ANNALS OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE T. F. KIRBY PREFACE THIS compilation is a result of the unrestricted access which the compiler has enjoyed to the muniment room of the College for some years past. The work is mainly of an antiquarian nature, and was intended to stop at the death of Warden Barter in 1861 ; but it is thought con- venient to add a few pages, containing a summary of the principal changes introduced by the ordinances of the Oxford University Commissioners and by the Statutes of the Governing Body. There is also a Table of Dates, a list of Headmasters, and an Appendix, containing the Charter of Foundation and some other documents referred to in the body of the work, and the Statutes of the Founder, now no longer in force. The compiler's thanks are gratefully tendered to the Rev. Dr. Sewell, Warden of New College, and to the Rev. Professor Bartholomew Price, F.R.S., for perusing the proof-sheets, and for many valuable hints and corrections during the period preceding publication. T. F. K. WINCHESTER, Dec. 3, 1891. ERRATA Page 18, line 9 from top, for es read est ,, 34, lines 7, 8 omit and dice 48, line 4 for 1780 read 1770 65, i for publication read promulgation no, lines 9, 12 for ' Extrane ' read ' Extranei ' 280, line 4 from bottom, for Nicholas read Nichols CONTENTS CHAP. I. THE FOUNDATION ..... . . . II. THE SITE ...... . . . . III. THE ENDOWMENT ......... IV. THE FABRIC .... ...... V. THE STATUTES ......... VI. THE FOUNDER'S KIN ........ VII. THE COMMONERS ......... VIII. WARDEN MORYS (1393-1413) ...... IX. JOHN FROMOND ......... X. CARDINAL BEAUFORT ........ XI. WARDEN THURBERN (1413-50) . . XII. WAYNEFLETE ......... XIII. WARDENS CHAUNDLER AND BAKER (1450-87) XIV. WARDENS CLEVE, REDE, BARNAKE, AND MORE (1487-1541) . XV. WARDEN WHITE (1541-54) ....... XVI. WARDENS BOXALL AND STEMPE (1554-82) .... XVII. WARDEN BILSON (1582-96) ....... XVIII. WARDEN HARMAR (1596-1613) ...... XIX. WARDEN LOVE (1613-30) ....... XX. WARDEN HARRIS (1630-58) ....... XXI. WARDEN BURT ( 1658-79) ....... XXII. WARDEN NICHOLAS (1679-1711) ...... XXIII. WARDENS BRATHWAITE, COBB, DOBSON, AND BIGG (1711-57) ......... XXIV. WARDENS GOLDING AND LEE (1757-89) . XXV. WARDEN HUNTINGFORD (1789-1832) ...... XXVI. WARDEN BARTER (1832-61). THE GOVERNING BODY . 7 14 28 65 93 109 137 163 171 183 198 209 224 246 279 apt 298 308 3l6 348 363 385 397 416 426 APPENDICES I. ROGER DE LE CHAMBRE'S COMMISSION II. PAPAL LICENSE TO FOUND THE COLLEGE III. ROYAL LICENSE TO FOUND THE COLLEGE 435 436 439 viii Contents. CHAP. PAGE IV. FOUNDER'S CHARTER 440 V. PRIOR AND CONVENT OF ST. SWITHUN TO WYKEHAM . . 444 VI. THOMAS TANNER TO SAME ....... 445 VII. THOMAS LAVYNGTON TO SAME 446 VIII. INDENTURE BETWEEN PRIOR AND CONVENT OF ST. SWITHUN AND WYKEHAM 447 IX. LICENSE TO ACQUIRE POSSESSIONS OF ALIEN PRIORIES . . 450 X. CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES 452 XI. THE STATUTES ... 455 XII. WARDEN TRAFFLES' DIARY 523 XIII. BISHOP COOPER'S ORDER LIMITING THE NUMBER OF FOUNDER'S KIN 526 XIV. BISHOP OF ACHONRY'S COMMISSION TO CONSECRATE THE CHAPEL, ALTARS AND GRAVEYARD 530 XV. CASE OF THE SUB-WARDEN AND BURSARS OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE CONCERNING THE ALLOWANCE MADE BY THEM TO THE WARDEN pro victualibus FOR THE YEAR 1710 531 INDEX 539 TABLE OF DATES 1324. 1367. Oct. 10. 1368-9. Jan. 3. 1373- Sept. i. 1378. June i. 1380. May 9 i 3 8i. 3. 1382. Oct. 10-13. 20. 1386. Mar. 26. 1389. June 19. *393- Mar. 28. 1395- Sept. 28. > Dec. 13. 1395-6. Jan. 1397- Nov. 26. 1400. Sept. ii. 1404. ,, 27. 1437- A ug. 26. 1440. July 29. !443- 1470. 1474 80. 1544- April 1 8. July ii. 1548. 1553. 1562. 1572. 1603. Nov. 14. Birth of William of Wykeham. He is consecrated Bishop of Winchester. First allusion to ' our scholars.' Engagement of schoolmaster. Bull of Urban VI. Papal license to found a College. Appropriation of Downton Rectory. Purchase of site. Charter of Foundation. First stone laid. License to acquire possession of alien priories. Opening day. Charter of Privileges. Altars, &c., consecrated. First allusion to commoners. Fellows admitted. Statutes published. Death of Wykeham. Fromond's chantry consecrated. First visit of Henry VI. Wayneflete removed to Eton. Reredos erected. Thurbern's chantry and tower built. Purchase of site of St. Elizabeth's College. Exchange with Henry VIII. Scholars at Moundsmere. Altar demolished and rebuilt. Altar demolished again. First communion table. Altar rebuilt. Altar demolished. Rood loft taken down and pulpit erected. Sir Walter Raleigh's trial. Scholars at Silkstead. x Table of Dates. 1636. . . . Second communion table and rails. 1639. Choir screen. Choir wainscoted. 1649. Parliamentary Visitation. 1662. . . . Altar rebuilt. 1666. . . . The Plague. Scholars at Crawley. 1683-87. . . ' School' built. 1687-92. . . Antechapel wainscoted. 1727. . . . ' Superannuates' Fund ' established. 1 750. ' Commoners ' founded. 1778. . . . Visit of George III. 1834. . . . School Library founded. 1839-42. . . New Commoners built. 1857. . . . Statutes of University Commissioners. 1860. . . . First Boarding House. 1861. . . . Death of Warden Barter. 1871. April 22. New Governing Body of Winchester School established. 1873. . . . Statutes made by Governing Body. HEADMASTERS OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE A.D. JOHN MILTON OR MELTON l . . , 1393 THOMAS ROMESYE ........ 1393 JOHN POLE - . . 1407 THOMAS ROMESYE (again) ...... 1414 RICHARD D'ARCEY 1418 THOMAS ALWYN or WALLWYN 1424 WILLIAM WAYNFLETE 2 1429 THOMAS ALWYN (again) ....... 1442 WILLIAM IVE, D.D. 1444 JOHN BARNARDE ........ 1454 JOHN GRENE 1459 CLEMENT SMYTH, M.A. s 1464 RICHARD DENE, M.A. ....... 1466 JOHN REDE, B.D. 4 1484 ROBERT FESCAM, M.A 1490 WILLIAM HOREMAN, M.A. 5 1494 WILLIAM FARLYNGTON or DARLINGTON, M.A. . . 1502 EDWARD MORE, B.D. 6 1508 THOMAS ERLISMAN T ....... 1517 JOHN TWYCHENER, M.A. 1526 RICHARD TWYCHENER, M.A. . . . . . 1531 1 Retired at Michaelmas, 1393. a Headmaster of Eton, 1442 ; Provost, 1443 ; Bishop of Winchester, 1447. 3 Headmaster of Eton, 1453. 4 Warden of Winchester College, 1501. 5 Headmaster of Eton, 1485; Fellow of Eton, 1502. 6 Warden of Winchester College, 1526. 7 Headmaster of Eton. xii Headmasters of Winchester College. JOHN WHITE, D.D. 1 1537 THOMAS BAYLIE, B.A 1542 WILLIAM EVERED, M.A 1546 THOMAS HYDE, M.A. 2 1552 CHRISTOPHER JONSON, M.D. s 1560 THOMAS BILSON, D.D. 4 1571 HUGH LLOYD or FLOYD, D.C.L. ..... 1580 JOHN HARMAR, D.D. 5 1588 BENJAMIN HEYDON, D.D. 1596 NICHOLAS LOVE, D.D. 6 1601 HUGH ROBINSON, D.D. ....... 1613 EDWARD STANLEY, D.D. 1627 JOHN POTENGER, D.D 1642 WILLIAM BURT, D.D. 7 1654 HENRY BEESTON, D.C.L. 8 1658 WILLIAM HARRIS, D.D. 9 1679 THOMAS CHEYNEY, D.D. 10 1700 JOHN BURTON, D.D 1724 JOSEPH WARTON, D.D." 1766 WILLIAM STANLEY GODDARD, D.D. 12 .... 1793 HENRY DISON GABELL, D.D. . . . . . . 1809 DAVID WILLIAMS, D.C.L. ls . . . . . . 1823 GEORGE MOBERLY, D.C.L. 14 1836 GEORGE RIDDING, D.D. 15 1866 WILLIAM ANDREWES FEARON, D.D. 16 .... 1884 1 Warden of Winchester College, 1542 ; Bishop of Lincoln, 1554 ; of Win- chester, 1556. 2 Prebendary of Winchester, 1556; retired to Louvain, 1558. 8 Physician in London, 1571. 4 Warden of Winchester College, 1580; Bishop of Worcester, 1596; of Winchester, 1597. 5 Warden of Winchester College, 1596. ' Warden of Winchester College, 1613. 7 Warden of Winchester College, 1658. 8 Warden of New College, 1679. 9 Prebendary of Winchester. 10 Canon of Wells. 11 Prebendary of St. Paul's and Winchester. 13 Prebendary of St. Paul's and Salisbury. 13 Warden of New College, 1840. " Bishop of Salisbury. 18 Bishop of Southwell. 16 Honorary Canon of Winchester. ANNALS OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE. I. THE FOUNDATION. Its origin and objects. First Schoolmaster. Bull of Urban VI. Royal license to found a College. Charter of Foundation. Warden Cranlegh. Bulls of Pope Boniface IX. Western Schism. WYKEHAM seems to have begun his great work of providing free education for the sons of people who could not afford to pay for it, as a means of supplying the exhausted ranks of an edu- cated clergy, very soon after he became Bishop of Winchester. For in a commission dated January 3, 1368-9, for facilitating the provision of holy water for the use of poor scholars, quoted by Moberly from Wykeham's Register (III. 16), Wykeham mentions his own scholars (nostri scolares), an expression which cannot possibly refer to the boys of the ancient cathedral school, which, if it still existed, which is doubtful, belonged to the Priory of St. Swithun, and not to the See of Winchester. And in a petition which he addressed to Pope Urban VI for leave to found a college, he seems to have relied on the fact that he had been maintaining a number of poor scholars at his own expense for several years as a reason why his prayer should be granted 1 . By the autumn of the year 1373, Wyke- ham's own school was so far established as to warrant the en- gaging of a permanent master. Wykeham's choice fell on 1 In the Bull granting leave to found the college, Urban VI says that Wykeham ' ut asserit, scolaribus in gramatica in eadem civitate studcntibus pluribits annis vitae necessaria ministravit.' B a Annals of Winchester College. Richard Herton, a grammaticus, or teacher by profession. Herton was engaged for the term of ten years from Michael- mas, 1373, to teach grammar, that is to say, the rudiments of Latin, to any poor boys whom Wykeham had in his school then, or might have in it during the term. Herton was to take none but these. If he fell sick, or went on a pilgrimage to Rome (which he was at liberty to do once during the ten years), he was to provide a substitute. Wykeham on his part agreed to provide at his own expense a competent assistant master. I quote the contract from Wykeham's Register. It is unfortu- nately silent upon two points on which we should like a little information the extent of the holidays, if any, and Helton's stipend *. We hear no more of Herton, and cannot tell how the school throve under him, or whether it was kept open during the period of Wykeham's political disgrace in 1376-7 2 . I imagine 1 In Dei nomine amen. Anno ab Incarnacione domini secundum cursum et computacionem Ecclesie Anglicane millesimo trecentesimo septuagesimo tercio, indiccione undecima, mensis Septembris die prima, pontificates sanctissimi in Christo patris et domini nostri Gregorii divina providencia Pape undecimi anno tercio, constitutus personaliter coram reverendo patre domino Willelmo Dei Gracia Wynton. Episcopo in aula manerii sui de Merewell Wynton. Dioceseos in mei notarii publici et testium subscriptorum presencia venerabilis et discretus vir magister Ricardus de Herton gramaticus certam convencionem cum eodem Domino Wynton. Episcopo fecit iniit et firmavit pro hac forma, videlicet, quod idem Ricardus per decem annos incipiendos in festo St. Michaelis proxime future instruct et informabit sub hac forma pauperes scolares quos dictus dominus Episcopus suis sumptibus exhibet et exhibebit fideliter et diligenter in arte gramatica, et nullos alios sine licencia dicti patris ad doctrinam huiusmodi recipiet per tempus predictum : excepit tamen tempus infirmitatis sue et tern- pus quo curiam romanam semel visitabit suis propriis sumptibus, et per idem tempus aliuin virum sufficientem et ydoneum pro doctrina dictorum scolarium substituet loco suo. Ad hec convenit cum dicto patre quod idem pater inveniet et exhibebit sibi unum alium virum ydoneum qui eum poterit adjuvare in labore discipline scolarium predictorum. Hec promisit firmiter idem magister Ricardus cum omni diligencia perficere et implere ; et super firmitate illius convencionis tenende et servande idem Magister Ricardus per manum suam dextram in manu dextra dicti patris expresse posuit et dedit fidem susfrn ad premissa omnia perficienda in forma supradicta. Acta sunt hec anno indiccione mense die pontificatu et loco prenotatis presentibus discretis viris magistris Johanne de Bukyngham canonico Ebor. et dominis Joh. de Cam- peden Canonico Ecclesie Suthwellensis Ebor. dioces. et Henrico de Thorp ac Johanne de Keleseye, notariis publicis, testibus ad premissa rogatis specialiter et vocatis. Reg. III. a 98. 8 Probably not, for we know from the chronicles that his school at Oxford The Foundation. 3 that Wykeham's application to the Pope was made as soon as he was restored to favour at Court. The Bull granting it bore date June i, 1378. It reached Wykeham when he was intent on his design for New College, and was put aside until the first stone was laid there l . He then 2 placed the Bull in the hands of Roger de le Chambre, a confidential body-servant 3 , with in- structions to deliver it forthwith to the Bishop of Rochester, Thomas de Brinton, who was named the Pope's delegate for the special purpose of granting the license. Away went Roger de le Chambre from Southwark, where Wykeham was at the time, along the road traversed by the Canterbury pilgrims, and crossing the Straits, found the Bishop at Guisnes, and obtained the license on May 9, 1380 ". The next step was to obtain the concession from Richard II. Having, we may be sure, obtained a promise of this, Wykeham saw no great occasion to move further in the matter, until he had secured the site on which he meant to build. The royal license to found the college bears date October 6, 1382. It empowers Wykeham to acquire the site and build a hall or college to the honour and glory of God and Our Lady; to settle in it a warden and seventy scholars, who should study grammar within its walls ; to grant them a charter ; to vest the site in them and their successors ; and endow them with the rectory of Downton in Wiltshire, the Statute of Mortmain notwithstand- ing 5 . Within a fortnight after the date of this license, Wyke- ham completed the purchase of the site, and published the Charter of Foundation, dated October 20, 1382 6 . In an eloquent preamble Wykeham affirms his belief in the import- ance of free education in Latin to the sons of poor people ; a knowledge of Latin being (he says) the janua et origo omnium liberalium artium, which many poor students have failed to reach solely from lack of means. He then founds the College, nomi- nating Thomas de Cranle 7 first warden, admitting seventy was closed during that period, and the scholars sent home. Introd. Chron. Angl. App. B, p. Hi, quoted by Moberly, p. 137. 1 March 5, 1379-80. a May 6, 1380. s Appendix I. 4 Appendix II. 5 Appendix III. * Appendix IV. 7 Or Cranlegh, a Fellow of New College. He resigned in 1389, and John Westcote succeeded him. Cranlegh became Warden of New College in 1397, and Archbishop of Dublin in the following year. Henry IV made him Chan- cellor, and Henry V made him Chief Justice of Ireland. Returning home in B 2 4 Annals of Winchester College. scholars *, and incorporating the warden and them by the name of 'Seinte Marie College of Wynchestre 2 / with a common seal, to live together in collegiate fashion (collegialiter), obeying the statutes and holding the site in frankalmoign 3 of Wykeham and his successors in the See of Winchester. This completed the work of foundation. With the object of strengthening the position of the College and benefiting its members, Wykeham obtained twelve Bulls from Boniface IX, who succeeded Urban VI in 1389 : I. A Bull enabling the Warden to hold a benefice with cure of souls in addition to the Wardenship. Urban VI had granted the same privilege to the Warden of New College. II. A Bull enabling the Warden and scholars to let their lands on lease. III. A Bull granting the right of free sepulture within the College. Boniface IX had granted the same right to New College. IV. A Bull enabling the Warden to exchange one benefice for another. V. A Bull allowing the Warden and scholars to have masses performed cum notd et altd voce, and the sacraments administered within the precincts of the College. VI. A Bull declaring that all oblations, legacies, &c., given to the Warden and scholars do and shall de jure belong to them and not to the diocesan. ill-health, he died at Faringdon in 1417, and was buried in New College Chapel. 1 Whose names, he says, are recorded in the archives of the College, where alas, they are not now to be found. The existing register commences with the names of the seventy scholars whom Wykeham admitted on the morning of the opening day in 1393. 3 'The warden and scholars-clerks of St. Mary College of Winchester near Winchester' is the present corporate name, the words 'near Winchester' being added to distinguish Winchester College from the other St. Mary College of Winchester in Oxford, which is more commonly called New College now, just as Winchester College was called down to the middle of the last century. The real corporate name was of importance ; for an error in it might lead to serious consequences. In i Eliz. a lease by Eton College was held to be void by all the judges for no other reason than that a puritanical generation had purposely omitted the words ' beatae Mariae ' from the corporate name of the college. See Eaton College Case, Dyer, Rep. 150 a. 3 Or free alms, the tenure by which the Church holds most of its lands. The Foundation. 5 VII. A Bull enabling the Warden and scholars to retain all oblations and burial fees made and received within the precincts of the College. VIII. A Bull empowering the Warden and scholars to have a belfry and bells. IX. A Bull declaring that the chapel and graveyard of the College may be purified or ' reconciled ' from any manner of canonical defilement by any clerk in holy orders without the intervention of the diocesan, provided that the holy water has been blessed by him or some other bishop. X. A Bull granting one hundred days relaxation of penances and an indulgence and remission of forty years to all who should visit the chapel or lend helping hands (manus ad fabricam et eius consecracionem porrexerint adjutrices) to the completion and maintenance of the fabric. XI. A Bull permitting the Warden and members of the foundation to receive holy orders at the hands of any bishop. XII. A Bull granting to the College in view of its object, the advancement of learning and religion, all manors, advowsons, lands and tenements in England belonging to the monasteries of Tiron and Mont St. Katherine near Rouen, the whole ex- ceeding the yearly value of three hundred marks (200 per annum), with a proviso that compensation should be given if and whenever the monasteries should return to their alle- giance. The great Western schism was raging at the time. There was a pope (Boniface IX) at Rome, and another (Clement VII) at Avignon. Richard II sided with him of Rome 1 . The French religious houses, as a rule, sided with him of Avignon. It was to punish these Frenchmen for siding with one whom Boniface IX unamiably calls in this Bull ' Robertus Basilice XII apostolorum presbyter cardinalis, iniquitatis alumpnus,' as well as to confer a benefit on Wykeham's foundation, that Boniface IX issued this Bull. Wykeham accepted it ; but paid the price asked for the estates of the monasteries notwithstand- ing 2 . In grateful remembrance, no doubt, of the fact that they 1 Cf. Stat. 2 Ric. II, i, 7, declaring that Urban VI was duly chosen Pope and ought to be accepted and obeyed as such. 2 See Chapter III. 6 Annals of Winchester College. owed the acquisition of the property of these monasteries to the Western schism, the Society made a subscription in the year 1478 to a fund which was being then raised with the object of promoting the union of the churches of England and France : 'In allocat. bursariis de debito Joh. Okeborne xx 8 solut. per eosdem ad subsidium cleri existentis ultra mare pro unione ec- clesie facienda/ is the entry in the computus of that year. These Bulls are no longer to be found in the muniment room, where they seem to have been at the time when Charles Black- stone compiled his MS. Book of Benefactions rather more than a century ago. Copies of the first and third Bull, and of nine others granted to New College by Urban VI and Boniface IX, are still preserved there. CHAPTER II. THE SITE. Why chosen. Its extent. Boundaries. The Prior's Garret. The Sustern Spital. The Lockburn. Former owners of the site. The litigious tailor. Provision against incumbrances. Contract with the monks of St. Swithun. THE site was wisely chosen in the Soke or suburb of Win- chester, without the jurisdiction of the Mayor and Corporation 1 , within the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester, as lord of the Soke Liberty, and not more than a bowshot from Wolvesey Castle, one of Wykeham's numerous residences. The original site contains nearly five acres. The site of New College, within the ancient walls of Oxford which bound its north and east sides, contains upwards of six acres. The greater part of the site of Winchester College was bought of the monks of St. Swithun, the great Benedictine Priory environing the Cathedral Church of Winchester. From the monks of this convent Wykeham acquired a messuage, an acre and a half of garden ground (terrae), and a meadow of three acres, which was divided at the time by a fence running east and west into two paddocks or closes, known as Dumeres mede and Oter- bornes mede, after Dummer and Otterborne, their occupiers at some former period. The purchase deed or feoffment 2 , which is dated October 10, 1382, describes this portion of the site as bounded by the precinct of the Sustrene Spitele or Sustern Spital on the west, the garden and closes of the Carmelite Friars inhabiting King's Gate Street on the south, and the 'Priores garet' and monks' private way to Priors Barton on the east. The highway from the King's Gate to Wolvesey bounded it on the north, but the fact is not stated in the feoff- 1 Thus escaping the octroi levied on goods entering the city gates. a Appendix V. 8 Annals of Winchester College. ment, probably because it was a matter of notoriety. The Sustern Spital, or Sisters' Hospital, an ancient foundation of Sisters of Mercy dependent on the Priory of St. Swithun, stood where Commoners now stands. The division between it and the western boundary of the land which Wykeham acquired from the monks was (and still is) marked by a drain or sewer, then open, now covered, called the Lockburn *. This historic stream issues from the close under the house occupied by the subwarden, Mr. Gilbert Heathcote, crosses College Street, runs under the old slaughter-house at the western end of the brew- house, and so southwards past the principal buildings of Chamber Court, ultimately joining the river which it left some way above the city 2 . The convent of Carmelite Friars stood on the site of Sick- house. Its garden and closes form Sickhouse mead and the southern portion of Meads ; and its graveyard lay where the racquet court and gymnasium stand now. The Prior's Garret le Garite it is sometimes called was at the north-eastern corner of the site, at the foot of the bridge in College Street. It seems to have been a loft 3 over a doorway in a structure of some kind 1 Vulgarly ' Logpond.' The word occurs in the Bursars' books, e. g. ' pro purgando ly lokborne iii d ' as early as the year 1584. ' Le Logborne' occurs in the accounts of 1649. 'Lock' is 'lake,' a running stream. Locally, ' Lady Lake ' is the name of a stream in the confines of Wolvesey. The little streams which remain at low tide in Portsmouth harbour are called ' lakes.' Lacus is the word used in the computus rolls. The ' lacus exterior,' the open ditch along the north side of College Street, was dug in 1495 for the purpose of flushing the Lockburn. ' Sol. H. Zilforde et Robto. Awdley laborant. in rammyng in le flodegate in lacu exteriori per ij dies, xij d ' is an entry in that year's computus, referring to the hatch nearly opposite Commoner Gate. ' Lurteborne,' the name for the Lockburn in the agreement quoted in the next note is meaningless, and must surely be an error of the scribe. 2 An indenture made December 3, 1398, between Wykeham and the Prior (Thomas Nevyle) of St. Swithun, in the presence of Roger, Archbishop of Canterbury and Legate of the Holy See, for the purpose of adjusting divers matters in dispute, contains the following clause : ' Whereas a watercourse called Lurteborne running from the city of Winchester under the dormitory, cloisters, cellar, brewhouse, kitchen, and court of the Priory, is often made the receptacle of dung, carcases, and putrid entrails which are thrown into it in the city and offices of the Priory to the great nuisance and danger of the bishop as well as of inhabitants and wayfarers, and contrary to the laws of the realm It is agreed that the Prior and Convent shall place an iron grating at the point where the stream issues from the close sufficient to prevent any of the aforesaid nuisances from passing out of the close.' 3 Resembling, possibly, the loft over the outer or entrance gateway of St. Cross The Site. 9 or other, probably a dead wall, as it is nowhere particularly described. In the time of Edward I, the house of Peter the Cobbler stood there ; but in Wykeham's time it was much as I have described it. Facing this doorway was another in the wall of the Close. These doorways opened on a path which ran along the western side of the 'riparia' or mill-stream to the manks' grange at Prior's Barton. It was their private way to their home farm, by means of which they avoided passing under the King's Gate with its unpleasant associations 1 . Next College Street, between it and the ground acquired from the monks of St. Swithun, stood in 1382 a row of houses extending from the precincts of the Sustern Spital to the Prior's Garret. The first of these houses, counting from the Prior's Garret (which apparently remained the property of the monks), Wykeham bought of a man named Thomas Lucas, alias Tanner' 2 . It belonged temp. Edward I to Drogo (Drew) the Cellarer, who had it by descent or purchase from Isabel Garlek. From Drew the Cellarer it went to his son William, who was hostiarius cellarii et refectorii to the convent of St. Swithun. In 15 Edward III, it belonged to John de Meones, a carpenter by trade ; whose will devising it to his widow is dated April 14, 1341. His widow sold it to Roger le Archer, of Sparkford 3 . Roger le Archer's devisees sold it to William atte Hole, who parted with it to Lucas in 49 Edward III. Wykeham acquired this house, and the one next to it 4 , on October 13, 1382. A man named Lavyngton was the vendor of the last-mentioned house. It belonged to Ralph de Antioch one who had a crusader in his Hospital. I see no reason to suppose that it was a watch tower, as has been suggested. 1 A year or so before the battle of Evesham, the monks of St. Swithun treacherously let the forces of young Simon de Montfort into the Close through a window in the wall, and they sacked the city. After the battle of Evesham (August 4, 1265), the citizens' turn came, and they forced the monks to enter into a solemn covenant admitting 'the treason they had been guilty of, and binding themselves and their successors in memory of it to keep in repair for ever afterwards the South and King's gates of the city, together with the drawbridge (pons versatilis) at the former gate. The indenture of covenant, dated on St. Edmund's Day (November 20), 1266, and sealed by the monks of St. Swithun, exists in the archives of the city of Winchester. 3 Appendix VI. 3 The real name of the village a mile south of Winchester commonly called St. Cross, after the famous hospital there founded by Henry de Blois. * Appendix VII. to Annals of Winchester College. family perhaps temp. Edward I, and afterwards to Antony de Saulton, of whom Lavyngton bought it. Next to this house stood a block of three houses T belonging to the See of Win- chester, which Wykeham was empowered by the charter to annex to the College. These houses were held of the bishop by Roger Halyborne and Maud, his wife, for their respective lives at that time. The first of them seems to have been in the occupation of Antony de Saulton, the others were void, the tenants having doubtless had notice to quit. Last of the row, separated from the precinct of the Sustern Spital by the Lock- burn, stood the house which Wykeham acquired from the monks of St. Swithun. I pause here to tell the true story of the litigious tailor, which Moberly criticizes with justice. It originated in a misapprehension on the part of Mr. Charles Blackstone, who was a painstaking antiquarian, but no lawyer, and Cockerell gave it currency. The facts are these. The meadows which Wykeham acquired from the monks had been granted by them at some former time, most likely for lives, to Amice, the wife of Drew the Cellarer. Her interest, whatever its nature may have been, descended through her daughter, Parnel (Petronilla) Pershore, to her granddaughter Agnes Deverose, the wife of the tailor. She was in possession, and consequently had to be bought out before Wykeham could build. The price paid for her interest 20 was high ; it generally is under similar circumstances. The so-called liti- gation was merely the levying of the necessary fine a fictitious action commenced and then compromised by leave of the court which was in use until the fourth year of the reign of William IV for the purpose of enabling a married woman to alienate her interest in real estate 2 . The proceedings 1 They are described in the title-deeds as ' near the flodestok.' This flood- stock was a hatch in the river hard by the present bridge in College Street, by means of which Dummers Mede and Otterborne's Mede were irrigated at the time when Wykeham bought them. 2 I cannot resist quoting the statute 18 Ed. I, c. 4, modus levandi fines: When the writ original is delivered in presence of the parties before the jus- tices, a pleader shall say this, ' Sir Justice leave to agree,' and the Justice shall say to him What saith Sir R. ? and shall name one of the parties. And when they be agreed of the sum of money that must be given to the King, then the Justice shall say " Cry the Peace." And after the Pleader shall say, " The Peace licensed unto you is such that William and Alice his wife (the vendors) that here be do acknowledge the manor of B. with the appurtenances contained The Site. ii were friendly throughout, and the fact of Deverose's name occurring in the rolls for many years afterwards as the recipient of small sums of money out of charity seems to show that this windfall did him no good, and that the Society bore no malice against him 1 . He was occasionally a guest in Hall before he became an object of charity, but always at the servants' table. Wykeham at one time owned the rest of the south side of College Street, but it was not wanted for the purposes of the foundation, and passed into other hands at his death 2 . The site thus acquired was incumbered to a degree which seems hardly credible. Dumeres mede rendered a quit rent of one mark (133. 4^.) yearly to the See of Winchester ; Oter- borne mede paid a modus in lieu of tithe to the College of St. Elizabeth, on the other side of the mill-stream ; and the Bishop's three houses paid a chief rent of 133. id. yearly to the Convent, which sum, however, was a perquisite by custom of the almoner, infirmarer, and head cook of the Priory 3 . Wyke- in the writ to be the right of R. as that which he hath of their gift, to have and to hold to him and his heirs of the said William and Alice, and the heirs of Alice, as in demesne, with the rents, seigniories, courts, pleas, purchases, wards, marriages, reliefs, escheats, mills, advowsons of churches, and all other fran- chises and free customs to the said manor belonging, paying yearly to N. and his heirs, chief Lords of the fee, the services due and accustomed for all services. And if a woman covert be one of the parties, then she must first be examined by the said four justices ; and if she does not assent to the fine, it shall not be levied. And the cause wherefore such solemnity ought to be done in a fine is, because a fine is so high a bar, of so great force and of so strong nature, that it concludeth not only such as be parties and privies to the fine, and their heirs, but all other people in the world, being in full age, out of prison, of whole memory, and within the four seas the day of the fine levied ; if they make not the claim of their action within a year and a day.' 1 ' In dato Thome Deverose scissori Wynton. nomine collegii intuitu charita- tis hoc anno viij d ... in dato Thome Deverose pauperi ex clemencia per vices hoc anno viij d ,' are entries in the accounts for 1414 and 1415 respectively. 2 He had bought the corner house, now Mrs. Cotterell's, of William Asshe- welle and Alice his wife. Three messuages and a garden between that house and the garden of the Sustern Spital were bought by his agents, Nicholas Wykeham, Thomas Cranlegh, and William Ryngeborne, and transferred to Wykeham in 1393. These three messuages, and this garden may be identified with Nos. 8 to 15 College Street. 8 It appears by the Chamberlain's Rolls in the cathedral archives that the exact sum was 135. ofrf., payable s. d. To the almoner . . . . . .94 To the infirmarer 36 To the cook o aj 13 o| ra Annals of Winchester College. ham was determined that the site of his future college should be free from incumbrances, and that no act of his should impair the revenues of the see. Accordingly by an indenture dated June 15, I383, 1 after a preamble expressing that determination, Wykeham made over to the Convent some property in the parish of West Meon, 2 as a consideration for the site being for ever discharged from and indemnified against incumbrances. Two years later the monks of St. Swithun carried out their part of the agreement by granting to the Provost and Chap- lains of St. Elizabeth's College a rent service of 25. yearly in lieu of the tithe on Oterbornes mede 3 . Wykeham indemnified the see against the loss of the chief rent on Dumeres mede by annexing to it lands of equal annual value. Thus was the site made free from incumbrances, as Wykeham intended. I am sorry to have to record that in the year 1622 the Dean and Chapter of Winchester claimed a quit rent of IDS. on the site, on the authority of an entry in their register (in libro domus suae), and the college authorities were simple enough to pay it. This chief rent is now collected by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. Another indenture, dated November 10, 1393, between Wykeham and the warden and scholars of the one part, and the prior and convent of the other, contains (1) A release by the latter body of all claims on the site. (2) A grant to the warden and scholars of leave to make and use gutters, gullies, and spouts (gutteras, voragines, et stillici- dia) in, under, and across the path leading from le Garite to Prior's Barton, for the purpose of carrying away the rain water from the new buildings. (3) An undertaking on the part of the prior and convent not to do or sanction any damage to the fabric and appurtenances 1 Appendix VIII. 2 Two messuages, three tofts, two carucates of arable land, five acres of meadow, two acres of pasture, twenty-eight acres of wood, a rent of us. yearly, another rent of a rose, and one man's service in autumn, with the reversion ex- pectant on the death of Elizabeth Langrysh, William atte Halle's widow, to two other messuages, two tofts, sixty acres of arable land, twelve acres of pasture, an acre of meadow, an acre of wood, and a yearly rent of 35. $d. 3 The deed by the provost and chaplains accepting this rent service in sub- stitution for the tithe on Dumeres mede is in the possession of Winchester Col- lege. It is dated August 2, 7 Ric. II, and has a splendid example of the common seal of St. Elizabeth's College attached to it. The Site. 13 of the College on that, the east, side of it, and particularly not to do any injury to the foundations by digging too near them. (4) A grant of leave to make use of this path for the purpose of drawing water, and carting timber, stone, mortar, and other materials ; also to erect scaffolding there when required. And a grant of permission to enter and be on this path, and (except after dark) in the precincts of the Sustern Spital, for the pur- pose of recovering any tools or other things which might fall or be thrown there; with a stipulation that the warden should have a key of the postern under le Garite, and not be account- able during the progress of building operations for any damage other than wilful to the trees growing along the path \ (5) An undertaking by the prior and convent not to plant any trees along the path which might damage the foundations of the building, and not to allow any trees growing there to obstruct the access of light to the windows or injure the glass. (6) An undertaking by the warden and scholars to allow the servants and workmen of the convent free ingress by the said path 2 for the purpose of doing necessary repairs to the Sustern Spital. 1 This is the last allusion to the path to Prior's Barton. It must have been stopped up soon after the building was finished, as it is treated as no longer existing in an acquittance by Prior Thomas Nevyle dated in the year 1398. a This would enable them to get round the College buildings to the rear of the Sustern Spital. CHAPTER III. THE ENDOWMENT. Down ton. Eling. CoombeBisset. Durrington. Fernhamsdean. Ropley. Meonstoke. Alien Priories. Felons' goods, deodands, &c. Adequacy of the provision. No surplus contemplated. THE first step in the direction of a permanent provision for the maintenance of Wykeham's poor scholars was taken more than a year before the College was founded. By a charter dated May 4, 1380, Wykeham appropriated the Church of Downton near Salisbury to his own table (mensae episcopali). A separate account was to be kept of the income, so that it might be applied in boarding the boys whom Wykeham educated. The Church of Downton, i.e. the advowson, glebe, and tithe, belonged to the See of Winchester. Kenwald, King of the West Saxons, gave it to that see, and to that see it continued to belong after the creation of the See of Sarum, rendering however a ' pension ' or yearly payment of 35. 4^. to the bishop of the latter diocese in recognition of his spiritual supremacy 1 . The Bishop of Winchester presented the in- cumbents, and made them Rectors of Downton by allowing them to receive the tithe for their own use. The last rector having died or resigned in the year 1380, Wykeham appropriated the benefice with the sanction of the Crown and the Pope, in the way already stated. This appropriation of the profits of the benefice to secular purposes rendered it necessary that a vicar- age or ' congrua porcio ' should be secured to the next incumbent 1 This pension continues to be paid unto this day, the Ecclesiastical Com- missioners being the recipients. The Endowment. 15 and his successors. The law of the land did not render this necessary, inasmuch as the Statutes of Vicarages (15 Ric. II, c. 6, and 4 Hen. IV, c. 12) had not yet been enacted, but the law of the Church required it. Accordingly we find Wykeham appointing a prelate whom we have heard of already, the Bishop of Rochester, to determine what the provision should be. His award (ordinatio) bears date May 18, 1383. Under it the in- cumbent got his ' congrua porcio ' in the shape of his house, and the small tithe of the parish, and the right to all oblations at the altar of the parish church, and was to bear all burdens except the repairs of the chancel, and the pension of 35. 4^. to the Bishop of Salisbury. Having seen the spiritual necessities of the parish adequately provided for in this manner, the Bishop of Salisbury (Ralph Ergham, 1375-88) and the respective Chapters of Salisbury and Winchester gave their formal consent to the appropriation, and Wykeham's object was attained 1 . Nicholas de Alresford, the first vicar, was instituted forthwith, and a 'farmer' or resident agent was appointed to receive the great tithe and manage the demesne on behalf of Wykeham. This is how Downton became a vicarage 2 . After the above arrangement with regard to the rents and profits of the appropriation had lasted more than six years, 1 The consent of the Chapter of Winchester was necessary, because in law the temporalities of the See of Winchester were regarded as held of them, and could not be alienated without their consent. 2 The same thing occurred at Sydling in Dorsetshire. King Athelstan gave the church there to Milton Abbey, which he founded in the year 933, as a pro- vision for the table of the monks. The monks presented a minister, who received the tithe as rector and paid a pension of 305. yearly to the abbey. This went on till the year 1313, when the monks sought permission to appro- priate the tithe on a plea of poverty, caused, as they alleged, by losses incurred through the tower of their church being struck by lightning and their church burnt, circa 1312. The Bishop of Salisbury (Simon of Ghent, 1292-1315) assented, on condition that a vicarage should be established. This could not be done until 1333, when Richard le English, the last rector, died. The appro- priation then took place, the vicarage being endowed with the parsonage house, the right to feed so many cows, sheep, and pigs on the commons of the manor, and a pension of 12 a year charged on the tithe, subject to the obliga- tion of keeping in repair the chancel (an unusual stipulation) and the ornaments of the church. If, however, the chancel needed to be re-built through any casualty or natural decay, the monks were to bear two-thirds of the cost of re- building it, and if the vicar failed to bear the remaining one-third, they might stop it out of the pension. 1 6 Annals of Winchester College. Wykeham put an end to it, and annexed the church and advow- son to the College, which was incorporated by this time, to hold of him and his successors in pure and perpetual alms. The deed of grant bears date September i, 1385, and I need scarcely add that the sanction of the Crown and the Pope had been regularly obtained. It was confirmed by the prior and con- vent of St. Swithun in the chapter house assembled on the fourth of the following month. A few years afterwards Wykeham completed the transaction by annexing to his see certain lands in the vill of Farnham, which he had caused to be thrown into the park of his castle there, as compensation for the loss of the income from the church of Downton, and from the churches of Adderbury and Steeple Morden which he had annexed to New College. The deed of grant bears date June 8, 1392. Wykeham's next dotation was the manor of Eling near Southampton. The tenure is copyhold of inheritance, with this peculiarity, that lands on the north of the little stream called Bartley Water, which intersects the manor and runs into Southampton Water at Eling Mill, descend in cases of in- testacy to the eldest son, whereas lands on the south side of the stream descend in like cases (with certain exceptions) to the youngest son. This peculiarity most likely arises from the fact of the manor being a consolidation of two manors, Eling and Winsor (Wyndesore), with customs differing in this respect. This manor is held of the Crown in capite. Wykeham acquired it in 46 Edward III without obtaining letters patent authorizing the alienation, and had to sue out a pardon under the Great Seal for the omission 1 . There is a tradition that Wykeham acquired this manor as a portion for his niece Alice, who became the wife of William 1 Where land was held immediately of the Crown, an intending purchaser had to sue out a writ ad quod damnum, as it was called ; and unless the sheriff made return that the alienation would be no loss to the Crown, a license to alienate would not be granted. All this took time, and cost money ; and a purchaser in Wykeham's high position may very likely have elected to take the property without waiting for the sheriff's return to the writ, in confidence that he would have no difficulty in obtaining a pardon at his leisure. It came to the same thing in the long run. The fines on these licenses to alienate, and on pardons for the omission to obtain them, formed no inconsiderable portion of the revenues of the Crown down to the Restoration. The Endowment. 17 Perot. The Perots must at some time or other have had an interest in the manor, for they were ' vouched to warranty ' of the title in 1407 when Sir Hugh Camoys laid claim to it. Possibly Wykeham gave the manor to the Perots, and took it away in order to give it to the College. If so, the settlement which he made on their eldest son William Wykeham and Alice Uvedale his wife * may have been intended as compensation. The title-deeds of the manor date back to King John's reign. That prince granted the manor to Emma de Staunton, widow, remainder to her daughter Cecily and her issue. Through Matthew Husee (Hussey), Cecily's eldest son and heir, it descended on his great-grandson, Henry Husee, from whom Wykeham purchased it. So far the title seems clear. But possession had not gone along with the title ; for Sir Ralph Camoys, Knt., was de facto lord of the manor in the earlier part of the fourteenth century; and when Henry Husee sought to recover possession in 1344 he sued out a writ of besaiel, in- dicating that his family had been disseised upwards of two gener- ations before. However, time was no bar in those days, and Husee recovered judgment on terms of allowing Sir Hugh Camoys, his opponent, to remain in possession for the rest of his life. Wykeham of course knew all this; and when he completed the purchase, Sir Hugh Camoys attorned tenant to him, thereby admitting the validity of his title to the reversion. Yet in 1406, after Wykeham's death, a Sir Thomas Camoys revived the litigation, relying on a deed bearing date in 44 Henry III (1250) by which a knight named Sir John de Gatesdene purported to grant the manor to his daughter Margaret in frank marriage with the son of a former Sir Hugh Camoys. The trial took place at the Winchester Assizes in 1406. It had a dramatic termination. Sir John de Gatesdene's deed was pronounced to be a forgery, and judgment was entered for the College. The forged deed is preserved in the muniment room with a number of documents which accompanied counsel's brief at the trial. On the back of one of these documents is a pedigree of the Perots, which differs from the received one in making Frye, not 1 Post, Chapter vi. C i8 Annals of Winchester College. Champneys, the surname of the husband of Agnes, the sister of the founder *. The Perots came from Ash (qy. in Hampshire or Surrey?) and gave evidence at the trial. That they were obliged to war- rant the title is evidence that the manor had once on a time belonged to them. Alice had a present of a sapphire ring for her coming : ' Dat. pro uno annulo aureo cum quodam zaphyro empt. et dat. Alicie Perot consanguinee Dm Fundatoris, que vocata es ad warantizandum contra Thomam Camoys, militem, manerium de Elynge, preter unam bursam de panno aureo de dono Dm custodis, xs.' is an entry in the computus of the year. The Perots also had a barrel of white herrings and a ' frayle ' of figs costing 135. 6d., besides fresh fish and wine, value 230?., which were sent to their home at Ash. The trial therefore took place at the Lent assizes. Gratuities to their servants came to as. ^d., and provender for their horses on the journey to 45. The computus roll of the year contains the following references to the forged deed : ' Sol. pro intrusione falsi brevis Thome Camoys, xij and were removed in the Parliamentary Visitation. The crucifix over the central canopy was destroyed in 1562. The reredos itself was fortunately pre- served, owing to its being concealed by the oaken panelling with which it was covered in 1567. Of the original fittings, the row of black oak stalls with miserere seats 2 along each side of the choir, is all that remains. These had ' batylments ' or pinnacled canopies originally. There were benches for the scholars and choristers, and a separate bench for the commoners is referred to. The occu- pants of the stalls knelt on ' buttes ' or hassocks, the rest on storeae or mats of sedge. There were four rectores chori or rulers of the choir, of whom the sacrist for the time being was one, who knelt on 'rondelets,' and bore wands tipped with silver and painted with vermilion. In the computus rolls of the fifteenth century allusions occur to the Sepulchre, a wooden structure draped with cloth, which was erected on the north side of the chancel near the altar at 1 ' In solut. Messyngham in completa solucione pro pictura ymaginum in forulis summi altaris, ultra xx 8 dat. per Thomam Hylle et vj 1 dat. per Ric. Rede et solut. eidem anno preterito, xiij 8 iiij d .' 3 The various designs beneath the miserere seats are very curious both for the beauty of the carving and the ludicrous figures which some of them exhibit. The Fabric. 53 Eastertide l to represent the tomb wherein the body of Christ was laid for burial. The three-branched candlestick used for lighting it is referred to in the computus of 4 Hen. VI : 'Sol. Thome Smyth pro xxiiij pynnes ferreis pro cruce triangulari ordinal, pro candelis infigend. tribus noctibus ante pascham, xij "o Sf o E wj: a. < !/i '3 o . a? ^ 1 a jr g rfirfe? 8 S a "- '| | 1 ,S w" S CO fa-_<3" *-rt _^3Pnr*^ s j 'iils t 1 gpsl'HI 7 a 1 1 1 SfflSI I |-alf| 8 l o n *-'-. ^ ** fc ^J- C uj ^ "^ o iQ ^ c "3 -^ s 5 t| "S 6 S _j o * 7 .g -s a g, 3 < 3' 4f ^ J .2 * g 60 ri 9> 4 Jl <; y -g w ? < < .. UJ o a * H "s z UI .2 < Q^ ? 3 g M u o .. " i a 5 "> Jt S2 ^^ U -3 2 TS c U< U * S 1" 1 "S J 1 -S 'o 1 A t " x g o > "%. "3 "3 *" oo '35 1 c3 3 o uS"*"* s y * u ^s s M^^ lllAl H S ft jj *3*>3 1 7s -s i S* S U 13 5 * 6 3 1 llll l|| || fl^S* A3^ 8 1 -g -S ' " * S -2-S 1*3 I M UJ 13 "2, -a .M o o m a ^* z tr ^ 3 3 JJ a s Q *!.. u. z < - ^ -I 1 s" i >> O UJ Z ,- _ < O ^ & - rt & *"* -^ h ^ 13 2 X C ^ 'S "* a Q- ** 3 4-* "8 g5 1 J- Q (0 o 22 1 > Q Q. gii s ui o 2=> . i s s|fs^ ( jlfijljfljl O a 5 o^ o I tx~i3uj5 52 In, -g "^2 "c +* 5 S2 s w fc> S^ J < gri^jji i o: uj m x lllllllf?ll s A M CO ^ < O x * < .S r73^*4>^4>fi t>'* - A O x ^3 Z h- z 2 ^^ < j3 r "*J*"'-C" J3^ M J ~ H U W CH H O z it "H S y *s "*" 4-T 8*1. s *~ ? cj i-. tn c = J 43 1151* i S S l'-s ISff^j i iiUffi O >> ^ H ^ "o M > I. 2 O J ?J > oPNtoC"54>5^* o 1 1 5 4 ^ ^ U u- * *3 ^to^^^^iS*^ "- o S3 "8 W S . o ^ {^ * ^ T3 -a . ^ J 1 3 3Q |8 |" S> J'l 1. Si ^1 ffi *^ i L>^ ^3 O e UJ y PM o " CJ 9 ^ 3 E CO i c" 1 . - . ~j! * "^ u i|AjI e0l ~' 1 55i^c u ^2^9 T . 1 ^ J i 3 1 S 3 " 5 "3 S<-a 1 i i t 1 S. J? g* < ? oo *O ^ S t! JS "2 2-a Ji ~v ii|-l n| *^p o u. 3 3 us w 62 Annals of Winchester College. tuae ; et scito, quod pro omnibus his adducet te Deus in ju- dicium V The chapel tower will be described in Chapter XIII. At the time when the College was opened, a clochier or belfry was in course of erection on its site. This clochier is a conspicuous object in the quaint birds-eye view of Winchester College circa 1465, that appears in the right hand top corner of the picture of Wykeham in the College Hall, and in Chandler's MS. Life of Wykeham, which is preserved in the Library of New College. It was a circular structure of stone or flint, apparently surmounted by a spire with a weather-cock, not unlike the spire of Old St. Paul's, which was erected in 1222. The substructure appears to have been finished and the timbers of the spire in their places on the opening day. It was leaded in 1397-8. Wykeham supplied the lead from his stores at Wolvesey. The plumber's wages for casting 2 and laying it, 185. 5^., were paid by the College ; and four thousand ' led nayles,' three hundred ' bord nayles,' and thirty-four pounds of pewter (solder) were used. There were four bells at first in this belfry. A fifth, the great bell, was given by Warden Cleve. A sixth was added by Mr. J. D. Walford after the tower was rebuilt. All of them, except the last, have been recast, some more than once. The inscrip- tions on the present six bells are as follows : I. DEO DANTE DEDIT. J. D. WALFORD, M.A. l866. MEARS AND STAINBANK, FOUNDERS, LONDON. II. IF WITH MY FELLOWS I AGREE THEN LISTEN TO : FRANCES FOSTER. 1659 : MY HARMONIE. III. I. W. 1593. CELESTES AUDITE SONOS MORTALES. IV. R. PHILLIPS. FECIT. 1737. V. A. U. E. G. R. A. C. I. A. VI. THE WARDEN . OF THE COLLEDGE . NEARE. WINCHESTER . JOHN HARIS [sic], References also occur to the 'kettle-bell/ which appears to 1 Rejoice, O young man, in thy youth, and let thy heart cheer thee in the days of thy youth ; but know thou that for all these things God will bring thee into judgment.' Ecc. xi. 9. 3 Milled lead is a modern invention. Roofing lead used to be cast, that is to say, melted and poured on a flat surface, then ' wiped ' to the required thinness. Organ pipes are still made in this way. Cast lead for roofing purposes is preferred by many as more durable. The Fabric. 63 have hung over against the Hall staircase, and was used to call the Society to meals. The original clock was fixed in this belfry. The first reference to it occurs in the year 1404. No doubt Wykeham gave it in that year : ' In cordulis empt. pro clocca iiij d . Sol. cuidam clerico pro gubernacione cloccae vj 8 . viij d .' Quarterly charges for oiling and regulating it occur regularly from this date. It exhausted the patience of the Society, and in the year 1660 l was replaced by the present clock, which, like its predecessor, has no face, and is wound daily. The belief of the juniors that it is made of wood is unfounded. We now reach the cloisters. Their walls, like the rest of the original fabric, are founded on piles in consequence of the treacherous nature of the subsoil. They form a square, the length of each side being about one hundred feet, and the length of each side of the included area, or graveyard, being about eighty feet. The tracing in the open three-light windows round this area (nine on each side) is very good perpendicular 2 . The roofs, which are covered with Purbeck stone-slates, are of plain segmental arched timber, ingenious in design, but needing to be kept from spreading by transverse iron ties. It is stated in Messrs. Warren and Sons' excellent Handbook to Winchester, that the absence of cob-webs (which is a fact) has been attributed to the circumstance of the timbers being Irish oak ; but the spiders are kept down by the bats and swallows which haunt the place, and there seems to be no great occasion to ascribe to Irish oak a virtue which the oak of the sister island is not known to possess 9 . Beneath the windows on the four sides of the square are the stone seats on which the boys sat when school was held there during the summer months. The summer term is called ' cloister time ' for this reason. Holes for a game resembling nine men's morris, or fox and geese, will be found here and there on the seats where 1 ' Sol. M ro Davies automatario (clockmaker) pro novo confecto horologio et pro concentu campanili (the chiming apparatus) xxxiiij 11 .' 2 Woodward, i. 185. 3 Ribadaneira affirms that St. Patrick did so free Ireland of all venomous beasts that none could ever since breed or live there ; and that even the very wood has a virtue against poison, ' so that it is reported of King's College, Cambridge, that being built of Irish wood no spider doth ever come near it.' Fuller says that Westminster Hall is built ' of cobwebless beams, because con- ceived of Irish oak.' 64 Annals of Winchester College. the scholars sat. The stone-work bears many carved names of former scholars, but none of a very early date. ' Thos. Ken, 1656,' occurs twice ; ' Francis Turner 1 , 1655,' was cut on another stone close by, which has been taken out. These cloisters have been the burial-place of those connected with the College for nearly five centuries. They are full of brasses and mural tablets, the oldest brass being one to the memory of William Clyff, first chaplain of Fromond's Chantry Chapel, who died March 24, 1433-4. This chapel, which stands in the green of the cloisters, will be described in Chapter IX. It was planted round with fir trees in 1674. A doorway (now walled up) in the south-west corner led into Meads by a descent of two or three steps, show- ing how much the level of the ground within has been raised artificially. In the year 1450 nine tons (dolia) of ragstone for these steps were bought of one Henry Philpotts. They cost 23 d . including boatage from the Isle of Wight to Wood Mill 2 . 1 Bishop of Rochester, 1683 ; of Ely, 1684 ; deprived, 1689. 2 On the river Itchen above St. Denys. The point at which the river ceases to be tidal. CHAPTER V. THE STATUTES. Publication in 1400. Extant copies. Members of the Foundation. The scholars. How elected. Annual supervision. King's letters. The Warden. The Fellows. The Choristers. The Vicewarden and Sacrists. The Bursars. The Schoolmaster and Usher. Commons. Hall. Strangers excluded. Sumptuary Regulations. Stipends. Liveries. Prayers and Services. Regulations touching Estates Common Seal and Chest. Distribution of Chambers. Annual Progress and Audit. Boy- bishop. Conclusion. THE Statutes have not hitherto been published ', probably because of the injunction to secrecy which they contain. This, the best-obeyed perhaps of all Wykeham's injunctions, used to afford a convenient answer to the class of people who scire vo- lunt secreta domus, and baffled the interrogatories of Brougham's Education Committee in 1818. The fact of Henry VI transcribing Wykeham's Statutes Bishop Lowth says without any material alteration for his new foundation at Eton, is at once evidence of their merit and of the high estimation in which they were held at the time. Wykeham spared no pains to make them complete, keeping the original draft at hand, and making such emendations and additions as seemed desirable from time to time. ' This is evident,' says Lowth, 'in the case of New College, from an ancient draft of those Statutes, in which the many alterations, corrections, and additions made in the margin show clearly how much pains the Founder bestowed upon this important work.' No such draft as this is extant at Winchester, but some of the additions to Wykeham's original draft, e.g. the exception to the rule against harbouring strangers in College, which is tacked on at the end of Rubric XVI, are easily distinguishable. It was not until the College had been open more than six years, and 1 Appendix XI. W 66 Annals of Winchester College. Wykeham's health was becoming precarious ', that he made up his mind to promulgate the Statutes in their final form, the form in which we have them now, reserving, however, power to alter them as long as he lived. On September n, 1400, his com- missioners, John de Campeden 2 , Robert Keton 3 , and Walter Awde ", read them before the Society assembled in the Chapel of the College, and then administered the oath of fidelity and secrecy to all those who were of age to take it 5 . The names of those who took the oath on this memorable occasion are recorded. Only thirty-six scholars were sworn ; the remainder were under fifteen years of age (Rubric V). 1 He survived the publication of his Statutes four years. But it may have been hurried on for that reason ; for there are signs here and there of the want of a final revision. For instance, Richard II is mentioned as King in Rubric XXIX, though he had been dead some months at the time when the publication of the Statutes took place. 2 Archdeacon of Surrey and Master of St. Cross Hospital. One of Wyke- ham's most trusted agents, and one of the executors of his will. In the year 1384 he rebuilt the tower of the church of St. Cross Hospital, and renewed the roof of the chancel and aisle at a vast expense. His brass within the com- munion rails in the church is perhaps the finest monumental brass in Hampshire. 3 Chancellor of the diocese of Winchester. Wykeham bequeathed to him a legacy of plate to the value of 26 135. \d. He bequeathed to the College his law library, consisting of : s. d. Liber Decretorum value o 26 8 Liber Decretalium o 23 4 Casuarius Bernardus super Decretal. . . ,, 060 Henricus de Segusio super Decretal. . . ,, 10 o o Alius doctor super Decretal i o o Liber sextus Decretalium cum glosa . . ,, i 10 o Liber Clementinus cum glosa et Tractatus de Electione ....... ,, i 10 o Alius Liber de Institut. Clement. ... i o o Speculum Judiciale 200 i9 16 o ' In solut. Joh. Colman cooperienti et reparanti diversos libros legatos Collegio per M" Rob tum Keton, cum vij 8 vj pro j duodena et di. cathenarum pro eisdem libris et aliis cathenandis, xij' iiij d ' occurs in 9 H. VI. Keton's brother John was precentor of St. Mary's, Southampton, and had a legacy of 20 under Wykeham's will. * Rector of Calbourne. A legatee of 20 under Wykeham's will. 5 ' In exp. M ri Joh. de Campeden, Rob tl Keton et M ri Walt. Awde existen- cium ibidem cum eorum familia et equis quorundam eorum per ij dies pro novis statutis legendiset promulgandis, necnonjuramentis custodis sociorum scolarium te serviencium eiusdem Coll. recipiendis, xxviij 8 .' The Statutes. 67 John Morys, custos. Thomas Turke, vice custos. John More John Dyrley John Brom . John Assh Socii Richard Brakkele > Capel- John Clere lani. Adam Walkelayn Stephen Anstyswell John Frenssch Thomas Romesye *, Mag. Scolarium. John Huet, Hostiarius. John Hende ] Capellani Richard Stanstede Conduc- Nicholas Newbury j titii. Richard Mathon, in loco. Dia- coni John Porter \ Clerici Nicholas North ) Capellae. SCHOLARS. John Preston . Thomas Warenner . Reginald Warenner Thomas Halle . Walter Colswayn . William Towker William Langrede . William Kygyl John Kyppyng John Mone Robert Maydekyn . Robert Dorking Richard Kempsey . William Busshe William Bradewell . Richard Archer Thomas Moordon . Thomas Baylemond Walter Hykendon . Robert Gouche William Postebury . Laurence Martin John Kyng DIOCESE OR PLACE. Sarum. Winchester. Hensting. Bishopstoke. Basingstoke. Southampton. Ringwood. Havant. Liddington. Surrey. Bodicote. Newbury. Abingdon. East Hendred. Ludgershall. Grafton, Wilts. Wilton. Lye, Wilts. Wells. Frome. Hounslow. 1 Who had succeeded the unfortunate Milton about six months after the opening day. In the Library Catalogue in the Vetus Registrum a book on grammar, called 'Ferrum,' from that being its first word, like the 'as in praesenti,' is said to be his gift. Perhaps he was the author. It appears from the computus of 1399 that the College was at the expense of transcribing it : ' In pergameno empt. pro quodam libro vocat. Ferrum, continent! xij quaternos, iij* viij d . In solut. Petro scriptori (Peter de Cheeshill) pro scriptura dicti libri in partem solucionis xiii s iiij d vj s viij d .' F 2 68 Annals of Winchester College. SCHOLARS. DIOCESE OR PLACE. William Dacombe ..... Sherston. William Norton, major .... Kenton, Devon. Henry Adam Southam. Roger Ffaryngdon . . . . . Farington, Lancashire. Robert Quyntyn Hull. Edward Overdon Staffordshire. John Clerk . . . . . . Hyde, Winchester. Ralph de Broghton .... Hants. John Cugge Buriton. William Kyngham Kingham. John Morgan Blandford. John Baylyf Whitchurch, Glouc. John Hanyngton Hannington. This, the final edition of Wykeham's Statutes, consists of forty-six clauses, called rubrics, from the circumstance of their titles being in red ink. The sealed copy which was delivered to the Society on this occasion is preserved in the muniment room. It is bound in doeskin. The leaves are 15^ by nf inches, and they are twenty-six in number, besides blank or fly- leaves. The writing is very clear, in black, with blue and red capitals, and illuminated headings. The Founder's seal, im- pressed in brown wax, and further protected by a wrapper of silk cloth, is appended by green and red strings to the volume 1 . With it is a similar copy of the Statutes of New College. Another copy, known as Heete's copy, was made in the year 1424, at the expense of Robert Heete, a Fellow of the College, for the purpose of being kept in the vestry, or antechapel, in obedience to Rubric XIII, and Archbishop Arundel's injunc- tion 2 . After the Reformation it was kept in First Chamber, but was taken away about the year 1788, in consequence of the boys writing in it. The volume, which was repaired and bound by Zaehnsdorf in 1890, contains a copy of the Statutes of both Colleges, and the ' Tractatus de prosapia, vita, et gestis reve- rendi patris et domini Domini Willelmi de Wykeham Y The leaves, 13! by 9 inches, are ninety-nine in number. A list of subscribers to the building of the ' School ' is entered in the fly- leaves at the end of the volume. The writing and binding, with 1 The vellum for this copy cost IDS., and the writing and binding, 6s. Bd. ' In sol. pro libro statutorum scribendo x'. . . . Sol. scriptori pro statutis p'dict. scribendis, una cum ligacione eiusdem vj viij ' (computus of 1400). 3 Chapter viii. 3 Moberly, Appendix E. The Statutes. 69 the parchment, cost Heete the sum of 265. 8d. 1 There is a third copy on vellum, belonging to the library, which is in per- fect preservation, and a fourth on paper, which a Fellow of the 1 Heete also gave to the College a quantity of church plate and vestments ; also his library, and a cross of copper gilt and a pastoral staff for the boy-bishop on Innocents Day. His deed of gift, dated on Michaelmas Day, 2 Hen. VI, is preserved in the muniment room. His library comprised : s j An Ordinal valued at o 26 8 A Portiforium parvum, ad usum sociorum missorum in negotiis Coll. . . . ,, o 20 o A Manual . o 13 4 Another o 16 8 A Gradual ....... o 26 8 An Epistolary o 53 4 A Missal for use in Third Chamber . . o 20 o A Bible for the use of one of the Fellows . ,, 400 A Glossary of St. Mark .... o ro o Peter Tarentinus on the Holy Eucharist . 0134 A Psalter, with notes .... o 30 o Another, with the ' De Cura ' from the ' Summa Godefridi ' , , . ,, o 30 o Innocentius super Decretal. . . . ,, o 23 4 Liber Decretal. Antiquus . . . . o 15 o Causarium Bernardi super Decret. et Decretal. o 20 o Simon Gratianus super Decret., cum tractatu Valerini de auctoritate biblie ... o 10 o ' Parisienses per totum annum/ &c. . ,, o 30 o Bonaventura de vita et passione Christi . o 13 4 Pastorals of Gregory the Great . . . ,, o 53 4 Albertanus of Brescia de dilectione Dei . o 10 o The Revelation of St. Bridget . . . ,, o 33 4 Pupilla Oculi, for the use of one of the Fellows o 40 o Inventorium juris Canonici, &c. ... o 20 o Ricardus de Rosis de Epistolis secundum consuetudinem curie Romane . o 13 4 Summa Confessorum . o 40 o Summa Raymundi Canoniste ... o 13 4 Summa Godfridi de Fontanis ... o 13 4 Isidore de Summo Bono . . . . o 13 4 Miracula B. Virginis ..... o 10 o 'Januenses per totum annum ' ... o 26 8 Fasciculus Morum 068 Sermones Dominicales .... 034 Liber continens diversas materias morales et liber vocat. ' Binncll ' . 068 Liber Sermonum o 10 o Repertorium >, o 20 o Another copy ., o 10 o Ditto , o 13 4 70 Annals of Winchester College. College named Larke 1 bequeathed for the use of those who should occupy after him his study over First Chamber. Yet another copy exists, which Warden Nicholas transcribed for the use of his successors in the Wardenship. Inasmuch as the Statutes are printed verbatim in the Ap- pendix, no more than a summary of them is attempted in this chapter. Rubric I. Of the total number of scholars clerks, and other persons. A warden, seventy scholars, ten fellows, three chap- lains, and three lay clerks. The warden and fellows are to be freeholders (perpetui) ; the chaplains and lay clerks are to be conducting ac eciam remotivi, without vested interests, and liable to removal. There is also to be a schoolmaster (infor- mator) and an usher (hostiarius), who are likewise remotivi. Rubric II. Who may be chosen scholars, and of the qualifica- tion. Founder's kin first ; then natives of parishes or places in which one of the two St. Mary Winton Colleges has property ; then natives of the diocese of Winchester ; then natives of the counties of Oxon, Berks, Wilts, Somerset, Bucks, Essex, Middlesex, Dorset, Kent, Sussex, or Cambridge, in order; lastly, natives of any other part of the realm of England 3 . Candidates must be pauperes et indigentes 4 , towardly and well- 1 He died May 16, 1582. The epitaph on his brass in Cloisters is : ' Qui premor hoc tumulo dicor praenomine Thomas Cognomen fecit dulcis alauda mihi. Bis septem menses, ter septem presbyter annos Hie colui, cujus nunc fruor ore, Deum.' - The Chaplains of Eton College are called ' conducts ' for this reason. Horace Walpole, writing in 1737 from the Christopher Inn, Eton, to George Montagu, speaks of their Eton friend Ashton, as ' standing up funking over against a conduit (sic) to be catechised.' 3 The preference here given to the diocese of Winchester is said never to have been observed, and little if any regard was paid to the order of counties. Two scholars Adyson in 1536 and Ruckwood in 1548 came from Calais while it counted in the diocese of Canterbury ; Mabson from Flushing on Long Island was admitted in 1774, after a year in Commoners, and Eustace and Moore from New York were admitted in 1771 and 1781. The nomination system of course superseded these preferences. * I will not attempt to translate these words, about the precise meaning of which, and Wykeham's intention in using them, there has been so much con- troversy. See Brougham's letter to Sir Samuel Romilly in 1818 on the abuses of charities. It is not likely that Wykeham intended the scholars to be of the humblest and lowest class in society. He does not say that they are to be ad- mitted intuitu charitatis, as the choristers are. Whatever may be the meaning of the word indigens, it is certain that ' pauper ' often means ' neither poor nor The Statutes. 71 mannered ('manners makyth man ') ; quick to study, well be- haved, and grounded in Latin grammar 1 , reading, and plain song. No candidate as a general rule is to be under eight or over twelve years of age. But a youth of unusual merit may be admitted at any age under seventeen years, if, in the opinion of the electors, he is certain to be qualified for promotion to New College at the regular age. A scholar who has not received the first tonsure, must receive it during his first year, under pain of expulsion. No boy suffering from incurable disease, or having any bodily imperfection which might operate as a disqualification for Holy Orders, is to be elected, nor any boy who has an income from hereditaments of any tenure ex- ceeding five marks (66s. 8d.) per annum. Founder's kin, however, may be maintained within the College from their seventh to their twenty-fifth year, though they be worth twenty marks a year. If a consanguineus is not qualified in grammar, reading, and plain song at the time of his admission, the Warden may employ a chaplain, lay clerk, or scholar to teach him : and after he is qualified the Warden may pay six and eightpence yearly to one of the discreeter and more advanced scholars to superintend his studies. Every consanguineus who is not worth loos, yearly is to be provided with linen and woollen clothing, bedding, shoes, and other necessaries at the Warden's discre- tion. Every scholar not Founder's kin is to leave on com- pleting his eighteenth year, unless he be then on the roll for New College, in which case he may stay on until he succeed to New College, or complete his nineteenth year, and no longer. Rubric III. Of the election of Scholars in the annual super- vision. The Warden and two Fellows of New College 2 , one of rich.' Wykeham cannot have regarded sheer poverty as the qualification of a scholar, for a scholar might possess an income approaching, but not exceeding, five marks per annum, equivalent to 66 a year at least at the present day, and might inherit property worth anything under 5 a year without forfeiting his place in the foundation. Of Wykeham's general intention that scholarships should be held by boys whose parents were too poor to educate them without assistance, there can, I think, be no doubt. 1 In antique Donate ; the grammar of Aelius Donatus, a ' grammaticus ' of the fourth century. There is no evidence that the grammar of Donatus was ever in use in the school. There was no copy of Donatus in the original library, but there were five copies of Priscian, one of which, given by the Founder himself, was valued at 6s. Bd. * Called supervisors, or scrutineers, and latterly ' Posers.' The Electors collectively were called ' The Chamber.' 72 Annals of Winchester College. whom is to be a Master of Theology or Philosophy, and the other a Bachelor or Doctor of Canon or Civil Law, are to visit Winchester College on a day between July 7 and October i to be fixed by the Warden of New College. They are to travel there and back at the expense of New College, but not with more than six horses 1 . As time went on, it became the practice to set out from Oxford on the Monday, sleep at Newbury, and reach Win- chester on the Tuesday afternoon. Oxford to Winchester is fifty- three miles, and Newbury is half way. An ancient hostelry on the north side of Bartholomew Street, Newbury (now Nos. 25 and 26) was acquired by Winchester College in the year 1444, probably for the use of members of the two Societies passing through the town. On reaching their journey's end, the electors were met at the Middle Gate (ad portas) with a Latin speech by one of the scholars. After the delivery of this speech came the scrutiny, when the Chamber sat to hear and investigate complaints, correct abuses, and enforce obedience to the Statutes. A notable instance of the extent of their power occurred in the year 1713. There was a vacancy among the Fellows, and a majority of the remaining nine could not be got to vote for Henry Downes, who was the only candidate. Nobody else would come forward ; and the Electors, Warden Cobb, Samuel Greenway, and Henshaw Halsey, nominated Richard Fiennes to fill the vacancy, and admitted him a Fellow. However, the chief duty of the Chamber was to elect scholars ad Oxon. and ad Wynton. Rubric III enjoins the Electors to examine the candidates for both places. The candidates for Winchester are to be examined in Latin grammar, reading, and plain song 2 with the assistance of the master and usher, and the fittest are to be chosen. 1 No doubt with the object of limiting the number of the party, and thus saving expense at Winchester. The cost of entertaining Warden Malford and his party at the election of 1396 (they arrived on the Sunday before Michaelmas Day and stayed four days) was sis. "]d., a sum which would have paid for the Warden and Fellows' commons for nearly a fortnight. The cost of the election of 1436, which lasted a week, was 465. 8d. In the year 1417 the Society pre- sented the Warden of New College, on his coming, with a cope of scarlet (una cappa de scarleto) costing 35. 4^., and gave a ' hurys ' or caps, value 3d., to each of the Posers, William Fryth and Thomas Bekenton, afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells. But gifts like these were exceptional. 2 ' Plain song,' Fuller says (Church History, II. vii. 87), 'is much senior to all descanting and running of divisions.' A brass in the chancel at Headbourne Worthy, near Winchester, to the memory of John Kent, a scholar who died The Statutes. 73 Wykeham's system of intelligent selection from a wide area with a due regard to the pecuniary circumstances of the candi- dates was scarcely adhered to in his own day 1 , and soon after his death yielded to the system of nominations, which lasted until open competition was introduced in 1857. The Chamber by no means enjoyed a monopoly of the patron- age. From the time of Henry IV downwards the Crown claimed a right to nominate a scholar occasionally. Elizabeth exercised it in the cases of Stephen Norreys, a son of one of her gentleman pensioners (June 24, 1568), Gawen Frye (March 22, 1569-70), Thomas Gregory (May 8, 1574), 'for that Valentine Gregory, of Harleston, being charged with many children for whom neverless he is careful to see them well brought up in the feare of God, vertue and learning, as farre as his habilities will allow, hath one sonne at schoole with you at Winchester to his great charges and burden,' &c. 2 ; and Constantine Turton (adm. 1590). Charles I did a little in this way. One of his letters recommending (unsuccessfully) a scholar named William Miles, for election to New College, is dated 'from Our Court at Newport in the Isle of Wight, the 18 daie of November, 1648.' Charles II made a practice of nominating two or three boys annually. They were, generally speaking, sons of persons who had suffered in the royal cause. One of his letters may be quoted here as a sample s . August 30, 1434, represents him in the toga talaris of his order; and a scroll issuing from his mouth bears the legend MISERICORDIAS Dm IN ETERNUM CANTABO, ' I will sing of the mercies of the Lord for ever ' (Ps. Ixxxix. i) an allusion, doubtless, to the plain song in which he was proficient. 1 See his ' Littera ut ydonei scolares eligantur in Coll. Oxon. et Wynton. sine partialitate aliqua,' printed in Lowth, Appendix X. 2 Extract from the Queen's recommendatory letter. The father, it seems, found expenses in Commoners heavy, and so made interest to get the boy into College. 3 'Charles R. ' Trusty and well-beloved wee greet you well. Understanding that Thomas Middleton, an orphan, hath spent three years in ye Colledge as a commoner at the sole charge of Ann Jordan, his aunt, a Sadler's widow of London ; and that by her inability to continue him there, the poore friendless and helpless ladd will receave a check in the fair progress hee hath already made in ye study of learning : Wee have, therefore, at her humble suit and in a sense of his con- dicon, thought good to recommend him to you as an object fit for favour, and that at yor next Election which is now at hand you will choose and admit him into a child's place in that Foundacon. Which being an act of charity in itself wee will esteem noe less than a respect to Us, and bee ready to remember upon 74 Annals of Winchester College. He could, however, write sharply when his recommendations were disregarded, as they sometimes were 1 . James II was more urgent and less polite, and his recom- mendations were not quite so often obeyed. Two or three re- commendatory letters by Lord Clarendon are preserved ; one (Mundy to New College in 1664) is countersigned by the Arch- bishop of York, and the Bishops of London, Durham, Ely, Lin- coln, Norwich, Sarum, Lichfield, and Coventry, Carlisle, Chester, Peterborough, and Oxford. The Privy Council asserted the like privilege 2 . The following letter in favour of a boy named Maidwell Eden, may serve as a sample of their letters : ' Reverend Gentlemen : Doo us the favour to elect the son of the bearer, William Eden, into the Colledge of Winton this election, this being the fourth time of appearance ; he having by certificate proved himself near of kin to the Danverses, and thereby near of Kinn to the Right Honourable the Lord Viscount Saye and Sele, who was the chief founder's kinsman. 'To the Wardens of New Colledge and Winton and ye other Electors. 'Ap. ye 21,1711. 'LEEDS, 'JON. OSSORY, *J. ISHAM, ' THO. CARTWRIGHT, ' G. DOLBEN.' any good concernment for ye Colledge. And soe Wee bid you farewell. Given at our Court at Whitehall ye loth of August, 1660. ' By his Matie's comand, ' EDW. NICHOLAS.' 1 I quote part of a letter of his to the two Wardens, dated Jan 9, 1673-4 : ' Wee are informed that the election of scholars is made every year by the Warden and two of the Fellows of New Colledge in Oxford, together with the Warden, subwarden, and schoolmaster of the sayde Colledge of Winchester, at which ceremony it hath been the constant custom time out of mind that the first place be bestowed upon such person as the King shall write for or recom- mend, the second upon one recommended or written for by the Bishop of Win- chester, and then such to be chosen as the foresayd Electors shall every one in his order think fit to nominate. And this method hath always been observed without interruption until the three years last past, wherein (as wee are given to understand) the Electors have postponed both Our nomination and the bishop's to their owne. Wee are not willing to entertaine a conceit that this preposterous way of proceeding hath been introduced with any sinister inten- tion, yet wee cannot but be sensible of the disrespect you have thereby showed, as well to Ourselfe as to your bishop, who is your Visitor and suc- cessor to your Founder. Wee do therefore require that you presume no longer to practice the sayd innovation ' 2 E. g. John Langley, a nephew of Sir Antony Ashley, Clerk of the Council, whom they got into College in 1604. The Statutes. 75 In the year 1703 Warden Traffics got the system of King's Letters abolished as regards New College by his own personal exertions, of which he left a journal 1 . But it continued in force at Winchester until 1726, when Secretary Holies 2 was induced to recall a letter which had been given to a boy named John Trenchard Bromfield, upon the faith of a representation by the Electors that their oath obliged them to elect the most worthy candidates 3 . 1 Appendix, XII. '* Afterwards Duke of Newcastle, and Prime Minister. 3 This is the King's letter : 'G. R. 'Trusty and well beloved we greet you well. Having been informed of the hopeful parts of John Trenchard Bromfield, and humble suit having been made unto Us on his behalf, 'We have thought fit hereby to recommend him to you in a most effectual manner, telling and requiring you to elect and admit the said John Trenchard Bromfield a child of that our College of Winchester at the next election. So not doubting of your compliance herein, we bid you heartily farewell. ' Given at our Court at St. James' the twenty-ninth day of April, in the twelfth year of our reign, A. D. 1726. ' By His Majesty's Command, ' HOLLES NEWCASTLE." Wardens Bigg and Dobson on receiving the above letter waited on the King at St. James* with the following remonstrance : ' May it please your Majesty 'We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects the Wardens of New College in the University of Oxford and of the College near Winchester, on behalf of ourselves and others the electors of those your Majesty's College, beg leave to acknowledge with great humility the receipt of your Majesty's most gracious letter willing and requiring us to choose at the election now de- pending John Trenchard Bromfield into a child's place in your Majesty's said College of Winchester. ' We beg leave most humbly to assure your Majesty that this signification of your royal pleasure was received with a respect becoming the most dutiful of your Majesty's subjects : and at the same time, do most humbly and most earnestly beseech your Majesty to take into your princely consideration the case of your petitioners, who by the Statute of our Founder, William of Wyke- ham (confirmed to us by so many grants and charters of your Majesty's royal progenitors) are constituted sole electors of the two Colleges; and that we are bound by a solemn oath, yearly taken before we enter upon the duty of Electors, not to be swayed by fear or favour, interest or reward. ' We do confess that in the reign of King Charles the Second and King James letters mandatory have from time to time taken place in our elections, to the great grief of our predecessors ; but that at length upon a humble represen- tation made to King William, his Majesty was pleased to return this most gracious answer " God forbid that I should hinder any of my Colleges from 76 Annals of Winchester College. The Bishop of Winchester (Willis) withdrew his pretensions in 1731, owing to a letter from the Warden 1 ; and it maybe assumed that from the date of that letter the Electors had all the vacancies at their disposal. Writing in the year 1773 Wilkes says : 'The Election consists of a nomination determined by votes. Those invested with this power are the Warden of New College ; observing their statutes." It pleased God soon afterwards to take to himself his late Majesty King William of gracious memory ; but the representation above mentioned meeting with like favour and success at the hands of his successor, her late Majesty Queen Anne, we have hitherto enjoyed the freedom of elections agreeably to the trust reposed in us by our Founder, to the unspeak- able comfort and satisfaction of your Majesty's two Colleges, and all that bear relation to them. ' We presume therefore to approach your Sacred Majesty upon this occasion with equal humility and confidence, persuading ourselves, that as your Majesty's reign stands most illustriously distinguished by acts of grace and favour to your people as all your subjects of all ranks and degrees sit down in the full and secure enjoyment of their respective rights so your Majesty will be graciously pleased to extend your goodness to us also : that we may not be made the single exception to this most general rule of your Majesty's government, but may still continue to enjoy a free choice in our elections a privilege of all others the most dear and valuable to us. 'And we are the rather inclined to these assurances from a consciousness that as we offer up to Almighty God our daily prayers for the welfare and prosperity of your Majesty's person, family and government, so we are, and shall be, careful to instil the same principles of duty and loyalty unto the youth committed to our charge. ' Signed, HENRY BIGG, W.N.C. JOHN DOBSON, W.W.C.' His Majesty replied, 'As you seem rather to distrust my right than to ask any favour I will leave the matter to my Attorney General.' The Wardens returned to Winchester to finish the roll, and under advice added Bromfield's name at the foot, ' quern nominamus sub hac conditione, ut admittatur in primum successionis locum postquam regiae litterae confirmatae fuerint.' It is scarcely necessary to add that Bromfield was not admitted. 1 ' WINCHESTER COLLEGE, 'Mv LORD, '3 Sept., 1731. ' I have communicated to ye Electors your Lordship's letter in favour of Mr. Southby's son. They have desired me to assure your Lordship that they will always receive your pleasure with the greatest duty. But reflecting upon the great inconveniences that have arisen to both Colleges from the influence of Royal and Episcopal letters, and fearing that compliance herein may be a means of introducing them again, to the great prejudice of that freedom of Election which they now happily enjoy and think it their duty to maintain, they persuade themselves from your Lordship's goodness and regard for the privileges of both Societies that you will not be offended with them for finishing their election without preferring Mr. Southby's son.' The Statutes. 77 the Warden of Winchester College ; the senior supervisor ; the junior supervisor ; the sub- Warden of Winchester College ; the Head Master. Such therefore as intend their children for this College are to procure a nomination from some one of the above gentlemen.' The names of the elect ' ad Oxon.' and ' ad Winton.,' accord- ing to Rubric III, are to be entered in order of merit on a roll or indenture. Existing vacancies are to be filled up from this roll then and there ; and subsequent ones within eight days after they happen, to the intent that the College may always be full. The practice of making provision for prospective vacan- cies has never been departed from, except for a short time under the Statutes of the present Governing Body ; and it was soon found necessary to recur in substance to the old practice. Rubric IV. What is to happen when the Electors cannot agree. The voice of the majority is to prevail, after deliberation. Rubric V. Of the oath of scholars completing their fourteenth year. On attaining that age the scholars are to be sworn to maintain the rights of the College, to obey the Statutes in their plain, natural, and grammatical sense, and not to divulge the secrets of the House. The form of oath is set forth. Rubric VI. Of the election of Warden, and his oath. He is to be elected by the Fellows of New College, and must be, or have been, a Fellow of one of the two St. Mary Winton Colleges, a graduate in Canon or Civil Law or Master of Arts, in priest's orders, and at least thirty years of age. Rubric VII. Of the office of Warden. He is to have the general control of affairs, which his name (custos) denotes, but must consult the Fellows in matters of importance. Rubric VIII. Of the election of Fellows. There are to be ten Fellows and three Chaplains (the latter nominated by the Warden, and removeable at his pleasure). They must possess a sufficient knowledge of Latin and plain song to be able to celebrate mass. A Fellow is to be elected by the Warden and remaining Fellows, who, on notice of a vacancy, are to meet in Chapel and elect on oath the candidate whom ' prae honore utili- tate et comodo collegio magis profuturum crediderint.' Fellows must be graduates, and in priest's orders. Preference is to be given to past or present Fellows of New College first of all ; then to past or present Chaplains ; and failing such, to priests from A 78 Annals of Winchester College. the diocese of Winchester, and then to priests from the counties of Oxon, Berks, Wilts, Bucks, Essex, Middlesex, Dorset, Kent, Sussex, or Cambridge, in order. Fellows elect are to be sworn in a prescribed form to obey the Statutes in their plain, natural, and grammatical sense, to defend the rights of the College, to avoid quarrels, eschew tale-bearing and backbiting, obey their elders, and not to reveal the secrets of the House. The name and surname of every Fellow and Scholar is to be entered in a register. Sixteen choristers, pauperes et indigentes like the Scholars, are to be chosen as objects of charity (intuitu charita- tis). They are to sing in the choir, make the beds of the Fellows and Chaplains 1 , and help the servants who wait at table 2 . They are to be fed on the broken victuals, on the ' fragmenta et reliquiae quae superfuerunt de mensis presby- terorum et scolarium/ but if this provision is not enough it may be increased. We find these boys as early as the year 1397 in receipt of an allowance of 6d. each weekly, which, if we put the value of the broken victuals at 20". each weekly, makes the pro- vision for them equal to the provision for the scholars. The whole clause seems out of place here, and may be one of those which Wykeham added to the original draft of the Statutes. There is some reason to suppose that the Choristers did not appear in Wykeham's original scheme. They are not mentioned in the Charter of Foundation, and do not appear in the com- putus rolls for more than a year after the opening day. Proba- bly their chamber was not ready till then. It appears from various entries in the rolls that Wykeham was in the habit of lending his own choir at Wolvesey on special occasions during the first year or two after the opening. Rubric IX. In what things the Fellows, Scholars, and other persons must obey the Warden. Obedience to him in lawful matters is here enjoined under pain of expulsion. Rubric X. Of the Vicewarden and Sacrist, their duties and 1 The scholars made their own beds during the interval between rising and matins until the year 1 708, when bed-makers were employed for the first time at the desire of Bishop Trelawney, who suggested in a letter to the Warden that the scholars might be relieved from that ' servile and foul office ' and gain an hour longer in bed, i. e. till six A. M. 'Hi resonant sacros argutis vocibus hymnos In Templo : ex Templo sociis puerisque ministrant ' ; says Christopher Jonson. The Statutes. 79 oaths. A Vicewarden and a Sacrist are to be chosen out of the Fellows annually. The vicewarden is to have a stipend of 265. 8d. ; the sacrist is to have charge of the crosses, vessels, ornaments, and vestments, and to be precentor, with a stipend of 135. \d. It was his duty as precentor to arrange who should officiate at each service. A diptych, or tablet, was provided in 1398 for his use. 'In j tabula ceranda cum viridi cera pro intitu- lacione capellanorum et clericorum capelle ad missas et alia psallenda, viij d ' is an item in the computus of that year. The statutes 1 of the oratory of the Holy Trinity at Barton, circa 1295, say, 'qui precentor habeat tabulam in oratorio super appensam in qua scribat die Sabbati post prandium et ordinet quales missas quis eorum celebrare debeat.' Rubric XI. Of the Bursars 2 and their duties. Two are to be elected out of the Fellows annually. They are to receive the income of the Society and pay the outgoings. All moneys are to be put into a common chest under the eyes of the Warden and three senior Fellows. Any surplus is to be dealt with as the Warden and major part of the Fellows direct, ' pro comodo utilitate et honore collegii.' Each Bursar is to keep a separate account as a check on the other, and to receive a stipend of 135. 4d. Rubric XII. Of the Schoolmaster and Usher under him, and their oaths. The Schoolmaster is to possess a competent know- ledge of Latin ('sit in gramatica sufficienter eruditus'), have had experience in teaching, and be a man of good fame and conver- sation. It is not stated that he shall be in Holy Orders. He is to be appointed by the Warden and Fellows, and to hold office during their pleasure. His duties are, to teach or super- vise the teaching of the scholars, and to chide, punish, and chastise the idle and delinquent, taking care that the chastise- ment be not excessive 3 . He is to report to the Warden the case of any scholar who will not take a flogging, or whom he cannot flog 4 . The Usher is also to possess a competent know- 1 Archaeologia, LII. 297. 2 Called 'bowsers ' in the last century. 3 Corporal punishment was to be inflicted by the head-master only. After Warden Baker's time the vimen quadripartitum of four apple-twigs lashed to a handle was the tool which they used. 4 There were always boys of eighteen and upwards in the school, and a consanguineus might be any age under twenty- five. 80 Annals of Winchester College. ledge of Latin, but need not necessarily have had experience in teaching. Rubric XIII. Of the weekly allowance for commons. This is to be i2d., rising to i^d. or even i6d. in time of dearth, for every fellow and chaplain, and for the schoolmaster and usher; lod. for every lay clerk ; and 8d. for every scholar. Scholars under sixteen years of age may have breakfast (jantaculum). Other members of the Society are to have two meals only, prandium and cena. The bursars are to keep a weekly account of the commons, and balance it at the end of the quarter. If the amount spent on commons exceeds the sums allowed as above at the end of the quarter, the deficiency is to be made good in the next quarter ; if the balance is the other way, the surplus (excrescentia comunarum) is to be put into the chest. An extra allowance may be made for guests whom the Warden entertains ex curialitate or ex necessitate ; and the bursars may allow five shillings extra in Hall when they think fit ut lautius epulentur '. Rubric XIV. Of the order of sitting in Hall; of reading aloud the Bible ; and of the Seneschal of Hall. Every member of the Society is to dine and sup in Hall daily, unless let by sickness or other sufficient cause. The Warden is to sit at the head of the middle table, with the schoolmaster and senior fellows, and they are not to have more than five dishes. The rest of the Society are to sit at the side tables ; the junior fellows and chaplains at the top, below them the usher, and next to him the scholars, each as he happens to come into Hall, without affectation of seniority or scrambling for places. The lay-clerks and choristers are to wait upon the rest, and dine and sup with the servants. The fellows are to hold the office of Seneschal of Hall in turn, week and week about. The Seneschal's duty is to see that the manciple's accounts are correct, and he is not to make his duty an excuse for going into the town, or absent- ing himself from chapel 2 . During dinner and supper a scholar 1 I transpose this clause from Rubric XXVI, where it seems out of place. 2 The office of Seneschal of Hall seems to have dropped about the year 1520. Many of his books are preserved in the muniment room, the series commencing with a fragment of the book for 1395. These books record the name of everybody who was in commons from week to week, and the names of guests at dinner and supper whether at the fellows' or servants' table. The Statutes. 81 chosen by the schoolmaster is to read aloud passages from the ' Lives of the Saints,' the ' Dicta Doctorum,' or Holy Writ, the others keeping silence l . Rubric XV. No tarrying in hall after meals. Forasmuch as men when they have eaten and drunk often indulge in scurrili- ties, and saying of things which are not convenient, or, which is worse, in backbiting and quarrels, it is required that every- one shall leave hall after dinner or supper is over, so soon as the loving cup (poculum charitatis) shall have passed round once among the Fellows. Nevertheless after supper on festivals when the drinking is done (post potacionem in aula) 2 , they need not retire till curfew : and on festivals in winter, when a fire is (fa v\ on the hearth, the company present may, for recreation's sake, 1 * jh i spend a moderate time in singing or other honest amusements, such as reciting lays, reading chronicles, or talking of the wonders of the universe, and other subjects befitting the gravity of churchmen. Rubric XVI. Strangers not to be introduced so as to be a burden to the Society. No Fellow or scholar may bring a parent, brother, kinsman, or friend into College so as to interrupt the scholars' studies. Any Fellow or scholar may entertain friends in his chamber or in Hall at his own expense, but not for more than two days at a time. No stranger, of whatever rank, shall be allowed to pass the night within the College, unless he be there on business, or for some special reason, with the Warden's leave. A plea that a visitor is paying for his commons shall not be admitted. A member of the Society who Similar books were kept at New College ; a facsimile copy of four pages from the Seneschal's book there, for the year ending Michaelmas, 1387, was privately printed for the Warden of New College in 1886. 1 May not the custom of the prefect of hall reading aloud the gospel for the day at a certain stage of the dinner in hall on Domum day, be traceable to this, which was a common discipline in religious houses ? I find in the Computus of 1491, an entry of 135. $d. ' pro reparacione ligacione et co6pertura unius biblie pro pueris ad bibliam in aula legendam ; ' and in 1575 there is an item of gd. ' pro uno testamento Anglico pro lectura biblie in aula.' The ninth injunction of Edward VI requires of religious bodies ' that they shall have every day some part of the scripture read in English at their table in the time of their meals, to the intent, that they having communication thereof may utterly avoid slanderous and unsenseful talking.' a It seems as if on festivals the loving cup went round oftcncr than once and all partook of it. G 8z Annals of Winchester College. harbours a guest for the night without leave shall have his commons stopped for a week. Here an exception is introduced in favour of the sons of people of station and influence (nobilium ac valencium personarum et collegio specialiter amicorum). -Ten of this class 1 may be lodged and boarded within the College, but on condition that they be no burden. Here comes in a prohibition of prayer meetings (conventiculae) 2 and sermons (tractatus) by unauthorized persons 3 , which must have been introduced on revision. Rubric XVII. Scholars and Fellows not to absent themselves from College, or keep dogs, or use arms. No Fellow, Chaplain, master, or scholar may be away from College for periods ex- ceeding a month in any year without sufficient reason. No scholar may go into the town or Soke without leave. No Fellow, scholar, or servant may keep dogs, hawks, or ferrets, or have nets, or perform military exercises, or play any game, or shoot or throw anything within or near the buildings, lest the cloisters or other parts of the fabric should suffer damage. No Fellow may pass the night in the town, or Soke, or else- where within four miles distance, without sufficient reason. Nor may any Fellow or scholar grow long hair or a beard, or wear shoes with peaks or hoods with frogs (neque sotularibus 4 rostratis aut capuciis nodulatis utantur), or wear a sword or dagger, or frequent taverns, shows (spectacula), or other im- proper places. And the wearing of red or green shoes (a fashion of the day) is utterly forbidden in the case of the Fellows. Rubric XVIII. Fellows sent out on business to be allowed their expenses. These are to be allowed out of the Chest on produc- tion of the vouchers. The commons of Fellows absent on their own business are to be stopped during their absence. 1 See Chapter vii, The Commoners. 2 Cf. Canon LXXIII ' Ministers not to hold private conventicles' and Canon XI against maintainers of such, to which John Bunyan owed his twelve years' imprisonment in Bedford Gaol. 8 Aimed, perhaps, at itinerant preachers of Wyclifle's doctrines. 4 Sotulares, i. e. or = subtalares, a kind of shoe or buskin. In the visitation of Selborne Priory, held by Wykeham in person in the year 1387, he censures the brethren for the wearing of boots ' caligarum de burneto ac sotularium ocrearum loco.' The Statutes. 83 Rubric XIX. Backbiters, plotters, and sowers of discord not to be tolerated. Offenders in this behalf are to be punished by stoppage of commons, and after four warnings by ex- pulsion. Rubric XX. Of the correction of venial offences. Such offences as disobedience to the Warden in small matters, incivility, mis- behaviour in Chapel, and slovenly dress, are to be reprimanded by the Warden and Bursars. Rubric XXI. Of relief to scholars and Founder's kin when sick. A scholar who is sick is to be allowed his commons for one month. If at the end of the month he is not mending and has no visible means of support, he is to be boarded out and receive the money value of his commons 1 for the space of three months if need be. If at the end of three months there be no appearance of convalescence he is then and there to cease to be a scholar, and his place is to be filled up. A Founder's kin when sick, may remain within the buildings, and is to be supplied with food, drink, &c. If the sickness be chronic or infectious he is to be boarded out, and to receive (unless he has property worth 1005. a year) an allowance of 23. a week as long as the sickness lasts 2 . Rubric XXII. Causes for which the Warden may be removed, the manner of his removal, and his Retiring Pension. If the War- den be convicted of any offence against morals, or of wasting the goods, or alienating the possessions of the College, he may be removed by the Bishop of Winchester at the instance of the Warden and Fellows of New College. If he retire through infirmity, and be not possessed of a benefice worth twenty marks a year, at least, the Society may award him a pension of twenty marks. Rubric XXIII. Causes which vacate a Fellowship. A Fellow is to be removed if he enter any religious order, or absent him- self from College for more than a month in any year, absence on 1 Instances occur of this in the Computus of 1397, and subsequently. 3 No allowance is provided for the Fellows in case of sickness, which seems an omission. One of them, however, Edward Tacton by name, drew is. a week during the eight weeks that his illness continued, and had a chorister to wait on him when he went to Southampton for change of air afterwards. This was in the year 1449. G 2 84 Annals of Winchester College. College business not counting 1 . The acceptance of a living also vacated a fellowship 2 . Rubric XXIV. On what grounds scholars may be removed. A scholar may be removed if convicted of any crime or im- morality, or if he enter any religious order, 3 or marry, or absent himself from College more than a month in any year. Rubric XXV. On what grounds Fellows may be removed. A Fellow may be removed for heresy, simony, perjury, or im- morality, or for attending prayer meetings 4 . Rubric XXVI. Of the Stipends. The yearly stipends are to be: Warden, 20; each Fellow, 5; Schoolmaster, 10; Usher, 3 6s. 8d. 5 ; each Chaplain, 405. ; each Lay Clerk, aos. 1 Wykeham does not add here, ' or marry ' as he does in the corresponding Statute for New College, probably because the Fellows of Winchester College were to be priests, and he did not contemplate the possibility of any of them marrying. Consequently when priests became free to marry, as they did at the Reformation, the Fellows of Winchester College conceived themselves to be at liberty to marry and retain their fellowships. One of these fellowships, there- fore, was a provision for life ; and a valuable one, as it carried with it the right to hold one or two College livings, an occasional nomination to a scholarship, a joint right of presenting to several benefices, and now and then a beneficial lease of some lay rectory. 2 Necessarily ; because a Fellow accepting a living could not reside on it and at Winchester eleven months in the year. In Wykeham's time, the Fellows seem to have resigned their fellowships on obtaining preferment, as a matter of course. After his death it was otherwise. In the year 1406, Cardinal Beaufort enjoined the Warden (who appears to have been beneficed) and such of the Fellows as also held livings, to reside upon them like other parish clergymen. This injunction created quite a panic in the upstairs chambers. Brakkelegh, one of the Fellows, waited on the Cardinal at Farnham with no loss of time ' ad excusandum custodem et socios erga Dum Epum de non residencia benefi- ciorum per bullas suas,' that is to say, to plead the privileges of the Society as an excuse for non-residence. Brakkelegh's mission appears to have been successful. Perhaps the six shillings and eight pence which it appears by the Computus that he bestowed on the bishop's registrar on his arrival at the Castle went further than his arguments. One would like very much to know what Bulls the Society relied on. The only known one at all bearing on the point, that of Boniface IX, alluded to in Chapter i, dispenses the Warden only from the obligation of residence. Mr. Charles Blackstone, himself a Fellow, says on this subject ' It is not impossible that the Fellows may have strained a point, and with the help of the registrar, (who had a sum of money pro amidtia sud) may have been able to persuade the bishop that they were all, jointly with the Warden, included in this Bull.' Be this as it may, the Fellows appear from a very early period to have insisted on their right to hold livings with their fellowships. 3 As a great many did during the fifteenth century. * See Rubric XVI. 5 These stipends were raised in 1560 as follows : Warden, 23 45. 8 =7= < William Wykeham, Knt. ) ( Wylkesey William Perot John Perot Sir William Fenys=;=Elizabeth Battisford ~ William Wykeham Sir Roger Fenys Sir Richard Fenys Lord Dacre. Sir James Fenys, Knt., ist Lord Saye and Sele Sir William Fenys, Knt ,=f Margaret Wykeham and Lord Saye and Sele Richard Fenys d. s. p. I Henry Fenys,=fDau. of Sir Richard 3rd Lord Saye and Sele Harcourt, Knt John Fenys Richard Fenys=pElizabeth, dau. of Richard Crofte T Anne Fenys Fenys Edward Fenys=F Fenys=f Margaret, dau. of Elizabeth=f William Culworth 1 Sir Richard Fenys^ living in anno 1573 =Ursula, dau. of Richard Fermor, of Eston (Easton) Neston Richard Fenys Elizabeth Fenys 1 John Danvers 1 1 1 Mary, m. to Dorothy, m. to Anne, m. to Robert Barker Henry Sacheverell George Blount of Sulgrave of Kibworth of Wigginton. io8 Annals of Winchester College. name, who died early (1671) : George Verney, Baron Wil- loughby de Broke (1674) : Sir George Beaumont, Bart., a Lord of the Admiralty (1677) : Philip Bisse, Bishop of Hereford (1682) : William Somervile, author of ' The Chase ' (1690) : Lewis Gibber, son of Caius Gabriel Gibber, and brother of Colley Gibber (1697) : Walter Gary, Clerk of the Council (1701): John Burton, Headmaster (1705): John Coker, High Sheriff of Oxon (1712) : Sir Villiers Charnock, Bart. (1718) : Benjamin Pye, Archdeacon of Durham (1740) : Benjamin Wheeler, Professor successively of poetry, philosophy, and divinity in the University of Oxford (1747) : Henry Bathurst, Bishop of Norwich (1756) : Martin Wall, physician and clinical Professor in the University of Oxford (1760) : John Coker, Colonel of Oxford Volunteers (1764) : William Beaumont Busby, Dean of Rochester (1768): John Barton, Chaplain to House of Commons (1773) : Sir Francis Buller, Bart. (1779) : Henry Bathurst, Archdeacon of Norwich (1793) : Benjamin Bathurst, envoy to Vienna (1797) : David Williams, Head- master, afterwards Warden of New College (1799) : John Coker, Canon of Lincoln (1806) : Canon Bingham (1824) : Canon Payne (1825) : Edward Wingfield, C.B., Assistant Under- secretary of State for the Colonies (1846). CHAPTER VII. THE COMMONERS. None in scheme of foundation. How introduced. Fellow commoners and pensioners. Various sources of information. Day boys recognised by Wykeham. Cardinal Beaufort's Injunction. Purchase of St. Elizabeth's College. Imber's Case. Guy Dobbins. School Rolls. Number at different times. Dr. Burton's alterations in College. He founds Com- moners. New Commoners. Recent improvements. IT is almost certain that there were no commoners in Wyke- ham's original scheme of foundation. The only allusion to them in the Statutes is contained in a single clause tacked on at the end of Rubric XVI : De Extraneis non introducendis ad onus Col- legii. Notwithstanding the general rule against harbouring strangers within the walls of the College, a few sons of gentle- men of influence who are particular friends of the Society (nobi- lium et valentium personarum et Collegia spectaliter amicorutri), may be received and educated there, so that they be no burden to the College. Their number is not to exceed ten at a time, probably because there was just one spare room in College the chamber over Fifth which would hold that number con- veniently. The reason why Wykeham made this concession is, I think, obvious. Wykeham's foundation an educational one, unconnected with any religious house was a novelty. We may imagine the country gentlemen of Hampshire watching the experiment with interest, and asking to be allowed to have the same education for their sons, by paying for it, as Wyke- ham's poor scholars were getting gratis. Compare the demand at the present day for ' paying hospitals,' that is to say, for the admission of paying patients to hospitals intended for the sick poor only. I imagine that the exception in favour of the ten no Annals of Winchester College. extranet was added to the original Statute about two years after the College was opened, as soon as Wykeham, in deference to the wishes of the country gentlemen of his acquaintance, decided on admitting a limited number of commoners. In the earliest extant fragment that we possess of the Libri Commensalium, or Books of the Seneschal of hall, in which the names of all who dined and supped in hall, from day to day, are recorded ; that for the first week of the second quarter of the year beginning at Michaelmas, 1395, the heading ' Extrane ' (outsiders) occurs, and underneath it the name of John Ramsey, struck through with a pen. And if we look on to the third week of the same quarter we shall find under ' Extrane ' the name of John Ram- sey, struck through as before, and ' Richard Stanstede,' inserted underneath it. Why John Ramsey's name is struck out we have no means of knowing ; but if he is to be ignored on that ground, then Richard Stanstede was the first of the class of commoners 1 . In the next Seneschal's book that is extant, that for the year ending at Michaelmas 1402, the names of Lucays, Sy, and Perys appear under the same heading. One of the Ryngebornes joins them in the second week, and a boy named Chelray (Childrey) appears in the third week. In the last week of the last quarter of the year there were eight of these com- moners in residence, namely, Ryngeborne, Sy, Delemare, Harryes, Hussey, Whitby, Wakfeld, and Langryssh. Per- haps this Ryngeborne was an elder brother of Nicholas Rynge- borne, who was admitted to College in the year 1404. The Ryngebornes were Founder's kin, but were not admitted in that character in this generation. Harryes is called ' alienigena ' ' in the Computus of the year 1399, where mention is made of a sum of 2os. iod., which had been spent on new clothes for him and horse-hire on a journey which he took to visit Wyke- ham at Southwark. Harryes is mentioned along with Sy, Wakfeld, Henry Popham, Askham, and the two sons of John 1 I do not know whether to identify him with a Richard Stanstede who sold a service book to the College in 6 H. IV. : ' In sol. Ric. Stanstede pro j novo processionali empt. ab eodem hoc anno, xiij 8 iiij d * is an item in the Computus of that year. 2 This word was probably used to draw attention to the fact that Harryes as a stranger in blood was not entitled as of right to the allowances which he had by Wykeham's order. The Commoners. in Uvedale 1 , in the memorandum accompanying the remarkable Remonstrance which the Society addressed to Wykeham in 1402 2 . In October, 1407, there were eleven of these boys namely, Clyfton and Langeforde, who paid izd. each, and Basset, Salus- bury, Hende, Thomas, Ryngeborne, Bedmestre, Schoppe, Wolphe, and Halle, who paid 8d. or 9^. each per week. The first two no doubt messed with the Fellows, who were allowed i2d. each per week for their commons; the rest evidently messed with the scholars, whose weekly allowance was 8d. The gd. paid by some probably covered the cost of breakfast, or extras of some kind. Thus early do we discover the existence of two classes of commoners, namely, gentlemen or fellow com- moners, and pensioners 3 , as they are called at Cambridge. In the Seneschal's book for March 1412-3 the names are tabulated thus : Fitzrychard xij d . Spaldyngton .... Bere . .. . ... Skydmore .... Waltham Corydon f viij d Stawnton .... Waplod Ric. Wakfeld .... Job. Wakfeld. 1 These boys were sons of John de Uvedale, of Wickham in Hampshire, by Sibella his wife, who was a daughter of Sir John de Scures, and brought the Wickham property into the Uvedale family (Notices of the family of Uvedale, by G. W. G. Leveson Gower, in Surrey Archaeological Collections, vol. iii. p. 74). This Sir John de Scures was one of Wykeham 's patrons in early life, for whom, in company with Sir Ralph de Sutton, Knt., Thomas de Foxle, Andrew Ger- veys and John Wodelok, Wykeham directed (Statutes, Rub. xxix) that masses should be sung in the College chapel daily. John de Uvedale, the father of those two boys, must have had some claim upon the gratitude of Wykeham. He was a nephew of Sir Peter de Uvedale, who however can scarcely have been the ' Maister Wodall of Wickham ' who ' brought up William of Wickham at Schoole' as Stow says in his Chronicles, inasmuch as the Uvedales, as Mr. Leveson Gower has pointed out, were not in existence at Wickham in Wyke- ham's school days. Who the ' Uvedallus patronus Wiccami ' was must remain unknown. 2 See next chapter. 3 A pensioner, strictly speaking, is one who pays a ' pensio ' or rent for his room, as distinguished from a scholar, who has them rent free. ii2 Annals of Winchester College. A year later we find : Mart > rn \. Fawkener, major 1 . . ) Spaldyngton .... Skydmore .... Stawnton .... Waplod Haulton Bradewell .... Thorp Fawkener, minor . In the last week of October 1420, the two classes are distin- guished : COMMENSALES CUM SOCIIS: Uvedale 2 . Knoyle. COMMENSALES CUM SCOLARIBUS. Dyngley. Banke. Walton. Canterbery. Dyer. Coventre 8 . Neuge. In 1424 the period of residence is recorded : COMMENSALES CUM SOCIIS. WEEKS Thomas Uvedale 26^ William Uvedale 24^ Knoyle 30 Hamdene . 22 1 Note this use of major and 'minor,' as at Eton, to distinguish elder and younger brothers. The father of Hampton (adm. 1420) is described as ' the father of Hampton, ma.' in the book of the Seneschal of hall for 1422. 2 Qu. one of the members for Hampshire in 1445. 'Et in exp. Hen. Uvedale et Rob" Wickham burgensium ad Parliamentum. Dm Regis, prout consuevit in annis preteritis, iij s iiij d ' is an entry in the Computus for the Manor of Stubbing- ton in 1445, indicating that 35. ^d. was the yearly contribution of that manor towards the payment of the two knights of the shire in the first half of the fifteenth century. 3 Qu. son of William Coventre, the specialis attticus referred to in Chapter xi. The Commoners. COMMENSALES CUM SCOLARIBUS : Dynley . . . . . . 19 Canterbery ...... 49 Sprygges ...... . 41 Hanyton ....... 48 Sayer ...... . 4 Golde ........ 32 Wykeham ....... 44 Kyngescote ...... 32 In 1441 the names are : Whyte. Dabridgecourt. Scarborow. Gryll. Pavy. Worsley. Elyaut (Eliot). Holmyche or Holmege. Boteler. Hastyngs. Avenelle. In 1447 the number of pensioners had increased to twelve : Haydok. Gayner. Asshelegh. Holmyche. Gawter. Savage. Palmer. In 1448 : Haydok. Lysle. Savage. Phylypps. Mychelgrove. In 1454 : Wallar. Wynne. Theyle. Mychelgrove. Kent. Upham. Kenett. Yne or Yve. Phylypps. Alwyn. Robyns. Axbrygge. Longe. Sandrys. Robyns. Yne or Yve. Wynne. Vale. Jamys. Saymour (sic). Fyscher. Annals of Winchester College. In 1460: Atherley al. Hatherley. Taylour. Uvedale. Vance. Vance. In 1467 : Ffinis or Ffynys 1 . Berkeley. Uvedale. Ffylot. Wilby. In 1471 : Catysby. Darell. Pakenham. Neuport. Wynterfylle. In 1474 : Barantyn. Erlye. Darell. Catysby 2 . Champyon. In 1480 : Denham. Carow. Cort. Coke or Cooke. Hylle. Hulse. Doo. Shoveler or Sholer. Yong. Pympe. Blankeham. Halle. Hervy. Donne. Laurance. Levote. Charleton. Lenthorp. George. Tyberd. Galley. Wulff. Gyan. Gylbart. Latham. Pawlett. Gyan. Coke or Cooke. Peers. Harnys. Catysby. Torre. Mendaper. Babyngton. 1 The old spelling of Fiennes. 2 The elder brother seems to have been sent as a fellow commoner, the younger as a pensioner. The Commoners. In 1483 : Tylney, sen. 1 (John). Tylney, jun. (Richard). Pawlett. Odam. In 1486 : Tylney, sen. Tylney, jun. Pawlett. Pownde. Fyscher. In 1490 : Moreys. Pownde. Hylle. Caylewey (Cayley) Frye. In 1493 : Wallar. Unyon. Wayte. Boureman. Bulkeley. Crowe. Rede. In 1500 : Servyngton. More. Knoyle. Mordaunt. Esterfeld. Eland. Doune. Gybbons. Gybbrysh. Bermysley. Torre. Wykar. Odam. Gybbons. Powton. Bermysley. Torre. Bartilmew. Clere. Mapull. Barrett. Charyte. Clavyl. Warham. Whytehedde. Purwyck Statham. Aylyng. Grafton. Fawkener. Colley. Belchamber. London. Mapull. Clavyll. 1 ' Major,' ' minor,' and ' minimus,' however, occur among the scholars of this year. I 2 n6 Annals of Winchester College. In 1511: Warham. Purdew. Goodman. Sopar. Hartewelle. In 1520 : Purdew. Bolney. Awdley. Bryges. Alyn. Barton. Hussey. Bolney. Awdley. More. Hussey, sen. Hussey, jun. Rowland. The Seneschal's books end in this year, and we must refer to the Book of Benefactions to the College Library for further in- formation respecting the commoners for the next hundred years. Such information respecting them as we get in this way is due to the fact that their entrance fees were laid out in the purchase of books, or that they presented books on entrance or on leav- ing, or in after life, to the College library. The following names have been ascertained in that way. Many of them are the names of boys who, like Bishop Ken, afterwards entered College. Boys were often sent as commoners until they found vacancies in College. Some of these boys are merely called ' alumni ' : others are said to be ' ad mensam sociorum ' or ' ad mensam puerorum ; ' and a few are called ' commensales extra collegium ' boys who boarded and lodged outside the walls. DATE. 1543. John Moryn. No date. Nicholas Martyn, qy. sch. 1566. 1601. William Stafforde, gent. He gave to the Society in 1609 a copy of Cranmer's Bible (folio 1541) which his mother, Lady Dorothie Stafford, bequeathed to him upon condition that he should present it to the College in which he was educated. 1602. John Sharrock .... Ad m. soc. 1604. Thomas Booth .... puer. Robert Hayes .... John and William Spencer, sons of Lord Robert Spencer. 1605. Andrew Pawlett . . . Ad m. puer. John Warner. Isaac Allen. Robert Urry. The Commoners. 117 1606. John Harmar. John Pope. Worsley Batten .... Sch. 1607. William Wither . . . Sch. 1606. 1607. James Yelding . . . . Ad m. puer. Sch. 1608. George Hardinge ... 1608. Thomas and Arthur Lake. John Foscet. 1609. Mountjoy Blount, eldest son of the Earl of Devon. 1 Benjamin Tichborne. . . Ad m. soc. Andrew Turpyn . . . Sch. 1607. 1610. Simon Harcourt, qy. Sir Simon Harcourt, Knt. John George .... Ad m. soc. Thomas Symmes. 1611. Sam well George. Adrian Stoughton . . . Ad m. soc. Thomas Chandler. Thomas James. 1612. Roger Pilson. 1613. Thomas Locke. William Flinte. 1614. William Loveinge. George Rives .... Ad m. soc. 1615. William Singleton . . . Sch. 1615. Thomas Hussey . . . Ad m. soc. Nicholas Venables ... Thomas Brooks. ... Henry Tymberlake ... puer. Sch. 1615. Thomas Harvey ... John Oxenbridge ... Sch. 1615. 1616. Roger Hackett .... soc. John Oviatt .... Sch. 1608. Francis Smith. 1617. James Kinge .... Ad m. soc. 1618. Richard Masters ... 1619. Henry Whithead ... 1620. Walter Rowte } puer. 1621. John Hungerford ... soc. 1622. James Rives .... 1623. Thomas Barlow ... puer. Sch. 1623. John Barlow .... 1624. Robert Napper. Richard Goddard. 1 The Earldom of Devon was really dormant at this time. n8 Annals of Winchester College. 1626. John Gressam (Gresham) . Ad m. soc. Antony Yalden .... 1628. William Leslie ....... 1629. John Cooper .... John Swaine. Thomas Stempe. 1630. Henry Moore, S. T. B. 1633. Robert Neile. 1634. Edmund Verney . . . Ad m. soc. Compton Tichborne ... Henry Allanson ... puer. Sch. 1634. Richard Rowlison T . Sch. 1634. Edward Rowlison 1 . . . Sch. 1635. 1635. George Windham ... soc. John Harbin .... Thomas Robus .... puer. Sch. 1635. Robert Barber .... Richard Pigeon ... Abel Makepeace ... Sch. 1635. 1637. Robert Baynham ... Sch. 1636. Francis Young .... Sch. 1636. John Betts ..... Sch. 1637. Michael Beresford ... Richard Beresford ... 1638. John Boles .... soc. Robert Pearce ....... puer. Henry Alworth ... Sch. 1636. Thomas Beard .... Sch. 1637. Peregrine Wilcox ... Sch. 1637. Thomas Wilcox ... William Swanton ... soc. John Worlidge ..... puer. Sch. 1638. Richard Chillingham . John Price Owen Phillips .... Sch. 1638. James Wyan .... Sch. 1638. 1639. Lawrence Cole .... soc. Richard James ....... puer. Sch. 1639. John Barton .... Sch. 1639. John Willis . . ... Thomas Wale . . . , . Thomas Cole .... Sch. 1640. 1640-1. Robert Toop .... soc. 1 ' Rowlanson ' in Reg. Sch. The Commoners. 119 1640-1 John Davenant .... Ad m. soc. John Selby .... puer. John Jones .... John George .... Richard Jones .... Charles Clifford ... Sch. 1642. John Danvers .... Sch. 1641. John Dantsey .... Sch. 1640. Humphrey Hyde ... John Rives .... William Hyde .... Sch. 1641. John Ryves .... John Swaine .... Sch. 1642. Edmund Ryves .... Sch. 1641. Joseph Thorowgood ... 1642. Thomas Ralegh ... soc. Nicholas Westbrooke . . puer. Sch. 1642. Charles Trimnell ... Sch. 1642. Richard Lawrence ... Charles Lawrence ... Sch. 1642. 1643. Edmund Clerk .... soc. Thomas Hanbury ... i.ichard Glidd .... puer. john Hutton .... Sch. 1643. Ihomas Aldridge . . . Sch. 1644. 1644. F.enry Beeston, ad m. puer. ; sch. 1644 ; headmaster, 1658-79. Varner South .... Ad. m. puer. Sch. 1644. Liuncelot Harwood ... Sch. 1644. Matthew Ryves ... Sch. 1644. 1646. Tiomas Ken, ad m. puer. ; sch. 1651 ; Bp. of Bath and Wells. "Wlliam Terry .... Ad. m. puer. Sch. 1652. Rchard Gifford ... Fancis Ashley .... R:hard Stanley ... Sch. 1653. Clristopher Minshull . . Sch. 1652. Eward Allanson ... 1651. Ca>el Wiseman * Sch. 1652. 1 Fellow ofCorpus Christi College, Oxford, and Bishop of Dromore. He was a son of & William Wiseman, Bart, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Henry Capel, Knt. lis cousins, Charles and Henry Capel, sons of Lord Capel of Hadeham, wb was beheaded with the Duke of Hamilton and the Earl of Holland in 164-9, entered Commoners with Capel Wiseman, and left in 1652, i2o Annals of Winchester College. 1652. Thomas May . . . . Ad m. puer. Sch. 1652. John May, son of Thomas May, of Rawmere 1 , armig. Commensalis extra Collegium. 1653. Christopher May. John Morley, son of Sir John Morley, K.G., Commensalis extra Collegium. Thomas Willbore . . . Ad m. puer. 1654. Thomas Hussey ... soc. Gave y>s. William Harrison ... puer. Gave IDS. l6 55- Jhn Richards ... Sch. 1655. John Stewkeley, of Preshaw, Hants, armig. No date. Francis Dare .... Ad. m. puer. William Prater .... Sch. 1665. Samuel Woodford. Charles Luke .... qy. Sch. 1642. 1669. Richard Chandler, armig. ad m. soc. 1670. Francis Thistlethwayte, eldest son of Alexander Thistle- thwayte of Winterslow, Wilts, armig. ad m. soc. Robert Pierrepont, eldest son of the Right Hen. Robert Pierrepont, son and heir of the Earl of Kingston- upon-Hull. No date. Edward Nicholas. George Wither .... Ad. m. soc. George Vernon .... Francis Stephens ... Hugh Wyndham ... Thomas Edmonds of Bossington, armig. Francis Swanton, qy. sch. 1715. William Buckeridge, M.A., Fell. C. C. Coll., Oiford. The last recorded instance of a commoner's eitrance fee being spent in books for the College library is tha of James Harris, the diplomatist, afterwards Baron Malmsbury, who left Commoners in September, 1762. A few more names of early commoners are presrved in the Bursars' accounts. The 'nobiles et valentes peronae/ who sent their sons into Commoners did not pay their sons' battels with the same regularity as now. Arrearsof this sort giving ' studii in hoc Collegio gratissimi monumentum,' in (ie shape of a donation of 20, which was spent in the purchase of a silver CO now used in the Warden's lodgings, and the works of Albertus Magnus,in twenty-one volumes, folio. 1 ' H.M. natus Rawmeriae in agro Sussex' who is buried i cloisters was probably a commoner of this family. The Commoners. 121 are carried over from year to year in the Bursars' accounts, often long after they might have been written off as bad debts. The following unpaid scores appear in the Computus of 1457: s. a. John Smyth, 42 weeks in 1404 34 o Thomas Lawrance, 42 weeks in 1404 28 3 Henry Husee, 16 weeks in 1404 16 o John Asshe, 10 weeks in 1404 68 John Bonner of Isleworth, 7 weeks in 1412 . . .50 Henry Langeforde, 39 weeks in 1412 . . . . 39 o Thomas Byflete, 40 weeks in 1413 50 6 Thomas Weston, of Guildford, 9 weeks in 1413 . . .90 John Faukener, 42 weeks 28 o Martin Predyaux (Prideaux), 24 weeks . . . . 24 o William Faukener, 16 weeks 16 o Thomas Sandres, for the scholar who waited on him 1 , 59 weeks at 2d. 9 10 Thomas Goldsmyth, 2 weeks . . . . . .14 John Ryngewode, 40 weeks 98 William Dankastell, 9 weeks 80 John Pauncefote, 16 weeks no Geoffry Wasyn, 2 weeks .14 The following names occur in a list of bad debts, amounting to ^614 175. iod. t which were written off in 1611. 1593. Baron Chandos, for son's commons, 2is. : Bethell, for Paw- let's commons, 275. : James Crooke, for son's commons, 4 55.: Edward Betts, his commons, 465.: Wickham, his commons, ^3 2s. 6d. 1594. Foster, his commons, 395. ; his bedstraw, 8d. 1598. Ciampanti, for son's commons, 125. 6d. : Heydon (the school- master), for the entrance fee of Thomas (pro ingr'essu Thome), 3 2 . 1601. Heydon, for a commoner (no name) 3 , ^29 85. 1610. ' In the hands of Dobbins, late usher, for his son's commons, 235. : sundries, 35. 3^0?. : Harding's commons, ,4 35.' 1 The only recorded instance of this species of service. 3 The Bursars seem to have thought that the schoolmaster's son ought to pay the entrance fee, and accordingly debited his father with it. Note, that until Dr. Burton opened Commoners, the College, and not the schoolmaster, got the commoners' entrance fees. 3 Heydon's son, no doubt. Heydon probably thought that the schoolmaster's son ought to be boarded gratis, and refused to pay for his commons on that ground. 122 Annals of Winchester College. There was another class of commoners, town boys or day- boys, as we should call them now, from the very first. For obvious reasons, they are not mentioned in the College accounts, and we know very little about them in consequence. The Sta- tutes contain no reference to day-boys; but Wykeham does not repeat the injunction against taking private pupils, which is contained in his contract with Herton *, and it is quite as likely as not that he intended to leave the schoolmaster free to take day-boys if he pleased. The ancient Cathedral Grammar School, in which Wykeham is said to have received his early education, had either come to an end by this time or dwindled down to a choir school. There was evidently a local demand for a good day school at the time when Wykeham became Bishop of Winchester, which he endeavoured to meet, as an early biographer tells us, by admitting a number of boys from the city and suburbs to the privilege of being educated along with the scholars on his new foundation 2 . Some of these boys may have occupied the lodgings which Wykeham's scholars left when they moved into College. Others may have been home- boarders. At any rate, their number in the year 1412, only eight years after Wykeham's death, seems to have reached eighty or a hundred. Cardinal Beaufort thought this number too great, with the addition of seventy scholars and ten extranet, for one master to teach properly, and issued an injunction, which I translate as follows : 'Henry, by Divine Permission Bishop of Winchester, to our beloved son John Morys, Warden of our College of Winchester, health, grace, and benediction. Whereas, as we conceive, the Statutes of our said College contain a direction that seventy scholars on the foundation thereof and ten extranei, being sons of friends of the College (the latter at their own expense), shall be maintained within it for the purpose of being instructed in grammar by a master ap- pointed from year to year for that purpose : yet nevertheless a single master (as we are informed) is continually instructing and educating in grammar eighty or a hundred extranet in our College, contrary to the pious intention of the Founder ; and whereas one master is not sufficient to instruct so large a number of boys : We therefore com- 1 P. 2. 2 Preterea pueros eciam complures extra eos qui in Collegium fuerant adscripti in urbe atque in suburbiis Wintonie, qui una cum alumnis suis in Collegium in- stitucrcntur, suis sumptibus aluit.' Martin's Life of Wykcham, ii. 3. The Commoners. 123 mand you, under peril of the canonical penalties of disobedience, that after the Feast of St. Michael next ensuing, ye neither admit nor allow to be admitted any extranet beyond the number limited by the Statutes to study (ad audiendum J ) grammar within the College. ' Given at our Castle of Wolvesey, the tenth day of April, in the year of our Lord 1412, and of our translation the 8th.' It is remarkable that the Cardinal ignores the usher, and regards the schoolmaster's appointment as a yearly one. If the schoolmaster was really reappointed annually at that period, of which there is no other evidence, it was no doubt in order that he might not claim the vested interest which the Statutes denied him. What was the practical result of the Cardinal's fulmination ? The gist of it was that, in the opinion of the Cardinal, one master ought not to attempt to teach so many boys. Pole, the school- master (1407-14), may have met the difficulty by dismissing most of his day boys, or (which is far more likely) by giving a class to the usher, or even engaging an assistant-master. Whatever may have been the result, it is certain that the day-boys survived the Cardinal's manifesto, whether in reduced numbers or not can never be known, and continued to exist as a class until Dr. Burton was able to dispense with them. The two or three boys alluded to above as ' Commensales extra Collegium ' were not of this class, but were members of the privileged class of extranei, who were sent, as Peregrine Pickle was 2 , with or with- out a private tutor, to reside in lodgings near and attend the school. These eighty day-boys, making with the scholars and commoners a school of one hundred and sixty boys, were doubt- less taught in cloisters during the summer. The old school-room was just large enough to hold them all during the rest of the year. 1 The process of teaching consisted in the master reading aloud the book sentence by sentence, and the scholars repeating it after him, until they all knew it by heart. The size of a class, therefore, given room enough, was only limited by the teacher's capacity to make himself heard and maintain order. 2 See Smollett's novel, and Adams' Wykehamica, p. 113. Writing May 8, 1637, to Sir Edward Nicholas touching his proposal to send his son John to Winchester School, Dr. Matthew Nicholas recommends the schoolmaster's house as the best place. ' The rate he takes of his boarders is 20 a year .... Near the College the rates of tabling are very high, unless it be in mean houses. . . . The master hath promised that whenever he goes he shall be in the Fifth Book, so that he may be altogether under him in teaching ' (Domestic Stale Papers, ccclv). 124 Annals of Winchester College. The fifteenth of Bishop Home's injunctions, issued in 1571, refers to the town boy, or oppidan class, by name 1 . The conditions upon which the site of St. Elizabeth's College was purchased in 1544 2 seem to me to point to the probability of the Warden and Fellows having been inclined at that period to establish a subordinate school, so as to fill the gap which Henry VIII left by his omission to found a grammar school in connection with the Cathedral of Winchester, such as he founded in most other cathedral cities. It will appear pre- sently that Henry VIII did not establish such a school at Winchester for the reason that the College was considered to supply the want of such a school ; a reason which would scarcely have commended itself to his advisers if the College had really been doing no more at that period than educating seventy foundationers from all parts of England, and ten extranet. An incident which occurred in 1629 shows the importance of the oppidan class at that period in the eyes of the school- master, Dr. Stanley. The usher, John Imber, a young Fellow of New College, aged twenty-five or thereabouts 3 , fell in love with the widow of a deceased citizen of Winchester, threw up his situation, married the widow, and commenced schoolmaster on his own account in the disused chapel 4 of St. John's Hospital. Imber must have taken most of the day-boys with him, or Stanley would never have done what I proceed to describe. He applied to the Archbishop of Canterbury (Abbot) to inhibit Imber from teaching Latin. Imber was in the wrong, for he merely held a general license to teach a certificate of pro- ficiency from the Court of Faculties, and not the special license from the ordinary which the 77th Canon, ' None to teach school without license/ requires. Stanley's petition to the Archbishop must be quoted here : 1 ' That every Fellow, schoolmaster, usher, conduct, or servant of the House, and every oppidan or commensal (as they term them) ' shall refrain from the company of excommunicated persons ' &c. 2 Post, ch. xv. 3 He was admitted to College in 1617, at the age of thirteen. A letter of James I, recommending him for promotion to New College, bears date June 25, 1621 (Domestic State Papers, cxxxi). * In 1710 this chapel began to be used as a free school, and answered that purpose until sixty years ago, when it was restored, and now serves as a chapel for the inmates of the alms-houses of the charity. The Commoners. 125 * To the Most Reverend Father in God, the Archbishop of Canterbury his Grace, Primate of all England. ' The Humble Petition of Edward Stanley, Schoolmaster in the College neare Winchester : Showinge that whereas the said Schoole of that College, well knowne unto your Grace, doth admitt for in- struction the youth of all sorts in the Citie of Winton and places adjoining. ' So it is, that one John Imber (sometime Usher of ye said Schoole) hath of late upon a general license granted out of yo r Grace's Court of Faculties, or from yo r Vicar General!, sett up and still doth continue the teachinge of Grammar and Latin Bookes within ye said Citie to the greate prejudice and discouragement of the said Collegiat Schoole. ' May it please yor Grace in yo r favour to ye said Schoole to grante a revocation or restriction of the said License, as also to admitt a Caveat to be entered in those yo r Grace's Courts, that hereafter in all Licenses to be granted for teachinge of Grammar within the said Diocess a limitation may be inserted y* they shall not teach within seaven miles distant from y 6 same College. 'And we shall (as otherwise) be bound to pray for yo r Grace's prosperitie.' The Archbishop made the following order : 'I hold it fitt that the faculty formerly granted to Mr. Imber be so interpreted and restrayned that the said Imber shall not teach within five miles of Winchester V The townspeople were not likely to submit without protest to this action of the Archbishop against a man who had married into their community, and they presented the following re- monstrance to his Grace : 'These are to certifye your Grace that John Imber, Master of Arts, and somtyme fellow of new College in Oxford, and last Usher of the College nere Winchester, immediately on his departure from the College seated himself (being destitute of other means) in the Cyty of Winchester, having married a widow of one of our company, and hath for this year and half used great pains and diligence in the education and teaching of our children both in Learning and the fear of God ; teaching all poor men's sons for God's sake only. 'Moreover he having allowed him for his scholehouse by the 1 Cf. ' Inhibitio contra quosdam ludi magistros facta per archiepiscopum Cantuar,' who in 1607 had set up a school in opposition to the curate of Great Torrington. Wilkins, Concilia, vol. iv, p. 430. ia6 Annals of Winchester College. maior and the aldermen his brethren the chappell of St. John's Hospitall, which for these many yeres tyme out of mind hath ben voyde of the service of God till now, he hath at his owne much charge repayred and restored to its former use being for the glory of God ; and dayly ever hath and doth at Seaven and Fyve of the clock respectively every day duely and religiously read Common Prayer not only to the benefit of his schollers but also to the much advantage of many of the neighbours, especially to the great comfort of the poor old people, the Brethren and Sisters of the aforesaid Hospitall. ' Moreover these are to certifye your Grace that ever from tyme to tyme without all contradiction we have ben allowed Schoolmasters that instructed our children in Grammar learning within this City, it being very populous and full of youth, especially poor. And therefore we humbly petition your Grace that of this great benefit, to the great prejudice of the education of our youth, we may not be deprived, which never yet till now was questioned. ' Furthermore these are to certifie your Grace that the aforesaid John Imber hath allwayes from tyme to tyme ever demeaned himself soe honestly and fayrly to all men that for ought we know or ever heard he is a man without all exceptions, eyther for his learning or conditions of lyfe. Which we thought good to certifie your Grace, most humbly craving your gracious favour towards this poor Cyty in allowing and licensing the said Mr. Imber to teach our children ; for which your gracious clemency towards us both ourselves and our children shall ever be bounde to pray for your Grace. Lancelot Thorpe, deputie to Ralph Riggs, maior of the Citie of Winchester. Thomas Hodson, \ Richard Adderley, Chr Hussey L Justices of peace and Aldermen John Trussell, of the Citt y of Winchester. Martin Yalden, William Burte, Bencher in the Corporation of Winchester. John Hayes, \ Baylyes of the Citty of Win- Nicholas Faukener, J Chester. Thomas Solter, ) . 1T .,i- T i f Benchers. William Luke, William Hancock, Joseph Butler, William Flete, Matthew Lid ford, William Westcomb, Thomas Finkley, Gentlemen of the order of the 24, and freemen of the Citty of Winchester.' The Commoners. 127 The Archbishop then addressed the following letter to ' my loving friends the Dean of the Cathedral Church in Winton, the Warden of the College neere adjoyning, and the Chancellor of the Diocese there.' 'It is not long since that I was by a petition moved from Mr. Stanley schoolmaster of the Colledge neere Winton to take into my consideration a grievance, offered unto him, as he said, by one Mr. Imber, who teaches Grammar Schollers in that Cittie, which is supposed to be a prejudice unto the free schoole in the Colledge. I gave an answer unto the petition, as you may see by this inclosed. For albeit that the Maister of the Faculties under me, not well advising what he did, had granted a license to the said Imber to teach, and that in my name, according to the stile of that court, yet it was wholly without my privitie, and for more diocesses than I do use to grant, and especially for Citties of that note as they be which are comprehended therein, and that to him, who was then but a Batchelor of Arts. And now seeing the inconvenience thereof, and what faction it may raise in that place, I did think fitt to make some stopp of the former proceeding till I was better satisfied in divers things. And I do now remember, that, such was the respect that heretofore was borne unto the Colledge and Schoole neere Winchester, that whereas King Henry VIII, in the new founding of his cathedral churches, did erect particular Schooles and Schollers in other places, as at Canterbury, Worcester, and elsewhere, in contemplation of that famous Schoole at Win- chester, he did erect none there, but left the education of the youth unto that which was founded by that worthie and Reverend man, Bishop Wickham. Yet since my answer to the petition Mr. Imber hath been with me, and besides his owne humble request, he hath brought me a certificate from many persons of worth there inhabiting, testifying that he is an honest able man, and that formerly there have been diverse permitted to teach Grammar Schooles in that Cittie. Wherefore, for the better settling of this controversie, I have held it reasonable to direct this my letter unto you, that you should call both the Schoolemaister of the Colledge and Mr. Imber before you, and hearing their reasons on both sides, you should order the matter as may stand best with the dignity, worth and conveniency of that place. When, notwithstanding, my intreatie unto you is, that you will privately advise with the Maior of that Cittie before you finally conclude anything, that he and the other of that Corporation may not only know the course of the proceedings, but the reason of that which shalbe resolved upon by you. And if you be not able to compose things quietly and fairly, then I pray you to advertise me what your opinion is; that by me that may be don which is 128 Annals of Winchester College. fittest for the good government of that place. And so, praying God to blesse you in this and all other your good endeavours, I leave you to the Almighty, and remain, ' Your very loving frend, ' W. ABBOT. ' Croydon, the igth August, 1630.' It does not appear how the Dean and his colleagues handled the matter, but I suppose that Imber was left alone, and con- tinued to teach his school till I640 1 . Guy Dobbins deserves to be had in remembrance, as the author of the first step which was taken towards improving the commoners' quarters within the College. Guy Dobbins was usher eleven years (1574-85), under Bilson and Lloyd, and seems to have reduced himself to insolvency by building three upstairs chambers behind the schoolmaster's chamber to lodge commoners in. These chambers may be identified at a glance as the ricketty-looking erections of red brick and tiled behind the second master's lodgings looking westwards. Poor Dob- bins' speculation proved a losing one. He was unable to pay back a sum of ^40 which he had borrowed of the Warden and Fellows for the purpose of his venture ; and in 1596, or shortly afterwards, he gave up the three rooms to Heydon, the schoolmaster, who undertook to repay by yearly instalments what remained owing of the ^40, and had the use of the rooms for his own boarders on that condition. The earliest long roll known to be in existence is for the year 1653 2 . The earliest in the possession of the College was issued after the election of 1690, when Harris was head master. It is on parchment, headed as usual with the College arms and motto, and differs in two or three respects from long rolls of a later date. It gives the names of the scholars first of all; then the names of the choristers, who are divided into four classes, and then the names of the commoners, who number seventy, two of whom only were commensals, the rest being either head-master's boarders or day boys. ' Dominus,' like ' Mr/ at Eton, denotes 1 The Dean and Chapter of Winchester presented Imber to the important living of Christchurch, Hants, in 1640. He was plundered and imprisoned under the Long Parliament, and his living was sequestrated. But he recovered it at the Restoration, and died Vicar of Christchurch in 1673. 2 Holgate, Winchester Commoners, Preface, p. ix. The Commoners. 129 the younger son of a peer. The numbers before the names of the scholars refer to their respective chambers. 'NOM1NA MAG. NOM. MAGISTRO- RUM. NICHOLAS, Gustos. Harris, Informator. Osgood, Vice custos. Emmes. Fiennes, C. F. Thistlethwaite. Cheyney l t Burs. Young 2 . Peachman. Eyre. Thistlethwaite, Burs. Palmer. NOM. CAPELLAN. Frampton. Carman *. Grey. Horn, Paedagogus. Reading, Organista. NOM. PUERO- RUM. Sexta Classis. 1 Wood ford, sen. 2 Awbrey, sen., C. F. 6 Phillips, sen. 5 Stanyan. 3 Sandys, C. F. 4 Garway. 6 Rawlinson. 1 Headmaster, 1700-24. 2 Father of author of Night Thoughts. 3 The chaplain, whose death young Needs predicted. * Joint Founder with Dr. Burton of Fox and Burton Exhibitions. 8 Son of Henry Bceston, the headmaster. * Bishop of Bristol. 7 Author of The Chace. >UER. CHO. ET COM. COLL. B' MAR. WINT. AN. DO. 1690. 2 Awbrey, jun., C. F. 2 Kenn. 3 Fox,C.F. 6 Chapman. i Hilman. 2 Christmas. 4 Tempest. 2 Newlin. 5 Beeston B . i Glasse. Quarta Classis. 2 Dingley. 6 Palmer. 3 Bruges. 4 Lee. 6 Bradshaw 6 . 2 Pink. 4 Ridge. 5 Sharrock. 5 Hockett. i Phillips. 5 Fiennes, jun. 3 Dummer. 4 Stone, sen. 6 Filks 5 Lydall. 2 Wootton. 3 Cross, sen. 3 Neell. 5 Bowles. 4 Thomas. 4 Stone, jun. 3 Dewes. Quinta Classis. 4 Kingston. 2 Cawley, C. F. 6 Eyre. i Frampton. i Somervile, C. F 7 . i Beaumont, C. F. 6 Alcock. i Trimnell. 3 Colman. i Floyer. 5 Beaumont, C. F. 5 Wentworth. 6 Ayliff. 5 Parker. 6 Wallace, jun. 5 Welham. 2 Walker. i Phillips, medius. 5 Mill. 3 Cobb, sen. 5 Ange. 6 Edwards, sen. 3 Jones. 3 Wood ford. 2 Cuthbert. i Harrison, jun. 2 Smith. 5 Cheyney. 3 Cobb, jun. 130 Annals of Winchester College. Secunda et Quarta Legg Rolle, medius. Classis. Pull. Goddard. i Edwards, jun. Acland. Rowshout. Crook. Gunter. NOM. CHORIST. Harrison, Commen- Kerby. Sexta Classis. sal. Green. Sone. Dowling. Bernards. Long. Secunda et Quarta Gosney. Du Paizy, sen. Dickins. Classis. Pole, sen. Quinta Classis. Orchard. Wallace, jun. St. Barb. Perks. Pole, jun. Horlock. ChishulL Roper. Quarta Classis. Quarta Classis. Haley. ^Voodford. Ecton l , Selby. Barrington. Cooper. Hyate. Pollen. Brandis. Trimnell, Commen- Sheldon. Kingsman. sal. Hawkins. Nicholas. Secunda et Quarta Classis. Colston. Penton. Harcourt, sen. Harcourt, jun. Urrey, sen. Merchant. Bridges. Fulham. Glover. Rolle, jun. Arnold. Turner. Harris. Pescod. NOM. SERVIENT. Foster. Urrey, jun. Clarke, \ Shorthose. Jackson. Box, Clerici. Pinkney. D ns Fiennes. Fitter, 1 NOM. COMMENS. Sexta Classis. Burrard. Brown. Pew, i Soden, I Co( l ul - \A7hi>p ^sf* \A7drH \ Harris, j VV Hilt?. Skinner. O^-VVtllU. 1 T -, * n f P romi - Garee. ) Henley. Du Paizy, jun. Bilson. Slatford, Pistor. Frost, Molitor. Quinta Classis. Campion. Appleford, Janitor. Bowdler. Carew. Cradock, Dispensa- Bray. Acland, jun. tor. Hale. Burscough. Conant. Smyth, sen. Arthur, \ Hockley, }P<*nces. Battson. Garway. Gurney, Hortulanus. Pitt. Garway. Lanson, i Stabili- Carter. Rolle, sen. Howard. / arii. 1 John Ecton, receiver of the tenths of the clergy and author of Liber Valorum, &c. He began as a chorister. See the autograph inscription in the first page of a presentation copy of the Liber Valorum, in the College Library. The Commoners. AD OXON. Awbrey, sen. Sandys. Stanyan. Woodford. Beeston. Phillips. Hicks. Rawlinson. Garway. Hilman. Dingley. Tempest Glassc. Filks. Bradshaw. Ridge. Hockett. Dummer. Wootton. Scott AD WINTON. Somervile. Smyth. Welham. Wiseman. Dickins. Hippisley. Sparkes. Adams. Cooper. P. Mews. Hawkins. Hale. Harris. Penton. Perks. Coffin. Samber. Nicholas. Bearn. Woodford. Acland. FINIS. In 1702, Cheyney's second year of office, there were forty- nine commoners. In 1725, Burton's second year of office, there were fifty-four commoners, and the whole school was divided thus : Sexta Classis : Fifteen scholars. Quintae Classis senior pars : Fifteen scholars, two commoners. media pars : Eight scholars, five commoners. junior pars : Nine scholars, five commoners. Quartae Classis senior pars : Four scholars, seven commoners. media pars : Seven scholars, eleven commoners. junior pars : Seven scholars, eight commoners. Secunda et Quarta Classis : Two scholars, sixteen commoners. In 1766, the first year of Dr. Warton, the same classes and divisions continue, but there were only fifty-two commoners : Sexta Classis : Eighteen scholars, one commoner. Quintae Classis senior pars : Sixteen scholars, seven commoners. media pars : Nine scholars, eleven commoners. Quartae Classis senior pars : Eight scholars, eleven commoners, media pars : Two scholars, six commoners. junior pars : Three scholars, seven commoners. Secunda et Quarta Classis : Nine commoners. In 1793, Dr. Warton's last year, the number was fifty- seven : Sexta Classis : Twelve scholars, two commoners. Quintae Classis senior pars : Fourteen scholars, six commoners. K 2 132 Annals of Winchester College. Quintae Classis media pars : Thirteen scholars, eleven com- moners. junior pars : Eight scholars, eight commoners. Quartae Classis senior pars : Seven scholars, four commoners. media pars : Six scholars, seven commoners. junior pars : Eight scholars, three commoners. Secunda et Quarta Classis : Sixteen commoners. Dr. Goddard, coming after Dr. Warton, soon raised the numbers. In 1810, the first year of Dr. Gabell, they were : Sexta Classis : Eighteen scholars, ten commoners. Quintae Classis senior pars : Ten scholars, twenty-six commoners. media pars : Nine scholars, eighteen commoners. junior pars: Eleven scholars, thirty-three com- moners. Quartae Classis senior pars : Eighteen scholars, thirty-one com- moners. media pars : Three scholars, thirteen commoners. junior pars : One scholar, five commoners. Total, seventy scholars, one hundred and thirty-six com- moners. The number of commoners varied little under Dr. Gabell. There were 137 in 1824, the first year of Dr. Williams. At Election, 1836, Dr. Moberly's first year, there were 124. At Election, 1867, his last year, there were 173. At Easter 1884, Dr. Ridding left behind him 337 commoners. The number has slightly increased since then. Dr. Burton (1724-66), who did so much for the commoners as to entitle him to the fame of their second founder, began his great work in 1727 by converting Watson's domus pro aisiamento sociorum into a dormitory, and removing to it the Commensales from the chamber over Fifth, which was appropriated thenceforth to the use of the Headmaster and his young gentlemen. He then induced the usher, Dr. Eyre, to remove to the house into which the old Susten Chapel had been converted, ' Wickham's/ as it was afterwards called, and open it as a sort of auxiliary boarding-house 1 , a purpose which it had in all probability served more or less ever since the dissolution so that after the end of 1727 Dr. Burton had the chambers over 1 The usher returned to College after old Commoners was built, and resided where the second master resides now. The ' domus pro aisiamento sociorum ' was restored to its original use in 1785. The Commoners. 133 Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh (the choristers' chamber behind Sixth), Dobbins' three rooms, and the present Fellows' Common-Room, for the use of himself and his boarders. The Warden and Fellows seem to have acquiesced in these arrangements; taking, however, the precaution of ascertaining that the beer which was brewed in College would not be taxed if it was supplied to Dr. Burton's young gentlemen 1 . Dr. Burton did not long remain content with his boarding- house in College. He proceeded to found Commoners. ' Commoners' College ' his contemporaries styled it. The Sustern Spital has been alluded to a . The chapel of that ancient foundation stood on the eastern portion of the site of the Headmaster's house in College Street, abutting on the north-western corner of the outer Court of the College. The ' House of the Sisters ' stood nearly on the site of the Moberly Library. The Sisters were turned out of doors under Henry VIII, and in 1539 the site and precincts of their former abode became a part of the endowment of the new Capitular Body. The Dean and Chapter let the hospital and the chapel on separate leases for terms of thirty years, renewable every tenth year on payment of a fine or premium. Adams (Wykehamica, page 465), gives a list of the lessees, some of the first of whom were evidently connected with the College. Burton bought both leases, and sunk much money of his own in permanent improvements, erecting a house of red brick for his own occu- pation at the west end of the chapel 3 with a front to College Street, and connecting it with the Cistern House by a gallery 1 This is the case which they submitted to Philip Yorke, afterwards Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, and his opinion : Case. 'The Warden, schoolmaster, fellows and children of Winchester College have their small beer from one common brewhouse. The schoolmaster proposes to receive some young gentlemen into his lodgings as boarders. 'Q. Whether the admission of these young gentlemen into the College to reside and diet there will subject the College brewhouse to the excise ? ' Answer. " I conceive that the schoolmaster's receiving young gentlemen into his lodgings as boarders in order to their education will not subject the College brewhouse to the duties of excise." ' Sept. 27, 1727.' P. YORKE.' Chapter II. 3 Which was called the Cistern Chapel in his time, the meaning of the word Sustern having been forgotten. 134 Annals of Winchester College. called afterwards Cloister Gallery. He also built a dining- hall at the back of the Cistern House. The space enclosed by the Cistern Chapel, or ' Wickham's,' and Dr. Burton's house on the north, the back of the College stables on the east, the Cistern House on the south, and Cloister Gallery on the west was termed Commoners' Court, and the whole concern was known as ' Commoners.' There is a full description of ' Old Com- moners ' as it was in 1838, in Adams' Wykehamica, Chapter XII. Day-boys ceased to be received after Dr. Burton completed his great work. Yet he never got, and probably never expected to get, boarders enough to compensate him for his outlay. He was content to lay the foundation of that success which the school has attained in consequence of his operations, without looking to pecuniary reward. Having created Old Commoners, he gave it to the College by will in 1774. The bequest proved void, but had effect given to it by Mr. John Smyth, the residuary legatee. Dr. Burton also bequeathed to the College a valuable collection of books and a number of portraits of his gentlemen commoners, with a direction that their portraits should hang in the schoolmaster's great room the room now used by the Second Master as a dining room, in which they now hang 1 . The Warden and Fellows regarded themselves as trustees of Old Commoners for successive Head- masters, they having the beneficial interest. Dr. Burton's red brick house, and the rest of the site of Old Commoners, descended in this way from Dr. Burton to Dr. Warton, and from Dr. Warton to Dr. Goddard. In the year 1808 Dr. Goddard renewed the lease of Wickham's and enfranchised it, that is to say, bought the reversion of the Dean and Chapter, and made it his own free- hold. A year afterwards, on resigning the Headmastership, he sold the whole property, Wickham's and the lease of the Sustern Spital, to the Warden and Fellows for the sum of 963 i6s. lod. After spending 208 in repairs, the Warden and Fellows let the premises to Dr. Gabell on a repairing lease at the rent of 60 per annum. 1 It was Dr. Burton's practice to accept the portraits of his more distinguished pupils when they quitted school, in lieu of leaving money. If his successors had followed the same course, the Headmaster would have an interesting portrait gallery now. Many old Etonians remember the Rev. Edward Coleridge's collection of portraits of his old pupils, chiefly by Richmond, which he acquired in this manner. The Commoners. 135 In the year 1838 Warden Barter obtained the freehold of the Sustern Spital portion of Old Commoners from the Dean and Chapter through the medium of an exchange. A quantity of valuable property was made over to that body, and 613 95. nd. was spent out of the College chest in obtain- ing the private Act of Parliament which was necessary to confirm the exchange, and in paying the lawyers and surveyors employed on both sides. Such a sacrifice never would have been made but in view of an important step which was then in contemplation. This was the rebuilding of Commoners, Dr. Moberly's object. Repton, the architect, was consulted, Old Commoners was pulled down, and between the years 1839 and 1843 New Commoners was built, partly by subscriptions on the part of Dr. Moberly and others l , but chiefly at the cost of the Warden and Fellows, who contributed as a body no less a sum than 17,739 05. \d. to the building fund during the pro- gress of the work. Thus went the greater part of the ' timber money/ a fund arising from Warden Huntingford's policy of investing the produce of the large falls of timber which took place on the College estates during the French war. It must be confessed that New Commoners did not give satisfaction. Cases of typhoid fever sometimes occurred in it ; and it was a great day for the school when the Rev. Henry John Wickham opened the first boarding-house in September 1860. The Rev. H. E. Moberly opened a second early in 1861. Other houses followed ; and in 1868-9 Dr. Ridding removed the boys from New Commoners to the four Commoner houses (as they are called) which had been built in Culver's Close on land acquired by Dr. Ridding at his own expense with that object. There are now nine boarding-houses the statutes of the Governing Body provide that there may be ten kept by the Rev. J. T. H. Du Boulay, F. Morshead, Esq., the Rev. C. H. Hawkins, the Rev. J. T. Bramston, E. J. Turner, Esq., A. J. Toye, Esq., Theodore Kensington, Esq., C. B. Phillips, Esq., and the Rev. W. P. Smith 2 . The dormitories vacated by the boys were turned into class-rooms, Mr. Butter- 1 Amongst whom were Dr. Williams, Bishop Wordsworth, Lord Eldon, and Sir William Hcathcote. The total cost is believed to have exceeded 35,000. 8 These names are in order of appointment. 1 3 6 Annals of Winchester College. field being the architect employed. The North Gallery became the school library, and was called the Moberly Library, as a memorial of Bishop Moberly's headmastership, during which the change to the present boarding-house system began. Underneath it is a Common Room for the assistant masters, and another for the prefects. More than 4400 was expended on these alterations of the fabric of New Commoners. Within the last few years more class-rooms have been built on the site of Commoners' brewhouse, and departments have been pro- vided for the instructors in natural science and chemistry. CHAPTER VIII. WARDEN MORYS (A.D. 1393-1413). Computus Rolls. School Holiday. Accounts for 1395-6. Chapel and cloisters consecrated. Simon Bishop of Achonry. Servants in 1394. First Fellows. Service books. Prices in 1398. Flanders Tiles. Boundary wall. First Progress. Bishopstoke Pension. Visit of Henry IV. Completion of Outer Court. Non Licet Gate. A crisis. Appeal to Wykeham. Cost of Fabric. Bishop Beckington. Chancel at Harmondsworth. Wykeham's gifts of books, vestments, and plate. His will, death, and obit. Archbishop Arundel's Injunctions. Expected French Invasion. Andrew Hulse. His chantry. Hospitality in 1410. Servants in 1411. Hamble Corrody. Prices in 1412. Inventory of that year. Death of Morys. FROM the opening day in 1393 (March 28) *, we have a nearly unbroken series of computus rolls on which to rely for infor- mation about the domestic concerns of the College. These rolls continue, with a gap here and there, down to the year 1560, when the accounts began to be kept in paper books. Latin was the language used until the year 1776. Morys kept the accounts until Christmas, 1398, when Bosham 2 and Lechlade, the first Bursars, relieved him of the task. The first roll covers the space of twenty-six weeks, ending at Michaelmas, 1393. Every roll after that, with the exception of one at the close of Warden Morys' book-keeping, covers the space of fifty-two weeks, ending at Michaelmas, the season at which the rents came in and the accounts were made up and audited. The rolls 1 This on the authority of Heete : ' Cujus quidcm custodis . . . ingressus primus ad inibi habitandum full,' &c., ante p. 31. 3 Bosham was one of the saccrdoles mentioned below, and not a foundation fellow. I am inclined to identify Lechlade with Lemmanesworth, one of the first batch of fellows. 138 Annals of Winchester College. are about twelve inches wide, and from ten to twenty feet in length. They are written within and without in a clerkly hand, well worth the 6s. Sd. which the writer had for his reward. The language may be called Bursar's Latin, with a free admixture of English nouns substantive, generally intro- duced by the Norman article le or ly *. The title of each roll gives the period which it covers and the names of the Bursars for the time being. A ' staurus,' or column of estates, follows, with the amount received from each estate opposite to its name. Other sources of income follow, such as legacies, excrescentia comunarum, or savings from the sums allowed for commons when the price of provisions was lower than usual ; exitus hospitii, or profits in the kitchen, pantry, and brewhouse ; and oblations. The summa omnium receptorum for the first half year was 441 105. id., but this included a sum of 110 advanced by Wykeham through Simon Membury, his treasurer, on account of buildings in progress. Below is a weekly account, totalled quarterly, of the allowance for commons, which varied, of course, from week to week according to the number in commons, which was vouched by the weekly book of the Seneschal of the Hall. The number of scholars in commons during the half year ending at Michaelmas, 1393, varies from seventy to sixty-five, except in the week beginning on Saturday, July 7, which was probably a 'leave-out' week, inas- much as only forty-seven boys were in commons during it 2 . 1 Thus, ' Sol. pro emendando ly tinderbox/ is ' paid for mending the tinder- box.' 3 The present system of holidays, under which most public schools are closed thrice a year, for periods amounting altogether to about a quarter of the year, cannot be traced far back. At Winchester, duiing the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, there seems to have been no more than an optional exeat or leave-out of a fortnight or three weeks' duration twice a year, one about Whitsuntide, the other after the annual supervision, which might take place any time between July 7 and October i,and usually took place in August or September, according to the discretion of the Warden of New College. During these intervals of relaxation some boys remained behind, having no place to go to, we may suppose, or means of living elsewhere ; and the schoolmaster and usher absented themselves, turn and turn about. In 1509 the last two weeks of August and the whole of September was a leave-out period an unusually long one, due perhaps to some epidemic or sickness. Only one scholar was in commons during the last week of August, and only six or seven during the last fortnight of September. On the other hand, in 1517, when Erlisman was schoolmaster, and Simon Rawlyns was usher, there was no exeat at all. In the following Warden Morys. 139 Below this is a summary of the expenses (custus) under different heads, such as custus capellae, custus aulae, &c. ; then the stipendia et porciones of the Warden, schoolmaster, and others ; and lastly, the servants' wages. I subjoin a summary of the ' computus of Master John Morys, Warden of St. Mary College of Winchester, from the Saturday next before St. Michael's Day, in the iQth year of the reign of King Richard II. (1395-6) to the same day in the following year ' by way of illustration : RECEIPTS. s. d. Arrears 1 192 13 2 Downton Rectory, by Robert Buset, farmer . . 96 6 n Coombe Bisset, by Nicholas Aas, provost . . . 23 14 o Wyndesore (Eling), by Richard Hase, Serjeant , . 21 o o Hamele (Hamble), by John Courtney, farmer . . 13 6 8 Ditto, by John Wayte 068 Wordelham (West Worldham) chapel, byjohn Romesye, farmer 100 Meonstoke Ferraunt, by John Freman, provost . . 12 14 o Meonstoke Ferrers, by Thomas Colyng, provost . 19 10 9 Roppeley (Ropley), by Thomas Knyght, serjeant. . 23 o 7 Andwell, by John Meneslyn, farmer .... 868 Harmondsworth, by John Laner, serjeant . . . 44 13 10 Hampton-on-Thames . nil . . Isleworth, by Thomas Harlton, executor of John Kyng, late provost 12 o o Heston Rectory, by Richard Sevenes, farmer . . 30 10 o Seyntecros (St. Cross, Carisbrooke), by Thomas Tredynton, farmer 6 13 4 Mersshton (South Merston, Wilts), by Robert Grandon, farmer, three years 3 10 o Manyngford Breose, by John Mershmull, two years . i 18 o Allington, by Thomas Hoggebyn 060 Tyttelye (Titley), by Prior of Lantony, for pension out of Kington Rectory, two years .... 300 Bradford Peverel Rectory, by William Mede, farmer i 10 o Exitus hospitii, by the cook ...... 2 10 8 518 ii 3 year the exeat occurred in the first three weeks of September, and during the first of those weeks, for the first time in the history of the College, no scholar was in residence. 1 It is obvious that when a rent account closes at Michaelmas, as this did, the amount of arrears must be considerable. 140 Annals of Winchester College. EXPENSES. s. d. Weekly commons : warden, as. ; magister scolae, fellows and chaplains, i^d. each ; hostiarius, 12^. ; lay clerks, lod. each ; scholars, 8d. each ; eight valetti, iod. each ; five garciones, Qd. each ; six- teen choristers, 6d. each 204 13 6 Extra commons 2 14 4 Pantry : Linen and mats 7 13 4 Brewhouse and bakehouse 020 Kitchen : Pair of bellows, stone mortar, apron cloth, pots and pans mended, &c 092 Stable : Oats, 20^. per quarter, new hay, saddle and bridle for the summoner 1 , &c. . . . . n 12 3 Garden : Onion seed, garlic, &c 0211 Chapel : Bread, wine, oil, wax, vestments, and books mended 907 Stipends : Warden 20 o o Fellows, Thomas Turke 2 5 13 4 Schoolmaster and usher 13 6 8 Chaplains and lay clerks 32 5 o Mats for school room 028 Seneschal of the manors . 400 Servants 920 Founder's kin : Clothes, &c., for Thomas and Reginald Warenner 200 Necessaria : Parchment, paper, &c 074 Election of scholars : Vice- Warden of New College, Sept. 25-29, 1394, and Warden of New College (Malford), with John Wykeham and Philip Hullyn the Posers, Sept. 25-29, 1395 2 17 7 Livery 38 n n Warden riding to London by way of Harmondsworth, and other journeys on College business with the Seneschal ; and a chaplain and lay clerk to Salis- bury and back to collate a gradual (book containing the musical portions of the mass) . . . . 838 Commons of sick scholars : John Cricklade, sixteen weeks ; John Alton 3 , three weeks, John Wylthorp, eight weeks o 19 8 Buildings in progress . 24 n 2 Total ^398 9 i 1 One who rode round to ' warn ' or give notice of the days of holding the manorial courts. a The only Fellow at this time. The 135. $d. is added for his stipend as Vice- Warden. 3 This name does not occur in the Register. I identify him with John Monter of Alton, who died May 23, 1399. Warden Morys. 141 *. d. In hand : Provisions 58 19 o Cash (denarii) 121 8 o 180 7 o It has been already stated that on the opening day the Society consisted of a Warden, two masters, seventy scholars, and a lay clerk, named Hende. A second lay clerk, named Twyforde, joined him in the fifth week. Four priests (sacer- dotes), whose position is not defined, but may have been defined in a former draft of the Statutes, made their appearance in the fifth week, and another joined them in the sixth week. Three of these priests received stipends of 755. each for the six months, the other two were non-stipendiary. All had their commons after the rate subsequently allowed for the Fellows, whose precursors they undoubtedly were. By the year 1397 there were nine or ten of them with stipends of 535. \d. each. Soon after the admission of foundation Fellows, they disappear from the scene. Further down the first roll for 1393 are entries, importing that Hall and pantry were stocked with napery for 505., and 235. 6d. was laid out on kitchen utensils. The Warden gave 465. %d. for a horse at Reading, and John Kyng, the porter, was allowed i6d. for bringing it home. A gray horse for the Warden's man was bought of William Wygge, for 255. Two years later a pad nag (equus ambulatorius) for the Warden cost 505., and a black horse for his man cost 465. 8d. Oats were %d. per bushel, and old hay was 45. 6d. per load. The roll for 1394 is missing. The chief event of the follow- ing year was the consecration of the chapel, graveyard, and cloisters. Wykeham issued a commission, dated July 7, 1395 2 , to Simon, Bishop of Achonry, in Ireland 3 , empowering him to 1 A namesake (possibly the same man) supplied the Warden's and Chap- lains' livery in 1393 and was Mayor of Winchester in 1399-1400. Richard Wygge (adm. 1393) may have been a son of his. a Appendix XIV. 3 This prelate was a native of the Isle of Wight. His will, which was proved March 27, 1398, is in the following words : ' In Dei nomine amen, xiiij die mens. Feb. A.D. MCCCXCVIJ. Ego Simon Accadensis Episcopus condo testa- mentum meum in hunc modum. Imprimis lego animam meam deo et corpus meum ad sepelicndum in capclla B. Mariac infra monastcrium dc Quarrcra. 142 Annals of Winchester College. consecrate them. The Bishop discharged his office on Satur- day, December 13, 1395, being St. Kenelm's day. His visit to the College lasted five days, during which open house seems to have been kept 1 . The Scotch and Irish Bishops appear to have acted as suffragans to home Bishops at that period as much as colonial Bishops do now. A Scotch Bishop (Dunkeld) consecrated the graveyard and cloisters of New College, an Irish Bishop (John, Bishop of Ardfert) consecrated the chapel of Andwell Priory under a commission from Peter de Rupibus (Bishop of Winchester, A. D. 1204-1238); and another Irish Bishop (Henry, Bishop of Annadown) consecrated the chancel of Farnham and a new altar there on June 24, 1399. The following list of servants, with their yearly wages, is taken from the roll of 1395 : s . d. John Kyng, porter i 13 4 Walter Cok, cook and caterer i 6 8 William Boteler, butler i o o John Gryffyth, warden's man i o o John Baker, warden's groom o 13 4 William Cok, under-cook . o 13 4 Laundress o 13 4 Barber o 13 4 Garcio coquinae (cook boy) 068 ;8 O O In 1396 a gardener (ortolanus), and a carter (carectarius) Item lego Stephano Monacho dicti monasterii vj s viij d . Item lego ad distribuen- dum inter monachos eiusdem monasterii ad orandum pro anima mea liij' iiij d . Item lego M ro Nicolas unam zonam de serico stipatam cum argento deaurato. Item lego DnO Roberto, Rectori de Arreton xl s . Item lego Michaeli famulo meo x 1 . Item lego Nicolao cognato meo xx 8 . Et quicquid residuum fuerit de bonis meis non legatis do etiam et lego executoribus meis ut ipsi ordinent et disponant pro anima mea. Et ad istud testamentum expediendum et in omnibus fideliter exequendum meos ordine et constituo executores Dnm Rober- tum Wantyngge rectorem ecclesiae de Arreton et magistrum Nicolaum Burgh, rectorem ecclesiae de Nyton.' 1 ' In exp. suffraganei Dm Epi Wynton, existentis in Collegio cum familia et equis suis per v dies tempore consecracionis capelle et cimeterii et claustri die Sabbati in festo Sti Kenelmi, una cum expensis aliorum superveniencium per vices, et pro die principali confeccionis specialiter invitatorum, una cum donis datis diversis de familia p'dicti suffraganei, xlix 8 v d . . . in candelis empt. de candelario pro consecracione altarium continentibus j lib. viij d . . . et in oleo empto pro consecracione altarium, et vino filo et stipula pro eodem negocio, Warden Morys. 143 make their appearance with wages of 135. 4^. each. And from and after Lady Day 1397, when the bakehouse was ready for use, there is a baker with his man on the list, drawing 335. 4^. yearly. About this time a steward of the manors (senescallus terrarum) begins to be borne on the books, with a stipend at first of 4, and then of 5 per ann. William Pole, the first steward of the manors, was perhaps the father of John Pole, the schoolmaster who succeeded Romesye in 1407. The first socii perpetui, or foundation fellows, were admitted 26 November, 1397. The Register of Fellows' admissions in the Vetus Registrum commences with their names: John Crudeshale, John Dyrley, John More, John Hende, and Robert Lemmanesworth. It has been surmised l that there were Fellows from the first, because Heete mentions them 2 . But Heete was thinking of the corporate body and not of the individuals who composed it on the opening day. Similarly Morys, in his computus for the first half year, after setting down the sum total of the receipts, says : ' Inde in comunis custodis, sociorum, et scolarium, ac aliorum omnium in Collegio existen- cium,' when, in point of fact, not a single Fellow had been in commons or drawn his stipend during that half year. Moberly, p. 201, refers to a record in the Bishop's Register of Wykeham's admitting five Fellows on December 20, 1394 ; but these were the sacerdotes referred to above, and not foundation Fellows. Only one of them, Thomas Knyght, had commons and a stipend, and he is replaced in the roll of 1395 by Thomas Turke, who was also Vice- Warden. Two others of the five, namely More and Lemmanesworth, were admitted foundation Fellows in the batch of 26th November, 1397. In 1397, the two lay clerks became three, the statutory num- ber, with stipends of 205. each. Their names were Mayhew, Kenton, and Stanstede. Stanstede, by the way, is the name of the first commoner who lodged and boarded in College. Provision was now made for the services which so nu- merous a body of clerks was equal to performing, by the purchase of twenty-eight dozen and seven skins of vellum at 55. per dozen, for making service books, which when written 1 Moberly, p. 201. 2 ' Quorum quidem custodis, sociorum, scolarium, ceterorumque omnium pre- dictorum ingressus fuit ad inibi habitandum hora iij ante meridiem,' &c. 144 Annals of Winchester College. were bound in doeskin like the sealed copy of Wykeham's Statutes \ Altogether thirty-three dozen skins of vellum were purchased at from 55. to 35. 6d. per dozen. The computus of Bosham and Lechlade runs from Christmas, 1398, to Michaelmas, 1399, and exhibits at its foot a receipt of 442 105. i id., including 145. lod. from the sacrist for oblations, 505. for exitus hospt'ttt, and 125. 2d. for excrescentia comunarum, and a present of 40 from Wykeham. The number of Fellows rises to eight, namely, Crudeshale, Turke, Bosham, Bekenton, More, Lechlade, Dyrley, and Hende 2 , and the number of sacer- dotes drops to four. Under custus capellae, in 1397-98, I find the following items : ' Twelve hundred wafers (panes}, as. : five flagons of wine, zs. lod. : two flagons of oil for lamp over high altar, 25. $d. : four dozen wax candles for choir, 6s. 8d : Edmund Chandler, making 44 Ibs. wax into candles, at id. per lb., 35. 8d.' Under custus aulae : ' Thirty-seven ells of linen for napkins at 4 dat. cuidam clerico dicti Dm Archiepi pro sollicitacione sua habend. ad p' diet. Dnrn Archiepum ex 8 .' 3 'In dato Job. Brykeforde captori avenarum pro hospicio dm Regis laborant. ultra mare pro favore suo de non capiendis avenis apud Roppele et in aliis maneriis Collegii iij' iiij d . In dato John Bursetre captori frumenti capiendi pro dno rege ut in precio ij virgarum panni radiati et in dat. inter servientes suos pro amicitia sua habenda in maneriis et rectoriis Collegii iiij 8 viij d .' 3 In dato Johl Bolton valetto de Camera ducis Exon. venient. ad Collegium cum httera directa ad custodem ad hospitand. dictum ducem in Collegio tempore quo venturus erat Wynton. ad regem ultra mare existentem vj s viij d : In exp. Thome Baylemond (a Fellow) equitant. Londin. mens. Feb. ad ducem Exon. ferent. eidem litteram pro eo quod non hospitaretur in Collegio x s viij d . Cardinal Beaufort. 179 sociis penultimo die Julii ob reverenciam ducis Exon. fratris D ni Eri Wynton. xijs.' Another visit of Beaufort in 1419 is only known to us through an entry of 6cl. paid ' diversis hominibus emundantibus et purgantibus aulam et cameras erga adventum domini 1 .' A present to him of six capons, two ' fessauntes,' and four par- tridges, while at Merewell (Marwell) about this time, cost 75. \d. A little later the Cardinal was in Normandy, and one of his people who called at the College to say that his master's health was good 2 received a gratuity of 8d. r and a pair of gloves which cost 1 6d. Beaufort's great work in connection with the Hospital of St. Cross, which he nearly rebuilt, is described in M liner's History of Winchester. The church was dedicated on the Saturday in the second week of the first term of the College year, i. e. about the middle of October 1420. After the ceremony, the Warden and Fellows gave a dinner in the College Hall to some friends, including Boreway, Keswyk, Kyngesmylle, Pyes, Smythford, Welman, and three people from the village of St. Cross. Four singing men from St. Cross, and Deverose, ' the litigious tailor/ dined with the servants on this occasion. Fromond, the steward, Keswyk, and Tychfeld were guests at supper. In 1423, three years later, the Cardinal mediated with success in a dispute which had arisen between the College and the Dean and Chapter of Sarum about the right to tithe of silva caedua in the Forest of Finkley, which is a purlieu of Chute Forest, and lies about two miles north-east of the town of Andover on the Roman Road known as Portway. As successors in title of the Priory, the Society were appropriators of the great tithe of the parish of Andover ; and the real question in dispute was, whether the purlieu of Finkley was included in the parish of Andover, or not. Under the advice of Chief Justice Haukford 8 , given apparently while on circuit at Win- 1 The Cardinal, like Wykeham, is generally called dominus in the computus rolls. a In dat. Willmo Thomes, sen. valetto Dm nostri Patroni venienti ad Coll. a dicto Dno de partibus transmarinis nuncianti prosperura statum eiusdem dm patroni, una cum xvj d ut de precio j paris cirotecarum empt. et dat. eidem viij d .' 3 Sir William Haukford, made a Justice of the Common Pleas, May 6, 1398, vice Thirnyng. He became Chief Justice of the King's Bench under Henry V, March 29, 1413, (Foss, Lives of the Judges, temp. H. VI). N 2 180 Annals of Winchester College. Chester, the Society sued out a writ of prohibition in order to stay certain proceedings which the Dean and Chapter had taken in the Court of Arches against the College in a cause of subtraction of tithe '. Cardinal Beaufort intervened at this stage of the dispute, and induced the two bodies to refer it to Master James Cole, the Proctor-General. Cole made an award in favour of the College. The Warden at once employed his allies, Richard Wallopp 2 , William Payn, and Richard Sott- well, to cut an acre of underwood which had been set out by the owner to answer the year's tithe ; and this they did with the help of a number of men of Andover, in defiance of a prohibition from the Court of Arches, which the Cardinal advised them not to obey. In the following Easter week (April 16, 1422), a Forest Court was held at the ' Wodehows ' 3 in Finkley, for the purpose of laying down the boundaries of the parish. There were present John Lysle 4 , Warden of the Forest ; John Harryes, his deputy ; Roger Merewell, verderer ; Ralph Greyshanks, William Cleve, John Wardayn, and Richard Douce, regarders ; and William Parke, forester of Finkley. There were present also Sir Walter Sandes, Knt. ; Richard Wallop, justice of the peace ; Robert Hampton, vicar of Hurstborne ; Thomas Theobald, rector of Wee (Weyhill) ; Thomas Saye, rector of Penyton (Penton) Mewsey; Nicholas North, rector of St. Lawrence, Winchester ; Roger Stonham, chaplain of the chantry in St. Mary's Church, Andover ; John Holborn, chaplain of the chantry of St. John the Baptist, Andover ; Richard Stodewell, William Payn, Thomas Benne- bury, John Frylond, John Norton, John Raymond, Walter Clerke of Andover, William Wythge, Walter Thorne, Thomas Penyton, and many other neighbours and parishioners who 1 Tithe was payable by common right of silva caedua, which is not great wood or timber. A Canon of 16 Ed. Ill declared that all wood was silva caedua and titheable ; but by Stat. 45 Ed. Ill, prohibition shall be granted whenever a writ is issued in a Spiritual Court for tithe of silva caedua. Hence, probably, Sir William Haukford's advice, which Warden Thurbern acknowledged by sending to him a jack from the river Itchen. 2 One of the verderers of Chute Forest and regarder of the purlieu of Finkley. 3 Now Woodhouse Farm, situate about a| miles N. N. E. of the town of An- dover. 4 Qy. the John Lysle who was a Commissioner to take the names of the gentry of Hampshire in 12 H. VI (1433). Perhaps the boy Lysle who was in Commoners in 1448 (see p. 113) was a son of his. Cardinal Beaufort. 181 came at the request of the vicar of Andover (John Canon), on the ground that the rights and liberties of the parish of Andover were being called in question. Nobody since this remarkable day has ventured to deny that Finkley is a purlieu of the parish of Andover. Shortly afterwards, Cardinal Beaufort made an award, de- claring the tithe of silva caedua in the vill of Finkley to be the property of the Warden and Scholars, who were to pay a relief of 55. every seven years to the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury 1 . It was a victory for the Society, but a costly one. The expenses of the Court fell wholly on the College 2 , and they had already spent 605. in having the cut underwood watched by night and day, lest the people of the Dean and Chapter should carry it away as they seem to have threatened to do. At the ensuing Christmas, I find an account of the Society sending presents to Sir Walter Sandes and Richard Wallopp as an acknowledg- ment of the part they had taken in the affair ; to the former, six capons, six couple of rabbits, and a six-lb. pot of that costly luxury ' grenegyngyver,' which cost 145. 6d., and to the latter six couple of rabbits and a gallon of wine, which cost 35. In the year 1430 the Cardinal held a visitation of the Col- lege : ' In vino empt. pro Epo Roffens. venienti ad vidend. Coll. tempore visitacionis Dm Cardinalis et aliorum generosorum tempore assisarum sessionum et aliis diversis temporibus hoc anno, iiij 8 iii j d .' In the following year they made him a present of a pair of horses, which cost 13 6s. 8d. A birthday present to him in the year 1440 is recorded thus : ' In x caponibus presentat. dno cardinal! erga suum natalem, cum iiij 8 solut. pro xviij perdicibus et expensis Ricardi Baret 3 et aliorum laborancium pro acquisicione earundem, xl 8 x d .' The Cardinal died April n, 1447, and was buried in the mag- nificent chantry in the cathedral church of Winchester which bears his name. He had given shortly before his death a sum 1 Henry II had granted (21 Dec. 1258; the forest of Andover to the church of Sarum (Sarum charters and documents, ccxx, Rolls Series, vol. I). * It is quite likely that the Dean and Chapter did not appear. The Court was composed, as far as we know, of friends of the College. 3 The Warden's man. 1 82 Annals of Winchester College. of 100 to the Society for the purchase of the manor of Buttes, in the parish of Barkham, Berks. The manor was purchased, and by an instrument under their corporate seal, dated Novem- ber 6, 1447, the Society obliged themselves to celebrate the Cardinal's obit on the anniversary of his death. A perfect example of the College seal is attached to the instrument. It provides that ' Requiem ' and ' Exsequiis mortuorum ' shall be sung on the vigil of the anniversary. On the day itself, a distri- bution of 285. 8d. is to be made. To the Warden, 2s ; to each fellow and chaplain, i2d. ; to the schoolmaster, if he be a priest, i2d.; if he be not a priest, provided he can read the psalter, nd; to the usher if he can do the same, 8d. ; to every lay clerk, 4< ; for wax, i2d. ; for a pittance throughout Hall, IDS. In 1450 the Society employed Simon Kent, of Reading, the father of the Scholar John Kent \ to sell the manor of Buttes, and buy in lieu of it the manor of Halland, in the parish of Tile- hurst, near Reading. Why they made this exchange is not apparent. They treated Kent with a degree of confidence which he doubtless deserved, not only allowing him to buy on his own account several of the lots into which the manor of Buttes appears to have been divided, but also giving him credit for a portion of the purchase money. We find him in 1453 paying 4 6s. 8d. on account of 15 due, 'pro diversis empcionibus per eundem in vendicione manerii de Buttes,' and several more years elapsed before the balance was paid. Tilehurst is only five miles from Reading, where Kent lived, and it is possible that he recommended the Society to sell one manor and buy the other for the improvement of their income. If so, he was probably a land agent. It appears from the following entry of 1450 that he was a man of the rank of a gentleman, and that the Society were satisfied with the way in which he carried out the sale : ' In ij virgis panni coloris de secta generosorum (of the sort which gentlemen wear) dat. Simoni Kent .... pro laboribus suis habitis in vendicione manerii de Buttys ij 8 viij d .' 1 Whose brass is in Headbourne Worthy Church. He died 14 August, 1434. There are tombstones of the Kent family at Headbourne Worthy, and a tenement in that parish is known as Kent's alley house. CHAPTER XL WARDEN THURBERN (1413-50). Thurbern's character. His chantry. Fate of his chasuble. Shaw manor. Rosamond's Bower. Eling causeway. Ladies in College Hall. Wives of parish clergy. Alwyn schoolmaster. Whyte the Lollard. Provost Westbury. Dean Say. Wages in 1431. John Bedell. Dispute with citizens of Winchester. Visits of Henry VI. His gifts. Bishops Russel and Janyn. Ive the schoolmaster. Case of mortuaries at Andover. Isabel de Foxcote. ROBERT THURBERN was a native of Winchester, and doubtless one of the poor scholars who fed at Wykeham's table prior to the opening of the College, as he was admitted to a fellowship of New College in the year 1388. He was given to hospitality, and managed the affairs of the Society with ability, never fear- ing to engage in litigation when the rights of the College were at stake. During the financial difficulties of his headship, he refrained from drawing his stipend, which was upwards of ten years in arrear at the time of his death. A little while before that event happened, he made over to the College twenty-one messuages, forty acres of arable land, five of meadow, forty of pasture, and two of wood, with their appurtenances, situate in Romsey, Stanbrygge, Maydenstone (Mainstone), Welles, and Ashford, as a provision for keeping his obit ' in quadam capella per nos sumptuose construenda capelle B. Marie Wynton prope limites eiusdem ex parte australi contignanda et construenda '- in a chantry which he designed to erect, and which was erected thirty years after his death, on the site of the belfry. Thurbern had bought these lands of Sir Thomas Wykeham, Knt., the founder's grandnephew and heir. The following entries in 184 Annals of Winchester College. the computus of the year 1444 may perhaps fix the date of the purchase. ' In exp. factis circa abbatem de Hyda, dnrn Thomam Wykeham, militem, consanguineum dm fundatoris, et alios prandentes in camera custodis xxix 10 die lulii et in victualibus et vino xiij 3 viij d .... in vino empt. et miss, ad Oterborne eodem tempore ix d .' The estate at Otterborne, where Sir Thomas Wykeham was residing at this time, was one of the estates which the Founder entailed on the marriage of his grandnephew, William Wyke- ham, with Alice Uvedale, and came to Sir Thomas Wykeham on the death of that couple without issue. The estate recently belonged to the Heathcote family. About the same time Thur- bern presented the Society with a chasuble of crimson velvet, powdered with archangels and flaming clouds, inscribed R. T. with a Jesse border; also a cope and set of vestments for deacon and sub-deacon to match. The velvet escaped the fate of such things under the Reformation, and being found stowed away in a garret in the year 1770, was given to the churchwardens of Wyke, near Winchester, by the desire of the Rev. Charles Blackstone, a Fellow of Winchester College, who was Rector of that parish, in order that it might be used as an altar-cloth. What became of it afterwards I have been unable to ascertain. Thurbern died October 30, 1450, and is buried under the Chapel. His brass, one of the renewed ones, gives the full- length figure of a vested priest, with the following inscriptions : ' Cum non possitis fratres evadere mortem memento mei in precibus vestris.' 'Gustos Robertus Thurbern cognomine dictus En morior certus cui non parcit necis ictus. Spes mea vera quies, bone JKu suscipe gratum Quern tricena dies rapit Octobris febre stratum, Anno milleno Domini C quater sociato Et quinquageno morior. Bone Xte juvato. Deprecor, oretis pro me custode secundo, Discas lege pari, custos, non credere mundo.' One of Thurbern's first acts was to rebuild the water corn-mill at Shaw, near Newbury. A ' specialis amicus,' named John Dancaster, or Dancastel, gave the timber. The manor, with the Rectory of Shaw, had been granted to the College by letters Warden Thurbern. 185 patent in the year 1384 (8 Ric. II), but the Warden and Scholars Clerks were unable to obtain possession of it until the year 1407, when a benefactor named William Coventre saw them righted. He had endeavoured, but without success, to acquire for the College in the previous year the manor of Great Wen- den, in Essex, and paid the expenses which they had incurred in the negotiations, amounting to 10. The manor of Shaw was held of the Crown in capite, and Coventre had to pay a fine of 25 in the year 1425 for omitting to obtain the necessary license to alienate. ' Rosamondes bowre/ a place in the College grounds con- taining a maze or labyrinth, which may have been the original of the famous maze which the traditional scholar cut in the turf on Hills before he wrote ' Domum' and died, is mentioned for the first time in the computus of 1415. Ninepence was spent in that year for stakes and ' ryse ' (brushwood) to fence it, and similar allusions occur for several years afterwards. In the computus of 1416 will be found : ' Custus aulae : In cirpis (rushes) empt. pro sternendo in aula viij 9 vij d .' ' Custus coquinae: Six plates, six potegers, and six salts of Somer- set pewter with the Founder's arms, weighing 29 Ibs., at ^d. ]gs. Qd. Ten dozen trenchers (disci lignei, the first mention of them), 2s. ^d' In the computus of 1417 I find under custus gardini lod. for two Ibs. of onion seed, nd. for three 'bounches' of garlic, and 2id. for leeks (quantity not stated), with 6d. paid to a man named Warren for planting the latter. No other vegetables are men- tioned, and we know from other sources that the art of garden- ing did not extend at that time much beyond the onion tribe. Under custus domorum I find that Robert Moryng and his men were employed in repairing the roof of cloisters between February i and October 25, Moryng at the rate of 2s. 8d. per week, and the men at the rate of 25. 6d. or 25. $d. per week each. Thomas Gweyn, of Wareham, had 135. ^d. for 100 skalt (Purbeck slate) delivered at Hamble. The carriage from H amble to St. Denys, by barge apparently, came to 2s. 8d., and from St. Denys to St. Cross the charge was 2od. Under custus librariae appear charges in respect of an abridged copy of St. Gregory's Moralia : i86 Annals of Winchester College. ' Seven quires of parchment, 35. 6d. ; four prisoners in Wolvesey Castle writing the abridgement, 45. lod. ; Peter de Cheeshill, illumi- nating the initial letters and binding the volume, 6s. icx/.' * The causeway and tidal corn-mill at Eling, up Southampton Water, were constructed in the year 1418 by one Thomas Middleton on the security of a lease from the College. This causeway shortens by more than a mile the distance round the head of Southampton Water, and is maintained at the expense of the Society and their lessees, a small toll being charged for vehicles passing over it. The Warden and Fromond rode down to Southampton early in the year 1415 in order to see Middleton about the conditions of the lease; and a little later I find Keswyk, North, and other College people, riding to Hamble with Middleton's lease, and stopping at Southampton on the way for the purpose of getting the mayor's seal affixed, for which they paid a fee of 2s. 2 This causeway may be of public utility, but it is a damnosa hereditas to the College. It was ruined by a flood in 1741, and the cost of repairing it fell on the College : * d. John Abbot, of Eling, rebuilding the bridge . . 96 o o Two wings to it facing the sea, i. e. rising tide . . 880 Work at the tumbling bay and main hatches . . 220 Kent, 145 tons of stone ....... 14 10 o Felling, sawing, and carting timber allowed out of the College woods ........ n 14 o Blacksmith's bill ...... . . .' 6 18 o Hire of lighter twelve days ...... i 16 o Bricks, lime, and labour to mill-house . . . . 1600 8 o Only fifteen years later another flood necessitated the fol- lowing outlay : New bridge ......... 29 o 10 Repairing causeway ....... 19 14 10 Felling and carting timber ...... 398 52 5 4 1 This seems to have been a favourite work. Thurbern gave a copy to the Society on the eve of his death. He had bought it of Pye, of Pye Corner, the King's Stationer. The College paid Pye's bill after Thurbern's death, and de- ducted the amount from the arrears of stipend which they owed his estate. 2 Middleton being a Southampton man probably insisted on this guarantee of Warden Tlmrbern. 187 And one stormy night, in January 1887, a sudden flood carried away part of the causeway, doing damage to the extent of 1400. In 1422 I find an item of 6d. spent on green candles (in candelis viridibus, rush lights?) for the eve of St. John Baptist's, or Midsummer Day 1 . Similar entries occur down to the time of the Reformation. The practice of lighting candle-ends in niches cut in Meads' wall, which is indulged in by the Scholars on the eve of the summer holidays, may be traceable to this ancient practice. It is noticeable that women were frequently guests in the College Hall while Thurbern was warden. For instance, on a certain Thursday in the year 1420 the party at the fellows' table included Thomas Garnesye and his wife, Henry Russel's wife, W. Kenne's wife and her maid, the wives of John Lussyng and Sir Nicholas Clyvedon, and two laundresses (both married women). A conjuror (quidam joculator) and Thomas Deverose the ' litigious tailor ' mentioned in Chapter II, dined with the servants on the same day. On a Tuesday four months later a nurse named Margery Dale who had been engaged to sit up all night with a Fellow named Crymok, who was dangerously ill, had her dinner and supper with the servants. The names of the guests at breakfast at the High Table on June 4, 1420, are mentioned below. One of them was the wife of a parish clergyman, who would scarcely have been of the party, although her husband was an Uvedale, if the wives of parish clergymen had not been generally received in society at this period : ' In jantaclo fact. Job. Uvedale, vicario de Hampton 2 , uxori eiusdem, Ric. Wallop, Will. Harryes, et aliis cum suis famulis quarto die Junii xx 8 ... In cena facta Job. Lysle armig. et uxori Chamberlyn, et aliis venient. cum iisdem vij die Augusti iij 8 . ij d .' Nor was the Warden individually less gallant than the society over which he presided. On November 6, 1433, he gave a the lease being properly executed by the College. The same practice prevailed at Winchester and in other corporate towns in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 1 For an account of various particulars and superstitions relating to lights and fires on this day, see Hone's Eveiy Day Book, p. 523. 2 Hampton-on-Thames, then in the gift of the College. Was he the father of the two Uvedale boys who were in commoners in 1424? i88 Annals of Winchester College. dinner in his own hall to the Treasurer of Wolvesey and his wife, John Arnold and his wife, the mothers of three of the scholars, and a number of other people : and the following entry occurs in the computus for 1434 : ' In expensis factis die lune in ebdoma Pentecostes circa matrem abbatis de Hyda, uxorem Job. Arnold, Joh. Shapwyk, uxorem eiusdem, et alios prandentes in camera custodis x 8 vj d .' The last entry of the kind is one in 1471, recording the fact of the Abbess of Romsey and two of her nuns, a fourth lady, and a prioress dining and supping in Hall on the last Monday in the last quarter of that year. At the end of their year of office the Bursars of 1423 wrote off 235. for losses on light money and variations in the king's coinage. Under ' custus stabuli ' in 1424 will be found the following items : ' Seventeen loads of hay, 695. 6d. ; four loads of barley-straw to eat with the hay, 85. ; sixty-two quarters of oats, at 2od., 5 35. 4^. ; horse bread (quantity not mentioned), 6d. ; Robert Ferrour, for fifty- four fore shoes at zd., sixty-three hind shoes at i| Custus brasini in the same year records that the furnace under one of the coppers in the brewhouse was renewed. The name of one of the workmen employed being John Polliwegge, shows that ' polliwog ' for tadpole is not an Americanism, but an old English word. Expenses of John Park the junior fellow 1 High wages, comparatively ; but she had to find washing materials, and had no commons. 190 Annals of Winchester College. riding to Oxford with Lewis the stable-boy in October after a new usher, 35. \d. ; wine to Sir Thomas Wykeham, Knt., in the Warden's hall on July 29, 135. 8d. 1 The eastern wall of cloisters gave way, and had to be rebuilt in 1431. Beech piles were driven in the foundation, and thirty- six loads of ' burres ' at $d. per load were used in the footing of the wall. Staples (gomphi) and hinges (vertemelli) for the door in the wall (King Henry's door) cost ^d. And John Sherborne, mason, was at work three weeks, making good defects in the spiral staircase of Outer Gate, and stopping cracks in the chimneys of the porter's Lodge and Fourth Chamber, an allusion which proves that the chimneys in the scholars' chambers are part of the Founder's design, and were not added afterwards. John Bedell was a scholar of the year 1440. He was a native of Meonstoke, probably the son of John Bedell the bailiff of the College manor there. He missed New College, and we hear no more of him till 1457. In that year a fleet of ships from Liibeck appeared off Calais. The Earl of Warwick, who commanded there, attacked them and was repulsed. The cry of invasion ensued, and Bedell with a party of men-at-arms was sent down to Southampton to aid in the defence of that town. ' In expensis Robtl Vyport (a fellow) equitant. ad Hamyll pro veris rumoribus habendis utrum amici an inimici sint ; et in exp. Joh. Bedell cum aliis armatis missis Hampton in subsidium dicte ville, quod dictum erat quod Francigenae cum magna classe venissent ad spoliandam dictam villam, xiiij d V Bedell became dispensator or manciple in 1462, and held that place of trust until 1491. He was mayor of Winchester in 1496, and died in 1498. There is a brass to his memory in front of the altar in the College Chapel, representing him in the 1 Possibly when the Warden was negotiating the purchase of the Romsey property. a There had been a similar scare in 1415 : In expensis dni Willim Hayne (a Fellow) Walteri Harley, Mri Willmi Grover (another Fellow, just admitted) et aliorum de Collegio equitant. et peditant. ad Hamele in le Rys et ibidem exis- tent, per iij dies pro defensione patriae contra inimicos dni Regis et regni sui et totius patrie, una cum expens. Willmi Walyngford (a Fellow) et aliorum hominum secum peditantium ad Hamele pro simili causa alia vice et ultra ex- pens, fact, et solut. per Robertum Tichfeld, firmario ibidem, x s ix d ob.' Warden Thurbern. 191 citizen's dress of the time. His obit was kept with Thomas Asheborne's (a Fellow) on January 9, and differed from other obits in there being provision for faggots in hall, and the pittance being limited to the scholars. He bequeathed to the College 20 pro libro dispensatoris, as a fund to be drawn upon whenever the dearth of provisions rendered it necessary. His example in this respect was followed by White, afterwards Warden, Russell, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, and other Wykehamists, who subscribed 79 135. \d. with this laudable object. About the same time a little friction arose between the College and the citizens of Winchester, in this wise. A purveyor had seized a quantity of oats, probably for the service of the army in France, and had given to the owner a tally or order for 29 i6s. 4 ij d .' * 'Your brown bastard is your only drink,' Shakspeare, i King Hen. IV, Act ii, Sc. 4. 204 Annals of Winchester College. of the Society attended it, and made a present of a saddle horse to the new bishop. The Eton boys were not forgotten on this occasion : ' In uno equo dat. Epo Wynton erga diem consecracionis sue, vj 1 xiij 8 iiij d . . . . Et in exp. dnl custodis, Job. Parke, et aliorum equitant. ad Eton, ad consecracionem M ri W. Wanflet in Epufn Wynton. in mense Julii, xiij 8 v d . . . . dat. pueris Etonae eodem tempore xiii 8 iiij d .' Wayneflete was not installed until January 19, 1447-8. The Archbishop of Canterbury (Stafford) visited the Diocese of Win- chester during the interregnum. His delegates, Richard Rose, Bishop of Rochester, and Dr. Langbere, made Hyde Abbey their headquarters, and visited the College May 2, 1447. King Henry VI was present at the installation of Wayneflete, and perhaps dined at the dinner which the Bishop gave after- wards, according to ancient custom 1 . It will be seen in 1 This appears by the instructions for the installation of a Bishop of Winches- ter, contained in the Register of Adam de Orlton (Bishop 1333-45), which are curious enough to be worth quoting here : ' The Archdeacon of Canterbury jure dignitatis suae has the duty of enthroning bishops of the province of Canterbury. He must be invited to do this by a letter from the bishop who is to be installed. The archdeacon or his deputy is to wait on the bishop on the day before, and the bishop's marshal is to conduct him and his suite to the cathedral city and assign them lodgings there, with provender for ten men's horses, bread, wine, beer and other provisions suitable to the day (proul dieta diet exposcit] and fuel if it be winter ; also six dozen wax candles. On the morrow, the archdeacon and his suite are to meet the bishop and escort him to the city. On his arrival there, as the bishop dismounts, one of the archdeacon's gentlemen is to seize the bishop's horse, which becomes the archdeacon's perquisite, and to lead it away to the archdeacon's lodgings. The archdeacon is to show the bishop the way to a church or building near the Cathedral. There the bishop is to put off his shoes, and after making his secret prayer he is to enter the vestry. His cope, hood, cap (birettus^, and gloves are to be taken off there, and become the archdeacon's perquisites, together with his travelling hat (capellutn) and boots. The bishop is then to be vested, and the archdeacon is to lead him to the throne or chair in which he is to be enthroned, and to say, " By the authority of Christ's Church of Canterbury I induct and enthrone thee, Lord Adam, duly elected, confirmed, and conse- crated, in the bishoprick of this church, with all and singular the rights and appurtenances thereof. And the Lord preserve thy coming in and going out from this time forth for evermore." He is then to seat the bishop in the chair, and the precentor begins Te Deum Laudamus. This sung, the bishop is to make ready to celebrate high mass. After the celebration 'post sccrehun illius tnisse] the bishop's marshal is to assign to the archdeacon a table on the right hand of the hall in which the bishop is going to give the dinner. At the Wayneflete. 205 the following entries that the Society provided some of the victuals for the dinner, and kept open house during the installa- tion - ' In dat. dno Epo Wynton. tempore installacionis sue xix die Januarii x agnell. xj duoden. caponum et x cople cuniculorum viij 8 . vj d . Et in dat. dno regi tempore eiusdem installacionis xj edos (kids) xj pheasaunt. xj " pterychis " * et xvij pullos, ix s vij d . . . In jantaclo dat. p'positis Coll. Eton, et Cantabrig., Job. Say, Haydok (the Steward of the manors) et aliis venient. cum eis de Coll. Eton, et Cantabrig. prandent. in aula custodis cum exp. fact, circa dnm Epum Bathon. et Wellen. et M rm Say pernoctant. et expectant, per iij dies et noctes in Coll., et alios venient. cum eis, in frumento, brasio, et aliis victualibus et focalibus pro cameris eorundem, et per expens. fact, circa diversos generosos de domo regis, scilicet Ovedale (sic), Worbelyngton, jantacl. in Coll. eodem tempore : iiij 1 o 8 xiiij d .' It does not appear that Wayneflete was a guest at the College table after his friend Thurbern's death in the autumn of 1450. Probably his duties as Chancellor, and the work he had under- taken of founding Magdalen College and completing the buildings at Eton, sufficiently accounted for his spare time. His last official visitation of the College on April 24, 1480 was performed by proxy, Howard, Chancellor of the Diocese, Doctors Mayhew, Gyfford, Underwode, and Clyffe, and Masters Evyn, Horden, Davy the Diocesan Registrar, and others unnamed taking part in the function, and accepting refresh- ments in Hall before and after it. The proctors' 2 fees on this occasion amounted to 66s. 8d. Wayneflete never ceased to take an interest in the College. His grant in the year 1483 of the right to bring water to the College from Segryme's well, a spring at the foot of St. Giles' Hill, was a boon of which the importance cannot be exaggera- ted. Until then the College drew its supply of water from a close of the dinner the bishop is to drink to the archdeacon, and the cup is to be the archdeacon's perquisite. On the morrow, after mass sung by the bishop in his private chapel, the archdeacon is to take leave, and shall receive for his expenses ten marks from the bishop. If the bishop's groom likes to give a cloth, surcingle, and bridle with the horse which belonged to the bishop, the arch- deacon shall give in return as. or more.' 1 Partridges. I should like to translate this word ' turkeys,' which it so nearly resembles in sound. But the received opinion is that turkeys were not introduced until the year 1523. 3 ' Procreatores ' the writer of the roll ignorantly or flippantly calls them. 2o6 Annals of Winchester College. well in the kitchen. This well, sunk in a porous soil, not twenty yards from the Lockburn, may have been the cause of some of the many deaths which happened in College while Wayneflete was schoolmaster. Four scholars died in the year 1429, seventeen in the year 1430, four in the year 1431, and eight in the year 1434. The fellows too suffered ; and in the accounts of the year 1434 I find a reference to a visit by two friends of the Society, probably medical men, who came to see whether the sanitary condition of the place could be improved. They were wise enough to put up at an inn in the town, instead of sleeping within the College walls. ' In exp. M ri Henrici Barbour et Hergreve 1 venient. ad Coll. causa recreandi socios tempore pestilencie ex curialitate, et in exp. fact, in hospicio eorundem infra civitatem Wynton. vj s vj d .' The months of June, July, and August, 1472, cover another sickly period. Eight deaths of scholars are noted in the margin of the Register as having occurred in the course of this year and the next. One cannot help inferring that Wayneflete's sagacity at- tributed the sickness to the bad water, and resolved to deal with it. The licencia de Aquedudu bears date September 5, 1482. It empowers the Warden and Fellows to take water from Segryme's well, and bring it to the College ' By means of two wheels, one of which being turned by the force of the water running in the river may set in motion the other wheel, by the revolution of which the water flowing from the said spring into a certain cistern placed below the wheel may be raised to another cistern above, and be brought thence by leaden pipes or hollowed trunks of trees into the site of the college.' The water is still delivered at the College by mechanism of this kind a sort of Persian wheel with buckets on its circumference being employed to lift the water from the lower cistern to the higher. The water is no longer used for domestic purposes, although an analysis made a few years ago pronounced it to be 'a typical Hampshire chalk water of exceptional purity, some- what less hard than the Company's water/ Its source is 1 Qu. Henry Barbour, adm. 1418, and John Herdegreve or Herdgreve, adm. 1422. Wayneflete. 207 arched over now, but was open as late as the year 1666, when the Society took steps to protect it from contamination. ' Dat. vidue Sharrock peste laboranti et ulceratae ne aqueductum nostrum impuris lotionibus inquinaret, j 8 .' It is believed that the machine mentioned above and the conduit were made at the expense of Hugh Sugar (adm. 1428). ' Qui condidit aqueductum ' is written against his name in the Register of scholars. He rose to be Chancellor of Wells, and dying, endowed the College with a capital messuage and curtil- age, twenty acres of arable land and one of meadow, situate in Worthy Mortimer, and four messuages, three curtilages, and twenty acres in Worthy Pauncefote; also a toft with one hundred acres of arable land in Weeke and Fulflode, near Winchester. He likewise gave to the College a tenement adjoining Segryme's mill, as a site for the machine mentioned above. Dr. Woodward has recorded in the bursars' book for the year 1641 the course which he pursued when the miller at Segryme's mill 1 interrupted the supply of water which made this machine go: 'Sol. M ro Singleton (a lawyer) for inquiring of Mr. Phillips of Wolvesey his reason for putting down the hatch at his mill for debarring the college of water, and putting our servants out from opening the flood-gate, ios.' The inquiry did not have the desired effect ; and ultimately the College filed a bill in Chancery against Mr. Phillips and the miller, praying that they might ' By the order and injunction of that Court be compelled no further to interrupt, but quietly to permit and suffer your orators and their servants to have and take the use and benefit of the water.' The defendants submitted to this injunction. Wayneflete died, full of years and honours, in the year 1486. There is a tradition that when on his deathbed he offered to- double the endowment of New College if that Society would agree to keep his anniversary jointly with Wykeham's ; but their veneration (it is said) for the memory of their Founder was so great that they judged that the complying with the 1 Now known as the Wharf mill. 208 Annals of Winchester College. proposal would be derogatory to his honour, and therefore declined the offer \ The story may originate in some question about the date of Wayneflete's anniversary, which he (or more likely somebody else after his death) may have wished to be kept on Wykeham's anniversary. Wayneflete's anniversary was never kept at Winchester College. 1 Wilkes, History of Winchester. CHAPTER XIII. WARDENS CHAUNDLER AND BAKER, 1450-87. State of finances. Pittleworth's benefactions. Warden Chaundler. Baker succeeds him. His investments. Barnarde the schoolmaster. The Charnell. Bill to restore Andover Priory. Strike of tenants at Har- mondsworth. Prosecution of Colmer. Grocyn. Bishop Shyrborne's Prebends. Clement Smyth. First purchase of firearms. Visit of Edward IV. Archbishop Warham. The Falcon at Kingsclere. Trumper's Inn. Thurbern's Chantry. Chapel Tower. Goddards. The Yongs. Clergy resignation pensions. Commons in 1482. The Harpysfields. THE finances of the Society were at their lowest ebb at the time when Thurbern died. They managed to support the proper number of scholars, and the weekly allowance for com- mons was not reduced ; but the stipends were terribly in arrear. No less a sum than 218 i6s. 8d., over ten years' stipend, was due to Warden Thurbern at the time of his death, and was never paid 1 , and sums varying from 5 to 40 were due to the schoolmaster, steward, and most of the Fellows. What with these arrears, and moneys which had been taken out of the chest in order to meet current expenses, there was a deficit of 468 at the foot of the roll for the year 1450. Three years previously a ' specialis amicus ' named Pittleworth had lent them a hundred marks in order to pay the costs incidental to the acquisition of Barton Oratory, and he now came forward and gave 100 to the chest 9 . Thomas Chaundler (adm. 1430), a native of Colerne, in Wilt- shire, where New College has property, succeeded Thurbern. 1 It was carried over in the accounts until the year 1466, and then ceases to appear, being probably forgiven by the executors. 3 Pittleworth was secretary to Cardinal Beaufort and attended in that capa- city during the Cardinal's visitation in the year 1434. He was a friend, possibly a kinsman, of Thurbern. He is mentioned once more, in the year 1457, when he appears to have turned a loan of i i 95. t,d. into a gift to the Society. P 210 Annals of Winchester College. He was a Fellow of New College at the time of his election. John Bekenton, one of the Fellows of Winchester, and his senior by about four years, met him half-way at Newbury, and escorted him to Winchester. Chaundler's promotion, after four years, to the headship of New College, left him little time to make any mark at Winchester. He was a man of singular enlightenment, and invited Cornelius Viletti, an Italian scholar, to Oxford to act as praelector of New College about the year 1475 \ He was Secretary of State under Henry VI and Edward IV, also Chancellor of the University of Oxford and the Diocese of Wells, Dean of Hereford and the Chapel Royal, and Master of St. Cross Hospital, near Winchester. He died in the year 1490. The Brevis Chronica de ortu vita et gestis nobilibus reverendi viri Wilhelmi de Wykeham, which is preserved in MS. at New College, is attributed to him. John Baker (adm. 1431), a native of Aldermaston, in Berk- shire, succeeded Chaundler in 1454. Baker was a great buyer of land, investing in that way most of the unappropriated bene- faction money that was left in the chest, and thus increasing the income of the Society. In the year 1463 he bought a little manor called White's in Flexland, otherwise Russel's, in the parish of Soberton 2 . In 1471 he bought lands in the parishes of Hawkley, Newton Valence, and Imbershete (Empshot) for 40. Nine years afterwards he bought lands lying in the com- mon fields of Basingstoke, known as Norden field, North or Holy Ghost field 3 , Salisbury or West field, Winchester field, Hatch field, Hackewode field, and Wyldemore ; ten mes- suages, one hundred and sixty acres of meadow, and one hun- dred acres of pasture at Merstone, in the Isle of Wight; Holt- ham and Herde's, in the parish of East Tisted ; and Goleigh, in the parish of Colmer. In 1482 Baker acquired a farm at 1 Dictionary of National Biography ,' Grocyn.' 3 ' In exp. dm custodis et W. Combe in Londin. in mense Junio et Julio xxviij dies ad laborandum pro quieta possessione terrarum et tenementorum nuper Willm! Dn! de Botreaux in Flexland et Russel's pro via judicii habenda : que quidem terras et tenementa custos nuper perquisivit de Margareta Dna de Hungerford, filia et herede dicti Dm de Botreaux, xlviij 1 .' 8 So called after the ancient guild chapel of the Holy Ghost, for which Sir Walter Sandes and Bishop Fox obtained a charter in 1518. The ruins of the chapel which they founded are on an eminence close to the railway stations at Basingstoke. Wardens Chaundler and Baker. 211 East Worldham, the manors of Will Hall and Wyard's, close to Alton, and lands lying dispersedly in the common fields ad- joining that town, a messuage called Stonehouse, in the High Street, and a tenement in Turk Street ; also a holding called Fayrethorne, in the parish of Botley. John Barnarde (adm. 1435) succeeded Ive as headmaster in 1454. There is nothing to record of Ive beyond the fact that under ' oblations ' in the computus of the year 1452 there is an entry of i2d. received of him ' pro celebracione missarum apud le Charnell hoc anno.' This was, I presume, the chapel referred to by Leland 1 , who, after describing the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey at Winchester, says, ' There is a fair chapelle on the north side of St. Mary Abbay Church, in an area therby, to the wich men entre by a certen steppes. Under it is a vault for a carnarie.' I hazard the conjecture that Ive acted as the officiating priest of the 'fair chapelle,' and paid a price to the College for the elements required for the celebration of mass in the year to which the entry relates. This chapel, with the charnel or bonehouse underneath it, was founded in the thir- teenth century by John Ingepenne, a citizen of Winchester. Another John Ingepenne in the year 1363 devised sundry tenements to the Warden and Chaplains of this' chapel, which is described in his will as ' founded in the cemetery of the nuns of St. Mary's Abbey.' It stood in what is now the Broadway, facing the site of the Abbey, which was converted into a public recreation ground in the year 1890. In the months of November and December 1461, Warden Baker and his favourite Fellow, Combe, spent forty-four days in London during the sitting of Parliament, 'Ad perquirendam provisionem pro prioratu de Andever contra actum restauracionis in eodem Parliamento habitum et de rebellione tenencium de Harmondsworth pro operibus custumariis per eos retractis.' I.e. on the business of opposing a bill which had been intro- duced in the Parliament of 1461 to refound the Priory of Andover and restore its possessions, and of quelling a strike of the tenants at Harmondsworth against their customary works, burthens, and services. No other allusion occurs to this bill, which must have dropped or been thrown out. The Society 1 Jtin. vol. iii. pp. 99, 100. P 2 312 Annals of Winchester College. were not Yorkists ; and the bill, if it had passed, would have fined them heavily for their adherence to Henry VI. The strike at Harmondsworth probably ended in the substitution of a money payment for the liability to do so many days' work in harvest for the lords' farmer a liability which is compounded for to this day in a similar manner in the College manors of Durrington and Sydling. In the year 1463 one Colmer, the College tenant at Hamble, was indicted at the Winchester Assizes. Whatever the charge was, the Warden took the course which the morality of the age justified in order to facilitate his client's acquittal. He gave a breakfast to the jury, and to a number of country gentlemen of the grand inquest before the trial took place : ' In jantaclo dat. in festo S. Georgii ' (April 23rd) ' dno Job. Lysse ', equiti, Dno Galfrido Gate, equiti, Tho. Welle, Tychborne, Tho. Uvedale, Will. Uvedale, et xij juratis pro favoribus suis habend. contra injustam indiccionem Rob u Colmer firmarii Coll. apud Hamyll, yjs yd.' There is evidence of an improvement in the finances of the Society in a purchase which they made in the same year of six copes of white bawdekin, which cost 13 6s. 8d., and were supplied by a London vestimentarius, or church furnisher, named Nicholas Edmede. About the same time a number of frontals and copes of damask were given by John Pere 2 , Hugh Sugar, and the representatives of Sir John Popham, Knt. At the top of the roll for the year 1463 will be found the name of William Grocyn, the brilliant Fellow of New College, who was one of the first who taught Greek in England, and unluckily (some think) made it easier to his classes by ignoring the accents and pronouncing it like English. He had studied it under Demetrius Chalcondyles in Italy, most likely at the sug- gestion of Warden Chaundler. An image of St. Katherine, which a man named William Gef- frey and the ' garcio stabuli/ or groom, took to Southampton in the course of this year ' for the chapel of St. Katherine,' was probably a present to the shrine of that saint on the summit of Chale Down, at the back of the Isle of Wight. The tenant of 1 Qu. Lysle. See p. 180, note. 2 A scholar of that name was admitted in the year 1393. Wardens Chaundler and Baker. 213 Walpan, a farm lying near, which had belonged to the oratory of Barton, enjoyed the right to feed his sheep on Chale Down. Hence, probably, the interest apparently felt by the Society in the chapel on its summit. Another customary right, that of working the alum shale in the cliffs in front of the farm ('colligendi alum ad littus maris'), may be referred to here. It seems as if the cliff here yielded alum, like the cliffs at Alum Bay and between Whitby and Redcar on the Yorkshire coast. Robert Shyrborne (Sherborne) (adm. 1465) became Bishop of St. David's in 1505, and was translated to Chichester in 1508. He founded the four Wykehamical Prebends of Wyndham, Exeit, Bursalis, and Bargham in Chichester Cathedral. The Charter of Foundation, dated in 1526, is preserved in the muni- ment room of Winchester College. At Midsummer 1464, Clement Smyth (adm. 1439) resigned the headmastership of Eton in order to succeed Grene. Grene had succeeded Barnarde in 1459. After two years Clement Smyth made way for Richard Dene (adm. 1450), who died in harness, May i8th, 1484, and is buried in Cloisters, where there used to be a brass to his memory. In the accounts of 1468 there is an item of 6s. 6d. ' pro ij arcubus et xxiiij sagittis empt. pro duobus custodibus equitan. cum Dno custode in progressu et aliis negociis Collegii.' A similar entry occurs in the accounts of 1457, ' Sol. pro xiiij sagittis pennatis cum pennis de cygno, et ij arcubus empt. Londini quia periculum erat de latronibus in via, iij 9 vj.' It does not appear that the Warden was ever bidden to stand and deliver, although when on his way back from progress he must have been worth robbing. It may have been the fear of highwaymen which led to a purchase of ' gonnes ' in 1458 : ' Pro iij novis gonnis ferreis empt. Londini, altera habente tres cameras (chambers) vj 8 vii d .' This may have been a kind of repeating gun or revolver. ' Pro j staffe gonne de latyn, cum ij cameris, xx 8 iiij d . Pro xx Ib. de gonne powder empt. Londini, xx 8 . Pro factura le bandis et stapelis ponderant. j Ib. pro magna gonna, iiij d .' These bands and staples served to attach the ' staffe gonne ' to its rest or prop. ' Sol. laboranti viij dies circa cameracionem (the boring or chambering) p'dict. magne gonne ii 8 viij d .' The Society were naturally attached to Henry VI ; and the year of his brief restoration to the throne is 214 Annals of Winchester College. styled 'annus ab inchoacione regni Regis H. vj. xlix et readep- cione sue regie potestatis i/ in the computus roll and register of scholars, as it is styled in the public documents of the period *. In May 1471, after the battle of Tewkesbury, the Society gave a breakfast to Sir Thomas Uvedale, Margaret of Anjou's cham- berlain, and others of her suite, when they passed through Winchester, probably on the way to Southampton to seek safety in foreign parts 2 . They appear to have been in no great hurry to do homage to Edward IV after the death of Henry. In November 1473, the Warden and one of the Fellows, named Whyte, spent three weeks in London ' tempore Parlia- ment! pro homagio Dno Principi 3 solvendo et aliis negociis.' Their expenses came to 5 6s. 9^.* It is a pity that no items are given. The 'alia negotia' included the renewal of the Charter of Privileges. This was almost a matter of course. The ' Camerarii Principis/ or Lord Chamberlain's fee was 2os. ; the usher had 6s. 8d. ; the keeper of the Great Seal had los. ; and the keeper of the Privy Seal had 6s. 8d. In the course of the following year Edward IV sent a lion to the College for the boys to see. On this occasion the Bursars gave to the King his proper title : ' Dat. uni famulo Dm Regis Anglic venienti ad Coll. cum leone mense Januarii, xx 9 .' The only recorded visit of Edward IV to Winchester College occurred in January, 1468-9 : ' In expensis fact, circa diversos generosos in mense Januarii venientes cum rege ad Coll. et diversas refecciones in camera dm custodis xiij s viij d ./ is the entry in the computus. Archbishop Warham (adm. 1469) was a native of Church 1 Henry was deposed on March 4, 1460-1, and in October 1470 recovered the throne and held it till April 1471. 2 ' In diversis refeccionibus factis cancellario Regine, DnO Thome Uvedale, et aliis generosis de familia regine venientibus ad Coll. mense Maii iij s vij d .' A breakfast given three years later to the Ambassador from the Court of Bretagne and Burgundy (he was at Winchester to negotiate the treaty between Edward IV and Charles of Burgundy, which led to the invasion of France in 1475) cost 75. nd. 3 If the Bursars had been Yorkists, the word here would have been 'regi.' 4 The expenses of an eight weeks' trip to London to attend Parliament in February 1531-2, were 9 ss. ad. But the number of the party is not men- tioned. In 1535 the expenses of a three week's trip were ' Food, drink and horse keep, 3 145. lod. ; boat hire to Westminster at divers times, 45. id. ; servants at lodgings and barber, 25. 6d. ; keep and physic for a horse left behind at Hounslow, 35. $d. ; gratuity to cook, 15. ; boy, =>d. ; washing table linen, i6d.' Wardens Chaundler and Baker. 215 Oakley, in Hampshire. After living fifteen years on a Fellow- ship of New College, he entered public life, and, owing to his own merits and the favour of Henry VII, rose rapidly. In 1501, while Keeper or Master of the Rolls, Warham acquired the Falcon Inn at Kingsclere, and made it over to the College in 1510. It is not certain whether it was an inn at that date, the description in the feoffment being merely ' a tenement with a curtilage,' but in the first extant lease, dated November 2, 1638, it is described as 'all that messuage or common inn, called or known by the name of the Golden Falcon, situate, lying, and being in Kingscleere, between the vicaridge there on the south parte, a tenement sometime Mr. Earnley's on the west parte, and the high road that leadeth to Newberie on the north parte.' About the same time Warham gave another tene- ment in Kingsclere to New College, and wainscoted the Hall there at his own expense. On becoming Archbishop of Canter- bury he gave a Bible, which has not been preserved, to Winchester College. There is a likeness of him in an ancient stained glass window in the Malshanger aisle at Church Oakley. At his death he bequeathed to the College sixteen antiphonaries and eight graduals, valued at 64 ios., upon condition that they should be returned to his executors if his estate should prove insolvent. This he knew would be the case if his successor should press for dilapidations. He appealed to him to show consideration in this respect, on the ground that he had laid out 30,000 on the buildings of the Archiepiscopal See during his tenure of them. Fuller thinks that Cranmer was the sort of man who would listen to such an appeal. The books were sent down to Winchester, but the Warden had to give a bond for 100 to restore them if required to do so. They weighed six cwt., thirty-four Ibs. and the carriage from Lambeth came to 75. The best bedroom and parlour at Trumper's Inn were furnished about this time. Trumper's Inn was an ancient hostelry in Little Trinity Lane, Queenhithe, which was purchased in 1469 for the use of the Society when they visited London 1 . The situation was a convenient one, as the Warden 1 The inn was converted into several houses in the seventeenth century. A few years ago it was taken by the Metropolitan District Railway Company and pulled down. ai6 Annals of Winchester College. and Fellows used to ride to Brentford and drop down with the tide to Queenhithe, five minutes walk from the Inn 1 . The following items are from the computus : 'Sol. pro uno lecto de worstede empt. cum toto apparatu et iij curteyns de eodem, una cum iij peciis integris de worstede empt. pro le hangynge placee magne Londin. cum factura et toto apparatu, una eciam cum diversis instrumentis (utensils) emptis pro stauro ibidem, iiij 1 v s iij d .' The following valuation of the contents of this hostelry was made in 1544 : ' Stuffe bought of John Sawnders, citizen of London, at Trumpers Inn in Trinity parish 2 , A. D. 1544, to the use of ye Colledge besyde Winton. 3 In the Hall 5. d. s. d. A cupboard with lock and key ; a chest with two locks and two keys under the window 500 Two tressels 020 A form and three joint stools . . . .050 A standard in the entry . . . . .034 5 10 4 In the Parlour The hangings of pointed fustian with border .200 Carved bedstead, with seller and tester of wainscot carved 200 A footpiece to the same of wainscot . ^008 Five curtains of red and yellow and a fringe of silk, and another of crewel . . .250 A cupboard with two locks and two keys .168 A portall with three doors and all things belonging i o o A settle under the window . . . .0100 Another settle with a lock and key . . .068 A press behind the bed with lock and key .0100 A long table with two tressels . . . .076 1 Their usual route was that taken by Taylor the water-poet, who says : ' On Friday I gallop'd a foot pace one-and-twenty miles from Winchester to Farnharn, where I and one of my company hired a couple of Hampshire Jenets with seven legges and three eyes betwixt them, upon whom we hobbled seventeen miles to Stones, whence on Saturday the 23 of August we footed to Brenford and boated to London.' 3 United with St. Michael, Queenhithe. Wardens Chaundler and Baker. 217 s. d. 5. d. Six joint stools of wainscot . . . .060 A round table 050 A turned chair o i o A pair of brandirons weighing 50 Ibs., at zd. the lb., given in recompense of a portall standing in the parlour of the little house 084 10 18 6 l In the Chamber beneath The hangyng of the same o 13 4 A carved bedstead of wainscot . . . . o 13 4 A seller and tester and curtains of red and green saye o 15 o A truckle bed under the same . . . .010 A table with two tressels 076 A carved chair of wainscot . . . .034 A form 030 An old cupboard with a hall pace, two locks and two keys 034 An yron barre in the chymney . . .010 In the Chamber over the Parlour The hanging of the same of red and green buckram, with a border of Antycke . .168 A bedstead with settles about it . . .100 A tester, seller, and curtains of pointed fustian o 15 o A carved press of wainscot, with four locks and four keys i 6 8 A jointed table 050 The mats on the floor o 10 o Three locks and three keys of plate . .050 A nest of boxes under the shelves in the counting house o 10 o 5 18 4 In the Kychen A cistern of lead with a cock for water . . o 16 8 Three brass pots o 16 2 A great panne weighing 30 Ibs. . . . o 15 o Two trowyes (troughs) of lead, weighing 36^ Ibs. o i 8 A pair of cupboards, two hangers, two spittes and a strayner, weighing 80 lb., at t\d. .0100 An oven lid, tongs, fyre rake, and fyre shovel, weighing 20 Ibs., at zd. . . . .026 3 2 o 1 Sic. Should be 11 6s. lod. ai8 Annals of Winchester College. s. d. s. d. In the Buttery A cupboard and shelves o 10 4 A charger, 12 platters, 12 dysshes, 12 sawcers, 6 potyngers, weighing 89 Ibs., at tfed. . i 13 4 A pottle, a quart, a pint wine pot, a quart, a pint ale pot, a chamber pot, and two pots for horses, weighing 22 Ibs., at $d. . .092 Four great candlesticks 046 One chafing dish 028 300 In the Maydens' Chamber The hangings of the same . . . .076 A joyned bedstead with the seller . . .0100 Four curtaynes of sylke i 16 8 A table cloth, a ' tuell,' and 6 napkins of dyaper 134 A fetherbed with bolster of down . . .2168 A fetherbed, a bolster of fethers, a pillow of down, 6 curtains and a coverlet of ' yder ' (eider) 368 A fetherbed, bolster, and pillow of down . i 15 4 Two payre of shete i o o ii 18 8 1 Hawkbroke, who had been usher many years, died or retired at Midsummer 1470, and there seems to have been a little difficulty in filling his place : ' In exp. Hen. Crocker (a fellow) laboranti pro novo hostiario per vj dies Oxon. mense Julii, cum iij 8 iij d dat. eidem hostiario a venienti Coll. pro expensis suis redeundo ad Oxon. viij 8 v 3 .' The number of scholars in commons during the months of June, July, and August, 1474, was so low as to suggest the prevalence of an epidemic, probably the plague, during that summer. There had been a deadly outbreak in Oxford in 1471, and it raged throughout England in 1478. Warden Baker's great work was Thurbern's chantry. This building was begun on the site of Wykeham's belfry in the year 1474, and was finished, with the tower above it, in 1480. The total cost of chantry and tower was 370 145. nd. ' Le Vawte,' the vaulted stone roof of the chantry, cost 19 145. $\d. The greater part of the cost was defrayed out of the rents and 1 Should be 12 ids. ad. 2 John Davy, of Pewsey, adm. 1450. He retired on a fellowship of Win- Chester College in 1478. Wardens Chaundler and Baker. 219 profits of the property at Romsey, which Thurbern had devised to the College with that object. The rest was made up by subscription. The Earl of Arundel 1 gave, first and last, the sum of 10 65. 8d. Other subscribers were, John Kent, citizen of London, 35. ^d. ; Margery Rede, widow of Richard Rede, porter of Wolvesey Castle, 335. 40?. ; John Davy the usher, 66s. 8d. ; Thomas Newman, the lessee of Andover Parsonage (who owed a debt of gratitude to the Society for opposing the bill touching the Priory), iocs. ; and Joan Jolyffe, mother of William Jolyffe 2 , a commoner from the Isle of Wight, 135. ^d. It is inferred from the first references in the computus rolls to the erection of the structure that the architect, whoever he was, thought it sufficient to clear away the materials of Wykeham's belfry down to the piles on which it rested, without strengthening the foundation in any way. He also removed one of the buttresses on the south side of the Chapel, which was in the way. All this was unfortunate. The structure seems to have borne witness to its instability from the very first. Only five years after it was finished a buttress had to be built against its south face : ' Sol. pro le Botresse in exteriore parte nove capelle hoc anno lxv s vj d ' is an item in the accounts for 1485. This buttress answered its purpose for many years. In the first year of King Edward VI the services in Thurbern's chantry ceased, and it served for some years afterwards as a music school for the choristers. The two large arches in the south wall of the chapel were pierced at a later date, with the object of throwing Thurbern's chantry into the antechapel. The shaft left between these two arches, deprived of the support which the buttress at that point used to afford prior to the erection of the chantry, began to give way, and had to be rebuilt in 1671. ' Sol. M ro Byrde pro reparatione columnae ad australem situm capellae sub campanili, xl 1 .' is an entry in the Bursars' book of that year. In 1740 iron ties were introduced ; 1 It does not appear how this nobleman's interest in the College arose ; but he was a steady patron. His company of minstrels gave an entertainment in Hall at Christmas-tide during many years ; e. g. in the computus of 1501 : ' Sol. ministrall. dnl de Arundel venient. ad Coll. xv die Januarii ad mandatum custodis xx d , cum viij' 1 solut. uni joculatori dnl regis, ij* iiij d ; et in sol. minis- trall. dne reginae venient. ad Coll. xiv die Julii ad mandat. Dn! custodis xx d .' 1 The Jolliffe family were lessees and copyholders under the College for many generations. 220 Annals of Winchester College. and in 1772-3 Mr. James Essex, of Cambridge, the restorer of King's College Chapel, struck a foundation on the stump of the buttress which was removed at the time when the Chantry was built, and carried up from it a solid prop of masonry at a cost of 605. This expedient, in the opinion of Mr. Charles Black- stone, writing in 1782, was likely to secure the Chantry and tower from further failure. However, signs of mischief reappeared. The tower became so insecure that the bells could not be rung ; and in 1863 the entire structure was taken down and rebuilt by subscription to the memory of the two Wardens, Williams and Barter, then lately deceased. The following inscription is beneath the tower : D.W. ob : die Martis 22 a A.D. 1860 aetatis suae 74. R. S. B. ob : die Februarii 8 TO A.D. 1861 aetatis suae 71. In memoriam DAVID WILLIAMS I. C. D. Hujus Collegii xiv annos Hostiarii xn Informatoris Coll. B. M. Wint. in Oxon. xx annos Custodis Viri consilio dignitate doctrina Humanitate munificentia Candore morum et integritate vitae Si quis alius insignis. In memoriam ROBERTI SPECKOTT BARTER I. C. B. Hujus Collegii xxix annos Custodis Viri Ob benevolentiam cordis et largitatem Constantiam animi et fidem Suavitatem liberalitatem pietatem Nemini non dilecti. Utriusque geminorum horum collegiorum decoris tutelae columnae Utriusque intra unius anni spatium ad immortalia avocati Hanc turrim vetustate diu labantem denuo exaedificandam et nomine DUORUM CUSTODUM Perpetuo appellandam censuerunt Wiccamici sui A.S. MDCCCLXIII posterorum causa Id scilicet in animo habentes ut in ipsa acerbissimi desiderii sui recordatione manifestum facerent Wardens Chaundler and Baker. 221 Non in quibuslibet viris magnis nee in brevem aliquam hominum aetatem Sed in omne tempus et in perpetua serie virorum ad horum exemplar Sub his penetralibus ad omnia bona fortia fidelia enutriendorum Stare REM WICCAMICAM. The following coats of arms and emblems existed in the roof of Thurbern's Chantry prior to 1772, when they were for the most part unavoidably defaced in the course of erecting the pier which strengthened the tower : WYKEHAM. Argent, two chevronels sable, between three roses gules, barbed and seeded proper, within a garter. WAYNEFLETE. Lozengy ermine and sable within a garter, quar- tered with the arms of the See of Winchester, viz. gules, two bays addorsed the bows interlaced in bend, the uppermost argent, the other or ; a sword interposed between them in bend sinister of the second, pommel and hilt of the third. FITZALAN, E. OF ARUNDEL. Ante, p. 167. BASSINGBORNE. Gyronny of twelve pieces or, a rose in fess gules. HUGH SUGAR. Three sugar loaves. PRIOR NEVILL? Ante, p. 167. BEKYNGTON, BP. OF BATH AND WELLS. Argent, on a fess azure between three bucks' heads caboched or and three phaons sable, a mitre or. WARDEN CHAUNDLER. A capital C charged with tapers or candles in saltire. WARDEN THURBERN. R. T. and a burning thurible. The first allusion to Caen stone occurs in connection with Thurbern's Chantry. But Isle of Wight and Beer stone were the materials chiefly employed. The prices of some of the materials may be quoted here : s.d. 2000 vi penynayle, at 45. zd. 084 4000 v penynayle, at 35. ^d. o 13 4 4000 iv penynayle, at 25. 6d. o 10 o 2000 x penynayle, at 75. 'i 048 Bread, beer and candles, id. per hhd o i 8 Which is equivalent to 135. per hhd., or Ss. 8d. per ' humber ' of 36 gallons, a little over 2,d. per gallon. Some of these items, especially the price of the hops, are stated a little high, and one may perhaps put the actual cost of the beer at 125. per hhd. of 54 gallons, which is the price which the Fellows were and still are charged. As already stated, the Society brewed no beer between 1548 and 1560, but bought it of common brewers, chiefly of one John Poly or Pully (whose wife supplied the College with milk), at i6s. per tun of 72 gallons. In 1553, to take that year as an example, ninety-six tuns at this price were drunk, besides two tuns of double beer 2 at 365., which were drawn at Election. Sixty- eight tuns of small or single beer (simplicis biriae) as well as twenty-one mediae biriae and one of ' dubble beer ' were drawn in 1554. The sum of nine shillings was paid to the Queen's butler in 1559 for a hogshead of royal ale. In 1544 King Henry VIII made an exchange of lands with the College. He had made one with Eton College in 1531. In fact he was always making exchanges. See the Private Acts of his reign. The object of this exchange was to enlarge the King's hunting ground at Hampton Court, which had been created an honour and called Hampton Court Chase five years previously by Stat. 31 H. VIII. c. 5. Apart from the question of prospective value, which the College probably did not take 1 Perquisites of the brewer, which the Society seem to have bought of him, the grain for the pigs, the barm for the bread. One result of not brewing at home in 1548-60 was that barm had to be bought. It cost no less than 4 35. 8rf. in 1551. a 'Here's a pot of good double beer, neighbour, drink.' Shakespeare, 2 Hen. VI. Act ii. Sc. 3. 253 Annals of Winchester College. into account, or were not free to consider, the exchange was one of absolute equality ; and it must be admitted that some of the land which the Society received, e. g. the site of the Car- melite Friary, possessed an accommodation value for them which was of importance. The Society gave up : ANN. VALUE. s. d. The manor and rectory of Harmondsworth, the rectories of Isleworth, Twickenham, Heston and Hampton-on-Thames, and the manors of Shaw 1 and Colthrop in Berks, of the annual value of . 221 19 10 Together with timber and underwood valued at ^819 195., annual value ^th ..... 40 19 10 Total .... 262 19 8 The King gave up properties which had belonged to the following dissolved religious houses : s. d. Milton Abbey, Dorset. Manor and rectory of Sydling ..... 121 12 9f Southwick Priory, Hants. Manor of Moundsmere 2 , Hants ..... 14 8 o Rectories of Portsea and Portsmouth, and manor of Stubbington, Hants ...... 40 6 8 Hyde Abbey, Winchester. Manor of Woodmancote, Hants ..... n 12 8 Manor of Piddletrenthide, Dorset . . . . 43 n 5! St. Mary's Abbey, Winchester. Doggers close ........ . o 13 4 Quarr Abbey, Isle of Wight. Two acres called Walpan, in the parish of Chale o 10 o Priory of St. Swithun, Winchester. Manor and rectory of Enford, Wilts . . . . 72 13 z\ Abbey of Cirencester, Gloucester. Rectory of Milborne Port, Wilts ..... 18 13 o Timber valued at ^39 155., annual value ^th . . i 19 8 1 Given by Edward VI in 1552 to Edward Fynes, K.G., Lord Clinton and Saye, and Great Admiral of England, Pat. R. 6 Ed. VI. p. 7. 2 The Manors of Moundsmere and Stubbington were subject time out of mind to a ' modus ' or composition for tithes payable to the Crown, and the College had to pay it after the exchange took place. In 1587 the lay rectors of the parish of Preston Candover, in which the Manor of Moundsmere is situate, claimed the tithes of the lands comprised in the manor. The advisers of the Warden White. 253 Also sites of the following religious houses in or near Win- chester : The Blackfriars, called 'The Prior's Lodgings,' in s. d. Eastgate Street i o o The Carmelites, in Sickhouse Mead . . . . 068 The Grey Friars in the Brooks o 13 4 The Austin Friars, without Southgate, on the site of St. Michael's Rectory o 13 4 (sic) 328 14 3^ Annual value of land given by King .... .328 14 3} College . . . ^262 19 8 Balance in favour of College .... ^65 14 The College paid to the King the sum of 1314 125. id., being twenty years' purchase of this balance, for equality of exchange. The exchange was carried into effect by royal letters patent, dated July n, 1544. A roll of estates received under this exchange has a note on it stating that ' in the fyfte year of the raigne of our Soveraing Lord and Kynge Edward the Sixte, in the month of Marche, the manor and p'sonage of Endeforde before wrytten was at the suyt of Thomas Culpeper, Esquire, evinced and by decre in the Chauncerye adjudged to be exchaunged again with the sayde Kinge. For recompense whereof these six manors fol- lowing were ynder the Kinge's letters patentes geven to the Colledge, videlicet, Ashe, Langlade, Seuenhampton Denis, Northbradley, M intern, and Salperton.' These manors are stated to be of the yearly value of 77 6s. gd. The difference of 5 35. 6\d. between that sum and the yearly value of Enford was charged upon the manor of North Bradley as a fee farm rent payable to the Crown. The history of this affair is as follows. King Henry VIII had granted the manor, rectory and church of Enford to Thomas College were not aware of the nature of the modus ; and instead of setting it up as a defence to the claim, relied on the absence of evidence that tithes had ever been paid, and were successful. The modus was sold by the Crown after the Restoration, and now forms part of the endowment of a Charity School at East Tytherley. 254 Annals of Winchester College. Culpeper, the younger, one of the sons of Sir Alexander Culpeper, Knt., and his heirs male, remainder to Thomas Cul- peper, the elder, and his heirs male \ Culpeper the younger was attainted and executed in 1542 on a charge of criminal con- versation with Queen Katherine Howard, which was high treason by Stat. 28 Ed. Ill, and the King seized the property and gave it to the College, as we have seen. Thomas Cul- peper, the elder, conceived that his title as heir of entail was unaffected by the attainder, and took proceedings in Chancery to establish his claim. Sir Francis Gawdie, afterwards Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, advised the Society to defend the suit, and they did so; but after spending 100 in litigation they were decreed to give up the property 2 . The six manors given by Edward VI in lieu of Enford had also belonged to religious houses. They were : ANN. VALUE. Abbey of Chertsey. s. d. Manor of Ashe, Surrey, with advowson of rectory worth ^15 us. nl*/. by the year . . . . n i o Preceptory of Templecombe, a cell to the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell. Manor of Langlode (Longload) Somerset . . . 1790 Abbey of Glastonbury. Manor of Sevenhampton Denis (Seavington), Somerset. Ann. value 1190 Monastery of Edington, Wilts. Manor of Northbradley, and rectories of North Bradley and Southwick. Ann. value 12 18 2 Abbey of Cerne, Dorset. Manor of Mintern. Ann. value 13 5 9 Monastery of Cirencester. Manor of Salperton, Gloucester. Ann. value . . 12 2 i The roll quoted above continues as follows : 'vi Die Februarii anno v Regis Edwardi Sexti pro gardiano et scholar. Coll. prope Wynton. 1 Stat. 31 Hen. VIII. c. 14 (private). * ' Sol. M ro Bacon (Nicholas Bacon was attorney of the Court of Wards at this time) pro examinacione rotulorum Dm regis pro custode, v . . . Sol. M ro Knyghth scribenti copiam attincture Thome Culpeper viij" . . . Sol. M ro Gawde et M ro Cavell (a Chancery barrister) pro litibus defendendis in causa de Enford xx ... in regardis dat. M ro Gawde pro consilio suo xx", eciam M ro Cavell pro consilio suo pro una injunctione concessa in Cancellario xx s .' Warden White. 255 ' The Kynges Maiesties pleasure is, whereas the manour of End- forde in the Countie of Wilts w. the p'sonage and vowson of the same being of the clere yerely value of Ixxii 1 xiii 8 ii d , late graunted to the warden and scholars beside Winchester by the late Kinge of famous memorye King Henry the eight in exchaunge of the manours of Harmondsworth Colthrop and others unto whiche sayd manour p'sonage and vowson one Thomas Culpeper Esquire pre- tendeth right and hath impleaded the sayd warden and scholars in the Kinges Maiesties Court of Chauncerye where they are en- joined by the Lorde Chauncellour no further to medle with the sayd Manour parsonage and vowson nor with the profitte of the same : That there shal be apointed unto the sayd Warden and Scholars as recopense of the sayd Manour p'sonage and vowson of End- forde other landeand hereditaments to the like value of Ixxii 1 xiii 8 iij d Therefore make a graunt unto ye sayd Warden and Scholars of the Manprs of Asshe in the Countie of Surrey with the p'tronage of the vowson of the same the Manors of Langlode and Seuenhampton in the Countie of Somersette the Manor and personage of North- bradlie in the Countie of Wiltes the Manor of Minterne in the Countie of Dorsett and the Manor of Salperton in the Countie of Glouc. amounting in the hole to ye clere yerlye value of Ixxvii 1 xvi 8 ix d which doth excedethe value of the sayd Manor ofEndefordewiththe p'sonage and advowson of the same the some of ciii 8 vi d i d which is to be repayd unto the Kinges Maiestie in an yerely rent l out of the Manor of Northbradley. The Warden and scholars to have th'issues from Michaelmas last paste. The sayd Warden and Scholars to be bonde to answer the valewe of the woddes after such valewe as they shall prevayle unto. ' SAKEVILE.' The 'value of the woddes/ i. e. of the timber and underwood in the foregoing estates, exclusive of some timber at Mounds- mere, which had been felled by Roger Tichborne under a royal warrant, and was therefore not valued, was : s. d. Moundsmere 13 15 o Walpan None. Stubbington Not valued. Woodmancote . . . . . . 21 14 4 Eriford Not valued. Sydling Not valued. 1 This fee farm rent of $ 35. 6\d. was redeemed by the College in 1794. 25" Annals of Winchester College. Pydeltrenthide : s. d. King Grove Not valued. Lifeholds 368 Ashe 17 10 o Mintern 600 Seavington Not valued. Longload , 800 Salperton Not valued. Southwick (North Bradley) .... Not valued. It is noticeable that the timber was not valued in cases where there was not more than enough for repairs. The College still holds most of these estates. Salperton and Mintern were sold off thirty years ago, and the manor of Milborne Port was given to the Marquis of Anglesey in ex- change for a farm near Sherborne only two or three years before the Reform Bill of 1832 deprived the ancient little borough of Milborne Port of its representatives in Parliament. The acquisition of the site of St. Elizabeth's College in the same year was a piece of good fortune. The College of St. Elizabeth of Hungary had been founded by John de Pontissara, Bishop of Winchester, in the year 1301, for a provost, six priests, three deacons, and certain young students, who were to wait upon the priests. It stood in what is now the Warden's kitchen garden, facing the cloisters of the College, and was approached from College Street by a lane or passage along the eastern bank of the Warden's stream : 'The College of St. Elizabeth of Hungarie, made by Pontissara, Bisshop of Winchester, lieth strait est upon the new Colledge, and there is but a litle narrow causey betwixt them *. The Mayne arm and streame of Alsford water, dividid a litle above the Colledge into 2 armes, rennith on each side of the Colledge. . . . Within these 2 arms not far from the very Colledge chirch of St. Elizabeth is a chapel of St. Stephen V The foundation of an oblong building in the meadow where the school bathing-place now is, marked ' Site of St. Elizabeth College ' on the Ordnance map, is really the site of St. Stephen's chapel. It was founded by Pontissara 3 , and was one of the 1 The path taken by Henry VI, ante p. 194. 2 Leland, Itin. vol. iii. p. 100. 3 'Ad peticionem executorum testamenti Episcopi Wynton. defuncti petencium, quod cum dictus episcopus in vita sua incepisset quandam capellam de assensu et voluntate Prioris Wynton. et conventus ejusdem loci, in uno prato extra Warden White. 257 eight churches of which the Bishop of Winchester is stated to be patron. (Reg. Pontiss. 214.) Its site, however, belonged to St. Elizabeth's College. Upon the dissolution of the smaller religious houses in 1536, St. Elizabeth's College fell to the share of Sir Thomas Wriothesley, afterwards Earl of South- ampton. He forthwith sold it to the College for the sum of 360, but imposed a condition that the Society should either pull down the building or convert it into a grammar school before the Pentecost of 1547, ' for as many children as were then com- monly taught in the new College of Winchester.' The necessary license in mortmain having been obtained, Sir Thomas Wriothesley conveyed the site and precinct to the College by deed dated April 18, 1544. St. Elizabeth's College is described in the deed of sale as ' situate in St. Stephen's mead, which is before the gate of the castle or palace of the Bishop of Winchester of Wolvesey nigh the City of Winchester, with its church, belfry, and cemetery, containing four and a half acres, with the appurtenances,' namely, the tithes of Bishop's mead, Painter's field, Rackclose, and Bishop's field under St. Katherine's Hill. Milner 1 considers that the stipulation that the building should be pulled down if not converted into a grammar school ' was calculated to prevent the church from being claimed back for its proper use in any possible change of public affairs.' True. But the stipulation was not of Warden White's making, and it would have been foolish of the Society to decline so eligible an offer because of it. It is more likely that the Society did really think of turning St. Elizabeth's College into a boarding house for Commoners, as Dr. Burton did with the Sustern Spital many years later ; and that Wriothesley doubted the stability of their purpose, and said to them in effect, ' Well, as you say you want St. Elizabeth's College in order to turn it into a boarding house, you shall have it : but if you do not devote it to that purpose within so many years you shall not put it to manerium de Wolveseye, et assignavit pratum illud et appropriavit capellam sancti Stephani contiguam dicto prato ad sustentacionem cuiusdem certi numeri capellanorum ibidem divina celebrancium, &c. Quod Rex velit dictam elimosy- nam confirmare, &c. Ita responsum, &c. Rex concedit quantum in Rege est appropriacionem prati et situs nove capelle et eciam appropriacionem Ecclesie Sancti Stephani,' Petitions to Parliament, 33 Ed. I, (A.D. 1304), No. 57. 1 History of Winchester, Ed. Ill, vol. ii. p. 175, 258 Annals of Winchester College. any other use, but you shall pull it down.' As a matter of fact, they began the work of demolition a year after completion of the purchase, by taking down the pinnacles of the buttresses of the chapel, and stripping the house roof of its tiles. ' Sol. Georgio carpentario laboranti circa detectionem piramidum Ste. Eliza- bethe per iiij dies, ij 9 viij d . . . . Sol. John Harslett pro cariagio tegularum a domo Ste. Elizabethe ad Coll. per unum diem xij d .' In the following year the Warden and Fellows stripped the lead off the roof of the church and pulled down the house, except a portion which they made a storehouse or grange. ' Sol. Joh. Holyday, Georgio carpentario, et famulo suo laborant. circa liquationem plumbi domus Ste. Elizabethe xxij 9 . Sol. Joh. Holyday pro detectione et prostratione tecti ecclesie Ste. Eliza- bethe xxvj 8 viij d . s o i Geo. carpentario et famulo suo laborant. circa composicionem ly storhous apud domum Ste. Elizabethe xliiij 8 v d .' This storehouse or 'grange' is referred to in the computus rolls for a number of years afterwards. The wall which bounds the south side of Meads, and included the site and precinct of the Carmelite Friary, was built with the stones of the church, a fact which accounts for the fragments of carved and hewn stone of which it is chiefly composed. The carved bears' heads within the entrance gateway of the sanatorium came out of a portion of this wall, which had to be pulled down when the sanatorium was built. St. Stephen's mead seems to have been used by the Society before the dissolution of Pontissara's foundation, if we may judge from the following entry in the computus roll of 1532 : ' Sol. Ric. Blanchard facienti sepem prati S. Stephani p. vi dies capient. per diem ij d cum xij d pro suis comunis ij s . . . . Sol. Joh. Whyte pro eradicacione herbarum noxiarum in le orcharde, et iij d pro comunis suis xj d dim. . . . Sol. pro spinis et ryse (brushwood) pro prato S. Stephani xj 3 x d .' In 1547 this meadow was enclosed with a paling to keep out trespassers and protect the cattle and sheep which grazed there until they were wanted for the butcher. ' Sol. pro composicione ly pale circa pratum Sti. Stephani xvij 1 xiv 8 xj d ' occurs in the computus roll for 1547. St. Stephen's chapel was pulled down in 1548. Its materials helped to build the wall above referred to. Its foundations, of flint bedded in mortar, proved to be of the most durable Warden White. 259 character when the city sewer was carried through them in 1878, requiring to be blasted with gunpowder before the sewer could be laid. The manor of Moundsmere, which was acquired under the exchange, lies on the downs about thirteen miles north-east of Winchester. The homestead is in an open airy spot ; and when the plague visited Winchester, as it appears to have done in the year 1544, the Society ran up some new buildings, and removed a number of the scholars to them during the autumn and winter quarters of that year 1 . 'Sol. Joh. Hanyngton et Nich. Jakes pro expensis circa nova edificia apud Moundsmere ut patet per billas xvj 1 viij 3 ix d .' Baylie, the schoolmaster, had charge of these boys, and was allowed the sum of 4 'pro comunis scolarium in rure.' A slender allowance, probably supplemented in some way which is not recorded. Ten years afterwards the Scholars were sent to Moundsmere again, on the occasion of another outbreak of the plague. What remained of a largess by Queen Mary on the occasion of her bridal visit to the College, amounting to 12 145. \d. was given ' to Mr. Crane and to Mr. Langrage, overseers, to repare the chyldren's hows at Mousberie (sic) for their comfort in tyme of siknes.' It appears from the computus roll for 1554 that the barn there was fitted with bed-places and windows for their reception. They were supplied with butchers meat, &c., from Winchester : ' Item carpentariis component, lectos et fenestras apud Moundsmere pro pueris commorantibus ibidem tempore pestis xl s iij d . Item pro clitellis empt. pro carnibus portandis ad Moundsmere iij 3 viij d . . . Item Joh. Tilborowe et aliis quibusdam laborantibus tarn in pro- strando quam in portando et findendo ligna ad usum scolarium commorantium apud Moundsmere tempore pestis a ix mo die Novemb. ad xvj m diem Dec. et pro aliis necessariis expensis ibidem factis eodem tempore viij 8 .' 1 The number of scholars in College during this ' rusticatio ' was as follows : First week, September 24-30 .... 3 September 30 to end of quarter .... i First week of Christmas quarter .... i Second week 3 Third, fourth and fifth weeks .... a Sixth week 69 S 2 260 Annals of Winchester College. The memory of this visit to Moundsmere was preserved in successive leases of the demesne down to the last, which ex- pired at Michaelmas, 1887, by the following clause : ' Except nevertheless and reserving the new buildings adjoining to the said manor house, with all and singular the chambers and rooms whatsoever within the same contained, or at any time hereafter of new to be built there, for such time only as the said Warden and Scholars, Clerks, or their successors, or the schoolmaster, scholars, and servants of the said College for the time being shall resort, come, and remain there for the avoiding the plague, or any such pestilential sickness.' Under custus necessariorum in 1544 is a reference to Richard Bethell, of whom the Society appear to have purchased a quantity of unbleached linen for servants' aprons. This Richard Bethell purchased the fabric of Hyde Abbey at the dissolution. He seems to have been a citizen of consequence, inasmuch as he was permitted to stipulate upon entering the Corpora- tion that he should not be obliged to serve the minor offices of bailiff, constable, or chamberlain, before accepting the Mayoralty of Winchester x . In his declining years he had a lease of the College manor of Woodmancot, and resided there. While Henry VIII was amusing himself with the siege of Boulogne in 1544, a camp was formed in the Isle of Wight, to the expenses of which the College contributed 3 8s. 'jd. Custus stabuli in 1545 includes eight quarters, three bushels of beans at 75. 8d. per quarter, bought at Weyhill Fair ; thirty- eight horseshoes (hind), 65. \d. ; thirty-four ditto (fore), 35. 30?. Two drenches, and a fee of 2od. for doctoring the white horse, with id. for mending the stable shovel, came to 25. gd. Three horses at grass thirteen weeks, 135. Eight loads of straw, 135. $d. The rise in the price of all kinds of provisions rendered it im- practicable to keep within the statutory allowance for commons any longer, and it was discontinued in 1544. We get in lieu of the quarterly account of commons a staurus expensarum, or table of provisions consumed, and are gainers by the change. This is the staurus expensarum for 1544-5 : 1 He is called 'Robert' Bethell in the Guildhall list of Mayors. In 1553 he was one of Edward's Commissioners for the survey of Church goods within the City of Winchester. See ante, p. 240. Warden White. 261 s. d. Wheat, 195 qrs. 4 bus 143 10 8 Malt J , 390 qrs., 7 bus 142 13 7$ Beer, John Poly, 173 hhds. at i^d., and Widow Cor- nells, 2 hhds. used at Election, 35. 4^. . . 10 5 2 Oxen, 65 no 6 n Sheep, 455 63 9 10 Rabbits, 12 dozen and 3 couples 1165 Milk and Cheese 784^ Victualia quadragesimae 2 51 15 o Sugar and Spices 5 8 9^ Bay and Lymington Salt 465 Talwood 3 , 40,000 logs 20 o o Fasciculi (faggots), 8725 8 14 6 Charcoal 10 15 o Total 590 o 8J Add Manciple's book 75 7 4 Total cost of provisions for the year . . . .665 8 In 1546 the Society were fortunate enough to get a lease of Stoke Park in the parish of Bishopstoke, near Winchester. 1 Hops do not appear here, but under custus brasini. 2 Lenten victuals. These are particularized in the computus roll of 1548 as under : 5. d. i cade of herrings (alleciunt) 98 a cwt of dry lynge 55 4 6 barrels salted salmon 56 8 | barrel salted eels ........ 46 8 32 salted congers 36 8 Greyne fysshe (quantity not mentioned) .... 74 7 Figs and raisins (quantity not mentioned) ... 34 o r 5 13 7 In reference to the last item it may be said that Lenten diet was food that was dry, rather than food which was salt. ' Xerophagiam,' says Tertullian (De Jejuniis, c. i. p. 544), ' observamus, siccantes cibum ab omni carne et omni juru- lentia et uvidioribus quibusque pomis, ne quid vinositatis vel edamus vel pote- mus.' 3 ' Pro lignis focariis ad certain mensuram fissis et precisis, Angl. " cordwood." ' Spelman sub voc. The assize of talwood was regulated by Stats. 7 Ed. VI, c. 7, and 43 Eliz. c. 14. 262 Annals of Winchester College. It was one of the ancient possessions of the See of Win- chester. Gardiner disparked it, and let it on lease to one Nicholas Lentall for forty-one years, from Lady Day, 1545. Lentall sold the lease to the Society, who wanted the land for grazing purposes. The license to assign the lease to the College bears Gardiner's autograph signature 1 . In 1549 Gardiner renewed the lease for a term of ninety years, and in 1589 Bishop Cooper granted a fresh lease at the old rent for the same term, to commence at the expiration of Gardiner's lease in 1639. Inasmuch as by this time such improvident alienations of the estates of the See were forbidden by Stat. 13 Eliz. c. 10, the same device was resorted to as had been em- ployed in the case of the Ropley property (ante, p. 20), viz. of taking the lease in the name of the Queen, and then assign- ing it to the Warden and Scholars-Clerks. This lease was renewed from time to time for terms of twenty-one years, the maximum length allowed by the statute, and did not expire till Lady Day, 1888, when the property reverted to the Ecclesias- tical Commission. Custus pasturae de Stoke became a new heading in the computus rolls and Bursars' books after 1546. The Society kept their sheep and oxen at Stoke Park and in some meadows at Otterborne, which one Robert Colpays bequeathed in 1448 as a provision for his obit, and brought them up to Winchester when wanted for food. The death of Henry VIII in January, 1546-7, relieved the College from the danger of dissolution, which it had been exposed to since the passing of the Act 37 H. VIII, c. 4, for dissolving all colleges, chantries, and free (i. e. endowed) chapels at the King's pleasure. In the course of the visita- tion of the whole kingdom which the Council determined on soon after the accession of Edward VI, the College was visited by Sir James Hales, Knt., Francis Cave, D.C.L., and Simon Briggs, D.D., as Royal Commissioners. They issued the following injunctions 2 in September, 1547 : 'i. First, that from henceforth the Bible shall be daily read in 1 This is an early instance of a deed being signed as well as sealed. The practice of signing deeds came in slowly and was not made essential till the Statute of Frauds, 9 Car. II. a Wilkins' Concilia, iv. 8. Warden White. 263 English distinctly and apertly in the midst of the Hall above the hearth where the fire is made, both at dinner and supper. '2. Item, that as well all the scholars of the said College and foundation, as other coming to the same school, being able to buy the New Testament in English or Latin, shall provide for the same betwixt this and Christmas coming, to the intent that they may every Sunday, and other holy-days, exercise themselves holie in read- ing thereof, setting apart all other exercises of prophane authors ; and that the Warden and schoolmaster, or such as the Warden in his absence shall appoint, shall diligently from time to time examine them of their exercise in that behalf. '3. Item, that the Warden, and in his absence such one as he shall appoint, shall from henceforth every Sunday and holy-day, not being principal or octave of principal, read unto the scholars of this school some part of the Proverbs of Solomon, for the space of one hour ; which book ended, he, or his sufficient deputy, shall begin the book of Ecclesiastes ; which also ended, they shall begin then again the said Proverbs, and so continue. The said lecture to begin on this side Christmas next, viz. anno domini 1547. ' 4. Item, that from henceforth the said scholars shall use no other primer than that which is set forth by the King's authority, the Latin primer for them that understand Latin, and the English primer for them that understand not Latin. And yet notwithstanding for him that understandeth the Latin to use which of them he liketh best for his edifying. ' 5. Item, the Warden and schoolmaster in all lectures and lessons of prophane authors shall refute and refel by allegation of Scriptures all such sentences and opinions as seem contrary to the Word of God and Christian Religion. ' 6. Item, that every scholar of the foundation and other coming to the said school shall provide with all convenient expedition for Erasmus' Catechism, wherein the Warden or his sufficient deputy every Sunday and holiday shall read some part thereof, proving every article thereof by the Scripture, and exercise the scholars at such times therein. ' 7. Item, that all grace to be said or sung at meals within the said College, and other prayers which the said scholars and children are bound to use, shall be henceforth said or sung evermore in English. And that they shall henceforth omit to sing or say ' Stella caeli,' ' Salve Regina,' or any such like untrue and superstitious anthems. '8. Item, as well every minister and ecclesiastical person in this College, as other laymen and servants, shall abstain from all manner of riberd words and filthy communication and other uncomely and light demeanour, lest the tender youth hearing and conceiving the same, may thereby be infected and provoked to vice. 264 Annals of Winchester College. '9. Item, whereas four Bibles be appointed by the King's High- ness' injunctions to lie in the quire and body of the church, it shall be lawful for the scholars to carry and occupy one of the said Bibles to and in the Hall, and another of them in the school, so that they read them again to the church and quire afterwards. ' 10. Item, that as well the s d Warden as every Fellow and con- duct teaching the children, shall have for his and their pains one yearly stipend of the common goods of the College, taxed by the Warden with the assent of the more part of the Fellows : and the schoolmaster and usher to have the old accustomed stipend of Com- mensals, and the Warden, Fellow, or conduct to require no part thereof. ' ii. Item. That no person in the said College have the correction of the grammarians beside the Warden, schoolmaster, usher, and such Fellow or conduct as shall watch them in the Warden's absence ; and that there be no excess correction, but that the same may be mitigated by the Warden's direction.' The Act 37 H. VIII, c. 4 was re-enacted by Stat. i Ed. VI, c. 14, with a saving clause in favour of the two Universities, the Colleges of Winchester and Eton, and all cathedral churches and chapels of ease. All obits and anniversaries were done away with, and all foundations for priests who should pray for the souls of the dead were abolished, and their goods, jewels, plate, ornaments and other moveables were confiscated in cases to which the saving clause did not apply. The computus roll of 1546 contains the following list of obits which were celebrated in that year for the last time in con- sequence of the Act of Edward VI abolishing -such in the following year : s- d. Wykeham's anniversary. Distributed among the poor on the three commemoration days, and on the anni- versary of Wykeham's death, Sept. 27 1 , 1404 . .456 Distributed among the poor in the Cathedral on the anniversary of Wykeham's death . . . .200 Dec. 3. John Whyte, Fellow, 1464-94 . . . .118 Jan. 9. Thomas Asheborne, Fellow, 1479-1516, and John Bedell the manciple . . . o 13 4 14. Thomas Bekenton, Bishop of Bath and Wells 2 . i 8 8 1 Under Wykeham's will, masses were to be sung for the repose of his soul for forty days after his death and no longer. 2 Warden Baker's acquittance to the Bishop's executors for his legacies to the College is dated Feb. 23, 1464 5. Warden White. 265 s. d. Jan. 19. Sir William Danvers, Knt, Dame Joan, his widow, and Maud, Countess of Oxford l . 090 31. Robert Colpays and Alice his wife . . o 16 6 Feb. 21. John Gynnore or Chynnore (Fell. 1452-63) . o 10 o March 30. Henry Keswyke and Master John Far- lington, Schoolmaster . . . .068 April i. Andrew Huls and Warden Baker 2 . . 10 6 8 ii. Cardinal Bewford (sic) i 8 8 22. William Laus or Laws 3 (Fell. 1413-17) . i n 10 August 8. Stephen Ede, Mayor of Winchester, and John his son (scholar 1443) . . o 12 o Tempore Electionis. Warden Chaundler . . .170 August 31. Richard Rede, Janitor of Wolvesey Castle o 15 4 Oct. 9. Warden Cleve 3 12 n The same, for a mass called ' septima missa ' 1104 21. Warden Morys o 18 6 29. Warden Thurbern and Richard Pittleworth 414 32. William Tystede of Ropley, and Bennet his wife 076 Nov. 9 John Fromond and Maud his wife, with the chaplain's stipend 13 12 2 20. Hugh Sugar 01811 The Society were gainers in point of income by the abolition of so many obits 4 , and began to live more comfortably in 1 In 31 Hen. VI Lady Danvers enfeoffed Wayneflete, Westbury the Provost of Eton, Sir Robert Danvers, Knt., one of the Justices of the King's Bench, and others, of the manor of Wyke or Staneswyke in Berks, with the advowson of the free chapel of Chapelwyke, and her lands in Shrivenham, Bourton, Wackyngfeld, Langote, and Farnham in the same County upon condition that they should regrant the same to the Warden and Scholars-Clerks to endow her obit The benefaction did not take effect, owing apparently to the necessary license in mortmain not being obtainable. 3 The Warden stipulated that his obit should be kept for twenty years after his death ; but the Society perpetuated it Obits were usually perpetual. I only find one like Warden Baker's, that of John Poly, the brewer (anie, pp. 251, 261) who purchased an obit for the same term of years. 3 The following inscription will be found on a renewed brass in front of the altar. The original was in the Western cloister : ' Orate pro ala WilnT Laus quondam socii istius CollT qui obiit die iovis in vigilia S. Georgii An. dm MCCCCXVIJ cuius ale p'picietur deus amen.' * The power conferred on the Royal Commissioners by section 37 of the Act i Ed. VI, c. 14 to alter the nature and condition of obits to a better use or to the relief of some poor men being students or otherwise, was not exercised in the case of the College. So that the Society had the spending of the money as they pleased. 266 Annals of Winchester College. consequence. In 1547, for instance, it appears that 3 165. was spent on spices and preserves (in speciebus et marmelado) and 4000 extra logs of cordwood were ordered. And in 1560 they raised the principal stipends, as already stated *. The prices of wheat and malt fell remarkably in 1547 in con- sequence of an abundant harvest. Wheat from 205. to 6s. 8d., and malt from 105. to 6s. per quarter. Dame Elizabeth Shelley died at the end of 1548. She was the last Abbess of St. Mary's Abbey, one of the oldest religious houses in Winchester. It was founded by Ethelswitha, King Alfred's consort, in the ninth century. It was suppressed in 1536 among the 376 religious houses that were under the yearly value of 200 : for St. Mary's was never a wealthy abbey. Dame Elizabeth Shelley was a woman of spirit, and had friends at Court. She persuaded Henry VIII to found the abbey anew with its former possessions, except the valuable manors of Alcannings and Urchfont in Wilts, which remained with Lord Edward Seymour, to whom the king had given them. A ground for this singular concession may perhaps be sought in the fact that under Dame Shelley the abbey was a high class girls' boarding school in which twenty-six girls were educating at the time of the final dissolution of the abbey in 1539. When this event happened the abbess retired on a pension, and appears to have dwelt in Winchester till her death. When her end was approaching, she gave a carpet valued at 3 to the Society to be laid before the altar on High days 2 , and a chalice of silver, which she must have bought or been allowed to keep when the plate of the Abbey was seized, upon condition that it should be restored in the event of the Abbey being re-established. She was buried in the College, and appears by the computus roll of 1548 to have had a handsome funeral. ' In pecuniis expens. pro funeralibus Elizabethae Shelley xxv 8 , pro obitu eiusdem v 1 .' Under custus capellae in the same roll is an entry of 35. ^d. for three copies of the volume of twelve Homilies which Cramner had put forth ; and entries of 405. for a vestment of white 1 Ante, p. 84. 3 This carpet was in use for many years afterwards. It was backed with canvas in the year 1562 in order to preserve it as long as possible. Waraen White. 267 damask with an alb l , and 8 for two altar cloths of red velvet worked with gold, and a vestment of the same. The purchase of other books is thus referred to : 'Item, Dno Godewyn (the master of the choristers) eunti Sarum pro cantilenis 2 v s iiij d .' ' Item, pro uno missali (the First Book ?) iij 3 .' ' Item, pro iij psalteriis v 8 iiij d : pro vij psalteriis et missalibus cxvj 9 : pro cxvj diversis cantilenis empt. pro choro cv 8 .' The office of the Communion which was put forth in 1548 seems to have been adopted in College on All Saints' Day, 1552, on which day, by Stat. 5 and 6 Ed. VI, c. i, it was to come into use throughout the realm. ' Sol. pro ij libris de Communione x 9 ' occurs in the roll for 1553. The following entry in the roll of 1551 relates to an attempt on the part of the advisers of Edward VI to ' cry down/ or reduce from its nominal to its actual value, the coin which had been debased under Henry VIII 3 . Elizabeth took the opposite course, and coined money of the value which it bore on its face. ' In denariis diminutis per edictum regis divulgat. in civitate Wynton. ix Julii, iiij 1 xiij 8 ix d ... in denariis diminutis secunda vice per regis edictum p'clamat. in civit. Wynton. viij Augusti, v 1 iij 8 vj d q.' The following account of expenses on progress is extracted from a book which began to be kept in 1551 : Expenses of the Warden and others in London, 11-22 Feb., 1551-2, and of the journey home by way of Bagshot and Alton. 12 Feb. Ash Wednesday : Salt fish, i2 P- a 5- 286 Annals of Winchester College. Custus armorum in 1562 : * Prest-money ] for three soldiers, 75. 6d. ; seven and a quarter yards of scarlet cloth, at 6s. gd. 495.; three swords and three daggers (pugiones), 315. &/. ; " reduct money," 205. ; expenses of Walter Stempe and our three soldiers at Portsmouth during two days, ios.' Four corslets had been bought in 1560 for 6 8s. The horse which the Society swopped for another in 1564 must surely have been called ' Bacchus ' by the more learned portion of the Society : ' Item pro excambio unius equi vocati "bakehowse" xxxj 8 iiij d .' The horse which was acquired by the exchange was worth 8. In 1565 they took another horse off the hands of Christopher Jonson for 3. But the cheapest horse was one which they bought at Andover of a poor man who was in jail there. The amount of the innkeeper's lien for the keep of the horse had to be discharged before the horse could be removed : ' Sol. cuidam incarcerato in plena solucione pro equo empt. ab eodem cum sella et freno xxxiij 3 iiij d . Item pro pabulo eiusdem equi apud Andover a tempore quo idem incarceratus attachiatus est, v 3 .' That the Society's affairs were prosperous at that period may be gathered from the frequent references to purchases of silver. Four silver cups and a 'bolle,' together with a new 'sigillum manuale,' or common seal 2 , were bought in 1565 for 14 95. 3?. over and above the value of old plate given in ex- change. It is this practice of giving old plate in exchange for new that has robbed Colleges of more plate than the confisca- tions of Edward VI or the requisitions of Charles I. As often as new spoons and forks are wanted, away go the old spoons and forks to the melting pot, with a tankard or a salt or two thrown in to pay for the workmanship. And these the silversmith knows better than to melt in the present demand for old silver. In 1583 the Society bought three silver ' beere cuppes,' parcel gilt, with lids, a 'pousshe pot' for wine, and 1 Money paid in advance as earnest, like the recruit's shilling now-a-days, or for the soldier to be ready to march at command. ' There's your press-money,' King Lear, Act iv. Sc. 6, where the reading should be 'prest-money.' ' Prest ' means 'ready,' Lat. paratus. 'He maketh His angels as heralds to go, and lightnings to serve, we see also prest.' Psalm civ. O. V. 3 In the custody of the Warden, but no longer used. Wardens Boxall and Stempe. 287 twelve spoons, weighing in all 96 oz., at 55. per oz. ; a silver- gilt salt, with lid, for the Warden's table, weighing 19^ oz., at 75. per oz. ; twelve silver-gilt spoons, engraved ' W. E./ weigh- ing 19^ oz., at 55. 8d. ; four tankards, engraved with the founder's arms, weighing 82^ oz., at 55. 6d. per oz., for the Fellows' table ; and five ' stoupes/ weighing ioi oz. ; six ' bolles,' weighing 55 oz. ; five tankards, weighing 77 oz. ; and one ' beere cuppe,' weighing 15^ oz. : all at 55. 6d. per oz. An allusion to theatricals at Christmas occurs in the accounts of the year 1565, through the accident of some part of the expense of the performance having been borne by the College in that year : ' In exp. fact, circa ludos in feriis nataliciis xj 8 vj d .' These theatricals had taken the place of the festival of the boy-bishop. In the following year there was a riot, and no performance, but whether there was no performance in con- sequence of the riot, or a riot in consequence of there being no performance, is not recorded. The scholars broke the lantern looking down the staircase of Hall, and the locks and keys and hinges of the doors, and, which is scarcely credible, smashed to pieces three of the scholars' tables. 'Sol. Will vitreatori pro reparacione lanternae infixae muro ad ingressum aulae super gradus iiij d . . . item Joh. Chitte pro emendatione clavium, serarum et aliorum ferramentorum circa fores aulae fractorum per scholares in Xti natalitiis xij d . . . . item Nicholao Carpentario laboranti p. ix dies capient. per diem vij d et Radulpho Joyner laborant. p. iij dies cum apprenticio suo, capient. per diem pro se x d et pro apprenticio suo iiij d in componend. tribus novis mensis pro scholaribus et pro emendand. soleis subter easdem viij 8 iij d . . . Pro glutino (glue) occupat. in opere supradict. vj d .' Another reference to theatricals, which lasted three days, occurs in the books of 1574 : ' Pro diversis expensis circa scaffoldam (stage) erigendam et deponendam, et pro domunculis (scenery ?) de novo compositis cum carriagio et recarriagio ly joysts et aliorum mutuatorum ad eandem scaffoldam ; cum vij d pro ly links et j duoden. candelarum pro lumine exp. iij noctibus in ludis comoediarum et tragoediarum xxv 8 viij d .' It would be in vain to inquire what plays the scholars acted on these three nights. A list of plays acted by the children of 288 Annals of Winchester College. St. Paul's School at that period is given in Dr. Simpson's Gleanings from Old St. Paul's, p. 113. The organ was removed from Chapel to Hall during these theatricals. The stones of St. Elizabeth's College having been by this time used in building Meads Wall and repairs about the Col- lege, the Society after the year 1565 had recourse to the ruins of Hyde Abbey and St. Mary's Abbey, paying Richard Bethell, the owner of Hyde Abbey, for what stone they got there, and obtaining leave to dig in the foundations of St. Mary's Abbey. The following entries in the accounts of the year 1566 have reference to this subject : ' Sol. M ro Bethell pro ij ly tunnes magnorum lapidum in stauro habendo (to keep in stock) pro reparacione caminorum in coquina et aliorum operum xx 8 . . . Item Ric. Lydford pro aggregacione predict, lapidum apud Hyde viij d .... Item Thome Borman pro effodiendo ij bigat. lapidum in monasterio de Maria xxj d .' All that was above ground of St. Mary's Abbey had, it seems, disappeared by this time. The cost of a grindstone, described as ' aquatica rota rotunda ad acuenda instrumenta carpentarii ' in the Bursars' book of 1574, was 35. Henry Garnet, the Jesuit, who suffered at Tyburn, in 1606, for complicity in the Gunpowder Plot, which is said to have been revealed to him under the seal of confession a , entered College in the year 1567. A note in the margin of the Register asserts that he left the School in disgrace, but gives no par- ticulars. Fuller 2 alleges that Garnet was guilty (amongst other things) of conspiring to cut off Bilson the schoolmaster's right hand. Evidently Bilson did not flog left-handed. A silly story, perhaps, but evidence that Garnet was one of the senior boys when he was expelled, inasmuch as Bilson did not become schoolmaster till the year 1571. Some of the items in the staurus expensarum for 1567 may be quoted here : Oxen and heifers, forty-two, value, 127 105. lod. ; besides one ox from Eling, (a heriot) a heifer from the tenant at Huntborne, and three old cows from Stoke Park. 1 Bishop Challenor's Missionary Priests, Martyrs to the Catholic Faith, p. 303. 1 Church History, X. xvii. Wardens Boxall and Stempe. 289 Sheep, 700, value .157 195. id. ; whereof thirty-nine were resold, two were given to the prisoners in gaol, one was cooked and eaten at Stoke Park when the new granary was built ' and one died. Calves, forty-two, and three from Thomas Smith, the lessee of Allington, in part of rent. * d. Brawn and pork 144 Salt fish and Lenten victuals 26 12 4 Hops, i\ cwt 7 10 8 Rabbits, 38 dozen and four couple 13 10 9 Cheese, 9! cwt - . . . 738 Sugar, 52 Ib. 2 oz 2 6 9$ Raisins, prunes and figs 6 5 o Spices 3 18 7 Beans, i qr. 6 bus 142 Mustard, i bushel 068 Vinegar and verjuice i n 9 Olive oil i 15 o Bay and table salt 2 i 14 o Charcoal, 28 loads 798 Talwood, 7600 logs 5 13 4 Besides 7200 logs from Stoke Park, and noo from Allington. Faggots, 8000 10184 Candles, 20 doz. Ibs. in Hall 2 10 o 8 Chapel 0160 10 Chambers i o o 23^ watchlights 270 Wax candles for Warden's table at Christmas, 4 Ibs. . o i 8 The carriage from Holborn Bridge of the following groceries, weighing in all 8 cwt. i qr., cost i6s. 6d. in 1568 : Two pieces of raisins, 29 Ibs. sugar, 4 Ibs. almonds, 2 Ibs. rice, 3 drums (capnelli) of figs, 20 Ibs. prunes, i cask of eels. John Pits (Pitseus), the author of De Illustribus Angliae Scrip- toribus, a native of Alton in Hampshire, was a scholar of the year 1571. His mother was a sister of Nicholas Sanders, the Jesuit. William Tucker, of Exeter, and Richard Merydith, of Bath, were scholars of the year 1573, and became Deans of 1 This was a building of timber ssjft. long, which had cost 3 us. $d. to erect, and 155. icrf. for felling and tarring the timber. * From the salterns at Lymington, where the brine was evaporated in pans. The inside of a saltern at Lymington with the manner of making salt is depicted in Rowlandson's Tour in a Post-Chaise, 1782. U 290 Annals of Winchester College. Lichfield and Wells respectively. Henry Martyn, a scholar of the year 1577, became Judge of the Admiralty Court and Dean of Arches, and finally Judge of the Prerogative Court. John Owen, of Bettws Garmon, a scholar of the same year, was the epigrammatist. After graduating at New College, he became master of a free grammar school near Monmouth, and in 1594 obtained the mastership of a similar school at Warwick. He died poor in 1622, having been, according to the story, struck out of the will of a rich uncle who disapproved of his epigrams, especially this one : ' An Petrus fuerat Romae sub judice lis est : Simonem Romae nemo fuisse negat 1 .' John Heath, his senior by a few years (he was admitted in 1569), published Two Centuries of Epigrammes in 1610, with a dedication to Bishop Bilson. John Hoskyns, a scholar of 1579, was expelled from New College in the year 1593, for insolence in the character of Terrae Filius or University Buffoon 2 , but marrying a rich wife, went to the Bar, and became a serjeant-at-law and justice itinerant of Wales, dying in 1628. The verses on the Trusty Servant have been attributed to him (Rev. J. E. Jackson, Notes and Queries, ist ser. vi. 495). Richard Heydocke (adm. 1580), of Greywell in Hampshire, gained notoriety by pretending to preach in his sleep, inveighing against the Pope, the hierarchy, and the use of the cross in baptism. James I, in his princely wisdom, discerned the fraud. Heydocke lived to a great age in Salisbury, practising physic there, and was moreover an excellent poet, limner, and surgeon 3 . 1 He was also author of the following : ' Plurimus in caelis amor est, connubia nulla : Conjugia in terris plurima, nullus amor.' Q See Diary of John Evelyn, July 10, 1669, for his opinion of this part of the Encaenia. 3 Stow, Annals, 1605. CHAPTER XVII. WARDEN BILSON (1582-1596). Bilson's career. Schoolmaster, Warden, Bishop. He detects a forgery. Truant Scholars. Bishop Lake. Thomas Bastarde. Ralph Bayley. Bath waters. Lydiat. The Whytes. Twisse of Newbury. Sir Thomas Ryves. The Coryats. Use of forks at table. Price of pewter. Plague in 1594. Dr. GrenL Greek mendicants. THOMAS BILSON (adm. 1559) was, like Stempe, a native of Winchester. He was schoolmaster at the date of his appoint- ment, having succeeded Christopher Jonson in 1571 at the early age of 23 l . He was the first Protestant Warden, and the first married one. Having distinguished himself in 1593 by a work entitled The Perpetual Government of Chrisfs Church, he was raised to the See of Worcester in 1596, and translated to Winchester in the following year. Under James I he was a Privy Councillor. He died June 18, 1616, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. According to the Biographia Britannica, he ' did a very important service to the College by preserving the revenues of it when they were like to be swallowed up by a notorious forgery.' An account of this forgery which im- perilled the title to some College property at Downton, and of its detection by Bilson, will be found in the preface to his work, entitled The True Difference between Christian Subjection and Unchristian Rebellion. A bag of writings labelled ' Fanstone's Forgeries ' is preserved in the muniment room. The documents in it were given up when the author of the fraud was restrained by the injunction of the Court of Chancery from prosecuting his claim to the property in dispute. Nothing that occurred during Bilson's mastership is recorded, 1 He had testimonials from Archbishop Parker and the Bishops of London (Sandys) ; Ely (Cox) ; Rochester (Gheast) ; and Chichester (Curtis'. U 2 292 Annals of Winchester College. beyond the fact that in the year 1579 some of the scholars ran away and were brought back by one of the Fellows who rode after the truants. The tale of their grievance, whatever it was, reached the Court either of the Queen or the bishop, and two of the Fellows went up to London about it : ' Pro exp. M ri Bolles et Job. Budde equitantium ad reducendos scolares aufugientes, x 8 x d . . . . Item pro exp. M ri Chaundler et M ri Bolles equitant. cum duobus famulis ad curiam circa querelas scolarium, xxxv 8 j d .' What the result of their journey was is not recorded. Custus armorum in 1581 : ' Pro bombardo xj 8 vj d : ijlb. pul- veris sulfurei ij s viij d : pro coruscando (burnishing) ly head- piece, vj d . Item Loricke, militi conducto, pro ly prest-money 1 et pro regardo in progressu suo xj 8 viij d .' Loricke was the College contingent to the royal train band, and his retaining fee and allowance for the annual muster came to this sum. Five years later there were two of these men, Bufforde and Carleton ; and they had between them 8d. for prest-money and 8s. ' pro diebus servitii.' Arthur Lake (or Lakes), a scholar of 1581, became Warden of New College, and rose to be Bishop of Bath and Wells (1618-24). He founded a library in the vestry of Bath Abbey Church, which Bishop Ken endowed with 160 volumes, chiefly of Spanish and Portuguese authors, and added a large number of books, to the library of New College. The portrait of Lake in the hall there was painted in 1627 by Greenbury, from the original by Cornelius Jansen. Thomas Bastarde (adm. 1582) was an epigrammatist only second to Owen. His epigram on his three wives runs thus : ' Terna mihi variis juncta est aetatibus uxor, Haec juveni, ilia viro, tertia nupta seni. Prima est propter opus teneris mihi juncta sub annis, Altera propter opes, tertia propter opem.' Custus stabuli in 1582 : 'John Lyon, saddler, for a new saddle, with bridle, &c. (harnessiae), 135. 4^. ; three headstalls, 45. 6d. ; physic for Warden's horse and one of the College horses, i6d. ; eleven dozen cakes of horsebread, us. ; forty-five shoes, us. %d. ; forty-seven removes, 35. iid. ; a load of straw, 55. ; a horse at grass fourteen weeks, 145. ; four horsecloths, 8s.' 1 Ante, p. 286. Warden Bilson. 293 Ralph Bayley (adm. 1583) practised medicine at Bath, and is described in the local guide as a profound judge of wine, an epicure, and a lover of sport. He is buried in Widcombe old churchyard. The first reference to the Bath waters occurs in the Bursars' book of 1584, in the shape of a grant to a poor man named Haycrofte from the parish of St. Faith, who seems to have been sent to Bath by subscription. The Society sent a kitchen lad to Bath in 1601, for the cure of his malady, which was probably rheumatism. The place is elegantly called 'Baiae' in the Bursars' books of the last century 1 . A visit from the Earl of Leicester in 1583 is thus noticed : ' Sol. Job. Hinckes laboranti iij dies et dim. in purgandis diversis locis in adventu DnI Comitis Lecester xj d .' Thomas Lydiat, of Allington, the unfortunate scholar im- mortalized by Dr. Johnson in his Vanity of Human Wishes, was admitted in 1584, and succeeded to New College as a matter of course, being a founder's kinsman. Poetry apart, Lydiat was a man to be envied of other poor scholars, with his pro- vision for life in New College. However, he got into difficulties through being surety for a friend, and lay in Bocardo till Warden Pinke and others laid down the money and released him. Then he threw up his Fellowship, and when he published his great unmarketable work on chronology, Emendatio Tent- porum ab initio mundihuc usque compendia facta contra Scaligerum et alios, he was nearly or quite destitute. Archbishop Usher, who had subscribed to get him out of Bocardo, obtained for him a small appointment in Trinity College, Dublin, but he threw it up, and returning to England, existed on the living of Alkerton, Oxon, until his death in 1646. Josiah Whyte (adm. 1584) and his brother John (adm. 1587) were Puritan divines of eminence. Josiah held the New College living of Hornchurch, and John was Chaplain of the Savoy and Rector of Holy Trinity, Dorchester. The latter was known as the Patriarch of Dorchester; and, as we shall see later on, might have been intruded as Warden at Winchester, if Harris had possessed less tact and judgment. 1 Another Wykehamist, Dr. John Peirce 'adm. 1750), was a leading physician here for many years. 294 Annals of Winchester College. Thomas James (adm. 1586) was appointed first Bodley's librarian in 1612. In the Bursars' book of 1587, arrows and quivers, muskets and gunpowder, are jumbled together under custus armorum: ' Sol. Ragget et Tarleton, militibus conductis, pro ly prest money ij 8 ; pro ly muskett, viij 8 ; pro j Ib. match, viij d ; pro spiculis et emendacione sagittarum xij 8 ; pro ly calyver cum pertinentiis, xiv 8 ; pro pharetra, viij d ; pro j Ib. pulveris sulfurei, xvj d ; pro vj calyvers, vj westcotes, ij musketts, xxxvj 8 .' At this time Belchamber, the College armourer, was paid 25. 6d. quarterly for looking after the arms and armour. A sad accident in the brewhouse is noticed in the Bursars' book of 1588 : ' Dat. ad sepulturam cuiusdam incidentis in ly vat in brasino, vij d : uxori eiusde'm intuitu charitatis iij 8 iiij d .' Under custus panetriae in 1589 is an item of 8d. for hemming three table cloths and four oyster cloths. The latter item occurs again and again. Twelve ells of 'Osenbrygge' for table cloths cost 8s. 6d. in this year. Thomas Ryves, of Blandford (adm. 1590), became Judge of the Prerogative Court, Dublin, and died in 1652. He was author of the Vicar's Plea, a book advocating the case of poor vicars against impropriators. William Twisse, a scholar of the same year, was the son of a clothier at Newbury. He exchanged the New College living of Newnton Longville for Newbury in 1620. In the begin- ning of the Civil War he sided with the Parliament, and was chosen Prolocutor of the Westminster Assembly of Divines in 1641. He died in London in 1646, and was buried in West- minster Abbey, the House of Commons and the Assembly attending the funeral. His portrait, painted in 1644, hangs in the vestry of the parish church of Newbury 1 . Thomas Coryat, another scholar of 1590, seems to have been a son of George Coryat (adm. 1557), who was Rector of Od- combe and a Prebendary of York, and wrote poems. Thomas Coryat was removed to Westminster School at an early age, and then entered Gloucester Hall in the University of Oxford, after which he served Henry, Prince of Wales. In 1608 he set 1 Money's History of Newbury, p. 583. Warden Bilson. 395 out on his travels, an account of which he published on his return under the title of Coryafs Crudities. In 1612 he set out for the East, and died at Surat in 1617. He has the fame of introducing the use of table forks into England. On this he says : ' I observed a custom in all those Italian cities and townes through which I passed that is not used in any other country that I saw in my travels, neither do I thinke that any other nation of Christendom use it, but only Italy. The Italians, and also most strangers that are commorant in Italy, doe always at their meals use a little forke when they eat their meate : for while with their knife, which they hold in one hand, they cut the meate out of the dish, they fasten the forke, which they hold in the other hand, upon the same dish ; so that whatsoever he be that sitting in the company of any others at meale, should inadvisedly touch the dish of meat with his fingers, from which all the table doe cut, he will give occasion of offence unto the company, as having transgressed the laws of good manners, inso- much that for his error he shall be at least browbeaten, if not reprehended in wordes. This form of feeding, I understand, is generally used in all parts of Italy, their forkes for the most part being made of yron or steele, and some of silver, but these are used only by gentlemen. The cause of this curiosity is because the Italian cannot by any means indure to have his dish touched with fingers, seeing all men's fingers are not alike cleane. Hereupon I myself thought it good to imitate the Italian fashion by this forked cutting of meate, not only while I was in Italy, but also in Germany, and often times in England since I came home ; being once quipped for that frequently using my forke by a certain learned gentleman, a friend of mine, Mr. Lawrence Whitaker, who, in his merry humour, doubted not to call me at table, Furcifer, only for using a forke at feeding, but for no other cause.' It is impossible to say when 'the use of forks at feeding* began in College. In Coryat's time, and indeed until the end of the last century, the boys provided their own knives, which were made broad and round at the end, for the purpose of con- veying food to the mouth. The knife which was bought for Philip Bryan in the year 1395* was bought for him because he was Founder's kin. Ordinary boys provided their own knives, and forks too, when forks came into use ; a fact which makes it impossible to say when forks did come into use at the scholars' tables. In his letter to Sir Samuel Romilly, Brougham 1 Ante, p. 95. 296 Annals oj Winchester College. twits the Society with neglect to provide forks for the use of the scholars ; and all that Mr. Liscombe Clarke, the apologist of the Society, had to say in reply was that he expected that the Warden and Fellows would take the subject into consider- ation. This was in the year 1818. Under custus panetriae in the year 1594 there are entries relating to a set or garnish of pewter, comprising twelve large platters, twelve small platters, twelve large potegers (soup- plates), twelve small potegers, twelve sallet dishes (first men- tioned here), and twelve saucers, weighing nearly 126 Ibs., which cost, at 8d. per lb., 4 35. 4^. * The price of pewter had therefore doubled within the space of a century. In the next year it rose to i2d. per lb., and in another thirty years to 14^. per lb. We learn from the following entries in the accounts of 1594 that the city and neighbourhood of the College was visited by the plague, during which a species of quarantine was imposed on the inhabitants to prevent the disorder spreading to the surrounding country. It does not appear that any cases oc- curred within the College walls : ' Dat. pauperibus Winton. inclusis tempore infectionis, v s ; pauperi- bus de Kingsgate St. inclusis ob contagium, v 8 .' Thomas Grent (adm. 1595) became a physician at Winches- ter, and in his old age (1657-9) had a quarterly allowance of i 55. from the College. Shall we say for medical attend- ance on the scholars ? If so, this is an exceptional case. Medical attendance is not mentioned in the statutes, and was an extra until recent changes. Custus stabuli in 1595 : ' Seventy-seven horse shoes, 195. 3$ 6s. 8d. ' Oysters. Every Friday 100, and every fast day, 100.' * About fifteen gallons daily. Y 322 Annals of Winchester College. 'VI. Item, that your Warden, Fellows, and Chaplains and others the Officers of your College do usually frequent your College hall at meal times and take their diet there as your Statutes do enjoin ; and that none be suffered to carry their commons to private houses. 'VII. Item, that your College gates be every day shut up at due and appointed times, and that none be permitted to come in or go out in the night season, without consent of the governors of your College, and upon special and urgent occasion. 'VIII. Item, that the Fellow of your College that is Rider for the keeping of the Courts be from time to time made acquainted with all fines and grants of copyholds belonging to your College ; and the true accounts be thereupon duly given up unto those that are appointed by your Statutes to receive them. ' IX. Item, that your Warden make satisfaction for the un- necessary charge he hath put your College to in building himself lodgings, a staircase, and balcony window, and for the College money he expended in furniture for those his lodgings and buildings, amounting (as we are informed) to ccxx 1 \ 'X. Item, that the allowances agreed as in the lord Archbishop A paper supposed to be Pew's, who was cook about this time, describes the Fellows' allowances in his day : ' Sunday dinner. To every Commons of Roste Beef a 6d. Commons in second course ; at supper, roste breasts of mutton, and &6d. Commons in second (i.e. to follow) every half breast. ' Monday dinner. Boiled beef, and to every 3 commons of boiled beef i com- mons of boiled mutton. ' Wednesday and Thursday dinners the same. ' Monday supper. Loyns of mutton rested and to every mess of mutton a 6d. second. Wednesday supper the same as Monday supper. Thursday supper ; shoulders of mutton rested, and a 6d. commons in second to every commons of mutton. ' Tuesday's Dinner. Leggs of mutton boyled, and to every commons of mutton a 6d. commons to second. ' Friday's dinner. Stucklings (a kind of apple turnover seasoned with carra- ways and allspice, not nice, which is still served at Domum dinner) and fish. A 6d. commons to every master's commons. ' Saturday's dinner. The same as Friday's.' 1 This appears to be a calumny. It was met by a respectful protest on the part of the Sub-warden and six of the Fellows, who say ' The new buildings con- tained within our Warden's lodgings were erected above twenty years since. Nothing added since this Warden's coming, but only a balcony window and a staircase leading to a private walk of his on the backside of the College ; charge a& as. gd. and no more, disbursed by Bursars with general approbation of the Fellows . . . only rooms he hath furnished are two, those of the Warden of New College and the Posers.' Compare the charges levelled against Bentley by the Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1710. Warden Harris. 323 Bancroft's time, our worthy predecessor, be observed by your Warden and others the Members and Officers of your College ; being very favourable on the Warden's behalf: and that the ten pounds, which your Warden takes yearly for wine, be bestowed as is appointed by your College Statutes. ' XI. Item, that such reverence be used in your chapel, both in your access thereto, and recess therefrom, and also in service time, as is practised in Cathedral churches, and is not dissonant to the Canons and Constitutions of the Church of England : and that no Fellow or other belonging to your College, of what degree soever, presume to come thither without his cap and hood. 'XII. Item, we require that these our injunctions be carefully registered and observed. ' Dated May 28, 1636.' The following inventory of the contents of the Chapel was taken at this visitation : ' One fayre payre of organs, in reparing and beautifying whereof has lately been spent pounds l and upwards on account. Two silver flaggons, double gilt, for the use of the Holy Eucharist. Two silver chalices, with covers, for the same use. One fayre pall of tissue, white and blue, lined with canvas. One other pall of green bawdekin silk, with flowers of gold, lined. Three Communion Table cloths, one of diaper, the other two of holland. One cushion of purple velvet for the pulpit. Three long cushions of green velvet, one branched, the others plain. Two old cushions of purple velvet. Three old cushions of tapestry, and one of Turkey work with the Founder's arms. Four silk cushions of needlework. An old carpet of tapestry with the Founder's arms. Two deskcloths of red damask, and one other of " pannel stuffe " with a fringe. Four stall cloths of red bawdekin silk, with a long cushion made of an old pall.' Disiributio pauperibus in 1636-8 : ' Pauperi erudito Germanico, 6d. ; paralytico seni a balneis redeunti (returning from Bath) qui et ludimagister et sacerdos fuerat, is. ; tres mulierculae de Hibernia, is. ; an Irishman from Cambridge, 2s. ; a poor Greek scholar, is. ; prisoners of war from Dunkirk (sic) is. ; 1 The blank is in the original. Y 2 324 Annals of Winchester College. Newbolt, a chorister who was sick, IDS. ; a barrister named Early, in prison for debt, is. ; Patrick Poines, whose goods had been plundered by the French, 2s. ; the people of Kilrush in Ireland, whose town had been consumed by fire and plundered by Turks (sic), icxs.' Sir Samuel Morland (adm. 1638) was the son of the Rector of Sulhamstead Abbots in Berkshire, and graduated at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He went to Sweden in 1653 with Bulstrode and Whitlocke's embassy, and was afterwards sent by Cromwell with a diplomatic protest against the persecu- tion of the Piedmontese Protestants by the Duke of Savoy. He was created a baronet at the Restoration, and died in 1696. Evelyn ' alludes repeatedly to his ingenuity and inventions. Books bought in 1639 : Cluverii Opera, 4 vols. : Spanhemii Evangelia, 2 vols. : Campan- ella, 4 vols. : Suavi Concordia : Pitsaeus de rebus Anglicis : Apostolii Paroimia : Cluserii Epitomiae : Juliani Opera Graecolatina : Capel de Cena Christi : Ffolliott in Cantica : Apologia Francisci de Sancta Clara : Spelmanni Concilia et Glossaria, 2 vols. : 9. Under custus pasturae appears an item of 2 8s. 'pro ly Shipp money ' on Stoke Park, the famous impost for the support of the Navy, of which Hampden had disputed the legality two years before. The Order of Council, dated August 12, 1635, imposed 6000 ship money on the County of South- ampton in the following proportions : A> Winchester ....... 200 Southampton ....... 200 Portsmouth ....... 70 Andover ........ 50 Romsey ........ 30 Basingstoke ....... 60 Rest of county ....... 539 The Warden and Fellows were exempted from the assess- ment to ship money, except for Stoke Park, which they farmed themselves, on the ground that their lands were contributing in 1 Diary, 10 Oct. 1687; 16 Oct. 1671; 10 Sept. 1677; 16 May 1683; 25 Oct. 1696. Warden Harris. 325 the places where they lie. In other words, their lessees were assessed. The example of the eighteen scholars who bound themselves in the autumn of 1639 to talk Latin till the ensuing Pentecost, will not be followed now that Latin has ceased to be the spoken language of diplomacy. To be able to talk Latin then went as far as being able to talk French, Italian, and German now. The agreement is quoted here for the sake of the com- pliment to Warden Harris, himself an elegant Latin scholar *, which it contains : ' Nos, quorum nomina subscripta sunt, Collegii Beatae Mariae Winton prope Winton. scholares, memores antiqui moris et disciplinae hujusloci,memores Legum Paedagogicarum, memores denique officii et obsequii quod Reverendo D no Custodi nostro haec a nobis jam saepius postulanti debemus : tandem sancte promittimus nos ab eo tempore quo praesenti huic chartae subscripsimus ad festum Pentecostes proxime futurum in schola hujus Collegii, in aula, in cubiculis, in omni denique loco quo convenire una et conversari solemus, Latino usuros sermone et non alio, nisi forte ad aliquem habendus sit sermo, qui illius linguae sit penitus ignarus. Quod si qui nostrum aliter sciens volensque fecerit, hunc peccati apud Deum, infamiae apud homines reum esse volumus et haberi. Ego Gulielmus Ailife libens subscripsi decimo quarto die Octobris Anno Dm 1639 Gulielmus Wither Abel Makepeace Henricus Allanson Ricardus Rowlandson Thomas Pyle Edward Stanley Johannes Harris Johannes Nubery Thomas Hollo way Ricardus Croke Franciscus Younge Jermanus Richards Robertus Baynham Henricus Compton Henricus Allworth, decimo nono die Decembris sub- scripsi Thomas Rivers, eodem die.' Georgius Hussey, eodem die Roger Heigham, a scholar of 1639, succeeded to New College in 1648, and was ejected at the end of that year by the Parliamentary Commissioners. He was a nominee of Warden Harris, who writes to his son (Jan. 31, 1649-50) : ' I understand by your brother in Oxford that there is great talk of putting out more of the Fellows at New College, but he cannot 1 Drafts of several of his Latin speeches and letters are preserved in the muni- ment room. 326 Annals of Winchester College. tell me the particulars. ... I pray you write me word what is done there, that if occasion be, I may send Roger Heigham to Oxford, to see if in a general scramble he can get something.' It appears from another letter to young Harris what course the Commissioners pursued. They called the Fellows in, and asked each of them whether he submitted to their visitation. Those who like Heigham denied the competency of the Com- missioners were ejected then and there. The Warden advised Heigham to appeal for mercy, on the ground that he was only a probationer, and had answered like the rest, without intend- ing to question the competency of the Commissioners to visit the University, but only to question their competency to visit New College, having regard to the Statute ' De Visitatione/ which declares that the College shall only be visited by actual members of the University, which a few members of the Com- mission were not. However, this plea, ingenious as it was, did not prevail with the Commissioners, and poor Heigham remained without a fellowship until August 30, 1660. In the year 1640 Warden Harris founded 'Sickhouse,' build- ing at his own expense in the Carmelite's Mead the front and older portion of the present building. The back and more commodious portion of Sickhouse was built at the expense of the Rev. John Taylor, in 1775. Harris, who was a Hebrew scholar (he had been Hebrew reader at New College) called it Bethesda 1 , the house of mercy, and inscribed that word in Hebrew letters over the doorway. Over the window on the east side of the door is the following legend : 'Votum Authoris pro pueris. Jehovah qui sanitatis author est unicus, noxia, precor, Omnia a vestris capitibus arceat ac repellat.' And over the window on the west side of the door : 'Votum puerorum pro authore. Cubantis in lecto languoris extremo cor eius Et artus Jehovah curet foveat ac sustentet.' It is remarkable that ' Sickhouse ' was not furnished till the year 1668, and then inadequately enough with the proceeds of a legacy by Warden Harris for that purpose. This is the 1 ' Sumptibus Harrisii fuit aedificata Bethesda.' Warden Harris. 327 inventory of articles purchased 'juxta legatum Dm Harris' : 'A pair of bellows, is. 8d; four chairs, 55. ; a table, 35. ; a bedstead with a bottom of sacking (cubile ad funem), 145. ; tin utensils, 35. 6d. ; duae matulae, 45. ; twelve spoons, 25. ; two candlesticks, is. id. ; earthenware, 6d. ; duo lasana, i 75.6^.' The scholars evidently brought their bedding, &c., with them from chambers when they 'went continent,' and the nurse found her own bedding and furniture. Four bedsteads with 'cheney ' (chintz ?), furniture at 5 125. 3^. each were purchased in 1777 for the Sickhouse ; but the scholars continued to bring their own bedding with them until recently. Richard Holloway (adm. 1640) rose to be a puisne justice of the King's Bench. He was one of the four judges who tried the Seven Bishops in 1688 upon their refusal to read the Declaration for giving Liberty of Conscience (as it was styled) pursuant to the injunction of James II. Evetyn says 1 , 'The Chief Justice, Wright, behaved with great moderation and civility to the Bishops. Alibone, a Papist, was strongly against them ; but Holloway and Powell being of opinion in their favour, they were acquitted.' Three days later he says, ' The two Judges, Holloway and Powell, were displaced.' Venditio bosci, or timber money, appears for the first time in 1641. Hitherto College timber had been felled for repairs only, in obedience to the Statutes, and not for sale. This new source of income was not neglected ; and in the latter part of the last and beginning of the present century, was a valuable source of revenue to the Warden and Fellows. Dr. More (adm. 1579), who was a Prebendary of Winchester and Chichester Cathedrals, left the pick of his library to the Society in 1641. 'Sol. in regardis in domo More per socium evolventem libros Doctoris More nuper defuncti ijs.' Under 'custus librarie ' in 1641 we find ' thirteen dozen chains, 3 i8s.; chaining 57 books, 35.' This was not so much to prevent the books being removed, as to ensure their being kept in their places. An item of 75. 6d. for 7^ days' labour in eradicating bindweed or ' lily ' (pro eradicanda colubrina sive bistorta) in the Fellows' garden occurs in the Bursars' book of 1641. 1 Diary, 29 June and 2 July, 1688. 328 Annals of Winchester College. In the same year a legal question as to the right of the College to the goods of felons within their manors was decided in favour of the College. A tenant of the manor of Sydling died by his own hand, and the coroner's jury found a verdict of felo de se, whereupon the bailiff of the manor seized his goods. The representatives of the deceased challenged his right to do so, and brought an action. Two instances were produced in which the right had been exercised, one in the manor of Eling, the other in the manor of Ropley 1 , but the charter con- ferring the right had to be produced ; which being mislaid, an exemplification of it had to be obtained. This is the bill of costs from the Bursars' book of 1641 : s. d. The Master of the Crown Office, for searches . . o 10 o The Clerks there 050 Boat hire four times, going and returning 2 . . . 050 Mr. Offley the Attorney's fee in Michaelmas Term . 034 Counsel's hand to the plea o 10 o Search at the Rolls o i o in the Exchequer, on Mr. Gundry's side . . 020 on Sir Fanshawe's side . o i o Mr. Eliott an Attorney's fee 034 A copy of the Patent of K. Henry VI 0180 the inquisition and plea, with the Attorney's fee in Hilary Term . . . . o 13 8 Drawing confession of Mr. Attorney-General . . 028 A copy of the certificate for Meonstoke s , 35. ^d. ; the Six Clerks' fee, 35. 40?. ; Mr. Kelway's fee, 35. 4^. . o 10 o Mr. Twisden, of counsel o 10 o Mr. Offley the Attorney's fee in Easter Term . . 034 n Trinity Term . . 034 An ulterius lilo * 048 Copying the plea 054 Entering the same o 13 4 The Attorney-General's Clerk's fee in the plea touching the Charter 200 ^850 ' Sol. M ro Kelynge de ly croune office pro copia duarum inquisitionum de felonibus de se apud Elynge et Ropley vj s viij d .' 3 From Queenhithe to Westminster and back. * For use in the manor of that name. 4 Meaning unknown. Warden Harris. 329 Another case occurred in the manor of Sydling in the year 1674. One Robert Arnold of Broad Sydling, a tenant under the College, committed suicide Nov. 24, 1673. The College seized his goods, and granted them by deed to Nicholas Hussey and others upon trust to raise the arrears of rent due by Arnold to the College, and 20 as an acknowledgment of their title, and to stand possessed of the residue for the benefit of Arnold's sisters, he having left no wife or child. The title of the College to the goods being questioned, for the reason that Sydling did not belong to the College at the date of the charter, the opinions of Sir John Maynard and Serjeant Newde- gate were taken upon the point. That of Sir John Maynard is lost. I subjoin the Serjeant's opinion : Case. 4 King Henry VI by his letters patent, dated July 4, 22 H. VI, grants to ye Warden, Scholars, and Chaplains of Saint Mary College of Winchester near Winchester omnia bona et catalla quae vocantur " waifes " de et in diversis maneriis terris et tenementis et feodis suis quae nunc habeant et extunc sint habituri. Et quod habeant catalla felonum de se, tarn omnium hominum suorum, quam omnium tenentium suorum, integre tenentium et non integre tenen- tium, resident, et non resident, quorumcunque, tarn infra dominia terras et possessiones quam feoda praedicta. ' H. VIII grants to the aforesaid College the manor of S in exchange for other lands, and the College have since enjoyed felons' goods under the said manor. 'A having a house and family within the manor of S where he usually resided, travailing thence towards London became felo de se, having divers goods in ye manor of S and other goods in other places.' ' Q. i. Whether the Charter of H. VI be sufficient to grant ye College ye goods of felo de se in the manor of S which came to the College after ye Charter ? ' A. I doe conceive it is. ' Q. 2. Whether if it be, ye goods of A shall be forfeited to ye Colledge though he killed himself out of ye manor ? A. I take it they shall. ' Q. 3' Whether ye Colledge shall not have the goods of A which were in other manors as well as those which were in ye manor of S at the time of ye death ? ' A. I am of opinion that wheresoever he was possessed of goods the Colledge is well entitled to them. ' July 4, 774.' ' Ric. NEWDEGATE. 33 Annals of Winchester College. Serjeant Newdegate's fee was 2. Sir John Maynard's fee was i ; clerk, 2s. The attorney's bill was 2 95. iid. Distributio pauperibus in 1641 : Sailors who had been plun- dered by pirates from Dunkirk, is. ; a captive redeemed from the Turks, ' qui quinquies sub hasta venierat,' is. ; pauperi generoso a gyrgatho (the Cheyney prison, I think) nuper dimisso, 6d. ; one from Ireland who had been robbed by the Turks, and was going with his family to Belgium, is. Adams (IVykehamica, p. 89) relates a romantic story of the traditional Parliamentarian officer, who had been a scholar on the foundation, and mindful of the oath which he had sworn, defended the College against the violence of a fanatic soldiery. Something of the kind may have occurred at the Cathedral, where the tomb of Wykeham suffered comparatively little damage 1 , but there is no great occasion to believe it to have occurred at the College. The Roundheads were not enemies of education ; and there is really no reason to imagine that any officer of the rebel forces ever stood with sword unsheathed in front of Outer Gate, and defended his old school in her hour of need. The story most likely grows out of the memory of a visit which Nathaniel Fiennes (adm. 1623) paid to the College in the winter of the year 1642. It was on the afternoon of December 12 that Fiennes, not a Colonel as yet, arrived at the College in command of a small party of horse, on his way to join the force with which Waller routed Lord Grandison on the morrow and took the Castle of Winchester. Rushworth says 2 : ' The Lord Grandison and others took up their quarters at Win- chester. Sir William Waller, Colonel Brown and Colonel Harvey came before that city, against whom there sallied out two regiments of foot and afterwards a party of horse : but being both beaten back with loss, those within retreated to the Castle, and the assailants beginning to scale the walls, they desired quarter, which was.granted ; only detaining prisoners the commanders and officers ; and the common soldiers, being near 800, were stripped and dismissed ; but the Lord Grandison and Major Willis made their escape as they were carrying them to Portsmouth, having, as was supposed, charmed their keepers with a good sum of money, and so got to Oxford.' 1 Chapter XXI. a Part III, Book II. Warden Harris. 331 It was natural that Fiennes should stop at the College and billet his party there. He was a Founder's kinsman himself; he had a nephew (Christopher Turpin) on the foundation at the time, and he was a friend and correspondent of the Warden. Besides these inducements, the outer Court (inasmuch as the beer was not kept in the brewhouse, but in the cellar, under lock and key), was the best place in the world for his men to pass the night in. Fiennes himself slept in the Warden's lodgings with a sentinel at the door. No damage whatever is recorded, and the stock was only diminished to the extent of sixty one-pound loaves for the men's supper and breakfast, and twelve bushels of malt for their horses. It must be admitted that Fiennes allowed his men to levy a contribution before they went away ; but they resorted to no acts of violence. The following references to the incident occur in the Bursars' book for 1642 : * d. Militibus M rt Fines 20 o o Quibusd. militibus relictis 1 500 Sex aliis militibus 2 o o 2 Pro modio frumenti expens. in militibus. . . . 050 Militibus quibusdam per M rum Hacket et M rum infor- matorem 050 Ric Frampton (the brewer) pro xij modiis brasii pro equis famulorum M ri Fines tempore guerrae . 156 Pro le watch in hospitio Dm Custodis . . . . 006 16 o Under distributio pauperibus in 1643 some entries occur of relief given to wounded soldiers. But no more visits of troops on the march disturbed the tranquillity of the Society. The spring and autumn progresses took place as usual. Owing to the high price of corn, rents were up, and there was money to spare for improvements. The schoolmaster's chamber was wainscoted for 4 is., and then painted at a cost of 4 is. iid. Six chairs in Russia leather were bought for 2 55. 8d., and put into the chamber of Mr. Wither, one of the Fellows. Gravel walks were made in the Fellows' garden, 1 For the defence of the College, I suppose. 3 If the other soldiers were paid at the same rate the total number of soldiers was eighty-one. 332 Annals of Winchester College. where a bowling green had existed since 1632, and the old hop garden was planted with apple trees. The surprise of Colonel Boles at Alton, near the end of 1643, was followed by the battle of Cheriton Down on March 29, 1644. Waller pushed on after the retiring Royalists to Winchester. The Mayor, prudent man, offered him the keys of the city ; but he, declining them, moved on to Bishop's Wal- tham and Christchurch, which he took, and then returning to Winchester, found the gates shut against him, and his entrance into the city refused ; whereupon, battering the gates, he entered by force, which occasioned great damage to the in- habitants by the unruly soldiers, who could not be restrained from plundering x . Thanks to Wykeham's prescience in found- ing the College without the city wall, the Society sustained no harm or loss on this occasion. The only reference to passing events on the part of the Bursars for the year will be found under distributio pauperibus : ' Dat. iij militibus vulneratis ad Alton vj 9 ; duobus militibus vul- neratis ad Tichborne in Kingsgate St. j s ; militi cuidam generoso (a cavalier) qui eruperat de carcere ij 8 vj d .' It is noticeable that Harris about this time, or perhaps a little before, sent Mr. Jones, the steward, to the King at Oxford, to solicit his protection for the College : ' In expensis M ri Jones euntis et redeuntis inter Winton. et Oxon. et in regardis datis per eundem in perquirendo regiam protectionem pro Collegio, iiij 1 xvj s iiij d .' Where the College suffered most during the Civil War was in the billeting of troops ; a burden which they had to endure in common with other owners of landed property. Harris brought in an account in 1644 of 24 gs. 8d. expended 'pro le billett diversorum hominum/ who cannot have been billeted within the College walls, or we should hear of it through the baker's and brewer's accounts, as when Fiennes paid his visit. The account of the bailiff at Stoke Park for quartering soldiers between December, 1642, and March, 1645-6, amounts to no less a sum than 99 95. 6d. The allowance for a day and night's billet was eightpence for a man and eighteenpence for a 1 Rushworth, Pt. Ill, Bk. III. Warden Harris. 333 man and horse at this time. In 1646 the Society had to find i for a week's maintenance of two troopers belonging to Colonel Sheffield's ' legion,' which is at nearly the same rate. In 1645 the Royalists held Winchester Castle under Sir William Ogle, and martial law superseded the local Pie-powder Court 1 , to which Frampton, the College brewer, would have addressed his complaint at any other time : 'Sol. M ro Bye promoventi causam Collegii in petitione tradita gubernatori per Ric. Frampton x 8 . . . . Sol. famulo Dm Gul. Ogle Vicecomitis Barrington, gubernatoris castri et civitatis tempore guerrae, j 8 .' What Frampton's complaint was about we do not know. This state of things in Winchester continued until the battle of Naseby had been fought. On September 28 Oliver Cromwell appeared before the city and summoned the garrison. They surrendered, according to Lord Clarendon, on easy conditions. The College escaped injury ; the Cathedral was wrecked, and the Castle was mined and blown up. Wolvesey Castle, too, was ruined. The citizens did not suffer so much loss as they did when Waller entered their gates. One of them, Peter Chamberlin, was burnt out ; but this Ucalegon lived next door to the Castle, and suffered in consequence. The Society sub- scribed to reinstate him. They could well afford to do so. It does not appear that they suffered a halfpennyworth of damage, or even had troops billeted on them during these operations. Harris had friends on both sides. Philip Fell (adm. 1645) became usher at Eton College. He was a son of Dr. Samuel Fell, Dean of Christ Church, and brother of Dr. John Fell, also Dean of Christ Church, and Bishop of Oxford (1676-86). Dr. Samuel Fell was a friend of Warden Harris, and wrote to him from his parsonage at Freshwater on August 20, 1617, declining an invitation to Win- chester for the Election of that year, when Harris was one of the Posers. ' I had,' he writes, ' an earnest desire to come and see you at Winton, but your Election fell out in the middle of August, and at that time I was unprovided of a curate ; and lastly, you may 1 See Stats. 17 Ed. IV, c. 2, and i Ric. Ill, c. 6, defining the jurisdiction of these Courts. 334 Annals of Winchester College. imagine how little pleasure I can take in that place, where I and my poor brother have found so little favour and grace.' I suppose they failed to get nominations. Dr. Samuel Fell was educated at Westminster. Philip, his son, probably owed his nomination to Harris. Robert Grove (adm. 1645) rose to be Bishop of Chichester (1691-6). In 1646 Parliament imposed an excise on beer. The Society sent in a petition to be exempted. Writing from the Six Clerks' office to his ' most honoured friend Dr. Harris/ Nicholas Love says : ' I received y r commands concerning ye excise of ye College, with y r petition to be exempted from the same ; but (by reason ye House in this conjunction of affayres is at no leazure), nothing yet hath been done. Cambridge is not exempted from ye charge, as was supposed, nor Eaton College, which hath a Parliament man (Rouse 1 ) for its head. The burgesses of Cambridge, the master of Eaton College, and wee for Winchester, have conferred about it, and intend upon ye first opportunitye, when ye House is in a fit temper for it, to putt in totis viribus for ye exemption ; in which you shall perceive ye readiness of y r servants to do all faythful service for that foundation.' Again in March, 1647 : ' I received both y r commands concerning ye excise of y* College, and till we come to handle ye matter of ye University of Oxford little will be done in ye House ; which time will not be long now, for ye Committee is going down to visit ye Colleges, and upon their report advice will be taken by all scholars and scholars' friends to exempt them from publique impositions. For ye mean time I have pre- vayled with ye Commissioners of ye Excise to intimate a connivency of the Excise for a time.' In view of this ' connivency,' the Bursars appear to have made a return of so much beer only as was consumed by the Commoners. It appears by the Bursars' book of 1647 that the exciseman collected 4 195. in. that year : ' Sol. Benjamin Smith, Collector! excisae pro biria. batillata ab extraneis, viz. pro 198 humbertons (barrels) ad vi d ; iv 1 xix 8 .' It does not appear what period this covered ; but in 1650 the same exciseman received us. ^d. for beer supplied to the Commoners (pro biria 1 Provost of Eton 1643-1658, and Speaker of Barebones' Parliament in 1653. Warden Harris. 335 batillata ab extraneis) between June 24, 1649, and July 27, 1650. These 'extranei ' therefore got through forty-five barrels in the thirteen months, about five gallons daily if allowance be made for the holidays, or two quarts apiece, assuming that there were ten of them at this time, which seems probable. The Society, acting under advice, no doubt, had returned only the beer which they supplied to the Commoners at a price. This did not satisfy the Commissioners of Excise ; and in 1652 I find a sum of 10 IDS. entered as paid to the exciseman. This sum, at sd. per barrel, represents a consumption of 840 barrels in the twelve months, about three-fourths of the actual con- sumption. Distributio pauperibus (1647-58) : ' Mulieri pauperi de Hibernia quae in bellis nuperis maritum amiserat, et possessionem annuam ad valorem cl 1 , j 8 : Rob to Moun- taine de Andever, qui amiserat per ignem ad valorem dccc 1 , j 1 : aliis pauperibus, viz. Ixxxij familiis qui bona ibidem amiserant per eundem ignem, v 1 : pauperi qui venerat ab Irelandia et eo revertebatur, j s : quatuor captivis qui pugnarant apud Naseby ij 8 : sex militibus generosis (cavaliers), vj 8 : pauperi scholari de Oxonia, j 1 : generoso incarcerate, vj 8 : duobus pueris mendicant, pro matre ex Hibernia puerperio laboranti, j 8 : pauperibus in Basingstoke igne spoliatis, v 1 : pauperi nautae ab Ostendensibus capto, j 8 : pauperi generoso qui fuerat regi Carolo a speciebus (a poor cavalier who had been grocer to King Charles), j 8 : tribus nautis de Gallia expositis in Cornwall et venientibus Hampton l , x 8 : generoso cuidam incarcerato, ij 1 : pauperi olim a campanis Eccl. Cathedralis (a poor man who had been a ringer at the cathedral church), j 8 : ad redimend. captos a Turcis, ij 8 : duobus militibus mancis, vj d : Paulo Isaiah a Judaismo converse, ij 1 : duodecim nautis de Bristollia a captivitate liberatis (twelve sailors of Bristol city who had been liberated from captivity), ij 8 : pauperi mendicanti ad aulae gradus, vj d : sex Gallis captis a Flandris, j 8 : M ro Goughagno (Geoghegan ?) ad instantiam ministrorum Londinensium (at the instance of the Assembly of Divines ?), j 1 : mercatori a Dunkerkis capto, nomine Read, j 8 vj d : tribus pueris et eorum patri cujus crura erant abscissa, ij 8 : Germano nobili exulanti religionis causa, v' : M ro Hagger * incarcerato propter debita, ij s vj d : M ro Davis, filio ministri Novae Angliae, ij 3 vj d .' 1 The road from the West country to Southampton lay through Salisbury and Winchester, there being no road through the New Forest which could be followed without a guide. 1 The ejected Rector of Chilcomb. 336 Annals of Winchester College. Custus aulae in 1648 : ' Pro ignitabulo ex thorace confecto calefaciendis cibis (a chafing dish for keeping victuals hot, made out of a corslet *), j" iij'V Books purchased in 1648 : Hooker's Works, 6s. : Salazar on Proverbs, 155. : Grotius on the Old and New Testament, 3 i6s. : Petavius de Theologicis Dogmatibus, 3 vols. : Salmasius in Solinum, 2 vols. : Cornelius a Lapide on the Books of Kings, on the Gospels, and his Ecclesiastical History, 4 vols. : Gerhard's Harmony : Loisii Opuscula, 3 vols. : Neirenburg de Origine Scripturae : Azarii Institutiones, 3 vols. : Ruderus in Martialem et Q. Curtium, 2 vols. : Prideaux' Praelectiones : Passeratii Catullus et Tibullus : Catena Graeca Patrum : John Knox's History : Dextri Chronicon : Laeti America : Tacitus : Gomari opera, 3 vols. : Fisher's Works, 3 vols. : Featlay's Sermons : Gualdi Historia : Biendi Historia de Bellis Civilibus Angliae : Gazari Historia Indiae Occidentalis : Bishop Montagu's Acta et Monumenta : History of the Earldom of Angus : altogether 28 6s. $d. We come to the Parliamentary visitation of 1649. The Committee for regulating the Universities had ousted the 'malignant members' of Oxford and Cambridge, and now turned to the reformation of Winchester and Eton 2 . In view of what was impending, Nicholas Love wrote in June to Harris : ' And that you may be y* more secured for the future, I advise you at the Assizes to apply to one Mr. Hill, a Parliament man and a lawyer, and entertain him to be of counsel for the College, when need shall be. My meaning is, to give him some small thing annually pro consiliis impendendis. I speak not this out of any respect to him, but wholly for the service,' &c. It does not appear that this advice was followed. On August 30 the Committee appointed Sir Henry Mildmay, Colonel Fielder, Lord Commissioner Lisle, M.P. for Winchester, ' And of course you turn every accoutrement now To its separate use, that your wants may be well met ; You toss in your breastplate your pancakes, and grow A salad of mustard and cress in your helmet.' T. Hood, ' Address to Mr. Dymoke, the Champion of England.' 2 ' Die Martis 29 Maii, 1649 : " Ordered by the Commons assembled in Par- liament that it be referred to the Committee for Regulating the Universities of Oxon and Cambridge to nominate Visitors for the regulating of the Colleges of Winchester and Eaton." Hen. Scobell, Clericus Parliament!.' Warden Harris. 337 Nicholas Love, Robert Reynolds, Francis Allen, Richard Major, John Hildersley (M.P. for Winchester in the Parlia- ments of 1654 and 1656), Sir Robert Wallop, Sir Thomas Ger- vase, Henry Bromfield, and George Marshall, the intruded Warden of New College 1 , to visit Winchester College, with instructions to report ' what present statutes should be taken away, and what persons removed.' Thomas Hussey, sen., Edward Hooper, Francis Rivett, and Richard Norton, Esq., were afterwards added to the Commission. The Commissioners visited the College in the week of the Epiphany Quarter Sessions, 1649-50 Harris had notice to attend and produce the statutes and records of the College, which he did, submit- ting at the same time the following statement : ' The foundation of the College by Winchester consisteth of these persons : One Warden, Dr. Harris. One Schoolmaster, Mr. Pottenger. Ten Fellows, viz. Mr. Wither, Mr. Colenett, Mr. Hackett, Mr. Chalkhill, Mr. Woodward, Mr. Bold, Mr. Richards, Mr. Trussell, Mr. Terry, Mr. May. Their employment is : 1. To perform divine service in the Chappell, which they do now according to the directorie, preaching by turn every Lord's day in the forenoon, and in the afternoon expounding some part of the Cathecisme. 2. To joyne with the Warden in managing the estate of the College, in letting leases and other collegiate Acts for which the consent of a major part of them is necessarily required. 3. To beare Office in the College as they shall be yearly chosen hereunto. 1 Warden Pinke having died, Nov. 2, 1647, of a fall downstairs in his own lodgings, the Parliamentary Committee sent 'down an order, forbidding the Fellows to proceed to elect his successor. The Fellows sent a deputation to Lord Say and Nathaniel Fiennes, whom they asked to befriend them for the election of a Warden. The answer which they got from Lord Say was that they were free to elect the ' Patriarch of Dorchester, Mr. John White*.' He was nominated, and had a few votes ; but Henry Stringer was elected Warden. In August, 1648, the Committee of Lords and Commons removed Stringer, and imposed George Marshall on the Society. * Ante, p. 293. Z 338 Annals of Winchester College. Our Officers are six in all, viz. : One Subwarden, who governs all in the Warden's absence, is one of the electors of scholars into and out of the College and a necessarie man in all accounts. Two Bursars, who have the receiving and expending of all the College rents, as well as in grain as money. One Sacrist, who hath the custodie of the Communion plate and other utensils of the Chappell, and is appointed together with the Warden and Subwarden to take the accounts of the Bursars, as well quarterly as yearly. One Outrider, who is to accompanie the Warden in viewing the College lands once or twice in the year, and letting estates in customarie holds where we have anie. One Claviger, who is intrusted with a key of the common chest ; there being three in all, the other two in the custodie of the Warden and Subwarden. Three Chaplains, viz. : Mr. Holloway, Mr. Cheese, Mr. Taylour. Their employment, together with the Fellows, has been to read praiers twice every day, at 10 and 4 of the clock ; and also to the children every morning, which they do now not according to the common praier book but in a generall forme, such as is usual in families. One Usher of the School, Mr. Christopher Taylour. One Singing Master, Mr. King. Three Clerks, Philip Taylour, John Shepheard, and (vacant). Their office is, to attend in the Chappell, to see it swept and kept cleane, to keepe the bells and the clock and to wait upon the Fellows at the table. Seventy children of the bodie of the house : These are instructed in the Latin and Greek tongue by the Schoolmaster and Usher, according to the severall forms wherein they are placed. For their instruction in religion they have a Cathecism Lecture * every Lord's day, in the afternoon ; and before it begins, the Usher is appointed to spend half an hour in particular ex- amination of them, what they remember of the former lecture. They are also appointed to take notes of the forenoon sermon, and to give account thereof to the Schoolmaster in writing. Besides they learn every Saturday some part of Nowell's 1 Many still living can remember the time when the Collegers at Eton were catechised during Lent at the Sunday afternoon service in the College chapel. Warden Harris. 339 Cathecism in the school. They have praiers every morning before they go to school performed in the Chappell by one of the Fellows or Chaplains, and so likewise at night before they go to bed. And after they are in bed a chapter of the Bible read by the Prepositor in every chamber. Besides these we have sixteen poor children whom we call Quiristers who are by Statute to make the Fellows' beds, and to wait upon the Scholars in the Hall. And fourteen Servants in Ordinarie, viz. : One manciple, two butlers, three cooks, one baker, two brewers, one miller, two horse-keepers, one gardener, one porter. All these have diet wages and liverye from the College. We have a Steward of our lands and an Auditor, who do not constantly reside heere ; but when they do, they have their diet with the Warden, and each of them a fee and liverie from the College.' So full and frank a statement as this deserved the considera- tion which it apparently received. No action whatever was taken against the Warden or the College. We have not got the Warden's answer to the following charges which were brought against him personally on this occasion, but they must have seemed, on the whole, undeserving of serious considera- tion to a Commission composed chiefly of his friends : ' The Warden there hath often preached for and practised super- stition, viz. : (1) In a sermon at the College he hath maintained corporall bowing at the name JESUS. (2) In a sermon at the cathedral he hath justified the ceremonies imposed by the bishops in their convocation ; affirming them to be but few, and those very significant (sic), and never rigorously im- posed ; and durst affirm that never any were punished unduly for refusing them. (3) In another sermon there he hath maintained the lawfulness and antiquity of organicall music in the Quire ; and that it is of excellent use in GOD'S service, and greatly approved of that which they call ye Songs of St. Ambrose. (4) Shortly after execution of that unjust censure in the Starre Chamber upon Mr. Burton, Mr. Prynne, and Mr. Bastwick, he used (in his sermon) many expressions reflecting on them, to ye grief of all honest Christians present. (5) He hath preached against such as have taken away the sur- plice and the church beautifyings (as he called them), saying, they Z 2 34 Annals of Winchester College. have taken away the canonicall coat, and he thought they would take away the gown also, and leave the poor priest stark naked at ye last ; and that new laws were made never before heard of. (6) He hath only served ye times; for, at his first coming to ye College he used no adoration to ye high altar, but afterwards (with other superstitions) fell to that. At the first convening of this Parliament he left it againe, used it since, and now forbears it. (7) He relinquishes that form of prayer before his sermon which at his first coming he used, and betook himself to that bidding form used by none but prelaticall superstitious persons. (8) He hath prayed for the Lord Ogle 1 and the King's kinne, desiring the destruction of those who were risen up against the King, comparing his condition to that of King David (who was hunted as a partridge), and did inform the enemies' souldiers of His Majestie's descent, and that the kingdoms by birthright are his, although Scott born, and therefore their duties to yield obedience to his commands. He hath also maintained the justness of the enemies' cause, affirming it to be good, altho 1 (by reason of their sins) it might miscarry. (9) He hath usually sent to the Shopps for wares on the Sab- bath Days. (10) It hath been credibly reported that he would not suffer the good gentlewoman his wife to keep a good book, but would take it from her, who was much troubled at his inconstancy in religion, and reasoning with him why he did now use superstitious bendings which he formerly preached against. (n) He did refuse to appear in the Assembly of Divines altho' chosen and summoned thereto. (12) In his time the Communion table was turned altarwise 2 , whereto himself and others did obeisance. (13) That he did send voluntarily with the rest of the Prebends (sic) his part of 100 to the King. (14) He with the rest of the College hath sent to the King money, horsemen, and plate V The following inventory of the contents of the chapel was 1 Sir W. Ogle, Governor of Winchester Castle. 2 In obedience to Laud's injunction. 3 It appears, by an inventory made August 12, 1648, that the reserve of plate in the muniment room had been reduced by the removal of the following articles, which no doubt found their way to King Charles : oz. dr. gr. Two basons and ewers with Bishop White's arms, weighing . 122 2 o Two little trencher salts Two plain silver tankards One ditto given by Mr. Robert Barker 182 4 12 Warden Harris. 341 taken in August, 1649. The reader will notice the absence of the organs, which are described in the inventory of 1646 as ' Two paire of organs, the one great, th' other a choire organ.' The Warden's love for 'organicall music' led him to keep them as long as he prudently could, but they were now bestowed out of sight, to wait for better times. ' In the Chappell and Vestrie. Imprimis. Two silver flaggons, double gilt, with a double case of leather ; weight 76 oz., o dwt., 21 grs. Item. Two communion cupps with covers and a box; weight, 30 oz., o dwt., 24 grs. Item. A faire pall of white and redd with Starrs and crownes of gold, lined. Item. One other pall of tisshowe (tissue), white and blew, lined with canvas. Item. One little cushion of purple velvet for ye pullpitt. Item. One pall of greene baudkin 1 silke with flowers of gold, lined. Item. A new pullpitt cloth of purple vellvett with ye Founder's Armes in ye midst and one cushion of ye same. Item. Two holland communion table clothes. Item. Two long cushions of grene vellvett th' one branched and th' other plaine. Item. Two olde cushions of tawney vellvett. Item. Three old cushions of tapestry, and one of Turkic worke with ye Founder's Armes. Item. Four silke cushions of needleworke. Item. A new cushion of tawney satyn for the Communion Table. Item. One old carpet of bustean, streaked. Item. Two deske clothes of redd damaske ; one other deske cloth paved with fringe. Item. Four stall clothes of redd baudkin silke, with long cushions made of an olde pall. Item. Three old English Bibles, ye bible of ye last translation in 2 volumes, 410., embossed, old, and ye same in 3 volumes, new. Item. De Lyra 2 in five libris : Moyses, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, and four books of Kings. Item. Idem in Novum Testamentum. Item. One reading deske of brasse, the head of woode in ye midst of ye Quire. 1 Ante, p. 323. A converted Jew of the fourteenth century. ' If this Lyra never had played Luther would never have danced ' was a saying of the Catholic writers. 342 Annals of Winchester College. Item. One Communion Table. Item. One joyned forme and one other forme in the Quire. Item. Four great Pewes in ye lower part (the ante chapel) with doores ; two long seats with backes. Item. Two kneeling deskes th' one fastened to ye Pewe, th' other loose. Item. One wainscott seate for the Commensals. Item. Two long wainscott seates with backe and benches behinde them. Item. One joyned forme broken ; four plaine formes. Item. One little Pew and seate of boorde by the south wall : four setled benches in the Quire. Item. Two joyned Seates with doores in the lower parte. Item. A long table with a frame seate on either side, and one other at ye end, in the Vestrie. Item. A Portall in the Vestrie with locke and keye, latch and catch ; a chist for the candles. Item. One brasse candlestick for the Subwarden. Item. Three pewter candlesticks, two of tinne, twelve wooden, four of yron for ye Masters : and two yron and six wooden for ye children. Item. Five bells, a clock and a watch bell : two peeces of brass, the epitaph of a Warden of Oxon 1 . Item. One bearer (bier), and a long forme with wainscot in ye cloisters.' In January, 1651-2, the Parliamentary Committee did a thing which caused no small stir in both Colleges. A Fellow of New College, named Hiscocks (an intruded one, whose name does not appear in the lists of Winchester Scholars) made a vacancy, whereupon the Committee put in one Stoughton, alleging in their ordinance of January 22 that the College was ' not at present in a capacity to make their election in a statutable way, in regard that divers of the Fellows who were at the last Election at Winchester College were under deprivation for certain misdemeanours of which complaynt hath been made to this committee.' 1 Probably of John Bouke, who died March 2, 1442-3. This brass in two pieces is carried on in the inventories for more than twenty years after it became de- tached from the wall without anybody taking the trouble to refix it, and ulti- mately disappeared An item in the Bursars' book for 1670 of zd. 'pro vase ad recipienda ahenea monumentorum fragmenta' a vessel to receive broken brasses, shows the state to which these memorials of the dead were reduced through neglect. Warden Harris. 343 James Sacheverell (adm. 1645), the scholar who would in the ordinary course have succeeded to this vacancy (and did succeed to one a few weeks later), petitioned the committee against this act of interference with his vested interest, and so did the scholars generally on the ground that they ought not to suffer, when their time came, for any disorders at Oxford. The Com- mittee seem to have acknowledged the force of the arguments of the petitioners, and did not interfere again. One good ordinance the Committee made a month later (Feb. 19), that resigning Fellows should place their resignations in the hands of the Warden of New College. The object was to check a practice of placing resignations in the hands of a friend to be used at the right time to secure the election of a relative at Winchester. Thomas Flatman, a scholar of 1649, was called to the Bar and published a volume of poems in 1682. His friend, Oldys, praises him all round : ' Should Flatman for his client strain the Laws, The painter gives some colour to the cause ; Should criticks censure what the poet writ, The Pleader quits him at the Bar of Wit ! ' 'This obscure and forgotten rhymer,' as Warton calls him, forgetting that Flatman was a Wykehamist, has the merit of writing a stanza which Pope thought worth copying, The Dying Christian to his $oul: 'When on my sick bed I languish, Full of sorrows, full of anguish, Fainting, gasping, trembling, crying, Panting, groaning, speechless, dying, Methinks I hear some gentle spirit say, Be not fearful, come away ! ' Flatman was the speaker ad portas in 1654 : ' Flatman orationem habenti in ingressu oppositorum xiij 8 iv d ,' is the entry in the accounts of that year. Francis Turner (adm. 1650) was a son of the Dean of Canterbury. After holding the Mastership of St. John's College, Cambridge, and the Deanery of Windsor, he was elevated to the See of Rochester in 1683, and a few months afterwards to the See of Ely. He was one of the seven Bishops under James II, and was displaced in 1691, in company with Archbishop Sancroft and 344 Annals of Winchester College. other Bishops who would not take the oath of allegiance to William III. His schoolfellow, Thomas Ken (adm. 1651), was the son of a Wykehamist, Thomas Ken, or Kenn, of Essendon, Herts (adm. 1627), who practised as an attorney at Great Berk- hamstead. Ken entered Commoners in 1646, and left for New College in 1656, having recorded the fact by cutting his name and the date in two places in the Cloisters, where it may yet be seen. He returned to Winchester as a Fellow in 1666, upon the death of Stephen Cooke. He was Vice-Warden in 1673 and Bursar in 1677 and 1678. In 1679 he went to Holland as chaplain to the Prince of Orange, and then to Tangier, as chaplain to the Earl of Dartmouth. On his return to Winches- ter in 1692 he served the office of Sacrist. During his year of office, the lighting of the chapel was improved by the purchase of twenty-four new sconces, costing 2 us. Two copies of the Book of Common Prayer and repairs of the old ones cost 3 us., and five ells of holland for the Holy Table cost i 75. 8d. It is noticeable that there were four celebrations of the Holy Communion during his year of office, instead of three, which was the usual number at that time. There were only two celebrations in the year when he was admitted. It may have been owing to his voice at College meetings that sub- scriptions were given of 5 to the Protestant Churches of Bohemia, 5 to the exiled French Protestants, and 50 to the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral, during his year of office. He was Vice- Warden again in 1683. An organ, bought of Renatus Harris in that year for 55, was long known as Ken's organ. It stood in one of the Fellow's chambers. ' Sol. Harris emendanti organa in camera Mri Thistlethwayte, jl js yjcy i s an entry in the Bursars' book of 1701. In a similar entry in the book of 1735 it is called Bishop Ken's organ. We have already shown (ante, Ch. IV) that Ken's chamber before he went to Holland was the one over Third (lately added to the Warden's lodgings), which he shared with two other Fellows, Chalkhill and Coles. Whether he was in the same chamber after his return from Tangier I am unable to say. Ken resigned his Fellowship on being made Bishop of Bath and Wells. His autograph resignation, dated Feb. 10, 1684-5, * s preserved in the muniment room. He ' more especially,' says Evelyn 1 , 1 Diary, Feb 4, 1685 6. Warden Harris. 345 'assisted the devotions of Charles II in his last sickness.' With his schoolfellow Turner he was tried and acquitted, with the rest of the seven bishops, in 1688, for refusing to read the ' Declaration of Liberty of Conscience/ and was displaced after the Revolution for refusing the oath of allegiance to William III. His Manual of Prayers was published in 1674. There is a portrait of Ken in the Warden's Gallery. John Potenger, who was schoolmaster after Stanley, resigned in 1652, in consequence, according to tradition, of Puritanical innovations, and was succeeded by William Burt (adm. 1618), a native of Winchester. Potenger's son (adm. 1658) was a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxon, and went to the Bar, becoming a poet and miscellaneous writer, and ending his days in the enjoyment of the little patent place of Comptroller of the Pipe, which Horace Walpole afterwards held. The Register of Donations to the College Library was begun in 1652, at a cost of 3 25. for the vellum, los. for binding, and 2 for making the original entries. It was kept up until the death of Warden Barter. The following will be found in it under date 1652 : ' Honoratissimus Olivarius Dominus Protector Reipublicae Angliae ad instantiam clarissimi viri Nicolai Love *, armigeri, hos libros olim ad bibliothecam Ecclesiae Cathedralis Stae. Trinitatis Winton. per- tinentes huic Collegio dono dedit.' Then follow four and a half pages of MSS. and printed books. The first half of this entry has been nearly smudged out with ink, probably by some officious Royalist after the Restoration, who did not want it to appear that the Society was indebted to Cromwell for a present of such value. These books, however, were not exactly given to the Society. They had been removed to London after the suppression of the Dean and Chapter in October, 1646, and remained there until Cromwell, at the instance of Love, allowed the Society to buy them at a low price. This appears from the Bursars' book of 1653 : ' Sol. pro libris deportatis a Winton. ad Londin. vj 1 viij 8 : por- tantibus libros emptos a civitate Wynton. ad Collegium, iij 8 : pro libris deportatis a civitate Winton. ad Collegium, iij 1 .' 1 The Society acknowledged Love's courtesy in 1653 by a present of a sugar- loaf costing i 2s. 6d. 346 Annals of Winchester College. The following books had been bought three years pre- viously : ' Ravanelli Thesaurus, 2 vols., i 8s. : Paraei Opera, Pt. Ill, i6s. : Paraeus in Epistolam ad Romanes, ^i 2s. : Brockman's Systema Theologiae, 2 vols., i 55.* Samuel Desmaret's Elenchus Theologiae, i : Hollinger's Thesaurus, 95. : Laurentius in Difficiliora Loca Epist. Pauli, 85. : Vossius de Baptismo, 45. : Grotius de Jure Belli et Pacis, 85. : Brockmanni Speculum, 25. : Corderius in Job, i6s. : Faber's Historical and Theological Institutes, i 25. : Cartwright's Harmony, i6s.' Also the following lot for 3 25. : ' Simplicius in Epictetum ; Manilii Astronomicon, ed. Scaliger ; Maioli's Dies Caniculares ; Pancirolus de rebus inventis'et deperditis ; Plautus, ed. Taubmann ; Gavanti de litibus sacris ; Pevesii disputa- tiones, vols. i, 4, 5 : Vidat et Alvarez de auxiliis divinae gratiae ; Del Rio's Disquisitiones magicae ; and Godfrey's Opuscula. ' Edward Colley, C.F., of Glaston, Rutland (adm. 1654), was brother-in-law to Caius Gabriel Gibber, whose elder son, Colley, the dramatist and poet laureat, sought admission in vain. The younger son, Lewis (adm. 1697), was more fortunate, and died a Fellow of New College in 1711. Colley Gibber's unlucky son Theophilus (see Goldsmith's Essays) was a Commoner. Colley Gibber tells us in his autobiography how Lewis Gibber got into College and he did not : ' Being,' he says, ' by my mother's side a descendant of Wyke- ham, my father, who knew little how the world was to be dealt with imagined my having this advantage would be security enough for my success, and so sent me simply down thither without the least favourable recommendation or interest, but that of my unaided merit, and a pompous pedigree in my pocket. . . . The experience which my father thus bought at my cost taught him, some years after, to take a more judicious care of my younger brother, Lewis Gibber, whom, with a present of a statue of the founder, of his own making 2 , he recommended to the same College.' It appears from the Bursars' book of 1655 that a fox was kept in the College in that year : ' Pro emendanda catena vulpis j 8 ' ' Published in 1617. Doctrines contained in this famous commentary mili- tated against the right divine of kings ; so that James I had it burned publicly by the hangman. 3 The bronze statue which stands in a niche over the door of School.' Warden Harris. 347 is the entry. The chain was often mended, and captivity did not agree with the fox, which was replaced frequently. One Roger Oades was paid 35. for one which he brought from Chamber- house in 1658, and 85. for bringing another from Upham in 1659. A cub was bought for 35. in 1662. The kennel (domus vulpina) was whitewashed in 1663. Sheep's paunches were bought to feed these foxes : ' Pro xx ly henges pro vul- pecula v 8 ' occurs in 1673. An earthen vessel, by its name ' a panch ' ' No sickly noggin, but a jolly jug,' was bought in 1655 : ' Pro fictili majori Anglice a " panch" is.' The word does not occur again. The first allusion to deal or timber occurs in the Bursars' book for 1655, through the circumstance of a hundred deals having been bought at Southampton for the purpose of making a new cooler in the brewhouse. It was the great demand for timber after the fire of London eleven years later which brought deal into general use in this kingdom. The protectionist Evelyn says 1 : ' I will not complain what an incredible mass of ready money is yearly exported into the northern countries for this sole commodity, which might be saved were we industrious at home, or could have it out of Virginia.' The entry in the Bursars' book is ' Sol. Hodson brasiatori profisciscenti Hampton duabus vicibus pro eligendo et emendo ly deale bordes pro ly cooler de novo faciendo, iv 8 vj d : pro c deale bordes (120 to the 100), v 1 .' The labour in making the cooler cost i 125 \d. 1 Silva, Bk. i. ch. 22. CHAPTER XXI. WARDEN BURT (1658-1679.) Burt schoolmaster. Succeeds Warden Harris. Henry Beeston. Builder's prices in 1658. Accession of Charles II. Loyalty of the Society. Scholars of 1661. Cost of provisions. Supervisor's remarks in 1662. Renewal of Charter of Privileges. Restoration of Wykeham's chantry. The plague in 1666. Scholars removed to Crawley. Election held at Newbury. Chute; Welstead; Sacheverell; Norris. Hambledon Camoys. Receipts and expenses on Progress. BURT the schoolmaster succeeded Harris. A petition by the intruded Warden (Marshall) and Fellows of New College ' Illustrissimo Potentissimoque Domino, Domino Olivario, Dei Gratia Angliae, Scotiae, et Hiberniae Protectori,' for Oliver's sanction to the appointment, is preserved at Winchester, never having been presented owing to Oliver's death on September 3. Henry Beeston (adm. 1644) succeeded Burt as schoolmaster, and held that office until he was chosen Warden of New College in 1679. The epitaph on the south wall of St. Michael's Church, Winchester, to his seven children, six of whom died under two, and one at eight years of age, runs thus over a row of seven tiny skulls : 'M.S. Septem liberorum, Elizabethae, Francisci, Gulielmi, Mariae, Georgii, Annae, Caroli, qui omnes sesquiennes, praeter Gulielmum qui octoennis, decessere. Henricus | Beeston Anna P P moesti posuerunt CIO ID CLXXV "Taliurn est regnum coelorum." Matt. xix. 14.' Warden Burt. 349 The following builder's prices in 1658 may be quoted : ' Bricks, 2s. zd. per hundred ; lime. 45. per quarter ; sand, 55. per load ; tiles, 25. per hundred; ridge ditto, 35. per dozen ; flints, is.6d. per load ; hair, 8d. per bushel. Daily wages : bricklayer, is. 6d. ; labourer, i^d. ; ordinary ditto, 8d. ; sawing planks, 45. 6d. per hundred feet run.' The College bells rang merrily on the news of the Restoration, and loyal Dr. Burt with Richards and Coles, two of the Fellows, went up to London with an address. Chaise hire (conductio rhedae) to London and back cost 3 155. It is the first recorded instance of a Warden of Winchester College travelling other- wise than on horseback. Hyde (Lord Clarendon) presented the deputation at Court, and deigned to accept a pair of gloves and some pieces of gold (chirothecae cum auro) value 4 25. The deputation spent 11 i6s. 3d. on the journey, and sank 17 95. on exchanging Commonwealth money for new coins of Charles II 1 . They should have waited for the proclamation which shortly came out, giving currency to the Commonwealth money at its full value a politic course which saved a good deal of discontent. Distributio pauperibus in 1660-70 : ' Anastasio Comneno, Archiepo Laodiceae in Ecclesia Graeca, i : generoso militi depauperato, 2s. : mendicantibus in Collegio, is. ; ministro seni a sequestratoribus depauperato, as. 6d. : Middleton de Barystickin Lane 2 , as. Leigh, quern Olivarius venumdavit et depor- tatum voluit ad insulam Barbadoes (whom Oliver had sold for a slave to Barbadoes), as. : Lumes, quem in fodina mutilavit impetus ruentium carbonum (injured by a colliery accident), 6d. : pauperi cuidam pedagogo de Basingstoke, cui laesum erat cerebellum, is. : cuidam generoso de Lusitania, exulanti religionis ergo, 55. : clerico de Southampton dum oppidum peste laborabat (while the plague raged in that town), IDS. : militi regio ulceribus scatenti, 6d. : quatuor captivis de Algiers, is. : Clement quondam choristae, morbo et pauperie laboranti, as. 6d.' Among the scholars of the year 1661 appear a Bishop (Man- ningham), a Chief Justice (Herbert), a Secretary of State (Tren- 1 Thus I find that ^6495 of the usurper's coin was taken in May 1664 by Viner, Backhouse and Meynell at a discount of s ios. per 100 and re- coined (Domestic State Papers, vol. xcviii). * The old name, according to Milner, of Canon Street The lane in which pigs were stuck ; ' barrow ' in Hampshire meaning a young male pig. 35 Annals of Winchester College. chard), a Prebendary (Houghton), a Public Orator (Cradock), and a Head Master (Harris). Another (Peachman) was a Fellow of both Colleges successively, and left a legacy to the College Library. Two, Saint Loe and Taylour, died of small pox, the one in the prime of life, the other while yet a scholar. The staurus expensarum for 1661 : QRS. BUS. PKS. > S. d. Wheat, 126 batches . . . 141 6 o 45 brewlocks . . . 55 Audit bread . . . 030 Election bread ... 112 Flour at election . . 112^ for Warden . . 112^ Waste .... 040 380 10 nj 151 6 3 Malt, 45 brewloeks . . . 315 o o Beer at Election ... 120 Audit . . . i o o 435 !5 8 317 2 o Oats, 13 qrs 17 17 o Oatmeal, 4 qrs. 6 bus 14 5 o Oxen, 45^, 26,918 Ibs 336 9 6 Oxheads, &c. , 9 18 o Sheep, 632, 24,888 Ibs 311 2 3 Sheep's heads, &c., 460 Ibs 5 15 o Suet, 496 Ibs 640 Hops, 676 Ibs 18 3 3 Brawn 2 10 o Cheese and butter (quantity not mentioned) . 28 13 4^ Bay and table salt 7 18 4 Salt fish 24 3 o Mustard and vinegar 645 Spices 7 15 3 Sugar 613 Raisins and currants n 19 4 Olive oil 040 Rice 39 Charcoal (69 quarters) 33 12 4 Tallwood, 33,700 logs 28 4 n Faggots, 37,950 39 13 o2 Candles 9 15 o 1744 19 8| Warden Burt. 351 The supervisors say at the Election of 1662 : ' Mr. Marshall (one of the Fellowes) hardly ever attends common prayer in Chapel, and never wears a surplice. A scholar named Hunt (adm. 1658) has not obeyed the Warden's order that he shall wear a surplice, and the Warden hath not punished him for con- tumacy. The Warden takes a vessel primae infusionis (of the first and strongest wort) of every brewing for his own use, and never dines or sups in Hall except at Election. The Chaplains take their bread, beer, and commons out of College.' And in 1668 they complain ' That the Rolls * of persons accused are many times not so much taken notice of as they ought to be, punishment being oft times not inflicted upon peccant persons. Clark (one of the chaplains) enter- tains townsmen in his chamber, drinking and singing of rude songs, to the great disturbance of the greater part of the College. The choristers, who ought to be waiting in Hall, are so far exempted from this duty, that they become appropriated to Mr. Warden, and consequently the children are forced to fetch their own beer, and there are seldom more than three choristers to wait upon them at meals. The children are served with dead and stoop't beer, which they cannot well drink. The meat is over roasted and boiled by the cook ', and the best of the wort is taken from the brewhouse, so that the rest becomes smaller.' However, the supervisors of the following year say, under the hand of Warden Woodward : ' In this scrutiny there was nothing but ye beere complained of ; and Mr. Warden hath taken care yt it be mended.' In 1662 the Society bought for 20 the following books, which were priced as under : s. d. Calvisii Chronologia . . . . . . . . i 10 o Concilia Novissima Gallica . ; . ... 0180 Monasticon, Part II. i 10 o Bp. Brumbrigg's Sermons o 15 o Faber's Opus Concionum 2 10 o Lotichii res Germanica 2 10 o Meisneri opera 200 Placaei Disputationes o 12 o Placaeus de Imputatione Peccati o 10 o 1 Lists of names for punishment. ' The Bill ' at Eton means the same thing. 1 The dripping and grease were his perquisites. 35 2 Annals of Winchester College. s. d. Rampii Bibliotheca Portabilis, u vols 500 Vossii Thesaurus 060 Cornelius a Lapide in Proverbia et Solomon . . . i o o Bochart, Geographia Sacra 170 Also four Books of Common Prayer, i 8s.; two Litur- gies, in gilt bindings, 2; two smaller Liturgies, in gilt bindings, for the Holy Table, i8s. ; six other copies, plain bound, 2. In 1665 twelve more Books of Common Prayer for the Commoners, two in large folio, for the Warden and Sub-Warden, and 10 plain bound, for the stalls, were bought. The Charter of Privileges was renewed for the last time under Charles II. The fees on the renewal were as follows : s. d. Attorney-General in gold 5 17 6 1 Drawing the Report o 10 o Drawing and engrossing the bill 600 Doorkeeper 026 Mr. Nicholas in the Secretary's office 2 . . . . 12 o o Doorkeepers . . . 036 Fee at Signet Office 7 17 o Privy Seal Office 7 16 8 At the Patent Office : Paid for a skin of vellum, with a follower and silk strings i 16 o The clerk there 2 13 4 Drawing and entering the docket 030 The Lord Chancellor's gentlemen 2 16 8 Sealbearer's fee 030 The clerk 100 At the Hanaper Office : Enrolment 200 Counter enrolment 890 Fees of the officers of the Chancellor and Master of the Rolls i ii o 1 Gold being at a premium. In 1662 the sum of 5 6s. Bd. and in 1665 the sum of 5 us. %d. was disbursed for five gold Jacobuses to be given to the Lord Chancellor, who had revived the fee given to Lord Burghley and his suc- cessors prior to the Commonwealth. 2 Quaere, son of Sir Edward Nicholas, Secretary of State under Charles I and II. Warden Burt. 353 s. d. Paid for box to hold the patent 050 the solicitor for his paines . . . .500 carriage of the charter to Winchester . 026 105 The tomb of Wykeham and his chantry or mortuary chapel in the nave of Winchester Cathedral underwent in 1664 certain repairs, at the time when the Cathedral was being restored, as far as was possible, to its former state and appearance, after the devastation committed during the Civil War and Common- wealth. The chantry Wykeham built in his lifetime ; and his body was interred within it, pursuant to a direction contained in his will : ' Item lego corpus meum, cum ab hac luce migravero, tradendum ecclesiastice sepulture in medio cuiusdam capelle in navi dicte ecclesie ex parte australi eiusdem per me de novo constructed The tomb, if I may quote Lowth's description of it, ' is of white marble, of very elegant workmanship, considering the time, with his effigies in his pontifical robes lying along upon it.' Milner 1 gives a full description both of chantry and tomb. The following entries in the Bursars' book of 1664 refer to what was done in that year: s. d. Sol. M ro Bird pro reparando monumento fundatoris n 70 M ro Hawkins pingenti et deauranti monumentum fundatoris ex nostra parte ..... 6 13 8 2 Fabro ferrario conficienti ferreum le hearse 3 pro statua fundatoris . . . . . . o 17 6 Eidem conficienti novam serram cum clave et duplici vecte ad capellam monumenti ..... o 17 o Pro xij ulnis canabi pro tegumento ad statuam ad xx d per ulnam ; et pro conficiendo eodem . . i i 10 1 History of Winchester, Pt II, Ch. ii. 3 New College paid the other half of the bill. 3 Used here, I think, in its primary sense of ' Candelabrum ecclesiasticum quod ad caput cenotaphii erigi solet ' (Ducange, sub voc. ' hersia'). At this period it was more often used to denote the tomb itself : ' In place of scutcheons that should deck thy hearse Take better ornaments, my tears and verse.' Ben Jonson, Epig. xxvii A a 354 Annals of Winchester College. s. d. Job. Lockett pro xxxiiij tridentibus acuminatis ferreis pro eodem et pro les spikes 380 Eidem emendanti ferream vectem ibidem et pro le rivett o i 6 George et operario per tres dies et dim. faciendo fora- mina et cum plumbo figent. les spikes circa summi- tates tumuli fundatoris 094 24 15 10 These repairs were rendered necessary by the damage which the monument had sustained during the Civil War. The fact of the epitaph 1 in brass letters inlaid round the slab, on which the marble figure of Wykeham reposes, having escaped injury, gives credit to the tradition that some pious Wykehamist afforded protection to it. The Founder's monument was repaired again in 1797, at a cost of 48 45. 8d., and is now in good order. Under custus capellae et librariae in 1665 I find a reference to a present from Margaret Cavendish, afterwards Duchess of Newcastle, of two of her works. Burt's letter acknowledging them is not preserved. The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge acknowledged a presentation copy of one of her works in the following language : ' Most excellent Princess, you have unspeakably obliged us all, but not in one respect alone. Whensoever we find ourselves non- plussed in our studies, we repair to you as our oracle : if we knock at the door, you open it to us ; if we compose an history, you are the remembrancer; if we be confounded and puzzled among the philosophers, you disentangle and assort all our difficulties,' &c. Custus armorum in 1665 : 'Mr. Richards, for a buffe coat and vest, 2 8s.; Vander (the London carrier), taking the vest up to be altered, is. 6d. ; the tailor, making it looser and larger, 2s. 6d. ; changing the buffe coat for ' Willelmus dictus Wykeham jacet hie nece victus, Istius ecclesie presul, reparavit eamque. Largus erat dapifer; probat hoc cum divite pauper. Consiliis pariter regni fuerat bene dexter. Hunc docet esse pium fundacio collegiorum, Oxonie primum Wintonieque secundum. Jugiter oretis tumulum quicunque videtis Pro tantis meritis ut sit sibi vita perennis.' Warden Burt. 355 another one, 105. ; leather for sleeves for the vest, is. ; tailor makin the sleeves, and for buttons, galloon and dimity for lining, zs. 6d. A pair of holsters, a breastplate, crupper, bit and bridle, 155. ; cleaning the carbine and pistols, 35. ; Webb (the College trooper), carrying arms two days, 55. : gunpowder, 6d.' Walter Harris, a scholar admitted to New College in 1666, was physician to William III, and attended Queen Mary on her death bed. At Whitsuntide, 1666, the plague made its appearance at Winchester. It had visited Southampton in the preceding autumn, while it was raging in London, and the],Society seem to have subscribed to a fund for the relief of the sufferers : ' Dat. ex gratia miserime afflictis peste et fame in villa South- ampton x 1 ,' is an entry in the Bursars' books of 1665. The memory of its ravages in Winchester on this occasion is kept up by the annual festival of the Natives' Society, which was founded for the succour of the orphans and widows of the victims. Upon the sickness appearing in the Soke the School broke up. Some of the scholars were sent home, one of them, who had nowhere to go for a fortnight, receiving a small sum for his subsistence meanwhile : ' Dat. Houghton puero, cum jussus esset excedere e collegio per duas septimanas et non haberet ubi comode viveret, vj 9 .' The rest were removed to Crawley, a village five miles west of Winchester, and lived in a farmhouse there for a month. Why they were not sent to Moundsmere, where the tenant was obliged to receive them under the circumstances, does not appear. No reason is re- corded, but Moundsmere is further off, and possibly the build- ings were out of repair, or the tenant was recalcitrant. The College was closed while the sickness lasted, the servants being dismissed on board wages, and Roger Oades, the old servant who fetched the fox in 1658, minding the outer gate and bring- ing over victuals to Crawley in panniers on the College horses. These are the entries in the Bursars' book relating to the affair: s. d. Pro domo conducts, ad Crawley a quodam Henrico Talmage n o o Operariis ibidem 10 19 i Rogero Oades attendenti portas et portanti victualia ad Crawley o 10 o Pro carriagiis 17 4 4 Pro impedito prati foeno per lusus puerorum . . 200 A a 2 356 Annals of Winchester College. It does not appear certain that any scholar died of the plague ; but there was a falling off in the consumption of bread and beer to the extent, as compared with the previous year, of 15,360 Ibs. of bread, and 200 hhds. of beer, which shows how many absentees there must have been 1 . The plague broke out again in the summer of 1667. While it was raging, the two Wardens met at Hursley (as near as the Warden from Oxford dared to venture), and decided that the election for 1667 should be held at Newbury. The election was held there accordingly, Burt meeting the other Warden at Speenhamland, a mile out of Newbury, on the road to Oxford, and Bampton, the senior scholar, speaking the oration ' ad Portas * there. The election of 1667 continued to be the only instance of an election held without the walls of the College until the new governing body came into office. It is their practice to hold elections at the Westminster Palace Hotel, London. College seems to have been closed from the latter part of August until the end of December. No deaths are recorded ; but there is an allusion to the cost of covering the graves of those who died of the plague (not necessarily College people) which maybe seen in 'Long Hills,' the winding valley which divides ' Hills ' from Twyford Down. The Bursars' book for 1667 contains the following entries : s. d. Pro conventu apud Hursley et aliis expensis . . 156 Pro expensis electionis apud Newbury . . . 51 5 9 Bampton pro oratione apud conventum in Speen- hamland o 13 4 Silver scolari pro comunis per xiij septimanas . . 200 Servis absentibus pro comunis 50 4 6 Vice custodi pro pane et potu tempore pestilentiae per xvi septimanas i 17 4 Septem aliis sociis pro simili, item M ro informatori et uni capellano 16160 Ixiv scolaribus pro defectu comunarum . . . 112 14 o Choristis pro simili 10 10 o Pro le tar et pitch ad purgand. cameras scolarium . 009 Pro sepeliendis sepulcris pestilentibus ad Long Hills . i o o 1 The year's consumption was only 118 quarters of wheat, say 74,640 Ibs. of bread at 60 Ibs. to the bushel, and 720 hhds. or 38,880 gallons of beer, whereas 150 quarters of wheat and 920 hhds. of beer were used in 1665. Warden Burt. 357 The Society appear to have behaved very liberally to the sufferers in the parishes of St. John and St. Peter Cheeshill. An item in the Bursars' book of 1668 of \d. for incense to burn in chapel, perhaps as a disinfectant, recalls Evelyn's observa- tion * that perfume was burnt in the Chapel Royal before the service began on Easter Day, 1684. Ten years later Widow Tipper, the relict of the College chandler, obtained a gratuity of 6 135. ^d. ' causa damni circa ly tallow tempore pestis anno MDCLXVI.' The rule was that the butcher should supply the chandler with a stated quantity of tallow to be made into candles for use in College. While the plague was raging, the consumption of meat, and consequently the supply of tallow, fell off, so that Tipper had to buy tallow elsewhere. Hence his widow's application. The following memorandum by one of the Bursars of 1731 will explain the arrangement with the chandler : ' The butcher is to deliver 1600 Ibs of tallow gratis to the chandler, out of which the chandler is to deliver 133 dozen and 4 Ibs. of candles at i8d. per dozen Ibs. for the exchange and iQd. per dozen Ibs. for the duty and cotton. DOZEN LBS. To the Warden 28 Ten Fellows 20 Schoolmaster i Usher i Cook 6 Chaplains 6 Clerks i 6 Ibs. Butler .'. ... . . 228,, Brewer ....... 2 Porter 3 The children 42 133 2 Ibs. ' The overplus, if any, belongs to the Bursars. Usually there is an overplus of a dozen and a few pounds by the absence of the children at Christmas.' Edward Chute, the last scholar admitted in 1669-70, was a grandson of Challoner Chute, of the Vyne, Esq., who was Speaker of the House of Commons in Richard Cromwell's 1 Diary, March 30, 1684. 358 Annals of Winchester College. Parliament, and grandfather of John Chute of the Vyne, Horace Walpole's correspondent. Thomas Welstead (adm. 1670) died Jan. 13, 1676-7, of a blow from a stone; as his epitaph in Cloisters tells us : ' Hoc sub marmore sepultus est THOMAS WELSTEAD Quern calculi ictu mors Prostravit : in hac scola Primus erat, nee, Ut speramus, in caelo ultimus est. Quod pro Oxonia adiit 13 die Januarii i domini 1676 Anno 1 aetatis suae 18.' Henry Sacheverell (adm. 1671) was not the notorious Dr. Sacheverell, but ' a very ingenious gentleman of the same name who died young, to whom Addison dedicated an early paper of verses 1 .' John Norris, another scholar of 1671, was nominated by Bishop Morley. He matriculated at Exeter College, and became a Fellow of All Souls' in 1680. He was author of An Essay towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelli- gible World. John Packer, who was nominated by Charles II in 1672, was a son of John Packer of Groombridge, Evelyn's friend. Custus capellae in 1672 contains an item of 2s. ' pro veneno ad conservationem organorum,' to save the bellows from being eaten by the rats. Under custus aulae 'Seven ells holland for Fellows' table, 195. lod. ; thirty-three ells lockeram for napkins, 395. io *t* 'o O '3 o O O !<, XtX oa X patf pa P4 pa T3 c J2 ^J rt u ~lN IN -IN -IN IN -W- "** il "rt ^-" w C) ft HI m H a M a n M HI H CK| X || .. u <0 O O O CJ to . - ... cs^-^ ..^w. 3. . 3. . S3- ~^\ n I I I -J - 1 S.S s.S -S 'B.S ' --g 3 & ! g s g -I 1 gj I u. 5 ^^.g j.g.g Sj5.g fe^-c -O.H 5 J pqJ-^J |*JJ^jJJ ' '-o 'I 5 ^ -OT3 "oo-a ^o-o ^o-o ^o-o S; fc ss & sa ^s |sS 52*9 Irfi so ^g I sS -sSg ^8 -sSg | go 3 o sii -s i -s i 5^5 *< j) B <->l)iJ jjys 5 3 SCQS S MS t/3^ * ^TJ-O 5 T3-a - T3 T3 -Sm .5 .5 | o IS 8 ."S>|o 8!S>| o t .2 * K. ?? "* t! Warden Nicholas. 381 The Beer allowed the Scholars is such a certain quantity to each Table, at every Meal ; which is after the rate of something more than a Pint to each Scholar at Dinner, and at Supper, and something less than a Pint to him at Breakfast, besides Beavor-Beer after Dinners and Suppers in Summer-time. The College found it necessary, in order to hinder the great waste which the Scholars made of Beer (even to the value of some Hogsheads Weekly, above what was needful for them) to order them a fixt quantity. And the House did kindly intend to have it divided equally among the Scholars, by giving each of them a separate quantity in a Copper Pot * by itself, which was provided for that Purpose; but the Scholars shewing an unbecoming dislike of this Provision, they have a certain quantity set down at every Meal, which they are to share among themselves, as they can agree. These Alterations, so much for the real Benefit and Comfort of the Scholars, and for the Ease of their Relations, had been some time since made, and would not be now so industriously Misrepresented as they are, if the Warden had not, for some private Reasons, constantly opposed these, as well as all other Alterations, and did not now endeavour, for the same Reasons, to make them be thought of less Advantage to the Scholars than they really are. These commons were further improved in 1765. The ' course of beef after that year was : Monday ... . 40 Ibs. boiled. Tuesday. ,...,. . Wednesday .... Thursday .... Friday None. Saturday .... Sunday 30 Ibs. roast. When Wednesday was a fast or vigil, and on Wednesdays in Ember Weeks, the beef was stopped, and the following pudding, costing 6s., was substituted : Flour i peck. Bread . . . . . 8 loaves. Raisins ... 2 Ibs. Currants .... 2 Ibs. J Eggs (15) 20. Spice \ oz. Milk ..... 6 quarts. Suet 6 Ibs. 1 Seventy 'pocula de cupro fabricata in usum puerorum' cost 8 155. 382 Annals of Winchester College. Of mutton, twenty-four messes, equal to seventy-two commons or dispers 1 were provided daily. The average weight of a sheep at that period was fifty pounds it had increased to that from forty pounds a century earlier and it was supposed to cut up into fifty dispers, thus : Each leg . , . 8 dispers. loin .... 4 shoulder 6 breast .... 4 neck . . . N. 3 At this rate, about a sheep and a half daily was the scholars' allowance ; but this was exceeded in practice, for it appears that as many as 630 sheep yearly nearly two daily if we allow for holidays were served to the scholars yearly. The bread was reckoned by loaves of ten ounces. A ' cast ' of two loaves weighed twenty ounces, and fifty-five cast went to the bushel. The weekly allowance in 1765 was as follows : Seventy children 735 ! Sixteen choristers 148 Children's second bread 60 Prefect of Hall 7 of tub 7 Bible Clerk . . . ..-.. t . 7 Prefect of school . . . . . . . 3 Brewer . . . 6 Kitchen ; - . . 35 Almoner 14 Schoolmaster and usher . . . . .58 1080 Returning to the year 1711, I find the following account of fees in College and Commoners in a MS. of Warden Nicholas : 1 Either from dispertio, ' I divide,' or dispar, ' unequal.' 1 Nearly a pound daily. Rather more, if absentees and ' second bread,' &c. be taken into account. Warden Nicholas. 383 Fees from a child at his first entrance : 5. d. Ye Prepostor of Hall 26 Ye Prepostor of School 26 Chamberstock l . . .... . . 26 Ye two Cooks 20 Ye two Butlers (bread and beer) ...20 Ye Porter . . . . . . . i o Ye Barber ...,-, .'-. . i 6 Ye Superannuates 26 16 6 QUARTERLY. Ye bedmaker . . . . . . j o Ye almoner i o School and foricus 02 2 2 After Christmas : Cause money z 06 Church money 3 02 After Whitsuntide : Rod money i o Nutting money 4 09 Window money 06 N.B. New children pay double fees. Fees from a new Praepostor : Ye two butlers 36 1 It will be remembered that the College found no furniture except bedsteads. a For mending the causeway from Blackbridge towards Hills. Dr. Burton spent 60 in making the one from College Street to Non licet gate in 1730. 3 To the Cathedral Clerks for keeping the boys' places for them when they attended service there. 4 Perhaps for a picnic in nutting time. ' It appears,' says Hone (Every Day Book, p. 1293), ' from a curious manuscript relating to Eton School, that in the month of September on a certain day, most probably the fourteenth, the scholars there used to have a play-day in order to go out and gather nuts, a portion of which when they returned they were to make presents of to the different masters ; but before leave was granted for this excursion, they were required to write verses on the fruitfulness of autumn and the deadly cold of the coming winter.' 384 Annals of Winchester College. Fees from a new Officer : S. d. Ye Warden's man 26 Ye manciple 26 Ye two cooks 5 o Ye two butlers 5 Ye three scullions . . . . . . . 30 Ye almoner i o Ye table chorister x i o i o o Fees from a Commoner at his first entrance : Ye Praepostor of Hall 26 Ye Praepostor of School 26 Chamberstock i o 6 o QUARTERLY. Quarterage i 6 School and foricus o 2 Upon changing chambers ..... i o After Michaelmas : Fire money ........ i o Chamberstock ....... i o Candle money ....... i o After Christmas : Cause money ..... i o Fire money ........ i o Church money ....... 02 Candle money ....... i o 3 2 After Whitsuntide : Rod money ........ i o Nutting money ....... i 6 Window money ....... 06 New commoners and noblemen pay double fees.' 1 The chorister who waited on the new officer. CHAPTER XXIII. WARDENS BRATHWAITE (1711-1720): COBB (1720-1724): DOBSON (1724-1729): BIGG (1729-1740): COXED (1740-1757). Free school charity. Bishop Fletcher. Christopher Pitt. Joseph Spence. Richard Lydiat. Warden and Fellows presented for disaffection. Com- plaint by Secretary Craggs. The Warden's answer. Attendance at Cathedral. Dr. John Taylor. His benefactions. Cathedral choristers. Charles Dibdin. Bishop Lowth. William Sclater. Dr. Burton. Fox and Burton Exhibitions. Superannuates' Fund. Eyre the Usher. Peter Leigh. William Whitehead. Sir Richard Aston. Doctor Addington. Charles Blackstone. James Hampton. The poet Collins. Fire in Third Chamber. Insurance in Sun Office. Hanover Rats. Chandler the anti- quary. Bishop Bathurst. Warden Gauntlett. DR. THOMAS BRATHWAITE, the Warden of New College, suc- ceeded Nicholas. His merits are recorded on a tablet in Cloisters which his sister, Warden Dobson's mother, erected to his memory after his death in 1720. Under distributio pauperibus in the accounts of 1712, I find a gift of 5 ' scholae eleemosynariae.' This is the first of a long series of similar gifts to the Free School Charity, a trust for clothing and educating poor boys and girls of Winchester. The fund originally raised for this purpose, chiefly in the College, was invested in South Sea bonds, which were placed in the Treasury for the sake of safety. And so it came to pass that when South Sea bonds were converted into consols, the stock was registered in the name of the College. The fund now exceeds 4000 consols, the interest on which, under a recent scheme of the Charity Commissioners, was applied in paying the school fees for a number of poor children of both sexes at the Central schools until school fees were abolished by the Act of 1891, and in providing the most deserving with clothes, boots, &c. c c 386 Annals of Winchester College. Thomas Fletcher (adm. 1713), a native of Winchester, rose to be Bishop of r Dromore (1744) and Kildare (1748); Christopher Pitt (adm. 1713), of Blandford, was the translator of the Aeneid, and ranks among the minor poets of the last century. Joseph Spence (adm. 1715) was Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford, and is known to fame as the friend of Pope and Thomson. Richard Lydiat (adm. 1716) was vicar of Swalcliffe and rector of Berwick St. John, and died, as Monk Lewis did according to the authors of the ' Rejected Addresses, of James's powder taken in a fit of the gout. After the rebellion of 1715, the generosi de patrid of Hamp- shire seem to have got a notion into their heads that the Society were Jacobites ; and at the assizes on March 6, 1716-7, the grand jury actually presented the College for disaffection, I suppose with the object of evincing their own loyalty : ' It being notorious that the late Unnaturall Rebellion and p'sent threatened JInvasion are the Effects of P'judice and bad Educacon, and that not so much as the least Shaddow of grievance or ground of Complaint was ever alledged against our most Gracious Sovereign or his Administration by the first Contrivers and Promoters of either. ' We therefore, considering that it is the duty as well as Interest of all such who p'fer the mild Government of his Majesty before Arbitrary power and Slavery to check as much as in them lyes those Principles in the bud which are found by experience to grow up into such open Violence, and which cunning and designing Men do industriously propagate among our Youth to the great Corruption of their Manners, and the manifest disturbance of the public peace : and being credibly informed that the Scollars of that noble Founda- tion commonly called Winchester Colledge are now taught to emulate each other in factious and party Principles by being told they are to be distinguished and preferred according to their severall degrees of Zeall, and they do frequently treat most as are known to be well affected to the King's Government with opprobrious language and illusage (particularly several Justices of the Peace), with impunity from their Masters and Governours. ' From whence it is naturall to inferr that their said Masters and Governours are also inclined to Faction and disaffection : We therefore do p'sent the Warden, Fellows, Master, Usher and Children of the said College for their known disaffection and corruption of Manners, tending to the disturbance of the public peace, and against the honour and dignity of the Crown. Warden Brathwaite. 387 (Sir) John St. Barbe (Sir) D. Bulkley (Sir) Chas. Norton Hen. Grey (Sir) Thomas Davies Christopher Wither Roger Clutterbuck W. Cornwall Chidiock Kent Button Gi fiord J. Bromfield Edward Hooker Will. Moss Tho. Smith Gil. Wavell Edw. Rookes.' Nothing came of this presentment. The Society had suffi- ciently established their character for loyalty in 1711 by sub- scribing 500 towards a loan of 1,500,000 to enable the Ministers to carry on the war. The sympathies of the school, however, were with the Chevalier ; and Secretary Craggs appears to have attached so much importance to an idle tale of something that happened at the Cathedral one Sunday, as to write the following letter to Warden Brathwaite : ' Whitehall, i2th August, 1718. 'Sir, ' Having received an account from persons of undoubted credit, that on the last anniversary day of His Majesty's accession to the Crown 1 , many of the youths at Winchester School, and particu- larly those upon the Foundation, came into the Church in the middle of Divine Service in a very extraordinary and indecent manner with Rue and Time (sic) in their Breasts, and some with mourning hat- bands on their hats, by which it appears that these poor children, instead of being taught their Book, and instructed in the principles of the Church of England, have learnt somewhere to concern them- selves in disloyal party divisions and distinctions. I give you this notice of it, that you may direct them to be whipt, and take care that no Enormity of this kind may be committed there for the future. I make no doubt of your diligence in this, as being a matter that nearly concerns the Honour of your College, and in which you will have an opportunity of shewing your zeal for His Majesty's Government.' In his reply the Warden says : ' I beg leave to relate the story as far as I can learn it. On the first of August we had the full form of prayer in our chapel ; and when we have, the boys do not go to the Cathedral till towards sermon time : which they did then, but in no extraordinary or indecent manner. There were seven or eight of them, little boys, had rue and time (sic) in their hats, for which they were punished by the master, according to the method in the school 2 . None of the 1 August i. a The 'vimen quadripartitum ' doubtless. C C 2 388 Annals of Winchester College. upper boys, or praepositors, as we call them, had any. I cannot find that above three or four had mourning hatbands, and that occasioned by the late death of relations; and besides them, I believe that there is not a mourning hatband in the College. I am very well informed they that were whipt knew it not to be a party badge.' It is clear from the Warden's letter that at the time at which he wrote the school was in the habit of attending morning service at the Cathedral on Sundays, coming in, however, for the sermon only on days when they had had the 'full form of prayer/ i. e. Morning Prayer, Litany, and Communion, in their own chapel. At what period in its history the school began to attend divine worship in the Cathedral, which owes so much of its stability and grandeur to William of Wykeham, is uncer- tain. It is not at all likely that the habit began before the Reformation ; it is far more probable that it commenced after- wards, perhaps in consequence of the Fourth Injunction of Edward VI, touching the hearing of sermons. There is nothing in the Statutes requiring the Fellows to preach sermons, and the Fellows may have thought it more convenient to send the school to hear sermons in the Cathedral than to preach sermons in chapel themselves. In Jonson's time there was occasionally a sermon on Sundays in the College chapel, and the scholars were expected to take notes of it : ' Si lux Solis adest, et Templum concio sacrat, Scribe notas, scriptasque tuo committe libello.' The Fellows had a pew of their own, with a lock and key to the door of it, in the Cathedral at one time. ' Pro sera ad subsellium sociorum in eccl. Cath. Wynton. iij 8 iiij d ' occurs in the accounts of 1607. The scholars, we may be sure, had sittings there too at that period. The afternoon attendance at the Cathedral was abolished by Warden Barter, who introduced a sermon, frequently preached by himself, before Evensong in Chapel. In the last quarter of 1890 the Sunday morning attendance at the Cathedral was abolished, and a special afternoon service there on the second Sunday in the month was established by permission of the Dean and Chapter. The Rev. John Taylor (adm. 1717) was a Fellow of Win- chester College. There is a portrait of him, and another of his Warden Cobb. 389 widow, in the College Hall. His enlarging Sickhouse has been referred to 1 . He made his will in 1753, which, with twenty-three codicils, was proved in 1777. Sir William Black- stone drew it from the testator's own instructions without the intervention of a solicitor. Writing to him from All Souls', October 27, 1752, for the necessary particulars, Sir William says : ' If you favour me with an answer by return of post I will contrive to have all matters ready by Dr. Shipman's return to Winchester ; but must beg to be excused from complying with your request in one particular, as we of the long robe have a kind of professional delicacy that prevents us from setting a price upon our labours.' Dr. Taylor's benefactions were numerous, and his will was not litigated. He endowed the parish school at his native place, Petworth in Sussex, and bequeathed 400 to the Super- annuates' Fund. The residue of his property he left to the College for the improvement of the scholars' commons. The Society accepted the trust, and spent the income in various ways for the benefit of the scholars, enlarging their diet, paying their bedmakers, providing faggots extraordinary in chambers, and coals for warming 'School,' which hitherto had been fireless. The 'superannuates' books,' for scholars on leaving, are bought out of the income of Dr. Taylor's residue. A monu- ment was erected in Cloisters to Dr. Taylor in the year 1836. Dr. John Cobb, Brathwaite's successor, was a younger son of Sir Thomas Cobb, the first baronet, and brother of Sir Edward Cobb (adm. 1687) of Adderbury. Under custus capellae in 1720 I find a fee of 35. to cathedral choristers. This is the first reference to a practice which began then and continued until a period which many remember, of re- inforcing the College choir in this way on Commemoration Day and other occasions. From the year 1778 to 1840 a fixed yearly payment of 8 8s. was made for these services. There is a tradition that Dibdin sang as a boy in the College choir. He never was a chorister on the foundation ; but he tells us in his autobiography that he was a choir boy at the Cathedral ; and as he possessed a fine voice, he may very well have formed one of the contingent to the College. 1 Ante, p. 326. 39 Annals of Winchester College. Robert Lowth (adm. 1722) was son of William Lowth, a divine and Prebendary of Winchester Cathedral. After graduating at New College, he became, in 1740, Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford. In 1753 he published a Life of Wykeham, which was evidently a labour of love. A small bust of Wyke- ham which he gave to the College is preserved in the Bursary. In 1766 he was raised to the See of St. David's, and a few months later was translated to Norwich. In 1767 he became Bishop of London, and filled that see till his death in 1777. William Sclater (adm. 1722), of Leigh ton in Essex, became Vicar of St. Mary-le-Bow, and met his death in a remarkable manner, being killed on the spot, on February n, 1775, by the fall of a sack of carraway seeds, which was being hoisted up to a warehouse in Thames Street as he was passing underneath. Under custus aulae in 1723 I find an entry of 35. ^d. paid 'pro ly decanter' the first allusion to the article which Dr. Johnson defines as ' a glass vessel made for pouring off liquor clear from the lees.' Dr. Dobson succeeded Warden Cobb about the same time that Dr. Burton succeeded Cheyney the schoolmaster, who died in harness on October 4, 1724, aged 72. Dr. Burton was a son of Humphrey Burton, a country gentleman settled at Keresley in Warwickshire, and entered College in 1705 as Founder's kin through his mother, who was a Bohun. He reigned forty-two years, and retired in 1766, when he was in his seventy-sixth year. He has been spoken of already as the founder of ' Old Commoners *,' and must be referred to here as the founder, jointly with his kinsman, Bohun Fox, of the Fox and Burton exhibitions, tenable each for four years after leaving the school, and of the yearly value of 30. The Superannuates' Fund was instituted in the year 1729 by Warden Dobson and Christopher Eyre, the usher, with an object which is disclosed by the first few sentences of the sub- joined circular and subscription list. By the statutes of the Governing Body of Winchester School this fund and the Bedminster Fund, which was established in the year 1742, have been consolidated into one Exhibition Fund, which is to be applied (i) to the creation of exhibitions to be given to boys quitting the school, under such conditions as the Governing 1 Ante, p. 132. Warden Dobson. 391 Body may from time to time determine. These exhibitions are at present four in number, of the yearly value of 50 each, and tenable for four years. These exhibitions are limited to pur- poses of preparation for a profession, but it is not to be a necessary condition that the holder shall proceed to an University. (2) To the grant of such exhibitions, not exceeding two to be holden together at one time, and of such value not exceeding 70 per annum, as the Governing Body may from time to time determine, to boys who may be recommended for admission into the school as exhibitioners by the delegates or syndics appointed for local examinations by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge respectively, subject to certain conditions as to age, coming into residence, and so forth. The following is the circular and subscription list already referred to, with the addition of names of subscribers of a later date : 'Whereas the benefit of succession to New College (ample as it is) cannot in its own nature be sufficient to provide for all the scholars who have been educated in the College of Winchester, and have spent the whole time prescribed by the statutes for their continuance therein ; and as it may be reasonably hoped that a greater number of deserving boys will be always found in Winchester College than can be received into New College : therefore, as well for the farther encouragement of the studies and good behaviour of the children, as for the better support and maintenance in the University of such in particular who shall be thought most to need and best to deserve assistance ; we, whose names are underwritten do subscribe and promise to contribute yearly the sums set against our respective names : * d. John Dobson, Warden 10 o o John Burton, Informator 10 o o Samuel Palmer, Fellow 2 10 o John Harris 2 10 o William Thomas 2 10 o Charles Scott 2 10 o Thomas Cheyney 2 10 o John Backshell 2 10 o Philip Barton 2 10 o William Langbaine 2 10 o William Bowles 2 10 o Thomas Palmer 2 10 o 392 Annals of Winchester College. s. d. Christopher Eyre 500 George Cooper, M.D. (sch. 1709) 33 Dr. Adams (sch. 1690) 2 10 o Two gentlemen unknown 33 W. Pescod, Steward (sch. 1703) . . ' . . . 2 10 o Dr. W. Bradshaw, Bp. of Bristol (sch. 1689), a donation 52 10 o Francis Haywood, do 52 10 o Samuel Palmer (sch. 1708), do 52 10 o 1730 Christopher Eyre, do. 100 o o 1731. Thomas Beach J , Esq. do 50 o o Thomas Greenby, Esq. do 50 o o Thomas Coker (sch. 1720). do 50 o o 1734. Henshaw Halsey (sch. 1692), do. . . . 100 o o 1735. Richard Lydiat, C. F. (sch. 1716), do. . . 50 o o 1737. Edward Trotman, do. 21 o o 1740. Henry Bigg, Warden, do. .... 200 o o 1749. Henry Coker, C. F. (sch. 1726), do . 100 o o 1759. Richard Goddard (sch. 1741), do. . . . 100 o o 1762. Charles Scott, 2nd don 200 o o 1763. W. Bouchier 50 o o W. Langbaine, 2nd don 50 o o 1764. John Gary (sch. 1712) 100 o o Dr. John Taylor 50 o o 1769. Joseph Spence (sch. 1715) 100 o o 1772. Dr. John Taylor, 2nd don 50 o o 1776. W. Browne, Rector of Hinton Ampner . . 100 o o 1781. Cadwallader Coker (sch. 1772) .... 100 o o 1789. Harry Lee, Warden 100 o o George Cooper, M.D. (sch. 1709) . . . 300 o o Philip Baxter 100 o o One of the first acts of the Society after Dr. Burton's appoint- ment was to pass a resolution : 'That either Dr. Burton or Mr. Eyre shall constantly reside in the College, dividing the time equally between them, so long as Mr. Eyre continues usher ; and upon choice of a new usher the residence shall be apportioned between them in such manner as the Warden and Society shall appoint. And that they frequently attend the children at meals.' Eyre had been usher a great many years, when he retired, Dec. 18, 1739, under the following circumstances. One of the class of talebearers deprecated in Wykeham's statutes told him 1 Qy. father of James Beach, a commoner, who has a tablet in Cloisters. Warden Dobson. 393 that Dr. Burton had said ' that the scholars at the usher's end of the School do not make due progress in their learning.' This tale moved Eyre to address a written gravamen to the Warden and Fellows. Dr. Burton, it seems, had put on an assistant-master (a Mr. Ashley), which act of Dr. Burton, as well as his unlucky criticism on Eyre's class, led to what followed. It had been mutually agreed (Eyre says) that on Thursday, October 4, the usher should ride out and return to dinner, and that the schoolmaster should stay indoors, give a ' remedy ' and look after the boys. Eyre had his ride, and on returning to dinner found (he says) that no remedy had been given, and that a Mr. Ashley had been introduced to a ' sect ' newly erected in the school, without the usher's consent or knowledge. On the Saturday following, Eyre adds, ' two more commoners, Saul and Smith, were taken from the usher's end of the School and sent to Ashley's,' and when, after 'calling of names,' the usher missed them in the School, and went to Mr. Ashley's to fetch them, on his return he was insulted by the boys stamping downstairs l in Mr. Ashley's hearing. Again, in 3rd and 4th chambers, when, as was usual on remedy days, he was 'requiring the business,' he was by some disturbed, crying out ' Preces Finitae ' before they were. Add to these other affronts and evasions of business 2 the boys pretending to be answerable to Ashley, not to the Usher. This unhandsome treatment, together with the above-mentioned aspersion, made it necessary for the usher to complain of the schoolmaster : ' Therefore, Gentlemen, I must complain, and beg leave to address you in the following queries. First, Have I not a right to the chambers in the College, assigned to me by the Founder, but possessed by Dr. Burton without any leave ever asked? .... Secondly, Did I receive my usher's authority from the Warden and Fellows, or from the schoolmaster ? If, as I conceive, I did from the former, is not the instruction of the commoners belonging to the lower side of the school as much the right of the usher, as of the upper end is of the schoolmaster ? And is not the schoolmaster injurious to the usher, when he takes from him his proportion of commoners, whom he hopes he is as able to teach, as he is the children and choristers ? ' 1 Mr. Ashley's class-room, therefore, must have been upstairs, probably over Fifth Chamber. 3 The day's work, as at Eton, where 'Monday's business' means the work appropriate to that day. 394 Annals of Winchester College. Dr. Burton's reply was short and temperate, and need not be quoted here. Eyre resigned. Let us not forget the part which he took, in generous rivalry with the co-founders of the Fox and Burton exhibitions, in establishing the Superannuates' Fund. Peter Leigh (adm. 1727), of Winstanley in Lancashire, was High Bailiff of Westminster, and then Chief Justice of South Carolina. His contemporary, William Whitehead, succeeded Cibber in 1757 as Poet Laureate. Sir Richard Aston, Knt., a Justice of the King's Bench (1765-78), was a scholar of the year 1728. Antony Addington, a contemporary of his, graduated M.D. at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1744, and practised medicine. His son, Viscount Sidmouth, the ' Doctor ' of Can- ning and Frere, Bishop Huntingford's patron, was Speaker of the House of Commons, and Prime Minister of the stopgap administration of 1801-4. Charles Blackstone (adm. 1730) was brother to Sir William Blackstone, and nephew of Warden Bigg, and held a fellowship at Winchester, which he resigned in favour of his son Charles in 1783, but was elected again in 1788 as a recognition of his services to the Society in compiling his MS. Book of Benefactions. James Hampton, the translator of Polybius, was admitted in 1733. Collins the poet was head of the roll 'ad Oxon.' in 1740, but there was no vacancy at New College, a fact which, according to Dr. Johnson in his Lives of the Poets, was the original misfortune of his unhappy life. A fire began in Third Chamber and spread to Fourth on March 24, 1735-6. Its origin is unknown. The cost of putting it out seems to have exceeded the cost of making good the damage 1 . The College was invaded by a horde of hungry citizens on this occasion, as it was on November 10, 1816, when the fire broke out in First Chamber. No fewer than two hundred and fifty-seven people received small sums, amounting to 42 6s., on the latter occasion, on the plea of having helped to put out the fire. The fire of 1735-6 had two results. The build- f. * d. 1 Laborantibus in extinguendo incendio . . 44 12 i Beer, brandy, bread and cheese . . . . . 721 Mending 72 leathern buckets . . . . . 3 13 o Laurence, mason . . . . . . . 10 4 9 Mayle, carpenter, repairing the ceilings . , . 14 9 o Broadway, painting Third and Fourth Chambers . i 16 o Wardens Bigg and Coxed. 395 ings were insured in the Sun Fire Office, and Dr. Burton made the Society a present of a fire engine. It cost 40. One Elcock had the care of it for many years, and received a small fee yearly 'pro incuria machinae,' as the Bursars of 1737 face- tiously say. The premium paid to the Sun 'societas a sole dicta ad levamen incendium passorum instituta ' in 1716 was i i6s. What sum was thereby covered does not appear. For many years after the first the premium was 2 35. In 1783 a new policy covering 5000 (as we know from the cir- cumstance of the Government duty at is. 6d. per cent, amount- ing to 3 155.) was taken out. The premium was 7, about 2s. yd. per cent., and the office charge for the policy and carriage was 145. 6d. A similar insurance could now be effected at is. 6d. per cent, free of office charges. Warden Dobson's successor, Dr. Henry Bigg, of Chilton Foliat in Wiltshire, died in 1740, after a career of eleven years, in which he attempted, but without success, to induce the Fellows, then mainly non-resident, to join with him in various reforms on the broad ground that he and they were dividing a larger share of the income of the foundation than the statutes permitted. Warden Nicholas had taken the same ground in a ' querela ' which he addressed to the supervisors at the election of 1711, while the dispute with the Sub-Warden and Bursars was pending. The career of Dr. Coxed, Bigg's successor, was even more uneventful. The Bursars' books become uninterest- ing about this period through giving totals only without particulars, and seldom contain an entry worth quoting. I find in the accounts of 1740 an item of poison bought ' pro intoxican- dis soricibus Hanoverianis,' illustrating the popular belief that the brown rat ousted the English black rat at the time when the Hanoverian superseded the Stuart dynasty. The Society were loyal enough to subscribe 25 to the fund ' pro rege et repub- lica,' or Patriotic Fund, during the ' Forty-five,' and rang the bells for the success of Admiral Vernon at Porto Bello in 1 740, and for Carthagena in 1741. Richard Chandler (adm. 1753) was the learned antiquary whose travels in Asia Minor and Greece were published after his tour in 1764. He died vicar of Tilehurst, in Berkshire, in 1810. Henry Bathurst (adm. 1756) became Bishop of Norwich. He 396 Annals of Winchester College. was a nephew of the first Baron Bathurst (created an Earl in 1775), whose eldest son, Henry, became Lord Chancellor, and was elevated to the peerage, by the title of Baron Apsley, in 1771. Samuel Gauntlett (adm. 1757) was a son of the landlord of the ' George ' at Winchester. Being fortunate enough to obtain a nomination, he held a fellowship of New and Winchester Colleges successively, and in 1794 became Warden of New College. The staurus expensarum for the year ending December 6, 1757, may be set forth here. The quantity of each article is not recorded : * d. Wheat IQQ IQ I Malt 228 12 O Hops ....... 15 4 O Oxen . 153 5 9 Oxheads and Tripe .... 5 i5 O Sheep ....... A\ Sheep's Heads, &c 2 6 T'a O Butchers' Meat at Election and Audit 6 19 7* Suet n 6 6 Salt 12 14 4 Spices 13 6 8 Oatmeal i5 4 o Pickles ....... 18 8 o Coal ....'... 36 15 9 Charcoal 9 7 6 Vinegar i 4 o Candles 22 17 9 Firewood ...... Q6 3 o ^1209 6 4 CHAPTER XXIV. WARDENS GOLDING AND LEE (1757-1789). Coxed's successor. Bishop Hoadley rejects Purnell. Dr. Golding. Arch deacon Daubeny. Combe Miller. Warden Lee's Election. Masters' gratuities. How Dr. Goddard abolished them. Goddard Scholarship. George Huddesford. Dr. Warton. Rebellion of 1774. Moody 's case. Bishop Burgess. Sir Richard Goodwin Keats. French Lawrence. Alexander Crowcher Schomberg. Charles Abbot. Admiral Raper. Bowles the poet. Archdeacon Heathcote. Regulations of 1778. Visit of George III. Prices in 1778. Archbishop Howley. Sir George Rose. The Duncans. The Trollope family. WARDEN COXED having died in June, 1737, the Fellows ot New College chose Dr. Purnell their warden to succeed him, in spite of a protest on the part of some. An unsigned letter from Oxford which reached Dr. Burton about this time no doubt expresses the opinion of the minority on the subject. It is headed 'A serious and friendly admonition to the Fellows ot New College touching the custom, whenever the headship is vacant, of electing previous wardens into that office V an d argues that the custom is objectionable, ' first, because the Warden of New College, depending for a very beneficial promotion 2 upon a number of junior Fellows, is not likely to hold the reins of government as tightly as he ought ; and secondly, because it is 1 Wardens Nicholas, Brathwaite, Cobb, Dobson, Bigg, and Coxed, had all been heads of New College. 2 It does not appear what the headship of Winchester College was worth at this time, for the reason that the Bursars' books only record his statutory income and allowances, as in the case of the rest of the members of the Society. What made the place so valuable was the Warden's share of the fines on renewal of leases, which does not appear in the Bursars' books. 398 Annals of Winchester College. unlikely that the visitatorial power over the Warden of Win- chester College will be effectually exercised by one who looks upon himself as his heir apparent.' For these or other reasons Bishop Hoadley declined to admit Dr. Purnell ; and the pre- sentation lapsing in consequence, he appointed Christopher Golding (adm. 1723) to fill the vacancy. This act of the Bishop caused no small stir at New College. It is noticeable, however, that Dr. Purnell's friends complained less of the rejection of their man, than of the Bishop's omission to give them notice of his intention to reject him ; and it is probable that, apart from any personal feeling in favour of Dr. Purnell, most of the Fellows of New College would have admitted that the practice of promoting their Warden to Winchester was not one to be commended. Charles Daubeny (adm. 1758) was a Fellow of Winchester College (1775-1827), Vicar of North Bradley (1778-1827), and Archdeacon of Sarum (1804-27). He was the second son of Charles Daubeny, a Bristol merchant, and claimed descent from the ancient Norman family of D'Albini, one of whom, Giles D'Albini, was summoned to Parliament in 1275 as Baron Daubeny. During his incumbency of fifty-four years, and chiefly by his exertions, the parish church of North Bradley was restored, the parsonage house was enlarged, the old parsonage house was nearly rebuilt for the curate, the vicarage was endowed with a field called Gibbons' Close, and Christ Church, Bath, was built. He also built and endowed the asylum and school at North Bradley, and contributed more than 4000 towards the building and endowment of Christ Church, Road, which was consecrated in 1824. He died in July, 1827, and was buried in the chancel of Road Church, where there is a monument to his memory, erected by his daughter and her husband, Colonel Daubeny. His Guide to the Church (1798) and Protestant Companion (1824) had a considerable circulation. Combe Miller, of St. Peter's, Chichester, rose to be Dean of Chichester. William Crowe, of Midgham in Berkshire, became Public Orator in the University of Oxford, and was reputed a poet. A tradition that he began life as a chorister can have no foundation, unless perchance, like Dibdin, he was a boy in the Cathedral choir, and so sang in the College chapel. Warden Lee. 399 Warden Golding dropped down dead in Chamber Court on November 25, 1763, and there were three candidates for the vacancy, Sale (adm. 1738), Hayward (adm. 1745), and Lee (adm. I 733)- On December 10 the Sub-Warden of New College (the Warden being ill) and fifty-four of the Fellows met in chapel, and after receiving the Holy Communion, and hearing the statute of Elizabeth l read, proceeded to the choice of a successor. At the first -scrutiny Sale had twenty votes, Hayward nineteen, and Lee fifteen ; wherefore, inasmuch as no candidate had an absolute majority of votes, and the hour was 2 p.m., an adjournment took place. When they met again after dinner Hayward retired, and three fellows who declined to vote for anybody but him were absent, for which offence the Sub- Warden put them out of commons for a calendar month. In the result, Sale got twenty-four votes and Lee twenty-seven, and Lee was consequently elected. One of the minority, Richard Phelps (adm. 1731), took several objections to the validity of Lee's election, and had them argued by counsel before the Bishop of Winchester. One was that the Holy Communion was not administered again before the opening of the afternoon sitting, which was alleged to be a beginning de novo, and not an adjournment; but the Bishop overruled this and other objec- tions, and Lee read himself in on January 22nd, 1764. Hayward shortly afterwards was elected Warden of New College 2 , and Sale gained a Fellowship at Winchester in 1765. Lee came of a good family at Colon, Salop, and reigned twenty-six years. His son, the Rev. Harry Lee (adm. 1779), who obtained a Fellowship at Winchester just before his father's death, married Philippa, the youngest daughter of Sir William Blackstone, by whom he had a son, the third Harry Lee (adm. 1805), who held a Fellowship of Winchester College from 1827 until his death in 1880, and was Vicar of North Bradley during nearly the whole of that period. A really serious attempt was made in the year 1763 to put an end to the practice of the masters receiving money from boys on 1 Stat. 31 Eliz. c. 6, against abuses in elections of scholars and presentations to benefices, which, by section 7, must be read whenever Fellows of a College assemble to choose a Head. 2 He died at Hardwicke, Bucks, only four years afterwards, of a fall from his horse while on Progress. 4oo Annals of Winchester College. the foundation. No one can say how soon the practice originated ; but it was anticipated by Wykeham, who (Rubr. XII) forbids the schoolmaster to receive money from the parents or friends of the scholars on any pretence whatsoever. The practice must have come in by degrees, as the decrease in the exchangeable value of money rendered the masters' places not worth having without augmentation of some kind. The blame must rest on the Warden and Fellows, who, instead of making up the salaries to a proper amount out of any surplus of the corporate revenues, divided that surplus amongst themselves, and left the schoolmaster and usher to get their living in a way which everybody concerned knew to be not in accordance with the statutes. Warden Bigg must have felt this strongly when in December, 1739, he addressed a monitory letter to the Fellows, telling them that they and he were converting to their own use a larger share of the income of the College than they were morally entitled to, and averring that they and he came near to be thought guilty of perjury, breach of trust, and injustice to their wards in so doing. This conscientious, if injudicious, language elicited a reply from one of the Fellows, Mr. Harris (F. W. C. 1704-48), to the effect that other colleges set the example. This was the case ; but the practice of colleges in this respect will not bear examination. Most colleges, if not all, were endowed with estates for the maintenance of a head and a number of fellows and scholars, with a margin for contingencies. This is the scheme, in its simplest form, of such endowments. In Warden Bigg's time the progress of the country had rendered the estates so valuable that people were found to pay large sums of money for the privilege of renewing their leases at the ancient accustomed rents. What right had the Warden and Fellows to divide these large sums of money among them- selves ? This was the gist of Bigg's argument. However, Bigg died, and nothing came of his good intentions beyond a slight improvement in the scholars' allowances and a moderate increase of the stipends of the schoolmaster and usher, which was really covered by a gift of 500 from Dean Cheyney's devisees ' and legacies of 100 from Bigg and Bowles, one of the Fellows. 1 The Dean left 500 to buy an advowson for New College ; but the bequest proving void, his residuary legatees handsomely gave the same sum to augment the two masters' stipends. Warden Lee. 401 There appears to be no record of the actual incomes of the schoolmaster and usher at this period. But there is a paper extant in Bigg's handwriting giving the incomes of the Eton masters at the time when he wrote (circa 1732) : ' The Master of Eaton school has one allocation of ,50 per ann., and another of 12; in all 62 per ann. Besides this, he has commons of all kinds, bread, beer, and easements of all sorts without paying a single farthing. This cannot easily be computed at less than IDS. per week. Besides his own lodgings which he inhabits he has spare room enough, which he lets to the boys for studies, and which brings him in usually 8 per ann. The master receives a guinea entrance of all the boys both in the upper and lower school ; but as for annual gratuities, he receives only from those who are under him in the upper school. When any money is given the known sum is Four guineas per ann. and hardly ever varies by being more or less. N.B. No money is ever demanded ; and it is supposed that one time with another about one third of the boys pay nothing. s. d. Allocation to the Master 62 o o Commons and his own lodgings 30 o o Chamber rent from the boys . . . . . . 800 In all about . . . ; ,.'.'. ^100 o o The Usher of Eaton School has only an allocation of ig p. ann. He has no right to any commons at all, but is generally, I think always, invited to the Fellows' table, and pays nothing. He has lodgings for himself and as much more as he lets to the boys for studies for about 6 p. ann. The usher receives a guinea entrance from those only who are under him. He receives likewise annual gratuities from the lower school only. These gratuities are always the same as in the upper school, viz. four guineas. N.B. The hostiarius, or usher, is not considered as of much rank in the statutes. He is expressly directed not to be in orders, and the care of the School in a great measure entrusted to the Informator or Master. s. d. Allocation to the Usher 19 o o Chamber rent from the boys . . . . 600 His own lodgings, perhaps 500 In all, about ... . . . ,30 o o' D d 403 Annals of Winchester College. In 1763 the Rev. Charles Scott (adm. 1688), a Fellow of Win- chester College, devised his Essex property, producing about 100 per annum at that time, upon trust for the better support and maintenance of the scholars upon the foundation. Upon the devise taking effect the Warden and Fellows resolved, instead of spending the income of the Essex property on bettering the scholars' allowances, ' to augment the salaries of the schoolmaster and usher so far beyond what was appointed to them by the statutes, that neither of them shall hereafter receive any gratuity from any scholar, or from the parents and friends of any scholar ' ; and to accumulate the income from the Essex property as a fund for that purpose. Sir William Black- stone's opinion was taken as to the propriety of this resolution. He was Solicitor-General at this time, and was preparing for the press the first volume of his Commentaries on the Laws of England. His opinion on the case submitted to him was 'That Mr. Scott intended an immediate benefit to the existing scholars, so that the contemplated accumulation was not strictly justifiable ; yet they might postpone the expenditure of the income for a short and reasonable time in order to create a fund, without any very great hazard of being called to account ; and in any case, might property apply the income towards lessening the expenses of education, instead of in food and raiment.' While the Society were pondering the matter, the Electors of 1776 passed the following resolutions : ' i. That the practice which has for some time generally prevailed of presenting ten guineas per annum as a gratuity from the parents or friends of each child to the Master and Usher of the school is contrary to the obvious intention of the Founder, a grievous imposi- tion upon the "pauperes et indigentes scholares " and grave scandalum to the College itself. 2. That the children be therefore admonished by the said Warden and Supervisors to inform their parents or friends that they should not present gratuities to the Master and Usher for the future ; as the said Master and Usher ought to be paid out of the revenues of the College for their labour and trouble in the discharge of their offices. 3. That it be recommended to the Warden and Fellows of the College near Winchester, to prevent, as far as in them lies, the offer of any future gratuities to the Master and Usher from the children, Warden Lee. 403 their parents, or their friends ; and even to remove the said Master and Usher from their respective offices if they presume hereafter to accept any such gratuities since any members of the College per quos grave scandalum Collegia generetur are removeable ; those especially, who are expressly conductitii and remotivi. And they do hereby recommend the same. 4. That it be also recommended to the Warden and Fellows to allow butter and cheese to the children for their breakfasts, and garden stuff with their meat ; which allowances, it is presumed, might be made without much further expense to the College than what might probably be saved from the better management of the beer. And they do hereby recommend the same. And the Warden and Supervisors of New College do beg leave to take this opportunity of expressing their sense of the generous intentions of the Warden and Fellows of the College near Win- chester in their late voluntary offer of enlarging the stipends of the Master and Usher. THOMAS HAYWARD, Warden of New College. EDWARD WHITMORE, LDWARD WHITMORE, J g isors/ JOHN HOOK, The custom of receiving these gratuities was not to be upset by a mere resolution of the Electors. It prevailed for some- thing like seventy years longer. In Dr. Goddard's time the custom was for every scholar on admission, and likewise after each vacation, to pay three guineas to the head-master and two guineas to the usher. These sums were entered in the school bills as 'gratuities if allowed,' and most parents paid them. Dr. Goddard estimated his annual income from this source at 430, and the usher's at 320. Being desirous of putting an end to this practice, and of substituting at his own expense a fund which would render it unnecessary, Dr. Goddard, in the year 1834, transferred a sum of 25,000 consols to trustees, who were to divide the income (750 per annum) between the two masters in the proportions of 43 and 32 ' for each and every half year during which he shall absolutely abstain from receiv- ing any fee or gratuity from or on account of any scholar.' The new statutes provide that this fund shall continue to be administered in accordance with the deed creating the trust. The Goddard Scholarship was founded in 1845, tne y ear in which Dr. Goddard died, in order to commemorate this D d 2 404 Annals of Winchester College. great act of liberality. Dr. Ridding (now Bishop of South- well) was the first Goddard scholar. George Huddesford (adm. 1764) was in early life a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds, who painted the portrait of him which hangs in the National Gallery. He was a respectable poet, the best known of his works being The Wykehamical Chaplet. Dr. Burton retired in the year 1766, after forty-two years' service, and led a life of honoured ease until his death in 1773. His successor, Dr. Joseph Warton, was born in 1722 at Duns- fold in Surrey, being the eldest son of the Reverend Thomas Warton, Vicar of Basingstoke, and sometime Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford. Missing New College he matriculated at Oriel, and took his B.A. degree in 1744. The Duke of Bolton gave him the living of Winslade near Basing- stoke in 1748, upon which he married a Miss Daman, whose nephew, Powlett Francis Daman, obtained a nomination to College in 1786. After his marriage he wrote poems, and translated the Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil into English verse in a style which won him an honorary M.A. degree at Oxford. He succeeded Samuel Speed as usher in 1755, and played that junior part so well as to qualify himself for the head- mastership when Dr. Burton resigned eleven years afterwards. As head master he won golden opinions from his pupils, and was generally loved x ; yet it must be admitted that he was not strong enough for the situation. The laxity of discipline under him rendered the rebellion of 1793 possible. Something like a rebellion occurred in Commoners in November, 1774. I quote the following account of it from a letter of T. Wood Knollys to Lady Wallingford, his aunt, dated November 28 2 : 'The rebellion at our College is quelled. Most of the young gentlemen were sent back by their friends, and the ringleaders expelled ; but 'tis imagined some few will in consequence of it not return after the holidays. The first cause of it was, that they had had two masquerades among themselves in the Common Hall, which the Master hearing of went in, and seeing a mask and wig hang up made the boy whom he supposed they belonged to take them down and burn them, saying he would have no masquerades. Upon Dr. 1 Wooll's Life and Adams' Wykehamica, pp. 134-153. 3 Communicated by W. H. Jacob, Esq. Warden Lee. 405 Warton leaving the hall all the boys hissed him. Upon that he returned and said, " So, gentlemen ; what, are you metamorphosed into serpents ! " and then a second time they hissed him out ; and a third time he came in and attempted to speak ; but they reiterated their hisses and would not give him the hearing ; upon which he was obliged to leave them. This was of a Saturday, and he went immediately to Mr. Stanley's, where he stayed throughout the next day. The boys' pretended grievance was that a Mr. Huntingford 1 , who is appointed by the doctor as his assistant, should not call names on the Commoners' hall (this is like calling the roll in the army), and that out of school they would be subject to no one but the Master. And as he (Mr. Huntingford) had otherwise disgusted them, they insisted on his being dismissed or they would leave the school. This was signified in writing to the Master and not complied with on Sunday eve. The next day the boys all dressed in their best cloathes and went into school, insisting on the dismission of the Assistant Master, which was refused ; but otherwise they behaved as usual, came out of school at the proper time, and went and took their breakfast ; after which one and all left the College, and soon after proceeded on their march to their several homes, for carriages or horses they could not get, and money very few had any, and they that had, very little, so that the first day they suffered much hunger and fatigue, and at night going to inns they by leaving tkeir watches or by other means got credit sufficient to forward them to their several homes 2 . Thus much I give your Ladyship an account of the College rebellion, which every body here condemns the boys for. Though at the same time we think that if the Master was a good disciplinarian and of resolution he might have prevented (it) ; for in all societies order and discipline must be kept up, and the Master should not let the boys see the blind side of him or be afraid of them. But Dr. Warton has entered on a new scene in life. When he first came to Winchester he was greatly in debt, but by having a good wife they in their several departments increased the school greatly, she as to the domestic business of providing for the boarders, in which she excelled and was a downright slave. In short, she was the admiration of every one, and none could equal her, as she left nothing to servants. But, alas, this good woman died . . .' The disorderly state of the College in 1778, four years later, may be gathered from Moody's case. Moody (adm. 1773) was I Afterwards Warden. II The Eton boys 168 in number who took part in the rebellion of Novem- ber a, 3, 1768, were wiser, and seceded to Maidenhead. The bill which they incurred at the inn there, amounting to over 55, was exhibited in the Loan Collection at Eton, July, 1891. 406 Annals of Winchester College. a junior in Fourth Chamber in March, 1778. He shall tell his story in his own way : ' WINTON COLL., April 3*, 1778. Hon d Sir : I received your kind Letter last night and am sorry to have occasioned so much trouble to you, but as I was compelled by necessity to write what I did to you, I hope you will excuse it ; but as I have not yet informed you how I was and am used ill, I will now without any Exaggerations speak the Truth. The First Week after the Holydays, I believe the day after you sent me the money, a certain Praeposter, whom I will name to you some time hence, if you desire it, asked me to cut at Cards, a shilling a Game. I who never was used to Cards told him I could not play for money, which then satisfyed him. But a few days after, some little boys being playing at Commerce for nothing, I being in the room was asked to make one ; but just as I had played one deal they said, " Person coming into the room " ; and seeing me at play, told me to pull off my gown ; and he beat me with a great whip, I believe as big as my wrist, as long as, he was able. He then kicked me out of the Chamber. Another time, as I was going to Hills in that sloppy weather my shoe came down ; and as I was putting it up he with some others came by and drove me to Hills before them, which I believe is farther round than any field at Bathampton. I run as long as I was able and then fell down, not being able to stand. He and the others trod upon me and wiped their shoes in my gown, so that I was compelled by necessity to have my new gown, my old gown not being quite wore out. I could enumerate many other things, but as I have not time, and fearing that this letter may not reach you before you get to London, I am willing to make it as concise as possible. I have now only to beg you to remove me; as I assure you I can never be happy here ; but if it is not agreeable to you, I will try to bear it longer and will not run away . . . The half guinea came safe, and I have only time to add duty to yourself and Aunt and love to my Brother, and I am your dutiful son, ' WM. MOODY.' Upon the receipt of this letter Mr. Moody came up, and after seeing Dr. Warton, took away his son. Writing on April 1 1 to Dr. Warton, Mr. Moody says : ' Yesternight I catechised my son pretty closely and find that Innes and Weston took great umbrage at my knowledge of the transaction in January, 1777, viz. Innes' and Erie's stealing and burning my son's Warden Lee. 407 books. I am happy however in being able to exculpate Mr. Erie from any consequential ill-treatment of my son; but with respect to Innes and Weston I can with Truth affirm they were his perse- cutors, Innes (tho' his tutor) by a continual wanton and malevolent treatment of him, and Western by his brutal treatment. They were the boys who signalized themselves in chasing him towards the Hills till he fell, and then trampled him under their feet. I left with you a letter of my son's mentioning this, and likewise the horse- whipping. It was Western who was guilty of that piece of enormity with a very large whip. He may perhaps deny it ; however I say it was done on a Holiday in the 4th chamber in the afternoon, when some of the boys were with him to learn (as my son calls it) his books-chambers . . . Thus has my son been sacrificed to their wantonness and brutality. My wish is to have it exposed to the Warden and Society, that they may have their Demerits. If the truth of this is doubtful, my son shall wait on the Society and evidence it ... My son's things are left in the care of Mary Shackleford his laundress, and Elizabeth Williams J at the Sickhouse. You was so kind as to undertake the conveyance' (by Leach the Salisbury carrier) ' of the money to me.' Dr. Warton saw the Warden, and he sent for the praepositors. They denied Mr. Moody's allegations, and he had to come up with his son to justify them. Nothing can throw a clearer light on the unruly condition of the school at this time than the following account of what happened as Mr. Moody and his son were leaving College. It is taken from an affidavit made by the son before the Mayor of Salisbury on April 24. The reader will make due allowance for the fact of its being ex parte. Moody avers that, ' as he was walking with his father through the Close on April 23rd, he saw thirty or forty College boys following him. The said boys, after pursuing them into the churchyard, violently assaulted the deponent and his father with stones, one of which struck the deponent on the leg. His father's head was broken, and just within the churchyard he took up his father's wig from off the ground, which wig he saith he saw just before in the hand of a certain boy named Sandby . . . Being, as he believes, in imminent danger of their lives, he and his father made their 1 Elizabeth Williams was matron there more than fifty years. Her wages during that period were 5 a year, with an allowance of coals as well during the last few years of her life. However, when she died, the Society buried her, and bought of her next of kin the kitchen grate and a few other fixtures for the sum of 5 as. 6d. 408 Annals of Winchester College. escape into the house of Mr. Waller, where they stayed a considerable time, and until the boys were dispersed.' After due allowance made for exaggeration on the part of the Moodys, it must be admitted that a scene like this justifies Adams' observation * that ' Dr. Warton seems to have been unable to preserve anything like discipline among the boys/ Weston and Innes indeed were sent away, as was another boy named Wrighte. Thomas Burgess (adm. 1768), of Odiham, was a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and became Bishop of St. David's in 1803, whence he was translated to Salisbury in 1825. Richard Goodwin Keats (adm. same year) was Admiral Sir Richard Goodwin Keats, G.C.B. He entered the navy November 25, 1770 2 , and served at the capture of New York and Rhode Island. Attaining post rank in 1789, he commanded the Galatea, 36 guns, during the expedition to Quiberon, and in the Superb, 74 guns, he won fame in Sir James Saumarez's action with the Franco-Spanish squadron off Gibraltar, July 12, 1801. He accompanied Lord Nelson to the West Indies in chase of the combined fleets, and fought as Flag Captain in the action off St. Domingo, February 6, 1806, after which he was presented with a sword valued at 100 guineas by the merchants and underwriters of London. In 1811 he was second in command of the Mediterranean fleet, and from 1813 to 1816 Governor of Newfoundland. From 1821 till his death, in 1834, he was Governor of Greenwich Hospital. French Lawrence (adm. 1769), of Bath, graduated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he got a Fellowship, and then went to the bar, soon rising to eminence as a civilian. In 1796, through the influence of Burke and Earl Fitzwilliam, he became M.P. for Peterborough. In 1796 he was appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University of Oxford. He was one of the executors of Burke and joint editor of his Works ; also a contributor to the Rolliad. Alexander Crowcher Schomberg (adm. 1770), of Great Yar- mouth, matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, and was Fellow and Tutor of Magdalen. He wrote An Historical and Chronological View of the Roman Empire, A Treatise on the Maritime Law of Rhodes, A Sea Manual recommended to the 1 Wykihatmca, p. 139. 2 O'Byrne's Naval Biography. Warden Lee. 409 Young Officers of the British Navy, and other works of repute at the time. Charles Abbot (adm. 1772), of Blandford, was a botanist and author of Flora Bedfordiensis. Henry Raper (adm. 1774), of St. Andrew's, Holborn, entered the navy in February, 1780, on board the Berwick 74 \ He was signal lieutenant of the Queen Charlotte in Lord Howe's action of June i, 1793, and was made post captain in 1796. He became a rear admiral in 1819, and a full admiral in 1841. He published in 1828 a work entitled ' A New System of Signals, by which Colours may be wholly dispensed with ; illustrated by figures and a series of Evolutions/ in which he displayed a mastery of the subject. William Lisle Bowles (adm. 1775), was Bowles the poet, a son of William Bowles, a Fellow of Winchester College (adm. 1711). Bowles the poet was vicar of Bremhill, in Wiltshire, and a canon of Salisbury. He wrote History of Bremhill, Life of Bishop Ken, and Annals and Antiquities of Lacock Abbey, besides editing Pope's poetical works in a tone which drew down on him the wrath of Lord Byron. There is a mural tablet to Bowles in Salisbury Cathedral. Under custus aulae in 1776 : ' Page for four dozen salts, i6s.' These were blocks of beech wood, about five inches square and two inches thick, with a circular hole in the middle to hold the salt, which were in use within living memory. Distributio pauperibus: To the fund for the relief of the suffering clergy in America (in levamen ecclesiae Anglicanae clericorum, qui religionis causa in America vexantur) during the War of Independence, 21. In 1792 the Society, follow- ing this precedent, sent twenty-five guineas to the Committee at Freemason's Tavern for the relief of the suffering French clergy during the Revolution. Thomas Lavie (adm. 1777), of Putney, was Sir Thomas Lavie, K.C.B., who was knighted in 1806 for having, when in command of the Blanche frigate of 46 guns and 265 men, captured the Guerriere of 50 guns and 317 men after a spirited action, of which the particulars are recorded in James' Naval History. Gilbert Heathcote (1778) was a younger son of Sir Thomas Heathcote, Bart., of Hursley, near Winchester. He was elected Fellow of Winchester College in 1804, and was Vicar of 1 O' Byrne's Naval Biography. 4io Annals of Winchester College. Hursley and Andover, also Treasurer of Wells Cathedral, and latterly Archdeacon of Winchester. He married a daughter of Martin Wall (adm. 1760), who was over fifty years Clinical Pro- fessor at Oxford. His eldest son, the Rev. Gilbert Wall Heath- cote, is the present Sub-warden of Winchester College. At a meeting of the Warden and Fellows held September 9, 1778, the following Regulations were made. I quote them as evidence of the state of the College at the time. Some of them, however, had been in existence since December i, 1756 : ' ORDERED. That the Praepositor in course in each Chamber shall every morning enquire of the Inferiors whether they have between Peals gone circutn, as it is usually called ; and that they produce a witness of the same, otherwise their names shall be carried to one of the Masters. That at Eight, Eleven, and Five o'clock Prayers the boys shall all be seated in chapel at the tolling of a single bell, which will continue for five minutes after the ceasing of the two bells. That they behave themselves there decently and quietly both before and during the Service ; and that the Praepositors in general shall be answerable for any noise or outrage which may happen before Service shall begin. That the name of every boy who shall appear in the Chapel without a surplice at the appointed times of wearing them shall be carried to the Masters by one of the Praepositors of the Chapel ; and that the Praepositor in course in each chamber shall be likewise accountable for such neglect ; and that the surplices, when not in use, shall be deposited in their respective chests. That no boy shall go into the belfry tower, clock room, or upon any of the Leads about the College. That none shall go into the kitchen on any pretence whatsoever, except the Praepositor of the Tub, whose presence at meal times is sometimes necessary to regulate the commons of the absentees. That the praepositor of the Hall do take care that the floor be not strewed with saw dust, but be kept clean without it. In default of which he is to complain to the Warden of the Almoner. That the praepositor of the Hall be very attentive to the attendance of the boys during their meals, and accuse those who shall be absent from, or loiter in the Hall after singing of grace ; and that no boy be suffered to carry his commons out of the Hall. That no attempt be made to get into either of the butteries on any Warden Lee. 411 pretence whatsoever ; the Butlers having received orders to supply the Hall with Bread, Beer, Butter, Cheese, and Salt. That the silver pots be placed and suffered to remain at the respective Ends for the use of the inferiors ; and that immediately after each meal the pots be locked up in the buttery and never on any pretence whatsoever be carried down stairs. As the Praepositors are indulged with their separate messes, they are also allowed the use of any cup of their own, which the butler has orders to fill. The Gispins of beer are to be placed in the Hall, as formerly, viz. three gispins to supply the six Ends, by placing one on the middle of each of the three forms, so as conveniently to serve two Ends. And the junior boy at each End is to pour the beer for the rest. The beer that may be wanted in the chambers at proper times is to be carried down by the bedmakers, and not by any of the boys on any pretence whatsoever. That the boys are not to return to their Chambers after early prayers (except on remedy days), but to go immediately into School. That at proper times, and out of school hours, they be kept close to their chambers, and not suffered to stand between Doors, or to loiter in the Courts, or to walk on the Sands, or sit on the Bench under the chapel wall. And that the Praepositors in course take care that no boy be absent from his chamber without leave. The hours for books-chambers are from Ten to three quarters past Eleven in the forenoon and from half past Three to three quarters past Five in the afternoon, bever time excepted, when studying hours begin at Four. That the Praepositor in course take care that the chamber doors be always left open, when the boys are in them, till Bed time, which is half past eight for the inferiors (when a chapter in the bible is to be read by the praepositor in course), and Nine for the praepositors ; and that the doors be constantly locked at half-past eight. That no boy be seen with a hat, except when going to Hills, or to Meads at the season, or when he has leave to go out of College ; and that no one appear without a socius in the Court. That no names or initials of names be cut, or otherwise rendered conspicuous, on the walls of the Chapel or Hall, or on the buttresses of the same, or in other parts of the College. That the Bible clerk and ostiarius shall be answerable for all offences committed in the School Court on school days. The prae- positors in general are by the statutes answerable for all damage accruing from breaking the Hall windows. The Bible clerk and ostiarius are likewise to see that the boys con- Annals of Winchester College. stantly return to school at one o'clock, which is the stated hour in the afternoon on a school day ; and that they do not loiter elsewhere. That no boy presume to go into the College garden. For any offence of this kind committed on school days, and within school hours, the Bible clerk and ostiarius are responsible. If committed whilst the boys are at Meads or elsewhere, and out of the school hours, the praepositors in general are answerable for it. And if the offence be repeated, it will be deemed equal to going out of College, and punished accordingly. That if any boy shall be convicted of having a false key, or of breaking open any lock or other fastening of any of the doors in and about the College, he shall be instantly expelled. That all letters be carried up into the Hall before Eleven o'clock in the forenoon, and be put into a letter box which will be fixed there for that purpose. That no boy on any pretence whatsoever do presume to go out of the College without the leave of the Warden, Schoolmaster, and Usher. By " going out of College " is meant not only going out of the walls of it, but likewise going behind the stables, or back buildings, and even beyond the middle gate, unless sent for by the Warden or Schoolmaster. Under the same notion is comprehended all going from the Hills, or to a neighbouring village, during the time that should be spent at Hills. Not returning to eight o'clock Prayers at night after leave obtained to go out of College in the day time comes likewise under the same notion. The Punishment for the first offence of going out of College will be whipping ; for the second, if the offender be a praepositor, exofficiating ; if an inferior, turning down to the bottom of his class ; for the third offence, registering in the Black Book ; and for the fourth offence, Expulsion. That the praepositor of the Hall do on school days, and in school hours, keep the Court clear of the boys, and send them into school ; as he is placed in Sixth Chamber for that purpose.' The chief event of the year 1778 was the visit of George III and Queen Charlotte. Their Majesties arrived at Winchester at 5.30 p.m. on September 28, having come from Windsor (about 50 miles) in four and a half hours. They alighted at Eastgate House, which Mr. Henry Penton, M.P. for Win- chester, rented of the College, and held a levee which was attended by the Mayor and Corporation, the Warden and Fellows, the Dean and Chapter, and principal gentry of the neighbourhood, all of whom kissed hands. Next morning the King reviewed the West Kent, Gloucestershire, Lancashire, Warden Lee. 413 Staffordshire, Yorkshire and Wiltshire regiments of militia which were encamped on Morn Hill, a mile N.E. of the city, and then held a levee in the royal marquee on the ground for the officers. Captain Davies, of the West Kent, was knighted, according to custom, being by rotation the captain on guard for the day. Next morning (Sept. 30) the King and Queen came in their respective carriages to the Cathedral, and thence on foot to the College gate, where a guard was mounted, and they were received by the Warden, Fellows, and Masters. They proceeded to the chapel and library (Chantry), where his Majesty asked many questions 1 , and made pertinent observa- tions (not recorded) on the style of architecture. After visiting Seventh Chamber the King entered School, where the Scholars and Commoners intermixed were arranged at either end. After admiring the just proportions and elegance of the roof of that building, he proceeded into Meads, and was struck with the view of the plantation on St. Catherine's Hill, being pleased when he was told that Lord Botetourt 2 , the Colonel of the Gloucestershire militia, and his men completed it in one day during the last camp. The King then went up into Hall, and thence into the Warden's lodgings. Passing through the Gallery (just completed at a cost of 329) the King took notice of the best of the portraits, and in the Election Chamber was attentive to an account given by the Warden of King Henry VI dining in that room during his visits to the College for the purpose of copying the statutes when he was founding Eton College. From the Warden's lodgings the King returned on foot byway of College Street, the Close, and the High Street, to Eastgate house, all the way being lined with a guard of honour, and then departed for Salisbury. I subjoin the speeches of Chamberlayne 3 , the senior scholar, and Lord Shaftesbury, on behalf of the Commoners. Chamberlayne's speech : ' Regum antiquorum (rex augustissime) morem revocas, qui litera- torum sodalitiis interesse, oculisque et aspectu doctrinarum studia 1 Read Peter Pindar's Birthday Ode, describing the king's visit to Whitbread's brewery, and you will have this scene before you. 2 Norborne Berkeley, Groom of the Chamber to George III, had his claim to the ancient barony of Botetourt allowed in 1765. In 1768 he went out as Governor of Virginia. The World, No. 103, has a character of him as Boncoeur. 3 Afterwards of Weston Grove and Cranbury Park, Hants, M.P. for South- ampton. His father was William Chamberlayne, solicitor to the Treasury. Annals of Winchester College. comprobare non indignum putabant amplitudine sua. Et profecto plures regies hospites, Henricos, Edvardos, Carolos, olim excepit vetus hoc inclytumque Musarum domicilium : nullum qui bonas literas te (Pater illustrissime) vel magis amaverit, vel auxerit, vel ornaverit. Quin et animum tuum propensamque in literas volun- tatem vel hoc abunde testari possit, quod vicina castra tot tantisque procerum Britannicorum pro patria militantium praesidiis instruct- issima bellicis spectaculis te non penitus occupatum tenuere, quo minus et togatam juventutem respiceres et ex armorum strepitu remissionem quandam literati hujus otii captares. Ut diu vivas et valeas in utriusque Minervae perennem gloriam tibi fausta et felicia comprecantur omnia, voventque Wiccamici tui.' Lord Shaftesbury's verses : ' Forgive th' officious Muse, that with weak voice And trembling accents rude, attempts to hail Her Royal Guest ! who from yon tented field, Britain's defence and boast, has deigned to smile On Wykeham's sons : the gentler arts of peace And science, ever prompt to praise, and Mars To join with Pallas ! 'Tis the Muses' task And office but to consecrate to Fame Heroes and virtuous kings : the generous youths, My loved compeers, hence with redoubled toils Shall strive to merit such auspicious smiles: And through life's various walks, in arts or arms, Or tuneful numbers, with their country's love, And with true loyalty enflamed, t' adorn This happy realm; while thy paternal care To time remote, and distant lands, shall spread Peace, justice, riches, science, freedom, fame.' In 1778 Dr. Burney took his youngest son to Winchester to enter him as a Commoner, and Johnson, who was a friend of Dr. Warton, volunteered to accompany him \ No particulars are recorded of the visit. Prices in 1778, after the commencement of the war with France (declared February 8, 1778) : Beef and mutton, %d. per Ib. ; sheep's heads, \d. each ; ox heads, 45. each ; oatmeal, IDS. per bushel ; wheat, 645. to 66s. 8d. per quarter ; malt, 45. $d. to 45. 3d. per bushel ; oats, 225. per quarter ; sea coal, i8}d. per bushel ; charcoal, 2s. 6d. per quarter. 1 Seeley, Fanny Burney and her Friends, p. 50. Warden Lee. 415 William Howley (adm. 1779) became a Fellow of Winchester College, and Vicar of Andover in 1794. In 1813 he was raised to the See of London, and in 1828 became Archbishop of Canterbury 1 . John Wooll (adm. 1779) was headmaster of Rugby School 1807-28, and wrote a life of Dr. Warton. In 1780 nine silver tankards for the children, costing 37 ios., were purchased. They disappeared long ago, being most likely converted into spoons and forks for the Fellows' table. The two silver tankards now used by the Prefects were given to the Society in 1680 by Joseph Coxe (adm. 1653), a Fellow of Win- chester College. George Henry Rose (adm. 1781) was the Right Hon. Sir George Henry Rose, G.C.H., of Sandlands, in Hampshire, formerly M.P. for Christchurch. He was eldest son of the Right Hon. George Rose, a well-known statesman and political writer, who was President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy in Mr. Pitt's second administration. John Shute Duncan (adm. 1782, Fell. N. C. 1787-1838) was a barrister of Lincoln's Inn. His brother, Philip Bury Duncan, D.C.L (adm. 1783), also a Fellow of New College, was Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, and founded in 1841 and 1850 the Duncan Prizes in Winchester School for proficiency in mathe- matics. There are portraits of the two Duncans in the College Hall. Anthony Trollope, of Cottered, Herts (adm. 1785), was husband of Mrs. Trollope the novelist, and father of Thomas Adolphus Trollope (adm. 1820) and Anthony Trollope (adm. 1827). John Colborne (adm. 1789) was Field-Marshal Lord Seaton, G.C.B., G.C.H., &c. 1 His portrait was painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence for the Society in 1817 and hangs in the Warden's Gallery. CHAPTER XXV. WARDEN HUNTINGFORD (1789-1832). Rebellion of 1793. Dr. Goddard schoolmaster. Philip Williams. Chandler. Bandinel. Bishops Lipscomb and Shuttleworth. Dean Buckland. His son Frank. Timber stealers at Eling. Order of Commander in Chief touching Hills. Sir W. G. Hayter. Sir William Erie and his brother. Arnold of Rugby. Dr. Gabell. Rebellion of 1818. Dr. Williams. Fire in Chambers. Subscriptions. Lord Justice Giffard. DR. GEORGE ISAAC HUNTINGFORD (adm. 1762) succeeded War- den Lee in December, 1789. He had been Commoner Tutor 1 and Master of Warminster School, and was a Fellow of Winchester College at the date of his election. Huntingford owed his elevation to the See of Gloucester in 1802 to the favour of Addington (Lord Sidmouth), who had been one of the Commoner prefects when Huntingford was Commoner Tutor. Hunting- ford was translated to Hereford in 1815. Like his contem- porary Mansel, who was Master of Trinity and Bishop of Bristol, he preferred the Warden's lodgings in College to the bishop's palace. During a career of forty- two years he dis- charged the duties of Warden assiduously, presiding at the Courts for the manors, setting the fines on renewals of leases, and leaving details only to subordinates. ' All who remember him,' says Adams 2 , ' will agree in the appre- ciation of his learning and integrity, the excellence of his character, and the goodness of his heart. The part he had in the unfortunate events described later ' (the rebellions of 1793 and 1818) ' must be attributed to an incapacity, not uncommon in good and able men, to understand and deal with boys.' 1 Ante, p. 405. 2 Wykehamica, p. 141. Warden Huntingford. 4'7 The rebellion of 1793 has been described by Collins in his Public Schools and other writers. I take the following account of it from the preface to a MS. long roll which the late Mr. Peter Hall (adm. 1815) bequeathed to Winchester College ' : ' The great days of the insurrection were Wednesday the 3rd, and Thursday the 4th of April, 1793. The 4th was the day on which the gentlemen of the county met to address the king on account of the war with France after the beheading of the French King 2 . . . All the gentlemen from the County Hall came down to the College to make peace between the young gentlemen and the Warden, Masters, and others. The young gentlemen resigned on Friday, April 12, and went away the next day. Thirty-three of them returned and were taken into College again, after being absent about fifteen days, and six that were left on the roll at the last election. Twenty-nine were expelled, and eight were not suffered to return. In all, thirty-seven dismissed 3 . The cause of the sixty boys giving in their resignations 1 The Rev. Peter Hall (adm. 1815) was incumbent of Walcot, Bath, and left a valuable collection of books and pamphlets to the Society. 2 Jan. 21, 1793. 3 The Register of scholars, however, accounts for thirty-six only : White, adm. 1787. Bishop, adm. 1787. Turner, adm. 1785. Baker, sen., adm. 1787. Mant, adm. 1788. Fellow of Oriel and Bishop of Down and Connor. Budd, adm. 1786. To St. Mary Hall. Kinneir, adm. 1784. To Exeter Col- lege. Sealy, adm. 1785. Elwall, adm. 1786. Carpenter, adm. 1784. To Hertford College, M.A. Johnson, adm. 1788. Downes. sen., adm. 1788. Turner, adm. 1785. Silver, adm. 1787. Fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, and Pro- fessor of Anglo-Saxon. Son of Nicholas Silver, eight times Mayor of Winchester. Moody, adm. 1786. Beevor, adm. 1789. To Caius Col- lege, Cambridge. Dalbiac, adm. 1789. General Sir James Charles Dalbiac. Daubeny, adm. 1789. Lee, adm. 1787. Captain 6gth Regt. Bristed, adm. 1789. Wall, sen., adm. 1787. To Merton College, M.A., Rector of Quatt- Malvern. Blackstone, adm. 1788; d. early. Gibbs, sen., adm. 1788. Oglander, adm. 1791. Fellow of Merton. Wykham, adm. 1786. To All Souls' College, B.C.L. Goodlake, adm. 1787. J.P. for Berks. Gunning, sen., adm. 1788. Carnac, adm. 1790. Major-General. Moncrieffe, adm. 1788. Smith, adm. 1788. Sir Lionel Smith, K.C.B., Governor of Jamaica. Faithfull, adm. 1792. Entered army, and d. in India. Sherson, adm. 1792. Lockley, adm. 1792. Devereux, adm. 1790. Roby, adm. 1790. Coxe, adm. 1790. To Merton Col- lege, M.A., Rector of Sheflbrd and Avington, Berks. E e 4i 8 Annals of Winchester College. was the expulsion of Budd, an agreement to that effect having been made beforehand.' Budd was a prefect, whom Dr. Goddard espied in the Cathedral Close when the Marquis of Buckingham's regiment of Militia was parading there. The Close was out of bounds, and the Warden had given out that if any boy were caught there while the regiment was parading the whole school would be punished. The Warden sent for Budd and ordered him to get the Electra of Sophocles by heart and say fifty lines every morning until the whole fifteen hundred and ten lines were said. He also gave orders that no boy should be suffered to go out to dinner in the town on the ensuing Sunday. This led to the rebellion so graphically described by Adams \ The ringleaders must have meant mischief, for they unpaved part of Chamber Court and made the juniors carry the cobblestones to the top of Middle Gate Tower, for the purpose of defending that stronghold. Budd's foolishness was the immediate occasion of the out- break, but the cause of it was the discontent of the scholars with ill-cooked food and other petty miseries, and the ' do as you please ' policy of Dr. Warton. Sydney Smith (adm. 1782), even in his old age, according to his daughter, Lady Holland 2 , used to shudder at his recollections of Winchester : and I see no reason for assuming with Adams 3 that his recollections on this subject need to be taken cum grano. In a review of ' Paris and its Historical Scenes/ in the British Critic for April, 1832, is a skit at this affair in the follow- ing imaginary title of a book supposed to be Vol. II. of a History of Winchester : An account of Winchester College ; with historical scenes of the Great Rebellion of the Scholars in the year 17 , when they bolted out of school, 'booked' Dr. . . . . , broke all his windows, burned all his wigs, barricaded their dormitory, procured firearms, maintained a siege, &c. See also Miss Edge- worth's tale, The Barring Out, published in 1806, and The Nar- rative in The Advertiser or The Moral and Literary Tribunal, vol. i. ed. 2, Lond. 1803. Dr. Warton retired at the election of 1793. The extent to which the College was thrown out of gear on this occasion may be inferred from the fact that fifty-nine boys were put on the 1 Wykehamica, p. 143. * Memoirs, p. 6. 3 P. 158. Warden Hunting ford. 419 roll of that year, of whom forty-one were admitted ; and that at the election of 1794 not a single scholar was elected to New College *. Dr. Goddard (adm. 1771) was the next Head Master. There is a tradition that he began life at Winchester as a chorister. His contemporary, Henry Sissmore (adm. 1770, Fell. W. C. 1801-51), used to relate how he saw young Goddard in the leather breeches and stockings which the choristers then wore helping to carry the dishes up the staircase to Hall ; but there is no demonstrat- ing the truth of the story, as the choristers' names do not appear in the school rolls of that period. At the election of 1769 he was placed thirteenth on the roll for Winchester, but renounced. Why, I do not know ; but it was not an uncommon thing a hun- dred and twenty years ago. It was at this time, perhaps, that he became a chorister. His name does not appear in the roll for 1770 ; but he was fifth on the roll for 1771, and got in. Fail- ing election to New College he entered at Merton, where he took his B.A. degree, and then became Commoner Tutor. Three years' service in that capacity qualified him for the post of usher under Dr. Warton, whom he succeeded nine years later. He retired in 1809, and passed the remaining thirty-six years of his life in retirement, living chiefly at Andover with his wife's family. At his death he gave his house there to be the parsonage. His munificent gift of 25,000 consols to free the boys on the foundation from the burden of certain payments to the masters, has been referred to 2 . He was a great benefactor to the parish of Andover. He rebuilt the Church of St. Mary there with its beautiful Winchester tower, at a supposed cost of 30,000, gave 10,000 to endow the schools, 1000 to aug- ment the vicarage, and 1000 to endow local chanties, besides rebuilding the chapel at Foxcote at his own expense. His por. trait by Lucas hangs in the College Hall. Another by Pickers- gill, painted in the year 1830, may be seen in the Warden's gallery. William Pickwick (adm. 1791), of Lyncombe, Bath, was a 1 Register 1794, note. ' Post supervisionem et scrutinium hoc tempore habitum sufficientia litteraturae, conditionibus, moribus, ac qualitatibus scholarium hujusce Collegii per communem consensum examinantium non approbatis, ne unus qui- dem ad Collegium novum nominatus est.' * See last Chapter. E 6 2 42O Annals of Winchester College. member of the family of the coach proprietor immortalized in the Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, ch. xxxv. Philip Williams (adm. 1792), of St. Michael's parish, Win- chester, was Vinerian Professor in the University of Oxford, and for many years a leading citizen of Winchester, being Steward to the Dean and Chapter and Recorder of the City. George Chandler, of Guildford, and John Giffard Ward, of Southampton, his contemporaries, became respectively Deans of Chichester and Lincoln. Bulkeley Bandinel (adm. 1794) was Bodley's Librarian from 1813 to 1861. Christopher Lipscomb (adm. 1794) was consecrated first Bishop of Jamaica in 1824. Philip Nicholas Shuttleworth (adm. 1796) became Warden of New College in 1822, and was preferred to the See of Chichester in 1840. William Buckland (adm. 1798) was a Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and became Reader in Geology, then Dean of Westminster. His son, Francis Trevelyan (Frank) Buckland (adm. 1839), the popular writer on Natural History, was a student of Christ Church, and, after holding the appointment of assistant Surgeon in the 2nd Life Guards, was Inspector of Salmon Fish- eries. His bureau or 'toys ' is preserved in the Porter's Lodge. In the accounts of the year 1793 I find a bill of Kernot's for replastering the walls of Hall, 486 yards at iod., 20 55. : and an item of 20 i6s. 3 346, 351 ; acquired through Cromwell, 345; catalogued by Alchin, 169. Books-chambers, 407 ; hours of, 411. Botes, manor of, 19. Botetourt, Lord, 413. Botley, tenement at, 211. Bouke, Warden, his brass, 342. Boulogne, siege of, 260. Boulton, A. L., 170. Bowles, the poet, 409. Bowling green, the, 332. Boy-bishop, the, 90. Bradford Peverel, advowson of, 25. Brasses, renewed by Dr. Freshfield, 54 ; state of in 1670, 342. Brathwaite, Warden, 385, 387. Bread, allowance of, 382 ; cast of, what, ib. Bretagne and Flanders, Duke of, 146. Brewer, agreement with, 376. Brewhouse, the, 34. Bridecake, Archdeacon, 376. Brinton, Bishop Thomas de, 3, 15. Bromfield, John Trenchard, 75. Browne, Sir Thomas, 310. Bryan, Philip, 95, 295. Buckingham, Marquess of, his regi- ment of militia, 418. Buckland, Dean, 420 ; Frank, ib. Budd, punishment of, 418. Buff coat, purchase of, 354. Builders' prices in 1658, 349. Bulls, of Boniface IX., 4 ; of Urban VI., 3,6. Burghley, Lord, High Steward, 283, 284. Bursars, the, 79, 338; the first, 137, 144. Bursary, the, 33. Bursledon, tithe of, 25. Burt, schoolmaster, 348 ; warden, ib. Burton, Dr., 108 ; opens new board- Index. ing house, 132 ; builds Commoners, 133 ; portraits of his pupils, 134 ; founds Fox and Burton exhibitions, 390 ; Eyre's grievance against, 392 ; gives a fire-engine, 394. Butter and cheese, to be allowed for breakfast, 403. Buttes, manor of, 182. Cabbages, first mention of, 369. Caecubum, name for Spanish wine, 299. Camoys, Sir Hugh, 17. Hill, lawsuit about, 358. Campeden, John de, 23, 66. Camperdown, battle off, 421. Capel, Lord, of Hadeham, 119. Capels, the, 119. Carman, the chaplain, 129 ; his death foretold, 373. Carmelites, agreement with, 160 ; precinct of, 253. Castlehaven, Earl of, his leave out letter, 372. Cast, a, of bread, 382. Catechism, instruction in, 338. Cauliflowers, first mention of, 369. Cause money, 383. Cedula, what, 48. Cellar, the, 44 ; wine-cellar, the. 53. Chale Down, chapel on top of, 212. Chamber Court, 35. Chamberlayne, his speech, 413. Chambers, 35, 37 ; chimneys in, 190 ; fires in, 394, 425; stone basins in, 426. Chambre, Roger de le, 3. Champneys, Agnes, 18. Chandler, tallow for the, 357. Richard, 194, 395 ; Dean, 420. Chantry, Fromond's, 166; becomes library, 169; visited by George III., 4*3- Thurbern's, 218; coat armour in, 221. Wykeham's, 159, 353. SL Mary's, Andover, 280. Chapel, 46 ; services in, 86 ; seats, ib. ; consecration of, 141 ; expenses of, 144, 159, 225, 243 ; inventory of con- tents of, 323, 340 ; attendance at, 323. Chaplains, their chamber, 38 ; appoint- ment of, 77 ; commons of, 80 ; stipends of, 84 ; duties of, 338. Chard, Dr., 59. Charles I. nominates scholars, 73 ; his protection sought for College, 332 ; his grocer, 335 ; plate given to, 340. Charles II. nominates scholars, 73 ; Ken attends, 345 ; his charter, 352 ; visits Winchester, 369 ; subscribes to rebuilding St. Paul's, 369 ; begins King's House, 370 ; nominates Appleford, ib. Charnell, the, an. Charnock, Sir Villiers, 108. Charter, of Foundation, 3 ; of appro- priation, 14 ; of Privileges, 25, 26 ; of Henry IV., ib. ; of Henry V., 173; of Henry VI., 320; of Edward IV., 26, 174; of the Parliament, 26; of Charles II., 26, 352. Charterhouse, the rebellion at, 424. Chaundler, Warden, 209 ; MS. Life of Wykeham attributed to him, 62 ; his obit, 265. Cheriton Down, battle of, 332. Cheyney, Dean, his legacy, 400. schoolmaster, 373, 390. Court, 38, 314 ; gaol of, 44, 330, 428. Chichele, Archbishop, 178. Chief rent to Dean and Chapter, 12. to City of Winchester, 249. Choir School, 38. Cholera, precautions against, 425. Choristers, 38, 78 ; gown cloth, 165 ; duties, 339, 351 ; from Cathedral, 389. Church accommodation, outlay on, 426. Churcheatts, what, 19. Church money, 383. Church plate, inventory of, 235 ; seized under Edward VI., 239. Chute, Edward, 357. Challoner, ib. John, 358. - C. W., 430. Gibber, Caius Gabriel, 346. Colley, ib. Lewis, 1 08, 346. Theophilus, 346. Cistern House and Chapel, 134. Clarendon, Earl of, 349. Clarke, Jeremiah, 59. Claviger, office of, 338. Clericus computi, office of, 33. Cleve, Warden, 224 ; vestments, 231 ; obit, 265. Clochier, the, 62. Clock, the, 63. Cloisters, the, 63 ; consecration of, 141 ; repairs of, 185, 190. Cloister-time, what, 63. Cloth for gowns, 85. Clyff, William, 64, 165, 235. Coals, pit, first mention of, 362 ; price of, 3 6a > 37 6 - Cobb, Warden, 389, 397. Cobbett, William, his prejudice against tea, 427. Cobden, Dr., his exhibition, 372. 542 Annals of Winchester College. Coke, the Town Clerk, 242. Coker, John, 108. Cadwallader, 392. Colborne (Lord Seaton), 415. Cole, Warden, 228. College seal, 87, 286 ; mill, 243. Colley, Edward, 346. Collins, the poet, 394. Colman, brass pot so called, 41, 161. Colpays, Robert, 262, 265. Colthrop, manor of, 252 ; lease of, 284. Commensales, 112 ; extra Collegium, 1 20, 123. Commoners, 109 ; number at different times, 128 ; portraits of Dr. Burton's, 134 ; to pay for their commons, 305 ; fees of, 384; annual payments by, 432 ; admission of, ib. (New), 135, 426; purchase of site, 321, 340. - (Old), 134. Commons, 80, 3225 in 1482, 223; improvement in 1711, 379. Computus rolls, 137. Conducts, 70. Conduit, the, 41 ; new, 426. Consecration of chapel, 47 ; rule as to, ib. ; of cloisters, 141. Conventicles, statute against, 82. Coombe Bisset, manor of, 18 ; repairs at, 150. Cooper, Bishop, renews lease of Ropley, 20 ; his order limiting number of founder's kin, 104. Corn rents, 283. Cornewall, Speaker, 374. Captain Wolfram, ib. Coryat, George, 290. Thomas, ib. Coventre, William, a benefactor, 185. Cowdray, John, bears news of Agin- court, 177. Coxe, Joseph, gives tankards, 415. Coxed, Warden, 395. Cracks in ancient fabric, 420. Cradock, public orator, 350. Craggs, Secretary, his letter, 387. Cranlegh, Thomas de, 3, u. Cranmer, his mandate, 49 ; his visita- tion, 244; copies of his bible, 1 16, 249. Crawley, scholars sent to, 355. Crimean memorial, 60. Cromwell,Oliver,occupies Winch ester, 333; books acquired through him, 345 j petition to, in favour of Burt,34& Thomas, his visitation, 244. Crowe, William, 398. Crown Inn, site of, 38. Danvers, Dame Joan, 265. D'Arcey, Richard, schoolmaster, 188. Daubeny, Archdeacon, 398. Day boys, 122 ; cease to be taken, 134. Deal, first mention of, 347. Deane, Mr., a brewer, 421. Decanter, first mention of, 390. Defence of kingdom, subscription for, 421. Dene, Richard, schoolmaster, 213, 229. Deodands, 26. Deverose, Thomas and Agnes, 10, 179, 187. Dibdin, Charles, 390. Dispensation from salt fish on Wed- nesdays, 281. Dispers, what, 382, 427. Distributio pauperibus, 299, 301, 306, 3!, 313, 3 2 3, 33, 33i, 332, 335, 369, 409. Dobson, Warden, founds superan- nuates' fund, 390. Dobbins, Guy, his son's commons, 121 ; builds new rooms, 128. Dogger's Close, 252. Doglas cloth, 225. Dogs, not to be kept, 82. Domum, author and composer of, 59, 184. Donatus, grammar of, 71. Downton, rectory of, 3, 14, 16 ; repairs at, 158 ; lease to Wilkes, 282 ; forgery at, 291. Drew the cellarer, 9. Duke of Bretagne and Flanders, his visit, 146. Dumere's or Dummer's Meade, 7. Duncans, the, of New College, 415. Dupaizy, a French Protestant, 369 ; his sons in Commoners, 130. Durrington, manor of, 19 ; repairs at, 150 ; stocks at, 425. Earles, Bishop, 306. Easthall, manor of, 23. East Tisted, farms at, 210. East Worldham, farms at, an. ' Ecclesia,' for chapel, 244. Ecton, John,-author of Liber Valorum, 130. Ede, Stephen, his obit, 191, 265. Edward IV. sends lion, 214 ; his visit to College, ib. VI., his Commissioners seize Church plate, 239 ; seize College plate, 241 ; gives manors in lieu of Enford, 253 ; his injunctions of 1547, 262 ; his act abolishing obits, 264 ; cries down money, 267 ; ' ymages ' destroyed under, 49; altar de- molished under, 51. Index. 543 Edyngdon, Bishop, owner of Meon- stoke Ferrand, 20 ; Wykeham proxy for, ib. Election, the, of scholars, 76, 77 ; of fellows, 77 ; of Warden, ib. Election Chamber, 35 ; visit of George III. to, 413. Election cup, 229. Eling, manor of, 16; mill and cause- way, 1 86. Elizabeth, Queen, renews lease of Ropley, 20 ; visits College, 280 ; squeezes the society, 282. Emblems, Wykehamical, 365. Enford, manor of, 252 ; recovered by Culpeper, 254. Entrance examination, subjects of, 431. Erie, Sir William, restores reredos,52, 54 ; gives window, 166 ; admitted to College, 422 ; his brother Peter, ib. Erlisman, schoolmaster, 221, 241. Eton College, statutes of, 65 ; building . of, 193 ; foundations of, 193 ; Wayneflete's consecration at, 203 ; Eton boys 204,281 ; masters' incomes in 1740, 401 ; rebellions at, 405,423. Evered, choolmaster, 245, 276. Examinations, entrance, 431 ; for scholarships and exhibitions, ib. Exeter, Duke of, visits College, 178. Exhibitions, 390, 429, 430 ; minor, 432. Eyre, Dr., the usher, 133, 392 ; founds superannuates" fund, 390; his grievance, 392. Fabric, maintenance of, 88; cost of, 151 ; settlements in, 420. Falcon Inn, Kingsclere, 215. Fanstone's forgeries, 291. Fell, Dr. Samuel, 333. John, ib. Philip, ib. Fellow Commoners, an. Fellows, election of, 77 ; obedience to Warden, 78; regulations touching, 82-84 5 marriage of, 83 ; removal of, 84 ; when first admitted, 143 ; allow- ances, 322 ; duties of, 337. Fellows' common room, 39. Felons'goods,right of College 10,26,328. Female servants not allowed, 92. guests in Hall, 187. Fen, John, 276. Femshamsdean, manor of, 19. Fernhill, manor of, 165, 168. Ferrum, a book on grammar, 67. Fescam, schoolmaster, 226. Fiennes, family of, 97. Richard, ib. Nathaniel, 330. Fine, a fictitious action, 10. Fines, statute of, 10. Finkley, a purlieu of Andover, 179. Fir timber, first mention of, 347. Fire in Third Chamber, 394 ; in First, 394. 425- Fire-engine, Dr. Burton's, 395. Fire insurance, 395. First of June, celebration of, 421. Flanders tiles, 145. Flandrestiel, what, 145. Flatman, Thomas, 343. Flemyng, Chief Justice, 283. Fleshmonger, Dean, gives bedsteads, 36 ; gives panelling of Hall, 43 ; his bedsteads burnt, 425. Fletcher, Bishop, 386. Floodstock, the, position of, 10. Forks, use of, 294. Founder, the, his object, i, 433 ; portrait of, 43 ; Gibber's statue of, 346 ; founder's spoone,' 358. Founder's kin, 70, 93 ; allowance to when sick, 83 ; names of, 106 ; privilege abolished, 428. Fox, Bishop, renews lease of Ropley, 20. Fox, Bohun, founds exhibitions, 390. Fox, a, kept in College, 341. Frampton the brewer, 331, 333. Franklin, Sir John, 106. Free Education, Wykeham's object, i, 433- Free School Charity, 385. French, expected landing of, 156 ; invasion of Russia, 425. Freshfield, Dr., gives brasses, 54 ; a member of governing body, 430. Fromond, John, his chantry, 32, 45, 166; steward of the manors, 157; his godchild, 163 ; his will, 164 ; founds chantry, 165 ; his obit, 265. Fromond, Maud, 163, 164, 166; gives stones and gear of mill, 168. Frye, surname of husband of Wyke- ham's sister, 17. Fussell, James, 59. Gabell, Dr., 132 ; rents Commoners, 134 ; his career, 422 ; quells re- bellion of 1818, 423 ; his views on expulsion, 424. Galleries, a feature in original fabric, 37 ; Warden's, 33, 413. Garbett, Mr., his report on roof of Hall, 43. Garden, expenses of, 185, 297-319. Gardiner, Bishop, 243 ; grants lease of Stoke Park, 262. Garnet, Henry, 288. 544 Annals of Winchester College. Garnish of pewter, what, 296. Gas, laid on at College, 426. Gatesdene, Sir John de, 17. Gauntlett, Warden, 396. Geese, first mention of, 277. George III., visit of, 412 ; jubilee of, 425- Giffard, Lord Justice, 425. Gispins, what, 44, 227 ; number of, 411. Goddard, Dr., 132 ; abolishes gratuities, 402 ; his career, 419 ; portraits of, ib. 1 Goddards,' what, 222. Golding, Warden, 398. Goleigh, purchase of, 210. ' Gomer/ what, 85. 'Gordon's,' lands so called, 38. Gospel, the, read in Hall, 81. Governing body, the, 135 ; establish- ment of, 430 ; members of, ib. Gown cloth, allowance of, 85. Grand Jury, present College for dis- affection, 386. Gratuities to masters, Bigg's attempt to abolish, 400; electors' attempt, 402 ; Dr. Goddard abolishes, 403 ; to Eton Masters, 401. Greek beggars, 297, 301, 306, 310, 323 ; archbishops, 297, 306, 349. Grenegyngyver, 172, 181. Grent, Thomas, 106, 296. Gresham, Sir John, 243. Grey Friars, site of, 253. Groceries in 1568, 289. Grocyn, the Grecian, 212. Grove, Bishop, 334. Groves, Dean, 310. Gunner, Rev. W. H., 40. Guns, purchase of, 213, 294. Gynnore, John, his obit, 265. Racket, Mr., letter to, 317. Hall, the, 43 ; order of sitting in, 80 ; theatricals in, 287 ; riot in, ib. ; under-pinning of, 420 ; tables in, 44, 306. Hall, Peter, his MS. long-roll, 417, 423, 424. Hall Place, manor of, 248. Halland, manor of, 182. Hamble, church and manor of, 24 ; corrody, 159; French expected at, 156. Hampton, James, 394. Hampton-on-Thames, church of, 23 ; given to Henry VIII., 251 ; John Uvedale, vicar of, 187. Hanoverian rats, 395. Harcourt, Sir Simon, 117. Hardyng, Thomas, 276. Harmar, Warden, 298. Harmondsworth, church of, 24 ; re- pairs at, 150 ; new chancel, 152 ; strike of tenants at, 211 ; given to Henry VIII., 251. Harpysfields, the, 223. Harris, James, 120. John, 53. Renatus, 58, 344. Richard, 370. Thomas, 58. Walter, 106, 355. Warden, 316, 317, 337, 339. William, 53, 350, 363. Hartham, rectory of, 280. Hatches, the, 44. Hatherley, Lord, 423. Hats, not to be worn, 411. Hawkbroke, the usher, difficulty in filling his place, 218. Hawkley mill, 280. Hay in Meads, 311. Haydon, Benjamin, 308 ; his son in Commoners, 121. Hayter, Sir W. G., 422. Hayward, Warden, 399, 403. Hearse, meaning of word, 353. Heath, John, 290. Heathcote, Archdeacon, 59, 409 ; Sub- warden, 8, 410. Heete, Robert, 28 ; his copy of statutes, 68 ; his life of Wykeham, ib. ; his library, 69 ; gives candle- sticks, 50; crosier for boy-bishop, 91. Heigham, Roger, 325. Henry IV., visit of, 147. Henry V. at Winchester, 176; his charter of Andover, 173. Henry VI. transcribes statutes, 65 ; his frequent visits to College, 192 ; stays at Wolvesey, 194 ; his gifts, ib. ; vestments, 230 ; dines in Election Chamber, 413. Henry VIII. visits Wolvesey, 245 ; his exchange with the College, 251 ; besieges Boulogne, 260 ; death of, 262. Herbert, Chief Justice, 349. Herton, Richard, 2, 122. Heston, church of, 23; repairs at, 150; given to Henry VIII., 251. Heydocke, Richard, 290. High Steward, place of, 283, 284, 319. Hills, what happened to Moody on, 406; scholars go to, 411, 421; planted with trees, 413 ; prescriptive right to, 421 ; games played on, 422. Hilsea, tithe of, 307. Hoadley, Bishop, rejects Purnell, 398. Hodges, Dr., his work in library, 169. Index. 545 Hodson, Edmund, his epitaph, 280 ; legacy to poor scholars, ib. Holidays, note on, 138 ; introduced by More, 229. Holies, Secretary, withdraws a King's letter, 75. Holloway, Mr. Justice, 327. Holy Communion in Warden Love's time, 309 ; in Ken's time, 344 ; how often to be administered, 433 ; office of, 267. Holy Trinity, monastery of, at Rouen, 24. Homilies, Cranmer's, purchased, 267. Hops in Meads, 250, 31 1 ; price of, 251. Horeman, William, schoolmaster, 226. Hornchurch, 25. Horses, price of in 1393, 141 ; in 1398, 145 ; in 1430 and 1440, 191 ; in 1564-5,286; pair of, for Beaufort, 181. Hoskyns, Serjeant, 290. Hostiarius, 70, 79. Houghton, Prebendary, 350. Household stuff, inventory of in 1412, 160. Howley, Archbishop, 415 ; founds Moberly Library, 427. Huddesford, George, 404. Huet or Hewet, first usher, 67, 160. Hulse, Andrew, his chantry, 156 ; obit, 265; vestments, 230, 231 ; silver cup, 235- Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, peti- tion to, 174 ; his inspcximus of Charter of Henry V., ib. Hunt, the public, 313 ; scholars at, ib. Huntborne, manor of, 25. Huntingford, Warden, Commoner tutor, 405,416 ; Bishop of Gloucester, ib. ; of Hereford, ib. ; punishes Budd, 418. Hursley, Wardens meet at, 356. Hutt, Mr. William, 59. Hyde Abbey, 288. (Lord Clarendon), 349. the schoolmaster, 276. Bishop, 306. Hylle, Thomas, 53. Images in roodloft, 48 ; destroyed, 49 ; in reredos, 52 ; for vestments, 249. Imber, John, 124. Incense in Chapel, 249, 357. Indian Bible, 371 ; chiefs, visit of, 374, Informator, 70, 79. Ingepenne, John, an. Injunctions of Archbishop Arundel, 155 ; of Edward VI., 262 ; of Arch- bishop Bancroft, 302 ; of Archbishop Laud, 320. Innkeeper's lien, case of, 286. Inoculation for small-pox, 371. Inventories enjoined, 87, 156; of 1412, 160; of chapel in 1636, 323 ; in 1649, 341 ; of vestments, &c. in 1525, 229; of plate given by Wykeham, 154. Iron nails, price of, 221, 227. Isabel de Foxcote, her excommunica- tion, 196. Isle of Wight, camp in, in 1544, 260. Isleworth, church of, 23 ; repairs at, 150 ; given in exchange to Henry VIII., 252 ; bible for, 249. Ive, William, schoolmaster, an; officiates at the Charncll, an. Jacks, leathern, 227. James I., his injunction, 300. James II., nominates scholars, 74. James, Thomas, 294. James* powder, to whom fatal, 386. Janyn, Bishop, 195. Jenkinson, Major, 374 ; Sir Robert, ib. Jews, Basnage's History of, 374. Joan, Queen, pension to, 173, 174 ; visits College, 178. Johnson, Dr., visits Winchester, 414. Jolliffe, family of, aig. Jonson,Christopher, schoolmaster, 284. George, his irregularity in attend- ance at Chapel, 320. Katherine, St., chapel of, on Chale Down, 212. Keate, Dr., of Eton, 423. Keats, Admiral, 408. Ken, Bishop, 37, 119, 292, 344; his organ, 344. Kent, James, 59. Simon, 182 ; his son the scholar, 73, 182. Keswyke, John, his obit, 265. Keton, John, 66. Robert, ib. Kettlebell, the, 6a. Keyt, the sacrist, 244. King's College, Cambridge, roof of chapel, 47 ; Provost of, 430. King's College, London, subscription to building fund, 424. King's letters, 73. Kitchen, the, 39. Knollys, T. W., his letter describing a rebellion in 1774, 404. Knyghte, Bishop, 223. La Croix, supplies tea, 427. Lake, Bishop, 292, 301. Land and stock leases, 88. Land, power to devise by will, 164. N n 546 Annals of Winchester College. Langton, Bishop, his visitation, 226. Latin, importance of in Wykeham's opinion, 3 ; Bursars', 138 ; scholars vow to talk, 325. Laud, Archbishop, his injunctions, 320 ; adjudicates on Edward Wyk- ham's petition, 104. Laus, William, his obit, 265. Lavender, meaning of word, 427. Mead, 145, 427. Lavie, Sir Thomas, 409. Lavington, Bishop, 373. Lavyngton, Thomas, 9. Lawrence, French, 408. Lay clerks, 70, 84, 141, 143, 338. Lead, cast better than milled, 62. Leases, land and stock, 88; length of, 86. Leasing powers, 86. Lectern, the, 54. Lee, Harry, 399 ; Warden, ib. Warden Godfrey Bolles, 429. Leicester, Earl of, 293. Leigh, Peter, 399. Lenten diet, what, 261. Leveson-Gower, G. W. G., 48, in. Lewis, the French prisoner, 177, 189, 190. Lewis, Monk, cause of his death, 386. Lewse, Owen, 276. Library, 169, 371; book of donations to, 169, 345 ; visited by George III., 413. Library, School, 133, 427. Litigious tailor, tale of the, 10, n. Liverpool, Earl of, 374. Lloyd, Hugh, schoolmaster, 298. Locke, Mr., 33. Lockburn, the, 8, 34. London, Dr. John, 227. Bishop of, 430. Long, Benjamin, 59. Hills, graves in, 356. roll, the earliest, 128 ; of 1690, ib. ; Peter Hall's, 417, 423, 424. Load, manor of, 253, 254, 256. Love, Warden, 32, 308. Nicholas, 308, 334, 336. Lowth, Bishop, 390. Lucas, Thomas, 9. Lydiat, Thomas, 293. Richard, 386. Lymington salt, 289. Lyndeshall, manor of, 23. Lyra, de, 341. Magdalen College, fund for relief of scholars of, 369. Magdalen Hospital, 31. Major and minor, 112, 115. Male servants, 92. Malet, Sir Alexander, 423. Manningford Bruce, 25. Manningham, Bishop, 349. Mansel, Bishop, 416. Mant, Bishop, 417. Mareys, John, vicar of Andover, 189. Marching watch, 310. Marshall, John, 276. George, Warden of New College, 337, 34 8 - Marsworth rent charge, 280. Martyn, Henry, 290. Peter, 35. Mary, Queen, altars rebuilt under, 51 ; her marriage, 277. Masters' boarding houses, 135. Masters, present number of, 433. Mather, Increase, his letter, 371. Maydenheath, Dr., 155. Mayhew, President, 228, 235. Maze on Hills, 422. Membury, Simon, 55, 138, 145, 151. Meonstoke, manor of, 20 ; Diford, a copyholder of, 158. Merstone, manor of, 210. Merydith, Dean, 289. Mews, Bishop, the manner of his death, 373. Milborne Port, manor of, 252. Miller, Dean, 398. Milton, John, the schoolmaster, 31. Minterne, manor of, 253, 254, 256. Moberly, Dr., 132, 135. Library, site of, 133, 136 ; founded by Archbishop Howley, 427. Mont St. Bernard, hospital on, 23, 25. St. Katherine, monastery on, 5, 24. Moody, a junior, 405 ; his treatment, 406. More, Warden, 229. Dr. John, 327. Morland, Sir Samuel, 324. Morley, Bishop, gives oaks, 368. Mortuaries, what, 195 ; case of, at Andover, 196. Morys, Warden, 26, 31, 67, 122, 137, 139, *45i Z 55> 158, 161, 265. Moundsmere, manor of, 252, 254, 256; buildings at, 259, 277, 355 ; scholars sent there, 259. Munden, John, 279. Mutton, allowance of, 382. Nails, iron, prices of, 227. Needs, the prophet, 373. Netley, tithe of, 25. Neville, Alice, Countess of Salisbury, 168. Newbury, paving tile from, 159 ; elec- tion held at, 356 ; hostelry at, 72. Index. 547 Newcastle, Duchess of, 354. New College, election to, 71, 72 ; scholarships at, 428. Newdegate, Serjeant, 329. Nicholas, John, 363. Matthew, ib. Sir Edward, ib. Warden, 33, 363 ; builds Garden front of lodgings, 33 ; alterations in chapel, 53,363 ; fills up a fellowship without notice, 374 ; his allowances, ib. ; appoints Harris steward, 370 ; appeals to Visitor, 376, 395. Nomination system, 76. Non licet gate, 199. Norris, John, the English Platonist, 358. North Bradley, 253, 254, 256, 398. Norton, Sir Daniel, 307. Nowell's Catechism, 338. Nutting money, 383. Nyghtyngale, William, his obit, 37. Oades, Roger, 347, 355. Obits abolished, 264 ; list of, ib. Ogle, Sir William, 333, 340. Old Barge, tolls on, 29. Oldys, Archdeacon, 106. Opening Day, 30, 137. Oppidans, 124. Organs, 34, 56 ; Ken's, 344 : organists, 58. Oselbury, Nicholas, 131. Osenbrygge, for table cloths, 294. Ostiarius, the, his duties, 411. Oterbornesmede, 7, u, 12. Otterborne, Wykeham's estate at, 184 ; meadows at, 262. Outer Court, 34 ; screen in, 35 ; com- pleted, 147. Outer Gate, 30, 32. Outrider, his duties, 338. Owdall, Nicholas, 228. Owen, John, 292. Oxford University Commission, sta- tutes of, 421. Oysters from Hamble, 159 ; tribute to monks of St. Swithun, ib. ; warden's allowance of, 321. Oyster cloths, 294. Packer, John, 358. Padworth, manor of, 147. Panch, a, what, 347. Pandoxatorium, what, 227. Paradise, where, 35. Parker, Archbishop, his dispensation, 281 ; sends Boxall to prison, 279. Parliament, charter of, in 1649, 26 ; visitation of, 336, 342. Parliamentarian officer, the, 330. Parsonage houses, outlay on, 426. Patriarch of Dorchester, the, 293, 337. Pauldron, what, 319. Pavyngtiel from Newbury, 159. Payne, Canon, 108. Peachman, Thomas, 350. Pedigree, the Founder's, 107 ; of Richard Fiennes, 97, 106 ; of the Wykhams of Swalcliffe, 105. Peirce, Dr. John, 293. Pensioner, a, what, in. Perot, William and Agnes, 17, 18, 103, 105 ; arms of, 99. Ferrers, Alice, 21, 127. Petty Wales, rent charge so called, 229. Pew, his paper of fellows' allowances, 322. Pewter, price of, 285, 296. Phelps, Richard, his objections to Warden Lee's election, 399. Philip of Spain at Winchester, 277. Philips, the poet, 372. Philpot, Archdeacon, 241. Pickaver, Mr., 58. Pickwick, William, 419. Piddletrenthide, manor of, 252 ; lease of, to Young, 282; to Leybourne, 283. Piepowder, Court of, 333. Pinke, Warden, fits up library, 45, 169 ; bails Lydiat, 293 ; his injunc- tions, 306 ; his death, 337. Pitsaeus, John, 289. Pitt, Christopher, 386. Pittleworth's benefactions, 209; his obit, 265. Plague, the, in 1594, 296 ; in 1666-7, 355- Plantagenet, Arthur, 26. Plate, given by Wykeham, 154 ; seized by Edward VI., 239; given to Charles I., 340 ; purchases of, 286, 415- Plays acted in Hall, 287. Pocock, John, 299. Pole, Cardinal, sequestrates See of Winchester, 242, 247. John, schoolmaster, 143. Police establishment, 426. Polliwog, an old English word, 189. Poly, John, the brewer, 251, 261 ; his obit, 265. Pontissara, Bishop, founds St Eliza- beth's College and St. Stephen's Chapel, 256. Porter's lodge, 33. Portsea and Portsmouth, rectories of, 252 ; Portsea Church rebuilt, 426. N n 2 Annals of Winchester College. Posers, the, 71. Potenger, John, schoolmaster, 318, 337 ; his son, 345. Powdering tub, what, 299. Praepositors, 88 ; duties of, 410. Prayer meetings forbidden, 82. Prayers enjoined, 86. Prefects, 87 ; of library, 427 ; of tub, ib. Prest money, 286, 292, 294. Prioresgaret, 8, 13. Prior's Barton, path to, 9, 13. Priscian, grammar of, 71. Privileges, charter of, 25. Privy Council, nominations by, 74. Progress, 88 ; the first, 146 ; expenses on, in 1551-5, 268; in 1559, 361. Provisions, prices of, 289, 311, 350, 396, 414. Prowtinge, a surname in Winchester, 49- Psalms, Sternhold's version of, 267. Public Schools' Commission, 429, 432. Pudding, a recipe for, 381. Pudding House, claimed by Corpora- tion of Winchester, 243. Pulpit, the first, 49. Purnell, Warden, 397. Mr., puts up Uvedale coat of arms, 48. Purveyance, burden of, 25. Quarr Abbey, stone from, 28. Quickset hedge, cost of, 369. Quia emptores, statute so called, 20. Raleigh, Sir Walter, his trial, 299. Raper, Henry, 409. Rastell, John, 276. Rats, Hanoverian, 395. Reading, John, composer of Domum, 59- Rebellion of 1774, 404 ; of 1793, 417; of 1818, 423; at Eton, 423, 424 ; at Charterhouse, 423 ; at Harrow, 424 ; at Sandhurst, 424. Rede, Richard, 52 ; his obit, 265. Margery, 219. Warden, 228. Sir Richard, his gifts, 229. Redlands, 25. Regulations of 1774, 410 : of Governing Body, 430. ' Remedies,' Warden's power to give, 317. Remonstrance to Wykeham, 151. Resignation pensions, 223. Restoration, deputation to Court on, 349- Richard II., license to found College, 3 ; to acquire lands of alien priories, 22 ; Charter of Privileges, 25 ; archer sent to aid of, 147. Ridding, Dr., number of Commoners under, 132 ; removes boys to Com- moners' houses, 135 ; first Goddard scholar, 404 ; Bishop of Southwell, *. Riot in Hall, 287. Robinson. Hugh, schoolmaster, 313. Roman, Mrs., 421. Romanizing Wykehamists, 276. Roman's Road, 421. Romesye, Thomas, schoolmaster, 67. Romsey, Abbess of, a guest in Hall, 188. Roodloft, 48. Ropley, manor of, how created, 19, 20 ; lease of, 20. Rosamond's bower, 185. Rose, Sir George Henry, 415. Russell, John, Bishop of Lincoln, 191, *95- Ryves, Thomas, 294. George, 298. Sacheverell, Henry, 106, 358. Sacrist, the, 79, 338. Sacristy, the, 60. Saham Toney, 25. St. Cross, village of, 9. manor of, 24; repairs at, 151. hospital of, 37, 50, 179. St. Elizabeth's College, 12, 124, 256, 288. St. John's Hospital, chapel of, 124. St. Leonard's, Hastings, 25. St. Mary's Abbey, 266, 288. St. Stephen's Chapel, 256. Mead, 258. St. Swithun, priory of, i, 7, ir. St. Valery-sur-Mer, monastery of, 23. Salcot, Abbot, 243. Salperton, manor of, 253, 254, 256 ; clause in lease of, 146. Salts, wooden, 409. ' Sands,' 35, 411. Sanders, the Jesuit, 245. Say, Lord, 106, 337. Dean, 159 ; his vestments, 232, 233. Schomberg, Alexander Crowcher, 408. Scholars, original, i, 183 ; foundation, 70; election of, 71 ; removal of, 84 ; annual payment by, 432 ; fees of, in 1711, 382. School teaching, subjects of, 433. ' School,' 364 ; subscriptions to building fund, 366. Schoolmaster, the, 70, 79 ; duties of, 338. Schoolroom, the old, 45. Index. 549 Sclater, William, the manner of his death, 390. Scott, Rev. Charles, devises Essex Estates, 402. Scriptorium, the, 170. Scrutiny, the, 72 ; when to be held, 89. Seal, the College, 87, 286. Sealing days, 87. Seavington, manor of, 253, 254, 256. Segryme's well, 206 ; mill, 207. Selborne, the Earl of, 430. Sele, priory of, 202. Selott, Dr. John, 43, 225, 234. Seneschal of Hall, 80. Sermons in Chapel, 337, 388 ; at Cathedral, 337. Servants in 1395, 142; in 1411, 158; in 1431, 189; in 1649-50, 339. Sevenhampton Denys, manor of, 253, 254- Seventh Chamber, 45. (choristers) Chamber, 37. Sewall, Samuel, from New England, 371- Shadwell, Charles Lancelot, 430. Shaftesbury, Earl of, 414. Shaw Manor, 184 ; mill at, ib. right to trees on Heath, 242 ; given to Henry VIII., 252. Shelley, Dame Elizabeth, 266. Sherborne, Bishop, 213. Sherborne St. John, priory of, 202. Ship money, 324. Shuttleworth, Bishop, 420, 425. Sickhouse, founded by Harris, 326 ; enlarged by Taylor, ib. ; Nurse Williams at, 407. Sickness, allowances in, 83. Sidmouth, Lord, promotes Hunting- ford, 394, 416. Silkstead, scholars at, 300. Silver, price of, 286, 415. Simon, Bishop of Achonry, 141. Slattenford (Slaughterford), rectory of, 280. Slaughterhouse, 34. Small-pox, mortality from, 371. Smith, Sir Thomas, his Act of Parlia- ment, 283. Smith, Sydney, 418. Smyth, Clement, schoolmaster, 213, 226. Society, alleged disaffection of the, 386. Somerset Herald, his opinion on Wykeham's pedigree, 98. Somervile, the poet, 108, 129, 372. South Merston, 25. Mill, the, 420. Sparkford, village of, 9. Spence, Joseph, 386. Spurs, battle of, 228. Stable, expenses of, 144, 157, 226, 260, 292, 296. Stafforde, Lady Dorothie, her Bible, 116. Stanley, Edward, schoolmaster, 313, 316, 317, 318 ; his petition against Imber, 124. Stapleton, Thomas, 276. Statutes, the, 65 ; copies of, 68; custody of.go ; of Oxford University Commis- sion, 428 ; of Governing Body, 430. Steeple Morden, church of, 16. Stempe, Warden, 280. Steward's room, 33. Stewart Memorial, 60. Stipends, 84, 266. Stoke Park, 261 ; ship money on, 324 ; soldiers billeted at, 332. Strangers, exclusion of, 81, 82. Stubbington, manor of, 252. Stucklings, what, 322. Sub-warden, the, 306, 338. Sugar, Hugh, 207 ; his obit, 265 ; founds aqueduct, 207. Sugar loaves sent to Judges of Assize, 318 ; to Mayor of Winchester, ib. Sugar, price of, 312. Sumptuary regulations, 82. Sun Fire Office, 395. Superannuates' books, 389 ; fund, 390. Supervision, the annual, 72. Supervisors, complaints by, 351. Swans with two necks, 232 ; kept in College grounds, 276. Sydling, church and manor of, 15 ; vicarage of, ib. felon's goods at, 328. Tabernacle given by Henry VI., 194, 237- Tabula legum, 364. Takeley, 23. Tallow, chandler's allowance of, 357. Talwood, what, 261. Taphrells, what, 53. Taylor, Dr. John, his legacy, 364 ; his will, 389. Taylor, Mrs., reputed donor of veal, 363. Tea, introduction of, 428. Theatricals in Hall, 287. Thurbern, Warden, 183, 209 ; his chantry, 183, 218; brass, 184; obit, 265 ; chasuble, 184 ; vestments, 230. Tichborne, Francis, 308. Benjamin, ib. Timber money, 327; stealers of at Eling convicted, 421. Annals of Winchester College. Tingewick, church of, 25. Tiron, monastery of, 5, 24. Titley, manor of, 24. Tower, Thurbern's, 218 ; rebuilt, 220. Tower, Two Wardens', 220. Traffics, Warden, 75. Train bands, 319. Treasury, the, 45. Trees in Meads, 371. Trelawney, Bishop, enjoins bedmakers, 78; appeal to, 376. Trenchard, Secretary, 106. Trenchers, first mention of, 185 ; used by scholars, 315. Trengof, Walter, archpriest of Barton, 201 ; his vestments, 232. Trollope, Mrs., 415. Anthony, ib. Thomas Adolphus, ib. Truant scholars, 292. Trumper's Inn, 215 ; contents of, in 1544, 216. Trusty servant, the, 39. Tub, the, 427 ; prefect of, 410, 427. Tucker. Dean, 289. Turbervyl, George, 279. Turner, Francis, 64, 343. Twickenham, church of, 23 ; repairs at, 151. Twisse, William, 294. Twycheners, the, 241. Udall, Nicholas, 228. Underbill, Bishop, 279. Urban VI., Wykeham's petition to, I ; bulls, 3, 6. Usher, the, 79 ; examination for place of, 163 ; to attend children at meals, 392 ; at Eton, 401. Uvedale, Alice, her marriage settle- ment, 17, 94, 184. John de, sons of, in. Thomas and John, 112, 150. Thomas and William, 112. John, his wife dines in Hall, 187. Richard, 189. Sir Thomas, 214. Uvedale coat of arms, 48. Verjuice, 226. Vernacle, a, what, 242. Vestiary, contents of, in 1525, 229. Vestibule, the, 60. Vicarages, statutes of, 15. Vice-warden, the, 78, 338. Victualia quadragesimae, 261. Visitations, 155, 242, 262, 301, 320, 378 ; list of, 378. Volunteers of 1804, 421. Vysc, la, 60. Wakfield, John, 150 ; his sons in Commoners, no, in. William, 160. Wall, Martin, 108, 410. Waller, Sir William, 330, 332. Walles, manor of, 23. Walpan, land at, 252. Ward, Dean, 420. Warden, his lodgings, 32 ; election and office of, 77 ; oath of, ib. ; removal of, 83 ; cloth for, 85 ; allowances, 321, 53i- Warrenners, the, 67, 94. Warham, Archbishop, 214. Warton, Dr. Joseph, 404; rebellion under, ib. ; retires, 418. Watchlights, what, 285 ; price of, 289. Water supply, 206-7. Waterwork, 277. Watson, Thomas, 39. Wayneflete, 199 ; his arms, 221 ; vest- ments, 231. Webbe, John, builds kitchen chimney, 41 ; gives organ, 57. Wee, la, 145, 180, 226. Weeders, the, 313, 428. Weeke, land at, 207. Welstead, Thomas, his epitaph, 358. Wesley, Dr. S. S., 59. Westbury, Provost, 189. West Meon, land at, 12. Western schism, the, 5. Weyhill Fair, 145, 226. Wheat used in brewing, 311. White, Sir John, 247. White, Warden, 246 ; his epitaph, ib. ; sermon by, 247 ; arms, 248 ; attends Queen Mary's marriage, 277. Whitehead, the Laureate, 394. White's in Flexland, 210. Whiting, Mr. William, 38. Whyte, the Lollard, 189. John, his obit, 264. Richard, 276. John, of Dorchester, 293. Josiah, ib. Wickham, Rev. H. J., opens first boarding house, 135. 'Wickhams,' 132, 134. Will Hall, aii. William the Conqueror, confirms gift of Tingewick, 24; Charter of Andover Priory, 172. Williams, Rev. Daniel, 424. Dr. David, headmaster, 108 ; number of boys under, 132 ; his career, 424. Lettice, her legacy, 310. Nurse, 407. Philip, 420. Willoughby de Broke, Baron, 108. Index. 55' Winchester, Bishop of, extent of visitatorial power, 377 ; now visitor, ib. Winchester, city of, dispute with citizens of, 191 ; fee farm rent, 249 ; taken by Waller, 332 ; by Cromwell, 333- Winchester College, corporate name of, 4 ; Logan's view of, 30. Window, east, of chapel, 54. Wine-cellar, the, 53. Wingfield, Edward, 108. Wiseman, Capel, 119. Wodynton, 23. Wolsey's visitation, 242. Wolvesey, Wykeham at, 30; Henry VI. stays at, 194; Castle ruined, 333- Woodhouse, the, 34; at Finkley, 180. Woodward, Michael, encomium of, 309. Wooll, Dr. John, 415. Wordsworth, Bishop Charles, 222. Worldham, East, 38. West, church of, 24. Worthy Mortimer, 207. Pauncefote, 207, 243. Wreck, right of, 26. Wriothesley, Sir Thomas, 257. Wyard's, 211. Wykeham, Sir Thomas, 93, 184, 190; contingent legacy to, 152 ; pedigree, 107. William, marries Alice Uvedale, 17, 94, 184. William de, his object in founding a college, i, 92 ; founds college, 3 ; endows it, 14 ; proxy for Bishop Edyngdon, 20 ; builds, 28 ; admits Morys, 30 ; portrait of, 43 ; borrows organ, 56 ; issues statutes, 65 ; arms of, 99; pedigree, 107; gifts and legacies, 152-155; obit, 155; chantry, 159, 353 ; epitaph, 354. Wykehamist, the first, 241. Wykham of Swalcliffe, 97-106. John, 151. Wymering and Widley, 307. Yng, Archbishop, 223. Yongs, the, 222. Yorke, Philip, his opinion, 133. Young, Edward, 372. Zouch, Richard, 299. By the same Author, price 10s. 6d., cloth. LIST OF THE WARDENS, FELLOWS, AND SCHOLARS OF SAINT MARY COLLEGE OF WINCHESTER, NEAR WINCHES TER, COMMONL Y CALLED WINCHESTER COLLEGE; WITH A PREFACE AND INDEX. HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AMEN CORNER, E.G. P. AND G. WELLS, COLLEGE STREET. LF KS University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. Scries 9482 3 1205 01230 9488 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY -- -mi minimum " A A 000055609 2