Jl/Avfvi. Uyjr s Of 1 1 i 1„,. i> 336 556 '^^•'r:^: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Melbourne, Australia. CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. 4th April, 1921. CENSUS Bulletin No. 4. Territory of Papua. PREPARED BY THE COMMONWEALTH STATISTICIAN under instructions from the Minister of State for Home and Territories. GO X > ^ r I.; W ^ ' *-• C- f HI ,-- c ^ IX) . o CD K > CO ol r^ o a By Authority : ALBERT J MULLETT, QO^'ERNMENT PfilNTER, MEIEOnRNE. [C.S. No. 3S2j._C.19352. V ' i ^ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. 192 TERRITORY OF PAPUA. SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION. 1. Census Taking. — The Census of the uou-indigenous population of the Territory of Papua was taken as on the night between 3rd and 4th April, 1921, under the provisions of the Census Ordinance 1920. The work was carried out under the direction of the Commonwealth Statistician, the local organization being under the control of a Deputy Supervisor of Census, stationed at Port Moresby. On the conclusion of the collection, the whole of the material was forwarded to the Census Office, Melbourne, for tabulation in conjunction with the data for the Commonwealth and its other dependencies. A summary of the restilts for Papua is given in the present bulletin, preceded by a brief account of the Territory, its physical features, population, resources and government. 2. Designations of Area. — Attention is drawn to the fact that the term " New Guinea " is applied to the whole of the island of that name, and that the same term has been adopted as the name of the mandated territory, previously known as " German New Guinea." It is improbable that confusion will arise from this cause, since the interpretation of the term will usually be clear from the context, but to avoid possible confusion, it may be stated here that where the term " New Guinea " is used in the following letterpress, the whole island is implied, the expression " Territory of New Guinea " being used for the mandated area. SECTION 2.— GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 1. The Island of New Guinea. — The island of New Guinea, of which the Territory of Papua forms part, is the second largest island in the world, being only inferior in size to Greenland. It is situated, in latitude, between the Equator and 12° south, and in longitude between 130° 50' and 150° 50' east. Slightly differing estimates of its area are quoted in various publications on the subject. In the Encyclopccdia Britannica it is stated to contain 312,329 square miles, while other sources of information give 305,900 square miles,* of which an area of 150,755 square miles is stated to be comprised in Dutch New Guinea, 86,360 in the Territory of Papua, and 68,785 in Kaiser Wilhelm's Land. 2. Area of Papua. — The Territory of Papua comprises a part of the New Guinea mainland situated between the meridians of 141° and 150° 50' east longitude, and between the 5th and 12th parallels of south latitude ; also the Trobriand Group of islands, Woodlark, the D'Entrecasteaux Group, the Louisiades, the Conflict Group, and the Laughlan Group. Including these islands and island- groups the Territory covers an area of some 90,540 square miles."]" 3. Physical Features.^ — Generally speaking, the Territory of Papua is a mountainous country. Dr. Haddon, in a scientific description from a geological point of view, writes as follows : — " The south-east peninsula, taken as a whole, is composed of a central range of lofty mountains, consisting largely of gneiss, slates, and crystalline schists of uncertain age, which, so far as is known, have an east-north-east strike. The less lofty lateral mountains, which form occasional massives, are composed of acidic and volcanic rocks, of which the former appear to predominate. To the east these mountains are bomided by contorted tertiary beds, which form a tumultuous hiUy country that extends to the coast-line. Most of the mountains and hiUs appear to be built up of contorted or much-tilted beds, and may be described as weU-dissected folded mountain ranges." The mountain ranges under difierent names, such as Stirling Range, Hornby Range, Owen Stanley Range, Albert Victoria Range, and Sir Arthur Gordon Range, stretch in a north-westerly direction. Towards the Dutch border the mountains subside and give place to large areas of low country, which becomes swampy along the coast. The north-eastern shores are mostly bold, but the great ranges are not so conspicuous. The mountains rise to their greatest height in the Owen-Stanley Range, the loftiest peaks being Mount Victoria, 13,121 feet ; Mount Albert Edward, 12,550 feet ; and Mount Scratchley, 12,550 feet. The islands are also mostly mountainous, and generally of volcanic origin. The highest peak is found on Goodenough Island, and reaches 8,000 feet. Only the Trobriands, and a few other islands of small dimensions, are low-lying and of coral formation. • The difference is probably to be accounted for in part by the inclusion or exclusion, respectively, of adjoining islands, t The Ham^ftjoi- n/ Papwa gives the total area of Papua as 90,540 square miles, of which S7,TS3 are on the mainland, 2,754 made up of the islands. CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 192L 4. Rivers. — Owing to heavy rainfall the Territory of Papua is well watered and possesses a large number of streams of different sizes, some of which are characterized b)^ picturesque waterfalls. Com- mencing on the Dutch border, and taking them in order, the best known rivers are : — Fly, Bamu, Turama, Purari, Vailala, Lakekamu, Vanapa, and Laloki. Turning the south-eastern corner of the Territory the rivers are the Musa, Kamusi, Mambara, and Gira, the latter close to the border of late German New Guinea. The Fly River, with its tributary, the Strickland River, is easily the largest and most important stream in the Territory. Its length is given as 650 miles, and it is navigable by steam launches for about 500 miles. The influence of the tide is felt for a distance of 200 miles up the river. Next in importance is the Purari River, which is navigable by steam launches for over 120 miles. 5. Climate. — Owing to the differing altitudes the temperature varies greatly. In the lower parts and along the coast the climate is hot, moist and enervating, whereas in the mountains, and on the table- lands, it is cool and bracing. Practically speaking, there are only two seasons ; the one lasts from about May to November, during which period the Territory is fanned by the south-eastern trade wind, and the other from December to April, when it is subject to monsoons from the north-west. 6. Plant Life. — The indigenous flora of New Guinea is very largely blended with the Australian forms and with the Sundaic and Polynesian types. Though much has been written about it, it has not yet been systematically classified. The Territory of Papua is known to be rich in indigenous plants of economical value. Thus the forests comprise a great variety of useful timber, though it is little known outside the island itself. Sago palms, sugar-cane, rubber-trees, coconut palms, nutmegs, tobacco, ginger, bamboos, areca palms, fibres, bananas, bread-fruit trees, and vegetables of various kinds are also indigenous to the Territory. The Alpine flora, beginning at 6,000 feet, is specially characterized by its rhododendrons, pines (Araucaria and Libocedrus) and palms ; and in the liighest parts by species characteristic of Europe, the Himalayas, New Zealand, and South America. 7. Animal Life. — The fauna of New Guinea is even closer akin to that of Australia than the flora. This is accounted for by New Guinea in Miocene times, or perhaps even later, having formed part of the Australian continent. Both places are remarkable for their poverty in mammals, the distinguishing features being the marsupial group, and the egg-laying mammals, which latter are confined to Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. The native animals of New Guinea include the tree-kangaroo, various kinds of wallaby, the dingo or wild dog, bandicoots, flying foxes, field rats, squirrels and mice. The wild pig also is plentiful and widely distributed. Crocodiles are very numerous in the big rivers ; the loggerhead, the hawks-bill, and the green turtles are common along the coast, and fresh-water tortoises are found inland. There are many varieties of large and small lizards, while salamanders, toads and frogs are numerous. The snake family is well represented, both in the venomous and non-venomous varieties. Death-adders, black snakes, whip- snakes and carpet-snakes are found, the latter attaining a length of 15 to 20 feet. There are over 500 species of birds in New Guinea, and of this number between 50 and 60 are peculiar to the island. The most characteristic group is composed of the numerous varieties of birds of paradise, which are found nowhere outside of New Guinea, and some of the adjoining islands ; so far, 70 or 80 species have been described. The goura-pigeon is another striking bird noted for its beauty. The cassowary, the scrub-turkey, the frigate bird, the hornbill, and a great variety of smaller birds, such as pigeons, cockatoos, parrots, kingfishers, &c., are all met with. Butterflies are numerous and are remarkable for their size and the splendour of their colours. SECTION 3.— FEATURES OF NATIVE POPULATION, 1. Indigenous Population of the Pacific. — A great deal of uncertainty exists with regard to when and how the Pacific Islands were populated, and ethnologists often disagree as to the classification of the inhabitants of this or that place. Broadly speaking, it is now accepted as a fact that Caucasians, Negroids and Malays, in the remote past all entered the Pacific ; that in the course of time they have intermixed — at some places more, at other places less — and that, eventually, they have produced the four Oceanic races between which we now differentiate, namely : — Polynesians, Micronesians, Melanesians and Papuans. Of these, the Polynesians, with their light-brown hue and comparatively high civilization, may almost be considered a branch of the Caucasian stock ; the Micronesians show a somewhat greater mixture of Malay and Negroid blood ; the Melanesians and the Papuans both belong to the Negroid race, the Melanesian variety having been created by a slight intermixture of Polynesian blood, and by the influence of Polynesian civilization. In New Guinea we are only concerned with Papuans, Melanesians, and to an insignificant degree with a third variety of Negroids, Negritos. 2. Papuans. — Papuans, who in all probability formerly ranged over most of the Western Pacific, are now mainly restricted to New Guinea, of which they form the overwhelming part of the population. Speaking of the Territory of Papua, Melanesians are found principally in the eastern peninsula and on the adjoining archipelagos. TERRITORY OF PAPUA. The Papuans are of a dark-browu colour, and have frizzy hair which in adult age becomes mop-like, and is their chief pride. Their faces are elongated, and their noses often arched. They are of medium height and good physique. Though backward, they do not stand at the lowest level of culture, .since many raise crops, make pottery, display much skill in their wood carvings, build strong boats and houses , the latter either raised on piles or, at times, perched in the branches of trees. In their social customs the Papuans are communists, acknowledging no social distinction and recognizing no chief or other superior, except for personal qualities, and obeying no law except that of public opinion. 3. Melanesians. — The Melanesians in Papua are smaller in stature and lighter in colour than the Papuans. Their heads are generally less high and the brow ridges less prominent. Mentally they are better endowed, more vivacious and fonder of personal adornment, and they have attained a greater proficiency in decorative art. In the Trobriands, Woodlark, and other places, they are characterized by the absence of cannibalistic practices and the recognition of hereditary chiefs of reigning septs or totems. 4. Negritos. — Scattered tribes of pigmies are found at odd places in New Guinea. One tribe, the Tapiros, in the Territory of Papua, averages a height of 4 feet 9 inches. They probably belong to the Negritos, of which other remnants are met with in the Malay Peninsula, and in the Philippine Islands. 5. Food. — The indigenous population of New Guinea are in the main vegetarians, existing on sago, sugar-cane, yams, sweet potatoes, maize and other tropical plant-food. Their meat diet consists of pork, cassowary, wallaby, game, and human flesh. To this is added, along the coast, fish and tortoises. 6. Social Customs. — Their social customs are described in the Handbook of Papua as follows : — '' In many of the villages of the Papuans communal houses are built, the 'man-houses' being very large, those built for the women and children generally being smaller. In certain districts, such as the estuary of the Fly River, a great number of families live each in a separate stall of one large communal dwelling, sometimes as long as .520 feet and .30 feet wide. In the villages of the Papua-Melanesians each family has its own house. Generally speaking, the native architecture throughout the Territory is of a fairly higli standard for a primitive peoi^le. From the Dutch boundary to Hall Sound the principal weapon is the bow and arrow. The bows, from 5 to 7 feet in length, are made of bamboo or palm ; the arrows, sometimes 6 feet in length, are made of reed, tipped with hardwood, bone, or the claw of a cassowary. They are not feathered or poisoned. A gauntlet for protecting the arm holding the bow is used. Stone clubs are used practically everywhere on the mainland, but are not common where stones are hard to obtain. Stone clubs are rarely used in the islands east of the mainland. At the Louisiade and Nara Islands wooden clubs are made. The spear is the principal weapon amongst the Papua-Melanesians. It is not thrown with the ' woomera ' as in Australia. The spearmen generally use a shield when fighting. In the D'Entrecasteaux Islands the sling is used in addition to the spear. The women usually wear a grass or fibre petticoat from waist to knee. Inland from Hall Sound and in the Purari Delta, they wear a perineal band. The men, also, as a rule, wear a perineal band, though sometimes an apron, bag, or shell is substituted. A belief in spirits, generally malignant, appears to be universal. In almost every village there is a sorcerer, who propitiates or exorcises the evil spirits with incantations or offerings. Totemism appears to be only practised amongst the Massim. Polygamy seems to be sanctioned by native custom everywhere, but is not very largely practised, the great majority of the men having only one wife. The practice of eating hmnan flesh, formerly in vogue in certain parts of the Territory, has been entirely stopped in all the settled districts. In parts of tie Western Division, west of the Fly Paver, a mildly narcotic and stimulating drink (kava) is made from the Macropiper viethysticum. No fermented liquors are manufactured by the natives, and the iise of European intoxicants is strictly and successfully prohibited. The chewing of betel-nut, the fruit of an areca palm (Areca catechu), is largely practised." SECTION 4.- OUTLINE OF HISTORY. 1. Discoveries. — The island of New Guinea is supposed to have been first discovered by Europeans in 1511, when the two Portuguese navigators, Antonio d'Abreu and Francis Serrano, are stated to have sighted the island. In 1526 the Portuguese navigator, Jorge de Meneses, on a voyage from Malacca to Ternate, was taken out of his course and came to New Guinea. In honour of him the island was called Isla de S. .Jorge. In 1528 it was discovered anew by the Spanish navigator Alvara Saavedra, who named it Isla del Oro (Golden Island). In 1545 the island was visited by Ortz de Retes, who called it New Guinea, on account of the resemblance of the inhabitants to those he had seen on the Guinea coast of Africa. The natives were already known to the Spaniards and Portuguese as " Papuas," a name given to them by the Moluccas, because of their frizzy hair. During the following two hiindred years, though different parts of the coast were visited by many illustrious navigators such as Torres (1606), Schouten and Le Maire (1616), Tasman (1642), Dampier (1700), Bougainville (1768), and James Cook (1770), little additional knowledge was gained. CENSUS OF THE COMJIONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 1921. In 1774 Thomas Forrest, of the East India Company, visited New Guinea. An interesting accomit of his observations was published in London six years later. In 1793 two other commanders in the service of the East India Company went to New Guinea and annexed it. Manaswari, situated in Geelvink Bay, was occupied by their troops for several months. 2. Surveys and Travels.^After 1815, when peace had been established after the Napoleonic wars, Dutch surveying expeditions to the west coast became numerous. These surveys were preparatory to the annexation by the Dutch Government of the western half of the island in 1828. The annexation proclaimed in 1793 on behalf of the East India Company was thereby ignored. The eastern coasts were surveyed by Captains F. P. Blackwood (1842-46), Owen Stanley (1846-50), Charles B. Yule (1864), and other British of&cers. The first accurate survey of the coasts, of what afterwards became British New Guinea, was made by Captain John Moresby in 1873-74. His greatest achievement was the discovery of China Straits, between the south-east coast and the neighbouring islands, whereby the previous route, westward of the Louisiade Reefs, was shortened by some 240 miles. The growing interest in New Guinea was further stimulated by the publication of narratives of travels and discoveries made by scientists, notably by the Italian naturalist D'Albertis (1871-77), and the Russian naturalist Miklouho-Maclay (1871-81). 3. Annexations. — As stated already, the Dutch annexed the western portion of New Guinea in 1828. In 1875 the Royal Colonial Institute urged upon the Imperial authorities the desirability of annexing the eastern half of the island. The feeling in Australia was even more keen, and already, in 1874, the Legislature of New South Wales addressed the Home Government on the subject. The following year a meeting was held in the Sydney Exchange, under the auspices of the leading commercial men of the colony, at which a resolution for transmission to the Colonial office, strongly urging annexation, was imanimoxisly carried. Rumors of a German design on unoccupied islands in the south-west Pacific caused Queensland, in 1878, to annex the islands adjacent to her coast and bordering on New Guinea, and in 1883 to hoist the British flag at Port Moresby, and in the Queen's name to take possession of the whole of eastern New Guinea and adjoining islands. This action was disapproved by the Home Government. In November of the same year an intercolonial conference was held, at which a resolution in favour of annexation was uuanimously carried. At last the Imperial Government consented to the proclamation of a British Protectorate over south-eastern New Guinea. On 6th November, 1884, Commodore Erskine, of the Australian Naval Station, made the proclamation in due form at Port Moresby, and afterwards at eight other places on the coast. Only ten days later the German flag was raised at Friedrich Wilhelmshafen and two other places on the north-east coast. In 1885 the United Kingdom and Germany agreed to fix their boundaries through the then neutral area. 4. British Protectorate.— Major-General Sir P. H. Scratchley was appointed the first Special Commissioner of British New Guinea. The appointment was dated 20th December, 1884, but owing to the necessity for clearly defining the relative position of the Imperial Government and the Australian Governments in regard to future administration, he did not arrive at Port Moresby till August, 1885. He at once proceeded to settle the lines on which the Protectorate was to be governed. Port Moresby was chosen as the seat of government. Sir Peter . Scratchley, Jaboured hard during the first few months, organizing the work and \'isiting different parts of the Protectorate. Unfortunately, in November, he contracted malarial fever while on a visit to the north-east coast, and to this he succumbed on the 2nd December in the same year. The Hon. John Douglas, C.M.G., was the next and last Special Commissioner. He performed valuable services, and during the following three years evinced much interest in developing the country and promoting a friendly intercourse \vith the natives. 5. British Possession.— The Australian colonies, of which Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria had contributed largely to the expenses of the Protectorate, were anxious for the establishment of a proper Government in New Guinea. A Constitution, which was formulated by Sir Samuel Griffith, then Premier of Queensland, was afterwards discussed at a Colonial Conference held in Loudon in 1887, and was formally approved. By this the New Guinea Protectorate was made a British Possession. Dr. (afterwards Sir) William Blac-rego'-, of Fiji, was appointed the first Administrator, and it fell to him, on the 4th September, 1888, to proclaim British sovereignty at Port Moresby. Its status became that of a Crown Colony, associated with Queensland. Under the able administration of Sir William Macgregor (1888-1898) law and order were instituted. Commencing with a dozen recruits from the Solomon Islands, the Administrator organized a force of native police, and inaugurated the system of village constables, which lias done so much to maintain order in the native world. Realizing the importance of coconut growing, Sir William Macgregor commenced planting wherever prison-labour was available, and he al.so issued stringent Ordinances compelling the natives to plant nuts for their own benefit. It was during Sir William Macgregor's administi-ation that the savage Tugeri Tribe, in Dutch Territory, continually raided villages under British protection. This, in 1893, led to a re-adjustment of the British-Dutch boundary line, whereby the Fly River in part was made the boundary. TERRITORY OF PAPUA. Mr. (afterwards Sir George) Le Hunte succeeded Sir William Macgregor. It was during hia administration that the two missionaries, Rev. Chalmers and Rev. Tompkins, of the London Mission Society, in 1901, were murdered by the natives of Goari Bari Island. This society was the pioneer mission in British New Guinea, and Chalmers had arrived there in 1877. His untimely death was deeply felt. and the offending tribe was punished, several natives being killed and their village burnt to the ground. Sir George Le Hunte left in 1903, and Judge Robinson became Acting Administrator. The Goari Bari Islanders still kept possession of the bones of the murdered missionaries, holding them as trophies of war, and defying the whites to get possession of them. Judge Robinson decided to try to obtain these remains. He went to Goari Bari in the Government steam yacht, and the natives, being assured that he came with peaceful intentions, some of them came on board. Amongst those who came were the actual murderers of Chalmers and Tompkins. Judge Robinson ordered their arrest, which resulted in a general attack on the Government party, and in the fight which ensued, a number of natives lost their lives. Exaggerated accounts of what had taken place reached Australia, and the Commonwealth Government decided to hold an inquiry. The Judge, however, did not wait for the result, but shot himself outside Government House at Port Moresby. Judge Robinson's successor, the Hon. Capt. Barton held oflBce until he was relieved in 1907 by the present Lieut. -Governor, Judge Murray. 6. Commonwealth Territory. — In 1901 the financial responsibility was taken over by the whole people of Australia, and negotiations were entered into between the Imperial authorities and the Conunon- wealth with a view to placing British New Guinea under Federal control. In 1902 the authority, formerly exercised by the Governor of Queensland over the Possession, was transferred to and vested in the Governor-General of Australia ; but not till the passing of the Papua Act on 16th November, 1905, and its subsequent coming into force on 1st September, 1906, was the transfer completed. SECTION 5.— ADMINISTEATION. 1. The Papua Act. — By the Papua Act 1905 the name of the Possession was altered to " The Territory of Papua." The Constitution contained in this Act provides that the Executive Government shall be administered by a Lieutenant-Governor, with an Executive Council, composed of not more than six officers of the Territory, to advise and assist him. The Act also created a Legislative Council consisting of the Lieutenant-Governor and the members of the Executive Council together with such non-official members as the Governor-General appoints, under the seal of the Commonwealth, or as the Lieutenant- Governor, in pursuance of instructions from the Governor-General, appoints under the public seal of the Territory. The number of non-official members is fixed at three, as long as the white resident population of the Territory is less than 2,000 ; but an additional non-official member is to be appointed for each 1,000 of such population in excess of 1,000, providing that the total number of such members shall not exceed twelve.* The Legislative Council, subject to the Constitution, is empowered to make Ordinances for the peace, order and good government of the Territory. Certain Ordinances must be submitted for approval to the Governor-General of Australia. These include Ordinances relating to divorce, to the disposal of lands, to native labour, and to immigration. No Act of the Commonwealth Parliament has force in the Territory, unless expressly so stated. 2. Official Estabhshment.— The official establishment, with head-quarters at Port Moresby, is composed as follows : — Lieutenant-Governor and Chief Judical Officer. Commissioner for Lands and Surveys, Director of Agriculture and Mines. Government Secretary. Treasurer, Collector of Customs, and Chief Postmaster. Deputy Chief Judicial Officer. Commissioner for Native Affairs. Director of Public Works. Chief Government Surveyor and Registrar of Titles. Government Geologist. Government Entomologist. Chief Medical Officer. Government Anthropologist. 3. Judicial and Magisterial. — There is a Central Court, possessing jurisdiction analogous to that of a Supreme Court in the Commonwealth, presided over by the Chief .Judicial Officer, or the Deputy Chief Judicial Officer, who on circuit visits the chief centres of population from time to time as occasion requires. The High Court of the Commonwealth of Australia has jurisdiction, with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as are prescribed by Ordinance, to hear and determine appeals from all judgments, decisions, orders, and sentences of the Central Court, and the judgment of the High Court is final and conclusive. The Territory is divided into nine Magisterial Divisions and seven Sub-Magisterial Divisions, under the charge of Resident Magistrates and Assistant Resident Magistrates, respectively. These magistrates also hold Native Magisterial Courts within their Division. The Magisterial Divisions are named as follows : — Western, Delta, Gulf, Central, Eastern, North- eastern, Northern, South-eastern, Lakekamu. * Residents of Papua have for some time been agitating for the substitution of elected Representatives in place of those nominated at present. An amendment to the Papua Act, to give effect to this wish, is being considered by the Commonwealth Government. CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. 1921. 4. Revenue and Expenditure. — The principal source of revenue is that of Customs and Excise Duties, which in the financial year 1919-20 realised £56,630. Of less importance are Fees of various descriptions and Land Rent. A small income is derived from sale of copra from Government plantations. These plantations, from the small beginning made by Sir William Macgregor, have been considerably extended during later years, and on 30th June, 1920, represented a capital value of £38,248. The Commonwealth has for a number of years subsidized the Territory to the extent of £30,000 annually. Including this grant the Revenue for 1919-20 amounted to £115,537 ; the Expenditxire for the same period amounted to £118,436. SECTION 6.— ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. 1. General Remarks. — As far back as the middle of last century a little trading was done by Europeans in what afterwards became Papua, and in 1874, Dr. and Mrs. Lawes, of the London Missionary Society, took up residence at Port Moresby. The discovery of gold near that place was the signal for Australian gold miners to extend their activity to Papua, but nothing had otherwise been done to develop the country at the time of British annexation. During the next twenty years a considerable amount of exploration was done, and the Government's influence extended over part of the native population, but economic development went on at such a slow pace that it was hardly noticeable. The reason for this was the view the Government took of its duty towards the native inhabitants. The proclamation read at Port Moresby on 11th November, 1884, commenced : — "Whereas it has become essential for the protection of the lives and the properties of the native inhabitants of New Guinea and to prevent persons under the pretence of legitimate trade and intercourse from endangering the liberties and possessing themselves of the lands of such native inhabitants, that a British Protectorate should be established " &c. The policy of protecting the natives was, even by such an able administrator as Sir William Macgregor, considered most effectively carried out by discouraging Europeans, other than missionaries, from settling in the country. The view held by the Australians, who took over the Possession in 1906, was, however, that it was quite possible to protect the natives by laws and ordinances, and at the same time develop the country's natural resources. Their policy was framed accordingly, and a steady advance in Papua's economic jiosition has resulted. It appeared to the Australian authorities that while the ruling race has duties towards backward races intrusted to its care, il^also has duties towards mankind in developing rich lands which circum- stances have placed under its control. In the endeavour to harmonize two sets of duties, the natives in Papua have consistently received first consideration. This policy, often resented by investors, goes a long way to explain the fact that while a satisfactory economic progress of Papua is undeniable, it has been considerably slower than that of German New Guinea, where a more commercial policy was adopted, and the interests of the natives received but secondary consideration. 2. Disposal of Land. — The total area of the Territory of Papua, 57,945,600 acres, was at the end of the financial year 1919-20 assigned as follows : — Land held bv the natives . . . . . . . . 57,000,908 acres. Crown land " . . . . . . . . . . . . 691,605 „ Freehold .. .. .. .. .. .. 23,085 „ Leasehold .. .. .. .. ... 230,002 ., The freehold land was granted before the passing and coming into force of the Papua Act of 1905, according to which land may be leased for periods up to 99 years, but cannot become freehold. 3. Conditions of Lease. — The conditions for the leasing of land have been made very easy, thus the deposit payable on application is as follows : — 100 acres or less . . . . . . . • £1 Up to 500 acres . . . . . . £2 Up to 1,000 acres . . . . . . . . . . • • £5 And £5 for each additional 1,000 acres or portion thereof, up to 5,000 acres, which is the maximum of any lease. On the improvement conditions being fulfilled the deposit is returned. The annual rent is based on the unimproved value of the land, and the maximum rent payable for areas of less than 1,000 acres is fixed as follows : — • First ten years . . . . . . . . . . • ■ Nil Next ten years . . . . ■ . . Second twenty years . . Third twenty years . . Fourth twenty years Balance of lease 3d. per acre 4d. „ „ 7*d. 9i?d.- The improvement conditions attached to agricultural leases are that one-fifth of the land suitable for cultivation shall be planted with approved plants within the first five years, two-fifths in ten years, three-fourths in twenty years, and thereafter for the remainder of the term. TERRITORY OF PAPUA. There is a liuiited area of well-grassed pasture land. ThR annual rent for a Pastoral Lease is :— First ten years Nil Next ten years . . . . Is. per 100 acres Second twenty years . . . . 3s. Hd. ,, „ And increasing by one-third for every succeeding twenty years. Ten head of cattle, or 50 head of sheep, to the square mile must be on the land within five years and twenty head of cattle, or 100 shec]}, within ten years and after. A survey fee, for areas over 100 acres, is to be paid by applicant. 4. Area Leased.— Of the 230.002 acres held on lease at the end of the financial year 1919-20, 217,170 acres were held under Agricultural Lease, 11,837 acres under Pastoral Lease, and 995 acres under lease for other purposes — missions, town allotments, business areas and so forth. 5. Freehold. — The Freehold Lands are accounted for as follows : — Area exclusive of Mission Lands Areas owned by religious bodies Areas held for religious purposes 6. Cultivation.— Of the 217.170 acres covered by Agricultural Leases 62,162 acres were under • cultivation, as follows : — Coconuts . . . . • -16,101 acres •Rubber . . . . . . ■ ■ • • f'-SBS .. Hemp 6,241 .. CofEee . • • • 85 ., Rice .. .. •• • • 21 ,. Other crops .. •• ■• •• •• •■ 1,351 ,, These plants, with the exception of coffee and hemp, are indigenous to New Guinea. The same is the case with sago and sugar-cane, tobacco, nutmegs, ginger, bamboos, areca palms, fibres, bananas, bread- fruit, and vegetables 'of various kinds. ' The number of plantations owned by Europeans has increased from 76 in 1908, to 256 in 1920. 7. Native Plantations. — Apart from the area planted by Europeans, the Ordinance compelling the natives to plant coconuts for their own benefit, has brought satisfactory results. The area of native owned coconut plantations was, some years before the war, estimated at 350,000 acres. 18,266 acres 2,328 „ 2,491 „ 8. Live Stock. — Of live stock the Territory on 30th Horses Mules Donkeys Cattle Goats Pigs (exclusive of those owned by the natives) Poultry (exclusive of those owned by the natives) June. 1920, possessed the following :- . . 225 44 6 .768 ..453 ..117 .. 1,786 9. Timber Resources. — The Territory of Papua possesses a great variety of valuable timbers, which become all the more important in view of the diminution in the supply of commercial timbers in Australia and elsewhere. By arrangement with the Queensland Government, Mr. Gilbert Burnett went to the Territory in order to report on its timber resources. He stayed there for seven months, and visited various places along the coast from the Purari delta to Samarai, and in the vicinity of Buna Bay on the north-east coast. In his final report, speaking of the large variety of useful timbers, Mr. Burnett says : — " The variety of species is very large in Papua. In the catalogue I have prepared, there are more than 120 varieties, and there are probably as many more, of which, for want of time, I was unable to obtain names and specimens." In classif>-ing these timbers according to the special purposes to which they are best adapted, he mentions sixteen kinds as suitable for girders, railway waggons, or any purpose for which a heavy strain is to be applied ; ten as suitable for railway carriage and coach-building purposes ; fifteen kinds as suitable for joinery, lining, flooring and chamfer boards ; fourteen as suitable for butter boxes ; five as suitable for boat-building ; four as suitable for piles : and fifteen as suitable for cabinet work. Samples of six different species were subjected to an exhaustive test at the Melbourne University s Engineering School and Metallurgical Laboratory, and were reported upon as follows : — " The six species treated indicate a source of supply of excellent timbers ; the tests justify the assumption that Ulabo would be a good engineering timber, Alaga and Tamanau good woods for joinery and general works, and the remaining three, namely, Madave, Kokoilo, and Ilimo ought to be suitable for light joinery, cabinet work and furniture.'' In 1920, 92,215 acres in the Territory were held on timber licences, and a couple of sawmills were operating. 10. Mineral Resources. — The list of minerals of economic importance so far discovered in the Territory of Papua is as follows : — Gold, copper, petroleum, silver, tin, lead, zinc, cinnabar, iron, osmiridium, gypsum, manganese, sulphur, and graphite. The only precious stones that have been found are topaz and beryl, both obtained in the upper regions of the Fly River. C.19352.— 2 10 CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 1921. 11. Gold. — Though gold was known to exist in New Guinea at a very early date, it was not until 1878 that a party of miners, from Australia, commenced systematically to search for it, the region chosen for investigation being inland from Port Moresby. The result, however, was disappointing, and another ten years elapsed before the first gold-field was discovered on the islands of the Louisiade Archipelago. Though gold has since been discovered in many other parts of Papua, and there is reason to assume that the whole of the mountainous area, stretching through the Territory for a distance of 700 miles, is more or less auriferous, in only a few places has it been found in payable quantities. The best known alluvial fields are Gira, Yodda, Keveri, and Lakekamu, none of which is of any imi)ortance. Auriferous reefs or lodes have been found and worked on the little island Misima in the Louisiades, and at Murua or Woodlark Island. In 1918 the company working the mines at Woodlark, at one time the recognized centre of the gold-mining industry in Papua, went into liquidation, and the mines have not been worked since. Misima is at present the most promising gold-field. The gold output from Papua, which reached its highest levels in the period 1900-1906, averaging an annual value of over £80,000, has declined during recent years, and is not now much more than a fourth of what it used to be. 12. Copper. — The Astrolabe copper field, situated on the south-western side of the Astrolabe Range, was proclaimed in 1906. It embraces an area of approximately 1,000 square miles, of which, however, only a small part is being worked. So far, only two mines have been opened, the Loloki, and the Dubuna. A considerable amount of development and constructional work has been done and some ore raised. The Loloki mine in 1918-19 produced 1,100 tons of ore, and the Dubuna mine, 231 tons. 13. Oil. — In or about 1910 -petroleum gas vents were discovered on both sides of the VaUala River. Lately, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, working under an agreement with the British Admiralty and the Commonwealth Government, made investigations. These investigations are now carried on by the Commonwealth alone, and to a large extent have been transferred to the Territory of New Guinea, the prospects in Papua hitherto having proved unsatisfactory. 14. Coal. — Extensive beds of coal of poor quality have been found over a large area of country between the Vailala and Kikori Rivers. The coal is of tertiary age and lignitic character, with a large percentage of contained moisture. 15. Other Minerals. — Some good samples of galena (sulphide of lead), of silver lead ore, and of zinc, have been obtained at Woodlark Island. Cinnabar (sulphide of mercury or quicksilver) has been found in small quantities in four different parts of the Territpry. Graphite and osmiridiura also are to be found, but it is doubtful if they are of sufficient purity and extent to possess commercial value. 16. Pearl Shelling. — A considerable number of pearls was in previous years obtained in Papuan waters, particularly from the vicinity of the Trobriand Islands. The annual export value reached £9,605 in 1911-12. It then declined, but has since reached an unprecedented height. Trochus shell, and black- lip shell are found in the south-east of the Territory, and constitute regular export articles. 17. Beche-de-nier. — The sea-slug known as beche-de-mer, or trepang, is found along the coasts and reefs of Papua, and is exported principally to China. 18. Imports and Exports, as follows : — Imports Exports -The values of imports and exports for the last two financial years are Bark Beche-de-Mer Copper Ore Copra . . Gold . . Hemp Natural History Specimens Osmiridium Pearls . . Pearl Shell Rubber Sandalwood Shell, N.E.I. Timber Trochus Shell . . Turtle Shell Miscellaneous and articles re-exported 1918-19. 1919-20. £258,112 £422,741 176,247 270,481 es exported during the last two 1918-19. 1919-20. £ £ 4,847 2,686 2,240 612 1,613 — 53,264 124,035 27,084 21,747 12,532 12,284 541 27 — 2,930 21,550 25,577 31 — 33,010 41,542 704 2,071 457 2,850 162 529 9,344 24,255 — 136 8,868 9,200 176,247 270,481 XERRITOKY OF PAPUA. u 19. Commerce. — The principal centres of commerce arc Port Moresby, which serves the western part of the Territory, and Samarai, situated on a little island in China Strait, only three miles from the mainland, ser\'ing the eastern districts and the various groups of islands. Of less importance are Darn situated at the mouth of the Fly River (128 miles from Thursday Island), Yule Island, on the mainland, and Woodlark Island. , The latter places have suitable anchorages, while Port Moresby and Samarai an- provided with jetties. The Territory is served by steamers, subsidized by the Government, which call at regular intervals, carrying mails, passengers, and cargo, and visiting Port Moresby, Samarai, and Woodlark, with occasional calls at Yule Island. Another subsidized steamer maintains the connexion with Thursday Island. Outlying parts of the Territory are attended to by a fleet of small, inter-island craft. The total number and tonnage of foreign-going merchant vessels, entered and cleared at Papuan ports in 1919-20, were : — Vessels 86, tonnage 59,189 — all British. Wireless stations have been erected at Port Moresby, Samarai and Woodlark Island, and by them the Territory is kept in daily touch with Australia. 20. Native Labour. — The natives of New Guinea, who by early explorers were considered useless for the economic development of the island, have on the contrary, proved themselves in possession of considerable adaptability and intelligence, and they have for a number of years been successfully employed in a variety of pursuits. They have turned out trustworthy native police-constables, efficient plantation and mining hands, good servants, and enthusiastic sailors. They are also inexpensive, and until recently have been forthcoming in sufficient number to satisfy all requirements. To regulate the relationship between European employers and native labourers, ordinances have been issued from time to time, as occasion required. According to these ordinances, a native may be indentured for three years (generally he signs on for twelve months only) except in the case of those employed in mining or carr^-ing work ; in these the term of service nmst not exceed eighteen months. At the expiration of their indenture, they can, however, enter a fresh contract, if they so desire. The wage ranges from 10s. to £1 per month, with food and house accommodation. For plantation work, generally, the pay is 10s. In addition, the laboujer receives a stick of tobacco and two ounces of soa}) weekly, four loin-cloths yearly, and one blanket. The annual cost of a native labourer, before the war, everything included, was estimated at slightly dver £18. The number of natives employed by Europeans has grown steadily, till in 1918-19 it reached 8,610. In 1919-20 it dropped to 6,397, and the Territory experienced, for the first time in its history, a shortage of labour. The reason for this is ascribed partly to the reduced purchasing power of money, and partly to the difficulty experienced by planters in getting the necessary quantities of rice, and to the natives' dislike of the substitutes offered them. The Lieutenant-Governor, in his last annual report, mentions that the shortage may only be temporary, the more so as the western part of the Territory has not yet been explored and opened up for labour-recruiting, while other parts have not been exploited to their full capacity. At the same time, he advises planters to commence the introduction of labour-savang macliinery . He points out that after all the native population is not large. Their number has been estimated as between 2.50,000 and 275,000, and it is uncertain if it is increasing. To probe this important question the natives in districts under European influence were enumerated in 1909, 1915, and 1919, but although at most places a slight increase was noticed, the census was too incomplete to allow of a reliable conclusion being drawn for the whole population. It has yet to be seen what effect the sustained effort at raising the civilization and status of the native population will have on the economical development of the Territory. Encouraged by the Government, the natives are gradually extending their own little plantations. Last year a native head tax was introduced, the amount being fixed at 10s. for labourers in European employ, and £1 for others. In general, every able-bodied male between the ages of 16 and 36 is liable to pay, but the armed constabulary, village constables,, mission teachers, and fathers with not less than four children by one wife are exempt. The first collection of this tax realized £9,314, and the entire sum thus raised is being devoted to general and technical education of the natives them.selves, and in other ways to improve their chances in life. SECTION 7.— HEALTH CONDITIONS. 1. White Population.— Generally speaking, the health amongst Europeans is satisfactory, and the death rate is not large. This is partly accounted for by the improved treatment of malarial fever, and partly by the majority of the residents being persons in the prime of life. European hospitals are found in Port Moresby and Samarai. Woodlark also had a European hospital, but owing to the closing down of the gold mines, and the consequent migration of a considerable number of white residents, it has now been closed. 8. Natives.— The health of the natives is not satisfactory. This is partly due to ignorance of hygienic precautions, and partly to the unhealthy conditions under which they usually live.'' Owing to the limitarion of means, the number of medical officers is restricted to half a dozen, which, of course, is quite inadequate to deal with the urgent problem of a healthy native jjopulation. Resident Magistrates whose divisions or districts are far distant from a medical officer, are supplied with drugs and dressing, and have acquired some knowledge of medical treatment, while in various other ways the Government is endeavouring to counteract existing handicaps. Native hospitals have been established in Port Moresby, Samarai, the Trobriands, and one or two other places, and the principal plantations and mission stations have native hospitals. 12 CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 1921. SECTION 8. -WORK OF THE MISSIONARIES. 1. Mission Societies. — There are four mission societies engaged in the Territory. In order of seniority, these societies are as follows : — (i) The London Missionary Society, whose sphere of operation is along the whole southern littoral of the mainland, with the exception of the Yule Island and the Mekeo districts, and inland as far as Boku, in the direction of Mount Obree. (ii) The Roman Catholic Mission, which occupies the populous Mekeo district, and has extended its stations further inland than any other mission, reaching almost to the border of late German New Guinea, (iii) The Methodist Missionary Society, whose mission work extends over all the large archipelago of islands to the east of the mainland, (iv) The Anglican Church and Mission, whose stations extend along the north-east coast of the mainland, from Chads Bay to the border of late German New Guinea. 2. Educating the Natives. — These mission societies, in addition to their religious functions, impart to the natives scholastic, and to some extent, technical education, thereby further materially assisting in the civilizing process. Generally speaking, the natives show considerable aptitude, and some of them have become exjjert house and boat builders, saw-millers, wood-workers and planters. By the Native Regulations of 1907, the attendance of native children at school has become compulsory, providing English is taught. It is now taught at practically all mission stations, where there are white teachers. The importance of this measure will be understood, when one remembers the babel ai languages and dialects at present spoken in this part of the world. Recently the Government has arranged with the mission societies to apply, through them, a substantial part of the money raised by the native head-tax to accelerate general and technical training. By this arrangement the following grants are made to primary schools : — (1) To each Mission, towards school material, £50 the first year, and £5 for each subsequent year. (2) To each Mission for each pupil passing prescribed qualifying examinations, the sums of 10s. or 20s., according to the nature of the examination. The Assisted Primary Schools are in all respects under the management and control of the mission to which they belong, but the examinations are made by an exanuner appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor, Grants are similarly made to the Mission Societies in order to further technical education. TERRITORY 01*" PAPUA. 13 CENSUS RESULTS. Note. — Tho figuras contained herein arc subject to revision on the completion of the detailed tabulation. 1. Papaa, 4tb April, 1921.— Non-indigenous Population of the Several Collector's Districts and their Dwelling?. Population. DWFLI.ISGS. Males. Females. Persons. Occupied. Unoccupied. Being Built. Total. Abau 22 6 28 19 3 22 Baniara . . 19 12 31 11 11 Buna . . 16 3 19 12 12 Bwagaoia 123 50 173 82 1 83 Cape Nelson 11 6 17 9 2 11 Daru 34 25 59 13 2 _ 15 loma 6 6 2 2 Kairuku 190 128 318 87 87 Kerema 48 25 73 36 36 Kikori .. 10 4 14 7 2 9 Kokada 5 5 5 5 Losuia . . •Nepa .. Port Moresby 24 16 40 20 20 387 igo 577 199 19 4 222 Rigo 39 14 53 25 4 29 Samarai 288 167 4.5.-. 145 10 155 Shipping 186 24 210 Total 1,408 670 2,078 672t 43 4 719 • No non-indigenous population at date of Census, t In addition, there were 15 cases in which Census night was passed hi camps without ordinary dwellings. 2. Papua, 4th April, 1931.— Ages oi Non-indigenous Population. Age last Birthday. Males. Females. Pei"sons. Age last Birthday. Males. Females. Persons. 0- 4 6- 9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 102 103 50 87 103 129 172 154 145 119 96 77 45 94 70 63 65 50 82 76 67 38 21 17 11 9 196 173 113 152 1,53 211 248 221 183 140 113 88 54 65-69 70-74 75-79 Not stated . . Total Under 21 21 and over . . Not stated . . Total 16 8 1 1 5 2 21 8 3 1 1,408 670 2,078 360 1,047 1 302 368 662 1,415 1 1,408 670 2,078 3. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— T.en?th of Residence in Papua of Persons bom Outside & e Territory. Number of Complete Years op Residence. Males. Females. Persons. Number op Complete Ye.ars of residence. Males. Females. Persons. 1 2 3 4 320 62 46 40 34 108 34 35 19 25 428 96 81 59 59 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 .. Not stated . Non-indigeno IS Papua 1 born . 74 84 50 31 9 2 16 308 25 27 9 2 3 "2 264 99 HI 59 33 12 2 0-4 5-9 10-14 502 156 176 221 67 50 723 223 226 18 572 Tot al 1,408 670 2,078 4. Papna, 4th April, 1921.— Conjugal Condilion of Non-indigenous Population. Never Married. Married. Widowed. Divorced. Judicially Separated. Particulars. Under 15 Years ot Afce, Aged 15 Years and over. Total. Not Stated. Total. Males Females 255 227 5G7 137 822 364 523 287 48 18 7 2 6 1 1,408 670 Persons 482 704 1,186 810 66 7 2 7 2,078 14 CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 1921. 5. Papua, 4th AprU, 1921 — Biithplaces of Non-indigenous Population. Birthplace. Males. Females. Persons. BlETHPLAOF.. Males. Females. Persons. Australasia- Africa^ Australia 489 231 720 South African Union 1 3 4 Papua 308 2li4 572 Rhodesia . . 1 1 Territory of New fJuinra 3 1 4 Cape Verde Islands 1 1 New Zealand 19 2 21 Reunion . . Total, Africa 1 1 Total, .A.u8trala.sia 819 498 1,317 3 4 7 Etirope — England 218 46 264 Wales 10 10 America — Scotland 56 16 72 British Guiana 1 Ireland 33 16 49 British West Indies 1 Isle of Man 1 1 Canada 1 6 Channel Islands 1 1 Jamaica . . 3 4 Belgium 4 2 6 Argentine 1 Denmark . . 6 Clule 1 1 Finland 1 1 U.S., America 13 13 France Germany . . 18 6 39 8 -2 Total, Anu-rioa 23 4 27 Italy 4 4 Netherlands i 1 8 Norway ... 7 7 Portugal 1 1 Polynesia— • Russia 1 1 Fiji 22 15 37 Spain 3 3 Friendly Islands 2 3 5 Sweden 4 4 Solomon Islands 26 26 Switzerland 1 1 2 Other Polynesian British 39 15 54 New Caledonia New Hebrides 2 7 *> Total, lOuropc 382 105 487 • . 7 Samoa Society Islands 27 1 ■>9 dQ Asia — i 6 1 6 2 Ceylon 1 Total, Polynesian 126 r>5 181 Federated Malay States Hong Kong 4 2 6 2 Straits Settlements . . 5 5 Japan 4 4 Java 4 4 At Sea 3 3 Philippine Islands 21 21 Not Stated . . Total, All Birthplaces 5 1 6 Total, Asia 47 3 50 1,408 670 2,078 6. Papua, 4tli April, 1921.- Nationality (i.e. Allegiance) of Non-indigenous Population. NA'nON.VMTY. Males. Ftmnles. Persons. NiTioNALrrr. Males. Females. Persons. Belgian British Danish Dutch French German Italian 4 1,334 3. 7 18 1 3 3 1 .> (140 1 17 2 6 1,974 3 8 35 3 3 3 1 Spanish Swedish Swiss U.S., America Other Not stated . . Total 3 1 3 22 3 2 1 5 2 3 1 4 27 5 2 Japanese Portuguese 1,408 670 2,078 7. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— Race of Non-indigenous Population. R.iCK. Males. Females. Persons. BACE. Males. Females. Persons. European 961 382 1,343 Polynesian . . West Indian Total Xon- European full blood H.C. Australian Aboriginal H.C. Filipino H.C. Papuan H.C. Po ynesian Total Half-caste Total All Races 184 103 1 287 1 2 1 47 58 9 6 7 39 3 1 6 38 33 5 4 4 24 2 3 8^ 91 14 10 11 63 5 356 221 577 Cingalese Fijian Filipino Hindu Japanese Javanese Malay Negro 1 1 88 2. 1 I 64 1 1 2 152 3 91 67 I5S 1,408 670 2,078 TERRITORY OF PAPUA. 15 8. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— Occupations of Non-iniJigenous Population. OCOCPATION. Class I. — Professional. General Government Defence Law and Order . . Religion Healtli.. Literature Science Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Surveying Education Music . . Total, Professional Class II. — Domestic. Board and Lodging Domestic Service and Attendance Total, Domestic Class III. — CoMMERriAi.. Banking and Finance Auctioneering Patents Drapery Grocery Ironmongery Merchants, Dealers (Undefined) Other Mercantile Persons Total, Commercial Class IV. — Transport and Communication. Motonnan Shipping Postal and Telegraph Service Total, Transport and Communication Males. 6 l(j 89 12 9 68 Females. 27.S 10 10 6 1 1 1 3 1 113 13 139 1 123 12 136 19 1 9 "13 22 10 1 II 77 6 16 144 18 2 3 9 87 1 363 9 23 32 6 1 1 1 3 1 123 14 li50 I 124 12 137 Occupation. Males. Cla.ss V. — Industrial. Printing and Publishing . . Making of Ornaments and small Wares Mechanical Engineering Motor Picpairing Boatbuilding . . Saitmaking Saw-milling (Town) Manufacturing Chemist . . Baking Cordial-making Firewood-cutting Blacksmithing Electric Supply Erection of Houses and other Buildings Earthworks Construction Industrial Workers imperfectly dc fined Total, Industrial Class VI. — Primary Prouvcers. Agricultural Pursuits Pastoral Pursuits Trapping, &c. Fisheries Forestry Mining Total, Primary Producer Class VII. — Uei'end.ants. Home Duties . . Scholars and Students . . Other Dependants Total, Dependants Not Stated Total, All Occupations 22 Females. 107 255 6 1 19 14 158 453 1 159 121 281 1,408 11 13 294 122 121 537 670 3 8 1 15 1 2 1 6 1 1 2 1 2 22 108 206 6 1 19 15 159 466 295 281 242 818 2,078 9. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— Grade ot Employment of Non-indigenous Population. Pakticulars. Employer. Working ou account. Assisting, but not Kecciviiig Wages or Salary. Eeceiving Wages or Salary, Unemployed . Grade not applicable. Grade not stated. Total. Males Females 76 5 135 9 3 1 752 54 41 2 377 592 24 7 1,408 670 Persons 81 144 4 806 43 909 31 2,078 10. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— Causes of Unemployment of Non-indigenous Population. PARTICUlAnS. Scarcity of Employment. Uluess. Accident. Old Age. Other Causes. Cause not stated. Total. Males . . Females 10 1 3 1 1 U 1 6 41 2 Persons 17 3 1 1 15 43 16 CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRAUA, 192L 11. Papaa, 4th April, 19S1. — Daiation of Unemployment of Non-indigenous Population. UCEATION OF USKMPLOYMEXT IS DiVS. Males. Females. Persons. DCKiTIOX OF USEStPLOTMENT IS DiYS. Males. Females. Persons. Under 10 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 6 6 4 2 1 2 2 1 6 7 4 2 1 2 2 70-79 80-89 90 and over . . Not stated . . Total 2 11 5 1 2 i2 50--59 60-69 41 2 4.3 12. Papua, 4th April, 1921.- -Principal Recorded Handicrafts or Callings of Persons aged 10 years and upwards. Haxdickaft or Calusg. Males. Females. Persons. Haxdickaft or Caiusg. 1 Males. Females. Persons. Accountant, Bookkeeper, Cashier 23 2 25 Laundry Worker 3 3 6 Agent 1 1 Licensed Victualler 2 2 Apprentice 1 1 Manager 71 2 73 Architect 1 1 Miner 81 81 Baker 5 o Missionarv . . 46 47 93 Barmaid 4 4 Motor-driver 2 2 Blacksmith . . 6 6 Nurse 8 8 Boatbuilder . . 9 9 Overseer 49 3 52 Builder 4 4 Painter 1 1 Caretaker 1 1 Planter 93 3 96 Carpenter 34 34 Plumber 6 6 Chemist 3 3 Police Constable 4 4 Civil Engineer 4 4 Priest, Minister 34 34 Civil Servant . . 50 1 51 Printer o 2 Clerk 66 3 69 Sailmaker •t 2 Collector 1 1 Salesman 4 4 Commercial Traveller . 6 9 Sa^v}•e^ 1 1 Compositor 5 5 Seaman, Mariner, Sailor 84 84 Contractor 4 4 Shop Assistant 2 2 Cook 6 1 7 Solicitor 3 3 Dealer 42 1 43 Steward 8 1 9 Dentist 1 1 Storekeeper . . 8 8 Doctor 8 8 Storeman 14 14 Draftsman 2 2' Surveyor 2 2 Electrician •■> 2 Teacher 60 22 82 Engine-driver . . 10 10 Telegraphist . . 13 13 Engineer 45 45 Telephonist . . 1 1 Farmer 1 1 2 Trader 8 8 Fireman 2 2 Typiste, Stenographer 8 8 Fishermjfn 5 5 Woodcutter 1 1 Fitter 7 7 Balance of Population aged 10 Fruit-grower . . 1 1 and upwards 201 393 594 Gardener 4 4 Population under 10 Years of Grocer 4 4 Age 205 164 369 Inspector 1 1 1 Ironmonger . . 1 Labourer 34 34 Total . l,4(fS 670 2,078 13. Fapoa, 4th April, 1921.— Religions cf Non-indigenous Population. Kkligios. Males. Females. Persons. Beugion. Males. Females. Persons. 1. — CiiKisrrA> Baptist Brethi'en Catholic, Roman Catholic, Undefined Church of Christ Church of England Christian Scientist Congregational Independent . . Lutheran Methodist Presbyterian . . Protestant, Undefined . Seventh Day Adventist Other Christians Christian, Undefined 2 1 265 5 2 578 136 3 6 99 125 49 3 1 192 2 248 1 76 1 1 66 40 16 3 1 2 1 457 7 820 1 212 4 165 165 65 6 1 1 II.— Nox-Chmstian. Confucian Hebrew Mohammedan Theosophist . . Total, Non-Christian III. — Ikdefisitk. Agnostic Deist Freethinker . . Rationalist . . Other Total, Indefinite IV.— No Reugion . . V. — Object to State VI. — No Reply Total, AU Religions 1 5 11 1 2 1 1 5 13 2 18 3 21 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 •> I 1 8 8 38 32 37 7 1 12 45 33 . 49 1,275 647 1,922 Total, Christian 1,408 670 2,078 TERRITORY OF PAPUA. 17 14. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— Education of Non-indigenous Population. CixsoT Read. ESGUSB Laxgcaqe. FOKEIOX LaSGTJAGE OXLV. Not Stated. PiRTICULiES. Under 5 Years of Age. Aged 5 Years and over. Total. Read only. Read and Write. Bead only. Read and Write. ToUI. Males Females . . ' 102 94 92 56 194 150 4 2 1,119 458 2 80 48 11 10 1,408 670 Persons ) 196 148 344 6 1,577 2 128 21 2,078 15. Papua, 4th April, 1931. — Schooling— Non-indigenou3 Population Recorded as Eeceivii^ Instruction at Date of Census. PABTICmAES. State School. Private School. Technical School. At Home. Not Stated. Total Recorded as Receiving Instruction. Males Females 14 5 116 95 2 30 24 14 15 176 139 Persons 19 211 2 54 29 315 16. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— Nature of Dwellings of Non-indigenous Population. Natcbb or DwELUXo. Number of Dwellings. Natckb of Dweluxo. Number of Dwellings. Private House . . Tenement or Flat Caretaker's Quarters Hotel Boardinghouse, etc. Educational Institution . . Religious Institution (non-educational) Hospital Charitable Institution (other than Hospital) 587 23 2 2 24 3 3 1 Penal Establishment Military Establishments . . Police Station Other.. Not Stated Waggon, Van, etc. (including Camps without Dwellings) . . Total 1 2 2 11 4 15 687 17. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— Dwellings of Non-indigenous Population Classified According to Materials of which Outer Walls are Built SlATEBIALS OF WmCH OtITEK WAL1.S ABB BCILT. Private Dwellings.* Other. Total. If^TERIALS OP WHICH OCTEE WAT.T.S AEB BUllT. Private Dwellings.* Other. Total. Brick .. Concrete Iron Wood .. Fibre Cement Bark Bushes, Rushes, etc. ■ 1 1 96 271 13 5 205 5 30 9 1 1 101 307 13 5 214 Canvas Rubberoid, etc. Other Materials Jfot Stated Waggon, Van, etc. , Total 1 8 6 3 1 5 15 8 8 6 8 15 610 77 687 Comprising private bouses, teDements, and flats. 18. Papua, 4th April, 1921.~Dwellii^ of Non-indigenous Population Classified According to Materials used for Roofing. NUMBEE OF DWELUSGS. UATEBiALS Used .foe Roofisg. NUICBER OF DWELLIXQS. MATEWAIS USED FOE EOOFISO. Private Dwellings. Other. Total. Private Dwellings. Other. Total. Tiles .. Iron Wood .. Thatch .. Fibro Cement Bashes, Rushes, etc. 2 339 15 72 3 171 '39 3 8 2 378 15 75 3 179 Canvas Malthoid, etc. . . Not Stated Waggon, Van, etc. Total 1 5 2 7 5 15 8 5 7 15 610 77 687 18 CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 1921. 19. Papua, 4th April, 19S1.— Dwellings of Non-indigeuous Population Classified According to Number of Rooms. Number of DwELiisas. Npuber of Rooms. NnMBER OF DWELIINOS. NDMBKR OF KO0M3. Private Dwellings. Other. Total. Private Dwellings. Other. Total. 1 63 10 73 11 2 2 2 114 4 118 12 3 3 3 190 3 193 13 2 2 4 113 8 121 14 1 1 5 63 65 17 1 1 6 25 7 32 20 1 1 7 11 4 15 Over 20 3 3 8 4 1 5 Not Stated 24 21 45 9 10 1 2 2 2 3 4 Total 610 77 687 20. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— Dwellings of Non-indigenous Population Classified According to Number of Inmates at Date of Census. Number of Dwellings. NUMBER OF INMATKS. Number of Dwellings. NiTMBER OF Inmates. Private Dwellings. Other. Total. Private Dwellings. Other. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 266 145 85 52 31 15 H 29 12 6 4 2 7 3 295 157 91 56 33 22 9 8 9 10 Over 10 Total 3 4 1 2 1 1 12 4 4 2 14 610 77 687 21. Papua, 4th April, 1931.— Dwellings of Non-indigenous Population Classified According to Rental Value per Week. Number of Dwellings. Rental Value I'ER Week. Number of Dwelungs. Rental Value per Week. Private Dwellings. Other. Total. Private Dwellings. Other. Total. Under 5s 5s. and under 10s. 10s. „ 15s. 15s. „ 208. 20s. „ 25s. 258. „ 30s. 30s. „ 35s. 35s. „ 408. 75 129 101 50 52 24 21 1 5 8 5 2 6 2 80 137 106 52 58 26 21 1 40s. and under 50s. 50s. „ 608. 60s. ., 70s. 70s. „ 80s. Over 100s. Not Stated Total 4 1 3 1 148 1 2 2 44 4 2 5 1 2 192 610 77 687 22. Papua, 4th April, 1921.— Dwellings of Non-indigenous Population Classified According to Nature of Occupancy. Number of Dwellings Occupied by— Particulars. Owner. Rent Purchaser. % Tenant. Caretaker or person in charge. Other Occupant. Not Stated. Total Dwellings. Private Dwellings Other 159 4 1 3 316 14 78 15 13 13 43 28 610 77 Totals . . 163 4 330 93 26 71 687 Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Melbourne, 14th December, 1921. CHAS. H. WICKENS, Supervisor of Census. By Authority: Albert J. Mullett, Government Printer, Melbourne. 000 164 613 2 %