; 
 
 Physicians in, HI; Social Position of Women in. 111; of Greece, 115; of 
 
 Rome, 149, 152. 
 Antislavery, Goodell's History of, 605. 
 Appletons' Annual Cyclopajdia, 233. 
 
 Arabs, Condition of the, in the Middle Ages, 195; in Spain, 431. 
 Archa;ology of Rome, by J. H. Parker, 157. 
 Architecture, Fergusson's History of, 44. 
 Argyle, Payne's Essay on the Duke of, 492. 
 
 Argyll, The Duke of. Primeval Man, 91 ; I'^astern Question, 443, 522. 
 Arnetli, Alf. von, (ieschichte Maria Tlieresia's, 286. 
 
 Arnold, J. j\l.. Islam, its History, Character, and Relation to Christianity, 199. 
 Arnold, INIatthew, Higher Schools and Universities in Germany, 316. 
 Arnold, Samuel G., History of Rhode Island, 588. 
 Arnold, Thomas, History of Home, 135, 156; History of the Later Commonwealth, 
 
 139, 157; Lectures on jModern History, 203, 232. 
 Arnold, Willielm, Ansiedelinigen und Wanderinigen deutscher Stiimme, 296; 
 
 Deutsche Urzeit, 296, 313, 320; Zur (ieschichte des Kigcnthums in den 
 
 deutschen Stiidtcn, 318; Verfassungsgeschichle der deulschcu Freistiidte, 
 
 318; Friinkische Zeit, 320. 
 Arnold, W. T., Roman System of Provincial Administration, 148. 
 Arrivabene, Count C, Italy under Victor Emmanuel, 253. 
 Art, Lilbke's Outlines of tlie History of, 51 ; Wiuckelmaim's History of Ancient, 
 
 116, 158 ; at the time of the Renaissance, 234, 244, 248. 
 Arts, Schnaase's History of the Plastic, 54; in tlie Middle Ages, 179, 189. 
 Ashley, VV. J., An Introduction to English Political I'-conomy and History, 562. 
 Ashton, J., Social Life in tlie Reign of (iueeu .\nne, 561 ; Dawn of the Nineteenth 
 
 Century in ICiigland, 564. 
 Asseline, Louis, Histoire de rAutriclie, 285. 
 Assmnnn, Dr. W., Handlxicli der allgemeineu Grscliichto, 31. 
 Assyria, Hirch's Translations of Inscriptions of, 79; Rawlinson's History of, 82. 
 Athens in the Time of Pericles, 105; Const itulional History of, 116. 
 Atlases, Tiic best, 68.
 
 INDEX. 676 
 
 Aube, B., Lcs Chretiens dans rKmpirc Kumain, 159; L't'^jlisc et l'£tal dans le 
 
 Seconile Midtiij du III. .Sii-ile, l.'/l. 
 Aube, >!., Ilistoire lies IVrsecutiuns de I'lvi^lisf, 170, 195. 
 Aiidin's Life of Liillier, '2'M. 
 Austin, JnrnoH 'i'., Life of l'".ll)riil^c (Jerry, (J15. 
 Austria, Histories of. '.'S.J-'JNW. 
 Avu-Lallemaiit, F. ('. 11., L)a.s iletitscbo (iaunertlium, 301. 
 
 Babclnn, Description Ilistorique ct Clironologi(jue ilea llonnaics de la IJepubliqiie, 
 
 lUl. 
 Babylon, Kawlinaon'ii History of. 82. 
 Bacon, Lord, History of Henry VIL, 8. 
 Bacon's Rebellion in Virfiinia, (Ml. 
 Ba(,'eliot, Walter, Kcononiic Studie'", 'I'M; Tlie English Constitution, 5J1, 529, 
 
 5.')8; Essays on I'arlianientary Reform, 5G3. 
 Bat;\vell. 1{., Ireland under the 'I'mlors, 5(il. 
 Biilir, ,]. C. F., (lescliiclite der roiniselien I.ilcratur, 148. 
 Baird, ('. \V., History of tlie Hu^'uenot lCniii;ration to America, 405, (J70. 
 Baird, Henry M., Bisc of tlie Huguenots, 3 to ; Tlie Huguenots and Henrv of 
 
 Navarre, 40.'>. 
 Baker, James. Turkey, 444. 
 Balcke, Tlicodor, Bilder aus der (Jescliiclite der deutschen Landwirtliscliaft, 305, 
 
 ■.'AC. 
 Baldwin's Prehistoric Xations, 90. 
 Balmes, Kev. .lames, Kuropeau Civilization, 170, 233. 
 
 Bancroft, (Jeorge, Slavery in IJome, l.')7; History of the United States, 5CG. 
 Bancroft, Hubert IL. Baces of the I'acilic States. G02, G07-GG8. 
 Barante, A. CJ. P. de, Histoirc des Uucs de Bourgogne, 335; Histoire de la Con- 
 vention Nationale, 3G0. 
 Barbarians, Laurent's History of the, 49; IJepresentation of, in Kingsley's Koman 
 
 and Teuton, l(i4. 
 Baring-CJould, S., Curious Myths of the ^Middle -Vges, 171; Germany Past and 
 
 Present, 30H; Iceland, its Scenes and Sagas, 452. 
 Barbe-Marbois, F., History of Louisiana, GCi'.l G7i>. 
 Barni, Jules. Xapi>l('on et son Historien, ^I. Thiers, 3G4. 
 Baronius, Annales ICcclesi.astici. 198. 
 
 Barrii-re et De I^scure, liil>liotln''<|ue des Memoires, 333, 335. 
 Barry, .John Stetson. History of Massachusetts, 58G. 
 Bartludemy's Anadiarsis, 119. 
 
 Bartholomew, Handy Bcference Atlas of the World, 70. 
 Bartoli, A., I Primi iliic Secoli della Litteratura Ilaliana, 2G5. 
 Bastard, Le Vicomte de, Les Parlements de France, 380, 403. 
 Batbie, .\nselme, Turgot, 352. 
 Baudrillart, Histoire du Luxe prive et public dcpnis rAnliquite jusqu'ii nos Jours, 
 
 73. 
 Baumgarten, IL, (Jcschichte Karl V.. 320: Geschichte Spanieus, 4.'}0; Vor der 
 
 Barlolomiinsnacht, 405. 
 Baur. F. C, (ieschichte der chrisilichen Kirche, 108. 
 Bavelier, .\drien, Fssai Historique sur le Droit d'Election, 380. 
 Ba\oux, h., La France sous N'ap<deou HI., rKm[)ire ct la Uegime Parlcmeiiiairc, 
 
 40G. 
 Baync, Peter. Chief .\clors of the Puritan Revolution. 492. .548. 
 Bazin, Antoine. Histoire de Franco sons Louis XHL, 345. 
 Beaufort, M., Inceriituile des cimpie premiers Siecles de Rome, 133.
 
 676 INDEX. 
 
 Beaumont- Yassy, E. F.. Histoire dcs £tats Eiiropeennes, 220, 2G4. 
 
 Becker, K. F., Weltgcschichte, 32. 
 
 Becker, W. A., Charikles, 116; Haiulbuch der romisclieu AUerthiimer, 149. 
 
 Beer, A., Zeliii Jahre iJsterreichischer Politik, 287 ; Die erste Theilung Polens, 
 
 418. 
 Beesly, A. H., The Gracchi, Mariiis, and Sulla, 135. 
 Beesly, E. S.. Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius, 139. 
 Bekker, E., Maria Stuart, Darnley. Bothwell, 504. 
 Beli^ium, Histories of, 447-452. 
 Belknap, .leremy. History of New Hampshire, 585. 
 Bell, Robert, History of Kussia, 407. 
 Belloc, A., Les I'ostes Fran^aises, 404. 
 Beloch, J., Die Attische Politik scit Perikles, 121. 
 Bemont, C, Simon de iMontfort, Comte de Leicester, 5G3. 
 Benefices, History of, 188; Waltz on, 299. 
 Benefit of Clergy, History of, 180. 
 Benjamin, S. (i."W., Troy, 99. 
 Benjamin's The Turk and the Greek, 402. 
 Benoit, C, La Politique du Koi Cliarles V., 320. 
 
 Benton, Thomas H., Thirty Years' View, 003; Abridgment of Congressional De- 
 bates, 036. 
 Berghaus, H., Deutschland seit Hmulert Jahren, 317. 
 Bergier's Histoire des Grands Chemins de I'Emiiire Ivomaiu, 158. 
 Bcrington, llev. J., Literary Hist(u-y of the Jliddle Ages, 200. 
 Beridiardi, Thcodor von, Geschichte Kusslands, 407. 
 Bernheim, E., (Jeschichtsforschung und Gcschichtsphilosophie, 71. 
 Berriat Saint Prix, C, La .Justice Revolutionnaire, 389. 
 Bertocci, G., Repertorio Bibliografico dellc Opere stampate in Italia ncl Secolo 
 
 XIX., 205. 
 Beverley, Robert, History of Virginia, G02. 
 Bezold, Geschichte dcr dcutschcn Reformation, 72. 
 Biblical Archipiilogy, Transactions of tiic Society of, 91. 
 Biedermann, Karl, Deutschland im achtzehnten Jahrhundcrt, 304; Staatengc- 
 
 schichtc dcr neuestcn Zcit, 237. 
 Bigelow, John, Life of Benjamin Franklin, 015; France and the Confederate Navy, 
 
 672. 
 Billiet, A., Les Origincs de la Confederation Suisse, 4G4. 
 Biographies of Important Americans, 014. 
 Birch, S., Records of the Past, 79, 91; Historv of Egvpt from the Earliest Times 
 
 to B.C. 300, 91. 
 Bisset, Andrew, Essays on Historical Truth, 57, 548; History of the Struggle for 
 
 Parliamentary (iovernment in England, 488; History of the Commonw.ealth 
 
 of England, 488, .551. 
 Blackstonc, Sir W., Commentaries on the Laws of England, 526; on the Charters, 
 
 539. 
 Blaine, J. G., Twenty Years in Congress, 071. 
 Blakey, Robert, Ilisinry "f I'oliiicai Literature, 42. 
 
 Blanc, Louis, Histoire de la l^'voliiiion I'rancaise, 35H ; History of Ten Years, 368. 
 Blan(iui, Adolphe, History of Political ICcouomy, 42. 
 Blue Laws of Connecticut, 5H9. 
 Blllmner, Hugo, Tcchnologie und Terminologie der (Jewerbe uiul Kiinste bei 
 
 (Jriechen und Riitneni, 109, 
 Blunt's Reformation in I'ngland, 540. 
 Bocckli, Augustus, Public ICconoiny of the Athenians, 109.
 
 INDEX. (J 7 7 
 
 Boi!i»ior, fJaston, ('ic6roii ct scs Amis, 130; (J|ipo8il!on sous les Cisnrs, 1 II; Ln 
 
 Koli^iiiti KiiriiaiiiL-, 1'>I). 
 R.)liiij;l)r«kc, l.onl, Lcitors on the Study of Iliston*, 07 ; Political Doctrines of, bjo, 
 Itoll.'K-rt, Williiiiii, \\'nT!\ of Succession in S|iniii, (i7. 
 liollt'.t'x I-'innnciiil lli>tiiry of the I'nited Stnie.s, G.'jI, 
 HonnemiTe, I'.., lli>toire ties I'nysnns, \W>, •.'•.'.'». 
 Hi-nlicr, 11. L., I,(s Arcliivis ile la IVanco, ln-.>. 
 Itiiroii;;)! imkI Municipal ('i)r|)<pralii>ns, lli^inry of, 522. 
 IJossiu t, lJi.-.li.i|i .1. I!., Ilistiiirt! riiiverselle, o2; I^urcnl's examination of, .'.O; 
 
 llintoire de.s \'arialioMs, 'J".'G. 
 Bosworili-Sinilh, Molianiined and .Mohammedanism, 109. 
 lV>tta, Anna C. Lynch, Iland-hook of I'liiversnl Literature, -1.3. 
 liuttn, C (i. (1.. Storia d' Italia, 214; History of Italy during; llie Consulate and 
 
 ICinpire. 'i.')0. 
 Uiiltiner, ('. W., (icschichtc des Kurstnates uiid Kiinigreiches Sachscn, 288. 
 IJouchot, .v., llistoire de rortiif,'nl ct de scs Colonies, 404. 
 Houpart, .\.. Marat, IWnii du iVuple, 40G; Danton, 406. 
 Houluer, 1). C, History of Ciiina, KM. 
 Houllue, .M. A., llistoire des luats-CidMU-raux. .381. 
 Hoiirhons, Yonice's History of France under the, .'j.'il. 
 IJourgeois, K., Le Capitulaire de Kiersy-snr-Oise, 201, 404. 
 Hozman, J. L., History of Maryland, 501. 
 Hra<lft)rd, Al.len, History of Massachusetts. oOl. 
 ISradford, Williaui, History of I'lymoiitli I'lantation, .581. 
 llrandenburg, Uanke's Memoirs of tiie House of, 201. 
 Hrandes, G., Die Hauptstrominigen der Literatur des ncunzehntcn Jahrhundcrts, 
 
 2:50. 
 llrentano, 1j., Histon* of the Development of Gilds, 180. 
 IJretschneider's Wall Maps, CM. 
 Mrewer. .1. S.. Tin- Siiident's Hume, 405, 520. 
 Hright, Kev. Frank, Fnnlish History, 405, 528. 
 ISrilish .Vlmanac and Companion, 2;{3. 
 Broderick, (i. C, History of the I'niversily of (Oxford, 503. 
 UrodheatI, .L H., History of tlie State of New York, 580; Documents Relative to 
 
 the State of New York. 031. 
 Brodie, (Jeorge, Constitutional History of the British Empire, 515, 551; llevicw 
 
 of llimie, 515. 
 Broglie. The Due .le, The King's Secret, 3.50. 
 Brougham, Lord, Demosthenes, 118 ; The British Constitution, 513,535,545; Au- 
 
 toliiography. 550; Legal IJcform, 501. 
 Brown, Henry, History of Illinois, 500. 
 Browning, Oscar, Historical Hand - hooks, 203 ; Napoleon and England in 1803, 
 
 561. 
 Brownson, <). A., The .American IJepulilic, 003. 
 Bruckner, Katheriiia die Zweite, 72; IVter der (Jrosse, 72. 
 Bnigsch-Bey, Henry. History of Egypt, 70, 00, 
 Bryant and (iay's Popular History of the I'uited Slates, .507. 
 Bryce, .Tames, Holy Uoman I'.mpire, 101. 20M, 313; .\nierican Commonwealth, 072, 
 Buchanan, I'residcnt, .Vdminisi ration of. 0(iO. 
 
 Buche/ et IJoux, llistoire I'arlementaire de la Kcvolution Frant^aise. 359. 
 Bnchon. .1. A.. Collection des Clironi(|ues Nationales, .■i3l. 
 Buckingham, The Duke of. Gardiner's .\dministration of, 180. 
 Buckle, ILT., Historical theories of, 5; Laurent on the positivism of. 5(1; History 
 
 of Civilization, 57 ; Droysen's Keview of, 01 ; on the History of France, 307.
 
 678 INDEX. 
 
 Bukowski, J., Histoire ile la Reformation en Pologne depuis ses Coramcnceraent 
 jusqu'a sa Fin, 429. 
 
 BulSnch, Thomas, Age of Table, 118; Age of Chivalry, 171; Legends of Charle- 
 magne, 399. 
 
 Bulle. C, Geschichte der neuesten Zeir, 221, 233, 237 ; (leschichte der Jahre 
 1871-77, 237. 
 
 Bidwer, Lord, Kise and Fall of Athens, 117; Pompeii, 159; Rienzi, 195. 
 
 Burckhardt, Jacob, Die Zeit Constantins des Grossen, 198 ; History of the Renais- 
 sance, 194, 233, 245, 261, 265. 
 
 Burgundy, Barante's History of the Didces of, 335. 
 
 Burk, John, History of Virginia, 592. 
 
 Burke, Edmund, Reflections on the French Revolution, 389 ; on Party Govern- 
 meat, 558. 
 
 Burn's Rome and the Campagna, 158. 
 
 Burnet, Bishop G., History of the Reformation, 482; History of His Own Time, 
 493. 
 
 Burton, John Hill, History of Scotland, 466; History of the Reign of Queen Anne, 
 498. 
 
 Busoll, G., Die Lakedaimonier and ihre Bundesgenossen, 121. 
 
 Butt, Isaac, Histor\' of Italy from the Abdication of Napoleon I., 250. 
 
 Buxton, S., Finance and Politics, an Historical Study, 1783-1885, 562. 
 
 Cabinet Government, Authorities on the Establishment and Development of, 558. 
 
 Cabot, George, Lodge's Life and Letters of, 617. 
 
 Cajsar, Julius, Moramsen's estimate of, 128 ; Fronde's, 140 ; Napoleon's Life of, 140. 
 
 Caillet, Jules, L' Administration de Richelieu, 345. 
 
 Calendars of State-papers, Description of, 531. 
 
 Calhoun, J. C, AVorks of, 625; Political doctrines of, 648, 650, 658, 
 
 Camden Society, Publications of, 532. 
 
 Campagna. Burn's Description of, 158. 
 
 Campaigns of the Civil War, 671. 
 
 Campbell, Charles, History of Virginia, 593. 
 
 Campbell, James V., Political History of JMichigan, 601. 
 
 Campbell, John Lord, Lives of the Lord Clianoellors and Chief-Justices, 466, 
 
 Canada, MacMullen's History of, 472; Parkman's Old Rrgime in, 580. 
 
 Cantu, Cesare, Histoire Universelle, 33; Lcs Trentc Dernieres Annees, 223; His- 
 toire des Italiens, 238, 261. 
 
 Capefigue, Jean, Histoire de la Reforme, 344. 
 
 Capes, W. W., The Early Empire, 143; The Roman Empire of the Second Cent- 
 ury, 143, 156. 
 
 Capponi, (iino, Geschichte der florenlischcn Rc'iuibliU, 256. 
 
 Carey, II. C, Harmony of Interests, 657. 
 
 Carlier, Augustc, Histoire du Petiplc Americain, 603. 
 
 Carlson, F. F., (jcschichte Schwodens, -154. 
 
 Carlylc, Tiiomas, History of Frederick II., 292.313; History of the French Revo- 
 lution, 357; Early Kings of Norway, 453; Oliver Crom\veirs Letters and 
 Speeciies, 489, 519; IMiscellanemis I'",s,says, 314. 
 
 Came, Comte Louis de, (iouveriiement L'epreseutatif en France, 370. 
 
 Carnegie, A., Triumphant Democracy, 670. 
 
 Cnro, S., (ieschichte Polens, 415. 
 
 Carriere, IMoriz, Die Kunst im Zusammeiih:nig der Cullureut wickelung, 43. 
 Carthage, (Jovernment and Trade in, 75, 157; Newman's Defence of, 157. 
 Catalogues, Brooklyn iMercaniile Library, C.) ; lioston Atlieuiv'um Library, 69; 
 Harvard L'niver.'^iiy, 69; for general reference, 69.
 
 INDEX. era 
 
 Catherine II. of Kiissin, Mcmuirs of, 408; Tooke's History of, 114; Autboriiiei on, 
 42H. 
 
 Cnlliolicism, I'r(>u>li.".i Kssny on tlic IMiilosophy of, 2.34. 
 
 Cntholicifv c(>ni|(ariil wiili rrotistaniism, 17U. 
 
 C'ntilinc, Ik-csly on, IIJ'.i. 
 
 Caiisfri< ■< lie Lmiili, .Snintc-IVnvo's, 402. 
 
 Cavalcasille, (i. H., lli>i<)rv <.f riiiiitiiif; in Italy. 248, 249. 
 
 Cavour, Lc Comte <lt>, Mazailu's Kssay on, 252, 2(jl. 
 
 Cayley, E. S., The Kuropean KevoUitions of 1848. 223. 
 
 Cciostin, Fr. .1., Kiissiand stit Auf hebun^; cler I^ibcigenscliaft, 419. 
 
 Celibacy, I/oa's llislory of, 179. 
 
 Cellini, Ucnvcinito, Aiit(ibiii;;rjiphy of, 2.TI, 21G. 
 
 Chalihi'a. iJawruison's Ili.story vf, 82. 
 
 Channini:, \V. K., Works on Slavery, COL 
 
 CharltmaKne, Mnllingor's Schools of. 1«4, ;i09 ; I?nl(inch's Legends of, 399. 
 
 Charles, Mrs., Compierin;; and to Conquer, lo'.i; Schonberfj-Cotta Family, 235. 
 
 Charles I., Histories of the Keign of, 485-493 ; Bayne's lissay on, 492. 
 
 Charles 11., Hayne's Essay on. 492. 
 
 Charles V., Robertson's Life of, 271 ; Van Prael's F2ssay on, 214. 
 
 (^harles V. and Francis I., Mi;;net's estimate of, 339. 
 
 Charles the IJold, Kirk's History of, :V.iX. 
 
 Charnay, 1)., Ancient Cities i>f the New World. GGG. 
 
 Charveriot, i;., llistoirc de la (uierre dc Trcnte Ans, 236. 
 
 Cheruel, Adolphe, I^ Minoriiu dc Lonis XIV., 340; Diclionnaire Historiqne des 
 Institutions, Micnrs, et Coutumes de la France, 402. 
 
 Chevalier, IC, Manual of Ancient History, 7C. 
 
 Chevalier, l'.. Repertoire des Sources Historiques du Moyen Age, 201. 
 
 Chi'vreinont, F., .lean I'aid Marat, 40G. 
 
 Chivalry. Midlincli's A^'o of. 171 ; Jlills's History of, 183 ; best authorities on, 195. 
 
 Choiseid-irAilU'coiirt, De riuHuence des Croissades, 199. 
 
 Cholevius, L., (iesciiiciite der deutschen Poesie nach iliren aniiken Elementen.317. 
 
 Christianitv, Laurent's Historv of, 49; Renan's Ilistorv of, 92; ^lilman's History 
 of, 183. " 
 
 Chronicles and Jlemorials of (ireat Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages 
 (The Rolls Series), 5G1. 
 
 Chronicles of France, 331-333; F'roissart's. 334; Monstrelet's. 335. 
 
 Chroniken tier deut.schen .Si-idte vom XIV. bis zum XVI. Jahrhundert, 319. 
 
 Church and State. (Jeffcken's History of. 30.s. ;509. 
 
 Chur.h History. Alzog's, 109; Aubc's, 170: Balmes's, 170; Dollingcr's, 173; Fish- 
 er's, 173; Geffcken's, 174; (ifnircr's, 174; (iieseler's, 175; Gosselin's, 170; 
 Hardwick's, 170; Lea's, 179; Milman's, 183 ; Neander's, 185; Tressense's, 187 ; 
 Staidey's, 83, 190; courses of reading on, 195. 
 
 Church. R.'W., The Beginnings of the Middle Ages, 172, 193, 
 
 Cicero. Troilope's Life of, 13«; Forsyth's Life of, 138, Boissicr's Sketch of, 139; 
 F'roude's Estimate of, 145 ; iniportance of letters of, 157. 
 
 Cist. H. M., The Army of llic Cumberland, 071. 
 
 Cities, of the Roman Empire, MS, 151, 157, 158; of Germany, 298, .300: of the 
 Middle Ages, otlOi of tlie Ilansc, 300. 
 
 Civil Service in England, 559. 500, 
 
 Civil War in America, Histories of, 574, 579. 
 
 Civil War of ItilO, Authorities on, 540, 549. 
 
 Civilization, Carriire's History of, 43 : Draper's History of Intellectual Dcveloji- 
 ment, 44; (Juizot's History of, in I'.urope, 4G; Buckle's History of, 57; Lub- 
 bock's Origin of, 8G ; in cVcece, 109-11G; in Rome, 148-159; Balmcs on, 170,
 
 680 INDEX. 
 
 194; in the Fifth Century. 186; in Modern Times, 225-232; of the Renais- 
 sance, 245; in Germany, 29G ; in France, 374-397 ; in Kussia, 419-4"_'7 ; in 
 Poland, 419-4-27 ; in England, 506-5-28; in United States, 581-614. 
 
 Clarendon, Lord, Bayne's Essay on, 492, 549 ; Ranke's Review of, 492, 549. 
 
 Clark, H., Concise History of knighthood, '200. 
 
 Clarke, J. F., Ten Great Religions, 84. 1 18. 
 
 Classon, A. W., Seven Conventions, 67-2. 
 
 Clay, Henry, The Works of, 626. 
 
 Clodius, Beesly on, 139. 
 
 Cluskoy, M. W., Political Text-book, G37. 
 
 Coatc's The Romans in Britain, 536. 
 
 Cobbett, William, History of the Reformation in England and Ireland, 234, 483; 
 Parliamentary History of England, 531. 
 
 Coffin, C. C, Building of the Nation, 670. 
 
 Colletta, Pietro, History of Naples, 260. 
 
 Collier, Admiral Sir George. France and Holland a Centurj' Ago, 351. 
 
 Collier, J. Payne, History of English Dramatic Poetry, 533. 
 
 Collins, Lnther, Historical Sketches of Kentucky, 598. 
 
 Colonial Period of xVmerican History, 574, 639-641. Also see United States. 
 
 Colonization of America, 575, 579, 609, 632. 
 
 Colton, C, Life and Times of Henry Clay, 670; Last Seven Years of the Life of 
 Henry Clay, 670. \ 
 
 Commerce of England, Escott's account of, 527. 
 
 Commines, Philip de. The Memoirs of. 337. 
 
 Commons, Methods in the House of, 517-519; Escott's account of, 527; Influence 
 of Hundred Years' War on, 27. 
 
 Commonwealth, Bisset's Essay on the Government of, 57. 
 
 Communes, of Italy, 242; of France, 413 ; of Germany, 188, 192, 306,316; in Eng- 
 land, 189. 
 
 Comte, M., historical theories of, 5 ; positions of, examined by Laurent, 50 ; Posi- 
 tive Philosophy, 60. 
 
 Conde, D'Aumale's History of the Princes of, 350. 
 
 Conde, J. A., History of the Arabs in Spain, 431. 
 
 Confederation of the United States, 567. 
 
 Congressional Globe, 636. 
 
 Congressional Record, 636. 
 
 Connecticut, True Blue Laws of, 589. 
 
 Connecticut, TrmnbuU's History of, 588. 
 
 Conquering and to Conquer, Mrs. Charles's, 159. 
 
 Constitution of the United States, Curtis's History of, 604, 644. 
 
 Constitutional History, of Greece, 115-117; of Rome, 152-154; of Germany, 296- 
 299; Waitz'r., 299; Sohm's, 297; Low's, 309; Lsaacsohn's, 310; Lancizolle's 
 310; Oesfchl's, 311; of France, Thierry's Third Estate, 379; Bastards Les 
 Parlements de France, 380; Bavulier's Droit (rFlcction, 380 ; I'icot's Histoire 
 des Ftats-tJencraux, 380; Boullee's Histoire des Etats-GcuK^raux, 381 ; l)a- 
 reste's Histoire de rAdministration,381 ; Haas's Histoire de I'Administration, 
 393; Kaiser's Verfassungsgeschiciite, 394; general authorities on, 402; of 
 England, 506-528, 534-559; general authorities on, 5'28; of the United States, 
 autlioritics on, 602-614, 632-672. 
 
 Constitutions of the several States, 637. 
 
 Conway, M. H., Life and Papers of Ivlmnnd Randol[ili, 672. 
 
 Cooke,'(;. W., History of I'arty, 5-20, 5.53, 55.5. 
 
 Co-operalion in I'jigland, Ivscoll's account of, 527. 
 
 CoiiI)ee, Henry, History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arabs, 431.
 
 INDEX. 681 
 
 Corn Ijtk'xa, Hi.story of the I/>a|?uc n(;ainst, 5(50. 
 
 Corporal ions, iiicrcoiiiiif; power of, 22. 
 
 Cory, William, (iuiile to Modern Knulish Ilislory, HOI. 
 
 Cosfl, K. von, (ii-.toliiclite ties preusxisclK-n .Senate.-*, "."Jl. 
 
 Cuulan^i'.M, i-'ustel ilo, .Vncii-nt City, 91, 1 10, 1 IK, lUt ; lliiitoirc <Ics Iiistitnlions Pu- 
 litii|iR's en Franct', 2t>"J, 313, 37.'), 'M7, 
 
 C'ount ol I'aris, History of tlic Civil War in America, 571. 
 
 Coup il'l'.iai, .\uilioritic8 on llio, lOI. 
 
 Courses of Kvailin;;: on universal history, C)?-!'.'.); on liistory of aiiti(|uity, 110-03; 
 on history of (Jrcece, 117-121; on history of Kome, I.')i; Itil; on history of 
 the Miilillf \n('», 1!)3 202; on K*^neral history of moiU-rn limes, 232-237; on 
 liistory of Italy, 2(JO-20.j; on the history of (lerriiany, 313-322, on the history 
 of France, 31>7-40{J; on the history of Knssia, 127-42'J; on the history of .S|iaiii, 
 451)-4t;i; on the history of 1 urkey, l.V.i Kit; on the history of ll..ilan<l, 4.>0- 
 4(M ; on the Itistory of .Scanilinavia, 4.'i'.l-4(i4 ; on the history of i'lnglaiid, 
 52H-.')f..'i ; on the history of the I'nileil .Stales, (..in (■.72. 
 
 Courts, inellicieni'v of, before the Kevoliiiioii of liiin. 1(1, methods of trial Fllus- 
 trated, 1 1 ; in (Jerniany under femlalisni, 2'J'.> : Wiichter's essays on, o02, in 
 meiliieval Knjjland, 524 ; in m<xlern l',ni;lanil. ."i27. 
 
 Cox, (ieorjio W.. Mylholo^jy of the .\ryan Nations, Hi ; ( Jeneral History of (jreece, 
 94, 117; History of (J recce. !• I ; The (Ireeks mu\ the I'ersians. KHI; 'i'he Athe- 
 nian ICmpire, 100 ; The Crusades, 172 ; Komnnces of the ^liddle .\^es, 172, l'J3. 
 
 Cox, Homersham, History of the Keforin llills of lxri(;-C7, 50.'); Aniient Parliamen- 
 tary ICleclions, oO'.l, .')ll ; The Insiiiiiiions of the Kiii^lisli (jovernnient, 517, 
 5.'))S; W'hii; and Tory Administrations, lS55-0f<, 521. 
 
 Cox, J. I)., The March to the .Sea, (171. 
 
 Cox, S. S., Three Decades of Federal IjOgislation, C71. 
 
 Cox's Hihernia .\n<;licana, .").")(>. 
 
 Co.xc, William. History of the House of Austria, 283,313; Memoirs of Spain under 
 the IJonrhons, 432. 
 
 Craik, (ieortje \j.. History of Kn^lish Literature, 533. 
 
 Crane, T. F., Italian I'lipular Tales, 2(>l. 
 
 ( 'rawford, Secretary, Keport on linancial disasters, 058, 
 
 Crawfurd, Oswald," l'orln.,'al, ( Hd and New, 4;!2. 
 
 Creasy, Sir Fdward, History of the Ottoman Turks, 445 ; Kisc and Progress of the 
 ICnglish Constitution, 512. 
 
 Crccils of Christendom, 231. 
 
 Crei;;hton, M., History of the Papacy during the Perio<l of the Reformation, 563. 
 
 Cretiiieaii-.loly, J., Histoire IJeligicusc, Politiiiue, et Litterairc de la Corapagnie dc 
 .lesns. 23t;. 
 
 Crimean War, Ceneral authorities on, 429. 
 
 Criminal Trials, .lardine's. 525; Wiichler's, 195; I.*a's, 195, 324. 
 
 Croker, .1. W., Kssays on French Kevolution, 391, 400. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, Hissot's History of, 57 ; Uayne's Essay on. 492; general author- 
 ities on, 4S9-493, 549-552. 
 
 Crowe, 1^. IC, History of France. 37(;. 
 
 Crowc.I. A., Art in Italy, 234. 24.S. 
 
 Crowe's The (ireek and the Turk, 4G2. 
 
 Cruel)on, (I., lys lijui<|ues dans rAntiipiite, IGI. 
 
 Crus.ades, Cox's Sketch of, 172 ; Michaud's History of, 182 ; .Mills's History of, 182 ; 
 .Syhel's History and Literature of. 190; Heeren's essay on, 205; general au- 
 thorities on, l!tl. 
 
 Cruttwell, C. T., History of Roman Literature, 150. 
 
 Cunnini^ham, W., The (Jrowth of English Industry and Commerce, 502.
 
 682 INDEX. 
 
 Curios, J. G., Vorgeschichte Roms, 150. 
 
 Currency in the United States, Gallatin on, 627. 
 
 Curteis, A. M., Rise of the Macedonian Empire, 106; Roman Empire, 143, loG. 
 
 Curtis, George T., History of the Constitution of the United States, 604, 044 ; Life 
 
 of Daniel Webster, 616 ; Life of James Buchanan, 671. 
 Curtius. Ernst, History of Greece, 95, 117; History of tlie Roman Empire, 144. 
 Custine, Le Marquis de, La Russie en 1839, 420. 
 Cutler, Manasseh, and Ordinance of 1787, 12. 
 Cutter, Dr., Catalogue of the Boston Athenajum, 69. 
 
 Dabnev, R. H., Causes of the French Revolution, 405. 
 
 Daguet, Alexandre, Histoire de la Confederation Suisse, 441. 
 
 Dahlmann, F. C, Geschichte von Diinemark, 453 ; Quellenkunde der deutschen 
 Geschichte, 319. 
 
 Dahn, LTrgeschichte der Griechischen und Romanischeii Vcilker, 71, 93. 
 
 Dalrymple's jMemorials, Importance of, 10, 546, 
 
 Danes and Northmen in England, 459. 
 
 Dangeau, Marquis de, Journal du, 349. 
 
 Daremberg, C, and Saylis, E., Dictionnairedes AntiquitesGr^quesetRomains, 120. 
 
 Dareste, C, Histoire de France, 325 ; Histoire de I'Administration en France, 381; 
 Histoire des Classes Agricoles, 383. 
 
 Daru, V. A., Histoire de la Republique de Venise, 254, 
 
 Dasent, G, W., Story of the Burnt Njal, 463. 
 
 Dauban, C, A., La Demagogic en 1793, 1794 et 1795 in Paris, 405; Los Prisons de 
 Paris sous la Revolution, 405 : Histoire de la Rue, du Club, de la Famine, 405. 
 
 D'Aubigne, J. H, Merle, History of the Reformation, 210 ; History of the Reforma- 
 tion in the Time of Calvin, 211, 233, 
 
 D'Aumalo, Le Due, History of the Princes of Conde, 350. 
 
 Daunou, P, C. F., Cours d'l^tudes Historiques, 34, 
 
 Davies, C. M., History of Holland and the Dutch, 447. 
 
 Davila, A. C, History of the Civil Wars in France, 403. 
 
 Davis, J., Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 671. 
 
 Da}', W, A., The Russian Government in Poland, 420, 
 
 D' Azeglio, Blassimo, Recollections of, 252, 261. 
 
 De Belleval, IMarquis, Nos Peres, Miiiurs, et Couturaes du Temps Passe, 404. 
 
 Di'be'rle, A., Histoire de r.\meri(iue, 671. 
 
 De P>roglie, L'Eglise et TKnipire Romain au IV. Siecle, 198. 
 
 De Joinville's History of Louis IX., 399. 
 
 Delattre, Le Peuple et TEinpirc des Eludes, 92. 
 
 Deloche, JL. La Trustis et I'Antrustion Royal sous les Deux Premiers Races, 403, 
 
 De Lolme, J. L., Rise and Progress of the iMiglish Constitution, 516, 
 
 Delord, Taxile, Histoire du Second Empire, 372, 
 
 Democracy in lOurope, 51 ; at Athens, 105; in France, 373. 
 
 Democratic Review, 639, 
 
 Demogeot, J., Histoire de la Litterature Francjaisc, 404, 
 
 Demosthenes, Schiifer's, 105, 117; Brougham on, 118; Legare on, 118, 
 
 Denmark, Histories of, 4.53-456, 460--162, 
 
 Dciniis, (icorgc. Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, 157. 
 
 Dejiping, (», H., Histoire des Expeditions IMarilimes des Normands et lour Eta- 
 blissemont en France au Dixi6me Siecle, 403, 
 
 De Quadra Letter, imjxirtnnce of, 9, 
 
 De (iuincev,'l"honias, Uarbarism of the Roman Empire, 158. 
 
 Dcsjardiu, !•",., (ieograpliie ilisloriiiue et Adininisiralivc de la Gaule Romainc, 160. 
 
 Deux -Vmis de la Liberte, Histoire ile la Revolution Fraiiyaise, 360,
 
 INDKX. 683 
 
 Devatix, Etudes Pulitiquc siir I'llistoirc Ancirniic ct Moiliriie ct sur I'lnflucncc 
 
 lie I'Riat (l(! (iiiorre ct ilc I'Ktat tip riiix, "3. 
 Dew, I'lHiiiiiis, Uij^cHt i.r Aiuitiii mikI .Mi)(ltTii History, 34. 
 l)e Wilt, J.)lm, (;tMl.le-,'s lli-,t..ry "1, •» \x. 
 Dc W'onii.H, Unroll lleiiry, Aiialro-lhiiignriaii llmiiire, "JST ; England's Tolicy in the 
 
 EaM, bi.i. 
 Dexter, II. M., as to Koger Williams, r>87. 
 Dezoltry's Imai^iimry .loiiriiey to IJome, liV.l 
 
 Dicey, .\. V., Lectures Introductory to llie Ijiw of the Coiisiitiitiuii, .>j"J. 
 Dickinson, .Iidin, letters of a Farmer, (> I.'. 
 
 Dictionary, of Aiiti(|uities, (W; Classical, ti'.t ; of IJiograjiliy, 00; of Dates, C9. 
 D'Ideville, .lunrnal d'on Diploniate en Italic, -Jii^. 
 Digliy, Sir Kenelm, .Mores t'atliolici, or the Ages of P"ailli, 200. 
 Dimaii, .1. I*, Essay on (iuizot, 07. 
 
 Diplomatic LVirrcspondencc of the .Vmerican KcvoUilion, 031. 
 Discovery of the (Jreat West, oTl*. 
 Disraeli, B. (Lord IJeacoiislield), Vindication of tlie English Constitution, 520,554; 
 
 Memoir of Lord (ieorge Hentinck, r)5J; I'olilical Doctrines of,5oo,501. 
 Disraeli, Isaac, Sources of Moilern History, 233; Commentaries on Life aiul Kcigii 
 
 of Charles I.. 1H7, .'.JH, -,,-,1. 
 Dixon's History of the Church of England, 54G, 
 Doctrine, Shedd's History of, i^]!. 
 Diillinger, J. .L, The (ieiitilennd tlie.Iew, 85; First .Vge of Christianity, 173 ; Die 
 
 Iveforination, "ill; Heuniim of the Churches, "233. 
 Domestic Society, (lanine's History of, 40. 
 Donaldson, J. W., Literature of .\iicieiit (ireece, 114. 
 Doniol, Henry, La Kevohition ct la Feodalite. 353; Ilistoire dcs Classes Itiirales, 
 
 382; Histoire dc la Tarticipntion dc la France u I'Etablissement dcs Etaifr- 
 
 Unis d'.Vmeritjuo, OO'.i. 
 Doric Hace, Midler's History of. 9'.1. 
 Dorner, J. .\., History of rroiestant Theidoijy, 227. 
 Douliledav, A., Chancellorsville and (icttysburg, 07L 
 Douhle.lay's Political Life of I'eel, 558. 
 
 Dowell, M. S., History of Taxes and Taxation in England, .502. 
 Doyle,.!. A., History of the United States, 508; The English Colonies in .Viucrica, 
 
 .575,61!'.). 
 Dozy, !{.. Essai siir I'Histoire d'Islamisme, 109. 
 Drake, Charles I)., Pioneer Life in Kentucky, 508. 
 Drake, S. .\., New I-Ingland Legends and Folk Lore, C70. 
 Drainatic Literature, l>y A. W. Schlegel. 52. 
 Drai)er. . I. W., History of Intellectual Development, 44 ; History of the .\merican 
 
 Civil AVar, 574. 
 Dred Scott Decision, fiO(".. 
 Dreyss, ('..Chronologic rniverselle, 402. 
 
 Droyseii, (t., (iustav .Vdolidi, 235. 272; Hernhard von Weimar, 235. 
 Droysen, Joh. G., (Jrundriss der Hislorik, 01, t>7 ; .\llgemeiiier historischc Hand- 
 atlas, 70; (ieschichte des Hellenismus, 106.117; Das Leben Vorks, 277 ; Ab- 
 
 haiidlungen zur ncuern Gcscliichte, 2M ; ticschichtc der prcussischen i'oli- 
 
 tik, 200.' 
 Drummoiid's Life of Erasmus, 314. 
 Dryileu's All for Love, 1,50. 
 Du Camp, M.. Les C'onvulsions de Paris, 400. 
 Ducoirdray, ti., Ilistoire Soinmaire de la Civilisation, 197. 
 Duffy, Sir C. Ci., Young Ireland, 504.
 
 684 INDEX. 
 
 Dilhring, E., Kritische Gescliichte der National-OeUoiiomie und Socialisraus, 237. 
 
 Dumas, Alex., Historical novels of, 235. 
 
 Diimichen, Gescliichte des alien Aegyptens, 71. 
 
 Diimmler, E., Geschichte des Ostfriinkisclien Keichs, 317. 
 
 Duncker, ]Max, Abhandlungen aus der (iriecliisclien Gescliichte 70, 121 ; Ge- 
 schichte des Alterthums, 75, 90, 93, 117 ; Aus der Zeit Friedrichs des Grossen, 
 273. 
 
 Dunham, S. A., History of Europe during the Middle Ages, 1()2, 193; History of 
 the Germanic Empire, 2()(; ; History of Poland, 314; History of Spain and 
 Portugal, 433; History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, 453. 
 
 Dunlap, John, IMemoirs of Spain, 433. 
 
 Dunnistown, James, Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino, 260. 
 
 Duruy, Victor, Histoire des liomains, 114; Histoire des Grecs, 121; Histoire du 
 Moven Age, 1G2, 193 ; Histoire des Temps Modernes, 204 ; Histoire de France, 
 324. 
 
 Du Sein, Histoire de la ^Marine de touts les Peuplcs dcpuis les Temps les plus 
 recules jusqu'ii nos Jours, 73, 74. 
 
 Dutch Republic, The Rise of the, 450. 
 
 Diiyckinck. E. A. and G. L., Cyclopasdia of American Literature, G38. 
 
 Dwight's History of the Hartford Convention, 650. 
 
 Dyer, Thomas II., History of Rome, 123; Sources of Early Roman History, 157; 
 Pompeii, 161; History of Modern Europe, 204, 232. 
 
 Early Chroniclers of Europe, 196. 
 
 Early English Text Society, 532. 
 
 Early Roman History, 123, 157. 
 
 Eastern Question, Authorities on, 399; Argvll on, 443, 522, 523; De Worms on, 
 
 523. 
 Eaton, Dorman B., Civil Service in England, 559. 
 Ebers, George, Works on I'^gypt, 90, 92. 
 Ebert, A., Allgemeine Gescliichte der Literatur des Mittelaltcrs im Abcndlande, 
 
 200. 
 Eberty, Prof. Felix, Geschichte des preussischen Staates, 289. 
 Eckardt, Julius, Modern Russia, 420; Russia before and after the War, 421. 
 Education, Problems in, 18-21 ; in Greece and Rome, 111 ; Histories of, 51, 54, 191, 
 
 633. 
 Edwards, N. W., History of Illinois. 600. 
 Egle, W. H., History of Pennsylvanin, 591. 
 Egypt, Rrugsch-Bey's History of, 79; Birch's Inscriptions of, 79; Wilkinson's 
 
 Manners and Customs of, 84; histories of, in modern times, 443-447. 
 Eighteenth Century, Schlosser's History of the, 219; iJiodermann's (icrmany in 
 
 the, 234; Eecky's England in the, 234; Memoirs relative to, in France, 333. 
 Elections, to English Parliament, 509, 541, 543; monarch's right to interfere with, 
 
 555; in Franco under tlie Second J'.mpire, 392. 
 Eliot, Samuel, ^l.inual of I'nited States History, 569. 
 Eliot, Sir John, Forstor'.s Biography of 4H9, 490. 
 Elizal)eth, Part of, in death of Amy Ixobsart, 9. 
 Elliot, Cliarles W.. New England History, 582. 
 Elliot, Frances. Old Court Life in France, 385. 
 Elliott, II. ]\1.. History of India, 56."). 
 
 Elliot, .lonallwui. Debates on the Federal Constitution, 63.5. 644. 
 Ellis, (i. K., Puritan Ago and Rule in the (Jolony of Massachusetts Bay, 670. 
 Ellis, Sir Henry, Scries of Historical Letters, 530. 
 Elofjucnce, Henry's History ol, 47.
 
 INDKX. 685 
 
 Elton, C, Orif,'i:i of EiikI'hIi Hislory, ;')C;). 
 
 Kmaiicipalioii, Sugeiihiim's History i>(,So2; in Kiissia, 429; in United States, 
 
 (iUa, CI3. 
 Emorton, E., Introduction to the Slmly of llic Midille Ages, 201. 
 Empire of I'mncf, I.aurent'it lli^lory of, iiO, 
 Englan.l, (iciu-ral IliMories of, 4(;:>-l75; (Jreen's Making of, -IT.'i; Histories of 
 
 Liniitetl I'L-rioil.i, IT.j .')(M; ; I'oliiicnl, ('.MiMitiitional, ami .Social History of, 
 
 .')(n; ,VJH; coiirsis of rtmlin;; on, .)■-'« M:> ; >,'civtrnment of, coinjmretl with 
 
 liiosc on tlie Conlinint, 51G; lionian inlliience iii,5J0. 
 Enf^lisli Citizen Striis, 5(i5. 
 ]'jit;li:<h Siatfsnien, Twelve, bCtO. 
 iCpiileinics in the Miilille Avres, 177. 
 i:pochs of 1 1 istory, 6f., I JCi, 'J()«. 
 Erasmus, I'raise of Eolly, anil Colloquies, oil ; Drunimond's Lite of, 311; Ironde's 
 
 Essay on, 3(4. 
 ErdmainisdiirlVtr, M., Crknnden und AclenstUckc ziir Geschichte der Kurf, Fried. 
 
 Win. V. IJrandiMilmri;. ;>20. 
 Escott, T. H. .S.. i;ni;lan(l. litr People, etc.. 527. 
 Esmcin, A.. Mclan^'i-s d'llistoire du Droit el de Critique, lOd. 
 Estates. History of ilic, in France, 3X5. 
 Estates ni EiiKlnnd, Escott on. 527. 
 Elrnria, Dennis's Cities and Cemeteries of, 157. 
 Europe, Histories of, during the Middle Ages, 1G2-193; histories of, in modern 
 
 times, 203 232. 
 Evelyn, .(ohn. Diary and Correspondence of, 405, 552. 
 Everett, ICdward, Oratiuns and .Speeclies of, G2G. 
 Evidence, Uncertainties of, H. 
 ICwalil, .\. C., The Crown and its Advisers, 559. 
 Ewald, H.. History of lsr.-iel.«0. 
 Excommunication, Ixa's History of, 180. 
 Exodus, Light thrown upon, hy Egy|)lian Inscriptions, 80. 
 
 P'aliiola, \\'iscman's, l.JO. 
 
 Falke, Hellas mid limn. 93. 
 
 Farini. L. C, The IJoujan .State from 1815 to ISjO, translated !>y W. E. <;i.adstone, 
 
 2G4. 
 Fauriel, C. C. Histoirc de la (iaule Moridionale, 333. 
 Fayiiiez, ('•.. I'ludes siir I'liidustrie et sur la Classe Industrielle :i I'aris au XHI. 
 
 et au XIV. Sii-cle, 1(»1. 
 Federal (lovermneni. Freeman's Historj' of, lOS ; in (Jermany, 280. 
 Federali>m in New England, Documents on, G02. 
 Federalists ami .Vntifeileralists, Doctrines of. t>4(>-(;49,G50-G51. 
 Felton. C. C, (ireece. Ancient and .Modern, 90, 117. 
 Fenn, Sir John, I'aston Letters. 480. 544. 
 
 Ferilinaml and Isahella, I'rescott's History of the lleign of, 437. 
 Fergusson, .lames, History of .\rchiiecliire, 44. 
 
 Ferraml, Le Comte de, Les Trois Demend)remenls de la Pologne, 417. 
 Ferry, .lules. La l.ntte tilectorale en ]Nt;3. 392. 
 F'eudalism, Laurent's Historj-of. 49, 194; .Secretan's Essay on. IMH, 194; (inizot on, 
 
 194; Wail/ on, 299; IMal ions of, to the French l{evolution,353 ; Vuitryou 
 
 the tinancial methods of, 384. 
 Fiction, Catalogue of works of, in English, G9. 
 Fifteenth Cenliiry. Lindner's History of, 271. 
 Figuier's rrimiiive Man, 90.
 
 686 INDEX. 
 
 Finance, History of, in France, 383, 384 ; History of, in the United States, 006, 627 ; 
 American State-papers on, C34, 658 ; general authorities on, 654-672. 
 
 Finlay, George, History of Greece, 108, 117. 
 
 Firth, J. B., Municipal London, 562. 
 
 Fiscliel, Edward, Tiie English Constitution, oil. 
 
 Fischer, Karl, Diplomatic im Keformationszeitalter, 212. 
 
 Fisher, George P., Tlie Beginnings of Christianity, 173; History of the Christian 
 Church, 72, 198; Discussions in History and Theology, 197; The IJeforma- 
 tion. 212. 
 
 Fisher's Outlines of Universal History, 39, 72. 
 
 Five ^lembers, Attempt to Arrest, by Charles I., 400. 
 
 Fix, W., Territorial-geschichte des preussischen Staates, 321. 
 
 Flack, J., Les Origines de I'Ancienne France, 404. 
 
 Flanders, H., Lives and Times of the Chief-Justices of the United States, 071. 
 
 Flassan, Histoire Generale et Kaisonne de la Diplomatie Franc^'aise depuis la Fon- 
 dation de la Monarchic jusqu'a la Fiu du Kegne de Louis XVL, 403. 
 
 Flathe, T., Das Zeitalter der Kestauration und Ilevolution (1815-51), 72, 237; Ge- 
 schichte des Kurstaates und Kcinigreichs Sachsen, 288. 
 
 Fletcher, James, History of Poland, 415. 
 
 Flint, liohert. The Pliilosophy of History, 61, 07. 
 
 Florence, Histories of, 255-260. 
 
 Floto, H., Ueber historische Kritik, 71. 
 
 Flligel, G., (ieschichte dcr Araber bis auf den Sturz des Califats von Bagdad, 199. 
 
 Fonblanque, Albany de. How we are Governed, 518, 559. 
 
 Foncin, P., Essai sur le Ministere de Turgot, 351. 
 
 Force, ]\LF., From Fort Henry to Corintli, 071. 
 
 Force, Peter, Tracts and Papers, 632, (;39 ; Archives, 633, 642. 
 
 Ford, Thomas, History of Illinois, 000. 
 
 Foreign lielations of the United States, 634, 651-652. 
 
 Forneron, II., Les Dues de Guise et leur Epoque, 405; Histoire de Philippe II., 
 403. 
 
 Forster, John, Biography of Sir John Eliot, 489, 540; Statesmen of the Common- 
 wealth, 490, 550; Arrest of tiie Five JMembers, 490, 648 ; Biographical and 
 Historical Essays, 545. 
 
 Forster, VV. E., William Penn and Thomas B. iMacaulay, 490. 
 
 Forsyth, AVilliam, Life of Cicero, i;i.S. 157 ; History of Trial by Jury. .520, 537. 
 
 Forteseue, Sir J., (Jovernineiit of I'^ngland, otliorwise called The Difference be- 
 tween an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy, 503. 
 
 Foster, F. IL, Seminary iSIethod of Original Study in the Hist(nical Sciences, Il- 
 lustrated from ICarly Church History, 71. 
 
 Foster, .1. \V., Prehistoric Kaces, 0(t4. 
 
 Foster, ^Irs., Handbook of Italian Literature, 263. 
 
 Fournier, P., Les Ollicialites an IMoyen Age, 200. 
 
 Fowler's Sectional Controversy. 064. 
 
 Fox, Cliarles James, Trevelyan's Enr\y History of, 499, 550 ; Hussell's Life of, 556. 
 
 France, (Jeneral Histories of, 323-330; Histories of Limited Periods of,330-37o; 
 llistr)ries of Institutions and Civilization of, 375 -397 ; courses of reading on, 
 397-407; Guizot's Social and I'olilical Instifiilions of, 191. 
 
 Francis I. and Charles V., ISIignet's Itivalry of, .3.')9. 
 
 Franco-German War of ]H70, Autlioritics on, 39(i. 
 
 Frank, ('onstanline. Die Wiederlicrstclhnig Deutschlands, 280. 
 
 l'"ranklin, Alfrcil, Les Sources de I'llistoire de France, 3.30. 
 
 I'VanUiin, Pcnjamin, Bigelow's Life of, (il5; Parton's Life of, 019; Works of, 626. 
 
 Frederick 1., 'I'esla's History' of, 242.
 
 INDEX. 687 
 
 Frederick II., Diinckcr's Essays on, 273; Carlyle's History of, 292; Preuss's His- 
 tory of, 2'J3 ; riiii'-liaull's Family, (.'oiirt, and (Jovcriiment of, 203; Itaumor's 
 Life of. "."Jt ; Miralitaiioii ilit- ( inviTiiiiuiit of, 2!' J; Halckc's csiirnau- of, 3it.'i; 
 Macaiilay's Ms.say on, ami (irifiim's n.-view uf it, 315; \Vorksof,3l5; lirougham 
 on,3l.'>; liicrary ai-iiviiy of, 3I.'(. 
 
 Frederick Wiliiaiii I., Halcke's csiiniaie of, .'iO.'j. 
 
 Fredericq, 1'., .Study of History in Kn;;land and .Scotland, 71. 
 
 Free Ciliea, of Italy, Testa on, 212: Hegil's History of, 212; History of. in (k-r- 
 many, INS, 3ii(». 
 
 Freeman, F. .\., (IcniTal .Sketch of I'nivcrsal History, 3.'(,tj(;; Mctlioils of Historical 
 Study, 7i»; Historical (ico^jrapliy of Furope, 4J. iW; History of Federal tiov- 
 ernmcnt, 1 |t>, 117, tM5; History and ('on(iuests"^>ft lie SaraceiiH, lUlt ; Ottoman 
 I'ower in Furope, 445; History of t lie Norman Con<|ue.st, 477, 53.j, 530; The 
 tirowth «d" the English Constitution, 513, 545; Essays of, 558; Comparative 
 rnlitics, 5.^«. 
 
 Freer, Martha W., Henry HI. of France and Poland. 341 ; Henry IV., 342. 
 
 French, U. F., llistoric;d CoUecii'Mis <d' Louisiana, 5'.»0. 
 
 French Kevoliition, Auilioriiics on, 50, 352-3G2; essays and treatises on, 38G-391 ; 
 courses of rea<lin;^ on, 3iW. 
 
 Freytafj, Gustav, Lilder aus der deutschcn Vergangcnheit, 306 ; Xeuc Uilder,307, 
 ' 316. 
 
 Friedliinder, L., I)arst(llinii;en aus der Sitlenge.schichte Homs, 101. 
 
 F'rieilmann. P., .\inie HiUyn.a Chapter of English History, 563. 
 
 F'roissart, Sir .Fohn, Chronidrs of, 33L 
 
 F'rothinuhani. Lidiard. Itisc of the Kepnidic, 004, 643. 
 
 Fronde,.!. .\., Cii'sar, 1 10, l.",i;; on Luilicr and lirasmus, 234 ; History of England, 
 4f<l; The Fn^lish in Ireland, 4%. 
 
 Fryxell, Anders, History of Sweden. 454. 
 
 Fidler, Thomas, Church Histtiry, 525; Worthies of England, 533. 
 
 F'Urstenhiuul, llanke on the, 274. 
 
 Fyffe, A. C, History of Jlodern Europe, 222, 233, 
 
 (iabonrd, Amedee, Ilistoirc Confemporaine, 221. 
 
 (iairdner. .lames. Houses of l^ncastcr and York, 101,480, Life and Ileign of 
 ifichard the Third. 4H0. 
 
 fJallaiin, Alhert, Adams's Life of. 014 ; Works of, 027, 056. 
 
 <ialleni;n, A., Tlie Pope and the King, 205. 
 
 (ialiu/./i. P., .Storia del (iranducata de Toscana, 204. 
 
 Garilen, Lc Comte de, Histuire (Jen6rale des Traites de Pais et ant res Transac- 
 tions Principales entre toutes les Puissances de I'Europe depuis la Paix de 
 West(dinlia, 23t). 
 
 Gardiner. S. P.. Thirty Years' War, 217, 232,313; History of England under the 
 Stuarts, IS,'), 547 ; Introduction to iMiglish History, 536. 
 
 Garlield, .). A., on the Northwestern Territory. 052. 
 
 (;arland, Hugh II.. Life of.lohn Pandoli)h, 016. 
 
 Garrison. W. L., .lohnson's Life of, 617. 
 
 (iauls. Thierry's History of the. 333, .398; Coulanges on, 202 ; I'auriel on, 333; be- 
 fore the Concjuests of Ciesar, 370; Arnold's view of, 398; Guizot's view of, 
 398. 
 
 Oaume. L'.Vhhe, Ilistoirc «lo la Societe I)omesti«|ue, 40. 
 
 Gainierihum, Das deutsche, hy Ave-Lallemant. 301. 
 
 (JauihiiT, .1., Ilistoirc de Marie .Stuart, ( tuvrage Couronnii par rAca«lemie Fran- 
 1,'aise, .")t)4. 
 
 Gayarre, Charles, Louisiana, 590; History of Louisiana, 597.
 
 688 INDEX. 
 
 Gediles. James, Historv of tlic Administration of John De Witt, 448. 
 
 GeflFeken, H., Churcli and State, 174, 194. 
 
 Geffroy, A., Histoire des Etats Scandinaves, 4G3. 
 
 Geiger, Renaissance und Humanismus, in Italien und Deutschland, 72. 
 
 Geijer, E. J.. Geschichte Schwedens, 454. 
 
 Geikie. Cunningham, The English Reformation, 483. 
 
 Geogr.npliv of Europe, Freeman on, 45; Koeppen on, 68, 1G5. 
 
 George Eliot's Komola, 233, 235. 
 
 George III., History of England under, 500-501. 
 
 Georgia, Stevens's History of, 595. 
 
 Cierman Empire, Constitution of, 268, 270, 274. 310. 
 
 German Schools of History, by Lord Acton, 319. 
 
 Germans, The History of, before Christianity, 297; AYirth's History of, 302; 
 Sugenheim's History of, 303; Janssen's History of, 303; Biedcrmann's His- 
 tory of. 304; Balcke's Pictures of, 305; Freytag's Pictures of, 30G. 
 
 Germany, General Histories of, 266-270; Histories of Limited Periods, 270-283 ; 
 Histories of Individual .States of, 283-296; Histories of Institutions and 
 Civilization, 296-313,318,319; suggestions of courses of reading on the his- 
 tory of, 31.3-322; the Constitutional history of, 297-300; general views of, in 
 the Middle Ages, 300-307 ; in the eighteenth century, 304, 316 ; at the pres- 
 ent time, 308, 316; schools of,316; social institutions of, 316, 318, 319; liter- 
 ature of, 316, 322. 
 
 Gerry, Elbridge, Austin's Life of, 615. 
 
 Gervinus, G. (i., Geschichte ties 19ten Jahrhunderts scit dcra Wiener Vertriigen, 
 237; Geschichte dcr deutschen Dichtung, 311. 
 
 Gesetztafel of the Bishop of Speyers, 315. 
 
 Gfrorer, A. F., Pabst Grcgorius VII., 174 ; Geschichte des ISten Jahrhunderts, 236. 
 
 Gibbon, Edward, Historv of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 146, 157, 
 194,261. 
 
 Gibbs's Administrations of Washington and Adams, 651, 656. 
 
 Giesebrecht, W. von, (ieschichte dcr deutschen Kaiserzeit, 270, 313. 
 
 Gieseler, J. C. L., Text-book of Church History, 175. 
 
 Gilbert, G., Ilandbuch der Griccliischen Staatsalterthlimcr, 120 ; Beitriige zur 
 inncrn (ieschichte Athens im Zeitaltcr des Peloponnesischcn Krieges, 12L 
 
 Gilbert, J. T., Aflairs in Ireland from Kill to 1652,552. 
 
 Gilbert, O., (ieschichte und Topographic der Stadt Rom im Altcrthum, 159. 
 
 Gilbert, W., Lucretia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara, 264. 
 
 Gilds. See (iuilds. 
 
 Gilman, A., History of the American Poojile, 670. 
 
 Gindely, .\nton, (ieschichte des dreissigjiihrigcn Krieges, 216. 
 
 (iinguene, P. L., Hisioiro Littcraire d'ltalic, 265. 
 
 (Jirard, C. J. B., Histoire du Droit Fran(\iis an Moycn Age, 403. 
 
 Girard, P. F., Essai sur les Finances et la Comptabilit<3 Publiquc chez les Romains, 
 160. 
 
 Girondists, Lamartine's History of, 360. 
 
 Giry, A., I^tudos sur les Institutions !Municipales, 200. 
 
 Gladstone, W. E., Studies on Homer, 111. 
 
 Glasson, E., Histoire du Droit ct des Insiitulions de la France, 40,5. 
 
 Gneist, Rudolf, (ieschichte dcr Komnninalvcrfassung Englands, 510, 562; Das 
 englische Vcrwaltung.srocht, 511,562. 
 
 Gobineau, J. A.de, Histoire des Pcrses d'a|)ri'S les jNIS.S. orientaux i'nedits, 91, 92. 
 
 (ifideke, Iv, ( irundriss der (ieschichte der deutschen Dichtung, 322. 
 
 (iodkin, (i. S., Life of Victor Emmanuel II., 254. 
 
 (jodwiii, Parke, History of France, 324.
 
 INDEX. 689 
 
 (iCKhvii), William, History of the Commonwealth of Eiiglaiui, 493. 
 
 (iiiethc-'s (iiitz voii Itcrlichingc-n, 314. 
 
 («olUzil>cr, iKiiat/, Myliiolngy amoii*; the Ilihrcws ami its Historical Dcvtlop- 
 mciil, 112. 
 
 (ii)l), lli-rmann, KultiirliiMcr aiis llcllns iind Knm, 111. 
 
 (ioiiiriu-, (i. I,., The l.ittTiiiiire of l.<iciil lll»litllliclll^*, r>ti-J. 
 
 (ioiicoiirt, K. ami .1. <U', IliHiuirc <le la Sociele l-'raiiyaisc pcmlaiit la Ilt-voluiioii ct 
 la lUrcftnirf, 4i)j. 
 
 (ioodcll, Wiiliain, Slavtry and ,\ntislavcry, CO."), fiO;}. 
 
 tJiirdtiii. Wllli.iin. History of the Iiidciitiidtiic'L' ol tho United Statfs, 395. 
 
 (iiwch, Ciiarlfs A., IVninark and (icrtnany sinccj l«li>, IJo. 
 
 (■o.Hsclin, .1. K. \., I'ouvoir du I'apc au .Moycn Af;c, 17j. 
 
 (lostwick and Harrison, ( hitlincs of (iirinan Literaliirc, 31H. 
 
 (iothi), Kin;;sk'y's Nemr.sis of iIip. 104. 
 
 (fott.schall, K., Die dcutschc Niiiional-I.iteratur des ncunzcdintcn .lalirhundcrts, 
 3J-.>. 
 
 (longe's History of I'aper ^lonoy and Rankini;, Co". 
 
 Government, of (Jrocff, llu; of Greek Con federations, 108 ; of IJome, rj8; of Ger- 
 many, 31 1 ; of France, 3'.t3 ; of England, ol'.t ; of the United States, G08. 
 
 (Jracchi, IJeesly on the, 13."). l.iT; other aullmrilies on, 157. 
 
 <!raliani's .\nnals of Ireland from 1(541 to l(ir)3, fwO. 
 
 (irahame. .Fames, liise and Tro-jress of the United States, 570. 
 
 (iranada, Irvin;;'s Concpiest of, 433. 
 
 (Jrant, U. S., Memoirs, 072. 
 
 Griisse, Lelirhiich einer allgemoinen I.ilcraturgescliichte allcr bekaimten Volker 
 der Welt von der iiltesten his anf die neneste Zeii, 73. 
 
 Gratlaii. T. ('., Hisiory of the Netherlands, 44U. 
 
 (Ir:it/, II.. Gtschichte der .luden von den iiltesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart, 
 73. 
 
 Gray's National .\llas, 08. 
 
 (Jreat Charter, .Vnthorilies on the, 538-540. 
 
 Greece, (leofrraphy of. 4.'); Launiil's Historj* of. 49; Histories of. 94-121 ; Lan- 
 .pnage and I'oetrv of. 'M'>. 113, 114; Consiiiiitional History of. 90; Trades and 
 Arts in. 109; lleli-ion of, 110; Life in, 112; Art in, 116; Orators of. 118; 
 .-Vrcha-ology of, 119; Kelations of, with Turkey, 402. 
 
 Greeley, Horace, The .Vmerican Conflict, 575. 
 
 Green, .1. II., Short History of the Kiiijlish People, 407. 528; History of the Eng- 
 lish I'eople, 408, 528; The Making of England, 475, 534, 535. 
 
 Green. Mrs. .1. K„ Henry H.. 503, 
 
 (Jreene, F, V., The Mississippi, 071, 
 
 (Jrccne, (J, W., Historical View of the American IJcvolution, 570; Life of Nathan- 
 iel (Jreene. 020, 
 
 Greenland, Kink's History of, 459. 
 
 (Jreg, 1*., History of the United .States, 0ii9. 
 
 Grego,.!., Historvof I'arliamentarv Elections and Electioneering in the Old Davs, 
 503. ' ' 
 
 Gregorovlus, F., Geschichte der Stadt Itom iin Mittelalier. 147, 158, 194,201; Lu- 
 crezia Horgia, 204. 
 
 (Jregory Vll., (ilYorer's Life of, 174; Villemain's Life of, 192; (Jiesehrecht's view 
 of, 270 ; IJanmer's view of. 270. 
 
 Grimm, Hnrman, Life of .Michael Angelo, 248; review of Macanlay, 315, 
 
 (iriswolii, 1{. W., I'oels and l'oetr\- of .Vmerica. G;>S, 
 
 (;rote, (Jeorge, History of (Jreece, 97, 117; review of, hy .1, .S. Mill, 119, 
 
 Grovestins, S. de, Guillaume HI. et Louis XIV., 347. 
 
 44
 
 690 INDEX. 
 
 Griin, K., Culturgescliiclite des 16ten Jahrhuuderts, 23G; CuUurgeschichte dc3 
 ITten Jahrhunderts, 236. 
 
 Guest, Dr. E., Early English Settlements in South Britaui, 536. 
 
 Guettee, E. T. W., Histoire des Jesuites, 236. 
 
 Guhl and Koner's Life among the Greeks and Romans, 112, 
 
 Guicciardini, F., History of Italy, 243, 2G2. 
 
 Guilds, Smith and Brentano's History of, 189; Wilda's History of, 192. 
 
 Guirand, P., Le Differend entre Cesar et le Senat, 160. 
 
 Guizot, F., History of Civilization in Europe, -16: theories of, examined by Mill, 
 Woolsey, and Diman, 67; inaugural lecture of, 67; Origin of Representative 
 Government, 176, 535; Essays of, 194:, 378. 538; Outlines of the History of 
 France, 325, 397; PopularHistory of France, 325; Collection des]Memoires,331; 
 Memoires pour servir, etc., 375; History of Civilization in France, 194, 377, 
 397; History of England, 468, 548; Li fe "of Cromwell, 550 ; Life of Monk, 552. 
 
 Gurowski, Count Adam, Russia as It Is, 422. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus, Droysen's Life of, 272. 
 
 Guthrie, Secretary, financial report of, 659. 
 
 Haag, ^., La France Protestante, 404. 
 
 Haas, C. P. JL, Administration de la France, 393. 
 
 Hadley, James, Introduction to Roman Law, 151. 
 
 Hagenbach, K. R., Kirchcn-Geschichte von dcr iiltesten Zeit bis zum 19ten Jahr- 
 
 hundert, 198. 
 Ilahn, E. N., Geschichte der Ketzer im Mittelaltcr, besondors im XL, XIL, und 
 
 XIIL .Tahrhundert, 318. 
 Hahn, L., Flirst Bismarck, sein politisches Leben und Wirken, 321; Geschichte 
 
 des preussischen Yatorlandes, 322. 
 Hale, E. E., Franklin in France, 672. 
 
 Hallam, Henry, Jliddle Ages, 163, 193, 329; Literature of Europe, 227; Constitu- 
 tional History of England, 513,545; Macaiday's Essay on, 234. 
 ITamel, E., Histoire de Robespierre et du Coup d'ttat du !) Tliermidor, 406. 
 Hamilton, Alexander, Morse's Life of, 618; Shea's Life of, 622; general authorities 
 
 on, 647-648; letters of, 652. 
 Hamilton, .T. A., Reminiscences of Men and Events at Home and Abroad, 671. 
 Hamilton, .1. C, History of the Republic, 577, 648. 
 Hammer-Purgstall, J., (Jescbiclite des osmanischen Rcichcs, 444. 
 Hammond, J. D., History of Political ['arlies in New York, 590. 
 Hampden, John, Forster's Life of, 490; Nugent's Memorials of, 491. 
 Hand-book of the American Revolution, 590. 
 Hand-books of History, Browning's, 203. 
 Ilanseatic League. 1X8; Sartorius on, 188; Schiifcr on, 300. 
 Hardenberg, Ranke's Life of, 276, 314. 
 Hardwick, Cliarles, History of the C'liristian Church, 17G. 
 Hardj', Sir T. 1)., DcscrijHive (Catalogue, 530. 
 Hare, .1., Walks about Rome, 159. 
 Harloian Miscellanies, b'.>2. 
 
 Harrison, F., History of the Law of Treason, 563. 
 Harris's Lives of the Stuarts, 51(). 
 Hartford Convention, Duight's History of. CM. 
 
 Hartwig,0.,Quelleii und F<)rschuni,'rnzur iiltesten Geschichte dor StadtFlorenz, 265. 
 llase, C. A., Kirdiengeschichte, 199. 
 Iliiusser, L , 'Die Period of the Reformation, 21.3, 232, 313; Deutsche Geschichte 
 
 voin Todc Friedrichs des Grosscn, 274, 313; Geschichte der franziisischen 
 
 Revolulioi), 358.
 
 INDEX. O'JL 
 
 IlnwoiVs Sketches of the Reformation, 546. 
 llawkiim, Hissci. (Jcrniaiiy, ;!07. 
 Hawks. V. L., History <•( Norili Camliiin. 59». 
 UawtliiiriK', N'., Marlilu l-aiiii, 'li'ui. 
 
 Ilaxtlinitscii, liarmi ilc, 'I'lii- [iistitiitiuiiH of Kiissia, 422. 
 llayila's Dictionary of DatcM, G'J. 
 
 Hayiic ntnl \Vi'l)sti'r'.i Debate on tlie Const itiil ion, 005. 
 Ilayin, K.. Die HoiiiaiitiKclie .Scliiilc, 31H. 
 lla/litt, \V., Life of Napoleon H.ina|iart«-, ;!0(;. 
 Hazlilt, W. ('., History of the Venetian K'epiiblio, 255. 
 Hearn, W. !■!., 'I'lie (iiU-ennnent of ICiitjlanil, 517,557. 
 Decker, . I. !•'. ('., Kpiib-inics oftlie Middle .\i,'es, 177, 190. 
 Hcdf;p, V. H., I'rose \\'ri:er.s of (ierinaiiy, :il«. 
 
 Hcercn, .\. 11. L., Historical Researches, 75. !iO; (Jescliiclite tier classischeii Lile- 
 rntiir irn Mittelalter, 2t)(l; Vermisclite Schriften, 2((.>. 200; I'olitieal Systems 
 of .Moilorn Knropo, 2II5; (leschichtc der ciiropiiisclien .Stnaten, 200. 
 Ilefele, C J. von, Concilien-lieschichte nach clen <^>uellen btarbeitet, l'J8 ; Life of 
 
 Cardinal Xiinenez, translated by Canon Dalton, 40;J. 
 Hei^cl, Dr. Carl, (ieschichte der Siiidieverrass.in;; von Italicn, 242. 
 Hefxel, <;. \V. I'.. Laurent on. .J»i ; I'hilosophy of History, 02, 67. 
 Heilprin, Historical Heference IJook, 70. 
 H<'inel, Kdiiard, (ieschichte I'reussens, 290. 
 Helleiiisiiiiis, Droy.sen's, 10,1. 
 Helhvald, Ciiltnrgeschichtc i;i ihrcr iiatiirlichcu Entwicktiunij bis zur Gcgenwart, 
 
 7;5. 
 Helper's Impending Crisis, 004. 
 
 Henne, .\., Histoire de Charles ()iiint en Helf^iqiie, 235. 
 
 ncnne-ani-lihyii, Alljjeineine Kidtiir;,'eschichle. 73 ; Die Krcuzzujce nnd die Kul- 
 tur ihrer Zeit, 199; Alli^enieinc Kiiliurgeschichte, 201; Gcschichte Ues 
 Schweizcrvolkes und seiner Kiiltiir, 404. 
 Hennepin, Father, De.scriptioii of Louisiana, 000. 
 Henrietta Maria, Hayne's Ks.say on, CO, 
 Henry, L'.Vbbe, Histoire de rKhxiuence, 47. 
 Henry, Patrick, Wirt's Life of. 024. 
 Henry III., Frecr's History of. 341. 
 
 Henry IV., Freer's History of. 312; .*^ully's .Memoirs of, 342 ; Segretain on. 343; 
 I'oirson on, 343; LaconilM' on, 344 ; I'errens on, 344 : Capeligue on, 344 ; best 
 modern authorities on, 397. 
 Henry VH.. Bacon's History of, 8. 
 Herbert, .M;j:ernon, Itritainiia after the liomans, 530. 
 Herder's Fatalism examined by Laurent, .')0. 
 Herelle, Documents Inedits sur les litats-Generaux tires des Archives de Vitrny- 
 
 le-Francois et I'id)lies, 4ii4. 
 Hermann, K. F.. Lehrbuch der (Jriechischen .\nti(juitaten, 120. 
 Hermaini und Strald, (ieschichte des russischen Staates, 413. 
 Herinann's Political .\ntiipiities of (ireece. 119. 
 Herodotus, Kawlinson's translation of, 101. 
 
 Heron, lutroductiun to the Study of Jurisprudence, 73; Principles of Jurispru- 
 dence, 73. 
 Hcrtzberj:, C. F., (Ieschichte der nmiischen Kaiserzeit. 71 ; (Ieschichte von Hellas 
 und IJom, 71, 121 ; (ieschichte der Myzantiner und des Osmanischcn iieichs, 
 72, 121; Die (ieschichte (iriechenlauds. 121. 
 Hettner, Hermann, (ieschichte der dcutschen Literatnr, 312 ; (ieschichte der 
 franziisischeu Literal ur, 3ti0.
 
 692 INDEX. 
 
 Heyil, Wilhelm von, Histoirc ihi Commerce dii Levant au lloyeu Age, 199; 
 
 (jieschielite des Levant shandels. 242. 
 Higginson, T. AV., Larger History of the United States, GG9. 
 Hildebrand. See (Jregory VIL 
 Hildretli, L'ichard, History of the United States, oG9. 
 Hildreth. 8. 1\, I'ioneer History of the Ohio Valley, 598. 
 Hillard, George S., Six Months in Italy. 2(!3. 
 Hillebrand, J., Die deutsche National-Literatur im XYHL und XIX. Jahrhun- 
 
 derts, 317. 
 Hillebrand, K., Dino Compagni, 2(34; La Trusse Contemporaine, 295; German 
 
 Thought from the Seven Years' War to Goethe's Death, 319 ; Gesehichte 
 
 Frankreichs, 3G8. 
 Himly, A., Histoire de la Formation Territoriale des Etats de I'Europe Centrale, 
 
 235. 
 Hinsdale, B. A., The Old Northwest, G71. 
 Hirschfeld, O., Untersuchungen aiif dem Gebiete der romischen Yerwaltungsge- 
 
 sehiehte, IGO. 
 Historical knowledge, nature of, 14, 
 Historical magazines of America, 039. 
 Historical Societies, publications of, G31-G44. 
 Historical Truth, Bisset on, 57. 
 Histories of Civilization and Progress, 42-57. 
 History, on the study of, l-SO; growing popularity of studies in, 1 ; the study of, 
 
 compared with other studies, 3; difficulties of exact knowledge in, 4, 13; 
 
 knowledge of, similar to that of every-day life, 14 ; importance of the study 
 
 of, 15; special value of studies in, for Americans, 18, 24; jirojier methods of 
 
 the study of, 24-30; value of charts and tables in studying, 28; ancient as 
 
 compared with modern, 29 ; methods of writing, by Daunou, 34 ; works on 
 
 the ])hilosophy of, 57-GC; general authorities on the methods of, G1-G7; on 
 
 the philosophy of, 71-72. 
 Hobbes, Bisset's Essaj' on, 57. 
 
 Hock, Dr. Carl von, Finanzgeschichte der Yereinigten Staaten, GOG, C57. 
 Hodgkin, Thomas, Italy and her Invaders, 241, 2G]. 
 Hohcnstaufen, Kaumer's History of the, 270. 
 Hohoflf, W., Die Revolution seit dem IGten Jahrhundert in Lichte der Forschung, 
 
 237. 
 Holland, Histories of, 447-452 ; courses of reading on the history of, 459-464. 
 Holland, Lord, IMemoirs «,f the AYIiig I'arty, 55G. 
 Holm's Gesehichte Sicilions im Alterthum, 117. 
 Holmes, Abiel, The ,Vnnals of America, 577. 
 
 Hoist, II. von. Constitutional History of the United States, 007, 050, G61. 
 Holtzendorff, F, von, Die I'rincipien der i'olitik, 319. 
 Holy Ifoman ICmpirc, Bryce's, 2GG. 
 
 I lomeric (^ucst ion, 90 ; (ieddes on the. 110; Gladstone on, 111,117; Mahaffy on, 117. 
 Hommel, (ieschichte des Ilabyloniens und Assyrieus, 71. 
 
 Honcgger, J. ,1., Culturgeschichte der neuesten Zeit, 228 ; Literatur nnd Cultur des 
 19ien .lahrhuniliTts, 2.'>7; Krilische (Jeschichle der franziisischcn Culturiii- 
 flilssc in den leizten .lalirhundcrten, 31M. 
 
 II ipp, I'.iMidesslaat und BinidcsUricg in Nordamcrika, 72. 
 Ilosacl;, .lohn, ^lary (iuecn of Scots and iier Accusers, 484. 
 
 Hosnier, J. K., Short History of German Literature, 322 ; Young Sir Harrv Yane, 
 
 G72, 
 Howe, Henry, Historical (.'ollections of Ohio, 599. 
 Howison, I!, I.'., History of Virginia, 593.
 
 INDKX. ^ 693 
 
 lloworth, II. II., IlUlorv of the M<>n(;<il». 4<)8. 
 
 ll.i/i.r, II. M.. Ilie .Scv'tii W.ikV War, i'**!. 
 
 HhIht, a., fifschiilit*' ( >l•^u•^rt•i^•^l^ Ili'l. 
 
 Ililliiiir, Han.ii, Lift- ..f.Sixiiis tin- Filili, '.'i: , -'.33. 
 
 IliuleiiiHiin, K. Vol), (icM-liicliic (li-8 r<iiiii!H:lK'ii I'ustwcsons wiihrcnd dor Kai.scr- 
 zeit, Itil. 
 
 IIiiiImiii, K. N'., Life mill 'rimes nf I.<>lli^o of I'nis.sia, 317. 
 
 llnfliT, Ilcrinuiiii, Oisterrcicli iiiitl rrfiishcii {^i-geiiUber dcr fraiizoitigclicii Kcvulii- 
 linii. 2-.'3. 
 
 llii-li ..r Liiio.lii. IVrry'.s Life of, .'>3H. 
 
 lltiyo, Victor, History of u Crime, 373; Iliiiicliback of Notre iJamc, 399; Ninety- 
 three, 11)1. 
 
 Iliigiieiuil.-*, liaird's History of the Itisc of tlie, 340, llKi ; Poole's History of the 
 Dispersion of, 340, loo. 
 
 Hume, His.set'8 E.ssay on, 57; 'I'he Sliuleni'.-. IN.'); History of Kiigland, 409; iiro- 
 die's review of. .')].'>, .")"_".•. 
 
 Ilnmplirey. \. .\..'l'lic \'ir^iiiia Cainpai.icn in 1804-05, G71. 
 
 Hundred Vear.s' War and House of Connnons. '27. 
 
 Hinii;ary, Do Worms on. 314 ; Mailatii on, 2H4. 
 
 Himt, I.ti^b, on tlic Italian I'oets. '203. 
 
 Hunt, William, Ilisti.ry of Italy, •J3H. 'JdO. 
 
 Hunt's History of lieli^ions 'I'lionjiht, .')57. 
 
 Hurst, .loliii v.. History of Kationalisin, •J28. 
 
 Hiitehinson, 1'. ().. l)iary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, C70. 
 
 llutcliinson, Thomas, History of Massachusetts Hay, 585. 
 
 Iceland. Histories and Pescriptions of, 452, 4.")r), 457. 
 
 Iliiie, M'illiam, History of Home, 123, 156, Early liome, 134. 
 
 Illinois, Histories of, 599, GOO. 
 
 Inama-Siernefjf,', C. Th. von, Deutsche Wirlhschaftsgeschiclitc, 318, 
 
 India, Mill's History of. 473. 
 
 Indian Life liy rarkm.".ii, 580, 
 
 Indians, IJancroft's L'aces in the Pncilic States, G02, Schoolcraft on, Gil. 
 
 Indulgences, Dunha-ii's acco'uit of, 2GG. 
 
 Iiif^e, ^\■. Ii., Society in lCo"ie under the Cwsars, 101. 
 
 Ingersoll, C. J.. The War of 1812, 577. 
 
 Ingram, J. K., History of I'liliiical Economy, .502. 
 
 Inquisition, Dalmes on the, 170; Lea's History of, 202; Llorcnte's History of, 230 ; 
 Rule's History of, 231 ; other authorities on, 234. 
 
 Ireland, .\ulhorilies on the history of. 5,50-552. 
 
 Irving. Washington, Mahomet and his Successors, 178 ; Conquest of Granada, 433 ; 
 Life of NN'ashington, 517. 
 
 Isaacstdiii, S., (Jeschichte dcs pren«sischen IScamtenthums, 310. 
 
 Israel, I'.wald's History of the House of, 80. 
 
 Italian Literature, 2G3. 
 
 Italy, (ieiieral Histories of, 238 241 ; histories of limited periods of, 241-254 ; his- 
 tories of individual stales of, 25-I-2(i0 ; courses of reading on the history of, 
 2GO-2G5 ; under the I^>mliarils and Franks, 239; sources of the history of. 
 201, 204-265 ; literature of, 2G;5. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, Parton's Life of, 019 ; policy of, on linancc and secession, 
 
 658. 
 .Faff-'', P., Kegesta Pontitlcum liomanorum. 197. 
 James, (J. P. I>., The novels of, 235.
 
 694 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 James I.. Dalrymple's ^Memorials on, 10 ; Gardiner's History of, 485 ; Bayne's Essay 
 
 on, 492 ; authorities on, 546-548. 
 James, William. Naval History of Great Britain, 533. 
 Jameson, Mrs., AVorks on Italian Art, 2G3. 
 Jamison, D. F., Life of Bertrand du (iuesclin, 337. 
 Janet, Paul, Histoire de la I'hilosophie Morale ct Politique, 47 ; Pliilosopliie de la 
 
 Kevolution Francjaise, 388. 
 Janin, J., Paris et. Versailles il y a Cent Ans,405. 
 Jannet, Claudio, Institutions at Sparta, 112. 
 Janssen, Job., Geschichte des deutschen YolUes, 303, 321. 
 Jardine, Criminal Trials. 8, 525. 
 
 Jastrow, Jahresbericlite der GeschichtswissenschaCt, 70. 
 Jav, 'WiHiam, Keview of the Mexican War, 578. 
 Jay's Treaty, G49, 651. 
 Jebb, K. C, Homer, an Introduction to the Iliad and Odyssey, 110; Attic Orators, 
 
 118; Modern Greece, 4G4. 
 Jeiferson, Thomas, Parton's Life of, 619; Kandall's Life of, 620; Works of, 627; 
 
 general political views of, 646, 649. 
 Jennings, (ieorge H., Anecdotical History of Parliament, 519. 
 Jerrold, Blanchard, Life of Napoleon III., 372. 
 Jervis, W. II., Student's History of France, 326. 
 Jesuits, Stephen on the Pase of the, 234 ; Carlyle on, 234 ; in Nortli America, 579 ; 
 
 Relations des, 632. 
 Jews, Ewald's History of, 80 ; Josephus's History and Antiquities of, 80 ; Milman's 
 
 History of, 81 ; Stanley's Church History of, 83. 
 Jirecek, J. K., Geschichte der Bulgarcn, 464. 
 Joan of Arc, Histories of, 336-337, 399. 
 Johnson, A. H., Tlie Normans in Europe, 178, 193. 
 Johnson, Oliver, Life of W. L. (Jarrison, 617. 
 Johnston, A., History of American Politics, 669; School History of the United 
 
 States, 669. 
 Johnston, II. P., Yale and her Honor-Roll in the American Revolution, 671. 
 Johnston, W. K., Wall maps and atlases, (jS. 
 Jones, E. H., Romances of the Middle Ages, 172. 
 Jones, Thomas, History of New York, 578. 
 Jones, William, ^ludern Europe, 209. 
 Jonson, Ben, Sojanus, 159. 
 Josephus, Flavius, The Works of, 80. 
 Jost. Geschichte der Israellten seit der Zeit der IMacclialiacr bis auf nnsere Tagc, 
 
 73. 
 Journals, of Congress, 635 ; of the House of Commons, 532 ; of the House of Lords, 
 
 532. 
 Jowett, B,, 'I'ranslation of Thucydidcs, 103. 
 Judgment, Im])ortance of the faculty of, 15. 
 
 .lung, .1., (ieogra|)hic und (Jeschichte des nimischen Alterthums, 161. 
 Jung, Thomas, Iionapartc ct sou Temps, 364. 
 Jiuiius, Tlie Letters of, 557. 
 Juries, Servility of, before the Revolution, 11. 
 Jury, Forsyth's History of Trial by, 526. 
 
 Juste, Theodore, Histoire de Belgiipie, 449 ; La Revolution Beige dc 1830,449. 
 Justi, Geschichte des alien Persiens, 71. 
 
 Kaiser, Simon, Frnnziisischc Verfassungsgeschichte von 1789 bis 1852,394. 
 Kapp, F., Geschichte des Soldaten-Handel nach Amerika, 670; Die Deutschen im
 
 INDKX. 695 
 
 Stanto Now York wiihroiul il. ISlon JulirliiimUrl, C70; Fricdricli »kr (irovsx; 
 
 uiiil ilie VjTcinif^teii Stnntcii voii Amtrika, 070. 
 Karamsiii, N., Ilistnry of tliu Knipiri.' <>f Kussia, lO'J. 
 Kaiirmaiiii, <;., Di-iiiscliu (iistliiclito liis aiif Karl ilcii Grosscn, 320. 
 Kiary, C F., Ihc Dawn of Hi>lory, 'Jl. 
 KcUtr, I,.. Dij Keformaiioii uml die iiUtrcn Uefurmpartcicn, ira ilirtiu Zusarnnuii 
 
 Imiii,'!' ilar;;c-sitllt, ;{•.'<). 
 KiUy, W. K.. Ili>l..ry of Kiissia, WX 
 Kciiibli', .It.lin M., Tliu Saxons in Kn^'l.iml, 507. 
 Kentucky, llislorios of, oiW. 
 Kentucky IJesoliilions, (>35, 017, C>~2. 
 Kie|)ert'» wall map!*, <>M. 
 
 Kin<;sley, Charles, The Koinan and the Teuton, 164, 194 ; Meroward, 538. 
 Kington. 1-'., History of Frederick IF., Kinj; of the Romans, 204. 
 Kirk, J. F., History of Cliarhs the Hold, 'S.iH ; Freeman's review of, 399. 
 Kitchin, (J. W., History of France, 327. 
 Klein, .1., Die Verwaltinigs-IJeampten der I'rovinzcn des Ktlmischcn Kcichs bis 
 
 auf Diocletian, liio. 
 Klemm, All^'emeine Cullnrfjescliichte des Menschheit, 73. 
 KlOpfel. K.. (Jeschichte iler deutschen Kinheitshestrebun^xcn, 279, 320. 
 Knies, K., Die poliiische Oekononiie vom fjeschich I lichen Standpunktc, 237. 
 Knight, Charles, The l'o|)ular History of Fngland, 470. 
 
 Knight, Professor, History of Land (irants for Fducation in the Northwest, G72. 
 Kobersleiii. A., (irumlriss der (uschichte der deutschcn National-Literatur, 322. 
 Koch, .M., Tableau des Kevolution tie TKurope, 104. 
 Koeppen. A. L., Historical Atlas, OH; World in the Middle Ages, IGo. 
 Kohlrausch, F.. History of (ierniany, 207. 
 Ki'inig, IJ., Deutsche Literatnrgeschichtc, 322. 
 Kijstlin, Luther's Leben, 2;?.'">. 
 
 Kremer, Alfred, Cidiurgeschichfe des Orients, 179. 
 Kriegk.<;. L., Deutsches ISitrgcrihiim ini Mittelalter, 301. 
 Kroncs, Franz, Handbuch der Ceschichte (Jestcrreichs, 284. 
 Kiigler. n., (Jeschichte der KreuzzUge, 72, 199; Geschichte des Dreisigjiihrigen 
 
 Kriegcs, 72. 
 Kugler. Franz T., Hand-book of Painting, 48, 208; Life of Fre<lerick the Great, 317. 
 KUhn, Finil. Verfassun;^ der .Stiidtc des roniischcn Keiches, lol. 
 Ktlhn, F.. Luther, sa Vie et son <Kuvre, 235. 
 
 Kurtz, .1. IL, Lehrbuch der Kirclieugeschichte flir Studierendc, 199. 
 Kurz, H.. (ieschichte der ileutschen Literatur mit ausgewiihltcn StUckcn aus den 
 
 Werken der vorzuglichsten Schriftsteller, 317. 
 
 LabauofT. Prince .\., Marie Stuart, ■\fii. 
 
 Labarte, .lules, Hisioire des Arts Industriels, 179, 195. 
 
 I^abberlon's liisiorical tna|)s, OH, 70. 
 
 Laboulaye. Fdou;ird, Histoirc des Ktats-Unis, 570, G45. 
 
 Lacombe, Charles M. de, Henri IV. et son Politiipie, 344. 
 
 Lacoinbc, Paul, Short History u( the Frencli People, 327,397. 
 
 Lacroix. Paul, Works on the" Middle Ages, l.sL 190. 
 
 Lafiienle, Don Moilesto, Ilistoria general de lispai'ia, 403 ; Historia Ecclesiastica 
 do'Fspafia, 4(>3. 
 
 La Hari)e, .1. F., ('ours de Litterature. 49. 
 
 Laing. Samuel, The Heimskringla, 45."). 
 
 Lalor, .L.L.Cyclopa-dia of Political Science, Political Lconomy, and uf the Politi- 
 cal History of the United States, 067.
 
 696 INDEX. 
 
 Lamartine, Alphonse de, Les Girondins, 360 ; History of the Restoration, 367 ; His- 
 tory of tlie Revolution of 1848. 369 ; History of Russia, 410. 
 Lancizoile, C. W., Bildung des preussischeu Staats, 310, 
 Land and Capital at Rome, 128. 
 Landmann, (ieorge. Observations on Portugal, 434. 
 Landor, W. S., Imaginary Conversations, 118. 
 
 Lane, Edward W., Manners and Customs of the iModern Egyptians, 445. 
 Lanessau, .J. L. de. UE.xpansion Coloniale de la France, 404. 
 Lanfrey 1'., Ilistoire de Napoleon L, 362. 
 Lange, Albert, History of Materialism, 229. 
 Lange, L., Rdmische Alterthiimer, 152. 
 Language, Value of the study of, 4. 
 Lanman. .lames H., History of Michigan, 601. 
 Lanzi's Art in Italy, 262. 
 
 Lappenberg, J. !M., History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, 475, 537. 
 Lardner's History of Switzerland, 441. 
 Laud, Archbishop, Bayne's Essay on, 492. 
 Laughlin, .3. L., Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure, 506. 
 Laurent, F., Etudes sur I'Histoire de rilumanite, 49, 66. 
 Laurie, S. S., Lecture on the Rise and Early History of Universities, 74. 
 Lavillee, T., Histoire des Fran9ais depuis le Temps des Gaulois jusqu'ii nos 
 
 Jours, 403. 
 Lavisse, E., Etudes sur I'Histoire de Prusse, 321. 
 Law, .lolin, Thiers's History of, 349. 
 Lays of Ancient Rome, 157. 
 Lea, Henry C., History of Sacerdotal Celibacy, 179: Studies in Church History, 
 
 180; Superstition and Force, 180, 195, oi4; History of the Inquisition, 202. 
 League, Wars of the, 399. 
 Learning, Revival of, in Italy, 244, 245. 
 
 Lechler, (}., John Wyclif and his Precursors in England, 563. 
 Lecky, W. E. IL, History of European florals from Augustus to Charlemagne, 180, 
 
 194, 195 ; History of Rationalism, 229 ; History of England in the Eighteeiitli 
 
 Century, 497, 556. 
 Lecomte, Ferdinand, Guerre de la Prusse et de ITtalie contre I'Autriche, 280. 
 Lcdrain, I'^., L' Ilistoire d'Israel, 91, 
 Lcfman, (ieschichte des alten Indiens,71. 
 Legeay, Urbain, Histoire de Louis XL, 338. 
 Le (iotf, Franoois, Life of Thiers, 374. 
 Le Grand d'Aussy's Histoire de la Vie Privce des Fran(;ais dopuis I'Origine dc la 
 
 Nation jusqu'a nos Jours, 403. 
 Le Huerou. .1. M., Histoire des Institutions .Alerovingienncs, 403. 
 Leighton, R. F., History of Rome, r_'.'>, 156. 
 Lelevel, .Joachim, Histoire dc Pologne, 415. 
 Lemhke, 1'". W'., (ieschiclit'^ von Spauicii, 434. 
 Le Nain de Tillemont, S., Ilistoire des Empereurs et des Autres Princes, etc., 197; 
 
 Memoires pour scrvir ;i I'Histoire ICcclesiastique des Si.x Premiers Siecles, 
 
 197. 
 Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesiit! Anglicana'^, 532. 
 Lenonnant, Fr., ^lanual of Ancient History, 76, 90 ; Histoire ancicnne dc I'Ori- 
 
 ent,92. 
 Lenormicr. IL, Etude Ilistorique siir la Condition Privee des Aft'ranchis, 160. 
 Leo, IL, (iescliichtc.von Italien, 194, 2;i9>^'Jit wickehuig der Verfassung dcr Lom- 
 
 bardischen Stiidle his zur AnkutWi Kaiser Friedrich I„ in Italien, 264, 
 Levesqie, P. C, Histoire de Russie,do.
 
 INDKX. 697 
 
 I^vi'n Ilistiiry of [Iriiisli ComiiiPreo, US3. 
 
 I^wis, Charlton '1'., llJHtory of (i<-riiiniiy, 'J<)7, .'il.'l. 
 
 Lcwi8, Sir (itor^,'i! ('., Crftliljiliiy of Iliirly notiinii Hislory, 130, 134, 15(5; Essays 
 
 on (lie Aiiniiiii.itralioMit of lircnt ISrilain from 17K3 to 1H3<>, bbH. 
 Liddell, Henry (i., History of lionii-, 1"J.'>. 
 Lifbor, Frnni-is, Civil l^iluTty, GUI. 
 
 LiniKMiscliiniilt, L., Hnnilliurli ilrr tU-nlsclion AlicrihumskiMnIc, .'('JO. 
 LinihK'r, 'I'lu'oilur, <i^•^»^•llic■lltt■ dcs iUmiIsi-Iich Ifi-iclifs, 271 ; l>ic Vtrnc, 197. 
 LiuKnnl, .I..lm, History of i;n;,'lini.l, 171, :>■>[. .'.;1«. 
 Liternlurc, IJoiia's Hiind-biHik of Cnivt-r:*!!!. -13, l.n Harix-'s Aiwifnt nnd Moilcni, 
 
 4'.); Sclil.K.r« Hi^'tory of, iui ; of (Jrcccf, 11.1: of i;. mc, l-l!t, 165, \hH; of 
 
 Kiiropc, •JJ7 ; (.f Itnly'. 'ill, 'il.'), 2(3.), I'Gt ; of (u-riiuii y, 311, 31:1 ; of Fruncc, 
 
 37f>, ;!«(;, 3'.ll, 394, 395, 39(1, 402; of .Spain, 439; of "Eu-jI mil, 533-534; of 
 
 America, (i3S. 
 Littre, IC, Histoirc dc In Lan.ijnc Frnn^nise, 403. 
 Livormorf, A. .\., 'I'lip War with Alcxifo reviewed, .'uO. 
 Livy, T., Hislory I'f Kmne, l-Jii ; Taine's ICssay on, 132, G38. 
 Lliirente, ,1. .\., Jlistorv of liic in(|iiisi(i<in, 231. 
 Lloyd, W. \V., The Aj^'o of IVricles, 105, 117. 
 Lo(li;c, II. C, .Short History of the Kn;;lish Colonies in America, CH, G09 ; The 
 
 Anj;lo-Saxon Land Law, 50G ; Life of (Jeoff^c Cahot, C17, G49 
 Ij<ilimcyer, (ieseliichto von ()st- nnd W'cst-rreussen, 321. 
 I,<iml)ards, Kingsley on the Laws of the, 1G4. 
 Loinenie's Life of Heaumarchais, G.jl. 
 Lonj;, (!eort:e. Decline of the Koman IfcimMic, llii'., 15G. 
 
 Ixjnjjman, William, Life and 'I'imes of Kdwurd HI., 479; Early History of Eng- 
 land, .037. 
 Lonj^non, A., Atlas Historiqiie de la France, 404. 
 Liinin;;, IC.,(feschichte des dentschen Kirclienrechts,321 ; Lelirbuch des deiitscbcn 
 
 Ver\valtunj;srocliis, 321. 
 Lord Chancellors, Campbell's Lives of the, 4G(;. 
 Lord. .John, Modern Ili.-lory, 207. 
 Lords, l%scolt's de.siTiptioii of the Honse of, .V27. 
 Loren/, Ottokar, Drei Uilcher, iiOM ; l)ie (leschichtswissenschafi in Haiipiriclitun- 
 
 ge:i imd .\ufgaben, 7tl, 71 ; Dentschlands (!eschichtsi|uelion im Miiielalier 
 
 seit der Mittc des dreizehnten .Iahrhmidert<!, 319. 
 I/orenzo de' Medici, L'eninont's, 259; IJoscoe'.s, 259. 
 Lossinj;, I!. .1.. Cydopadia of Cnited Stales History, 579, GG7 ; Field-books of Kcv- 
 
 oliiiiiin. War of 1.S12, and Civil War. 579; Statesman's Mannal, C.'>7. 
 Ix)ui.s rhili|>pe, Hillebraiurs Historj- of. 3Gf<. 
 Lonis I\'.. Dc .loinville's Hist.iry of! .'!99. 
 
 Louis XL, Willert's Keiijn of, .'!.'i9; Condition of France under, 397. 
 I/ouis XIIL, Hazin's History of.315. 
 Louis XIV., lialeful intlucncc of,234 ; Cheriicl's Minority of, 34G ; Martin's Historv 
 
 of. .•»<•., 39M. 
 Louis XV.. Do Tociiieville's Reii^n of, .149: The King's Secret. 350. 
 Louisiana, Histories of, 5!16, 597; Hennepin's l>cscri[ilioii of, GOG. 
 Louisiana rurchase. Consideration of, G50. C.'i.'t. 
 
 Liiw. L. V. von. Die dentsche L'cichs- nnd Territorial- Vcrfassuiiij, 309. 
 Low, .S. .1.. and I'ulling, F. S., I)ictionary of I'jiglish History, 5G'2. 
 I.,owe. ('., Prince Hisniarck. an Historical Hiot;raphy,322 
 Ix)well, IC..I., Hessians and otherlierman Auxiliaries of (ireat ISritain in the Revo 
 
 hit ion, G70. 
 Lowell Lectures on Early History of Massachusetts, 1)39.
 
 698 INDEX. 
 
 Loyola, Sir James Stephen's Essay on, 234. 
 
 Luard's Annales INIonastici, 5-10. 
 
 Lubbock. Sir Jobii. I'rehistoric Times, 85, 90 ; Origin of Civilization, 86, 90. 
 
 Liibke, William, Outlines of the History of Art, 51. 
 
 Luchaire, A., Histoire des Institutions Monarchiques de la France sous les Pre- 
 miers Capetiens, 987-1180, 40-4. 
 
 Lnden, H., Goschichte des deutschen Volkcs, 339. 
 
 Luther, Martin, Audiu's Life of, 234 ; Fronde's Fssay on, 234, 314; Carlyle's Essay 
 on, 234; Table-talk of, 314; Stephen's Essay on, 314. 
 
 Lvte, H. C. M., History of the Universitv of Oxford from the Earliest Times to 
 1830, 563. 
 
 Macaulay, T. B., Lays of Ancient Rome, 161 ; Essay on Frederick the Great, 315 ; 
 
 (irimm's Essay on, 315; History of England. 495, 553; estimates of, by 
 
 Forster and Paget, 553 ; estimate of Jefferson, 648. 
 MacCulloch's Russia and Turkey, 462. 
 Macedonian Empire, Curteis's Rise of the, 106. 
 MacGeoghegan's History of Ireland, 550. 
 Machiavelli, Niccolo, Yillari's Life of, 247 ; Historj' of Florence, 255; Macanlay's 
 
 Essay on, 262. 
 jMackenzie, Lord, Studies in Roman Law, 152. 
 ^Mackenzie, Robert, The Nineteenth Century, 222, 232. 
 IMackintosh, Courtenay, and Forster's British Statesmen, 547. 
 Mackintosh, Sir James, Defence of the French Revolution, 390 ; Fragment on the 
 
 Revolution of 1688, 553. 
 Maclear, G. F., Apostles of JMediaival Europe, 195. 
 MacMullen, Jolin, History of Canada, 472. 
 Macpherson. Annals of Commerce, 533. 
 Madison, James, Rives's Life of, 601 ; Brownson's estimate of, 603 ; Works of, G28 ; 
 
 Papers, 644; power of, as a writer, 652. 
 Madvig, J. N., Yerfassung und Verwaltung des romischeii Staats, 160. 
 Magna Carta, Authorities on the, 538-540. 
 Mahaffy, J. P., History of Greek Literature, 112 ; Social Life in Greece, 112, 117 ; 
 
 Rambles and Studies in Greece, 112; Greek Life and Thought, 121. 
 Mahan, A. T., The Gulf and Inland Waters, 672. 
 jNIaliomct, Irving's History of, 178. 
 Malion, Lord, History of England under (Jueen Anne, 497; History of England 
 
 from 1713 to 1783,499,556. 
 Mailath, J. (J., Geschiclite Oesterreichs. 284. 
 Maine, Sir H. S., Ancient Law, 87 ; Early History of Institutions, 87, 91 ; Village 
 
 Communities, 87,91,194. 
 Maine, Williainsou's History of, 5H4; Historical Society's Publications, G3L 
 Maitlaud, S. II.. The Dark Ages, State of Religion from the Ninth to the Twelfth 
 
 Century, 2(10. 
 Malcolm, Sir .loliii. Political History of India, 500. 
 ]Mallet, M., Northern Antii|uitios, 456. 
 
 Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima CoUectio, 196. 
 Maps, the best collection of, 68 ; Labbcriou's Historical, 6H, 70; Freeman's His- 
 torical, 153. 
 Margrv, P., Di'-couvertes ct Ktablisscments des Frant^ais dans I'Ouest et dans le 
 
 Slid de rAiuericjuc ScptcntrioMalc, 1614-54, 404. 
 Maria Theresa, .Vructh's History of, 2H6. 
 Mariana, .lohii de, (Icneral History ol' .Spain, 434. 
 Mariotli, L., Italy, Past and Present, 239, 260.
 
 INDEX. 099 
 
 Mariu8, C, Bcosly on, 135. 
 
 Mnrk .Systuin. Mminr'!* History <if ilio. '.".w. 
 
 Marll)i>rnii;^li, Itiiriiin'-t i|('s<'ri|iii<iii ipI'iIic ciimimif^DS of, 498. 
 
 Mnrliiiiii, M. ili-, Ilisti.irt- ilc rKs|mKiic MoiUriU', ^:(5. 
 
 Mnrliif, K., rn'-cis lios In?<liniii(iii» l'iiliii(|iu't ile l.'onif, Kid. 
 
 Mfiri|iiiir(li. ■).. IMinisclif Si:iiic>v<-r\viiltiiii^'. I.'ri; ICiMiiaii Iiistitiitioiis, 159. 
 
 Mjir>lmll, lliiiii|iliri'y. History i>( Kentucky, i>'.*H. 
 
 .Miir>liiill, .luliii, I, ill- of (!iMir>,'e Wasliiiigtoii, OIH; Aiiifricaii Colonies, 6-12, Coo. 
 
 Mar;!!!, Forster's LilV- of. 190. 
 
 Miirifiis, <i. K. (If, Ki'ciH'il (le Traites ir.Mliaiicc do I'aix, »lc TrC-vc, ile Ncutralilt', 
 
 (Ic ('i)tnni(Tcc, (lu l.iniiics, tic rKcliaii;;i', c-lc, '2'Mt. 
 M,'iriiii, !•'. II., X'crra.Hsiiii;^ mul (;riiiicl:;csct/.c lics ilciitsclicn Heicli.s, 310. 
 llarliii, Henri, l.es ('uvnliers .\tliuiiiens, 120; Histoire de Kriinco, 3'J7 ; History of 
 
 the .\;;e of Louis XIV., 3-ll>; Histoire de Franco depuis I7H9, 374. 
 Martin, Munlfjoinery, IVesent Stale of Uriiisli India, 5°J3. 
 Martin, 'riieodore, Tiio Statesman's Manual. 'SS.i. 
 IMartinenu, Harriet, Ku^'land in llie Nineteenth Century, .'jO'J, o(>0. 
 Marx. I;.. Fssai snr les I'liiivnirs du (iouverneur de rrovincc sous la IJeiniblicjue 
 
 Itoiiiaine et jusiiu'a Dioeletien. lo I. 
 Mary de' Medici, I)escri|itii>n of, 400. 
 Mary f^ueen of Scots, Anilioriiies on, 484, 4«o, 529. 
 Marylanil. Histories of, .'>'.•], ()40: inrtueiicc of, in llio Northwest, Co2. 
 Mason, A. .)., The IVrsecutions of |)iocletiaM, 185. 
 Maspero, (iastou, Histoire nnei»'inic des Teuples de I'Oricnt, 91. 
 Mass, O'Brien's History of the, Ixd. 
 Massachusetts, Histories of, 5KI-58C; Historical .Society's Collections, 031, G42 ; 
 
 Customs in I''.arly, 181. 
 Mnssey, William, History of I",nt;land under (Jeorj^c HI., 5ol. 
 Masson, \V., Life and 'rimes of Milton, 207. 
 Materialism. Lan^je's History of, 229. 
 
 Materials relating; to History of (ireat Uritain, Hardy's Catalogue of, 530. 
 Mathematics, The Study of, 3. 
 Mather, Cotton. Ma;;nalia Christi .\mcricana, G09. 
 l^Iatthew I'aris's Historia Major, 540. 
 Maureidirecher, W'., Celier .Melhodc nnd .Vuf^ahc dcr liistorischcn Forschiniir, 71 ; 
 
 (ieschichtc tier katholischen lieforinaiion, 235; Carl der Ftlnfte nnd die 
 
 deiitscheii I'rotestantci), 317. 
 Slaurcr, (J. L. von, (ieschichtc tier ^farkenvprfassinip, 298; Geschiclite der Dorf- 
 
 verfassimi;, 298 ; (ieschichtc der .Stiiilteverfassuiifj, 298. 
 Maurer, KonratI, Islanil von seiner crstcn Kiitilcckuug, 4oG; Isliindische Volks- 
 
 saijen, 4.")7. 
 Maurice. F. 1)., Ix>aniiujj and Working and the Ileligion of Komc, 158. 
 Maurv. L. F. .\., La JIagie et r.\stroli>gie tlans I'Antitiuite et an Mtivcn Acje, 
 
 i97. 
 Maxwell, .I..S., The Czar, liis Court and People. 42.1. 
 May, Sir T. K., Democracy in J'^urtipe, 51, 552 ; The Constitutional History of 
 
 Knglaiitl. 514, 557, 5.59. 
 Ma/aile, Charles de, Lc Comte tie Cavniir, 252, 201 ; L'F^spagne Jlwlerne, 430. 
 Ma/./.ini, .loseph. Life anti Writings of, 251, 202. 
 McCarthy, .Instill IL, History of Our Own Times, 503, .500; History of the Four 
 
 (•eorges, .lOl; Outline of Irish History from the ICarliest Time to the I'rcs- 
 
 ent i )ay, 5t;4. 
 McCoan, F,j;ypi as It Is, 440. 
 McCidluch, IL, .Men niitl Measures of Half n Centurv, 072.
 
 700 INDEX. 
 
 McLennan, J. F., Studies in Ancient History. 8(), 91. 
 
 McMaster, J. B., History of the People of tiie United States, 669. 
 
 Meaux. Yicomte, Les Luttes Religieuses en France un XYI. Siecle, 405. 
 
 Media, Kawlinson's History of, 82. 
 
 Meiners, C, Historisclie Vergleichung der Sittcn, Yerfassungen, u. s. w., des Mit- 
 telaUers mit denen unseres Jahrhunderts, 200. 
 
 Mtinant, Joacliim, Annales des Kois d'Assyrie Traduites et Mises en Ordre sur le 
 Text Assyrien, 91. 
 
 ]S[enard, L., Histoire des ancienncs Peuples de I'Orient, 93. 
 
 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, K., (iescliiclite (iriechenlands, 121. 
 
 ^lenzel, W.. History of liermany, 268, 313. 
 
 Merewether and Stephens, History of Boroughs and Municipal Corporations, 
 522. 
 
 Merivale, Charles, General History of Rome, 127, 156 ; Fall of the Roman Repub- 
 lic, 136, 156; The Roman Triumvirates, 137; History of the Romans under 
 the Empire, 144, 156. 
 
 ^[erovingian Dynasty, Coidangcs on, 375. 
 
 Metteruicli, Prince. iMemoirs of, 278. 
 
 ^Mexico, Ripley's War with, 581. 
 
 3Ieyer, (1., (ieschichle des dentschcn Gerichtsverfahrens, 318; Lehrbuch des 
 deutsciieu Yorwaltungsrechts, 318. 
 
 Alichael Angelo, Grimm's Life of, 248. 
 
 ]\Iichaud et Poujoulat, Nouvclle Collection de Memoires, 332. 
 
 Michaud, J. F.. History of the Crusades, 182, 194. 
 
 Michelet, J., History of the Roman Republic, 127; Sources of Early Roman His- 
 tory, 157; jModcru History, 207; History of France, 328; Histoire dc la 
 Revolution Fran(,'aise, 355, 397. 
 
 Michigan, Histories of, 601. 
 
 Middle Ages, Assmanu's (ieschiclite, 31 ; General Histories of, 162-169; Histories 
 of Limited Periods and of Listitutions iu, 169-193; courses of reading in the 
 history of, 193-202; maps of, 165; authorities on, 166; The Arts in, 181; 
 jNLanners and Customs in, 181 ; Religious Life in, 181 ; Science and Literature 
 in, 181,195; Incpiisitiou in, 202; Trade in, 242. 
 
 Migne, Abbe, Patrologia Latina, 198; Patrologia (ira'ca, 198. 
 
 Mignet, F. A., Rivalite dc Frau<,'ois L et <lc Charles Y., 339; History of the French 
 Revolution, 354, 397; Histoire ile Mane Stuart, 485. 
 
 Mill, .lames, Bissct's Essay on, 57 ; History of ]5ritisii India, 473. 
 
 MilK.lohn Stuart, Ivssay on (iuizot, 67 ; review of (irote, 119. 
 
 :\Iills. Charles, History "of tlic Crusades, 182; History of Cliivalry, 183. 
 
 Jlilmau, II. II., History of the .lews, 81 ; History of Christianity, 183; History of 
 Latin Christianity, 183, 194, 542. 
 
 Milton, John, Masson's Life and Timt'S of, 548, 552; Bayne's Essay on, 492; Reply 
 to Salmasius, 54>;. 
 
 Minnesota, Ncill's History of, 601. 
 
 :\liMot, (}. I.*., History of Massaduisctts Bay, 586, 643. 
 
 Miralx-au, Le Comte de, De la Monarchic Prussieiine, 294; Reeve on, 392; Macau- 
 lay's ICssay on, 4(H1. 
 
 .Misponlet, Les Institutions Politiciues des Romains, 160. 
 
 .Mississippi Bulihic, Thicrs's History of the, 349. 
 
 Mississippi Yalley, Discovery and Settlement of, 600, 
 
 Alissouri Couipnunise, Authorities on, 654, 666. 
 
 -Miiford, William, History of (ireece, 97. 
 
 Aloijcrn lOiiropcan .Stales. Freeman's The Beginning of, 45. 
 
 iModern History, Gent ral works on, 203-210; works on limited periods of, 210-
 
 INDKX. 701 
 
 2"2.'); works on institiilions an<l civilizatiDii of, 'J25 232 ; coiirst-s of romling 
 
 on, 232-2.'!7; Political SvHUrn of, 2<)5; wmrfcs of, 23:i ; ossovh on,.'l<tH. 
 Mulil, It. v(in,<ii!<cliiclitu unit l.iuraUir tkr Sluatlt\vi»lM.■ll^tcha^tc^ in )Ion<igra|>)iioM 
 
 <larncsl«-llt, 237. 
 Molcsworili. W. N., History of KiiKlnn.l from JH.in to \H7^,;m. 
 Mominstn, 'I'liiixlor, History of iJonic, 12X. l.'iO; Iloniistlie Fon*cliun;;en, 153; 
 
 Itiiniisclics Siaal>r«-clil, l.')'l ; Hoinan Insliliilions, 1511; I'rovinci-s and IVopIc 
 
 from (ji'Mir to Diotliii.-ni. l.')0. 
 Monarchy, lliinn's i;is«', l)c\»lo|Mncnt, and Inlliicncf of. 2u.'i. 
 Monasiii'isni, History <if. IM. I'.t.'.. 413. 
 Monetary l"on;;rfss of l«7s, I.'ciiort on,ti;'>7. 
 MoiK-tte, J.W., History of ilic Discovery ami .Sctilcniciit of tin- Mississippi Valley, 
 
 GOO. 
 Monev, Wnlker'.s Treatise on, GJ7. 
 Monp.ls, History of the, 4(IN. 
 Monk, (ieneral, (Iiiizol's Life of, ^>'>'2. 
 
 Monks of the West, hy t'oinit de Montalenibert, 181, ID.J, 399. 
 Monopoly, Kvil results of, 23. 
 Monst relet, K. de. The Chronicles of, Xii). 
 
 Monluleniherf, Count ile. The .Monk.s of the West, 181, 19.'), 399. 
 Montauelli, <i., Meinoires sur I'italie, 2t;4. 
 Monteil, .\. A., llistoire dcs divers l^tats, 190,385; Histoirc Agricolc de la France, 
 
 4(i3; llistoire rinancierc de la France, 403 ; Histoirc de rindustric F'ran- 
 
 i^aise, 10.3. 
 Montesquieu, Maron de, Laurent on, 50; S|)irit of the Laws, 63, G7 ; fJrandeur and 
 
 Decay of the Koinans, l.')8. 
 Montgaillurd, (i. II. M.. llistoire dc la licvolution FVani^aise, 3G1. 
 Montrose, Hayne's Fssay on, 492. 
 
 Moiuimeuta (iennauiie Historica, 319-320. , 
 
 Monunu'iita Toloniae Historica, 429. 
 iMoorc. Frank, Kelxllion Iteeord, (137. 
 More, Sir Ihonias, History of Kicliard HI., 544. 
 Mori;an, Lewis 11., -Vncicnt Society. 8X. ',i|. • 
 
 Morin, .\., llistoire I'liliiiipie de la Suisse, IIL 
 Morley and Tyler, Manual of 1-jiglish Literature, 533. 
 M<irley, Henry. ICn^lish Writers, .■>3;{. 
 Morley, .L, Life of Kichard Cohden. 5G4. 
 Morri.s, K. IC. Epochs of History, 208. 
 Morris, W. ().. French Ittvolutioii, 397. 
 
 Morse, .lohn T.. The Life of Alexander Hamilton, (;18, CM. 649. 
 Morse, .1. T., .Ir.. The .Vinerican Statestncn Series, GGH. 
 MoiMT, .1. .L, Herr und Dieiier, 31.o. 
 Motley,.Iohn Ix>lhrop, Kise of the Dutch Kepublic, 4 I'.' ; History of the I'nited 
 
 Netherlanils, 4.J0 ; Life an.l Death of .John of Harnevel.l, 4.jl.' 
 Mozley. .1. It.. Ks.says on .SiralVord, Laud, and Cromwell, .')48. 
 Muir. W., .\nnals of the Farly Caliphates, 198; The IJise and Decline of l^lam. 
 
 19S; The Life of .Moliamiiu'd. I'.IS. 
 Mulford, Isjiac .S., History of New .lersey. 590. 
 Midler, A.. Der Mam im .Moyeii- und .\lHiidland, 71.72, 199. 
 MlUler. C. ().. IIi>tory and .Vniiiiuities of the Doric l.'.-ice, 91', 117 ; History of the 
 
 Literature of .Vncient (ireece, 114. 
 Midler, D.. (Je.schichto des deutschen Volkes. 321. 
 
 Midler, . I., Ilauillmch iUt Klassischen .Mterlhumswissenschaft. 120, ICl. 
 Midler, Moiniard el Vnllicmin, llistoire de la Suisse, 442.
 
 702 INDEX. 
 
 Muller, P E., Saga Bibliothck, 4G3. 
 
 Muller,Wilhelm, Politische Geschiclite der neuesten Zeit, 224, 233; Politische 
 
 Gescliiclite der Gegenwart, "225, 233, 237, 313. 
 Mallinger, J. B., The Schools of Charles the Great, 184 ; authorities on English 
 
 liistory, 530. 
 Municipal governments, Condition of our. 23; in the Roman Empire, 148, 378; 
 
 in England, 527 ; in Germany. 298, 300. 
 ]Muntz, E., Les Precurseurs de la Uenaissancc, 200. 
 ^Iiiratori's works on Italian history, 2t)l. 
 
 :\Innloi'k. .1., History of Constitutimial Heform in Great Britain and Ireland, 5G3. 
 ;\lure, William, Critical History of the Literature of Ancient Greece, 114. 
 Music at Athens, 105. 
 Mycenas, Schliemann's, 110. 
 i\Iyers. 1». Y. N., Outlines of Ancient History, 35, 72; Outlines of Medieval and 
 
 ^lodern History, 72. 
 Mvthologv, of the Arvan Nations, 84; general modern theories of, 85; of Greece, 
 
 118." 
 Jlyths of the Middle Ages, 171. 
 
 Nadaillac, Marquis de, Prehistoric America, Gl)6. 
 
 Napier, Henry E.. Florentine History, 257. 
 
 Napier, Sir W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula, 436. 
 
 Naples, Colletta's History of, 2G0. 
 
 Napoleon I., Histories of the Life of, 3G2-3G5; other authorities on, 401; Corre- 
 spondence, 402. 
 
 Napoleon IIL, History of Julius Cresar, 140, 367; histories of the reign of, 371 ; 
 Kinglake's view of, 505. 
 
 Nares, Edward, Universal History. 30. 
 
 Narragansett Club, Publications of, 632. 
 
 Nasse, E., The Agricultural Community of the IMiddle Ages, 185. 
 
 National Convention, Barantc's Ilistorj' of the, 3G0. 
 
 National Economy, Advantages of, 21. 
 
 Nationalities. Laurent's J"]stablishment of, 50. 
 
 Navy in the Civil War, G71-G72, 
 
 Noal's History of tlie Puritans, 551. 
 
 Ncale, F., Rise and Progress of Islam, 100. 
 
 Neander, A.., History of the Christian lleligion and Church, 185. 
 
 Nccker, Hoc(juain's estimate of, 352. 
 
 Neill, E. I)., English Colonization in America, 570, G40; History of Minnesota, 601. 
 
 Netherlands, Histories of the, 447-452; courses of reading on the history of the, 
 450-4IM. 
 
 Ncumami, Karl Fricdrich, (Jeschiclite dor Vcrcinigten Staatcn, 571. 
 
 New England, Canaan, 030 ; First Fruits, 630 ; Federalism, G02, G40-G51 ; General 
 Histories of, 581-584. 
 
 New Hampshire, Belknap's History of, 585. 
 
 New Jersey, Histories of, 500 ; Historical Society's Publications, 631. 
 
 New Netherlands, History of, 500. 
 
 New York, Histories of.SsO, 590; Historical Society's Publications, 631. 
 
 N'cwmarcli, W., History of Prices, 232. 
 
 Nicliolls, Sir (Jcorge, liistory of the Iviglisli Poor Law, 525. 
 
 Nicolay, J. (;.,The Outbreak of ihe Ilcbeliion, 671. 
 
 Niebulir, !?.(;., Lfclureson .Vucieul History, 76; History of Rome, 120 ; Lectures 
 on History of Borne, 130. 
 
 Nicse, li., .\bris3 der romisciien Geschiclite, 161.
 
 INDKX. 70.J 
 
 Nihilism, Tissot'u acroiiiit of, 413,428 ; Etknrdi's nccoimt of, 420, 42R 
 Xilcs, n., Wpckly Kt^risipr, »>.'Ui ; rriiitiplps niiil Acls of llie Hcvoliitioii, <>I2. 
 Nilniwin, S., I'riiiiilive Itiliabitaiits «f Scaiuliimvia, traiislatcU bv Sir Joliii Lul>' 
 
 bock. ■»<;;{. 
 Nisnnl, I)., IliNloirn dp In I.iltrrnltirf Frnnrnise, .T.i|. 
 Nii/.s<'li, K. \N'., Miiiistcrialitiit unit nUr^<T(biiiii im XI. tiiid XII. .Fabrbinidi-rt, 
 
 ;{|'.l; ( Jrschiclito dcs tIciitM-ht'll Volkr.t, H'.M. 
 Nobility in tin- Middk- A;,'cs. I'rcytaj; on, 'MH\, :;o7. 
 
 Noordi'n, Cnrl von, Kiiro|iiiis<.-lie (ii'!<(-liicliU' ini ac hi /el in ten .lahrhundc-rt, 218, 
 Nonnnn ('<>n({UC8t of Kngland, Histories of, 477 ; auihurities on the inliiiciicc of, 
 
 Nornianby, Manjiiis of, A Year of Kivolution, 370. 
 
 Norniaiuly, ral;iravt's History of, iV.W. 
 
 Normans, .Johnson's History of the, in Kurope, 17.S; Hoercn on the intlucncc of 
 
 the, 205. 
 Nortli .Vnicrii-nn I'cvicw, C:>0. 
 Nortii Caruliiia, Histories of, .'»'.•!. 
 Norlhnien, Histories of the, ■l.'>7 ■l.')9. 
 
 Northwestern 'i'erritory, .\e(|ui>iiion and Orj^anization of, C.'>2-r>.')4. 
 .Norton. (1., History, Constitution, etc., of the City of Lontlon, 5G2. 
 Norway, Histories of, 4.');5 l;")'.t. 
 Nii;rent, Lord, Memorials of Hampden, 401. 
 NuUilication, Ordinance of, in South Carolina, C3G; histories of the doctrines of, 
 
 O.V.t-iU;!. 
 Nyeriip, 1.'., Kiillurgeschichtc von Diincfnark nnd Norwcgen, 463. 
 
 O'Hrien, John, History of the Mass, 185. 
 
 O'Cnllnnhan, K. li.. History of New Netherlands, 590. 
 
 Ockley, Simon, History of the Saracens, 1H(;. 
 
 Oechsli, (^nellenbuch znr schwcizer (ieschichte, 190. 
 
 Oesfeld, Max von, I'reussen in staatsrechllicher Heziehnnp, 311. 
 
 Oesterli'v, H., \\'ef;weiser diircli die Lileratur der L'rkuude!isainmlimi,'i-n, 201. 
 
 (>;:cr. I'Vlix, Coiirs d'Hi>luirc (Ji'nerale, 3(i. 
 
 Ollalloran's History .pf Ireland, 5.'>(l. 
 
 Ohio, Histories of, 598; Settlement of, 053. ' 
 
 Ohio Valley Historical .Series, .598, 002. 
 
 Oliver, I'etcr, The Puritan Conmionwealth, 582,583. 
 
 Oncken, Wilhelm, Allp-nieinc (ieschichte, 30. 07, 71 ; Das Zeitalter der K'evolu- 
 tion, des Kaiserreichcs nnd der lU-freiuiif^skriefje, 72; Das Zeitalter Kried- 
 richs des (Jrossen, 72. .■!17 ; Oestcrrcich unci I'reussen im Hefreiungskriege, 317. 
 
 O'Neill, K. D., Virginia Vetusta during the IJeign of .lames I., 070. 
 
 Oppert, .Inles, Histoire des Empires dc Chaldec et d'Assyric, 91, 92. 
 
 Ordeal, Trial by. l«l). 
 
 Oriiinance of 1787, origin of, 11, G.')3. 
 
 Orient, Laurent's History of the, 49; general histories of the, 75-93. 
 
 ( )tis, .lames, Tudor's Life of. 023. 
 
 Otte, K. C., Scandinavian History, 403. 
 
 Ottoman 'I'urks, Histories of the, 445. 
 
 Ov»Tbeck, .1.. (;<si-hiclite der griechischcn Plastik, 115; I'ompeii, liM. 
 
 Overbury, .Sir 'I'lioinas, Hisset's Kssay on, 57. 
 
 Ozanam, .\. 1'.. lli>iory of Civilization in the Fifth Century, 180 ; Les Cicrmaina 
 avant le Christianisme, 297, 313. 
 
 Pacific .Slates, Native IJaces of, 002.
 
 704 INDEX. 
 
 Paget, John, New Examcii of Macaulay, 496. 
 
 I'aiiie, Thomas, Oominoii Sense, 642 ; Public Good and Plain Facts, 653. 
 
 Painting, Kiigler's Hand-book of, 48; Woermann and "Woltniann's History of, 56; 
 at Atliens. 105 ; Crowe and Cavalcaselle's History of, in Italy, 248, 249. 
 
 Palacky, F.. (iescbiciite-Bohmen's, 4G4. 
 
 Palfrey, F. W ., Tlie Antictam and Fredericksburg Campaigns, 671. 
 
 Palfrey, J. G., Review of iMahon's History, 499 ; History of New England, 5S3. 
 
 Palgrave, R. F. U., The House of Commons, 519. 
 
 Palgrave, Sir Francis, History of Normandy and England, 398, 476 ; Kise and Prog- 
 ress of the English Commonwealtii, 476. 
 
 Papacy, Laurent's History of, 157; Gosselin's Power of, 175, 191, 
 
 Pardcssus. J. M., Loi Saliqne, 403. 
 
 Pardoe, .Julia, Louis XIV. and the Court of France, 347. 
 
 Paris, Comte de, History of the Civil War, 672. 
 
 Parker, Theodore, Works of, 604. 
 
 Parkman, Francis, French in America, 579; ISIontcalni and Wolfe, 670. 
 
 Parliament, l$astard's History of, in France, 380, 399; IJavelier's Right of Election 
 to, 380, 398 ; Elections "to, in England, 509. 
 
 Parliamentary Debates, Hansard's, 531. 
 
 Parliamentary Elections, 509. 
 
 Parliamentary History of England, 452, 53L 
 
 Parliamentary Methods, 559. 
 
 Paroz, .Jules, Histoire Universelle de la Pedagogic, 51. 
 
 Parthia, Rawlinson's History of, 83. 
 
 Partitions of Poland, Ferrand on tlie, 417; Beer on the, 418, 427; Ton der Briig- 
 gen on the, 419, Alison's account of, 427; Yon Sybel's account of, 429. 
 
 Parton, James, Life of Franklin, 618, 651 ; Life of Jefferson, 019; Life of Jackson, 
 019. 
 
 Party, Cooke's History of, in England, 520. 
 
 Party (iovernment, Burke on the Powers of, 558, 
 
 Party (iovernment in tiie Eighteenth century, 555-557. 
 
 Pastjuier, J. B., Histoire de I'linite Polititjne et Territoriale de la France, 382, 403. 
 
 Passmann, (Jeschiclite der Vulkerwandernng, 201, 
 
 Patton, J. IL, History of the United States, 572; Concise History of the Ameri- 
 can People, 009. 
 
 Pafd Sarpi, Council of Trent, 234. 
 
 Pauli's Pictures of Old England, 541. 
 
 Pausanias, Travels in (ireece. 119. 
 
 Pears, 1'^., Tiie Fall of Constantinople, 199. 
 
 Pearson, Cliarles IL, England during the ICarly and Jliddle Ages, 582. 
 
 Peasantry, Condition of, in the Middle Ages, 190, 225. 
 
 Pedagogy, Paroz's History of. 51 ; Sclimidt's History of, 54. 
 
 Peel, Sir Robert, Lives of, 558, 
 
 Peloponuesiaii War, History of, 103, 
 
 Pcniusidar War, Napier's History of, 4;l0. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Egle's History of, 591 ; Historical Society's Publications, 632. 
 
 Pepys, .Samuel, The Diary and Corresjiondence of, 494, 552. 
 
 I'ericles, Lloyd's Age of, 105. 
 
 Perkins, J. B., Fran(M! under Riclielien and i\Ia/.arin, lll5, 
 
 Perrcciot, (J. .1,, De I'Etat Civil dcs I'ersoinies el de la Condition des Tcrres dans 
 les (iaules, 403. 
 
 Perrens, F, T,, Histoire de Florence, 258 ; I^a Democratic en France an Moycn Age, 
 383; La France sous le Ri'giu' de Henri IV,,34L 
 
 Perrot ct (liiipiez, L'Histoirc de I'.Vrt dans iVntiijuite, 93.
 
 INDEX. 705 
 
 Perry, W. S., Ilwtory of the American Epiwropnl Cliiinh, 1^7-1»W3, 069. 
 
 I'erry'fi I'llemoiits of Political ICcoiiomy, lut', 
 
 I'tTst'ciiiiinis, Aiiln', Histt)ry of, under Diucletian, 170, 182; of I'rotcbtaiits umlcr 
 
 I^mis XIV., •.';i.'). 
 Persiii, ]tn\vilii!t(>n'.i Ilistnry of, 82; Xcw I'linpiro of, K3. 
 I'ersM)!!, Jv, Ks.>iai tiur rAdiniiiistratioii {.U-a I'ruviiiced Huioainca sous la Kcpubliquc, 
 
 ICI). 
 Pertz, Mitniimcnta CSermaniie llistoricn, 314. 
 Pc'Icr, Carl, Kfimischc (kscliidilc, l.il ; Zciilafilii, l.')8. 
 Polcr llie (;rciit, Histories of. |07, 111, ll«. Motley's Kssay on, 4'28. 
 Peters, ('., Zeiitafchi iler (Iriecliisclien (Icsciiiflitc, IP.t. 
 Petilol ct Moniiieriiiie, Collection (1<'S .Meinoires, ;i;;2. 
 Philip II., \'an Praet's Kssny on, 214; Prescotl'a History of the Keign of, 438 ; 
 
 Watson's History of, 440. 
 Philip HI., Watson's History of, 440. 
 Philip IV., Dinilap's History of, 4;!;i. 
 Pliilippson, Das Zcitaller Liuhvi;,'s XIV., 72; Westeuropa iin Zeitalter von Philii) 
 
 II., Klizabeth uiul Heinrich IV., 72. 
 Phillips's Sketches of Taper Currency, li.") I. 
 
 Philosophy, .lanet's History of Moral and Political, 47 ; of the Seventeenth Cen- 
 tury and Cliristianity, iiO ; Ucberwcu's History of, o5; of Comte, GO. 
 Philosophy of History, (ieneral works on the, .")7-CG ; liuckle, .')7 ; Comte, GO; 
 
 Droysen,GI, Flint, Gl; Hei;el.G2; Montescpiien, G3 ; Sclilegel,Gi; Kingsley, 
 
 67; (iuizot, G7; Shedd,G«; Ihnisen, CH ; Janet, 3«8. 
 Phisterer, P., Statistical Pecord of the .Armies of the United States, G71. 
 l'hotozinco;;raphy, Piililications in, .'xil. 
 I'ickerin^', 'Thomas, Life anil Works of, G20, GjO. 
 Picket, A.. I., History of Alabama, i>'M. 
 Picot, (Jeorge, Histoire des htats-(ieneralc, 380. 
 Pictorial History of I'jij;land, 471. 
 Pierre, Victor, Histoire tie la Repuhlitpic de 1848,370. 
 Pierron, .A., Histoire de la Litterature (Jrcque, P21; Histoire dc la Litterature Ito- 
 
 inaine, l.">4. 
 Pierson, M'illiam, Preussisclio CJescliichtc, 289. 
 Piijnoti, 1.., History of 'I'uscany, 2fi4. 
 Pioneers of North America, by Parkman, 579. 
 
 Pitkin. Timothy, Political and Civil History of the United States, GIO. 
 Pins IX, Trollopc's Life of, 2o3. 
 
 Planters of Massachusetts Pay, Younj^'s Chronicles of, 584; Planter's Pica. 039. 
 Ploetz, Epitome of Ancient. Medi:cval, anil Jlodcrn History, 34,72. 
 I'hilarch, Translalious <,f, 104, 117. 
 Tlymoiith, Pradford's History of, :>Hl. 
 Pocahontas, New evidence concernin;;, 13. 
 Poetry, at Athens, 1(15; of Knj;land. .")34. 
 Pohlmann's Die Wirthschafts-Politik der Florcntiner Penaissance und das Prin- 
 
 cip der Verkehrsfreiheit, 205. 
 Poisson, .August c. Histoire du Pegne de Henri IV., 343. 
 Poland, Histories of, 415— 119, civilization and progress in, 419-427 ; partitions of, 
 
 417-419; courses of reading on. 427-429. 
 Political ICconomy, Itlantpii's History of, 42. 
 Political Literature, Plakey's Historj- of, 42. 
 Political Register, Poore's, (137. 
 Political Songs, Wright's collection of, 508, .'(40. 
 Political .Svstem of Modern Kuro|)e, Heeren's, 205. 
 
 45
 
 706 INDEX. 
 
 Political Text-book, Cluskey's, G37. 
 
 Pollnitz, IMemoirs of, 315. 
 
 Polybius, Hampton's General Histor_v of, 107. 
 
 Poiid, G. E., The Shenandoah Valley in 18G4, G71. 
 
 Pontiac, History of the Conspiracy of, 590. 
 
 Poole, R. L., Historj' of the Huguenots of the Dispersion, 340. 
 
 Poole, W. F.. Concerning the Ordinance of 1787, 12, 643. 
 
 Poor Law, Kicholls's History of, in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 525, 561. 
 
 Poore, Ben : P., Federal and State Constitutions, 637 ; Political Register and Con- 
 gressional Directory, 637 ; Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Me- 
 tropolis, 671. 
 
 Popes, Ranke's History of the, 215. 
 
 Porter, L. H., Outlines of the Constitutional History of the United States, 669. 
 
 Porter, R. G., The Progress of the Nation, 533. 
 
 Portugal, Histories of, 440, 441 ; courses of reading on, 461. 
 
 Positive Philosophy, Comte's, 60. 
 
 Potthast, A., Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aevi, 166. 
 
 Powell, J. Y., English History from Contemporarj- AVriters, 196. 
 
 Praet, J. Van, Essays of, 214, 233. 
 
 Prehistoric Nations, Baldwin's, 90. 
 
 Prehistoric Races, 604, 611. 
 
 Prendergast's Cromwellian Settlement in Ireland, 551. 
 
 Prentice, Archibald, History of Anti-Corn-law League, 506, 560. 
 
 Prescott, William H., History of Ferdinand and Isabella, 437 ; History of Philip 
 II., 438; Narrative Poetry of Italy, 2G3. 
 
 Pressense,E. de. The Early Years of Cliristianity, 187. 
 
 Preuss, J. D. E., Friedrich der Grosse, 293. 
 
 Prevost-Paradol, L. A., Essai sur I'Histoire Universelle, 37, 66. 
 
 Prices, Tooke and Newmarch's History of, 232, 5G0; Rogers's History of, 524. 
 
 Priestley, Joseph, Lectures on Modern History, 208. 
 
 Prince Henry, Bisset's Essay on, 57. 
 
 Progress of the English Nation, In' R. G. Porter, 533. 
 
 Protective Tariffs, Histories of, G57. 
 
 Protestant Theology, Dorner's History of, 227. 
 
 Protestantism compared with Catholicity, 170. 
 
 Prussia and Austria, Relations of, at the time of the French Revolution, 287. 
 
 Prussia, Duncker's Essays on, 274; Droysen's Essays on,2S2; Treitschke's Ess.iys 
 on, 282; general histories of, 288, 295 ; institutions of, 295, 316-317; constitu- 
 tional histories of, 310-311, 313. 
 
 Prutz, H.,Staatengeschichte des Abendlands im Mittelalter, 72; Kultiirgeschichte 
 der Kreiizziige, 199. 
 
 Puibusque, A. L., Histoire Comparee des Litteraturcs Espagnoles et Fran^aise, 
 403. 
 
 Punic Wars, 156. 
 
 I'uritan Revolution, significance of, 26. 
 
 I'liriians of New England, 582,583. 
 
 I'litnatn, Story of the Nations, 72. 
 
 I'iitter, J. S., Political Constitution of the (Jerman Empire, 268. 
 
 Pulz, W., (Jesciiichte der neucren Ztit (1492-1815), 237; Geschichtc der ncucsten 
 Zeit, 237. 
 
 Pym, John, Forster's Life of, 490, 547; Goldwin Smith's Essay on, 548, 
 
 Quicherat, J., Melanges d'Archeologic et d'Histoirc, 201 ; Proems ct Condamnation 
 dc Jcainic d'Arc, 336. 4
 
 INDEX. 707 
 
 Qiiinry, Josiah, Life of, 620. 
 
 Quinct, Eilgar, Lcs Ktivuliitiuns il'Italie, 'JG4 ; La Revolution, 388. 
 
 Kabault, J. I'., Pn^cis IIi4ti>rii)iic dc la Kc-vulution I'raii(;ai!tc, 359. 
 
 Kaccs, (leo-^raipliii-al I)i-.tribiitioii of, 15. 
 
 l{nj;i(/iii. Story of ( 'lial>l;i'H, '.•.'$. 
 
 ICalston, W. 1{. S., Knrly KuHsiaii History, IJIl. 
 
 liaiiiliainl, Alfred, llistoire dc l:i C'iviliwitioii Franraise, -lO-l, Itt.')-, ilistoirc de la 
 
 Civilisniiiiii ('ontoin|>()raiiio en France, -Id.'); History of Kiiivsia, 41L 
 Hainsay, David, History of Aiiiericaii Kevoliiiioii, 58U ; History of .South Carolina, 
 
 llamsoy, .1. ('•. >!., Ttio Annals of Tcnnosspo. 507. 
 
 Kandall. Henry S., Life of 'I'lioinas .letYerson. C,H). 
 
 |{an<lol|>li, .lolm, (iarland's Life of. DIC. 
 
 ICanke. Leopold von, \Veltt;eM-liiciite, 37, 71 ; History of the ToiX's. 2i:i, 2.3.3, 313; 
 Macaulay's Kssay on, 331; Ziir Venetiaiur (loscliiclitc, 255; History of the 
 Keforinntion in ( Jerniany. 272, 313 ; Deutsche (Josohichtc voin Keli^ioiis- 
 friedcn his zum dreissiL:jiihrii;eii Krie;;, 272; Die deutschon Miichte und dcr 
 Fllrstcnhund, 274 ; Ansiirinii; inid Bef;inn tier Iicvolulionskriep-. 274 ; Denk- 
 wllrdi;;keitcn Harilenber^;'s, 27(5 ; Memoirs of the House of Hrandenliiir;;, 
 291 ; l''ran/.usischc Gcscliichte, 329 ; Historv of .Servia, 44(3; Historv of l'.\ir- 
 lan.l. 401. 547. 
 
 IJaiisomo, C, Rise of (Constitutional (Jovernment in Knf^land, ."i()3. 
 
 Kationalisin, in the Middle A;;es, 183; Hurst's Historv of, 228; Leekv's Hisiorv 
 of, 229. 
 
 Ratzel, F., Die Verciniptcn Stanten von Xord Amerika, GG7. 
 
 Haumer, F. von. History of the Sixteenth an<l .Seventeenth Centuries, 21C, 233; 
 (Jeschiohte der Hohenstaufen, 270 ; Frederick H., 20*, 313; I'olitical History 
 of Fngland during the .Sixteenth, .Seventeenth, aiul Eighteenth Centuries, 
 402. 
 
 IJaumor, I{. von, (Jeschichte der Gerrnauischeii Philologie, vorzugsweise in Deutsch- 
 land, 31«. 
 
 Haven, .1., Parlianientarv Historv of England from the Passing of the Hefonn 
 Hill of 18.32, ;)i;:i. 
 
 Kawlinson, (ieorge, >Linual of Ancient History. 77; Five Great Monarchies, 82, 
 OO; .Sixth (ireat Monarchy. 83 ; .Seventh Great ^Imiarchy, 83; Herodotus, 
 90. 101; l-'.irypt and Mahylon from .Scriptures .-md Profane .Sources, 92. 
 
 Kaynouaril, llistoire du Droit Mmiicipal en France, 403. 
 
 Keade. Charles. Cloister and the Hearth, 23i,399. 
 
 Pebellion Keconl. (137. 
 
 Records Coniniissioners, Publicalions of the, .")61. 
 
 Reed, Joseph, Life and Correspondence of, (121. 
 
 Reeve, Henry, Royal and liepublican France, 302. 
 
 Reform in lMii;l,'ind durinir the present century, 3.j3. 355. 
 
 Reform in Priis.sia, under Stein. 27t'i; under Hardenberg, 277. 
 
 Reformation, Laurent's History of, .'>0 ; Hardwick's History of, 176; Gieselcr's 
 History of, 175; Heeren on the intluence of. 205; geiu'ral works on, 210,213; 
 list of authorities on, iu Fisher's Reformation, 233; Cathidic authorities on, 
 2.33,234; Macaulay on, 234; in Italy, see Sarpi aiul Villari; in (Jerniany, 
 314; also .see Rankc and Hiiusser; in France, 343, 345, 397 ; in England, 482- 
 484, 525, 529. 
 
 Regime, the Ancient, Taine's History of, 880; De Tocqucville's Historj- of, 387. 
 
 Register of Deb.ntes, CMi. 
 
 ReiiKich, .S., Traitc d'Epigraphie (Jrequc, 120.
 
 V08 INDEX. 
 
 Keligiou of Greece, Eome, Teutonic ami Scandinavian nations, of Jews, and of 
 Islam, 84, 110, 118 ; of Rome, 150, 158 ; also, see Clarke's Ten Great Keligions, 
 Cox's Aryan Jlytliology, Coiilanges's Ancient City, IJoissier's Religion Ro- 
 maine, ]Maurice's Learning and AVorking. 
 
 Religious Wars, Laurent's History of, 50. 
 
 Reinusat, ^Madame de, The Memoirs of, 3G5. 
 
 Renaissance, Symonds on the, 244, 2G1; general authorities on the, 2G1. 
 
 Renan, Ernest, Fatalism of, examined by Laurent, 50; Histoire du Peuple d'Israel, 
 1)2; History of Christianity, 92; Histoire des Origines du Christianisme, 
 15y. 
 
 Representative Assemblies in France, 380. See authorities on the establishment 
 of representative government, 540-544. 
 
 Representative Government, Guizot's History of, 176. 
 
 Republic, of Venice, Hazlitt's, 255; of Florence, 255-258. 
 
 Restoration, Lamartine's History of the, 259; Viel-Castel's History of, 259; gen- 
 eral authorities on, 401. 
 
 Reuchlin, Hermann, Geschichte Italiens, 249, 261. 
 
 Reumont, Alfred von, Geschichte Toscana's, 258; Lorenzo de' jNIedici, 259; Bibli- 
 ogratia dei Lavori Publicati in (iermania sulla Storia d'ltalia, 204. 
 
 Renter, Hermann, Geschichte der religiusen Aufkliirinig im Mittelalter, 187,200. 
 
 Reville, J., La Religion in Rome sous les Severes, 161. 
 
 Revival of Learning, Symonds on, 244. 
 
 Revolution, of 1640 in England, \\'orks on, 529; Histories of the American, 579, 
 580, 581. 
 
 Revolution of 1688, Authorities on the history of, 552-554. 
 
 Revolution of 1789 in France, Reginuing of, by Ranke, 274; general histories of, 
 352-362; essays and treatises on, 386-391; courses of reading on, 398, 400; 
 Dickens on, 400; Hugo on, 401. 
 
 Revolution of 1848, Histories of the, 260-262, 401. 
 
 Revue des Deux Mondes, 402. 
 
 Revue Historique, 402. 
 
 Rhode Island, Arnold's History of, 588; Historical Society's Publications of, 631. 
 
 Richard IIL, (iairdner's Life o"f, 480. 
 
 Riclulicu, Van Tract's Essay on, 211; Caillct on, 345 ; Rt)bson on, 346; best au- 
 thorities on, 347 ; White's article on, 400. 
 
 Richter, (^uellenbuch zur deut.schen Geschichte, 196. 
 
 Ridpath, John C, Popular History of the United States, 572. 
 
 Riehl. W. H., Geschichte der deutschen Social-Polilik, 301,316. 
 
 Riemann, E., Neuere Geschichte des- preussischen Staates voni llubcrtsburger 
 Frieden bis zum Wiener Congress, 321. 
 
 Riezler, S. O., (Jescliiclite Haiern, 317. 
 
 Riley, H. T., ^Icmorials of London and London Life, 564. 
 
 Rink, Dr. Henry, Danish (irccnland, 157. 
 
 Rios, .1. A. Ids, Historia <'rili('a de la Litteratura ICspafiola, 4C)3. 
 
 Ripley, R.S., War with ^Mexico, 581. 
 
 Ri.se of the Repidjlic, Frothiiigham's, 604. 
 
 Ritter, Karl, Relation of geographical to political peculiarities, 67. ■ 
 
 Rilter, ^L, Gescliichte der Union von den Vorbereilungen des Rundes bis zum 
 To.le K.Rudolfs IL. 317. 
 
 Rives, W. C, Life and Times of .Lames Madison, 415. 
 
 Rivii-re, H. P.. ('odes Fran(^aiscs et Lois UsucUcs, 404. 
 
 Roads of Roman Emfiire, 158. 
 
 Koberlson, W., Progress of Society during the Middle AgC3, 166, 193; Reign of 
 Charles v., 271,313.
 
 ]Ni)i;x. Too 
 
 Kobiiict, J. V.., I.c Pri)C('» lies Dantonisic.t, tl'Aiires Ics Dociiroonu, -IOC; DautOD 
 Jlenioirc Mir sn Vic I'rivtM-, JdC. 
 
 Hobi({iK-i. r., IliHtoirc Miiiii('i|iaU- <le l'nri->, -((Kl. 
 
 l{()b»oii, W., Life of iJiclitliiii, IHO. 
 
 Kitcliliol/, K. L, 'li'll mill (icssler in SaiiC und (iescliiclite, 1 12. 
 
 Hoclml, IJ., l*liil().s(>|iliie «1it (iciHliieliie, 71, 73. 
 
 Hoc(|uaiii, Fi'-lix, L'tCsprit Kt-vtiliiiioiinnirc nvaiit la Kevoliition, 3'>2. 
 
 KofjLT Williiiins, Aiulmritiis on, .">x7, 1}HX^ CM. 
 
 l{(i;jers, .1. Tliiir.iM, llisiory of Aj^riculturo ami Prices in Eii<;Iaiiil, b2l. 
 
 Itolf*', .loliii. New fvidcnct; concerning, 13. 
 
 liollin's Aiii-ifiit History, 77. 
 
 Ivoll.M of I'nrli.'iinont, Description of, fiGI. 
 
 IJoUs .Serie.-', Ucscription of, it'M). 
 
 Kumnn Aiitii|iiitio.s, Hecker on, 110; L.-nigc on, 1.52. 
 
 Humnn Kinpirc, b'reeman's Formation of, l.j; l)ismeml)orinciit of, 4.>; Capes on, 
 113; Ciirteis on, 1 14 ; Mcrivale on. Ill; Coiilanj^jes on, 37o. 
 
 itoinan Iiilliienco in liriiain, ■17H, b'M; (Jnest's Karly Settlements of Kumaiis in 
 .South liritain, .'>3G; Coate's Homans in Britain, 53G. 
 
 liomaii Law, llailley's Introdiictiun to, 151 ; Mackenzie's .Studies in, l.')2; in Mid- 
 dle At;es, 1G7. 
 
 Roman Question, liy E. About, 252. 
 
 Homberg, A., Die Krliebung der tJescliiclitc ziim liangc eiiier Wissenscbaft, 71. 
 
 Home, uncertainties of the early history of, 124; Niebuhr's method of treating, 
 12'.l; .Schweglcr's method of treating, 131 ; Heauforl's metiiod of treating, 
 133; Lewis's method of treating, 134; history of, by Ikissiiet, 33; history of, 
 by Laurent, 4'.l; religion of, IIH; popular ednoalioii in, 1 1 1 ; life in, 112. 1I»1 ; 
 general histories of, 122, 133; special histories of, 134, 147; histories of civil- 
 ization and progress, 14>l-l()l ; general autliorities of, 1.31; development of, 
 133; arch:eology of, 157; under the Empire, l.")X; institutiuns of, 15H, 15i); 
 municipalities of, 194; courses of reading on, 150. 
 
 Romey, Charles, llistoirc d'Espagnc, 438. 
 
 Romola, View of Italy in, 233. 
 
 Riinnc, L. von, Verfassmig und Verfassungsreeht des deutschcii Reiclis, 321 ; Das 
 Staatsrecht der preussi'^clien Monarchic, 321. 
 
 Roosevelt. T., Naval Warfnre ..f l«12. 071. 
 
 Ru|)ell, K., Gescbichte I'okiis, 415; I'olen um die ^litte des 18. Jahrbundcrts, 
 410. 
 
 Ropes, J. C, The First Napoleon, 400 ; The Army under I'ope, 071. 
 
 Roscoe, Wm,, Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, 259. 
 
 Rosen, (J., (lescliiclite der 'I'Urkei von dem Siege der Reform, 182C, 4C4, 
 
 Rosii'res, Raoul, Hisioire dc la .Socii'te Francaise, 384, 404. 
 
 Ross, D. \V„ l'"arly History of Landholiling among the tiermaii.'", 320. 
 
 Rosseeuw-Saiiit-Ililaire, I'",. F., Histoire d'Espagne, 43i>. 
 
 Ruth, I'aul von, (Jeschicbie dco BencliciaUvesens, 188, 199 ; Fciidalitiit und Uii- 
 terthanenverliand, l'J9. 
 
 Royal's Andrew .lackson and tlu> Hank of the I'nited Slates, 059. 
 
 Royalty, I^iirent's History of, ."io. 
 
 Rllckert, IL, Cultiirgeschichte des deiitschen Volkes, 317, 318. 
 
 Rugc, A., (ieschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckuiig, 72; (ieschichtc unserer Zeit, 
 237. 
 
 Rule, W., History of the Iiuiuisitioii, 231. 
 
 Rulhiere, C. C, llisioire de rAnarchie de Pologne. 417. 
 
 Rural Classes in France, Doniol's History of, 3H2; Dareste's History of, 383 ; Per- 
 reii's History of, 383.
 
 710 INDEX. 
 
 Rush, Secretary. Financial Report of, G58. 
 
 Russell, Dr. 'Willian]. History of Modern Europe, 209, 
 
 Russell, Lord John, The English Government and Constitution, 515; Life of C.J. 
 
 Fox, 55G, 560; History of the Principal States of Europe, 218. 
 Russia, Histories of, -i07-41-l; Histories of Civilization and Progress in, 419-427; 
 
 courses of reading in the history of, 427-429 ; Nihilism in, 423, 420, 428; 
 
 educational systems of, 428 ; condition of, before the Crimean War, 429 ; 
 
 complications of, in the East, 452. 
 Russland, Polen nnd Livland bis ins 17, Jahrhundert, 72, 
 Rustow, W., The War for the Rhine Frontier, 272, 
 Rymer's Fcedera, Description of, 49. 
 
 Sabine, Lorenzo, American Loyalists, 596. 
 
 Sahagun, B. de, Histoire Generale des Choses de la Nouvelle Espagne, 463. 
 
 St. Bartiiolomow, White's jMassacrc of, 341 ; different views of, 400. 
 
 St. Louis, Wallon's History of, 334. 
 
 Saint-Simon, Memoirs of, 348. 
 
 Sainte-Beuve, Criticisms of, 402. 
 
 Salmon, Miss, History of the Appointing Power of the President, G72. 
 
 Salomon, L., Geschichte der deutschen National-Literatur des neunzehnten Jahr- 
 
 hunderts, 322. 
 Salvandy, M. de, Histoire de Pologne, 417, 
 Saracens, Ockley's History of the, 18(5, 
 Sargent, Nathan, Public Men and Events, 622. 
 Sarpi, Father Paul, History of the Council of Trent, 246. 
 Sartorius, G. F., Geschichte des lianseatischen Bundes, 188; L'rliur.dliche Ge- 
 
 schichte des Ursprungs der deutschen Hanse, 319. 
 Savigny, F. C, Geschichte des romischcn Reclits im Mittelalter, 167. 
 Savonarola, G., Villari's Life of, 233, 248. 
 
 Scandinavia, Histories of, 452-459; Courses of reading in the History of, 461-4G4. 
 Schade, O,, Saliren und Pascjuinade aus der Reformationszeit, 235, 
 Schafcr, Arnold, Demosthenes und seine Zeit, 105, 117; Geschichte des siebenjiUir- 
 
 igen Krieges, 273, 
 Schiifer, E, D., Die Hansestiidte, 300, 
 Schafer, N., Abriss der (Juellenkunde der Gricch, und riim, Geschichte, 119; Ge- 
 
 schiclite von Spanien, 434, 
 Schaff, Philip, Creeds of Ciiristendom, 231. 
 
 Schanz, (i., Zur (icschichte der deutschen Gesellenverbiindc im Mittelalter, 319. 
 Scharf. .1. Thomas, History of Maryland, 591, 
 ScheffiT-Boicliorst, Paul, Florentiner Sludien, 257, 
 Sclieiljle, .1., Das Kloster, Das Sclialljahr, Der Schatzgriibcr, 199, 
 Schercr, Edmund, Criticisms of, 402, 
 Schercr, W,, (icscliichte der deutschen Literatur, 322, 
 Scherr, J,, Germania, 316; La Societe et les Moeurs Allemands, 318; Deutsclie 
 
 Kidtur- und Sittengcschichte, 321, 
 Schilling, Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der Neuzeit, 196. 
 Schirrmachor, W,, (Jeschichle von Spanien, 4G4. 
 Schlcgcl, A. W., Dramalic Art and Literature, 52, 118. 
 Schlcgel, F., History of Literature, 53; l'hilos<iphy of History, Co, 
 Schliemann, Works of, 119, 
 Schlosser, F, C, Weltgeschichte, 38, 67; Historv of the Eighteenth Century, 219, 
 
 233, 
 Schmidt, A. W,, Preussen's deutschc Politik, 317; (Jcschiehtc der Preiissisch- 
 
 Deutschen Unionsbestrebungen seit der Zeit Fricdricli der (irossen, 317.
 
 INDEX. 711 
 
 Schmitlf, C, Ilistoirc ct Doctrine ties Ca(>inrc8 ou AlhiKcnis, 403. 
 
 Schmiilt,.Iiiliin, <M!wliiclite ilt-r frnii/osistlicn Litcratur, 3'Jl. 
 
 Sclimiilt, K.irl, (uM-liiihlc iUt riidaKoi^ik, &J. 
 
 Sclinaasi-, Karl, (Jcsi-liiclite dcr hililfiulfii Klliislo, M. 
 
 Scliiiii/I<'r, .1. II., l{iis-«ia iiiiili-r AU-Naiitti-r ami NicliulaH, 412; Los Iiii>titu(ii>ns dc 
 la Ivus-ic, I'JI ; l/llmpiru ik's 'I'sars, I'.'l. 
 
 Scliiiinaiiii, (i. 1'., Aiiii(|uitii-s ur Circccc, ll.'>, 1 1'j ; Alliciiiaii Constitutiunal Historv, 
 lie, 117. 
 
 ScliiiiilxT;;, (•., /iir wirlliscliardiclicn DcdcutiiDg lies dcutschcii ZunftwcsGiia im 
 MiticlalliT, ;;iH. 
 
 •ScluHilcrat'i, II. II.. Indian Tribes of the I'nited States, CM. 
 
 Sclioulir, .1., Ili>t(iry i<i tin- Initcd StaH.s under the Constitiitinn, CC9, 
 
 Scliiiltz, A., I)as liiifische Lclx n ziir Zcil dtr .Minni-siin^'iT, '2*»). 
 
 Scliultze, !■"., (ioscliiclitc dcr I'liilosopliiu dir Hfimis.-iauee, 200. 
 
 Scliultzo, v., (Jcseliiclite dcs Uiitcrganges des gricchisoh-romaiiischcii Heiden- 
 tlniins, 201. 
 
 Sclmyler, Kujrone, Tiirkistan, 425. 
 
 Schvarcz, .1., Die Democraiie vmi Athen, 121. 
 
 Scliwe^Ier, Albert, lloiniscbe (Jeschiclite, l.'H, l.')C, 157. 
 
 Sciences, \\"lie\vell's History <if llic Inductive, 55. 
 
 Scotland, Ilurton's History of, 4G(>. 
 
 Scott, Sir NN'alter. Ilisset's Essay on, 57; .\nne of Geiersteiii, 314, 399; Count 
 IJiibert of I'aris, 399; (^uentin Diirward, 399; Ivanlioc, b3H. 
 
 Scrutton, r. !•;., Commons and Common Fields, 502. 
 
 Scudder, II. K., American Commonwealtlis, COS. 
 
 Scul|il(ire, Overbeck's History of Greek, 115. 
 
 Secession, Early History of, <iC6. 
 
 Secretan, Ed., Essai siir la Ft'odalite, ISS. 
 
 Sedillot, llistoire i;enerak' des Arabes, 199. 
 
 Seebidim, !•'., The Era of the Trotcstant Kevohition, 212, 232; The English Vil- 
 lage Community, .^()2. 
 
 Seeley, J. H., lioman Imperialism, 158; Life and Times of Stein, 275, 313; Short 
 History of Napoleon I., 4o6; The Expansion of England, 564. 
 
 Segrctain, E. A., Sixic V. et Henri IV., ;>l.t. 
 
 Segur, Count de, history of I'russia, 412; Tableau Historiquc de TEuropc dopuis 
 17«(), 27,'). 
 
 Seignobos, ('., llistoire de la Civilisation, 197. 
 
 Sellar, W. V., The Koman Poets, 154, 15«, ICl. 
 
 Seminole War, >'M. 
 
 Senior, X. W., .lournals Kept in France and Italy from 1848 to 1852, 392; Conver- 
 sations with Thiers and others, 393. 
 
 Repp, B.. Maria Smart's llriefwechsel mit .Vnlhony Babington. 5C4. 
 
 .Serre. I.'Amiral, l.es Marines ile tluerre dc I'/Viiliiiuite et du Moyen Age, 93, 
 
 .Seven Vears' Win, Sehiiler's, 273. 
 
 Sewar.l, William H., Works of, C28, 
 
 Seybert, A. lam, Stalistieal Annals, Oil. 
 
 Shand, A. .1., Haifa Century : or Changes in Men and Manners, 504. 
 
 Shaw, Manual of I'.nglish Literature, .533. 
 
 Shays's Kebellion, Authorities on, (MO. 
 
 •Shea, (uiirge, Lite of .Mexander Hamilton, 022. 
 
 .Shedd, W. (J. v.. History of Christian Doctrine, 231. 
 
 Shelilon, Stuclies in (ieneral History, 38. 
 
 Sheppard, .1. (J., Fall of Kome and Kise of New Nationalities, 108. 
 
 Sheppard, W., Life of Poggio liracciolini, 204.
 
 712 INDEX. 
 
 Sherman, Secretary John, Reports and Speeches on Finance, C59. 
 
 Sherman, W. T., Memoirs, 672. 
 
 Shirley's Royal and Historical Letters, 540. 
 
 Short, John T., The North Americans of Antiquity, Gil. 
 
 Sickei, W., Geschichte tier Staatsverfassung bis zur Begriindung des constitution- 
 
 ellen Staates, 318. 
 Sighart, J., Albert the Great, 317. 
 Simcox, G. A., History of Latin Literature, IGl. 
 Sime, James, History of Germany, 209. 
 Simnis, \V. G., History of South Camlina, 505. 
 Simon de ISIontfort, Authorities on, 541, 542. 
 Simon, Jules, The Government of Tliiers, 375. 
 Sinding, Paul C, History of Scandinavia, 457. 
 
 Sismondi, J. C. L. Simonde de, The Renaissance, 194; Literature of the South of 
 Europe, 195; Histoire des Republiques Italiennes, 240, 2G1 ; Histoire des 
 Fran^ais, 330. 
 Sixtus the Fifth, Hlibner's Life of, 213, 233. 
 Slave Power in America, 613. 
 Slavery and Antislavery, GoodelUs, G05. 
 Slavery, Wallon's History of, in Antiquity, 89; in Rome, 157; in America, COo; 
 
 in Massachusetts, 005; general authorities on, 061-003. 
 Smiles, S., The Huguenots, their Settlements in England and Ireland, 405; The 
 
 Huguenots after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 405. 
 Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations, 195. 
 
 Smith, (Jeorge, Works of, 90; Assyria from the Earliest Times to the Fall of 
 Niucveii. 91, 92; History of Babylonia, 91, 92; Assyrian Discoveries during 
 1873-74,92. 
 Smith, Goldwin, Three English Statesmen, 493, 548. 
 Smith, John, Exploits of, 040. 
 Smith, Philip V., History of the World, 78, 90; History of English Listitutions, 
 
 517, 559, 
 Smith, Thomas, History of JMedireval Missions, 195. 
 Smith, Toulmin, Englis'h Gihls, 189. 
 
 Smith, William, Dictionary of Antiquities, 08; Classical Dictionary, 09; History 
 of (irecce, 98, 117; Lectures ou iSIoderu History, 195, 209; Dictionary of 
 Christian Biography, 201. 
 Society, during the Jliddle Ages, 166; at the time of the Renaissance, 234. 24G; 
 in Germany. 301; in France, 384, 385, 380; in Russia, 421, 429; in England, 
 527; in the United States, 632, 633, 
 Sohm, Rudoljih, Die altdeutsche Reichs- und Gericlitsverfassung, 297, 
 Soldau, W. G., (jeschichte der Ilcxenprocesse, 302. 
 Solev, J. R., The ISlockadc and the Ouisers, 672, 
 Soltan, W., Uehcr Entstehnng und Ziisammcnsetzung der altrcimischen Volker- 
 
 versammhntgen, 160. 
 Sommerard, A, du, Les Arts an !Moyen Age, 189, 19G. 
 Sorel,A., L'Europe et la Revolution Francaise, 406, 
 South Carolina, Histories of, 595. 
 Spain, Histories of, 430, 441 ; Tiirhidencc of, in the ]\Iiddle Ages, 434; Courses of 
 
 Reading on the History of, 459-464. 
 Spalding, Archbishop, Miscellanea, 195; History of the Protestant Reformation, 
 
 215, 233, 234. 
 Spalding, William, Italy and the Italian Islands, 240, 201, 
 
 Spanisli Succession, Best History of the War of, 218; other authorities on, 234, 
 401.
 
 INDEX. 713 
 
 Sparks, Jarcil, Lihrary cif American Uidtjrai)!!}', C'J3; Life of (lOuvcrncur Morris, 
 
 07t». 
 Spartfl, JaiiiK'i's IiiNtitultDiiM at, 112. 
 S(K,'iK'iT, II., Ili^toriciil theories of, 5. 
 
 Sprn«;ii(', Williiim H., AniinlH of the Atniric;m I'lilpit, CSS. 
 Spreii(.;(T, A., If.'i!* l^-l«'ii mill die I.<-lire <les Miiliuiniiietl, 199. 
 SpriMj;er, .Aiilmi, (iest-liiclile < )f.'ilirreiili><. -'N.'/. 
 Spniiier, lli^lorii-nl Alla!<, fiH. 
 .Stacke, L, Deulsolic (Jescliiilito, .IJI. 
 Stailf, (ie8<-liiclite lies Volkcs Israel, 71. 
 Stadelmaiin, H., Frieilrich Willielin I. in seiner Tliiitigkeit flir die I^ndcsciiltur 
 
 IVeits-sens, ;117. 
 Statl, Madame de, (Jermnny, •WG; La IJevolution Franraisc, 3C2, 400. 
 Stiilin, 1'. v.. (ie.Hcliiclite Wnriemberg'!", :}22. 
 Stanhope. Karl, llistivry of lCii;;l!Uid under (,>iiecn .\iuic, 497,r>!j3; History of Kng- 
 
 land from 1713 to' 17Kt, \W; reviewed l.y Pnlfrey, t'Jll. 
 Stanley, A. 1'., llistorv of Jewish Church, W ; lli>t(>rv of the I'.astern Clnirch, 
 
 I'JO. 
 •State-papers, Calendnrs of, u;!l, oCl ; of the United States, C35. 
 States-! iener.il, I'icot's History of the. :>«(; ISouUic's History of, 381. 
 Statesman's MannnI, l>y Lossing and Williams, G37. 
 Statesman's Year liouU, 2I>7. 
 Stedman, C, llisiory of the American ^\'ar, C12. 
 Stecn.siriip, .). C. H. H., Xormannerne, 4(>:{. 
 
 Stein Freilierr von, Seeley's Life and Times of, 275; lialcke's estimate of, 305. 
 Sleinmclz, A., History of the .Jesuits, 230. 
 Stciizel. ( J. A. IL, Geschichtc dcs preussisclicn Staatcs, 288 ; (tcscliiclitc Sclilcsicns, 
 
 317. 
 Stephen, Ixjslic, History of Knglisli Thought in the Eighteenth Century, nb7. 
 Stephen, Sir .lames. Ecclesiastical Essays, 211 ; Lectures on the Historv of France, 
 
 383, 397. 
 Stephens, A. H.. Constitutional View of the War between the States. 012. 
 Stephens, .A. . I., Introiluclion to l)e Lolmc on the English Constitution. JilO, 5.38, 
 Stephens, (}., Old Northern IJiniic Monuments of .Scandinavia and England. 403. 
 Stephens, 11. JL, History of the French Itevohition, 4U.j. 
 Stephens,.!. L., History of (iuslavus Adolphus, 230. 
 Stern, .\.. (ioschichto der Kevolution in England. 72; Ahhandhnigon nnd Akten- 
 
 stllcke znr (ieschii-hle der prenssisclien Hcformations/.eit, 1807-15.322. 
 Stevens, W. 1{., History of (Jeorgia, 595. 
 Sticda, W., Zur Entstehung dcs deutschen' Znnftwesens. 318. 
 Slider's Modern .\llas, 6«. 
 Stillfrieil-Alcantara and Kiiu'ltr, Die HolienzoUern und das Deutsche Vaterland. 
 
 321. 
 Stirling-Maxwell, .Sir W., Don .lohn of .Austria, or Passages from the History of 
 
 tlio Sixteenth ( 'enlnry, 321. 
 Stith, William, .Sctllement of Virginia, 59.3. 
 Stohart, .1. W. N., I.-lam ami its Founder. 19'.t. 
 Stoll, H. W., (iesihichle der Uomer, 124 ; Die Hclden Horns. 132. 
 Stone, E. M., ( )ur French Allies, 070. 
 Story, .loseph. Commentaries on the Constitution, Oil. 
 Story, W.W., IJoIwi di K'oma, 159. 
 
 Strahl imd Hermann, (Jeschichte des russischen Staates, 413. 
 Strauss, 1). F., llricli von Hutten, 317. 
 Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens uf Englai\d, 473.
 
 714 INDEX. 
 
 Stroehlin, Ernest, L'fitat Moderne et I'Eglise Catholique en Allemagne, 309, 316. 
 
 Stiibbs, ^y., Lectures on the Stuily of Mediajval and Modern History, 70; Early 
 Plantagenets, 194,479; The Constitutional Historj^ of England, 509; Select 
 Charters, 510. 
 
 Suetonius, C. T., Lives of the Twelve Cffisars, 14-J. 
 
 Sugenheim, S., Geschichte der Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft, 19G, 232; Ge- 
 schichte des deutschen A'olkes, 303, 313. 
 
 Suggestions of courses of reading, on general history, G7-69 ; on the history of an- 
 tiquity, 90-93 ; on the history of Greece, 117-121 ; on the liistory of liome, 
 156-161 ; on the history of Midille Ages, 193-202; on the history of modern 
 times, 232-255 ; on the history of Italy, 2(50-265 ; on the history of (iermany, 
 313-322; on the history of France, 397-406 ; on the history of Russia, 427- 
 429; on the history of Spain, 459-464 ; on the history of Turkey, 459-464 ; 
 on tlie history of Holland, 459-464; on the history of Scandinavia, 459-464; 
 'on the historv of England, 528-565; on the history of the Ljiited States, 
 029-672. 
 
 Sulla, L. C, Becsly on, 135. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Public IMen of the Revolution, 648, 049. 
 
 Sullivan, W.. The Fall of the Roman Empire, 168, 
 
 Sully, Memoirs of the Duke of, 342. 
 
 Sum'ner, Charles, Works of, 628, 664. 
 
 Sumner, (i. W., History of American Currency, 654 ; History of Protection, 657. 
 
 Superstition and Force, Lea's, 180. 
 
 Sweden, Histories of, 453, 454; courses of reading on the history of, 460-464. 
 
 Swinton, William, Outlines of the World's History, 38, 66. 
 
 Switzerland, Histories of, 441-443 ; courses of reading on the history of, 459. 
 
 Sybel, H. von. History and Literature of the Crusades, 190; Die deutsche Nation 
 und das Kaiserreich,317 ; Entstehung des deutschen Kiiiiigthums, 320; His- 
 torv of the French Revolution, 350 ; Die Erhebung Europa's gcgen Napoleon 
 L, 406. 
 
 Symouds, J. A., History of the Renaissance, 194, 232, 261, 265. 
 
 Tacitus, C. C, The Works of, 141. 
 
 Tainc, H., Essai sur Tite Live, 132, 157; Art in Italy, 233, 262 ; on the French 
 
 Revolution, 354 ; Tiie Ancient Regime, 386; lUstorv of English Literature, 
 
 534. 
 Taney, R. B., Tyler's Life of, 023 ; Dred Scott Decision, 666. 
 Tariffs, Authorities on history of, 657-059, 072. 
 
 Taswell-Langmead, Thomas Pitt, English Constitutional History, 512, 521>, 557. 
 Tauroggen, Convention of, 277. 
 
 Taussig, F. W., Tariff History of the United States, 072. 
 Taxation, Systems of, in the I'nited States, 606. 
 Taj'lor, IJayarti, History of Germany, 277. 
 Taylor, .lames W., History of the State of Oliio, 599. 
 Taylor, W., Historic Survey of (ierrnan Poetry, 318. 
 Taylor, W. C, Student's IManiial of Ancient History, 92; Student's Manual of 
 
 Modern History, 235. 
 Tell, William, Story of, considered by Baring-Gould, 171 ; Rochholz's study of, 
 
 442; otlier accounts of, 461. 
 Temporal Power, Lea's Rise of, in the Church, 180. 
 Teiniessee, Ramsey's Annals of, 597. 
 Ternaux, Mortimer, Histoire ile la Terreur, 301. 
 Territories of the Northwest, Ac(|uisiiion of, 052-654. 
 Testa, G. B., Tiic War of Frederick I. against the Communes, 242.
 
 INDEX. 715 
 
 Tenflfi'I, \V. S., A History of IJornaii Literature, I ja. 
 
 Tt'xaH, Voakiiin's History of, M7 ; annexation of, tj.jl. 
 
 Thallieimer, M. K., A Manual of Ancient, .Mcdiiuval, anil Modern Historj', 39. 
 
 Theiuer, A., Ili-itoire iles Insiiiuiious d'hilucation Kcclesiasliijue, I'Jl. 
 
 Tliiliaudtuin, llistoire den Ltats-tidMieraux, iOU. 
 
 Thiebault, I»., Fre.lt'-rie-le-Cirand, -ilCJ. 
 
 Tiiierrv. Aini'di'-e, Taldoau dc rKni|iire Kumain, 16a, 158; llistoire deH (iaulois, 
 
 :u;t. 31)7, :5'.w. 
 
 Thierry, Au^jiistin, Letters ami Kssays of, lOa; I^ettres sur rilisioirc dc France, 
 
 378; Dix Ansd'Ktndes Historiqiies, ;J7'.>; 'I'lie Formation and I'rojjrcss of ihi: 
 
 Tiers Ktat,37lt, History of liie Norman ('orii|nest, o.1(i. 
 Thiers, A., Fatalism of, exauiincd l>y I^aurent, .'><); The Mississippi Hubble, .310 ; 
 
 History of the Freni-h licvolulion, :i.ja ; History of the Consulate and the 
 
 Empire, 3(>.'{; Itarni's History of, 3C1 ; Ix; (iolTs Life of, 371 ; Simon's tiov- 
 
 erument of. 37a. 
 Third Kstate, Thierry on the, 37'.>. 
 Thirlwall, Hishup C, History of (ireece, (IS. 
 Thirty Years' War, (Jiudely's, '21<>; (Jardiner's, 217; .Schiller's, '217; Drovsen's 
 
 tiiistav Ad<>l|)h, 272; IJalcke's condition of (Jermany at the end of, 3n.'» ; 
 
 Frevta^'s pictures of, 300; Mutlev's introduction to, in the Life of John of 
 
 IJarnev.l.l, lal. U'd. 
 Thomas's IJi(>L;rapliic.il Dictionary, GO. 
 Thompson, l>. M., The rai)acy and the Civil Power, 191. 
 Tliompsciu's Essay on Ma;;ua Cliaria, a3'.>. 
 Thornton, ,1. W., IVter Oliver's I'uritan Commonwealth, 5H3. 
 Thorpe, Henjamin, Northern Mythology, 458 ; Ancient Laws and Institutes of 
 
 En-land, ."iOO. 
 Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, 103. 
 Tiberius, Heesly on, 130. 
 
 Ticknor, (ieorge. History of Spanish Literature, 430. 
 Tiele, Outlines of the History of Keligion to the Spread of the Universal Ilelig- 
 
 ions, 73. 
 Tilley, H. A., Eastern Europe and Western Asia, 42G. 
 Timayenis, T. T., History of (Ireece. 121. 
 Tiraboschi's History <if Italian Literature, 2G3. 
 Tissot, Victor, liusses ct Allcmands, 413. 
 Tocijueville, Alexis de, ^demoirs. Letters, and Kemains of, 371 ; L'Ancicn IJegime 
 
 et la Revolution, 3,s7; criticism of, (104 ; I )emocracy in America, G12. 
 Tocqueville, Le Comte de, llisioire do IJcgne de Louis XV., 340. 
 Todd, .Mph 'US, Parliamentary (Jovernment in England, 510, 557 ; Parliamcntarv 
 
 (iovernment in the ISritish Colonies, 528. 
 Tolerance in Matters of Keligion, Haluies on. 17(t. 
 Tooke, Thomas (and Xewmarcli), History of Prices, 232. 
 Tooke, William, llussia, 414. 
 Tories of the llevohition, G22. 
 Torry, History of New V.>rk, 578- 
 Torture, Lea'.-< Essay on, ISM. 
 Toryism, Anihorilies on, .')aa. 
 
 TourgiieuelV, N'., La Kussic et Ics Kusses, 42G; novels of, 429. 
 Trades and Arts with the (irceks and Komans, 100. 
 I'reitschke, Heinrich von, Deutsche tieschichte, 270; Zehu Jahrc deutschcr 
 
 Kiimpfe, 282. 
 Trench, K. ('., Lictures on Meiliicval Church History, 190. 
 Treat, Father Paul's Historv of the Council of, 231.
 
 716 INDEX. 
 
 Trescott, W. H., Diplomacy of the Eevoliition, 009; Diplomatic History of the 
 
 Administrations of Washini^ton and Adams, 0G9. 
 Trevelyan, George Otto, The Early History of Charles James Fox, 499, 550,558; 
 
 Life of JIacaulay, 560. 
 Triumvirates, The, ilerivale on, 137. 
 
 Trollope, Adolphus, Life of Pius IX., 253 ; History of Florence, 259. 
 TroUope, Anthony, The Life of Cicero, 138, 150, 158, 
 
 Troy, its Legends, History, and Literature, by Henjamin, 99; Schliemanii's, 119. 
 Trumbull. Benjamin, History of Connecticut, 588. 
 Trumbull, J. Haramoud, True Blue Laws of Connecticut, 594, 040. 
 Tucker, (ieorge, History of the United States, 573. 
 Tucker, G. F., Concise History of the INlonroe Doctrine, 072. 
 Tuckerman, C. K., Greeks of To-daj', 464. 
 Tuckey, Janet, Joan of Arc, .330. 
 Tudor, James, Life of James Otis, 023. 
 
 Tudors, Authorities on the nature of government under the, 544-546. 
 Turgot, Guizot on, 320; Foncin's Essay on, 351; Batbie's Essay on, 352; Roc- 
 
 quaii; on, 352. 
 Turkev, Histories of, 443-447 ; suggestions for courses of reading in the history of, 
 
 459-404. 
 Turner, Sharon, History of the Anglo-Saxons, 475, 535. 
 Tuttle, Herbert, German Political Leaders, 290,310. 
 Twiss, T., Progress of Political Economy in Europe since the Sixteenth Century, 
 
 237. 
 Tyler, JM. C, Histor}'^ of American Literature, 038. 
 Tyler, Samuel, Life of It. B. Tancv, 623. 
 
 Tylor, E. B., History of Mankind", 88, 90; Primitive Culture, 89, 90. 
 Tytlor, Alexander Eraser, Universal History, 66. 
 Tytler, William, Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots, 484. 
 
 Ueberweg, F., History of Philosophy, 55. 
 
 Uhlhorn, G., Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism, 198. 
 
 Ukert, F., Geschichte der curoptiischen Staaten, 206. 
 
 Union of tlie Colonies into one government, 643, 644. 
 
 United States, General histories of, 566-573 ; histories of limited periods of, 574- 
 581 ; local histories and histories of individual States, 581-602; social, polit- 
 ical, and constitutional histories, (iii2-014; important biographies and col- 
 lected writings, 014-030; courses of reading on the history of, 029-672. 
 
 Unity in France, Pascjuier's History of, 382. 
 
 Unity in Ciermany, Kliiiifel's History of, 279; Frank's establishment of, 280; 
 Droysen's essay on, 282. 
 
 Universal Histories, 31-70. 
 
 Valery's Historical, Arlistic, and Literary Travels in Italy, 139, 263. 
 
 Van Brunt, Hcnrj', Greek Lines, 118. 
 
 Van Buren, M., administration considered, 008; Incpiiry into the Origin and 
 Cause of Political Parties in the Uniteil States, 671. 
 
 Van den Berg, I'elite Ilistoire ancieinie des Peuples de I'Orient, 92. 
 
 Van Devcnter, ^I. L., Cin(|uante Annees de I'llisloirc Federale dc I'-Mlcmagne, 280. 
 
 Van Laun, Henry, Tiie French Kcvolutionar}' Epoch, 374; History of French Lit- 
 erature, 390. 
 
 Van Praet, J., Ess.ays, 214, 233. 
 
 Vane, .Sir H., Forsier's Life of, 490; Bayne's Essay on, 492. 
 
 Vasari's History* of Painting, 203.
 
 INDEX. 717 
 
 Vau;ilia:t, IJ. H., Life nnil Labors of St. Thomas of Aquiii, 200. 
 
 Vauj;lmii, Kolxrt, McmortaU of the .Stuart Dviiasty, -11)3. 
 
 Vaiix, W. .S. W., iVrsia from the Kar^K•^t IVrioil to the Arab Conquest, 91, 92, 
 
 Vchmtrericht, .Seoti's .-iccoinit of llif, -iW. 
 
 \v\m; Dr. K.. Memoirs of the Court of Austria, 28C. 
 
 Venice, IlistorieH of, 2jI, '2'>a. 
 
 Vermont, Williams's llistnry of. .'>•*'■''. 
 
 Veron, Kuj^i-ne, llisi >ire de rAllema^cne, 'JKI. 
 
 Vianlxt, L., Winitkrs of Italian .\rt, '.'HI; Ilisioire lUs Arabes ct des Mores li'Es- 
 pa^ue, 4ii3. • 
 
 Vico, Fatalism of, examined by Lnureiil, iA). 
 
 Victor Knimaniiel II., Arrivaln-ne's Life iif, 'Jj3; Ciodkin'a Life of, -'iil, 2G1. 
 
 Victor. 1'., La 'I'errenr sous la Directoire, IOC. 
 
 Vicl-Castel, Louis de, Ilisinire de la Ile^tauration, 259. 
 
 Vieussciix, .\., History of Switzerland, ll'J. 
 
 Vifjfnsson, (i., .Sturlunjra Safja, 103, 'I'iie Orknoyinga Saga, 403. 
 
 Village Communities, Maine's, 8" ; .Maurcr's history of the system of, in Germany, 
 
 2l»«. 
 Villages in England, Escott's aoeounl of. .">27. 
 Villani. C. llisiorie Fiorenlinc all' anno l.il.S, 2C4. 
 Villari, I'asquale, Savonarola, 233, 24M; Machiavelli, 247. 
 Villemiin, A. !•'., Life of Gregory VII., 192; Cours de Litterature Eran^aise, 
 
 393. 
 Vilmar, A. E. C, Gescliicbto dcr dcntschen National-Lilcratur, 322. 
 Vine, . I. II. .S., ICuglish Municipal Institutions, .002. 
 A'irginia, Histories of, 592-594. 
 Virginia IJesolntions, C3o. 
 Voigt, M., Die romisclicn PrivatsaltcrtliUmcr nnd rijmische Kuliurgeschichte, 
 
 U!l. 
 Voltaire. Fatalism of, examined by Laurent, 50; philosophy of liistory, 07. 
 Von der IJrilggen, Ernst, I'cikiis Aulliisinig, 419. 
 
 Von Oesterley, Ilerrman, N\'egvveiser durcli ilie Litcrafnr dcr Urkundensamm- 
 lungen, 70. 
 
 \Vaco, Christian Hiofjraphy, 20L 
 
 Wachsmuth, W'., Allgemeine Culturgcschichte, 73; Antitjuitics of Greece, 119; 
 
 Gcscbii'htc der dcutschen Nationalitiit, 310. 
 Wiichter's .Judicial Metbods in the ^liddle .Ages, 195. 
 Wager of battle, 17(1; of law, ISO. 
 Wiigner, Dr. W., Kom, 1.T5. 
 
 Waitz, (Jeorir, Deutsche ^'erfassungsgeschichtc, 299. 
 Wallace, D. .M., Kussia, 427. 
 Wallace, Horace B., Essays on .\rt, 263. 
 Wallon, H..V., Histoirede lEsclavagedans r.Vntiiiuite, 89; St. Louis et son Temps, 
 
 334 ; .leanno d'.Vrc, 330 ; Ilistoire du Tribmtal Uuvolutionnaire de Paris, 4UJ. 
 Walpole, Horace, Letters of, 557. 
 
 Walpole, Spcucer, History of England since 1815, 503, 014. 
 Wandering .lew. The Story of the, 171. 
 War of the IJoses, (iairdner's account of, 480. 
 
 War of 1812, Lossing's Fielil-books of, 579; Ingcrsoll's sketch of, 577. 
 War of bsCi'., Histories of, 280, 281. 
 War of 1870. Anthorities on, 282, '283. 
 War with Mexico, 578. 579. 
 Ward, Thomas II., English Foots, 534 ; The Reign of Quccii Victoria, 665.
 
 718 INDEX. 
 
 W.ore's 'T^^'hH. ^-'^ ■ ' 159. 
 
 ntucky -\csolutions of 1798, 072. 
 ' .J iiistory of the Irish Kebellioa of 1611, 550, 
 Warton, Tliomas, Historj'- of Poetry, 533. 
 Washington, George, Correspondence of, on Western Lands, C13 ; Irving's Life of, 
 
 617; Marshall's Life of, 618; writings of, 62'1. 
 Watson, Kobert, History of the Eeigns of IMiilip IF. and Pliilip III., 440. 
 Wattenbach, W., Dcutschlands Geschichtsquellca im Mittelalter bis zur Mitte 
 
 des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, 319. 
 Wauters, A., Lcs Liberies Communalos, etc., 200. * 
 
 Wealth in the Middle Ages, Rogers on, 524. 
 Webb, A. S., The Peninsula, 671. 
 Weber, Georg, Allgeraeine Geschichte, 40, CG; Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichtc, 40; 
 
 Outlines of Universal History, 41, 
 Webster, Daniel, Curtis's Life of, 016 ; Works of, 629, 647. 
 Weech, Fr. von. Die Deutschen seit der Keformation, 317; Geschichte der Biid- 
 
 ischen Verfassung, 319. 
 Wegele, F. X, von, Geschichte der deutschen Ilistoriographie seit dem Aufstehen 
 
 des Ilumanismus, 319. 
 Wehrmann, C, Die iilteren Liibeckischen Zunftrollen, 318. 
 Weil, G., Mohammed der Prophet, 199; Gesciiichte der Califen, 199; Geschichte 
 
 der islamitischen Volker, 199. 
 Weir, A., Historical Basis of Modern Europe (1760-1815), 235. 
 Wells, William V., Life of Samuel Adams, 624, 642. 
 Wenzelburger, K. T., Geschichte der Niederliinde, 463. 
 Wernicke, C, Die Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, 222. 
 Western Lands, Washington on, 613. 
 Wey's Rome, 158. 
 
 Wharton, Francis. Digest of International Law of the United States, 672. 
 '' hately, Archbishop, Origin of Civilization, 90. 
 ^ I heaton, Henry, Histoire du Droit International, 236; History of the Northmen, 
 
 458. 
 Wheeler, John IL, Historical Sketches of North Carolina, 594. 
 Wheeler, J, T., Life and Travels of Herodotus, 90 ; Early Records of British 
 
 India, 5()5, 
 Whewell, William, History' of the Inductive Sciences, 55. 
 Whig Review, 638. 
 Whiggism, Tendencies of, 554. 
 White, Andrev.', Relation of Maryland, 640. 
 White, Andrew D., European Schools of History and Politics, 71 ; Essay on 
 
 Riciielieu, 400. 
 White, Henry, The Massacre of St. Parthnlomew, 341. 
 White, Uev. .lames, Eighteen Christian Centuries, 168; History of France, 330, 
 
 397; History of England, 474. 
 Whiteside, ■!., Italy in the Nineteenth Century. 264. 
 Whitlock, W., Life and Times of .lohn .lay, 672. 
 Wietersheim, (ieschichtc der Volkerwandcnnig. 201. 
 Wilda,W. E., Das Gililenwoscn im Mittelalter, 192; Das Strafrecht der Germanen, 
 
 319. 
 Willielm. P., Le Droit Pidilic Ivomain, 160; Le Scnat de la Republique Romaine, 160, 
 Willichnina of I'aircutli, .McuMirs of, 315. 
 Wilkinson, Sir .1. (J., .Ani'ient Egyptians, 84, 0. 
 Will.rl, I*. l'".,The Reign of Louis XL, 339. 
 William III., Van Pract's Essay on, 214.
 
 V'i!::i.„ :.... ■ ■.: ,.-. IT= .._-.. , ,,„ 
 
 W'"'^' .i^ T^ogci, » CM. ■ I**'; AriiuM on, 588; ^'aii' ' .jcu ^ 
 
 v., '.', 'VtO. 
 Williams, SrirmicI, Natural and Civil History of Vermont, 585. 
 Wiiliainsoii, liii^li, ili>tiiry <>f North Carolina, 5'J'I. 
 Williamson. W. 1).. History of -Maine, [>X\. 
 \\'il.son, Danii'l, I'ri'liistorio Man, Kl. 
 Wilson, ilcnry, Kise ami Fall of tlio Slave-trmlc, C13, GC5. 
 \\'il;>on, W., Con;;rcs.sional (iovirnmcnt, C70. 
 Wincliell, A., rroadamiti!', <»l. 
 NVinekclmann, .lohn, (Ic'schicliti; ilcr An^olsacliscn lis ziim Toile Kiinij; Alfrcdl, 
 
 72; Anci.nt Art, 110, 117. 
 ^\'insor, .Iiistin, Ilanil-liook of tlu' American Kevolulion, 5x1 ; Narrative and 
 
 Critical History of North America, 007. 
 \\'intliro|>, .lohn. History of New Kn^lanil, 583. 
 Wirt, William, Life of Patrick Henry, 024. 
 Wirili, J. C;. A., (lescliichlu iler Ueiitsclien, 002. 
 Wiseman's Fahioln, l.")9. 
 Witchcraft, in .Salem, Uplinm's account tif, C3'J; in Germany, see .SoliIan"5 Hcxen- 
 
 [irocesse. 302. 
 \\'oormann, Karl, Historj' of Painting, 5G, 118. 
 \S'olf and Z\vicilineck-.SU(lcnhor8t, Ocstcrreich nntcr Maria 'riicrcsia, Juscidi II. 
 
 nnd Leopold H., 72. 
 W,.ltman!i, Alfred, History of Paintin-:. 50, 118. 
 NVotnen, Position of, in CJri'ece and Kome, 111. 
 
 W I, Anthony, Athcn.-o Oxoiiienses, M-2. 
 
 Woodlmry, .'ndf^o, K^^say on I'ncertainlics of Ilistorj', C7. 
 
 Woolsey, '1'. I)., Essays on (iiii/.ot, 07, 
 
 Working Classes, in Enijland, see I^scott; in (icrmany, see Sngcnheim. Halcke, 
 
 Krcytag, Uiehl ; in France, see Iloiniemi-re, IJavelier, Perrens, Montcil. 
 Worsaae, J. .1. A., The Danes and Northmen in F.ngland, 151*, 530. 
 Wright, Thomas, Essays on the Middle Ages, I'.tj ; Caricature History of the 
 
 (Jeorges, 501 ; Biographia ISrilainiica Literaria, 5(>7; History of Domestic 
 
 MamiiTs in I'jigland. .'>t)S ; Political Poems and Songs, 508, 54n ; Superstitions 
 
 during the iMiddle Ages, 5(lf<. 
 Wriglitson. K. II., History of Modern Italv, 251. 
 Wy<lif, Works of, r>14. 
 
 Wylie, .1. II.. History of England umler Henr>- the Fourth, 50.3. 
 Wyon, F. W., History of Great ISritain during the Keign of Queen Anne, 498. 
 
 Xenophon, Translations of the works of, 102. 
 
 Yeats, .)., Technical History of Commerce, 5C2. 
 
 Yoakum, H., History of Texas, 597. 
 
 Yonge. C. D., Three Centuries of Modern History, 210,232; History of France 
 
 under the llourhons, 351 ; Life of .Marie .Vntoinetle, 405. 
 Yonge. C. M., Christians antl Moors in Spain, 4(5.3. 
 York von Wartenhurg. Feldmarschall, Droysen's Life of. 277. 
 Young, .Mexaiider, First Planters of .Massachusetts Hay, 584, 032. 
 Yoinig, .Andrew W., I'lie .\nierican Statesman, 014, 057. 
 «'>ung. .Vrthur, Tra\ els in 1'" ranee, 353, 40O. 
 ^"""», Ernest, Anglo-Saxon Family, Law, 500. 
 'ioung l-'ngland. Disraeli's account ol, 501. 
 Youngs Tariff Legislation, CJ7.
 
 in: 
 
 •,L'1^• . ; de France racontee •" ' >n . . 
 
 /'?" , Abrc. ■ -^ I'Histo' ■ ..t.is i:i Cluite ile rEnipire Romain, 26-i, 
 
 i. IX. et V ict'jr T' ...uei (^1848-78), 2G5-, liistoire d'Allemagiie. 320. 
 Zin •-• <-nnaiiii. ■"' ^ ^jjular History of Germany, translated by Hugh Craig, 316. 
 7ink' ,. tv., Geschichte dcs osmaiiischen Keiches in Europa, 446. 
 
 .jiiebl, E.. Studien iiber das Institnt der Geseilschaft Jesu, 236. 
 Zschokke, H., History of Switzerland, 443. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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