D5 ?35 5? UC-NRLF 2 CO o I OLD AND NEW JAPAN Samurais and Their Descendants. BY CAPTAIN S. SAKURAI, I. J. NAVY DECEMBER 29, 1897. UNIV. > CALIFORNIA Printed by the Chrysanthemum publishing Co.. 305 parkin Street San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A. S3 CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY NOTES OLD JAPAN. I. Foundation of the Japanese Empire. II. Japan Under Absolute Monarchy. III. Japan in Anarchical State. IV, Japan Under the Shogunate. V. Historical Events. VI. Society The Samurais. VII. Civilization. NEW JAPAN. VIII. Arrival of Commodore Perry of the U. S. Navy. IX. Revolution. X. Reforms. XI. Comparison Between Old and New Japan. ACTUAL STATE OIv MODERN JAPAN. XII. Some Statistical Figures. 1st. Area and Population. Table No. I. 2d. Agriculture. Table No. II. 3d. Industry. Table No. III. 4th. Railroads. Table No. IV. 5th. Horse and Electric Cars. Table No. V. 6th. Post and Telegraph. Table No. VI. 7th. Ships and Lighthouses. Table No. VII. 8th. Exports and Imports. Tables No. VIII and IX. 9th. Education. Tables No. X and XI. 10th. Army. Tables No. XII and XIII. llth. Navy. Tables No. XIV, XV, XVI, XVII. 12th. Finances, National Debts and Money. Table No. XVIII, XIII. Usages, Customs, Religion. XIV. Conclusion. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Group of Samurais. Lacquer Work. Feudal Castle. Entrance Gate of the Temple in Nikko. Daibutsu of Kamaktjra. . H. I. J. First Class Battle Ship, "Fuji." INTRODUCTORY NOTES. Gentlemen : About two months ago, Pro- fessor B. Moses gave us, in this hall, an interesting lecture entitled "Some Aspects of Japan." Soon afterward I was invited by Mr. Eells,the President of the Club, of which I have recently had the honor of being elected a mem- ber, to read a paper before my distin- guished fellow-members, with a view to give them some more information about our country. Although quite delighted to do so, I at first declined, for the simple rea- son that I do not speak English well enough. But, as he insisted upon it, I finally decided to comply with his de- sire ; and I trust I can rely upon your kind indulgence. Many travelers from this country, as well as from Europe, have visited our country, and written books ab out the trip and personal impressions from their point of view. I thought it would also be interesting to you, to hea. a description from our own point of view. As you know, each nation has its own characteristics and history. Therefore, it follows that what is good for one country is not necessarily fi good for another. Even where a re- form of a certain kind is imperative, it must be done step by step and modi- fied so as to conform strictly with the character, social conditions and prev- alent customs of the individual nation. For this reason, I will begin with a short review of the historical events in our country. I will give you in the first place, some idea of Japan in the days of yore, before the arrival of Com- modore Perry, of the United States Navy, at Uraga in 1853. I will tell you how Japan has, in a short space since that memorable year, undergone the marvelous 'transformations which the whole world has witnessed with admiration; and then I will proceed to describe the actual state of the country, as we see it in real existence modern Japan in its true light. 312675 OtD AND NEW JAPAN OLD JAPAN. I. FOUNDATION OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE. The early part of our his- tory belongs to Mythology ; our ances- tors were gods, and our country is, to this day, called the Land of the Gods. The first Mikado, or Emperor, as- cended tbe throne on the 1 1th of Feb- ruary, 660 B. C. This memorable date is considered as the beginning of the Japanese Empire; and is every year celebrated in Japan, just as the 4th of July is in this country. II. JAPAN UNDER ABSOLUTE MONAR- CHY. The Mikado was a ruler with absolute power until the middle of the eleventh century A. D. At that time, the two clans, Taira and Minamoto, grew very powerful, and the Mikado gave to the heads of both clans the supreme military commission, probably in order to check each other. III. JAP AN IN ANARCHICAL STATE. This measure was the cause of great and lasting trouble. Through the con- tinual quarrel of the two clans, engen- dered by jealousy of each other, the country fell into anarchy. The Mika- do, who resided at Kyoto, became a nominal head ; and the actual ruler of Japan was he who was strongest in battle fields. The Taira and Mina- moto families struggled for supremacy during a century and a half, until the former was finally overthrown at the naval battle of Dan-no-Ura A. D. 1185. IV. J AP AN UNDER THE S HOG UNATE. Yoritomo, the chief of the Minamoto Clan, obtained, for the first time from the court of Kyoto, the title of "Sho- gun," which means literally "General- issimo," somewhat similar to the Mayor of the Palais, under the Mero- vingian Dynasty in France. Yoritomo chose for his seat of administration the town of Kamakura, where the famous Daibutsu stands to-day. However, the Shogunate was never held by one clan for a long time, but was continually disputed by force. The Hojo, vassals of the Minamoto , held, under the name of Regents, the reins of government for more than a century (1205-1333, A. D.) After the Hojo came the Ashikaga, the head of which clan ruled Japan successively as the Shogun from 1338 to 1597. But the Ashikaga were also themselves destined to disappear from the scene. After the fall of the Ashikaga, there arose successively three great men : Ota Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa lyeyasu. The last named put an end to the long civil war, by the decisive battle fought at Sekiga- hara, and received from the Mikado A. D. 1603, the title of Shogun. lyeyasu was not merely an able gen- eral , but also a great statesman . He remodeled the feudal system by cen- tralizing all authority in his hand, and by distributing a great part of the country to his kinsmen and immediate followers, to be held as fiefs. But there were a considerable number of powerful Daimyos, or feudal lords, who had acquired their lands by the might of swords, and who were equal to the Tokugawa in rank, though not in power. They looked upon the succes- sive Shoguns as upstarts and usurpers of authority, and constantly sought, in spite of close and vigilant watch on the part of the Tokugawa, to seize an opportunity to overthrow the Shogun- ate. This was the main spring of the movement which resulted in the revo- lution of 1867, and the restoration of the Mikado to his ancient prestige, as the personification of all virtue, and fountain of all honor. V. HISTORICAL EVENTS. Among many others,! will state here the two fol- lowing : The one which brought civili- zation into Japan, and the other which served to prove the patriotism of the people. 1. The introduction of Buddhism (552-621, A. D.) Through Buddhism Japan was brought into closer contact with the Chinese civilization. Books OLD AND NEW JAPAN began to be written (A.D. 712.) Math- ematical instruments and lunar cal- endars were adopted. I may add that the doctrine of Confucius also gained ground at the same time. 2. The repulsion of the Mongol fleet, sent by Kublai Khan with the ex- press purpose of adding Japan to his gigantic dominions. This was at the end of the thirteenth century, during the administration of the Hojo. Ja- pan has never since been attacked from without by foreign powers. VI. v SOCIETY THE SAMURAIS. The Society in Japan under the feudal sys- tem was grouped in clans, castes and orders. Outside of the Imperial fam- ily, we had as lords, the Shogun and the Daimyos, and as clients, the Sam- urais (the Soldiers) and the citizens (farmers, artist, merchants.) The Samurais class, owing to its military and pclitical influence, has always been the most interesting, and is worthy of special notice here. The long period of civil war gave birth to the peculiar class cf Samurais. They did homage to the feudal Dai- myos, and occupied the middle rank in society. They wore two swords which symbolized their soul. They were trained in the first place to be faithful even unto death to their military lords, from whom they received their pen- sion. The Samurais were chivalrous, patriotic, industrious, honest, frank and intelligent. They constituted the best educated class. To them honor was everything, life and property of no account. The anecdote of the forty-seven ronins gives us a touching example of the Samurais spirit. Though their rank seemed rather servile, nevertheless they exercised great influence upon national affairs. It was they who repulsed foreign aggressions, and kept Japan unsoiled by outsiders. It was they who, by their own example, kept up, to a high standard, the morality of the nation. It was they who accomplished the rev- olution of 1867, and transformed old Japan into the new. In short, the Samurais were the spirit of Japan, flower of the nation, and rampart to our I,ahd of Gods. The Samurais' characteristics, des- cribed above, are termed Yamato Dam- ashii, which means "the Spirit of Ja- pan." This spirit, transmitted from generation to generation, has been, and is still, the central pivot upon which turn the vitality and prosperity of bur country. VII. CIVILIZATION, During two centuries and a half we lived under the Tokugawa's rule peacefully and iso- lated from the rest of the world; but we were always on guard and prepared for whatever might happen. The Daimyos planned the defence of their provinces ; the Samurais sharpened their swords. On the other hand, the arts of civilization were not neglected. {The Shogun and Daimyos patronized culture and learning. They erected many monuments aud statues which are still existing. They built temples for their ancestors, palaces and castles for their own residences. The fortifi- cations in Osaka, Nagoya and Tokio and the temples in Mikko and Kyoto alone are sufficient to show how highly our genius has been developed. Sword-blades, which are yet unsur- passed in quality, lacquer work, which Japan still monopolizes, porcelain and bronze ware, silk goods, tapestry and embroidery, wood and ivory carving, water coloring etc., all these of which Japan is, as it were, an inexhaustible mine, show skillfulness, exquisite taste and great power of imagination. The Daibutsu of Kamakura, a bronze statue fifty feet high, cast as early as A. D. 1251, is to this day considered a masterpiece, and a work beyond the conception of modern experts. Literature, poetry, etc. show how highly the Samurais' intellect has been cultivated. The principles of moral- ity, which were religion to the Sam- urais, namely: faithfulness to the master, devotion to parents, fidelity OL,D AND NEW JAPAN between husband and wife, respect to old age, kindness to the young, sincer- ity to friends etc. have never been empty words, but scrupulously ob- served. We thus have had a civilization pe- culiarly our own, which, although entirely different from Western ideals, has attained a very high standard. The Western civilization is based on material advancement, but ours rests upon moral and ethical perfection. In spite of many apparent differ- ences, human nature is, after all, the same throughout the world. When we were brought into contact with Americans and Europeans, we were not only apt to appreciate their civili- zation, but also prepared to select and assimilate the best parts of it, in order to supplement and strengthen what was good and worthy to be retained in our own, and replace what was prej- udicial to, or no longer needed for, our progress. NEW JAPAN. VIII. ARRIVAL OF COMMODORE PKRRY OFTHE UNITED STATES NAVY. We were thus enj oying life in an atmosphere of peace and isolation, when we saw sud- denly, in the horizon, a cloud of dark smoke. The American fleet, under the command of Commodore Perry, crossed the Pacific, and anchored at Uraga on the 13th of July, 1853. Commodore Perry opened negotia- tions with the Shogun, with the view of persuading Japan to enter upon friendly and commercial relations with the United States of America. The Government of Tokugawa complied with the request of the United States, and a treaty was concluded between the two countries. Soon afterward, England, France and Russia followed the example of the United States. The Shogun thus opened to the bar- barians our Land of the Gods, which, according to the prevailing spirit of the country, should never have been polluted by outsiders IX. REVOLUTION. This gave the mal-contented Daimyos a good pretext for making open opposition to the Tokugawa government; and they made use of it for the overthrowal of the Shogunate. In order to perplex the government of the Shogun, the Prince of Choshu, one of these Daimyos, fired on the combined fleet of American, English, French and Dutch vessels at Shimonoseki, in 1863. The Shogun, being held re- sponsible for this action, was com- pelled to pay to the powers an indem- nity of three million dollars. The Shogun attempted to punish the inso- lent Prince of Choshu for his out- rageous conduct, but failed. The Mikado, prompted by his faithful Daimyos, such as the Prince of Sat- suma, Choshu Tosa, Higen etc., de- creed the abolition of the Shogunate. The Shogun submitted to the order. By this single act, the Mikado became the sole wielder of all authority, both legislative and executive, and thus re- gained his rightful prestige, being re- stored to what he had been before the Taira and Minamota's time. To- kio was chosen for the Mikado's cap- ital in 1868. The first phase in the revolution was thus accomplished ; and then followed the most remarkable scene history has ever witnessed. The leaders of the revolution knew from the beginning, or learned after the experiences in the Shimonoseki and Kagoshima bombard- ments, that we, with the YamatoDama- shii, as our sole weapon, could not stand against the Western peo- ple with all their modern ap- pliances. But the mass of the peo- ple were quite ignorant of this, and strongly opposed to intercourse with foreigners. To open our country, or to keep it closed to the outside world, became therefore a question of life or death. The leaders abandoned the very arms with which they had overthrown the Shogunate; turned round and de- OLD AND NEW JAPAN clared in favor, not only of foreign in- tercourse, but also of the adoption of the modern civilization. Since then, they have carried out the work of re- form and progress, with energy and determination. X. REFORMS . The following are the important events and measures during late years: . In 1871. The abolition of the feudal system, and the establishment of a centralized bureaucracy. The introduction of postal and telegraphic systems. The opening of a mint at Osaka; the American system of coinage adopted. In 1872. The completion of the first railroad. The proclamation of the Conscription Law. In 1873. The substitution of the Sol- ar Calendar for the Chinese Lunar Calendar. In 1875. The establishment of the Mitsubishi Steamship Company. In 1876. The commutation of the Samurais pension. Edict against the wearing of swords by the Samurais. In 1877* The first national industrial exhibition, at Ueno in Tokyo. In 1878. The establishment of the Bourse, and the , Tokio Chamber of Commerce, in order to promote the development of commercial enter- prise. In 1880. The Penal Code and the Code for Criminal Procedure were proclaimed and published. In 1883. The establishment of the Su- preme Court of Justice, and the Bank of Japan. The United States government re- turned to us '$785, 000, their share of the Shimonoseki indemnity. In 1884. The creation of an order of nobility, after the European model. In 1885. The conclusion of a special treaty with China regarding Corean matters, known as the Tientsin Treaty, the violation of which was the cause a. of the China-Japan War in 1894. In 1889. The Constitution promul- gated (this being on the 1 1th of Feb- ruary, just 2549 years after the foundation of the Japanese Empire), whereby Japan hitherto under an ab- solute monarchical system, acquired a constitutional government, similar to that of Prussia and other European States. A treaty ratified with Mexico. New treaties concluded with other Western powers, but not ratified. In 1890. The meeting o f the first Diet. In 1894. The China-Japan War. In 1895. The annexation of Formosa. A War indemnity of $204,100,000 from China. In 1895. Enlargement of the Army and Navy. Extension of railroads. In 1896. Law for the protection of navigation and ship-building. Es- tablishment of the Oriental Steam- ship Company. Old Japan is no more. New Japan, as you have just seen, has sprung up in a quarter of a century. In two years time the consulate jurisdiction will be abolished, judicial power over for- eign residents will be in our hands, and entire Japan will be opened to for- eign trade. XI . COMPARISONS B ETWKEN OLD AND NKW JAPAN. Now that we are thor- oughly acquainted with Old and New Japan, it is convenient for the sake of comparison to have their main features condensed in tabular form : OLD AND NEW JAPAN Table showing difference between Old and New Japan. Points of Compa rison Old Japan New Japan Rulers 1st. The Mikado The Mikado, the sole the theoretical ruler head 2nd. The Shogun the actual ruler Form am The Shogunate Constitutional mon- System o nominally under archy with central- govern- the imperial auth- ized bureaucracy and ment ority, with feudal- ism and independ- ministers responsible to the Sovereign ent local admin- istration Social Classifica- . Kozoku, Impe- rial family 1. Kozoku, Imperial family tions 2 Shogun 2. Kazoku, nobles l Daimyos I. Shizoku I Samurais 4. Heimin 5 Citizens 6 Priests Govern- Hereditary socia: Irrespective of social ment Offi- ranks considered classes cials in appointment The Armj Samurais, with swords, lances Regular army by con- scription and organ- >ows and later on ized after French and rifles jerman systems, with Murata magazine rifles, manufactured n Japan, guns, can- nons, etc. The Navy Sailing junks with smooth bore Regular sai 1 o rs, rained after the guns; no regular English syst em; sailors Armor clads, cruisers, torpedo joats of most im- Education ?.ach daimyo had proved type, etc. Education is compul- lis State college; sory and secular; the >rivate schools, Smpire is divided a p a n e s e and nto educational de- .hinese history, >artments; kinder- iterature, compo- gartens, primary and ition, writing, etc; grammar schools, loctrines of Con- fucius taught. x>ys and girls togeth- r, boys' high schools, ^irls' high schools, olleges, private chools and colleges. Two Universities, one n Tokio with law, iterature, science, ngineering, medi- i n e and forestry, nd agricultural epartments; the ther in Kyoto vith science and en- "yiiieering depart- ments; college of for- igti languages, com- mercial school, boys' normal school, girls' normal school, school f fine arts, school of music, etc., all in Tokio Religion 'rohibition of hristianity, Sin- ? reedom of belief intoism oism, Buddhism uddhism Christianity Convey- ance C a n g o , c a r ts, orses, sailing! Railroads, steamships electric cars, horse junks ?ars, carriages, jinri- kisha, bicycle Posts and No regular sys- Postal system by rail- Tele- tem in existence, road, steamships, graphs onl}' letter car- telegraph and tele- riers phone The social classification given in the above table is fictitious, so far as the Shizoku and the Heimin are concerned, as the distinction is merely historical, and does not involve any question of privileges. The proper way to clas- sify would be as follows : ist. The Imperial family. 2nd. The high class (including all the former feudal Daimyos, and the newly created nobles.) 3rd. The middle class (including all educated people having official or social position. They are mostly descend- ants of the Samurais.) 4th. The Lower class. The two fol- lowing questions might be asked here : 1st. What has become of the so inter- esting Samurais class and their Yamato- Damashii ? It is true that the feudal system was abolished, that the Samurais two swords were done away with, and also that the harakiri is now out of fashion. But Yamato-Damashii, the Samurais spirit, still remains intact in the heart of those occupying the middle class. It is handed down from father to son, by a national will, as it were, and is valued more than anything else. Even as Japan herself, the Yamato-Damashii has become rejuvenated by being em- embellished with the best modern ideas. It is for the present and the future, the central pivot of the nation, and the key-stone in the newly built structure of society. 2nd. What has been the effect of the revolution on the Japanese fine arts ? Do they still keep their high traditional reputation ? So far as my observation goes, I must say, in this respect, that New Japan is inferior to the Old, except in a few branches, such as cloisonne work. Formerly a great number of artists, having been pensioned by the Shogun or the Daimyos, devoted their minds and time, not for the sake of money, but for love of arts, honor and repu- tation. Some of them spent their life- time on a single masterpiece. But to- day the social conditions are changed : OLD AND NEW JAPAN artists think first of their earnings, and their love of art conies next. This will perhaps account for this deterioration. A few words more before I conclude the chapter. Between Old and New Japan there was a transitory period, in which the Samurais wore his two swords, with a pair of European trou- sers, and a Schneider rifle on his shoulder. You can judge the rest from this single example. ACTUAL STATE OF JAPAN. MODERN XII. SOME STATISTICAL FIGURES I thus a fair idea can be had of the actual state of our country, both by itself and in comparison with others. The following figures are taken from the "Resume Statistique de 1' Empire de Japan," published on the 20tlj, day of May, 1897, by order of the Imperial Cabinet, and refer to the years 1894 and 1895. I chose this, as the statistics cover the period immediately preced- ing and following the China-Japan war and serve to show to a certain extent the consequences of the war upon the social and economical conditions of the country. 1st. AREA AND POPULATION. (Table No. I. Japan is in area about one Feudal iCastle. have in the preceding article shown pretty fully how old and new Japan differ from each other. In order to make it more explicit, however, I will now describe modern Japan statistically in her various respects and compare it, where possi- ble, with the United States. I hope twenty-second that of the United States. Its area was smaller than the State of California before the acquisition of Formosa, though now a little larger. However, its population and that of the United States are in the proportion of two to three. The densities of the populations are respectively 286 and 10 OLJ3 AND NEW JAPAN 17 per square mile; that is our country is 16 times more densely populated than yours. The difference in extreme temperature of Tokio, which is about at the mean latitude of the Empire, is not so great ,as in Philadelphia or New York, although greater than in San Francisco. - We have snow all over the country; Owing to the greater density of popula tion, our land is better cultivated. This is especially the case in the central part of the main island, where every small bit of land is utilized. We have generally two harvests, rice in summer, barley, wheat and other grains in winter, by an extensive fertilization As our country is very mountainous, Lacquer Work. in the southern part very little, having only five or seven days in the year, but more in the northern part, 100 or 110 days, on an average, a year. The climate is more humid than in this country, and consequently in sum- mer time the heat is very sultry. Some say it is owing to this fact that most of our flowers have little or no smell. 2nd. AGRICULTURE. (Table No. II.) In this respect the United States and Japan show a very marked difference. and land is so minutely subdivided, the use of agricultural machines and im- plements is very limited. Ploughs and spades, either worked by hand, by horses, or by oxen, are, generally speaking, the only instruments in the hands of our farmers. As rice is the most important product, the greatest part of our culti- vated land is rice fields. The rice fields are very picturesque and add to the beauty .of the landscape. OLD AND NEW JAPAN 11 The total cultivated land covers 26,166 square miles; thus 16 per cent of the total area is under cultivation. The number of agricultural compan- ies in 1895 was 118. 3rd. INDUSTRY. (Table No. III). Under this heading we have to dis- tinguish: 1st. Japanese industries proper, such as the making of Japanese art works, the weaving of silk and cotton everything is done by hand. This is the reason why it can be produced so cheaply and retains the originality and peculiarity which can never be imitated. 2nd. Industries imported from west- ern countries, such as cotton mills, match factories and chemical works *of all kinds', ship and engine building works, etc., etc. In these, engines and machinery of the most recent type, im- ported mostly from Europe and this Daibutsu of Kamakura. textures, the manufactures of Japanese paper, the refining of vegetable oil and wax, etc. In these branches the original Japanese method is followed. Simple machines, or contrivances necessary are worked, either by hand, or by animal or water power. If we inspect Japanese art works, we will find only three or four workmen on an average in each establishment. Very often, they are all of one family. The father teaches the sons and thus transmits the secret and method pecu- liar to the family from generation to generation. In the work purely Japanese almost country, are used. Since the last war with China, the price of everything is doubled; and salaries and wages have risen in the same proportion. Although the cost of production has a constant tendency to increase, yet it is at present, on the whole, very much less than in this country. The total number of industrial com- panies was 778 in 1895. 4th. .RAILROADS. (Table No. IV). The first railroad in Japan was built in 1872. It was between Tokio and Yoko- hama for a distance of about 17 miles. The lines between Kobe and Osaka fol- 12 OLD AND NEW JAPAN lowed. The progress was slow. In recent years, however, a sudden im- petus was given to the enterprise, so that on the 31st of December, 1896, we had 2290.51 miles in service; 1368.49 miles under construction. Since then there has been still further extension and increase in mileage. I regret much that I am not in a position to give you exact figures. 5th. HORSE AND ELECTRIC CARS. (Table No. V). On the 3ist of Decem- ber, 1895, there were 33.58 miles horse car rails, 3.70 miles electric car rails. The first horse car line was opened in Tokio about 15 years ago. The electric car enterprise is only at its very beginning. 6th. POST AND TELEGRAPHS. (Table No. VI). The regular postal and tele- graphic service was organized in 1871. In the fiscal year 1895-1896, we had: Length of postal lines (including roads, railways, common river boat lines and steamer lines, 54,939 miles; number of letters, postal cards, paper, etc., per head of the population, 10.43; length of telegraphic lines, 9,470 miles; number of telegrams delivered per 100 of the population, 18.59. In the city of Tokio letters, postal cards, etc., are delivered twelve times a day; telegrams are delivered at once when communication is received at the office of destination. The telephone lines between Tokio and Yokohama were opened in Decem- ber, 1890, and the one between Osaka and Kobe in March, 1893. At the end of the fiscal year 1895- 1896 the number of subscribers to tele- phones was 2,858, and the length of lines was 17,751 miles. Posts, telegraphs and telephones are all under the management of the State. 7th. SHIPS AND LIGHTHOUSES. (Table No. VII). On the 31st of December, 1895, we had for our mercantile fleet. No. Ton. H. P. Steamers 827 213,321 43627 S'lingjjtype 604,541 2,960,887 Ships IE type* 702 41,471 '' Japanese and European sailing ships. During the last war with China there was a considerable increase in large steamers. As a consequence of the law passed in the last session of the Diet for the protection of native navigation and ship building, two steamship lines will shortly be opened, one between Yoko- hama and New York and the other between Hong-Kong and San Fran- cisco. The number of small boats, con- structed after the model of native junks, is indeed very large. It is at the rate of thirty-five boats per mile of the coast line. In fine weather, these small, mosquito-like junks cov- er the whole surface of the sea near the coast towns. This fact must not be lightly passed upon, as these boats are a sort of training school for our sailors, and an important factor in the strength of the navy. The total number of lighthouses and lightships was 298, that is at the rate of one for every sixty miles of the coast lines. 8th. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. (Ta- bles No. VIII-IX.) The foreign trade of Japan during five years, 1891 to 1895, is remarkable for a considerable excess of exports over imports, in spite of a slight adverse movement in the years 1895-1896, in consequence of the war. The United States was, during this period, our greatest and -best customer, as our exports to this country exceed the imports by about $15,000,000 an- nually. Since the war we have been com- pelled to strengthen our army and navy ; and this led the government to make purchases of guns, ammunition, and other materials, abroad; and also to the construction of ironclads, cruisers and torpedo boats, in foreign shipyards. At the same time, sudden expansion of internal industrial enter- prises gave rise to demand for machines, engines, rails and locomo- tives. This is indeed a great chance for OU) AND NEW JAPAN 13 American mechanics and shipbuilders to show their skill and dexterity in the expanding market of the Orient and to compete with Europeans, who have hitherto monopolized all trade in that part of the world. America has made wonderful progress during the last de- cade ; especially iu steel and iron, she is considered, both in quantity and quality, above the standard reached by Europe. There is no reason why she cannot secure a share of our trade, thus bringing equality between export marine insurance companies. 9th. EDUCATION. (Tables No. X- XI). The modern Japan has been ini- tiated by the hand cf the Samurais, but their work would not have been of any avail, unless continued and completed by the intelligence and energy of their descendants. In 1879 there was in Japan, only one institution which was called a college, and in which foreign professors of several nationalities taught sons of the Samurais in their own respective Ian- Entrance Gate of the Temple of Nikko. and import trade, to our mutual ad- vantage, and also perpetuating the cordial friendly relation between the two countries. With the development in commer- cial and industrial enterprise, there was an increase in the number of banks, insurance companies and other kindred institutions. At the end of the fiscal year 1895-1896, there were 1019 banks, nine life insurance companies, four fire insurance companies and three guages. The students who had distin- guished themselves in scholatic attain- ments were sent abroad by the gov- ernment to complete their course of learning. The Imperial University at Tokio was founded in the year 1888. The course of study comprises the follow- ing; Jurisprudence, literature, sci- ence, technology, medicine and horti- culture. Upon their return from foreign coun- 14 OLD AND NEW JAPAN tries, the students were appointed to several important offices in the govern- ment to assist in the administration or to professorships in the Imperial University for the education of the younger generation. The beneficial influence of education on the nation in causing its advance- ment and development has indeed been as important as the work of the Samurais' swords, which opened the way for the transformation of Old Ja- pan into the New. In this connection, Mr. Fukusawa's college in Tokip is, among many other private schools, worthy of mention. Many eminent and enterprising men have been furnished .by this college to business, industrial and commercial circles. PRIMARY EDUCATION. The educa- tion of girls and boys in primary schools is compulsory. It is secular but not gratuitous. The age limit orbhildren for admis- sion in schools and colleges is: From three to six, kindergartens, boys v and girls together, from six to fourteen primary schools, boys and girls to- gether, (compulsory from six to ten), grammar schools, boys and girls together, (compulsory from ten to fourteen), from fourteen to sixteen, high schools, from sixteen to nineteen, colleges, from -nineteen to twenty-two, universities. The respect paid by Japanese pupils to their teachers is quite remarkable. The pupils regard their teachers even as foster parents, which feeling contin- ues for lifetime A thing almost un- heard of elsewhere. The number of pupils receiving primary education is 85.61 per 1,000 of the population ; that of the students receiving higher education is 0.3 per 1 ,000 of the population. 10th. THE ARMY.-CTables No. XI- XII.) Under the feudal system there was no standing army. Each provincial lord, the Daimyo, had his own followers, the Samurais, who were soldiers in time of war. The Mikado had no military power. During the revolu- tion and long after it, the followers of the faithful Imperialist Daimyos made up the army on the Mikado's side. After the abolition of the feudal sys- tem, a law was decreed organizing the army on the basis of conscription. Ac- cording to the present system, the Kmperor himself has the supreme com- mand of the army and navy. All able- bodied males of the age are to serve in the standing army, three years in active service, and four years in the re- serve. After the regular service they form the L,andwehr. Further in time of emergency, the L,and-sturm, con- sisting of all the males between the ages of seventeen and forty years, will be called to service. The very best of the systems and or- ganizations, found in the armies of the European powers, was adopted. For this object, celebrated instructors were engaged, first from the French army, and, later on, from the German. These instructors did very good service, both as professors in the military academy, and also as advisers to the administra- tion. The last of these French and German instructors left Japan in 1887 and 1894, respectively. At present the military department is without any foreigner, and everything is managed by our countrymen. On December 31st 1895, the regular standing army, officers and men, all told, numbered 79,683, which is at the rate e>f 1 .8 per 1 ,000 of population. The army expenditure during the fiscal year 1893-1894 was $6,158,249. llth. THE NAVY. (Tables No. XIV, XV, XVI, XVII.) The circum- stances which surrounded the creation of our navy were quite different from those which existed at the initiation of our army organization. Soon after the rebellion of the Jesu- its in 1637, the Shogun issued a decree by which the construction and even the possession of all large vessels were pro- OLD AND NEW JAPAN 15 hibitec. This decree, having been strictly enforced, suppressed entirely our mercantile fleet which navigated frequently up to that time to China, India and even so far as to Aden. For more than a century, there were only small vessels fitted for coastwise voy- ages. Thus, while we had men and materi- als already on hand for the organiza- tion of an efficient army, we had noth- ing whatever for the navy, no vessels, no trained officers, no men, no ship- yards worthy of the name. After the restoration, the few vessels which belonged to the Shogun and the Dai- myos were either impressed by or vol- untarily giyen up to the government. The first fleet of the Imperial navy was thus organized. The system adopted in the navy is chiefly after the British model ; and officers and men were trained at the start by British in- structors. The present strength of the navy, in- cluding the ships under construction, consists of 162 vessels, of which the total displacement amounts to 202,985 tons. There are three navy yards; Yokaska, Kure and Sasebo : there is one more under construction. On the 31st of December 1895, the regular seamen, including officers, numbered 13,920, which is at the rate of 0.33 per 1,000 of the population. The navy expenditure fiscal year 1893-94 was $2,570,737. 12th. FINANCES. Nz and Money. (Table No. XVIII. budget for the fiscal year 1896-97, es- timates the revenue and expenditure of the country as follows: Ordinary Revenue Extraordinary Total Ordinary Expenditure Extraordinary Total The total national debt am< the end of the fiscal year 1895-96, to $210,169,615. According report, it stands now at $187,786,291. This is about $4,365 per head of the population. The existing debt is all internal and none foreign. The currency of the country was es- timated on the 30th of June, last, at $186,007,314. Of this $40,286,778 are coins, $96,651,334 the Bank of Japan notes, and the rest the government paper money and national bank notes. The law establishing the gold standard came into effect on the 1st of October last. All notes issued by the bank are now convertible into gold. XIII. Us AGE, CUSTOMS, RELIGION, ETC. In matters concerning the material features of a nation, it is easy to give statistical figures and draw compar- isons with others. It is, however, different with regard to the immaterial features. The usages, customs and religion, prevalent in a country are the natural development from its history, geographical situation and hundreds of other circumstances; and, further- more, the peculiarities can not easily be changed. Thus, in spite of >so many changes, Japan is still Japan. A great number of books have been written about our habits and customs, which strike for- eigners, because so different from theirs. There is no denying that there is great difference between us and Westerners in this matter. The following are examples : Japan Western Covmtries iring the Language Ideographic Phonetic >,737. ,o1 T)fKl- Writing and Reading Up and down vertically and Left to right and horizontally Idl .L/cUl ill. The from right to left 96-97, es- Salutation With respect, With affection, penditure bowing at a shaking hands distance aud kissing $53,779,985 Sitting Kneeling on the floor Sitting on chairs 36,080,295 $89,860,205 52,123,310 Eating Food already prepared and taken with Knives and forks used on the table to cut food 44,589,548 $96,712,858 Dressing chop sticks Loose and Tightly fi 1 1 e d mnted, at ' tied by and buttoned $95-96, to sashes Bridegroom goes :he latest ^,786,291. Marriage Bride goes to bridegroom's home where to bride's home, where wedding ceremony takes iad of the wedding cere- place, or new 16 OLD AND NEW JAPAN Mourning Color mony takes place; no re- ligious cere- mony; swear- ing in the heart of each White couple set off for honeymoon; re- ligious cere- mony; swearing before God and witnesses Black With us, for instance, marriage is arranged by friends or relatives of the bride and bridegroom. Direct pro- posal and acceptance or refusal would be considered quite improper. Which is right ? I cannot say ! I will not say anything more con- cerning this subject, which is better discussed and criticised by foreigners than by us, for the fear that we cannot be impartial. The religion most prevalent in Japan is Buddhism, which is divided into many different sects. The people of the low class are often very enthusias- tic and eyen fanatic. Among the peo- ple of higher classes the doctrine of Confucius is also very much respected, and in many cases regarded with relig- ious scrupulousness. The followers of Christianity are comparatively very few, in spite of glowing reports of for- eign missionaries. On the whole, edu- cated Japanese are indifferent to relig- ious belief. Their attitude in this re- spect is well summed up by an old verse : "if the mind be true, without prayer, God will guard us." XIV. CONCLUSION. The arrival of Commodore Perry of the United States navy at Uraga, on the 13th of July 1853, resulted in the opening of Japan, and thus marked the dawn of a new era in its history. Modern Japan in reality dated from this memorable eyent. A hitherto exclusive and isolated Island Empire was opened to the out- side world through the efforts of America. It is natural that we look upon this country with a feeling differ- ent from that which we have towards others. Neither do we forget the kind offices of this government during the long period of political and diplo- matic troubles immediately preceding and following the restoration. Then the relation of the two coun- tries has always been very cordial. I do not recollect any instance which can be cited as showing that the continu- ance of this friendship was ever threat- ened. Geographically speaking also, the two countries are divided only by an ocean. For us you are the nearest western power. With this history, and with this geographical situation, let us hope we may forever retain our friendly relations which have al- ready so long existed. 17 Table No. I. Area and Population. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE 1894 1895 DIFFERENCE Eastern extremity, Longitude E. 15632 15632 Western extremity, Longitude W. 130 44 119 20 11 24 Southern extremity, Latitude S. 24 14 21 48 2 16 Northern extremity, Latitude N. 56 56 56 56 AREA Outline of Coasts (ris) 7.029 7.467 438 Outline of Coasts (miles) 17.151 18.330 1069 Area (square ri) 24,794 27,063 2269 Area (square miles) 147,647 161,157 13,513 POPULATION Men 211,121,398 21,345,750 Women 20,688,804 20,924,970 TOTAI, 41,810,202 42,270,620 460,418 Density of population per square mile 283 286 3 Married couples per 1000 inhabitants 182.97 183.70 0.73 (1 , 2,) These decrease; (3 4 J These increases are due to the result of China-Japan war. 5. These number does not include the population of Formosa and Pescadero Island; the actual information could not yet be obtained. WEATHER 1894 1895 DIFFER- MEAN ENCE Number of weather bureaus 42 44 2 Highest temperature observed 'in Tokio. F. 95 91.24 3.36 93.12 Lowest temperature observed in Tokio. F. 41.5 41.12 0.7 41.8 Mean normal 57.24 55.38 1.48 56.31 CITIES Having more than 30,000 inhabitants 42 44 2 The largest Tokio; its population 1, 242,224 1,268,930 26,706 Table No. II. Agriculture. 1894-1895. DESIGNATION Rice, square cho Barley, wheat, etc., square cho Vegetable, square cho Cotton, square cho Hemp, square cho Tobacco, square cho Indigo Plant, square cho Mu-1 berry tree, square cho Tea, square cho Total, square cho square ris * ' square mile Agricultural Companies Number Silk Worm raising Fishing Other TOTAI, CULTIVATED AREA 2,77,9227.10 1,771,162.60 706,130.00 30,196.10 6,923.60 13,697.80 18,786.90 275,395.90 50,576.30 5,652,086.30 4,361.00 26,165.00 ott .Agricultural Co. Capital 31 23 64 118 122,568 376,519 594,106 18 Table No. III. Industry. 1894-1895. ART WORKS Designation Porcelain Lacquer Ware Work Bronze and Copper Work Number of families Number of workmen Number of workmen per family Total production 4,732 23,726 5 $1,601,914 4,407 14,092 3 $1,252,350 Number of families Number of Frames Number of workmen Production Number of Factories SILK AND COTTON WEAVING Men Women Total Per house Pure silk Cotton Mixture of silk and cotton Mixture of silk, cotton and hemp Total MATCH FACTORIES. 1894. 995 4,094 4 $352,205 600,444 820,585 48,175 895,416 . 943,591 1.5 $ 12,338,606 13,587,784 3,973,673 1,698,795 $ 30,708,858 Number of Workmen 203 7,358 20,646 28,004 $ 2,240,369 Men Women Total Production COTTON SPINNING MILLS. 1895. 2. Number of mills 47 Number of Spindles 580,945 Men 9,550 Women 31,140 Total 40,790 Steam 14,781 Water 187 Total 14,968 1. Out of these 28,004 regular workmen, there are 28,773 persons more who work at home and live on this branch of industry. 2. Those figures are furnished by the Japanese Union Cotton Spinning Mills. There are some others from which we can not get information. INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES NUMBER CAPITAL Number of Workmen Number of horse power Raw silk, object of their business Cotton spinning Weaving Mining Brewing and distilling Sugar refining Chemical products Paper Printing Petrolurn oil Ccral Cement Electric lighting Others Wages and Salary Workmen proper -f ?? 7 en * Women Labor Servants with Board{ Women Total Wages $0.150 0.075 0.120 158 53 48 30 38 7 15 ;Q 34 70 9 11 22 264 778 Average $1,032,078 7,168,298 1,957,876 3,617,040 626,815 352,652 605,331 1,390,240 288,107 309,738 486,832 633,785 1,189,596 2,675,987 $22,334,384 Salary $1.080 0.615 19 Table No. V. Horse and Electric Cars. December 31, 1895. Table No. VII. Ships and Light-houses December 31, 1895. 1 . Horse Cars Number of Horse car companies 8 Length of rails, miles 33.58 Number of cars 295 Number of horses 901 Income $222408 Expenses 122907 Net Earnings 99501 2. Electric Cars Number of Electric car companies 1 Length of Rails 3.70 Number of cars 26 Income $15190 Expenses 8336 Net earnings 6854 Ships NO, . Ton- Horse nage power 1 . Below 50 tons 399 6864 4839 3. From 50 to 100 tons 154 12123 3587 3. From 100 to 500 tons 154 37217 7821 4. Above 500 tons 120 157107 27380 Total 827 213311 43627 2. Sailing Ships 1 . Japanese type 1. Below 50 kokus 1 587181 ? 2. From 50 to 100 kokus 7969 582092 3. From 100 to 500 kokus 8723 1867278 4. Above 500 kokus 668 511517 Total 604941 2960887 1, Koku. 7551 cubic feet. 2. European Type Number Tonnage 1. Below 50 tons 495 11766 2. From 50 to 100 tons 1J6 10610 3. From 100 to 500 tons 67 16,212 4. Above 500 tons 4 2983 Total 702 41471. 2. Lighthouses Light ships Government 96 -p v,f Private 53 Lighthouses Government 96 Private 53 Total 298 For day Buoys g^"' 47 Total 69 Table No. VI. Post and Telegraph. 1895-96. 1 . Post and Telegraph No. of Post Offices Main offices 3076 Branch Offices 523 Total 3599 No. Telegraph Offices Main Offices 41 Branch Offices 96 Total 137 No. of Post and Telegraph offices 648 No. of letter boxes 35023 No. letters, postal cards, papers, parcels etc . 44807 1 687 No. per head of population 10.43 Income . $4195524 Expenses 2905530 Earnings 1289994 Length of Postal Roads, miles 28250 lines Railroads, miles 2239 River lines, miles 179 Steamer lines, miles 24271 In Japan No. of Telegrams 9097102 No. per 1 00 of population 18. 59 Inter- No. of telegrams sent 148071 national No. of telegrams received 165053 Length of tele- Lines, miles 9470 graphic lines Wires, miles 29798 2. Telephone Number of central stations; Tokio, . 4 Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe Number of telephone Offices 24 Number of subscribers 2858 Income $71215 Expenses 45058 Net Earnings 26153 Length of telephone lines 177.51 Length of telephone wires 2156.18 Table No. VIII. Exports and Imports. 1891-95. E x cess Year Exports Imports of Im- ports or Exports With Foreign Countries 1895 68093164 69337421 *1 244257 1894 56654498 60838631 *4 184 133 1893 45209954 44677669 532285 1892 45589276 37976172 7613104 1891 39797766 31970566 7872200 With the United States 1895 27014475 4638180 22376295 1894 21661778 5491299 16170499 1893 13869729 3045204 10824525 1892 19337485 2994027 16343468 1891 14897877 3420024 11477853 * This sign denotes excess of imports over exports. 20 Table No. IX. 1. Banks and Insurance Companies 1895-96. First Banks Number Capital Reserve Bank of Japan 1 $11250000 $ 4175000 Specie Bank 1 2750000 2010000 National Banks 133 24475550 8219976 Private Banks 792 24983630 2854672 Savings Banks 92 944677 52210 Total 1019 $64403857 $17311858 Second Insurance Companies Life Insurance Companies 9 360500 1390828 Main and Branch Offices 1828 Fire Insurance Companies 4 899954 80973 Main and Branch Offices 693 Marine Insurance Companies 3 1050000 181000 Main and Branch Offices 427 Total- $ 2310454 $ 1652801 2. COMMERCIAL AND EXPRESS COMPANIES. 1895-96. First. Commercial Companies Number Capital Cloth, Drapery, etc. 27 ' $ 407841 Cotton 5 243000 Merchandise Warehouse 38 474930 Import and Export 12 457500 Loan 232 1947925 Insurance .' 56 1879290 Others 628 4596949 Total 998 $10007435 Second. Express Companies Transportation by water [sea,river etc,-]' , 81 $ 6943655 Transportation by Land, Railroad 32 37986696 Others 97 1349785 Total 210 $46280136 Table N.Q. Designation X-. Schools Kot Belonging to the Government. Dec. 31, 1894. No. of No. of Teachers No. of Pupils No. of Pupils per 1000 hools Men Women Total Boys Girls Total Popu- lation 1.98 402 402 8163 6812 14975 0.36 24046 58337 4678 63035 2340975 1160096 3501071 82.52 84 1185 20 1205 23215 346 23562 0.55 47 590 48 638 5025 779 5804 0.14 86 1288 5 1293 15696 117 15813 0.37 13 79 74 153 2026 2026 0.05 1352 2758 730 3488 52193 16509 68702 1.62 il 85 .61 Kindergartens a Primary and Grammar Schools a High Schools a Normal Schools a Special and Technical Schools 1 Girls High Schools 2 Miscellaneous Schools 2 Total a. One of each belongs to the Government. 2. The standard of these schools is higher than that of the High Schools. 2. The standard of these schools is lower than that of the High Schools. Table No. XI. Designation University Colleges, Schools Belonging to the Government December ai, 1895. Number of professors and Teachers. Number of Students Japanese General private Men Women Foreign Total Students Students Total Educational Department Imperial University. Tokio \dff High Normal School 33 Normal Schools, annexed to fee High Normal School 18 Schools of MUBIC annexed to the High Normal Schools 1 J Girls High Normal School 18 Girls High School, annexed to the Girls 163 34 19 17 22 126 116 97 1494 87 47 22 3 1620 203 47 42 100 21 High Normal School 3 10 13 322 322 7. High Commercial Schools 3 4 7 6 369 375 8. Colleges, seven in number 268 11 279 4289 4289 9. School of Industry at Tokio 51 51 82 311 393 10. School of fine art at Tokio 35 35 201 201 11. School of deaf and dumb at Tokio 9 9 6 16 la 326 29 12. School of Agriciilture of Sapporo 22 22 47 1643 a 33 Imperial Household 13. School of Nobles 66 3 69 700 700 14. Noble Girls School 16 20 36 347 346 War Department 15. War College 15 15 17 17 16. School of Artillery and Engineering 27 27 76 70 17. Military Academy 107 2 161 576 2 378 18. Military Preparatory School 52 288 12 300 19. School of Instructions 41 41 49 49 20. School of non-commissioned officers 201 201 982 903 21. School of instruction for officers of General Staff Department 1 7 7 22. Others 92 92 2398 14 2412 Navy Department 23. War College 20 1 21 8 8 24. Naval Academy 48 1 49 72 72 25. School of Engineering 48 1 109 109 Post and Telegraph Department 26. Commercial Naval Academy of Tokio 8 8 153 46 199 27. of Osaka annexed to the above academy 4 4 168 168 28. Commercial Naval Academy of Hakodate annexed to the above academy 3 3 102 102 29. School of Post and Telegraph of Tokio 9 9 328 ' 328 * Total 1414 40 41 1495 3451 8254 11705 98 a 745 a 843 a Grand Total 141'4 40 41 1495 3549 8999 12548 a. Women. 1. Students were taken away during the war. *Total number of schools, 42, , 1895. Table No. IV. Railroad. December 31, 1896. Number of large private railroad companies Government Length of Railroads 25 large companies And Others Total 25 593.27 386.30 1,697.24 982.15 2,290.51 Number of Locomotives Number of Cars Passengers Baggage Number of Passengers Number of baggage and merchandise, in tons Income Expenses Net earnings In service, miles Under construction, miles In service, miles Under construction, miles In service, miles Under construction, miles 1,368.45 522.00 1,943.00 7,391.00 48,271,869.00 5,293,840.00 $9393397,00 3831783.00 5616140.05 Table No. XII. Effective Military Force. Dec. 31, 1895. Designation War Department, etc Military Academy, etc Military Divisions Imperial Guard Military personnel General Offi- Non- Enlisted Conrt Grand and field cers com'sd Cadets Men Total Em- Total Officers Officers ployes 197 416 353 119 IO85 787 1872 47 204 374 2015 53 2694 169 2863 48 368 776 14 6880 HO86 20 8106 22 First Division, Tokio Second Division, Sendai Third Division, Nagoya Fourth Division, Osaka Fifth Division, Hiroshima Sixth Division, Kumamato Department of National Police Department of Militia of Yezo Auxiliary Corps Reserves Territorial Army Total 63 524 1179 75 672 2044 55 469 1020 62 573 1 052 65 487 1053 59 540 1477 1 1 52 439 7 113 299 82 335 682 114 683 5336 80 293 5056 965 5729 21140 75 48 29 28 26 43 2397 8426 10267 202 20 1 96 23033 29 7298 8871 139 8476 10191 30 7205 8836 126 8280 10390 135 545 1047 10 3572 3991 36 1999 30 154343 165903 229273 295504 1713 10469 104 9010 10221 8902 10534 1057 4028 1129 165909 297217 Table No. XIII. Strength of the Regular Army, and of the militia forces of the United States. National Guard. OFFICERS ENLISTED MEN Major Brig'r Col's Capts Total Non-Corn- Privates Total Gen Gener- ijeut. ijeuts Com- missioned etc. Enlisted erals als Majors mis- Officers Reg't'l sioned Staff Commanding Army 1 1 Commanding Dep'ments 26 8 Staff Corps " 10 218 294 522 750 1393 2143 Cavalrv 70 360 430 1050 5120 6170 Artillery 35 245 280 785 3420 4205 Infantry 125 750 875 1925 11200 13125 organized Cadets Grand 1 8 2665 6600 4485 14000 Military Academy 214 350 564 Total Regular Army 3 16 448 1649 2116 4510 21133 25857 350 28323 National Guard Figures unobtainable 9227 Figures 103652 15600* 1 28479 unobtainable Total 11343 129509 15950 156802 Besides the officers in the War Department and the officers and enlisted men serving at independent schools, depots and arsenals, the force of the Regular Army is divided in eight de- partments, each commanded by a General Officer, the strength of which, on August 31, 1897, was as follows: General Officer, Officers of the Enlisted Department Aids, and Staff L,ine Men Total Corps East 60 480 6722 7262 Missouri 41 288 4098 4427 Dakota 29 167 2406 2602 Colorado 32 216 3061 3309 Platte 21 194 2655 2870 Texas 20 116 1774 1910 California 20 92 1469 1581 Columbia 22 101 1357 1480 ^Students at schools and colleges receiving military instruction from Army Officers. Table No. XVI. Personnel of the U. S. Navy. OFFICERS ON THE ACTIVE LIST Line Engineer Corps Medical Corps Pay Corps Naval Constructors Chaplains Professors of Mathematics Civil Engineers Graduate Naval Cadets, Warrant Officers and Mates Total Petty officers, seamen and other enlisted men Seamen apprentices Total Officers and men of U. S. Navy Petty officers and enlisted men of the Naval reserve [Naval militia] Total effective Naval force 727 183 170 96 37 27 12 13 265 1526 11000 1200 13726 3703 17429 23 Table No. XIV. Effective Naval Force. Naval Personnel. Designation Flag and Officers warrant Cadets Sea- Command- and and at Naval men ins: Cadets petty Academy Total Civil em- ployes Grand Total Officers Officers N ivy Department 66 96 40 20 222 369 587 Naval Academy 14 39 44 189' 50 349 87 652 Navy Yard of Yokoska 29 121 429 31 2148 2754 269 3023 Navy Yard of Kure 17 73 233 1486 1809 189 1998 Navy Yard of Sasebo 19 94 331 . 2026 2470 230 . 2700 Personnel on Sea Duty 24 173 392 1734 2323 2323 Personnel on Shore Duty 41 361 ' 872 ' 3290 4564 4564 Reserves 75 38 65 1497 1675 1675 Second Reserves 27 32 29 894 978 978 Total 312 1027 2427 220 13154 17140 1140 18280 Table No XVII. Material of the U. S. Navy. Class of Vessel First Class Battleships Second Class Battleships Armored Cruisers Armored Rams Double Turreted Monitors Single Turreted Monitors Total Armored Vessels Protected Cruisers Cruisers Gunboats Special Class Torpedo Boat Destroyers Torpedo Boats Iron Steam Cruisers of old type Wooden Cruisers of old type Wooden Sailing Sloops Total unarmored vessels Total armored vessels Grand Total No. in com- mission or ready for service 4 2 2 1 6 15 8 3 15 2 8 3 7 3 49 15 64 Displace.- ment %' stores, etc. Tons 42204 12997 17415 2155 26104 100875 38557 6267 18970 2415 1082 3075 11490 4150 86006 100875 186881 No. under repairs or building or in reserve 13 18 5 1 1 4 11 1 24 18 42 Displace- ment % stores etc. Tons 57625 25500 83125 19652 1000 1175 1095 1233 1020 2790 27965 83125 111090 Total No. of vessels 6f class Total dis- place- ment of class Tons 9 99829 2 12997 2 17415 1 2155 6 26104 13 25500 33 184000 13 58209 3 6267 ' 16 19970 3 3590 4 1095 19 2315 4 4095 8 14280 3 4150 73 113971 33 184000 106 297971 Besides the above there are 20 vessels of various sizes from 1000 to 5000 tons displacement, which are unfit for sea service but used as receiving ships, training ships, etc. Table No. XVIII. Revenue and Expenditure. FIRST. EXPENDITURE First, Expenditure [ordinary] 1 896-97 Imperial Household and Shinto Temple $ 1603392 Public Debt Repayment 3675642 Public Debt Interest aud Other Charges 1 1404024 Pensions 1680186 Famine Relief Fund Imperial Diet Imperial Cabinet and Privy Council 230934 Department of Foreign Affairs 527703 Department of the Interior 705993 Department of Finance 4579971 Department of War 12058405 Department of the Navy 3915402 Department of Justice 1742408 Department of Education 730409 Department of Agriculture and Commerce Department of Communication 577889 Department of Colonial affairs $ 70660 24 Chamber of Auditors Court of Administrative Litigation Tokio Police Department Hokkaido Government Provincial Government Miscellaneous Total Second Expenditure [extraordinary] River Improvement etc. Redemption of Paper Money Defences Miscellaneous' Total Grand Total SECOND, RESERVE First, Revenue, ordinary Land Tax Income Tax Excise and Licence on Sake Tobacco Tax Stamp Duty Bank and Bourse Franchise Other Internal Taxes Custom Duties Registration Fees and Charges Income from Public Enterprises and Properties Miscellaneous Income Income from Formosa Island Interest from Deposits etc. Total Second, Revenue, Extraordinary Sale of Public Properties China Indemnity Navy Loan Industrial Loan Transfer from the Special Reserve Funds Miscellaneous Income Total Grand Total 73519 19924 128902 516566 2453298 1000000 $48554295 $1417442 32709311 10462795 $44589584 $93143843 $19768466 717129 9219939 1475163 431003 402898 2301416 3083364 4402081 8176633 359988 3341118 600783 $54279981 288986 20046644 4187250 5413129 6144144 360801 5C 90360134 Name and Type of Vessel. Where Built. When Launched. Displacement. Speed. 1st Class Battleships. Shikishima England Under construction 15000 22 Asahi 15000 28 Fuji it 1896 12500 18 44 1896 12500 18 Total, 4. .'.I Class Battleships. Chin-yuen . Germany 1881 55000 7335 14 Fuso England 1877 13 Total. 2. Coast Defenders. Itsukushiina France 1889 U112 4280 16 M itsushima 1890 4280 16 Hashidate Japan 1891 4280 16 Total, 3. 1 st Class Armoured Cruisers. Yakumo Germany Under construction 12840 9500 21 France QC/V) 21 Assiina England < .1 9500 21 Tokiwa .1 ii Qtnn 21 Total, 4. '. 1878 2970 18 Skitsusu japan 1892 qirn Total, 8. 3d Class 1'iiariiioured Cruisers. Sunia japan 1895 31680 2700 20 Akashi . .. 1897 2800 19.5 Sni-yuen Germany 1883 2560 13 Chiyoda . 1890 2440 19 Kon?o 1877 2280 135 Hi-yei.. ., 1877 2280 13.5 Takao japan 1888 1780 15 Tt-urin ... . 1PJB -iccn 12 Kainion ,1 1882 1370 12 Tsukushi 1883 1S70 16 Katsurayi Iai>an 1885 1*)00 13 \amato 1885 icno 13 Musashi 4. 1886 1^00 13 Total, 13. Despatch Vessels. Yaeyama 1889 25630 IfilO 20 20 Mi>ako 1897 - JgQO Total, 2. Armoured Gun-boat. Hei-yuen . China 1889 3410 01 QA 12 Total. 1 Un armoured Gun-boats. Tsukuba 2190 8 jj Amagi 1877 ftM 10 Banjo 1878 13 Oshima .4 1891 flOA 11 Atayo l% 1887 11 Maya 4. 1886 fi9*2 11 Chiokai .( 1887 ftH 11 Akagi ,4 1888 839 10 Soko , China 186 i fiin 7 5 Hoshio OOt g Tin-to 1879 g Tin-Sai ,, 1879 g Tin nan .4 1879 g Tin-Hoku ,, 1879 g Titi-chiu 1879 440 g Tin-Pen |, 1879 Total, 16. Torpedo Gun-boats. Tatuta 1894 10262 21 Chihava 22.5 Total, 2. Torpedo Catchers. Total, 11. (a) Torpedo Boats. Total, 93. (a) Training Ships. Manju England & Japan England, France Germany, Japan Some in service, others under con- struction. 2064 3850 4650 (a) 30 From 20 to 25 Kanju Japan 1885 877 Tatejama 1885 877 Total, 3. Grand Total. 162. 1880 543 2297 202985 (a) From memory. H. I. J. First-class Battle SMp " Fuji " 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. 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