TO HIS 
 
 Persian Inscriptions 
 
 'AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.) 
 
 BY 
 
 HERBERT GUSHING TOLMAN, Ph. D. (YALE) 
 
 PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT, ACTING PROFESSOR OF GREEK, 
 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. FOREIGN MEM- 
 BER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. 
 
 California 
 
 gional 
 
 sility 
 
 First Issue. 
 
 CHAPEL HILL, N. C. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 1894.
 
 SOME CRITICAL AND SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 
 
 TO HIS 
 
 Guide to Old Persian Inscriptions 
 
 BY 
 
 HERBERT cr'SIUXG TOLMAX\ Ph. I). 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Constant reference shouM be made to the Median and 
 Assyrian translations. For this end the author recom- 
 mends the folio wing", (i.) Die Achaemeniden-fttschrif- 
 ten. Transscription des babylonischen Textcs nebst 
 Uebersetzung-, textkritischen Anmerkung-en und-einem 
 Worter-und Eig"ennamcnverzeichniss von Carl Bezold. 
 Mit dem Keilschrifttexte der kleineren Achameniden-In- 
 chriften autographirt von Paul Hawpt, Leipzig-, 1882. 
 24 M. (2.) Die Achaemeniclenhischriften Zweiter Art. 
 Entzifferung- des Syllabars mit Schrifttafel, Abriss der 
 Grammatik, Texte in lateinischer Umschrift mit gegen- 
 iiberstehender deutscher Uebersetzung-, Commentar und 
 textkritische Anmerkung-en, Worterbuch, Keilschrif- 
 texte in Autographic von F. H. WeissbacH, Leipzig-, 1890. 
 30 M. For the best critical edition of the original Old 
 Persian text, the following-; Die Altpersischen Keil- 
 ittschrifteit herausg-eg-eben von F. H. Weissbach und W. 
 Bang, Leipzig 1 , 1893-4. Frequent reference has been 
 made to this edition in these -notes under the abbrevia- 
 tion W. & B. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OK NORTH CAROLINA, 
 March, 1894.
 
 189 
 
 I. 
 THE INSCRIPTION OF CYRUS, p. 53. 
 
 Cf. statement p. 117. W\ &. B. remark, " ob die Inschrift 
 de in ifrvsscii A'vros oder dem Brndcr dcs . \ rtarxcrxcs Miic- 
 mon zuzusprechen sei ist noch nicht vollig klar," giving- 
 the title "Kyros der Jiingere." Kossowicz, "Breviuscu- 
 lam hanc inscriptionem Cyri sepulchralis monumeiiti 
 nonnulli doctorum virorum putant esse." Spiegel, "Ich 
 sche daher keineii Grund dem alten Kyrus dieses Denk- 
 mal abzusprechen." Saj-ce, Herodotos, p. 75, "The 
 tomb of Kyrus at Murg-hab cannot belong- to the founder 
 of the Persian empire on account of its architectural 
 ornamentation, and probably belongs to the brother of 
 Xerxes, the satrap of Kgypt, who is called Akhaemenes 
 by Ktesias." 
 
 II. 
 THE INSCRIPTION OF DARIUS. 
 
 THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION. 
 
 2. Ctfishpaish, So Spiegel. W. & B., Cishpaish. 
 
 3. Amata, Cf. note p. 118. W. &B., "erprobt." 
 
 4. Duvitatrntfm. W. & B.. "in zwei Reihen." Spie- 
 gel, "gesondert." Oppert, "en deux branches." 
 
 5. Agata, Doubtful word; it has long been considered 
 a false reading. Cf. note p. 119. W. & B., Daushta. 
 See vocabulary. Spiegel, Agrrta, with remark "falsche 
 Lesung." 
 
 5. Ariktf. W. &B.,Arik. Spiegel, Araika, adding", 
 "man kann indessen auch Arika lesen."
 
 190 
 
 S. Athrthy. See p. 29 45, n. 4; p. 30, 50, n. W. & 
 B., Athrthy#. So Spiegel. 
 
 11. Mahya XIV rtfuc^bish thakata. ah yadiy. W. 
 & B.. "am 14 tage war es, als. 
 
 11. (H)uvamarshiyush. See Translation. So W. & 
 B., "durch Selbstmord." 
 
 12. Ayrtsta uvaipsliiyni akuta. See Translation. So 
 W. & B., "handelte nach seinem eigenen Willen." 
 
 13. Patiyavahaiy. Oppert considered this a demonina- 
 tive from noun avh. Speigel following- Kern gives a 
 root vah "preisen." 
 
 13. Kamanaibish. The Assyrian and Median trans- 
 lations render "few." See vocabulary. W. &B., Km- 
 ntfibish, "mit wenigen Mannern." Spiegel, " Dass 
 nicht Kanitfiirt sondern Kamn zu lesen sei sowie dass 
 das Wort wenig, sparlich bedeute wie auch np. kam, ist 
 jetzt durch die Uebersetzung-en sicher g-estellt," Bertin, 
 Cuneiform Grammar, 1888, p. 116, ktfmtfnaibish "with 
 faithful men." So Kossowicz and Rawlinson. 
 
 14. Grtthva, Cf. note p. 57. W. & B., Gathva. 
 
 14. Ayrtdtfna - v(i) thibishca. See Translation p. 
 121. W. & B., "Die Tempel, welche Gaumata, der 
 Mager zerstort hatte, stellte ich wieder her, fur das Volk 
 die Hilfsmittel, die Herden und das Wohnen in den Hau- 
 sern. (?) 
 
 16. Up<7dm(n)mhya. So Spiegel. W. & B., Up- 
 
 16. Naditabira. So Spiegel. W. & B., Ndi(n)t- 
 
 16. Anrzi-hya. W. & B., Aina(ira)hya. 
 
 16. Nr/bunitahya. So Spiegel. W. & B., Nabunai- 
 
 tr.'hya.
 
 18. Mtfkauva. So Spiegel. W. & B., M(dy)kauva 
 "(teilte ich mein Heer) in 2 Teile(?)." 
 
 18. Dashtfbarim. So Kern and Spieg-el . W. & B., 
 Ushtfbarim " auf Kamele." So Oppert. Kern remarks, 
 Dflshtfbari ist deutlich genug die rechte Hand emporhc- 
 betid," translating 1 , "ich zwangdenFeindzurUebergabe" 
 (1869). Oppert, " Alteram camelis gestam feci, alteri 
 equos suppeditavi " (1859). Spiegel, "Ich machte eineri 
 Theil von dasha-getragen " (1881). 
 
 18. Ashm - amzyam, W. &B., As(pa patiy)a- 
 nayam "fiihrte ich Rosse zu." 
 
 19. Apiya- -h- -a. W. &B., Apiya (a)ha(n)- 
 (jtft)a "ward nis Wasser getrieben." 
 
 19. (H)ufrat#uva. The first member of the compound 
 is (H)u "well"; the second member may be connected 
 with rt. fra, cf. Herod. I. 194; or with the Avestan peretu 
 "bridge": the "well bridged" stream. 
 
 19. Athiy Babirum yatha - - ayam. W. & B., A(b)iy 
 Babirum y#(tha naiy up)aym. 
 
 II. 
 
 1. Asbaribish or asbaribish. See vocabulary. W. 
 & B., Asbaribish. So Spiegel, who observes that the 
 euphonic combination would be zb, not sb. 
 
 3. Cicikhraish. W. &. B., Ci(n)cikhraish. 
 
 4. Htfcama . W. &B., ~H.aca.ma (atrsa). 
 
 4. Ashnaiy ahm abiy (H)uvrtjam. See translation. 
 \V. & B., "(Damals) war ich Susiana befreundet." 
 
 5. (H)uvkhsh#trahya. So Spiegel. W. & B., 
 Uvtfkhshtrrthya. 
 
 5. Hya v(i)thaptiy. See translation. W. & B., 
 "Welches im Palaste war."
 
 6. Ma - -. W. & B., Ma(rush). 
 f. Htfuv - - km#mzmciy niy adary. W. & B., 
 Hauv - niy adarrzyrt "dieser hielt nicht (Stand). 
 
 6. VI. Raucflbiah. Spiegel, VI(?) Ructfbish. W. 
 & B., XXVII Rtfucrtbish. 
 
 7. - - naimz. So W. & B. 
 
 ,7. Hfltnitriyam aj. W. & B., H<?mitriy#m a.ja. 
 
 7. VI. Rucrtbish. Spiegel VI(?): Rtfucabish. W. & 
 B., VIII. Rrtucabish. 
 
 8. H(n)g-m^ta. W. & B. Hrtgamata, but hrt(n)g - mta 
 45 and p0ra(n)gnurta Nr. a. 
 
 9. U - --am naraa. W. & B., U(hy)am. 
 
 9. . a y a ta. So W. & B. 
 
 10. - I nama. W. & B., (Iz)i(tush) nama. 
 
 11. lyamanam ptiy. W. & B., "am Ende." Spiegel, 
 "Am letzten." 
 
 12. Kud(u)rush. W. & B., Ku(n)d(u)rush. ' 
 
 13. Amuth^/. W. & B., "vondort." 
 13. Izavm. W. & B., (Hizuva)m. 
 
 13. Utashrtiy - - ma avjam. W. &B., Utashai(y cakh- 
 shnirt av)tfjm " stach ihm die augen aus." 
 
 13. Duvflrayamoiy, for Duw/ri + a. Cf. Dstya, 
 uzamayapatiji See note p. 58, also p. 12, 4. 
 
 16. This section refers to an engagement of Hystas- 
 pes in Parthia, as the translations show. With the 
 army which remained loyal and by the grace of Aura- 
 mazda Hystaspes defeats the rebels. The phraseology 
 if supplied, would resemble the oft repeated formula 
 describing victorious encounters, e. g. II. f>.
 
 193 
 HI. 
 
 3. Margvzyrtbish. W. & B., Margy^bish. 
 
 5. Hrtca ydaya fratarta, " departed from duty." See 
 translation. W. & B., liess die Ehrfurcht (?). 
 
 7. Hyaprtram, "again." W. & B., " ein anderes Mai." 
 
 8. Uvadflidtfya. W. & B., Uvadicya, following- the 
 Median. 
 
 13. Hn(?)ditffhy0. See note p. 130. W. & B., Hl- 
 ditrthyrt. So Spieg-el. 
 
 13. Duban(?)0. See note p. 130. W. & B., Dubaltf. 
 
 14. - --aptftiy asriy#ta. Doubtful word. Spiegel, 
 zerbrechen" (?) adding- " wol falsche Lesart." W. & B., 
 (uzmy)aptiy akriya(n)tam " g-epfahlt werden." But 
 cf. note 3 45, p. 29. 
 
 14. We know from the translations that the concluding- 
 portion of the column gives an account of the execution 
 of Arakha and his allies. The phraseolog-y would be 
 somewhat similar to that describing- the executions in 
 II. 13, 14. 
 
 IV. 
 
 2. Hamahyaya thrda, "wholly in (my) way." Sec 
 note p. 132. ' W. & B., "allerwegen." 
 
 4. Ytftha mam kam, "as desire (moved) me." See 
 translation. W. & B., "wie es mein Wunsch (war)." 
 
 4. Di - -. W. & B., Di(sh akunvm). 
 
 f>. Varnvtam thuvam maty durujiyahy, "let it 
 convince thee do not deceive thyself-" W. & B., " er- 
 scheine dir g-laubwiirdig-, strafe es nicht Lug-en." 
 
 7. Auramazda. tiyiy. W. & B., Aurmz(diyr/) i<ri- 
 yija "als Auramazda-verehrer (schwore ich ?)" 
 
 8. - - amiy. W. & B., (api)mrtiy.
 
 194 
 
 8. Tha - -. W. & B., Thada (yfltiy). 
 
 8. Naishim vanuzvatiy, "it may not convince him." 
 See translation. W. & B., Nishim vrnvataiy " (und 
 es) nicht g-laube." 
 
 9. a ahrt(n). W. & B., (yat)a aha "solang-e sie 
 waren." 
 
 9. Duvtfrtam. Doubtful reading". See vocabulary. W. 
 & B., Thrtrda kartam. Spiegel, Duv^rtam, but remarks 
 on "falsche L/esart." 
 
 10. - - - Nurm. So W. & B. 
 
 10. Thuvam vrnvtam, "let it. convince thee." W. 
 & B., erscheine es dir demg-emass gelaubhaft." 
 
 10. Avtftha av<7hyradiy. W. &B., Avrttha(avrth)- 
 yaradiy. 
 
 12. Tyfliyha(n)tiy, "which are." W. & B., " welche 
 es gibt." 
 
 13. irmriy trtuma uprzriy ab^shtam up^riy mam 
 
 naiy shak^urim . W. & B.. (naiy adm n)imiy 
 
 trtuma upriy abishtam (?) up^riy ayam niy shkurim 
 
 naiy "weder ich, noch mein Geschlecht. Nach dem 
 
 Gesetze herrschte ich weder - - . noch " 
 
 13. Hyrt hm<7trtkhsh#ta mna vithiya. See transla- 
 tion. So W. & B., "welcher meinem Hause beistand." 
 
 13. Hyrt iyani - -. W. & B., Hya (v)iycm(asy), " wer 
 schadete." 
 
 14. Hyava. - - tar - -. W. & B., Hyova, (a)t^r(ta), 
 "oder ein Abtriinnig-er." 
 
 15. Visnahy. Doubtful reading-. See vocabulary. 
 W. & B., Vikrmahy. 
 
 15. Ava (?) avrttha. W. & B., Ava avaiy. 
 
 16. M m jdnutuv. W. & B., M(zan)m (?) ku- 
 
 nutuv " mache Auramazda gross." following- Oppert's 
 sug-g^estion. 
 
 19. Trt-rtiyana . W. & B., Mrtiya a .
 
 195 
 V. 
 
 4. Ajanam aniym agvzrbayrtin, W. & B., (aniyam 
 av)ajntn aniy</m agvzrbayrtin, "den Einen totete ich, 
 den Andern ergriff ich." 
 
 INSCRIPTION OF ALVEND, p. 74. 
 
 Shiyatim. See note p. 140. W. &B., -'Seg-ensfiille." 
 Mrtrtiyrthya. The translations show that this may be 
 the datival g-enitive, p. 39, 83, "for man." 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS OF SUEZ, p. 75. 
 
 b. 
 
 Ty - -. W. & B., Tya (im/sptfrn u)mar(ti)yam 
 H0da Parsa. W. & B., (Hc)a Parsa. 
 Danauvatiy. W. & B., Dnu\v/tiy. 
 Av(d) yrttha adr/m. W. & B., Pasava adni. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS OF PERSEPOLIS, p. 77. 
 H. 
 
 Aniyana naiy tarsatiy. See translation. So W. & B., 
 "zittert es vor keinem Feinde." But see note, p. 144. 
 
 Ajflmiya ma etc. See translation. So W. & B., 
 "Geg-en deises Land ziehe nicht eine (bcise) Schar, nicht 
 Misswachs, nicht Luge." 
 
 Vithibish btfgvnbish. Cf. Bh. iv. 13. Aniya 
 h^(n)tiy. W. & B., "samt den Stammesg-ottern."
 
 V)., 
 
 I. 
 
 Hya duvttishttfm shiyatish, etc. See translation and 
 note. Cf. W. & B., "So wird fur lang-e Zeit ungfestort 
 eine Seg-ensfiille durch Aura iiber diesen Stamni herab- 
 kommeri." Spieg-el considered Aura as Voc. "O Herr:" 
 W. & B. as Instr. "durch Aura." 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS OF NAOSHI KUSTAM, p. 79. 
 
 a. 
 
 Apataram lu/ca Parsa. See translation. So W. & B., 
 "ausser Persien." Cf. also note p. 146. 
 
 Taktfbrtra. See translation. Cf. W. & B., "welche 
 g-eflochtenes Haar trag^en." Spieg-el, "welche Kronen 
 tragen." 
 
 Ciya(n)rarm, "manifold." So W. & B., "vielfach," 
 and Spieg-el. 
 
 Khshnasalu/dish. So Spieg-el. W. & B., Khshnasa- 
 h(i)dish. 
 
 Ad^t^iy azda brtvatiy, "then to thee will be the 
 knowledg^e." So W. & B., "Da wirst du erfahren." 
 
 Martiya hya starava. See translation and supple- 
 mentary note. W. & B., "O mensch! Die Gebote Auram- 
 azdas halte nicht fur widerwartigf. Den g-eraden Wegf 
 verlass nicht! Sei nicht ung'erecht!" Thadaya is g-ener- 
 ally connected with Avestan Sad "seem," but cf. Thumb's 
 note p. 147. 
 
 Gastrt. Spieg-el, "widerwartig-" Hiibschmann "iibel," 
 but cf. Thumb's note p. 147. 
 
 Strtrrtvtf, W. & B. Sttfkrtvtf. Spieg-el, Starava. See 
 note p. 149.
 
 197 
 c. 
 
 . W. & B., Arshtibnz, "Lanzentrag-er." 
 See vocabulary. 
 
 cl. 
 
 Aspactfna, ins., Vatrabara. (W. &B., "Genosse(?)"). 
 Dasyama. W. & B., Dar0ya(n)ta (?), "Pfeilbewah- 
 rer." Spiegel, Dasyama, "Ziig-elhalter(?)". 
 
 e. 
 Maciya, plural. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS OF XERXES, p. 81, 
 
 Persepolis. 
 
 D. 
 
 Duvarthim visdahyum. See translation. Cf. W. & 
 B., "Thorweg 1 Visadahyu." 
 
 Ana Parsa. See p. 37, 73. So W. & B., "in diesem 
 Persien, but Cf. note on preposition Ana, p. 150. 
 
 Ea. 
 
 Im hfldish. See translation. So W. & B., "diesen 
 Palast."
 
 198 
 
 A. 
 
 Apataram. See translation. W. & B., "ausserdem," 
 but in Nr. a they render it "iiusser (Persien). 
 
 INSCRIPTION OF ARTAXERXES I. p. 87. 
 
 Spieg-el attributes this inscription to Artaxerxes I, 
 remarking- "Dieser umstand ist es wol gewesen, welcher 
 Oppert beuog-, vom Anf ang- an diese Inschrift dem altern 
 Artaxerxes zuzutheilen, weil der jiing-ste, dem sic Raw- 
 linson zug-eschrieben hat, seine Inschriften, wie es 
 scheint, nicht mehr in drei Sprachen abfassen liess. 
 Keinenfalls kann die Vase dem Artaxerxes II angehoren 
 da dieser Aegypten nicht besessen hat." 
 
 INSCRIPTION OF DARIUS. 
 
 Title. Spieg-el in his first edition referred this inscrip- 
 tion to Darius II. In second edition he says "Fruher 
 hatte icli diese Inschrift sowie die beiden folg-enden 
 Darius II zuschreiben wollen wozu mich das Vorkommen 
 des Ideogrammes veranlasste, das sich sonst in den 
 Inschriften des Darius nicht findet. Ks kommt dasselbe 
 jedoch in den Inschriften des Xerxes* wiederholt vor, es 
 lieg-t darum kein g-eniig-ender .Grund vor, diese Inschrif- 
 ten dem erstem Darius abzusprechen." Kossowicz refers 
 it to Darius II, saying- "Quum, quae in ea sunt difficilia, 
 ut e grammaticis saltern leg-ibus, explicentur, semper 
 etaim deg-enerantis ling-uae, qualis est posteriorum tem- 
 porum inscriptionum, aliquam speciem prae se ferre 
 videntur." W. & B. refer it to Darius I. 
 
 * See introduction, page 10.
 
 199 
 
 Translation; Westerg-aard, "alta (haec) arx (est) 
 Darii regis g-entis palatium." Lassen, "altis sub- 
 structionibus (exstructa) arx g-entis Darii hominum tuto- 
 ris." Rawlinson, "Done by Ardasta, the builder, the 
 relative of king- Darius;" later, "a worthily placed 
 buiding- made for the family of Darius the king-. Oppert, 
 Chambranle de pierre (?) fait dansle palais du roi Darius." 
 Norris,. "Marble hall built for the family of Darius the 
 king-. Kossowicz, "Culmen palatii a Darii regis cog-nato 
 exstructum." Spiegel, "Hochbau von Stein durch einen 
 Clang-enossen des Konig- Darius ausg-efiihrt." W. & B., 
 "Fenstersims im Hause des Konig-s Darius g-emacht," 
 following- the Assyrian translation, see p. 157. 
 
 Vithiya, vithi + postpositive a ? Cf. note p. 58. 
 Spieg-el, das Wort miisste, wie vithiya, im Instr. stehen." 
 
 INSCRIPTION OF ARTAXERXES MNEMON, 
 
 p. 89. 
 
 Imam apwdana. See translation. W. & B., "Dieses 
 apadana (baute mein Ahn Darius)." 
 
 Anahtftrt. W. & B., Anh(i)t, following- the Aves- 
 tan Anahit. 
 
 INSCRIPTION OF ARTAXERXES OCHUS, p. 91. 
 
 Imam usatashnam atha(n)g-ffmam. See translation, 
 W. & B., "Deses steinerne (?) Bauwerk." 
 
 Usatashnam. So Spieg-el. W. & B., Ustashnam. 
 Cf. p. 13, 12.
 
 INSCRIPTION OF DARIUS. 
 Suez, (S/,). 
 
 Dar<rv<7\v/(h)ush. 
 
 Sufca. 
 
 a. 
 
 na Vish)tasprthya putra Hr/(khanirmi- 
 
 shiy Tha)tiy Dar#yv#(h)ush khsh&yathiya av 
 
 akunrtvtfm ty nya frrtslittf th^dyamiy. 
 
 Frsht th^d^amiy, W. & B., "ich fiir das vorgiig-- 
 lichste halte." For various theories respecting- the mean- 
 ing- of Thadrtyamiy see supplementary notes to Nr. a, 
 also notes pp. 148-9. 
 
 b. 
 
 This inscription rejads about as B, p. 78, omitting- the 
 clause hja akuncmsh. 
 
 Kertttan. 
 
 This inscription repeats B p. 78, omitting- h} 7 aku- 
 nrtush and after Drthyunam inserting- Khshaythiy ahy- 
 aya bumiya. 
 
 Weightinscription. 
 
 Ad^m Dar<?yva(h)ush khshayrtthiyrt vazraka Vish- 
 taspahya putr H(7kham<?nishiy.
 
 201 
 
 INSCRIPTION OF ARTAXERXE3 MNEMON. 
 Susa. 
 
 (Hrtkh)amnishi(ya Thatiy Art^khshwtra) khsha- 
 
 ytithiya \a(zr(ika khshaytfthiya kh)sha)^/thiyanam khsh- 
 aytf(thiya dhyun)am khshay0thiy0 ahyaya (bumiya i)- 
 
 mam htfdish uta imam canam ty ath^(n)g-inam 
 
 t u. 
 
 Athrt(n)g-inam. See vocabulary. W. & B., "Fenster."' 
 
 Hamadan. 
 
 This inscription repeats Sb., p. 89, up to Hrtkhanumi- 
 shiy ; from that point it reads, Imam Apdan vashna 
 
 mam Auivzmazda Anahata \vide supra] uta M(i)tra 
 
 (sic.) mam patuv uta imam tya akuna ma . 
 
 Vrtshna mam. W. & B., Vshn(a Aurrtm^zdaha 
 
 Anahatahya uta M(i)trahya akuna m)am. 
 
 Mam patuv uta. W. & B., Ma(m patuv haca 
 
 g-rtsta [see note to Nr. a] ut)a. 
 
 Akuna. W. & B., "ich gebaut (?)." 
 
 SEAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 a. 
 
 Hffdflkhya (?) thdtha - -. W. & B., "Hada- 
 
 khya (?)---." 
 
 Vtfshda Sk. W. & B., "Vashda der Skythe (?)" 
 
 c. 
 
 Vahyv(i)shda pay(?) W. & B., "Vahyavishda --(?)"
 
 202 
 d. 
 
 M Khorshadflshya. W. & B., "ich (bin) Kharsha- 
 dasya." 
 
 THE SITE OF PASARiiADAE. 
 
 It has long- been a disputed question whether Pasar- 
 g-adae is to be identified with Murg-hab where stands the 
 monument containing- the name of Cyrus, described on 
 pag-e 117. (Cf. Notes to Inscription of Cyrus, p. 189). 
 We give a few quotations showing- the diversity of opin- 
 ions which have been held by Cuneiform scholars. 
 Grotefend always believed and tried to prove that Mur- 
 giiab and Pasarg-adae are identical. Lassen tried to 
 disprove any identity. Menant (les Achemenides et les 
 inscriptions de la Persiens, p. 17) was convinced beyond 
 a doubt that Pasarg-adae was on the plain of Murg-hab. 
 The ancient writers, Ptolemy, Strabo, etc., show no 
 identity between the two places. Ptolemy puts Pasar- 
 g-adae to the southeast of Persepolis. Strabo says it 
 was situated on the banks of the Cyrus. Sayce, Hero- 
 dotes, p. 75: "(Pasarg-adae stood on the Kyros, in the 
 south-east of Persia, and consequently cannot be identi- 
 fied with Murg-hab which is on the ancient Araxes.'' 
 Spieg-el: "Soviel aber muss g-esag-t werden, dass die 
 Griinde Lassens noch nicht widerleg-t sind, obgleich man 
 die Ansicht, dass Murg-hab das alte Pasarg-adae sei, als 
 die herrschende bezeichnen kann." Weissbach: "Wir 
 besitzen eine kurze Inschrift von Kyros, die von Mur- 
 g-hab. Auf dieser ist der Name des Vaters nicht ang-e- 
 g-eben, sodass es zweifelhaft bleibt, ob sie dem alteren 
 Kyros, dem Sohne des Kambyses, oder dem Sohne des
 
 Darius Nothus zug-ehorte. Der altere Kyros sonst 
 
 nur noch babylonische Inschriften hinterlassen. In 
 
 der neususischen Inschrift BhL scheint Darius, falls die 
 Erklarung- der nicht g-anz verstandlichen Stelle richtig 1 
 ist, zu sag-en, dass er zjierst Inschriften in arisclier 
 Sprache g-eschrieben habe."* 
 
 INITIAL AND MEDIAL H. 
 
 It will be observed that the author has consistently 
 retained initial and medial H in such words as (H)u, 
 Daryvtf(h)ush, etc. It is more than probable that in 
 Aurtfmazda the influence of the omitted H was felt and 
 the spelling- A(h)uramzda is sug-g-ested in the vocabu- 
 lary. It is hardly to be supposed that contraction took 
 place in the old Iranian dialects when a consonant fell 
 out. Hence we can easily see the relation of the nomi- 
 tive Dar#y0vfl(h)ush to the genitive Da.rayavahaush. 
 Even in such a word as Thatiy for Thahatiy the read- 
 ing- may be Thatiy or better Tha(h)tiy. In this case 
 we see the same relation between Tha(h~)atiy and the 
 third singular imperfect Athh as between Dary- 
 v(h)ush and Daryrtvahush. Cf. Brugmann, Grundriss 
 der verg 1 !. Grammatik der idg. Sprachen under the 
 treatment of S in the Aryan languages. Also for explan- 
 ation of Mahya see Bartholomae, Bezzenbergers Bei- 
 trag-e IX. So in the imperfect of Sta we must believe 
 that Aishttfta was pronounced A(h)ishtta. In this 
 
 * Cf. also Die Achamenideninschriften, Zweiter Art, von F. H. 
 Weissbach.
 
 204 
 
 same verb the shortening- of the vowel of the stem is 
 after the analogy of the A-class, as we should expect 
 from the treatment of the same root in Avestan and in 
 all periods of the Sanskrit language. 
 
 THE LIGATURE TR. 
 
 The ligature Tr (see Cuneiform alphabet p. 95) which 
 represents the primitive Aryan Tr and primitive Iranian 
 Thr has a spirantal value. The exact pronunciation is 
 not known, but was distinguished from the Avestan 
 Thr, (cf. Khshathrita). A similar change of Th to the 
 spirant occurs in the Iranian combination Thy, e. g. Old 
 Persian Hashiya, Avestan, Hithy, Sanskrit, Satya.
 
 UCSB UBRAJU 
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from which it was borrowed. 
 
 REC'D LB-URl 
 QLAPR18 
 
 FEB 1 9 199*
 
 University 
 
 Souther 
 
 Librar