2,56 : m . . . THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES HANDBOOK OF PHONOGRAPHY, OR, A KEW AND IMPROVED METHOD OF WRITING \VORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR SOUNDS; BEING A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF PHONIC SHORTHAND, ADAPTED FOR CORRESPONDENCE, VERBATIM REPORTING, &c. BY EDWAED JAMES JOXES. (For eighteen years a writer of Mr. Isaac Pitman's system) LOXDON: S. W. PARTRIDGE, 9, PATERNOSTER ROW. MANCHESTER: WILLIAM BREMNER, 11, MARKET STREET. 1862. fEntercd at Stationers' Hall.] WILLIAM ITOBSMAX, PBISTEB, JUDDLETOX, SEAS MAKCttESTEB. SHORTHAND \YIUTERS IX GENERAL, BUT PARTICULARLY TO THOSE INTERESTED IX THE PROGRESS PHONO- STENOGRAPHY, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR l:ite writer (Mr. William Cobbett), in an introduction to one of his works, remarks, that the preface of a book should inform the reader why the work was written, and then give any information which might be desirable or convenient for the reader to possess before commencing a more thorough perusal of the book. The reader of this work will doubtless expect its author briefly to state the reasons which induced him to give up a system of _ shorthand with which he was thoroughly familiar, and to 5j construct another in its stead. ^_ Mr. Pitman's Phonography was laid aside on account of its oc author's expressed determination to adopt certain not only useless, z but. at the same time, very inconvenient alterations; the "New Word-position Scale " in particular.* Real improvements would have been welcomed, as may be inferred from Mr. Isaac Pitman's own acknowledgment that fits phonography owes much to the 5? author of this system. With extensive, crude, and untested IP changes, changes for the mere love of change, the writer of this 2 work has no sympathy ; he therefore preferred the pleasing labour ~> of arranging an entirely new system, rather than undergo the annoyance and inconvenience inseparable from a needless lack of stability in the system he then practised. tej In Mr. Pitman's system of phonography, certain details are felt * Since the above was written, the correctness of the opinion held 1 >y many of the best phonographers in the country respecting the utter worthlessness of this scale has been confirmed. After advocating the superiority of this scale in th-3 Phonetic Journal from July, 1861, to May, 1862, Mr. Pitman suddenly abandoned it as worse than useless^ being in' fact calculated to " inflict an injury on the system." vi. to be objectionable, both by teacher and learner. Being of opinion that a new system could be developed, free, in a great measure, from the defects referred to, and feeling a deep interest in the advancement of the Phono-Stenographic Art, the author of this " Handbook " resolved to attempt the construction of a new svstem, and he is happy to say with a result which is considered highly satisfactory by parties who have been very good writers and teachers of Mr. Pitman's shorthand, but who now use this in preference. In comparing this with preceding systems, the author has selected that which he considers to be the best of them, viz., Mr. Isaac Pitman's. The leading features of the two, and points of difference, are noticed under the head of Pitman's system, in the sketch which we have given of the History of Shorthand ; and at the end of the reading exercises will be found a page of our phonography, interlined with Mr. Pitman's for comparison. Had not the author been urgently requested by many phono- graphic friends to publish this little volume in time for use by the winter classes of 1862-3 which they intended forming, he would have preferred to give a little more time to the general " getting up '' of the work. This, however, could not be, without causing much disappointment. Considering these circumstances, it is hoped that any little imperfections in arrangement, printing, &c., will be excused ; and should another edition be called for, they will be avoided. The details of this system have been thoroughly considered, sifted, and tested by practice ; and, considering that the author has had the benefit of nearly twenty years' stenographic expe- rience, it is expected that no necessity will be found for fundamental alterations. To those shorthand writers who have subjected this new system to the touch-stone of practice, and thus kindly assisted ia developing its details, the author presents his grateful acknow- ledgments. E. J. JONES. Jthodes, Middlelon, near Manchester. ADVANTAGES OF SHOKTHAND. " Shorthand, on account of its great and general utility, merits a much higher rank among the arts and sciences than is generally allotted to it. Its usefulness is not confined to any particular science or profession, but is universal : it is therefore by no means unworthy the attention and study of men of genius and erudition." -Dr. Samuel Johnson, To many minds, the very mention of the word " Shorthand " will suggest many advantages resulting therefrom. In addition to its more general application to reporting, it is highly service- able for other purposes. Phonic Shorthand may be used with a great saving of time for correspondence between friends who practise the same system. If no such correspondence exist, even, then, the art is exceedingly useful for writing drafts, or copies of longhand letters; rough-sketching matters of business, &c. For the writing of literary compositions it is of great utility, as the matter can either be delivered from the shorthand notes, or a longhand copy written therefrom for the printer. If the compositor understand the system, a longhand transcription 13 unnecessary, as the types can be set up from shorthand copy. Authors, who now use shorthand, but vividly remember the time when their thoughts had to " struggle through the strait gate of the old handwriting," know well how to appreciate a system of writing which enables the pen to keep pace with, or even to outstrip the powers of composition, and saves not only many valuable thoughts which would otherwise slip, unpenned, into oblivion, but also the author's time, manual labor, and, probably, his health. For keeping a diary, taking extracts from books, and general memoranda, a method of brief writing i?, manifestly, a great convenience. ADVANTAGES OK SHORTHAND. The acquirement of the pronunciation of a foreign language is rendered much more easy and certain by a knowledge of Phonic Shorthand, and for the linguist and philologist, this system is peculiarly adapted on account of its phonetic accuracy, and the efficient means which it provides for the easy representation of foreign sounds. In houses of business, shorthand steps in as an economizer of time. The principal of a commercial establishment, by dictating the replies (o his letters at the rate of ordinary speech to a com- petent Phonographer, may conduct the largest correspondence in almost a tithe of the time ordinarily required ; thus saving much of his time and energy for other important duties. His short- hand clerk would afterwards write out the replies in longhand, ivndy fur signature or posting. This use of shorthand in mer- cantile and railway offices is becoming growingly important, and v.-ill no doubt receive due consideration by steady and intelligent young men, of business habits ; persons capable of filling such olfices being, at present, comparatively few. We here transcribe a few excellent remarks on the advantages of shorthand, penned by Mr. Gawtress,* the publisher of an improved edition of Byroui's system. These remarks have been deservedly reprinted in many shorthand works, both English and American. We may observe, that whatever can be said on the advantages of the old a b c methods, will apply with still greater force to a Phonetic and superior system. " Shorthand is capable of imparting so many advantages to persons in almost every situation of life, and is of such extensive utility to society, that it is justly a matter of surprise, that it has not attracted a greater share of attention, and been more generally practised. " In England, at least, this art may be considered a National Blessing, and thousands who look with the utmost indifference upon it, are d^ily reaping the fruits of its cultivation. It is scarcely necessary to mention how indispensable it is in taking minutes of public proceedings. If all the feelings of a patriot glow in our bosoms on a perusal of those eloquent * It is a somewhat curious coincidence that the printer of this Handbook was, when a young man, a journeyman under Mr. Gawtress, and assisted in the printing of the work above mentioned. ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. 9 speeches which are delivered in the Senate, or in those public assemblies where the people are frequently convened to exercise the birthright of Britons we owe it to shorthand. If new fervor be added to our devotion, and an additional stimulus be imparted to our exertions as Christians, by the eloquent appeals and encouraging statements made at the anniversaries of our various religious Societies we owe it to shorthand. If we have an opportunity, in interesting judicial cases, of examining the evidence, and learning the proceedings, with as much certainty, and nearly as much minuteness, as if we had been present on the occasion we owe it to shorthand. In short, all those brilliant and spirit-stirring effusions which the circumstances of the present times combine to draw forth, and which the press transmits to us with such astonishing celerity, warm from the lips and instinct with the soul of the speaker, would have been entirely lost to posterity, and comparatively little known to ourselves, had it not been for the facilities afforded for their preservation by shorthand. Were the operations of those who are professionally engaged in exercising this art, to be suspended but for a single week, a blank would be left in the political and judicial history of our country, an impulse would be wanting to the public mind, and the nation would be taught to feel and acknowledge the important purposes it answers in the great business of life, " A practical acquaintance with this art is highly favourable to the improvement of the mind, invigorating all its faculties, and drawing forth all its resources. The close attention requisite in following the voice of the speaker, induces habits of patience, perseverance, and watchfulness, which will gradually extend themselves to other pursuits and avocations, and at length inure the writer to exercise them on every occasion in life. When writing in public, it will also be absolutely necessary to distinguish and adhere to the train of thought which runs through the discourse, and to observe the modes of its connection. This will naturally have a tendency to endue the mind with quickness of apprehension, and will impart an habitual readiness and dis- tinctness of perception, as well as a methodical simplicity of arrangement, which cannot fail to conduce greatly to mental superiority. The judgment will be strengthened, and the taste refined ; and the practitioner will, by degrees, become habituated to seize the original and leading parts of a discourse or harangue, and to reject whatever is common-place, trivial, or uninteresting. 10 ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. " The memory is also improved by the practice of stenography. The obligation the writer is under to retain in his mind the last sentence of the speaker, at the same time that he is carefully attending to the following one, must be highly beneficial to that faculty, -which, more than any other, owes its improvement to exercise. And so much are the powers of retention strengthened and expanded by this exertion, that a practical stenographer will frequently recollect more without writing, than a person unacquainted with the art could copy in the time by the use of common-hand. " It has been justly observed, ' this science draws out all the powers of the mind; it excites invention, improves the ingenuity, matures the judgment, and endows the retentive faculty with the superior advantages of precision, vigilance, and perseverance.' " The facility it affords to tJie acquisition of learning ought to render it an indispensable branch in the education of youth. To be enabled to treasure up for future study the substance of lectures, sermons, &c., is an accomplishment attended with so many evident advantages that it stands in no need of recom- mendation. Xor is it a matter of small importance, that by this art the youthful student is furnished with an easy means of making a number of valuable extracts in the moments of leisure, and of thus laying up a stock of knowledge for his future occasions. The pursuit of this art materially contributes to improve the student in the principles of grammar and composition. While tracing the various forms of expression by which the same sentiment can be conveyed ; and while endeavoring to represent, by modes of contraction, the dependence of one word upon another, he is insensibly initiated in the science of universal language, and particularly in the knowledge of his native tongue. " The rapidity with which it enables a person to commit Lis own thoughts to the safety of manuscript, also renders it an object peculiarly worthy of regard. By this means many ideas which daily strike us, and which are lost before we can record them in the usual waj r , may be snatched from destruction, and preserved till mature deliberation can ripen and perfect them. " In addition to these great advantages, Science and Religion are indebted to this inestimable art for the preservation of many valuable lectures and sermons, which would otherwise have been irrecoverably lost. Among the latter may be instanced those of ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. 11 Whitfield, whose astonishing powers could move even infidelity itself, and extort admiration from a Chesterfield, and a Hume, but whose name would have floated down the stream of time, had not shorthand rescued a portion of his labors from oblivion. With so many vouchers for the truth of the remark, we can have no hesitation in stating it as our opinion, that since the invention of printing, no cause has contributed more to the diffusion of knowledge, and the progress t>f refinement, we might also add, to the triumphs of liberty and the interests of religion, than the revival and improvement of this long-neglected art. " Such are the blessings which shorthand, like a generous bene- factor, bestows indiscriminately on the world at large. But it has additional and peculiar favors in store for those who are so far convinced of its utility as personally to engage in its pursuit. The advantages resulting from the exercise of this art, are not, as is the case with many others, confined to a particular class of society; for though it may seem more immediately calculated for those whose business it is to record the eloquence of public men, and the proceedings of popular assemblies ; yet it offers its assistance to persons of every rank and station in life to the man of business as well as the man of science for the purpose of private convenience as well as of general information." A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF SHORTHAND.* An ancient author informs us, that the earliest swift writers proceeded as follows : Several writers arranged to divide, by signals, or otherwise, a speech or oration into portions of about six or eight words each ; to write these portions in succession, and afterwards compare notes to produce a verbatim transcription of the whole discourse ! The earliest system of ancient shorthand which has been handed down to us, is generally attributed to Cicero ; was practised by Tyro sixty years B.C., and considerably enlarged and expanded by Seneca in the first century. The forms of some of the letters bear a rude resemblance to the Roman and Grecian, and being ill adapted for joining, comparatively few words are written in full, the initial or leading letters being generally used. Plutarch informs us, that the oration of Cato relative to the Catalinian conspiracy, was taken in that system. In his life of Cato, the Younger, he remarks : " This, it is said, is the only oration of Cato's that is extant. Cicero had selected a number of the swiftest writers, whom he had taught the art of abbreviating words by characters, and had placed them in the different parts of the Senate-house. Before his consulate, they had no shorthand writers." Shortly after this time, stenography was nighty valued among the Romans, and practised even by the emperors. Owing probably to the perishable nature of the writing materials of the Romans (often tablets covered with a layer of soft wax), little is now known either of their sj'stems of shorthand, or of many of the noble, spirit-stirring orations reported therein. From the decline of the Roman empire, in the 5th century, to the reign of Elizabeth, in the ICth century, shorthand was almost unnoticed. * For more complete information, vide Lewis's " Historical Account / Shorthand," the Phonotypic Journal for 181", and "Levy's (lately published) " History of Shorthand." HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. $ Since the commencement of the 17th century, however, upwards of 200 systems have been published in England ! In 1588, Timothy Bright published, under the the title of ' Characterie," an attempt at shorthand writing, dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. This was not a system based upon the spelling of words, but consisted of arbitrary characters, each representing a word. Two years later, Peter Bales issued " The Writing Schoolmaster ;" and shortly afterwards, an improvement thereon, entitled, "A New Year's Gift for England." Both these works were based on Bright's arbitrary principle. The credit of inventing a system of English shorthand, based upon spelling, is due to JOHN WILLIS, who, in 1602, published a work, entitled, " The Art of Stenographic, or Short Writing by Spelling Characterie, invented by John Willis, Batchelor in Divinitie." For some of the letters, Willis employed signs requiring two inflections of the pen ; and for Z, a three-stroke sign, " Z-" With such an alphabet, the system was, of necessity, slow, tedious, and inefficient. Strange to say, this blunder of judgment was followed by at least sixteen succeeding authors, up to the appearance of Macaulay's " Polyyraphy" in 1747! This gentleman not only swept away from his alphabet the double- stroke signs, but was the first to publish a system containing the sloping curved signs obtainable by dividing a circle into fourths by a perpendicular and horizontal line. Possibly, Macaulay derived his idea of sloping curves from Byrom's alphabet, which, though unpublished, was completed in 1720. Of the sixteen systems above mentioned, that by Rich (1654) is remarkable for the number of its arbitrary and hieroglyphical characters (upwards of 300), and the absurdity and uselessness of the bulk of them. Speaking of hieroglyphical arbitraries, Mr. Moat, in his " Stenographic Standard," p. 30, styles Mr. Rich "the father of these mysteries ;" and fixing upon three symbols representing respectively, " The devils fear and tremble ; the eyes of our understanding are darkened ; both houses of par- liament; *' Mr. Moat observes that they might with equal propriety be styled, " The devil upon two sticks ; the face of a cat ; and two clucks under an arch ! " In a more modern system now before us, a common " s " represents a phrase of eighteen words, viz., " Several other remarks might have been made, but as we hasten to a conclusion we shall only state." " S " might, 14 HISTOKY OF SHORTHAND. with almost equal propriety, stand for a whole sermoH ! The book of Psalms and the New Testament were engraved and printed in Rich's system. The two following authors merit special notice : Farthing (1654), for introducing a small circle for S; and MASON (1682,) for the idea of using two forms for S, a small circle, and a stroke sign, and for effecting in other respects considerable improvements upon the alphabets of his predecessors. He was, in fact, the greatest shorthand author of the seventeenth century ; Rich being next in order. In 1751, Thomas Gurney brought out an edition of Mason's system, " Brachyyrapky, by Thomas Gurney," (he alphabet differing from Mason's in the representation of t and y only ! In 1748 appeared the first system based on the principle of similar signs for similar articulations, by Jeake. This notion, carried to a ridiculous extreme, coupled with a non-observance of vowels, yielded, as a matter of course, a worthless system. Only imagine g, j, &, q, all represented by the same sign, unvaried by length or thickness ! The following sets of letters are similarly treated: /, r; m, n; t>,p,f. The above was followed, in 1750, by the first phonetic system, by TIFFIN, which, though objectionable in several features, is decidedly superior to Jeake's rude attempt. Considering the date of his work, Tiffin makes very creditable provision to represent the vowels, throwing the "a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w ard y " basis aside. In fact, a reference to his details, for the purpose of writing out this brief historical sketch, rather surprised us, and very forcibly suggested the thought that the saying of Solomon, that " there is no new thing under the sun," is peculiarly appli- cable to stenographic matters. We were somewhat astonished to find, in Tiffin's system, the germ of an idea, which, after surmounting many difficulties, we had fully worked out and developed in oar own viz., the writing of diphthongs, or com- pound vowels, by the junction of the signs representing their component elements. Thus Tiffin represents oi by joining aw and ee ; ou by and oo,* and u by the union of ee and oo. Here, * This analysis of ou, if correct, would imply that the present provincial pronunciation of this dipthong (ioo) \\\ many country places in Lancashire, was, a century ago, prevalent. HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 15 however, he stopped, and considering that upwards of a century has since elapsed, it seems a wonder to us that the system we have here developed, should be the first in which the principle is thoroughly and practically applied to the representation of diphthongal vowels generally, whether English, provincial English, or Foreign. Tiffin having selected a sign for oo requiring two inflections of the pen, his diphthongs containing this sound (ou, u) require three, and are, consequently, too cumbersome and lengthy. His signs for the diphthongs I and oi are, however, good and practical, viz., V and < . Tiffin was the first to use a small dot for the aspirate. In 1760 Taplin brought out a system in which he selects similar signs for the similar sounds k g, fv, pb, id, se. He uses perpendicular lines for td; horizontals for kg, and a small circle for s e. He also hooks straight letters on the left-hand side to add r, and on the right to add I, with this difference, however, from Mr. Pitman's Phonography ; in the former, the hook is joined to the end of the consonant ; in the latter, to the beginning. In 17C2 appeared Lyle's phonetic system. His analysis of the Bounds of language displays considerable phonetic knowledge. He held very clear and correct views as to what a system of shorthand should be ; unfortunately, however, his disposal of steno- graphic material is strikingly at variance with his theoretical ideas and intentions. He could see what was desirable, but not th method of its attainment. Another system of phonic shorthand, issued in 1766 by W. Holdsworth and W. Aldridge, of the Bank of England, is, like the above mentioned, impracticable as regards easy writing, but is noteworthy for the circumstance that the authors ground their system on exactly the same analysis of spoken sounds as that which is adopted in the following more recent systems of phonetic writing, viz.: Row's lengthy, script-like system, 1802 ; George Edmonds's " Philosophic Alphabet,'' for phonetic longhand and printing, 1832; Isaac Pitman's Shorthand, 1837, &c. Of the many systems (chiefly unphonetic) which have appeared during the last century, our space will only allow us to notice briefly the most popular or peculiar. Amongst these, that con- structed by DR. JOHN BYROM, of Manchester, in 1720, and pub- lished in 1767, after his death, claims notice. This author bestowed great care in the arrangement of his alphabet, to secure good 1G 1IISTOUY OF SHORTHAND. joinings and lineality of writing. To effect his object he employed two signs struck in different directions for eight of his letters, and three distinct signs for the letter L. His alphabet contains fourteen signs, commencing with an initial circle. The frequent requirement of a circle and a stroke to represent one letter, greatly retards the progress of the pen ; and hence, while pleasing to the eye, Byrom's system lacks the very important requisite of rapidity. In Molineux's (1823) edition of Byroin, the principle of thickening a stroke to distinguish the spoken from the whispered letter is applied to distinguish v from f, and z from s. The^same thing occurs in Harding's 5th edition of Taylor's, 1826. MAYOR, 1780.* Previous to the introduction of this system, Shorthand was comparatively little used for reporting public proceedings. Mason's, Gurney'a edition of Mason's, and Byrom's, were not considered sufficiently brief to repay the trouble of acquirement, and contracted long-hand was employed by many in preference. Dr. Johnson reported parliamentary debates in long- hand, and boasted that he took care that the Whigs should not have the best of the argument, a thing which he could well manage, for, instead of reporting speeches, he composed them, and that too in the same pompous and grammatical style in which he himself was accustomed to speak. A comma, in three positions, is used to represent a, e, i, and a dot for o, u, y. A comma is objectionable for rapid writing, and if used at all, should be appropriated to something unimportant, and of rare occurrence. Mavor's system, although it has gone- through many editions, and has been much practised, is considered inferior in importance to Taylor's, which followed. TAYLOR'S, 178G. This, the chief system of the 17th century, is less perplexing and more simple in its construction than Byrom's, and is capable of being written with greater speed. This and Dr. Mavor's system, have done much to forward the art of shorthand writing in England. Taylor expresses all the vowels, by one dot in any position, thus leading to ambiguity in reading. In 1823, William Harding, a bookseller, published an improved edition of Taylor's, in which a light dot, placed before the letter t, at the beginning, middle, and end, represented respectively * Mavor himself gives l~80 as the date when bis system first ap- peared. Some writers on Shorthand assign it a rather later date. HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 17 at, et, it, and a small clash at tlic top and middle, ot, wt. Mr. I. Pitman, who formerly practised Harding's edition of Taylor's, has, in his Phonograph}', improved upon the above, by adding another dash, in the third position, to represent. out, &c. Editions of Taylor's system have been published by Macdougal, 183."> ; Qdell, 1837; and by Templeton, of Manchester, in 1S-W. In 1788, an anonymous system appeared, partially phonetic, named " Brachygraphy," in which the whispered and spoken sounds are represented respectively by short and long characters. Had the author exercised more judgment in the appropriation of signs to paired and unpaired letters, a very fair system might possibly have been the result. LKAVIS, 181.">. This is an ordinary a, b, c, system, which we notice because its inventor is the author of a very interesting "Historical Account of Shorthand." He is still living "in London, where he teaches his system. During the last hundred years, the bulk of stenographic authors have come to the conclusion, that a perpendicular stroke works best for t, and a sloping upstroke for r. The horizontal curve forms have generally been appropriated to m and n, and by some authors a small circle has been employed for s. The notice of a few systems, remarkable for positional peculiarities, will bring us to the publication of the most generally practised system of the present century, with which we shall compare our own. Richardson's system (1800) is much more curious than prac- tical, as the reader may judge by the fact that it is written on a three-barred stave, intersected by two lengths of perpendicular lines about one-eighth of an inch apart, and that in a surface of a fourth of an inch square, places or situations are assigned for twenty letters or words. The writing of a stroke or dot the least, remove from the point intended, would give a letter or word entirely different from that which should be committed to paper. In 1801, Blanc, a Frenchman, followed Richardson witli a somewhat similar scheme, but equally impracticable, written on a four-barred stave, dive issued, in 1810, a system based upon Mavor's. He distinguishes consonants and words by position, and uses one line only. Consonants represented by similar signs, are differenced by writing one letter on the line, the other under: common words are distinguished by three positions ; above, on, and under the. 18 HISTORY OF SHOBTIIAM>. line, dive's amplification of Byrom's idea of differencing common' words by position is good, but the plan of thus distinguishing consonants (which Tiffin also used) is objectionable, on account of the arbitrary expedients required when such consonants occur in the middle or at the end of words. This inconvenient arrangement has been adopted in some recent systems. Olive's system would have been much improved had he fixed his lowest position half a t's length higher, viz., through the line, instead of under. The same remark applies to a system constructed by Farr, in 1S1J), in which initial vowels and common words and phrases are indicated by three positions, above, through, and under the line. Both Clive and Farr have attached too little importance to the fact that a writer loses much time by certain aerial motions of his pen over the paper, when the upper and lower portions of the field of writing are too distant from each other. Of the two systems just noticed, Farr's is, on the whole, decidedly the best. For vowelitic distinctions by position, and positional distinctions between common words, MOAT, 1833, carries the palm. He writes in a stave of four bars, the upper and lower being formed with two fine double lines. A, e, o take, respectively, the upper, middle, and lower space, i the middle single line, and u the bottom double line. Not content with five places in three-tenths of an inch, he subdivides these five, and thus obtains thirteen " situations," each of which, when dotted, represents a common word. Well may the author remark, " It is to be understood, then, that a dot dropped upon any of these situations, fully, clearly, and positively, expresses that word as there laid down." The italics are ours. In addition to the above hair-splitting distinctions, there are niceties of formation in the letters of his alphabet which are quite impracticable in ordinary writing. Mr. Moat was sincerely desirous to advance the art of stenography, and it is to be regretted that his judgment was not more strongly influenced by practical considerations in the com- pilation of his elaborate, in fact, too elaborate, treatise. Davidson's system, published in 1847, and written on a similar stave, is much more practical, both alphabetically and "position- ally." This author contents himself with five positions in the stave, for a, e, i, o, and w, respectively. According to a calculation made by Mr. I. Pitman, in the Reporter's Magazine, 1848, this system, for brevity, is, to Pitman's Phonography, as 2G3 strokes HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 19 to 253. Davidson, and also Moat, indicated added consonants by the thickening, shortening, or lengthening of the alphabetical characters. We just refer to Gabelsberger's system, published 1831-4, it being the popular system in Germany. We have carefully examined it (an Anglicised edition), and consider it ill adapted for English reporting. Although its author professes to have constructed it to follow the motions of the pen in longhand writing, many of the outlines for English words are extremely inconvenient. L, for example, is represented by a joined dot ! In 1837 Mn. ISAAC PITMAN'S phonetic system appeared under the name of " Stenographic Sound-hand.'" In & subsequent and improved edition, the name was changed to Phonography.* This system is a decided improvement upon any previously published. The simple vowels are represented by dots and dashes placed at the beginning, middle, or end of the consonant, the signs being written light or heavy, according to the length of the vowel. The ordinary diphthongs, i, oi, and ou, and those formed by the coalescence of y or w, with a following simple vowel, are represented by angular and curved signs ; but between these signs, and those representing the elementary sounds forming the compounds, there, is no relation whatever. In our" work (as noticed under Tiffin's system), the signs for compound vowels are formed from, or have a relation to, the characters representing the simple vowels of which the compounds are composed. In the case of three out of Mr. Pitman's six couplets of vowels, the she rt and long vowels are unphonetically paired. They are, v, a(y); i, ee ; u, oh. An unsuccessful attempt was made, in 1844, to effect an improvement in the last-named couplet, but the three-place scale for the simple vowels presents stenographic obstacles to strict phonetic accuracy, which have not yet been surmounted. A^ three-place vowel' scale is objectionable in the case of half-length consonants. Reckoning ordinary letters at * The meaning of this word is thus quaintly given in the title of a work of U4 pages now before us, and published in London, 17-11 : "Practical Phonography: or, tin- now art of rinhtly spelling and writing words by the sound thereof; and of rightly sounding and reading words l>y the sight thereof. Applied to the English tongue, by J. Jones, M.D." L'O lUi-.TuKY or SII011T1IASD. one-eighth of an inch in length, (and they are frequently written shorter.) a writer of Pitman's system ha3 to recognise three, positions or situations for vowels, by the side of a stroke one sixteenth of an inch in length. Under such circumstances, the intended vowel must necessarily often be read by guess from the context, or the consonantal outline, rather than by a certain and correct representation. A few years ago, Mr. Pitman considered tiao places for an angular vowel as too uncertain for the reader, and accordingly made a change in the representation of oi, and since then, his angular vowels have had the full scope of the consonant. In this new system we have eight simple vowels which may be pronounced long or short. The pairing of the long and short sounds is, however, so strictly phonetic, that frequently the writer need paj r little, if any, attention to the thickness pf tlie sign. The phonetic pairing of the long and short sounds of seven couples out of the eight, is indisputable, and the pairing of the other couple, ay, t, if not strictly phonetic, is, in our opinion, a nearer approach to phonic accuracy than any previous arrangement. The following remarks on I as the short sound of ay, formed part of a letter which we addressed to the editor of the Phonetic Journal, and which was inserted in the number for October 12th, 1SG1. "If we cut short the vowel in the second syllable of 'Finlayson,' the result is, to my mind, not f, but i ; the vowel in the second syllable being (when shortened) precisely the same as that in the first. When the vowel in the last syllable of mountain, certain, bondage, Sunday, Monday, &c., is shortened by rapid enunciation, I apprehend that we get mountt'n, ccrU'n, bondige, Sundy, Moncly, &c., or, at all evertts, I think that the short sound of the ay is nearer i than <". "Most of the readers of the Journal are doubtless aware that ee i are not considered by phoneticians as a true jpir. If then ce is not the long sound of i, what is ? I think ay.'" We may further remark, that if ay is not the long sound of i, this short vowel has no corresponding long sound in English, and should be considered as an unmodifiable, independent vowel sound. 15y an extension of the principle of distinguishing letters by thickness of stroke. Mr. Pitman's consonant signs are more simple and practical than in any previous system. Between the light HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 21 and heavy methods of writing some characters, there is, however, no phonetic affinity or relationship, viz. : curve/? and IT; L and Y. One of the alphabetical characters has two meanings, pho- netically distinct from each other ; CH when the sign is written downwards, and R when written upwards. This arrangement is a source of much trouble to learners, who, though taught otherwise, wfll in their early practice frequently confound ch and r with, each other. In our alphabet, as compared with Mr. Pitman's, there is not only a stronger relation between signs and sounds in the vowel marks, but also in the consonant signs. W, we have paired with WII (IIYV), preferring, however, for practical reasons, to give the light sign to the sonant rather than to the whispered letter. Y being a modification of the vowel c-e, its full-length consonant sign is a lengthening of the ee vowel mark. With Y we have paired II, / having a closer relation to y than to any other consonant. We have represented R by a sloping stroke, written upwards or downwards; a Decided advantage both to learner and proficient. The thick downstrokc, corresponding to R, is given to its fellow liquid L. When written upwards, the sign for L is differenced from R by extra length instead of thickness ; for though a thick upstroke may be written with a pencil, it is not convenient in pen-written shorthand. In Pitman's phonography, sh, r, and ?, and in ours, w, n, r, 1, s, k, and French nasality, are represented by signs which can be written downwards or upwards : with the exception of Pitman's downward r, and our downward k, all these sijns slnpo in the direction of ordinary longhand writing. The advantages arising from a down- ward and upward direction for six frequently occurring English letters, and a very common French sound, arc manifestly great. We may note that our upward W commences like the vowel oo. of which vowel sound the W coalescent is a modification. In Pitman's system, an initial hook on the left-baud side of straight letters adds r; and a similar hook on the right- hand side adds I. As the generality of curves will admit, with convenience to the writer and certainty to the reader, of a houk on the concave side only, the application of the above idea to the curve-signs has given rise to irregularities which greatly embarrass and confuse the learner. The r hook is prefixed to the curve R to represent //, while vr is written by prefixing the r hook to W. Thr thr arc, in like manner, formed by an initial hook to S Z ; mp is hooked for mr, and ng with initial hook becomes nr. JZ BISTORT 01 SHOHTIIASD. (A short time after the proposal of the '-New word-position s.::al<','' noticed in the preface, we wrote Mr. Pitman, remarking, that if he were determined to make alterations, instead of the partial and unsatisfactory changes then proposed, it would be far better to consider the practicability of removing by one sweep, rather than by frequent annoying alterations, certain acknowledged inconsistencies from the system, and to leave the 10th editfon undisturbed until a real improvement thereon had been fully matured and tested. We arranged a scheme to remove the incon- sistencies which we have just noticed in the curved letters, by bringing them under a general rule to add r by an initial hook, I by a larger initial hook, and to represent alphabetical R by the same straight line written upwards or downwards, &c., &c. Feeling convinced that changes of this character would, ulti- mately, be made by Mr. Pitman, we thought it would be well at once to adopt in our own practice what appeared to us as improvements, in order to avoid future incoffvenience arising from frequent and par- tially develop^ changes. Subsequently, when Mr. Pitman seemed determined to adopt the obnoxious " New word-position scale," we resolved to begin de nova, and to construct an entirely new system embodying our ideas, so that Ave could publish the result of our labours, if we felt disposed.] We have just noticed Mr. Pitman's arrangements for adding r and I to the alphabetical characters. We add r by an initial hook to any letter of the alphabet, in the case of which, r added by a hook will yield an advantage. A. large initial hook, or the lengthening of a letter, adds /. After providing an r hook for all letters which require it, we have a number of spare hooked characters available for other purposes, and have appropriated them for the representation of w, w7i, wl, wd, wr, id, kw (= q), upward k, and various foreign sounds. In Pitman's phonograph'.', a small circle has several meaning?, according to the side of the stroke to which it is joined : in this system its meaning ii the same on either side of straight letters. This gives a great advantage to the writer. Any experienced phonographist is aware, that when a consonant, which should be straight, is written with an initial and final hook or circle, and both on the same side of the stroke, such stroke is apt to take a curved form, to the detriment of the reader. The writing of the circle s on either side of a straight line, owing to its tendency to HISTOUY OF SHORTHAND. 23 preserve the straightness of the phonograph, gives the writer much more freedom of hand. When one side is as convenient as the other, by writing the circle on the side of the consonant where a vowel should read, such vowel may be indicated when not actually written, to the gain of both writer and reader. The above remarks als3 apply to the large st circle. We may here remark, that we have chosen a large circle for st rather than ss, because the former occurs much oftener than the latter, and the large circle being well adapted for joining, it can be conveniently followed by r for the syllable sler. As a general rule, Mr. Pitman adds n by a final hook, and t or d by shortening a letter. Our plan is the reverse. Mr. Pitman lengthens curves to add tr, dr, or thr ; we add these syllables by a large final hook, and, as before mentioned, lengthen the signs to add I. Owing to Mr. Pitman's arrangement for adding t d, n, tr dr tkr, his rules for reading final appendages to shortened and lengthened letters are open to objection. They greatly perplex the learner, and occasionally produce a momentary confusion in the minds of the very best writers of his system. In the case of ordinary length letters, final hooks and final circles and loops, follow the same rule ; but shortened and lengthened signs follow one rule for final circles and loops, but another, and altogether different rule, for final hooks; and the final hook, though written last, is not read last. The system pre- sented in this little volume is free from this serious defect. The power added by shortening or lengthening, reads before ANY final appendage, and thus whatever is final to the hand and the eye, is final to the reader. Take for example the letter F in Mr. Pitman's system : the affixing of a final circle gives fs, a final hook fn. Thus far the arrangement is orderly; but if the signs be reduced in length, the t added by shortening reads before the appended circle, but after the appended hook. We consider it a more orderly arrangement, that the power added by shortening (or lengthening) should, in all cases, read after the primary letter, and before final hooks, circles, or loops, without any exception. One inconsistency often leads to another, and one of the results of Mr. Pitman's scheme for reading final appendages to shortened letters is, the adoption of the anomaly of differencing d from t by thickening a final N hook! 21 We have avoided this inconsistency by the simple, straightforward arrangement, that a final hook should follow the same rule as a- final circle, and, being written last, should read last. Having referred to letters represented in Mr. Pitman's system, and in our own, by two forms, or directions, we may remark that the variety of consonantal expression thus obtainable, enables us- to difference words containing the same consonants, according to the relation of vowels to the outline, or some other peculiarity. This distinguishing of similar words by their skeleton forms, affords much aid to writer and reader, and may be more fully carried out in this new system than in any previously published. ETYMOGRAPHY. Under this title, a very fsir system of phonetic shorthand was published in 1842, by Mr. S. A. Good. This gentleman and Mr. I. Pitman were teachers in the same school at Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, and both worked hard at the construction of a practical system of Phono-Stenography. IP. some important details (method of hooking to add r and /, for example) they coincided in opinion; in others, they differed, and published separate works. We think Mr. Pitman exercised a much sounder judgment than Mr. Good, in the choice of consonant signs; but, of the two, we prefer Mr. Good's vowel-scale, which was adopted by Mr. Pitman in his 10th edition, in January, 1858. It is a matter of regret that the superiority of Mr. Good's arrangement was not appreciated earlier; much inconvenience and confusion would, thereby, have been avoided. Mr. Good died a few years ago. We had prepared notices of several other systems of recent date, but the space at our disposal will not admit of their insertion without detriment to other porcions of this work ; we must, there- fore, bring our " sketch " to a close. DEFINITIONS. PHONETICS PHONICS, PHONOLOGY (from K.T)j, pliunu, voice), the science of the human voice, which treats of different elemen- tary sounds and their modifications. PHONETIC, PHONIC, pertaining to sound; executed phonetically, as phonetic spelling, writing, or printing. PHONETICIAN, PHONO I.OGIST, one skilled in phonetics. PHONOGRAPHY, (from />/'/<", voice, and Ypa^yj, grajric, writing,) the art of representing spoken sounds, each by its DEFINITIONS. 25 distinctive sign, or character ; also the style of writing in accord- ance with tli is art. PHOKOORAPHEE, a writer of phonography. PJIONOGKAPIIIST, one who not only writes phonography, but is also thoroughly versed in the phonetic and stenographic principles upon which the art is based. PHONOGRAPH (noun), a graphic or written sign representing a certain sound. A phonograph may be simple or compound; it i3 simple when indicating an elementary sound , compound, when, by a difference in length, an initial or final appendage, or by a combination of these abbreviating principles, the sonnd repre- sented consists of more than one-vocal element. PHONOGRAPH (verli), to write with phonographs. When a number of phonographs are joined together so as to form a word, such combination of signs (before the vowels are inserted) is termed an OUTLINE, or SKELETON. A phonograph is sometimes called a Sinyle Stroke Outline. PHONOLOGUE (from phon?, voice, and AoyOfT, logos, word), a complete phonographic representation of a word, including both outline and vowel, or vowels. PHONOTYPY, the art of printing in which each sound is repre- sented by a distinct letter, or type ; also, the style of printing thus executed. PIIONOTYPE, o PHONOGRAM (from ypoiiA^ci, gramma, letter), a printed letter or sign indicating a certain spoken sound. PHONOTYPE (verb}, to print with phonotypes. PIIRASEOGRAM, a phrase which may be conveniently expressed by joining the outlines of the words of which it is composed. This word is used after the manner of " Telegram." PIIRASEOGRAPII, the joined outlines representing a phrase. A phraseograph is sometimes designated, a phrascograj Ijic outline. PIIHASEOGRAPHY, the art or practice of writing phrases without lifting the pen. We use Pi-r. as a contraction for this word. WORD-SIGN, a letter, or phonograph representing a word. GRAMMALOGUK, a letter-word ; a word expressed by a single letter, or phonograph. LOGOGRAPII, or CONTRACTED OUTLINE, an abbreviation con- sisting of more than one phonograph, used to represent a word which it would be inconvenient to express by its full skeleton form. CONTRACTED WORD, a word represented by a logograph. PHONIC SHORTHAND. HINTS ON COMMENCING THE STUDY OF THE ART. The system here presented to the reader is, as its name implies, based upon the phonic principle of spelling, rather than the common b c method. To give arguments in proof of the superiority of a phonetic system of spelling for shorthand purposes would be useless, for the advantages of spelling words according to their sounds are admitted by most of the authors of the old systems, rcho recommend their readers to spell by sound, BUT DO NOT PROVIDE THE MEAN*. The rapidity of the pupil's progress in this, or any other phonetic system, will depend materially on the keeping of the phonic idea before him in the commencement of his practice. It is of great importance that he should, from the first, have a clear apprehension of " the nature and powers of letters, and the just method of spelling words " ; not, however, an apprehension in, accordance with Lindley Murray's ideas of orthographical propriety, but a conception in harmony with phonetic principles. The student should be careful to discriminate between the old names of certain letters, and the real powers of those letters in the phonetic alphabet. To this end, he should call the signs by the names we have given, rather than by those to which he has, in some cases, been accustomed. The words illustrating the sounds, or powers of the signs, should be carefully examined. Aw, oo, ny, th, sh, ch, g, should not be called ay double yoo, double oh, enjee, tee citch, es nitch, see ailch.jee; but should Le named in accordance with the real powers of the phonographs, as given in the alphabet. A phonograph, in many cases (the above, for instance), does not express the letters placed opposite, but the SOUND represented by those letters. For example, to ascertain the exact power of "chay," pronounce chay slowly and distinctly, and note the mode of producing the sound. The vowel ay should then be gradually, separated from the ch, and finally, being entirely dropped, the separate sound or power of ch will be heard. So with the other signs. If the power of a consonant be required, first pronounce it with a final vowel, and gradually drop the vowel ; to arrive at the exact sound represented by a vowel mark, first pronounce the IIIXTS TO THE STUDENT. 27 A-owel with a following consonant, as at, et, it, then cut off the consonant, and the power of the vowel is clearly heard. It may be of use to the learner to remark, that a phonograph has always the same meaning or power. Thus " | " invariably represents " T," no matter how this sound may be denoted in the common orthography ; whether by bt as in debt, cht in yacht, cl in indict, ed in talked, ght in sought, tl in Pitt, phth in phthisic, or pt in receipt, ptyalism, &c. However variable the powers of letters may be in our common spelling, in this system of short- hand they have always the same value. The sounds represented by ee, ay, i, f, of:, are each represented in the ordinary orthography (incredible as it may appear) by upwards of thirty different methods of spelling, but the method of expressing them does not change in Phonic Shorthand. We have explained these matters thus fully, for the special benefit of those who have no friend acquainted with the art from whom they could obtain a few oral lessons. Although a teacher is desirable, when obtainable, still we shall give such details that an intelligent reader will find no difficulty in mastering the art by means of this "Handbook" alone. The student will occasionally find it somewhat difficult to determine what are the sounds which are heard in, and which he should write for, certain word?, as a given word may be pro- nounced in several ways by different authorities.* A little phonographic practice will, however, lessen or remove these difficulties. To determine the best and most approved method of pronouncing doubtful words, the youthful student will be led to note more closely the orthoepy of competent authorises and good speakers, and thus, while acquiring phonography, his knowledge of pronunciation will be considerably extended and improved. * It being desirable, that writers of the same *y- em should adopt in their pbonologues a pronunciation as uiiitorh; a possible, by way of standard, we would suggest the conveniently >'^ ' Ermmmie and Comprehensive English Dictionary," lately public' 1 MeffiM. W.MMl R. Chambers, Edinburgh and London, in eight ;>arts, but which .'nay now be had bound. By the use Of contract* 1 onls, a, very large quantity of matter is given in this volume. The lL-st eighty pap-* are taken up with an introduction containing a vast amount of ortho- graphical and phonetic information in a concise, plain form, which will be found highly useful to many phonographers. -The pronunciation is indicated with very good judgment and considerable exactness, by means of phonotypes. The work as a whole reflects great credit on the enterprising publishers, and is a welcome addition to lexicographical literature. DIRECTIONS FOR PRACTICE. Ruled paper is beet for phonography, or, indeed, for any system of shorthand. Faint red lines (not too full a shade) a: o better than blue for gas-light reporting, or under any circumstances where the light is insufficient. Some shorthand writers prefer double-line paper for reporting, as having a tendency to preserve a uniform size of writing, and to prevent the formation of too large characters. Much depends on the habits of a writer, write small and neatly on single-line ; others with clumsy, straggling forms on double-Hue. Single-line is most economical,, and double-line yields no advantage to the practised writer, if thc- upper line be more than a full tenth of an inch distant from the lower one. Learners may liuJ, it advantageous in their early practice to use double-line, but in such cases the lines should be. distant from each other one-eighth of an inch. We suggested to Mr. Fred Pitman, 20, Paternoster How, London, that in double- line paper, the lower, or principal line, should be slightly thicker than the upper ; and he informs us that lie intends to keep in stock single-line, and close and open double-line reporting paper, in red or blue. Obtainable through the booksellers, in five quire packets, Is. Gd. Cases for holding paper when reporting, Is. 3d., morocco, 3s. A fine-pointed gold pen, or a medium-pointed steel pen, will b:- found best for shorthand. It is well, however, to write occasionally with a pencil, so as not to be altogether unaccustomed to its use when pen and ink are not procurable. Moseley's patent fountain pens are very convenient for reporting, as they save the necessity for carrying an inkstand about. When an excise bottle is used, it should be carefully selected, many being faulty either in the- length of the tube, or its aperture. The aperture at the bottom of the tube should not be too small, or the lower part of the holder will get daubed with ink ; and to secure a good dip, there should, be about three- quarters of an inch between the bottom of the tube and the bottom of the bottle. That the ink may not escape when the bottle is inverted, the space above the bottom of the tube should exceed thpt which the ink occupies. However good the bottle, it is well to use a cork when not in use. When writing on the knee, the ink-bottle is generally held in the left hand, the DIRECTIONS FOR rJIACTICK. 29 thumb being passed through a loop formed by a piece of tape attached to the neck of the bottle. The bottle may .also be hung 'to a twisted wire, attached to the back or hinge of the reporting cover, by passing the wire through loop?, thus leaving the left hand at liberty. We prefer this method. The student should, in his early practice, write slowly and carefully, and form the characters as though he were drawing rather than writing : practice will give rapidity. If, however, he care more at first to write fast than we'll, he will probably not only hinder his attainment of true swiftness, but confirm himself in a slovenly and somewhat illegible style of writing. The hand and arm should rest, and the pen or pencil be held as for drawing, or reversely sloped common-hand. In this position d } y, b, $c., can be most easily struck. Write much, in order to become familiar with the new signs ; and to further this object, speak aloud the names of the characters while writing them : the ear, the eye, and the hand arc thus trained at the same time. The learner will also find it advan- tageous to sharpen his pencil at the blank or unleaded end, and. with this wooden point to trace the characters as he goes through, the reading exercises. For early writing exercises, short words of one or two syllables are recommended ; such, for example, as the easy sentences in books for teaching ordinary reading. Or, taking ordinary matter, the short words may be written, and the long ones omitted. After a few weeks' study and practice (to which at least an hour a day should be given), the student will find himself prepared to include in his exercises the more complicated words; and if he is perse- vering, and will take care to master one thing before he passes on 'to another, he will find the acquisition of this system of shorthand a pleasing rather than an irksome labour. It will be well for the beginner to bear in mind that there is no royal road to learning. PEI:SKVEI:K! should be the motto of every young phonographer, for I'KACTiCK, and nothing but PRACTICE, can give and increase facility. Those, therefore, who intend to enjoy the advantages of writing shorthand, must be willing to bestow the necessary labor. It has been said that " he who will have no knowledge, but that for which little exertion has been used, must, one time or other, suffer the mortification of finding what he possesses to be of small intrinsic worth." PLAN OF LESSONS TO ACQUIRE A KNOWLEDGE OF THIS SYSTEM IN TWO MONTHS. The following will be found of service, both to teachers and to the self-taught. It is to be considered simply as a rough draft, to be modified according to circumstances. The lessons may be reduced to six, or extended to TWELVE, or upwards ; in the latter case, taking up the system more gradually. We prefer to introduce the principles of abbreviation at a moderately early period of tuition, in order that the pupil may accustom himself as little as possible to long outlines for words which, a few weeks later, may be written with much greater ease, clearness, and brevity. The pupil should be required to zwzlearn as few outlines as possible. It is for this reason that we have recommended the student to write short words in his early practice, leaving the longer ones until he has provided himself with the means for their convenient representation. FIRST WEEK. The simple vowels, ordinary diphthongs, and the simple consonants, with the manner of using these letters ; which includes the general rules for placing and reading vowels. SECOND WEEK. Initial w hook ; double consonants, and the relation of vowels to these compound letters. Also bring into use the Word-signs for about a dozen of the most frequently occurring grammalogues, given first in the general list. THIRD WEEK. A few more word-signs. Adding of (r, dr. thr. Shortened and lengthened signs with final annexments. Additional representation of ss. Use of initial and final loops. If more work be desired, look over the w, h, y, and ee series of vowel-marks. FOURTH WEEK. The vowelitic compound signs just mentioned. Familiarize the mind with preceding lessons, particularly with the writing and reading of vowels. Commit to memory the prefixes and affixes, and acquire further knowledge of the word-signs. Attend to the general rules for writing outlines. FIFTH WEEK. Rules for locating word-signs and outlines with respect to the line. Study the list of best outlines for common words, and learn the principal logographs. Review preceding lessons. SIXTH WEEK. The representation of diphthongs and foreign sounds. Go through the list for differencing, by variety of outlines, words containing the same consonants. Observe the manner of forming phraseographs. Again note the details of previous lessons. SEVENTH WEEK. Give further attention to single-stroke outlines, logographs^ and phraseographs; also examine carefully the reading exercises, and re-write them. The adding of l>: EIGHTH WEEK. Thoroughly re-peruse the whole "Handbook," and in this and following weeks practise asmuch as possible toacquire familiarity with outlines, and, consequently, SPEED IN '.VIUTIXG. VOWELS. We recognise in the English language eight elementary vowel sounds, which sounds may be varied in length or duration. They are heard SHORT in LOXG in 1. at, am. 1. aft, palm. 2. ebb, err, per. 2. ere, air, pair. 3. e-vince, e-lect. .'!. eve, eel. 4. it, ill. 4. ate, ail (See page 20). 5. on. cot. 5. aim, cawght. G. wp, love. 6. zrni, word. 7. o-mit, o-pine. 7. o-men, o-pen. 8. pt/11, foot, cowld. 8. pool, food, two. The above simple vowels are represented by dots, dashes, and curves, written light or full, and in two positions, as in Table, page 33. The perpendicular line is the letter T, used to exhibit more clearly which vowels are written to the beginning, and which to the end of a consonant. The beginning of a letter is the portion first written, irrespective of downward or upward direction. The most commonly used diphthongs are I (as in o#), 01, OW, and U, =yoo. Dots excepted, the length of a vowel-mark is considered to be one-fourth that of a consonant. Except in special cases, vowel-signs should not be written so close as to touch the phonograph to which they relate. The simple dash-vowels are written at a right angle with the consonant; or, if more convenient, with a slight variation from, such an angle. Curved and hooked vowel-marks must always be written in the position given in the Table. The small signs for /, W, are contractions of the longer, full characters, which latter form portion o*a series of diphthongs, partly foreign. (See pages 66-7 ) The small signs for / and W should not be joined to consonants as vowel-marks. When joined, they have the powers of F and 7" respectively. (See Consonants.) The 10, h, y, and ee series of compound phonographs, are modifi- cations of the signs for the simple vowels and ordinary diphthongs. We have inserted here the scries of initial ee dissyllabic diph- thongs, on account of their close relationship in use, power, and written form, to the y series. A dot being, under some circumstances, inconvenient for joining to other small signs, a small hook may be used instead. Such hook should, however, be joined to that side of the preceding, or following stroke, which will not interfere with joined curve vowels. (See Table.) The writer may, by a subsequent touch of the pen, transform a small liook into a dot, but this is unnecessary. The following observations will perhaps give the learner a little mnemonic assistance. In compound vowel-marks, oo may be used for w, and ee for y. \\ r ah well, u-ee way, arid their short sounds, are formed by the junction of the signs for the sin: pies; ircac u-uh and wok woo are represented, respectively, by the initial portion of the downward and upward curve W, which signs resemble, and are suggestive of, those for an H/I, oil oo, which follow t!ic w. English "aspiration" being an unusually strong expulsion of breath when pronouncing a vowel, we have expressed // by a slight addition to, or variation of, the vowel sign: hah heh, by an additional small dot, the two dots being written parallel with the consonant; hce hay, by an upward tick to the dash vowel; Juno hull, hoh koo, by lengthening, in a horizontal direction, one end of the simple vowel signs ; t.l, hou, hvft, by thickening the signs for 7, ou, w'i. H may be expressed before a double letter of the u; or y series, as shown in the Table. EE precedes Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 vowels, dissyllabically, by writing the ce phonograph perpendicularly. EE forms a dissyllabic diphthong with the curve vowels, by angularising the CUITCS. The generality of students should not attempt to use the u; k, T/, and ee series of letters in their early practice. After a few weeks, they can adopt them as they may find convenient. Too many things at a time will confuse the mind. Vowels written near the beginning of consonants are called iirst-place vowels ; those placed near the end, second-place vowels. To test the phonetic accuracy of the vowel-scale, pronounce the simple vowels in pairs, and observe the very slight modification of the organs of speech in passing from the short to the long, or the long to the short. There is also an approximation in character between the power expressed by a given vowel-mark when written at the beginning of a j^onogrnph, and its power when written at the end. In proof, pronounce a first-place vowel and a second-place vowel represented by the same sign, and note the very slight variation or disturbance of the vocal organs in changing from the -one to the other. Although greater facilities are afforded in this system than in any previously published, for the exact expression of vowels, vet, owing to the full extent to which the principle of " similar signs for similar sounds" is carried, an accidental lack of precision on the part of the writer, will be less likely to give the reader incon- venience in this scheme, than in other professedly phonetic systems. OF ATT " 1- A -L ~ ' Ari alarm. A-fia. . (en.sn.eire \evti-y where i- EE reveal, re/>rievt irt2ay & U ) ) UH Un/ilri UTLioor 8<> Jc QQ foot- stool full-man. i 2,fej in ice: or forjoimnff, and jorosioun Z* ions for Uo us el J x>3^ecedeci In/ C/H io r f i ,Ui yo <-< > > EE-AW iiCH IvOO tWOH CWOO AoA . HOH . HOC yoh. t yoo t. YOH U] XOO) e-H < -oo < < EE-OH < EE-00 HI" HOI yi EE-I A) EE-or^l YOI HOW EE-OWy ^1 ^1 H jtrftftlino h "TJ~" j ^ "vV " J \ *l *l *! /ol yz precedir-tf 2fte l 2 venes . u \ -\ a | 4# '/iill- styeci. Ctrns-e convenient- M/x Me. . /V next- aa-ae . Ta&te a/ Concffnccnte. tfee/j. J?,%f<: CO r * rji ^ * r-r-rnl C ( i I ]- ) ) S. S \ \ -a 11 f\ C J li(rn. o/ atony inih'ttl io ruie.r for eve *o <_ SL l*1 open. tqoenea. ~T\> Opinion. ' am ^~~^"^ am,aie ^Lsini* ^J) *nip>os. n- ahead "(each, (.ectpe ^- <" ^ luishes V. achfc V. eyy *-* aeen-c/artcg "(or Q_ eaaje ^. 4i<_y e offer "^afraid c ~erver ~ 2e,, >*\ "I T >C ' ft" 1 "" 1 C? n authorised I idleness V$ ec?-t o- tttfitiJ- 'S- rt- -i i, ^i-yl' /" '\ iveer? vo' idicfced *- or -X / it/7 25' z<^xz/er ^_-6m .j t>tttc/ t ttmxiieci *A i- 'I' P O 9 ' i_ P ' ) i- / V t"ake I a^ac?c J ffr,rsrate. -' tTtt" I.. fTdty ,> ^^ i/ p ' ^ ; P. ^ V. . " V_>TAe/t Q^^ n x^_$ ft-ssiirtte. J stalilisJi f/ esl~a.l>\.i-tlr^ ^ or ^} vtte, C T~S. frequent- T/^"y p flay 5 ,?&*>!-?'" ~pjDccir>t~ -*!Oi>iecL < 'J. Prof a.'i ify f *noiij X7 nmm * net ^aescinlt (o choice '^> ftlnnehtater V> justice (i> jusi-ify \ f. I I &^ i~ . ^* , i L-r" during ^odtf/-aiil~ fo (2i Sflfea-su re Y^r^ aefenszve. \~lcii -^ , '(> ?7 i ^p P r* 4 "> \ ^^ t - ^*i ? ^*T- ,> - Vo cla& \z dtscfruce '^ 'ctccountttble, u. emtcnct ^ veuef. ^ o ^ / p ^T V f crrreit (^^ \. clerical. ^_^ ?ta?tijoer @^\in~\> Aisforic, C_f v /^iz/7)7^-t s?- tPl^ J/f sf-rc?a2/ O* titecl \ Ate r 4 ^ Ji 3L2' -flint, in er SJ, simnfr- V J.ere d k desertx>h.ve. ft . -Z??C - l^sJlirm-nt) * c^Py^j, t . desertph.ve. -*^ ' ' r- Lf/l '>^ 7 ^ t?\ " ] T- ^ t. - nfrcy T dtar ic * BEMABRS ON THE TABLE OF CONSONANTS; BULKS FOB PLACING AND BEADING VOWELS, &c, Before going fully into details, it may be well to remark that this system may be practised in various degrees of brevity. In proportion to the extent to which the principles of abbreviation, word-signs, phraseographs, &c., are adopted, we have, the elementary, or Learners' Style ; the medium, or Correspondence Style ; and the advanced, condensed, or Keporters' Style. In his early practice, the pupil need not use the small forms for _/J v, t, d, and the thin e&, but may adopt them at pleasure. The thin forms for v and b are provided to lessen the necessity for writing thick horizontal signs. EB is nearly a double k-ngth sign ; PP nearly treble length. We commenced the vowel-scale with the gutturals, or throut letters, and ended with the labials, or those formed by the lips : the list of consonants commences with the labials, and ends with the gutturals. The labials take the horizontal signs, except H , WE, which are classed with the liquids inclined in the direction of common writing. The perpendicular signs are appropriated to the dentals, or teeth letters, and the downward left to right signs, to the post-palatals and gutturals. The reader will observe that many of the letters go in pairs, a thin sign generally representing a light, sharp, or whispered letter ; a thick sign the corresponding heavy, flat, or spoken articulation. The signs are to be struck in the most convenient direction, generally, from top to bottom, or, in the case of horizontals, from left to right. A is always written upwards when standing alone, and stroke S downwards : when joined to other strokes, these letters may be written upwards or downwards according to con- venience in joining, &c. Downward N, upward S, and upward curve W are only used when preceded or followed by another stroke. An attached hook, circle, or loop is not reckoned a stroke. The small forms for W are generally joined, except when used for word-signs. Hooked eK is always written upwards. An un-joined upward straight line, with or without hook, circle, or loop, should slope thirty degrees from the horizontal ; when struck downwards, sixty degrees. Circle $ or ST occurring between two phono- graphs, should be written with the most direct, short, and conve- nient motion, or that which best preserves the contour or form of the characters. A circle is generally written inside a curve, except in such combinations as i*, in which the circle takes the convex side of one curve (m), and the concave side of the other (n). The strokes S, Z are to be used for words commencing with a vowel followed by S or Z; or for words ending with a vowel preceded by 452 123 ;i~A roXSOXASTS. PLACING OF VOWELS, ETC. >' or /.. This arrangement includes words in which A' or Z is the only stroke consonant. Full-sized F, T, and D follow the rule just given for S, Z. The long V and B should generally be used for words commencing with a vowel followed by For B; or for dissyllabic words ending with a vowel preceded by V or B. Alphabetical N is required when a word ends witli a vowel pre- ceded by N, unless the vowel bcjoined to a half length letter. When an outline is two or more strokes in depth, the bottom of the first general!}' rests on the line, the others follow. In writing a word, the consonant outline, or skeleton, is first formed without lifting the pen, and the vowels are afterwards inserted according to the following RULES FOR PLACING AND READING VOWELS. A vowel written above a horizontal letter, or on the left hand side of any other letter, reads BEFORE the consonant. A vowel written below a horizontal letter, or on the riyht hand side of any other, reads AFTER, the consonant. In the case of double consonants, with initial r, or J-hook, a preceding vowel reads before the first letter of the double conso- nant ; a vowel placed after the phonograph, follows the last letter, viz., the added r or /. The r and Miook signs excepted, vowels placed to a phonograph have always reference to the full-length primary stem, and are uninfluenced by initial orfoial appendages, or by shortening: initial circle s, st, hook w, and small signs for f t c, t, d must therefore re&d first, and any final appendage last, the vowel or vowels having reference to the original stem just as if no initial or final letter was appended. N added by halving, follows the same rule as a linal hook, or circle. Careful attention to the above remarks will save the learner much trouble. (For examples, see page 36.) Vowels BETWEEN consonants: When a vowel occurs between two stroke consonants, if a. first-place vowel, write it AFTER THE FIRST consonant; if a second-place vowel, BEFORE THE SECOND consonant. Lengthened characters are vocalized in accordance with this rule, the last half of the sign being considered as the added I, r, or Ir. The above general rule does not apply when the first of two strokes is halved for n, or when two strokes are separated by the circle s ; added n being the second letter in the former case, and circle s in the latter. Vowels may be read between the two letters composing the r and /-hook double consonants, by striking the required vowel through the phonograph when a convenient angle is presented. When otherwise, intersect the double consonant in the middle by a small dash, and write the vowel sign after the phonograph. The character being divided by the intersecting dash, into two halves, PLACING OF VOWELS. CONSONANT COMPOUNDS, ETC. 38 a first-place vowel may take tbe whole range of the first half, and a second-place vowel the other half; the vowel may, therefore, be written close by the dash, instead of at the end of the phonograph. As the lengthened uncurved signs for f-r,f-l, v-r, v-l, and p-r, p-l, v-r, v-l, imply a vowel between the two letters of the compound phonograph, the intersection of these signs may be disregarded, as remarked on page 36. When preceded by T, D, downward 7?, L, &e., the initial hook of the curves appropriated tofr,Jl, vr, rl, cannot be written without lifting the pen This inconvenience is avoided in this system, and also additional facilities secured for joining to Jolloicinrj charac- ters, by giving the practitioner the option of writing the stem curved or straight. This arrangement also enables us to distinguish, between words, without writing the vowels, as in the case of the verbs to "/ree," and to "offer;" the straight form being used for the latter. The signs with initial r or Z-hooks may, for the most part, be regarded as diphthongal consonants ;* signs lengthened to add L, are, generally speaking, not diphthongal. Phonographs, in which a large initial hook takes the form and direction of the small v, are not used for the L hooked series, the v power for the hook being more useful. It so happens, that in the instances referred to, an initial large hook is not required for the adding of L diphthongally, its use for v is, therefore, a clear gain. In the case of phonographs in which a small initial hook is used for W, such hook enlarged is hw or wk, unless written in the direction of v. Lengthened and Shortened Signs. As a general rule, we add L by lengthening. The exceptions are, eB, PP, BB; all lengthened, uncurved horizontals, except " ft/;" lengthened thin straight lines, sloped in the direction of r, and the /-hook series, lengthened. The exceptions to the adding of N by shortening, are, small Fand NG. A half length sign is more convenient than a full length for the frequent termination ing, and ngn is not required in English. Shortened fn is distinguished from siriall v, by deepen- ing the curve forfn. MP and MB may be distinguished by deepening the curve for the latter. This is seldom necessary. Final hooks. Ordinarily, a final hook adds t to thin signs, and d to thick ones ; but in the case of a few common words, d may be added to a light sign, and t to a heavy one, as in the words, " mentioned, great," &c. To straight lines, t takes one side, d the other, as in Table, pages 34, 35. * For convenience, we use the term " diphthongal," in relation to consonants, as well as vowels. This class of compounds should be pronounced like/r, pr,fl, pi, in the words free, prey, flee, play, &c., and not ef or, ef el, &c. CONSONANT A11BREVIATIOXS. LOOPS, ETC. A tarye final hook adds 77?, 7)7?, or THER. With straight stems, TR takes the T side, DP, 77/7?, the D side. The T11ER hook also represents the words there, their. A vowel (generallv yoo,) may be read between t-r and d-r, by writing it to the convex side of the hook, as in the words given on page 39. THR may follow a final hook, or curve vowel sign, by a second hook or curve, written in the same direction as the iirst. See opposite page. When deemed desirable, a t hook may be thickened for d; a large final hook for dr, or thr; an * circle for z, and an st circle for r.d, &c. SS, SZ, ZZ may be represented, according to convenience, by stroke and circle s; by circle and stroke s or z ; by a second back s circle following the first, on the opposite side of the stem, and by an independent loop, not formed in part by any preceding or following stroke. See opposite page. Loops. An initial loop, of which the following consonant stem forms the second half, represents * preceding the initial hook phonograph. Circle s may also be written within an initial hook. The diphthongal combinations tpr, s(r, sir, &c., may be distin- guished from s-pr, s-tr, s-kr, &c., by using the loop for the former, and circle s within the hook for the latter. The hyphen indicates a vowel. S may precede a large initial 7-hook, either by writing the circle within the hook, or by an initial loop, turned at its commencement, so as to intersect the stem. A final loop, formed partially by the stem of the preceding con- sonant, represents a final small hook followed by s. For a large final hook followed by s, write the circle within the hook. See p. 39. The side on which a vowel is written to read before a phono- graph, is named the./bre-side ; the opposite side, the after-side. When circle s is joined to a straight consonant, and one side is as convenient for the writer as the other, the circle is written on the fore-side if a vowel precedes the stroke, and on the after-side if a vowel follows. When, in a single stroke outline, one vowel precedes, and another follows the stem, the writing of the circle s on the ./ore-side will generally be most useful for the reader. Best Outlines. As a general rule, those outlines should be chosen which, while free and facile, also allow the writer to express clearly the required vowels. Outlines should be preferred for short, primitive wordi, which, by a simple addition thereto, (without alteration of original outline,) may represent the more lengthy derivatives. Joining Half-Sized Phonographs. Except in the case of initial small r, and a few unmistakeable combinations such as, knb can be; j j mnt, (or j mnt) judgment; cks pshn exception; prprshn proportion, &c., half sized signs should not be joined when the point of junction is not defined by an angle. Full-sized p n, t n, must, therefore, be used in the words, "cheapen, pippin, Ashton," &c. filial &.o-vk . Locjas , Bfc. See Ieltei-y>ret of her ^ J*eter i'c/?il-er matter O> mother Y.tdl&tfir f mllller ^em ~-%> litters -glitter e si ^ lint the"e L- did there ****3hH&f}g /7 unde *.. Cannot their ^ to their ....aftheu- ... thotiah there. Causes exercises ' / -f is the caje tyc. INITIAL and <^-j Surety ^ ja^pjoe)' Ca^^-^T C^-3 s^iJr ^^^ Sii}3fi2icc(.e. &. x several \'Xncha> \- m- Cf^ stray } aj true is true ( of*L Secluded. n ~-ft '^ 'y^ ltetj -9 pounds ^aetf ^yoods Olhati.s "all its * fettcntss ft ?- C-^ ftnuttr U *x \^ 3*""$ P*^ lr?-tju.let}< TREBLE LENGTH SIGN'S. I* \^^l- a U l , CoN ft- f" ^'0 / //fay also Ite iiiciic ct-teoL by a fifA J" a initial ciat, ^7- ^y Jjroxtmlty . m " u ^ " n '".^ ^"^ ^_C3. or*^ \ * ^interrupt* ~^"^~~ > mJ-er/oi <'v S rrtaomtitde. ^~^~- "fytteteftt^^effttt" ^\. /^- ^^o retamiocrice ^^V> }-eccm sirii Jain* A L- . J * ]se2/ti\, floor 2-x Selfc^.era^^y tndicaj-td by disyeininj- //*. hteh.-eceAef the tm\Heii ?e tiers . ttjoiTt. joi-eceiii.>ia jofiffnoyrafi/i fivi-ntthtj ( trr \*^Cmyerita2> t-alilij ^- dot 6 x "~2" ctmt^Ja*'nci*e2 -~^y Lettered. f rt~ Z dash * ~? or "*' fiavino ^~*~turti-eno ~~~^ sktittino . , or thicken inj'ti '~ INCXON ino "-V,. "-L Circle. S, ax o V> trr- ~y~\ Jii'r^self f\p -herse 5HIP "> K ^-crr"! fel inj Me / 7 **K,y Me O' F, m- boM *. ^- ^ fry self. -rt etra. eft c tetfi e hi CATION. In l 0* ~ } ? aboZith ; ">^ ~ ~ " /Pz de *V "' " " < . . w ' / jeiKed d] i joined. Gj jfi>ST, ecA.ac.ntJm. ^f err ^&^minc.3h~\/ *x_ ^ ' of- 7/oeS?s t c } or /ooooteo INTERSECTION. OUTLINES. RULES FOR " K " AND " L." ETC. 45 (See opposite page for illustrations.) Intersection. In expressing -ction (-Icshn) the beginning part of ihe intersecting stroke should cross the latter part of the inter- sected one, for if intersected in the middle, it would, at times, be .difficult to judge ivhich phonograph had been lirst written. The vbwel preceding the c () may be written after the intersecting letter, if required. Hooks on convex side of curves should be sparingly used, as they require special care in writing, to preserve the form of the curve. The shortest outlines to the eye are not always the shortest to the Itand. Longer outlines which may be be written with more freedom of hand, are often preferable. This remark applies to the choice of outlines generally. Joined Vowels. Join initial vowel in the words across, address, afore, affluent, aggrieved, allure, annual-ty (atrl), apart, appoint, approbation, approximate, oft', obsolete, obstruct, orthography, &c. Join final vowel in army, many, monarchy, &c. Vowels written to circles S and ST. This provision is iiseful when a half-length consonant precedes s or st, for according to rule on page 37 A, a vowel after a halved letter would read between the primary stem and the added n, and not between the added n and the following circle. Slope and direction of R and L. When joined to other stroke consonants, the writer may, by a difference of inclination, indicate the relation of vowels to these letters. Downward L may also be thus treated when unjoined. When standing alone, or the first con- sonant in a word, if preceded by a first-place vowel, the R or L (downward form, if convenient) is generally written above the line ; if preceded by a last-place vowel through the line. If written on the line, the downward or upward form is used, according to conve- nience. When K or L is the last stroke consonant in an outline, and followed by a vowel, we prefer the upstroke, unless the down- stroke gives a more convenient angle for joining. Fiyures. Phonographs arc briefest, particularly for high numbers requiring cyphers, but the common Arabic numerals are more con- spicuous, and catch the eye better in looking over a report. " Eight " is represented by its vowel ay rather than by t, because in careless writing the latter, though differing both in length and position, might be confounded with tn, 10. Those who prefer the diphthongal ayee, (p. 6C) can join upward ee tick to ay. Insert the vowel ee in " eighteen." Voicel Exhibitor. This narrow loop, to which vowels may be ced to exhibit them more distinctly, should be written thick on ide, and longer than the ss loop. Or, two parallel strokes, j| or , may be used to show vowels. 46 PHOXETrPY. FORMATION OF CONTRACTIONS, ETC. Phonetypy; or Outline Notation. Shorthand writers have found it convenient to represent Stenographic and Phonographic characters and outlines by means of ordinary types, arranged according to peculiarities in the construction of the respective systems. In our scheme of Typic-Phonography the term Phonegram answers to the word Phonograph in written Phonography ; Loyolype, or Word-type = Word-sign Logogram = Logoyrapk ; Phonelogue = Phonoloyue ; and Phraeeotype = Phraseograph. Scheme : -After a letter, or cluster of letters representing a phono- graph, a period is inserted. A circle occurring between two strokes, is considered to belong to the first. In the case of signs with two directions, an apostrophe indicates a downward letter ; an inverted apostrophe an upward letter. To effect a distinction between curved and straight W, an inverted period precedes downward straight, short W, and a period precedes the upward straight W. The position of these directive marks is suggestive of the point from which the letter is commenced ; downward letters being commenced above the line, and upward letters generally on the line. An in- verted period also precedes small F and V, thin B, curve Tancl D, and the L, R, or LR added by lengthening. The "direction mark" may generally be omitted before upward,Jfy, Ly, and downward Kay. A preceding comma denotes straight ,fr, ,rr, .Jl, ,vl. A hyphen, indicates the vowel implied by slightly lengthening ])->', l-r, p-l, b-t, arid uncurved f-l, v-I. S- = initial son the fore-side of a straight line; and -s = final s on the after-side: 'st = large circle st; '5s=loop ss; and 'thr = tker, expressed by a second hook. A colon follows a contracted prefix, and precedes a contracted affix : when used ini- tially, a colon represents dot com, or con. A final inverted period indicates the dot affix ed or d. i represents the i dash for ing ; when disjoined, the colon precedes. An inverted comma indicates that the phonograph which precedes it, is intersected by that which follows. Voc. signifies vocalize, if time permit. Vowels, when used for vocalizing, are not separated by the period from the consonants to which they relate, but vowel word-signs should be separated. An accent (') represents upward the; an inverted accent (,) down- ihe. ' and, standing alone ; " and, in Ph. 'a, and a ; ' and the; /, in, (alone and initial) but * medial and final in Ph. .i, it; wi, with; o, of; 'oh, though \ w, unto; &c. For Table of Logotypes and Grammalogucs see pages 47 and 48. Except in tables, words on the line need not bo marked (..) Formation of Contractions. After the manner of the following lists, the writer can form other Contractions and Phraseographs, according to his requirements. For instance: pr.pji for perpendi- cular ; jn.rl, general rule ; lirn mnt, bear in mind, &c. Outlines should always be contracted by omitting the final or medial consonants, rather than an initial consonant. any of the phonographs represented on the three following ae word-signs simply by the omission of vowels. 47 EXTENDED LIST OF GRAMMALOGUES, ,tc. (This list includes some of tfte words contained in the smaller list of principal grammaloyues, on page 49.) For explanation of logotypes, see opposite page. (*) close to fol- lowing word, means above the line; (..) on the line; and ( t ) through the line. W,*away -way |N,*on, no, know ..new *any, now wr,*we are, we r ..were ^with our !w,*known ..none noon, join oo Also w'r in Ph. for toe are, ieer.|sr,*onoui', honor ..nor,near Dinner, ?#V,*aware, (or join a) ..wear whr,*why are ..where unr- nra,on our own. |w?,*only, annul ..newly ,unl- A'4*awhile..wbywiIL wW*while[nHi*no<"wiO ..nearly' *enrol ?4>Jor w'/,*we will, wel ..will,wellfNG,*hang ..young, hung w.t,*\ve ought ..wait *wit' f^rr,*angei ..younger, hunger wd (hook and d) *wide, we had ..vte.ngy, ..England, ngyl, ..English do, widow 'B,*or ..remark our, hour whd,*\vliy had ..why do ; have our ..very |Yr,*orator. rlr* writer ,w,*over, aver ..ever, or v. 'rtlr, Border, or there ..reader w/,*evil. '?,*avowal ..avail rf7/-,*are there, rider ..redder, Cruder P,*hope, happy ..up. y/,*happily. '/,,*all, ..Lonl, large ill, ail (or Ir ft.pi,*hsply. j large; l t r j'l, largely, &c.) jjw,*happen, open ..upon, pain 'L (written flatter), *ally, alloy j?Z,*apply ..play j)<,*hoped, hope it, apt ..put ^><,*point, appoint (join a) ..paint ^ncZ^happened, opened ..pound B,*be ..to be, bow (to bend) *6,*by, buy ..obey (be in Ph.) ..allay, alley Callow L,*l-,*more ..more, mr'l, ..merely m7,*mile ..million. wzr,*morethan mp,*improve (or mpr'v) ..may be ?fr,*latter, lighter ..letter, later 7d/',*all their, older ..le(t) their ^elder, allow their. W/ m ,..leader ^louder 13 LIST OF LOGOTYPES, GRAMMALOGUES, ETC. 'c(circle),* as, has ..is, his thn,*than, thine ..then . within it, has it .is it (hast in Ph.) thr,*they are ..there, their Bother, These circles may be joined to many word signs, taking care to let his, is, is it always rest on the line when joined mitiall}'. When fol- lowed by the straight lines h, y, t. d, r, I, turn the circle on the after- side of the stroke. S,*see, saw ..so, say .us, essay Z,*ease, easy, owes ..whose s-wt,*ns we ought. sutf,*sweet s-wd,*SLS we had ..as we do .as would. s?0rf,*Swede ..swayed s?>,*subject, has to be ..is to be 3tb,*bat it to be ..is it to be Avn,*as may, seem, some ..same sw?r,*smaller ..similar 's,*assign, seen . hasten, soon wi,*h-as no, sign ..is no .sin snt,*has not ..is not, cent .sinned sr,*as near ..is near .sinner 's,r,*sooner. 'sn*thn sooner than stnt,*hzs it not ..is it not 'str,*&s it were ..is it our s'7, "assail, seal ..soul, sale s'/,*salvation ..as will .as well ss,*as has, h-as his ..is his, is as 'jss,*assize, cease ..so has .essays S2,*sees, seize ..says. s'2.?,*as easy as s's<,*consis(t)ent, omitting one t b~m/, "inconsistent ..incessant scf,*hashad ..has (to) do .is (to) do s-fZ,*side ..said .sued s-rfre,*sadden ..sudden sdn,*haa done ..is done they were [hast illS,*these ..this *thus. thst,*tho\i lit,* that ..they had they would T,*at, ought ..time .out (to in Ph.) r,*at our, ought our ..true, try utter. voc., or write t t r for outer l,*at all ..till, tell, it will, in Ph [it Y, "ought it, at it ..taught *out (of) tthr,*at their, ought there *out of their D,*had, idea ..do .head, aid voe> c/r,*had our, dear ..do our, dare y a consonant word-sign, mnst&Z,*ye had ..you had .you would take the lowest position, andj%nrf,*beyond. ynfr,*yonder the curve be deepened inPh.] >ys, ..yes .use. ys.f'l, useful OF PJUWCIPAL WORZ> - nrrttrtffect a.cecrrcli>z(f fa fae 4, a -*/, T'Ae .',, find. .... cf ;.. 2~O .^ - I ii in .^.. ft . x . an, -[,ei/e !>. With <^~ he'. ^'&. I til , are .rT fa) have ."? iahich C 0/. frcrm ../ fro,.) Uiis <) ' or ? J>A Z, i. Til in. x tuha.2- r li>ho \ or c. tohorn. . rd/, Shall " Should zuhen us .J evert t/ one her -C\-- must into where, c^~ o | cltme. ... Come, fa ozt tqh ... r^ 71 ear down. | *^ t^ye / Csirtsha.iii2-y V_ principle proba&i perfect- t f/etiera.2 (. 'tmsider e \ oitah.2- (., feio ^- ^ (n- , '^C ) u>A, -^ rtif a>ranfedftl\4tel'* "e,ic<.>*t- i-s -fe t Jf~ > 1 prp*rt*M*H Questionable O "" reform. /-~~- *~*+** tlS?-Z}*qillS}L.A3 it^.>nent- JT exoecb 'Jct-raorrltna.n/ CJ .uja> (/eni-?m.a-n. re a en erctj-t an. re77ia.rfta.bte mrftriffi ri4.de}* c. e lnisclemea.noi.tr ti vi-jvc.J-i.cma.b2e. ^I_ -.spec?- 2- or #~~ FCCJP tiei$m v ^ pa,-2i vy Jjlu.in.tiff C, .- ,^,;^ <^ "^ tx*ctttliy Iuimc2erfi.il (JVt I ' --P \cc/>2-er (_ . Ctmirnercicil / (lawyer ^ tp $ t_j. <-C y ft |, 7;v/rAw"~> N ; sO I tn.fii&trrclinCLh.trn?' discourse. br"x \ interest- O L, Tetaant.sa.n.ce. / receiver tf or ^j fsse?i.lia.l ^ f0rm->iumcctt(. V ^mjMwAcT^ 9 fxf-rn. c"***" for aery ( i*i c^ I seno necessar y T3oj3u.ta.r " 2^i-o te slant- C(nnna.>-iJffii. c. ^ jaersor Q O > . . 2 p , . f J \fiiarywe- ^/fjftrtt- * OfipfJicum. ''--3 -^ -----7. -s , '-'-? *^_'Jt*J.m.l>lf ctmitte \nbod-u (.any. s~\ . . ,. n - body ..... Hoc-Jima r ) or ( any?Jiina \Ct-uly <\/*.Kfrlu ' I v/ -. n'ani. \i htj-ti. \-O cliffirenee. P *o or v ^ J J , I ^^ .n*j.fttt- \ .edit- ditcti2v>~ f mifftf-ff-rt/ ... .\..edirm- >1 J ' J? -J I p . - . tfebl-tn- \ atrite'-stt-i/ \ P ati>erszf~y \S I K^/ yen.2~eei ^ Co*f2~ .S/ 3 .^ .77: Co. used accused ^ . oecttny S: keejo .:^ Guidance ^, ymel- ^l ci.c.t.i.1e. ^^ Crecthn- ^r^Cfea.?-ttr, ptcarfa ref aem ft c.c ] * 53 NOTICES. As a matter of justice to ourselves, and those who write, and will write, this system, we deem it our duty before going to press with this, our last sheet, to give the following Mems : In the Phonetic Journal for September 27th, 1862, Mr. I. Pitman, after condemning his method of representing CH and downward R, proposed, as a greatly superior arrangement, to write It by a sloping straight line written upward?, or downwards. We used this plan in a phonetic alphabet, upwards of a year before this dale. A few weeks later, in one weekly number of the Journal, the three following ideas were published : (1) The adding of r to the generality of the letters of the alphabet by an initial hook. (2) The adding of I by a large initial hook, and (3) Adding L by lengthening curves. We had then used Nos. 1 and 2 mare tJian a year, and Mr. Pitman possessed information that they had been used by us so long ago. No. 3 we had used nearly a year to lessen the work of the large initial hooks, and although we requested Mr. Pitman, as a matter of common fairness, to mention this circumstance in his Phonetic Journal, and to correct an erroneous apprehension arising from a remark on p. 706, vol. 21, he has hitherto declined to do so. This being the case, and not knowing what alterations Mr. Pitman may ultimately adopt in a future edition, we have given the above particulars in this Handbook. AVant of space prevents our giving the correspondence between us. PHONIC SHORTHAND SOCIETY. To assist Students, by free correction of Exercises through the post, and to afford facilities for intercommunication between writers of this system, those who acquire proficiency in its use, and wish to further the above objects, are invited to forward a shorthand note to the author, with name and address in longhand, and, all being well, on the 1st July, 1863, a printed list will be published of names received. This list may be obtained on application by Shorthand note, (Learners', or advanced style,) enclosing a stamped, addressed envelope. The list will be enlarged and revised from time to time, and changes of residence should be at once communicated. No charge for membership; expenses being defrayed by voluntary contributions. For exercises, Students should write from twelve to twenty verses of Scripture, on alternate lines, and forward to a member for correction, with stamped, addressed envelope, for return. Stops. See page 51. " , ; : . " as usual, or, a small cross may be written, or about f inch space left, for a full stop. The dot will preserve a space between sentences. In the Reading Exercises, a cross is used. When used to denote an initial Capital, the small cross should be written close, like a vowel. Two sloping parallel strokes, struck upwards, or downwards, (see page 51) separate speeches, or remarks of different persons, as questions and answers, in reporting testimony in a court of law, &c. SPEECH OF LORD CHATHAM, IN THE HOUSE OF PEERS. AGAINST THE AMERICAN WAR, AND AGAINST EMPLOYING THE INDIANS IN IT. (Key to Reading Exercise on page 75, cf-c.) I cannot, my lords, I will not, join in congratulation on misfortune and disgrace. This, my lords, is a perilous and tremendous moment. It is not a time for adulation : the smoothness of flattery cannot save us in this rugged and awful crisis. It is now necessary to instruct the throne in the language of truth. We must, if possible, dispel the delusion and darkness which envelope it, and display, in its full danger and genuine colours, the ruin which is brought to our doors. Can ministers still presume to expect support in their infatuation? Can parliament be so dead to its dignity and duty, as to give their support to measures thus obtruded and forced upon them ? Measures, my lords, which have reduced this late flourishing empire to scorn and contempt ! "But yesterday, and Britain might have stood against the world ; now, none so poor as to do her reverence." The people, whom we at first despised as rebels, but whom we now acknowledge as enemies, are abetted against us, supplied with every military store, have their interests consulted, and their ambassadors entertained, by our inveterate enemy and ministers do not, and dare not interpose, with dignity or effect. The desperate state of our army abroad is in part known. No man more highly esteems and honours the British troops than I do ; I know their virtues and their valour ; I know they can achieve anything but impossibilities ; and I know (page 7G) that the conquest of British America is an impossibility. You cannot, my lords, you cannot conquer America. What is your present situation there? We do not know the worst; but we know that in three campaigns we have done nothing, and suffered much. You may swell every expense, accumulate every assistance, and extend your traffic to the shambles of every German despot: your attempts will be for ever vain and impotent doubly so, indeed, from this mercenary aid on which you rely; for it irritates, to an incurable resentment, the minds of your adversaries, to overrun them with the mercenary sons of rapine and plunder, devoting them and their possessions to the rapacity of hireling cruelty. If I were an American as I am an Englishman, while a foreign troop was landed in my country, I never would lay down my arms never, never, never ! But, my lords, who is the man that, in addition to the disgraces and mischiefs of the war, has dared to authorise and associate to our arms the tomahawk and scalping-knife of the savage ? to call into civilized alliance the wild and inhuman inhabitant of the woods ? to delegate to the merciless Indian the defence of disputed rights, and to wage the horrors of this barbarous "war against our brethren ? My lords, these enormities cry aloud for redress and punishment. But, my lords, this barbarous measure has been defended, not only on the principles of policy and necessity, but also on those of morality j SPEECH OF LORD CHATHAM. 5^ "for it is perfectly allowable,' 1 says Lord Suffolk, "to use all the means which God and nature have put into our hands." I ;u.i as- tonished, I am shocked, to hear such principles confessed ; to hear them avowed in this house, or in this country. My lords, I did not intend to encroach so much on your attention, but I cannot repress my indignation I feel myself impelled to speak. My lords, we are called upon as (parje 77) members of this house, as men, as Christians, to protest against such horrible barbarity! "That God and nature have put into our hands ! " What ideas of God and nature that noble lord may entertain, I know not; but I know, that such able principles arc equally abhorrent to religion and humanity. What ! to attribute the sacred sanction of God and nature to the massacres of the Indian scalping-knife ! to the cannibal savage, torturing, murdering, devouring, drinking the blood of his mangled victims ! Such notions shock every precept of morality, every feeling of humanity, every sentiment of honour. These abominable princi- ples, and this more abominable avowal of them, demand the most decisive indignation. I call upon that right reverend, and this most learned bench, to vindicate the religion of their God, to support the justice of their country. I call upon the bishops to interpose the unsullied sanctity of their lawn ; upon the judges, to interpose the purity of their ermine, to save us from this pollution. I call upon the honour of your lord- ships, to reverence the dignity of your ancestors, and to maintain, your own. I call upon the spirit and humanity of my country, to vindicate the national character. I invoke the genius of the consti- tution. From the tapestry that adorns these walls, the immortal ancestor of this noble lord frowns with indignation at the disgrace of his country. In vain did he defend the liberty, and establish the religion of Britain, against the tyranny of Rome, if these worse than popish cruelties, and inquisitorial practices, are endured among us. To send forth the merciless cannibal, thirsting for blood ! against whom? your Protestant brethren! to lay waste their country, to desolate their dwellings, and extirpate their race and name, by the aid ami instrumentality of these horrible hounds of war ! Spain can, no longer boast pre-eminence in barbarity. She armed herself with blood-hounds, to extirpate (page 78) the wretched natives of Mexico; we, more ruthless, loose these dogs of war against onr countrymen in, America, endeared to us by every tie that can sanctify humanity. I solemnly call upon your lordships, and upon every order of men in the state, to stamp upon this infamous procedure the indelible stigma of the public abhorrence. More particularly, I call upon the holy prelates of our religion to do away this iniquity ; let them perform a lustration, to purify the country from this deep and deadly sin. My lords, I am old and weak, and at present unable to say more ; but my feelings and indignation were too strong to have said less. I could not have slept this night in my bed, nor even reposed my head upon my pillow, without giving vent to my eternal abhorrence of such enormous and preposterous principles. OU MEMS. IvET TO PHRASEOGRAl'HU. Mems : Phraseographs should be suggestive ; should consist of words which frequently occur together in speech, and between which a relation exists. The outlines of a phrase should join easily, and not straggle too far from the line, else, it is better to lift the pen. Unimportant words may be omitted, and occasionally, the omission maybe indicated by writing the other words closer. Exs: ' out(of) the; mln may (have) been; | [ time (after) time; ||day(after) day; ten mst, (joined, or detached) one (of the) most, &c. See lists. 1 o rt a a . O) c W 3 o * . *B C 0) a 12 '> S. ^ V m a .2 "o i ol'g '3)5 "S __, fc- U c a "a < c3 ^ ^ t> a 4 Pi 5 5 *S 2 *o3 rrt p^ o .2 J3 I'-s 1 ^ 73 9\ o 2 K H o r= je u o --S C MI! a 53 O O ** lllll *s *s o .s, "o *S t r 5g O 'S S t- t. "S C U OT * E o3 $. > a> O S rf! i "S to a r* i i >> c K "~ M {3 ^ a a a 3 3 3 fci fci >-. OPPOS W P5 080 000 00 OO fe r^l o pEI H JH H M 73 rt g C3 QJ * .S2 : >- a 2 S. : : 3 05 O a : j= : S : O " (T> I : S o | "3 I ^5 ^ ||j : 5 : i) F*"*^ {> > ^ I TO ^* d rt rt o a * ~ s^-s IT g a o 5s m "3 ^ ^ "m ^ g s S Sl"f P^S S >^H < O3 CC TO CD cT c t- g c3 ^a S o ja 3 i 2 3 a S * P i- "S 5 * 81 - 8 8 15 <<.< <;<<; .2 eS "" f MS OtOl-CCC5Ot-lMCOM< r-, r-l ,H r^ rH 01 !M O-1 C^l 01 rasecff) 57- 1 V. J 7 8- 9 S3 ^^? 2^ ij J -b . s o- 7 or T- 1 -y o c 5 a S3 ^ +* -u O ^2 73 " % ' - " C.T3 > , .1 5 2 _ o . 3. '< : ^J '.'.'.'.'.'. : : : : i B : : a, : : : : : - 3 r. 1-. ^3 t. 1 o O ? *" 3 :^ 9 a 1 5 ' = 5 s- jj tC =S B o C .= a, M -U - r C c ~ Will i - -^ " 1 - *T3 ^- "^ * "3 - a 'I a c c was ; i>:ir. IK 11 5 s.^ s g a s , >>^C r= S3 3 S "3 "o o 3 o o c c a 1 c m ' 3 S 3 3 S O O O o C cj 2 r: ^ ST3 ? 5 g z z 'S, o o o a a - >- H- 1 r- 1 < i-< M H >- - : g : : r 1 1 1 NM 1 1 j : : > : : : : : j: : . . t ( u * a o t; =3 i f 5 * I-I^ i J^ >-.S i : o o ; S ^fi-o S = ^ t- 03 C '13 % - ; g o 3 - - a-S .2 fe : i . a | g .S, H tfl 5 3 <^ ? S3 2 -S 7. rS C3 s -a ^ v w w P w w --^ z* 3 o ^ -^ - - - "is! -i 1 0) g ,0 ,'^ CS |g "^.SS 5 Q'O ^"^ ion for no EH o o 3 iS C! S g' ^i "*** K^ ^ ui t-i o3 O O ., t f 4 _ l c^^ 5^^ e4_ Cfari ^ g CO 1 PH p O o O o d is 1 1*5 J 1 1 * J '1 * rH rt fa. 'R o d . P< -S -W u a> ' 3 'ort^ :3 d s *'~' ^ 5 ', >, M c; tc 'K cs > 1 O o o o ^ i^l-lsSs^ls^SI^^I o w 09 n> 9) n; e J3 ^3 j= 1 a: K .! o^3*'-3'i3^^t.i-Sr3 S d d d d C m n ^, Z ""-"rlrljJ.jJjSj o. S "*Y~^ 02 * 1 PHRASEOG o (3 ^-\ 2 e rd there is to be we are not we were not a great measure o c, "rt comparison connection (with) aj * 2: O " /^^ -_ ^ S* ^ C< c5 ri . * J x ^ ^ / ^^ f* *7~ 1) ** m CD 4.*^ V *"^' N ' C -4-3 G P C3 K\ OD O O ^^ r* " * J W O CJ 1 *p co o3 "*"* C ^ O "o c3 t- O QJ ** O ^ 9-i f f^ **^j c^ Cf3 fl w * Iii this, and a ft t %-, 5*. t d d d d cccccccccdccccc^ i-i M CO * O CO t^ 00 .?/$ rase. cy 61. t 9 /o 'Z /** 20 2Z 13 2. HO. i. \ 1* 1 ; ^ U , .1, I \ 1 rh, .11 S. MAGAZINES. KEY TO FHRASBOGRAPH8. M.S. Circulating Maya-.lncf. Familiarity with outlines is greatly furthered by one phonographer reading the handwriting of others, by correspondence, interchange of literary articles, or M.S. Circulating Magazines, managed as follows : The conductor receives articles, written on paper of uniform size, from a stafY of about a dozen members!, and a number of these articles (in the handwriting of the members), together with the title-page, editorial remarks, blank space for remarks by members on outlines, &c., are bound in magazine form, weighing 3 to 3.^ ounces, and forwarded under cover, open at the ends, by Id. book post, from member to member, as per postal list of names aud addresses inserted in the magazine. pi s <= n | 1 1 2p' g J3 (-1 ** 0^.5-3 -s ^'J^^^So 53 " ell|f 1 have not obs 5 > O K at are your re at is the diffe oS 2 "5 - -^ S) C8 ^ S ch will have ys and means 3 are o do r.) EH ! I H H H ^T^ '^^^ ^ r 1 r* J ft ;S > fS ^^^ > CO : : : : : 4 PH P-i : o '::' : _ -- J O EH a ^ *j s-a ss 3 : -3 .2 S S3 t* 4= s, 2 * . .a 1 ^ .S take care CJ ~3 "rt at would .3 V fi ;her view >> J 5^5 "tfl l*g ^ 5 cs A t; O " g 5 'JS rt ere are so s c! 2 ' ' o a) jir~ ? "H - 15 r.-tt >> be able t( -S2 O 03 pj 'a-aa OQ ^3 J3 O O O O O.-^ -^ JE3 ^5 ^ ci ^ ^H oj^wajajccccHHHHHE-iHH _s H aj3J3J3000 r-ir-iHHHHHH S -5J C5 d S '& PHKASEOG Of which it seems .... On account of their , : : :^ : : : : : 'tt o Ought not to be 1 i ^5 O 6 Peculiar circumstance Political economy .... Public service Rather than Resurrection of Christ Resurrection of the bo Secretary of state .... :! : :^8 ; ^ ^ 2 g S^ a 2 a^ 1 g g-S ag 8 => __. m O fiJ ^* O O .2 ^ 13 5 5 5555 ooooooooo One another ... o u. o 6 r- CI CO * 1(5 r^ CO Ci O PH (M r? -* 50 r- CO C3 O (M CO ^ page 79. Please correct with pen. 4 ra J e L c : 4ft-C Al I- '
  • \. ' 7 i ; S ' . I K, z a J n o- ^9 rent i cSf c ^o-t- 0{-/ier ^Foat-Z-'S of ei-fiar>j cit-e niadifi c.a - 2-trnS of Me ice of Opi>ilo->\, exisl-iiiq rtj So Vi-eael) '-f nctsa.li fed Ct or & f toe Aat/e oilmen, this Jottiicl /A ictette of iAe ci &Ae order in are. aetter seel a ,- e c rm ?n wee 3 A*e ^_ * * J*e tide. / i, * 2- lonrt ~7cits7K.oa.rd iitafi'm. , sAaittd &e f-\-jekt>- Man the e ^7n i^ieficftfe a Zmaer vr-tisei , turite f~Ae cti-ctej a / 2ei i/ e red .Z, . .For <-}sj3tra/-ert -Z\L, 2\f, f-Ae curve is defj)e>trd - ^ (~ 7~*Ae five nart/teiiin.y of tetfers , as required l?^ @rtenta.l Zfinottap ftj / ex/yressf*2 fy intfrsec h'o re indis-linel- IFj-eneh LKnuel heard fi rrnl in. " ex/iresseft &y J ni r tt*/*tciria r fotloioina ftm~clartct tait-ft ftiest ideas, laf Should ' %ef sty &* rtjoresenfeel l>y i^f to ?/re Jiti'elrfSe of Me Cff^stryia-nf-j hAt/-i ft etnaf , ivAen. yrect?- exacj-it-tide. IS repm're ACCENT >el to tout fffnvfrf-, .- Cfft vert- to which if rcZa ttmvtrf- , "" CfMttti ~" V ***_ exercis XXVJI . I 7 * 3 v "~ "^ ~\ I -- 4 ^ 7 4 < Vx ^ 6 s \A J T L. * 7 -7 > .2, ..-? - r ; ^. < ^ ik/ / > * , x ' / ; 7t e a d t. * a 71 2 4: S r * -1, ' L, (, ^ - ' cj v- ^ ^ 3 v .'s V ~ r ' < -o 7 ^ ~ S S. ^ -^ 9 Up } ^ ^ "P ~ *^ m A -(/ O '- ^ u ^ ^, ^2 * s ^ < 7 _, * -t / y O J V & a! i ?z, 0* V 5 \ * J P ^ c; < \ A - > " ' ,^4 Z/X- 'xS <-& ^ /<2 ^z cilz'tm, Before AcLR /4 C TS X X W . -7 Y, t?-ion befo f 70 ( ) I ^ C ; ' ~x L -? 1 :x } "X, ..>. f., ^3 /' J J6 J n 4; I \ s V ^ J, V V' y 1. /r \ n * . I /ne. cL t' I r "' . - , j *>, * J ~ >i<7 U r zn jS'xer-ctse . Opeech tf 3^e ^ *> - j* (S i. n , x .? n, \ /^ s , U ) V ' , L, ZL."^ / 4 > \ " 'Xo V, -C jEnerctse.. Sketch of -Lo . . 77 ) ^ e^ \_ } , c - 1 " r X- ^~ f > , . p L "" '^ t XV - -1.4 U' -7 -*^ --N- < ^^ 71 f a d lit. G 4c er * Y of iAe. J&'sl-ory i , ' \ ftx v "A Wj> / ^ ^~ ' * -' + , i. L " v^^> k^ ^ ^N ^ ^- ; u^, x, ^ ^s i .-^ x u .y "^^ pi \H . ^7 *n s* . / -^" c \- 80. (JONES'S an.fl ,**fi*fmA -i \^\ J> \-P * ^ x^ /^ ^p ^ W p. rv ^^ ^ ' c Af ? fditiem,, us Me a.Z ? e > a-ft rrt s ftn' the. intended // are ,'Zet- et S?}~t-Ztd. , ?A.e owfrs a ?na.n ^ Ji^?zit , ,\cii'm& , o/ ia.cs., l*em cAa.nce* > < e /c c i/ . i,-i &> e / , /ierjieftc cri'tim <*. . / J. & This book is DUE on the last date stamped below U 2m-9,'46(A394)470 'TNTVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY A 000 571 283 1 cm VYEH J7lUh . ' . - -