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 " Sweet memory ! wafted by thy gentle gale, 
 Oft up the stream of Time I turn my sail, 
 To view the fairy haunts of loug-lost hours, 
 Blest with far greener shades, far fresher flowers. 
 Who acts thus wisely, mark the moral muse, 
 
 A blooming Eden in his life renews; 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 A voluntary exile from the shore 
 
 Of my forefathers, my dear native land, 
 
 Buoyant with hope, and schemes how vainly plann'd, 
 
 I came ; for, like the Nautilus, I bore 
 
 My home above the waves I ventured o'er. 
 
 Two little years are gone. Death's cruel hand 
 
 Hath smitten, scatter'd that dear household band 
 
 Whose unity was never touch'cl before. 
 
 Blame not the verse, my friend, if banishment 
 
 Hath made me rather turn unto the past, 
 
 Than to what is or shall be — temperate sadness 
 
 Best suits my alter'd fortunes ; my intent 
 
 Hath been to soothe the present ; so I cast 
 
 My thoughts back on my hours of former gladness. 
 
 SiMOSS
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Page ii. line 1 from bottom for "third" read" first." 
 „ v. line 17 for " tons" read " tous." 
 „ viii. line 14 for "mere" read " more." 
 „ xii. line 23 for " into" read " in." 
 
 SONNETS. 
 
 II. line 3. for " your" read "thy." 
 XXVI. line vii. for " the glory" read " no glory." 
 XXXV i I del ' see p. 226" in mottoes. 
 
 XLIII. line xi for " Corruptor" read "corrupter." 
 XLV1I. Line xiv. for "course" read " sweep." 
 
 LVI. line xiii. del ? and place colon. 
 LXXI. line xiii. for " rule" read " school." 
 LXXI1I. 3 line for " to palace" read " to the palace." 
 LXXV11. in mottoes for" Spencer" read " Spcuscr.' 
 XCI1I. line 5 for " does" read " doth." 
 
 do line 11 for " through" read " though." 
 XCIV. line viii. for " leaves" read " laves." 
 CXVII, iii note, for " Can charmer" read " Care-eharmcr." 
 CXXY. in motto, for " crawing" read" various." 
 CXXV1I. in motto, for" Stateless" read "sateless." 
 ( \ X \11. after second motto, insert '' Seneca." 
 CLVI] in ir " Phillip" read" Philip." 
 
 CCX1II. in line vii. for ' ; carpetted" read " carpet-ed." 
 CCXLV1. in third motto, for ferenta" read" fereut." 
 
 HI. in note, frem.below line v. " for towns" read " towers." 
 CCLII. in no below line iii. for " Gle ndenburgh" read 
 
 " Q 
 In Note 25, page 37, line ix. for " sometime" read " sometimes." 
 In N( '7, line xi. " up" read " at." 
 
 In V je 37, line xviii. " vival" read" visual." 
 
 Some errors have unavoidably crept in among the Greek accents.
 
 preface. 
 
 It is surely a curious thing that the essentials of 
 a Sonnet, one of the most charming and difficult 
 species of poetical composition, and of which Boileau 
 has said, l Un Sonnet sans defaut vaut seul un long 
 Poem,' should be so very little understood beyond 
 the range of professional critics. A friend of mine, 
 by no means unacldicted to literary pursuits, asked 
 me not long since, why all my Sonnets were in 
 fourteen lines ; a remark which has induced me to 
 think that a few words on the form and substance of 
 the Sonnet may not be altogether out of place. 
 
 The origin of the Sonnet is not settled. Accord- 
 ing to Crescimbini it is Provencal ; according to Sis- 
 mondi, Sicilian; but it was certainly perfected in 
 Italy. Crescimbini/" asserts the claim of Guiton d] 
 Arezzo to the invention of the regular Sonnet, 
 or at least the perfection of that which obtained 
 among the Provencals. The Emperor Frederick 
 the Second and his Chancellor were rivals in the 
 composition of Sonnet ; and some authors attri- 
 bute the origin of the Sonnet to the Chancellor. 
 
 The Sonnet, Sonnetto, probably derives its name 
 from the cadence in which the six closing lines draw 
 
 * Storia delict vulga poesia, vol. 2. p. 269.
 
 11 PREFACE. 
 
 the poem to an end. It consists of two quatrains 
 and two tercets ; fourteen lines of ten-syllable rhym- 
 ed verse ; or of eleven syllables, where female 
 rhymes are used, as is very frequently the case in 
 Italian Sonnets. The Italians have a prolonged 
 Sonnet, of which examples will be found in Rossetti's 
 early Italian poets ; but as this form is exception- 
 al, no notice need be taken of it here. According to 
 the pure Italian model, the two first quatrains 
 must have only two rhymes between them ; the 
 first, fourth, fifth, and eighth lines ; and the second, 
 third, sixth, and the seventh rhyming respectively 
 together ; though eight lines of alternate rhymes are 
 permissible, as in Petrarch's 238th Sonnet. The re- 
 maining six lines, or two tercets, should be so arrang- 
 ed, that there be no rhyme among the three first lines ; 
 but that the fourth take up the first, the fifth the 
 second, and the sixth the third. This is called the 
 rima catenata. But, this last canon is not impera- 
 tive, and the six final lines may in practice be ar- 
 ranged in any fashion. The worst form is that of a 
 quatrain and a couplet. Three couplets also are ob- 
 jectionable. But, speaking generally, the changes 
 may be rung on the last six lines, like the varying 
 chimes on village church bells. A pretty enough form 
 is to ring the rhymes backward ; the sixth t up 
 
 the third, the seventh the second, and the eighth 
 the third. Examples of each form will be found in 
 this Volume. 
 
 I
 
 PREFACE. Ill 
 
 In the English Sonnet, which, though not of indi- 
 genous growth, has thriven by its transplantation into 
 our soil by Surrey, the canon governing the 
 eight first lines is by no means universally I 
 lowed. Possibly this may have arisen from the 
 English language being poorer in rhymes than the 
 Italian ; but we need only analyse the structure 
 of some of our best Sonnets, to satisfy ourselves of 
 this truth. Milton and Gray scrupulously follow 
 the Italian form ; but either many of the composi- 
 tions of Shakspeare,"* Spenser, Drummond, Daniel, 
 Wordsworth, and other poets, cannot be classed under 
 the Sonnet ; or we must admit that, whatever may be 
 the stringency of the Italian rule of rhyme, some 
 other quality than that of the arrangement of rhyme 
 must be sought for, as conferring on the Sonnet its 
 peculiar and distinctive character among ourselves. 
 
 I believe this is to be found in the law that it shall 
 convey the expression of but one leading thought ; 
 and hence one of the main difficulties of this species 
 of composition. The occurrence is not frequent of 
 thoughts capable of being justly expressed in pre- 
 cisely fourteen lines ; neither less nor more : for there 
 must not be, on the one hand, any of what is techni- 
 cally termed ' -padding] to eke out a meagre and scan- 
 
 * Shakspeare's Sonnets are simply three quatrains and a couplet. 
 Spenser's Amoretti are som complicated, though his two 
 
 first quatrains do not follow the Italian model. His fifth line rhymes 
 with his fourth. The first of his second quatrain rhymes with the 
 fourth of his first quatrain. He always ends with a couplet
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 ty idea; nor, on the other, any obscurity or crabbed- 
 ness, from an effort at brevity and compression. The 
 Sonnet, like a Drama, should be complete in itself ; 
 and should flow on naturally, or at least with that art, 
 which, in concealing its working, so successfully imi- 
 tates Nature, that it is said to be the perfection of 
 Art. Of course, the one leading idea may be subdi- 
 vided to any extent requisite ; an excellent illustration 
 of which occurs in the Vita Nuova, where, after each 
 Sonnet, Dante adds an analysis explaining the parts 
 of which it is made up. It may be ornamented 
 to the highest degree ; so that one Sonnet may pre- 
 sent many images, as well as parts, to the reader's 
 mind; although the principal thought ought not 
 to be overlaid, or lost, in its adjuncts and embellish- 
 ments. An historical picture conveys to us at the 
 first glance the event, and but the event, it is intend- 
 ed to chronicle ; the beauty and the appropriateness 
 of its details, — the lance against a pillar, the sword 
 upon the floor, the sealed charter upon a table, — 
 only strike us on a longer and calmer observation. 
 It has been remarked, I think hypercritically, that 
 the subject should be set forth in the first quatrain ; 
 illustrated in the second; confirmed in the first tercet; 
 concluded in the last. It has often struck me that 
 the English Sonnet might be improved by ending, 
 like the Spenserian Stanza, with an Alexandrine, 
 which pleases the ear, and rounds the Stanza 
 with a fulness and aplomb, which give it a singular 
 solidity and dignity. Instances are not wanting of 
 
 i
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 this licence ; which in a single Sonnet is agreeable 
 enough, perhaps from its corning unexpectedly on 
 the ear. I am not, however, sure that it would not 
 weary in a series or collection of Sonnets ; it cer- 
 tainly destroys the closing cadence, from which the 
 Sonnet, as I have before observed, probably derives 
 its name 
 
 " The inaccuracies and faults of a longer work," 
 writes one, a may escape the reader ; but in a Son- 
 " net, the smallest flaw casts disgrace upon the 
 '' whole ; the ear is offended if one rhyme be awk- 
 " wardly introduced, if the whole do not flow with 
 " equal connection and with harmony, or if the 
 " close do not depend neatly upon the subject pro- 
 " posed." Boileau declares that Apollo invented 
 the Sonnet to plague the poets ; 
 
 " Vonlant pousser a bout tons les rimeurs francois, 
 Inventa du Sonnet les rigoureuses lois ;" 
 
 and he thus accurately describes the Sonnet : 
 
 " Vonlut qu'en deux quatrains de mesure pareille 
 La rhyme avec deux sons frappa huit fois, l'oreille ; 
 Et qu'ensuite six vers artistement ranges, 
 Fussent en deux tercets par le rang partages. 
 Surtout de ce poem il bannit la license, 
 Lui meme en mesura le nombre et la cadence, 
 Defendit qu'un vers faible y put jamais entrer, 
 Ni qu'un mot deja mis osat '1 y remontrer." 
 
 Heywood indeed would exclude all epithets from 
 the Sonnet. He says, 
 
 " You should compose a Sonnet clean without them : 
 A row of stately substantives would march 
 Like Switzcrs, and bear all the Held before them." 
 
 Farther, the Sonnet is in factthe miniature of word- 
 painting; it cannot be finished too delicately or mi-
 
 vi PREFACE. 
 
 nutely,and it is perhaps from a perception of this, that 
 the Sonnet, in truth a vehicle admirably adapted 
 for chronicling the loftiest, as well as the most deli- 
 cate thoughts, has fallen into somewhat of disrepute ; 
 from a general idea that there is something frivolous 
 and even finikin in its character. Thus many people 
 imagine that Shakspeare, in bidding the lover pen 
 a Sonnet to his mistress' eye-brow, has pretty nearly 
 defined and limited its use ; but Shakspeare, in a 
 noble body of Sonnets, has himself disproved this; nor 
 can that be a mean or frivolous species of composition 
 in which so many of the greatest poets have loved 
 to disport themselves ; notwithstanding Byron de- 
 clared the Sonnet not adapted for the English lan- 
 guage, and Dr. Johnson describes a Sonnetteer 
 as a ( small poet.' In its highest form, the Sonnet 
 is doubtless the expression of some burning thought 
 or passionate suffering. With Milton, ' the thing 
 became a trumpet when he blew ;' it was the sacred 
 love of liberty that prompted his Sonnet on the 
 Piedmontese massacre of the Vaudois. The Sonnets 
 of Michael Angelo partake of the grandeur of his 
 statues. It was the approach of the invader that 
 drew from Wordsworth the Sonnets on the subju- 
 gation of Switzerland, on Venice, on Milton, and 
 some others which are among his masterpieces. 
 
 But it is adapted for the passionate sigh as Avell as 
 the trumpet call. Petrarch's Sonnets on Laura, 
 Dante's Sonnets to Beatrice in the Vita Nuova, 
 
 •v
 
 PREFACE. Vll 
 
 
 Spenser's Amoretti, and Shakspeare's Sonnets, teach 
 us that. Camoens soothed an exile's grief with it ; 
 and Milton immortalized his dead wife in a Sonnet, 
 of which the pathos is only less deep than of that 
 on his own blindness. 
 
 It is not even incompatible with humour. Hood's 
 Sonnet to his son, spoiled, like Horace's Ode Beatus 
 Me, by its very point, is a specimen of this ; and 
 I could name others, if need were. Nor is the Sonnet 
 out of place as a mere vehicle of description, of na- 
 tural scenery, works of art, or the fanciful concepti- 
 ons of the imagination. Some of the pictures in 
 Wordsworth's Sonnets may be cited as examples. 
 Take that of the Wild Duck's nest, in the Sonnet 
 beginning, 
 
 £ The imperial consort of the fairyiking,' 
 
 or the Sonnet, 
 
 ' With ships the sea was sprinkled far and nigh,' 
 
 the description of Leornardo da Vinci's immortal pic- 
 ture of the Last Supper, or the twenty-second Ec- 
 clesiastical Sonnet. Bossetti has written some good 
 Sonnets, each about a picture. 
 
 As the Sonnet is the miniature of word painting, 
 it is a good test of a descriptive Sonnet, to consider 
 whether it would bear the process of being thoroughly 
 illustrated by the painter, with all its accessaries 
 and embellishments. As Painting can only seize and 
 fix one point of time, this will show whether or no 
 the Sonnet is complete within itself, totus teres atque
 
 as 
 
 viii PREFACE. 
 
 rotundas, with its drama-like self -containedness and 
 finality. Ut pictura poesis. 
 
 That it is one of the forms of poetical composition 
 most difficult of achievement, is shown by the very 
 few Sonnets, out of the vast body written, which 
 have succeeded in establishing and maintaining 
 their recognized and familiar place in poetry. We 
 may say of Sonnets, what Montgomery said of 
 Hymns, that the appearance of a really good one 
 is about as rare as that of a comet. But this very 
 difficulty probably renders the Sonnet all the greater 
 a favorite with poets : there is something in the sub- 
 mission to a voluntary restraint, that renders all the 
 mere piquant the triumph over a difficulty, which 
 has only to be tried in order to be comprehended. 
 Wordsworth, in a Sonnet, itself a perfect specimen 
 of the class, tells us that with him 'twas 
 
 " pastime to be bound. 
 Within the Sonnet's scanty plot of ground." 
 
 And I believe he therein draws a true picture of 
 human nature in general. The spirits most covetous 
 of liberty bow gracefully to restraint, so it be but self- 
 imposed. 
 
 " Nuns fret not their narrow convent room, 
 And hermits are contented with their cells ; 
 And students with their pensive citadels ; 
 Maids at the wheel, the weaver at his loom, 
 Sit blithe and happy : bees that soar for bloom 
 High as the highest peaks of Furness-f ells, 
 Will murmur by the hour in fox-glove bells : 
 In truth the prison unto which we doom 
 Ourselves, no prison is." —
 
 PREFACE. IX 
 
 The Sonnet, says Mazzini in his art of Poetry, is 
 the touchstone of great geniuses, a test which many 
 a poet of considerable eminence must decline, or the 
 base alloy of his verse will be detected. 
 
 Petrarch, Casa, and Bembo, often bestowed 
 months on a single Sonnet. The last is said to 
 have had a desk with forty compartments, through 
 all of which his Sonnets passed before publication, 
 receiving correction in each compartment. 
 
 The thought fitted for the Sonnet should never be 
 so obvious as to appear commonplace, nor so remote 
 as to seem far-fetched ; there should be no attempt 
 at point, antithesis, or epigram ; its parts should be 
 proportioned to each other ; as with Virgil's fourth 
 Georgic, it should not be possible to add to, or sub- 
 tract from it, without manifest detriment to the 
 whole fabric; lastly, and eminently, it should be 
 suggestive. 
 
 My aim in these observations is to claim for 
 the Sonnet" its proper place in public opinion ; and 
 it needs only to be thoroughly comprehended, in 
 order to secure, if not its popularity, at least the ad- 
 niission of its excellences. As a compendious note- 
 book for occasional thoughts which would otherwise 
 be lost, I consider it invaluable ; nay, it is as a 
 casket fitted for our mosl precious jewels ; audi 
 have endeavoured to express this idea in one of the 
 Sonnets in the present volume. It is as a plea- 
 sant nook in some deep forest, whither the weary
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 world-worn pilgrim may retire to fling himself for 
 awhile on the sward, his ear full of the music of the 
 birds, the wind-shaken branches letting down the 
 chequered light of Heaven upon his face. It is as 
 the deep old Oriel window, into which the student 
 nestles himself with his black-lettered book, brazen- 
 clasped, orange-and-purple-stained with all the co- 
 lours of the painted glass : it is as the little chapel 
 or oratory, in which the sorrowful and the humble- 
 hearted may kneel and pray, apart from the throng 
 in the World's nave. 
 
 The following Sonnet by Blanco White may be 
 taken as the most perfect illustration of the prin- 
 ciples which I have endeavoured to enforce : 
 
 " Mysterious Night ! when our first Parent knew 
 
 Thee from report divine, and heard thy name, 
 
 Did he not tremble for this lovely frame, 
 This glorious canopy of light and blue ? 
 Yet 'neath a curtain of translucent dew, 
 
 Bathed in the rays of the great setting flame, 
 
 Hesperus with the host of heaven came ; 
 And lo, Creation widened in man's view. 
 Who could have thought such darkness lay concealed 
 
 Within thy beams, S un ? or who could find, 
 Whilst fly and leaf and insect stood revealed, 
 
 That to such countless orbs thou mad'st us blind ? 
 Why do we then shun Death with anxious strife ? 
 If Light can thus deceive, wherefore not Life V 
 
 True, it ends with a quatrain and a couplet, and 
 
 ' anxious strife, 5 is somewhat weak ; but having 
 
 regard to the novelty of the idea, the grandeur 
 
 of the occasion, the magnificence of the imagery,
 
 S3« 
 
 PREFACE. XI 
 
 the beauty of the language, the harmony of the 
 verse, I know nothing in the whole circle of Son- 
 nets, superior to this splendid poem. 
 
 A collection of Sonnets, illustrative of a given 
 subject, should be like a well selected gallery of pic- 
 tures ; each should be itself a perfect whole, but all 
 should be subordinate to the common end ; like 
 Giotto's frescoes in the Arena chapel : 
 
 " Facies non omnibus una, 
 Nee diversa tamen, qualis decet esse sororum." 
 
 Wordsworth has chosen this method of treating 
 various subjects in a series of Sonnets. Thus we 
 have his Political Sonnets ; his Sonnets on the River 
 Duddon : his Itinerary Sonnets, descriptive of his 
 journeys on the Continent and in Scotland ; his 
 Ecclesiastical Sonnets. I do not myself think that 
 Sonnets can ordinarily be written successfully, as a 
 series, on any subject ; which may account for the 
 listlcssness that pervades Wordsworth's Serial Son- 
 nets, beautiful as many of them are as isolated poems. 
 If a man sets out on a journey, with a predetermi- 
 nation to turn every thing that strikes him into a 
 Sonnet ; if he is ever on the look-out for subjects, he 
 will fail ; liny must come to him unsought. The 
 1 Coignes of Vantage' on which a Sonnet can be 
 successfully hung, are comparatively few in a man's 
 life. There is always a danger lest a series of 
 Sonnets should degenerate into a mere collection 
 of tedious stanzas.
 
 Xll PREFACI 
 
 For my own part, I can conscientiously affirm that 
 I never sat down with ' malice prepense' to write the 
 present work. 
 
 The idea of it grew gradually during the progress, 
 and amid the occupations, of a quarter of a century ; 
 but a few Sonnets, having been originally written in 
 a season of great grief. Around these have gathered 
 the thoughts of manhood and age, and of every vary- 
 ing mood of mind, amid much change of place and 
 circumstance, until the volume has grown to be, so 
 far as a man may becomingly unbosom himself, the 
 record of a life. Nay more, it is the transcript of 
 a creed and a philosophy, and the garnering of 
 much, though very discursive reading. 
 
 Although these ' Memories' have been written as 
 above described, at various times, and without a 
 plan, I believe that sufficient links will be found by 
 those who take the trouble to look for them, where- 
 by to connect all the Poems into one continuous whole; 
 far as some of the Sonnets, taken isolatedly, may 
 appear to the casual reader to have wandered from 
 the immediate subject. 
 
 To many, the form into which a Sonnet is printed 
 may appear comparatively a trivial matter. I con- 
 fess it is not so to me. The choice lies between three 
 methods. First, to print all fourteen lines with an 
 even margin. Secondly, to divide the Sonnet accord- 
 ing to its rhymes ; thirdly, according to the sense. 
 I have adopted the last ; for I conceive it to be of the
 
 PREFACE. Xlll 
 
 first consequence to make the sense as plain as possible 
 to the reader at the first glance, while rhyme makes 
 itself apparent to ear and eye, however printed. So 
 jealous was Dante ; so fearful lest the train of his 
 thoughts might escape, or be misapprehended by the 
 student of his Sonnets ; that in the Vita Nuova, as I 
 have before remarked, he follows up each poem by 
 a minute analysis and division of its contents ; of 
 which the following (the analysis of the last Sonnet) 
 may stand for a specimen. 
 
 " This Sonnet comprises five parts. In the first, I tell 
 whither my thought goeth, naming the place by the name 
 of one of its effects. In the second, I say wherefore it 
 goeth up, and who makes it go thus. In the third, 1 tell 
 what it saw, namely, a lady honoured. And I then call it 
 a " Pilgrim Spirit" becauseit goes up spiritually, and like 
 a pilgrim who is out of his known country. la the fourth, 
 I say how the spirit sees her such \that is, in such quality) 
 that I dam/not understand her; that is to say, 'my thought 
 rises into the quality of her in a degree that my intellect 
 cannot comprehend, seeing that our intellect is, towards 
 thoseblessed souls, like our eye weak against the sun; and 
 this the Philosopher says in the Second of the Metaphysics. 
 In the fifth, I say that, although I cannot see there whither 
 my thought ca me — that is, to h drable essence — 
 
 1 at least under?' ids, namely, that it is a thought of 
 
 my lady, because I often hear her name therein. And, at 
 the end of thisfi rt, I say, " Ladies mine," to show 
 
 that they are ladies to ivliom 1 speak. The second part 
 begins, " A new perception ;" the third, " When it hath 
 
 .hut ;" the fourth, " Usees her such ;" the fifth, " And 
 ye! T know." /! might be divid ore nicely, and
 
 XIV PREFACE. 
 
 made yet clearer ; but this division may pass, and there- 
 fore I stay not to divide it further." 
 
 One word, before concluding, upon the quantity 
 of quotations, and especially classical quotations, with 
 which these pages abound. It is hoped that the 
 nature and locality of the subject, — 'Alma Mater' — 
 and of the audience whom alone I can hope to 
 secure, will sufficiently justify what might otherwise 
 be set down to pedantry or affectation. The pas- 
 sages, it is conceived, are apt, and for the most 
 part but little hackneyed : they are certainly of 
 no small intrinsic worth and beauty in them- 
 selves. Some may think that I should have done 
 better, had I thrown all the quotations into a body 
 of notes at the end of the volume ; but I have been 
 unwilling to separate the Sonnets from their illustra- 
 tions, because they serve to assist that suggestive- 
 ness which it is one of the duties of the Sonnets to 
 create. It is but seldom that the quotations have 
 suggested the Sonnet ; they have been mostly jotted 
 down from memory, or as they struck me in the course 
 of reading. They will repay the perusal of the scholar, 
 whatever may be the value of the Sonnets. 
 
 If the Sonnets have been justly compared to minia- 
 tures, may not my illustrations be looked upon as 
 their setting ?
 
 INDEX. 
 
 1. 
 
 Introductory. 
 
 54. 
 
 2. 
 
 The Gate-Way. 
 
 *55. 
 
 5'. 
 
 The Hall. 
 
 ♦56. 
 
 4. 
 
 The Hall — continued. 
 
 57. 
 
 *5. 
 
 Meeting and Parting. 
 
 *58. 
 
 6. 
 
 The Library. 
 
 *59. 
 
 7. 
 
 The Art of Writing. 
 
 *60. 
 
 *8. 
 
 Language. 
 
 *61. 
 
 *9. 
 
 The English Language. 
 
 *62. 
 
 10. 
 
 Polite Education— Words. 
 
 03. 
 
 11. 
 
 Polite Education — Things. 
 
 64. 
 
 12. 
 
 University Commission. 
 
 65. 
 
 13. 
 
 The Baconian Philosophy. 
 
 66. 
 
 14. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 67. 
 
 15. 
 
 On The Study of Plato. 
 
 
 16. 
 
 On The Study of Plato-con- 
 
 68. 
 
 
 tinued. 
 
 69. 
 
 17. 
 
 The Debate— a Warning. 
 
 70. 
 
 *18. 
 
 Silence- 
 
 *71. 
 
 *19. 
 
 The Beauty of Sincerity. 
 
 70 
 
 1 -■ 
 
 20. 
 
 The Debate — a Warning. 
 
 
 21. 
 
 Sycophancy. 
 
 73. 
 
 22, 
 
 Caps and Gowns 
 
 
 *23. 
 
 Democracy. 
 
 *74. 
 
 >A, 
 
 Statesmanship. 
 
 *75. 
 
 25. 
 
 Individuality. 
 
 *76. 
 
 *26. 
 
 Pioneers. 
 
 *77. 
 
 27. 
 
 Custom. 
 
 78. 
 
 *28. 
 
 Travel. 
 
 *79. 
 
 ♦29. 
 
 Supercilium. 
 
 80. 
 
 *30. 
 
 Humility. 
 
 *81. 
 
 »31, 
 
 Tears. 
 
 *82. 
 
 32. 
 
 Fellow's Life. 
 
 *83. 
 
 33. 
 
 Fellow's Life — continued. 
 
 *S4. 
 
 *34. 
 
 Fellowships. 
 
 85. 
 
 35. 
 
 Knowledge and Wisdom. 
 
 86. 
 
 30. 
 
 On Human Knowledge. 
 
 87. 
 
 37. 
 
 On Human Knowledge— con- 
 
 88. 
 
 
 tinued. 
 
 *89. 
 
 *38. 
 
 Circles. 
 
 90. 
 
 *39. 
 
 Life and Work. 
 
 91. 
 
 *40. 
 
 Curriculum. 
 
 
 *41. 
 
 Circumstance. 
 
 92. 
 
 *42 
 
 The Prodigal's Home. 
 
 93. 
 
 *43". 
 
 The Prodigal's Career. 
 
 *94. 
 
 11. 
 
 Debt. 
 
 *95. 
 
 *45. 
 
 Shadow and Substance. 
 
 
 *46. 
 
 The Song of the Sinn-. 
 
 
 *47. 
 
 The Way of Life. 
 
 *97. 
 
 M-8- 
 
 The Two Paths. 
 
 
 
 Procrastination. 
 
 98. 
 
 *50. 
 
 Labour. 
 
 99 
 
 '51. 
 
 True Courage. 
 
 
 The Student. 
 
 100. 
 
 53. 
 
 Perseverance. 
 
 
 
 * The new Sonnets hav< 
 
 ■ an Aster 
 
 Idem Alii. r. 
 
 Habit. 
 
 Envy. 
 
 Contentedness. 
 
 Rich and Poor. 
 
 Mediocrity. 
 
 Adversity. 
 
 Patience. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 Equanimity. 
 
 Magnanimity. 
 
 Lecture. 
 
 On Profane History. 
 
 On Profane History — conti- 
 nued. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Washington — continued . 
 
 Washington — concluded. 
 
 The True King. 
 
 Reflection on the Historj of 
 Man. 
 
 Reflection" on the Historj of 
 Man — continued. 
 
 The Liberty of the Subject. 
 
 The Liberty of the 1' 
 
 Criticism. 
 
 Patronage. 
 
 A Prophecy. 
 
 The Fierj Furnace. 
 
 On Human Progress. 
 
 Antiquity. 
 
 Posterity. 
 
 The Philosophy of Progress. 
 
 Half-Truths. 
 
 Buttery. 
 
 Coquus. 
 
 The Hide. 
 
 The Walk. 
 
 The Cathedral of the \\ 
 The Chapel. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts — On the Me- 
 mory of Church Music. 
 1 lhapel Thoughts — Prayer. 
 
 1 lhapel Thoughts — Suspense. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts— Scepticism. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts — Superstiti- 
 on. 
 
 pel Thoughts — Conscience. 
 
 ( lhapel Thoughts — Conscience 
 — continued. 
 Ayvojo-TO) ®euf. 
 ChapelThoughts— - On an image 
 
 of the Virgin Mary. 
 ( lhapel Thoughts — TolcratioD. 
 
 
 ft
 
 INDEX. 
 
 101. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts— Toleration : 
 (The Thirty Years' War.) 
 
 140. 
 
 102. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts — Toleration. 
 
 *141. 
 
 
 (The Fall of Magdeburg ) 
 
 142. 
 
 103. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts— Charily. 
 
 
 *104. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts— Mercy. 
 
 143. 
 
 10.5. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts—The Growth 
 
 144. 
 
 
 of Christianity. 
 
 14-5. 
 
 106. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts— Alms. 
 
 146. 
 
 107. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts— The Hu- 
 
 
 
 man Heart. 
 
 147. 
 
 *108. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts— The Lamp 
 
 *148. 
 
 
 of Life. 
 
 149. 
 
 109. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts— Monumen- 
 
 150. 
 
 
 tal Brasses. 
 
 151. 
 
 110. 
 
 Chapel Thoughts— The Paint- 
 
 
 
 ed Window. 
 
 ♦153. 
 
 111. 
 
 Light. 
 
 *153. 
 
 112. 
 
 Stars from the Chapel Tower. 
 
 *l-54. 
 
 113. 
 
 The Milky Way. 
 
 *155. 
 
 *114. 
 
 Astronomy. 
 
 *156. 
 
 115. 
 
 Planets. 
 
 •157. 
 
 116. 
 
 Oxford from the Chapel Tower 
 (Mid-Night.) 
 
 158. 
 
 117. 
 
 Sleep. 
 
 159. 
 
 118. 
 
 Dreams. 
 
 
 119. 
 
 The Churchyard-Death of H. 
 
 160. 
 
 120. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — The 
 Passing Bell. 
 
 161. 
 
 *121. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — Too 
 Late. 
 
 102. 
 
 *122. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts— Conso- 
 lation. 
 
 1G3. 
 
 123. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts— Brevi- 
 ty of Life. 
 
 164. 
 
 124. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — Life. 
 
 *165. 
 
 ♦125. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — Con- 
 
 
 
 templation. 
 
 *166. 
 
 *126. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — Acti- 
 
 167. 
 
 
 on. 
 
 168. 
 
 •127. 
 
 ChurchyardThoughts— Thought, 
 
 169. 
 
 128. 
 
 Churchy ardT h oughts —Spirits. 
 
 170. 
 
 129. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — Im- 
 
 171. 
 
 
 mortality of the Soul. 
 
 172. 
 
 *130. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — Pear 
 
 *173. 
 
 
 of Death. 
 
 *174. 
 
 *131. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — Angel 
 
 
 
 Voices. 
 
 175. 
 
 *132. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts— A Fu- 
 
 
 
 ture State. 
 
 *176. 
 
 *133. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — The 
 
 
 
 Tempter's Hour. 
 
 177 
 
 *134. 
 
 Churchyard Thoughts — Exor- 
 
 
 
 cism. 
 
 *178. 
 
 *135. 
 
 College Rooms — The Oriel 
 
 179. 
 
 
 Window. 
 
 *180. 
 
 136. 
 
 College Rooms — Study. 
 
 
 137. 
 
 College Rooms — Digression. 
 
 *181. 
 
 138. 
 
 College Rooms — My Father. 
 
 
 139. 
 
 College Rooms — My Father — 
 continued. 
 
 *182. 
 
 CollegeRooms— ChristmasDay 
 in India. 
 
 College Rooms— Indian Exile. 
 
 College Rooms — Heart Yearn- 
 ings. 
 
 College Rooms— Faith. 
 
 College Rooms — Hope. 
 
 College Rooms — At Sea. 
 
 College Rooms — The Wine 
 Party. 
 
 College Rooms — The Vine. 
 
 College Rooms— Mirth. 
 
 College Rooms— The Reverie. 
 
 College Rooms — Pleasure. 
 
 College Rooms — Vanity of Va- 
 nities. 
 
 College Rooms — Anticipation. 
 
 Harrow. 
 
 The Schoolmaster. 
 
 The Schoolmaster— continued. 
 
 A Harrow Friendship. F.W.F. 
 
 Sympathy, 
 
 Christ Church Walk — Wei- 
 liugtou. 
 
 Christ Church Walk — Wel- 
 lington — continued . 
 
 On the Vanity of Reputation. 
 
 On the Vanity of Reputation ; 
 — continued. 
 
 On the Vanity of Reputation ; 
 — continued. 
 
 On the Vanity of Reputation; 
 — continued. 
 
 On the Vanity of Reputation 
 —continued. 
 
 The Theatre — Inauguration of 
 Wellington. 
 
 The Theatre — The Newdegate. 
 
 Isis. 
 
 The Silver Tassel. 
 
 The Porphery Vase. 
 
 The Garden. 
 
 The Garden — continued. 
 
 GardeuThoughts — Insect life. 
 
 Garden Thoughts— Chance. 
 
 Garden Thoughts— Free Will 
 and Destiny. 
 
 Garden Thoughts — Sweden- 
 borg. 
 
 Garden Thoughts -The Te- 
 lescope and Microscope. 
 
 Garden Thoughts — Omne ab 
 ovo. 
 
 Garden Thoughts — God's Love. 
 
 Garden Thoughts— Humboldt. 
 
 Garden Thoughts— The Ori 
 gin of Life. 
 
 Garden Thoughts— The Induc- 
 tive Philosophy. 
 
 Garden Thoughts — Cosmos.
 
 2& 
 
 M 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 *183. 
 •184. 
 
 *185. 
 
 186. 
 
 187. 
 *188. 
 •189. 
 *190. 
 
 191- 
 
 192. 
 
 193. 
 
 194. 
 
 *195. 
 
 196. 
 
 197. 
 
 198. 
 199. 
 
 200. 
 
 201. 
 
 *202. 
 303. 
 
 204. 
 
 *205. 
 
 •206. 
 
 *207. 
 
 *208. 
 *209. 
 *210. 
 •211. 
 •212. 
 *213. 
 ♦214. 
 
 "21.5. 
 •216. 
 
 217. 
 *218. 
 
 219. 
 
 220. 
 
 Garden Thoughts — Physical 
 Law. 
 
 Garden Thoughts — Spiritual 
 
 Law. 
 GardenThoughts — The Progress 
 
 of Philosophy. 
 Garden Thoughts — Man's Mi- 
 nisters. 
 Garden Thoughts — Life in 
 
 Death. 
 Garden Thoughts— Plurality of 
 
 Worlds. 
 Garden Thoughts — Plurality of 
 
 Worlds — continued 
 Garden Thoughts— Day and 
 
 Night 
 Garden Thoughts — A Sigh. 
 Garden Thoughts — The Three 
 
 Days, 
 Garden Thoughts— The Third 
 
 Day. 
 Garden Thoughts— A Portrait 
 
 from Memory. 
 Garden Thoughts — The Crown 
 
 of Sorrow. 
 Garden Thoughts — Love's An- 
 tidote, 
 Garden Thoughts — Love's 
 
 Shrine. 
 Garden Thoughts -Fidelity. 
 Garden Thoughts — The Indian 
 
 Cupid. 
 Garden Thoughts — Jealous 
 
 Love. 
 Garden Thoughts — Woman's 
 
 Love. 
 The Two Loves. 
 Garden Thoughts — Friendship 
 Garden Thoughts — Friend ship 
 
 A. Thought Ten Years later. 
 Garden Thoughts — Town and 
 
 Country. 
 Garden Thoughts— The Wish. 
 The Wish fulfilled— The She- 
 
 varoys. 
 Honours. 
 Health. 
 Munificence. 
 Gold. 
 
 The Spell of the Hills. 
 The Hollow in the Hills. 
 Garden Thoughts— Palingene- 
 sis. 
 'Eye'pcri/AO? vmvos. 
 Early Death. 
 
 Garden Thoughts — Flowers. 
 Botany. 
 
 The * Lime Tree Avenue- 
 Helen. 
 Poetical Aspiration. 
 
 •221. 
 •222. 
 •223. 
 *224. 
 
 *225. 
 
 226. 
 
 227. 
 •228. 
 
 229. 
 
 230. 
 *231. 
 
 232. 
 
 *233. 
 
 *231. 
 *235. 
 •236. 
 *237. 
 •238. 
 *239. 
 
 210. 
 
 241. 
 
 242. 
 
 243. 
 *244. 
 
 245. 
 
 246. 
 ♦247. 
 *248. 
 
 249. 
 
 250. 
 
 2ol. 
 
 2- 52. 
 *253. 
 •254. 
 
 255. 
 
 256. 
 
 257. 
 •258. 
 *259. 
 
 260. 
 
 261. 
 
 262. 
 
 *263. 
 
 26k 
 
 *265. 
 
 266. 
 
 267. 
 
 268. 
 
 269. 
 
 270. 
 
 •271. 
 
 272. 
 273. 
 
 The Sonnet. 
 
 Poetical Composition. 
 Poetical Correction. 
 Shakespeare. 
 Fame, the Poet's Gift. 
 
 The Garden Scat . 
 
 The Sun Dial. 
 
 Wycliffe. 
 
 Shadows of Pre Existence. 
 
 The Rookery. 
 
 The Grassplot. 
 
 Mcrton Meadows from th« 
 Terrace Walk. 
 
 The TerraceJ Wall— The Ca- 
 valier's Death. 
 
 The University Volunteers. 
 
 The Rifle. 
 
 England and France, 
 
 The Crystal Palace— (1851.) 
 
 The Crystal Palace. 
 
 Albert the Good. 
 
 Mcrton Meadows. 
 
 Another ' Thoaght on the 
 Same. 
 
 The Walk of the Two Towers. 
 
 A Doubt of Identity. 
 
 Carpe Diem. 
 
 Self— the Past. 
 
 Self— The Future. 
 
 Despondency. 
 
 Lost Aims. 
 
 Compensations. 
 
 Self— The Future. 
 
 Self-The Present, 
 
 The Present— Coroma-i . 
 
 Geology. 
 
 Geology — continued. 
 
 Coromandel — Quiet. 
 
 Bells. 
 
 Bells- continued. 
 
 Cherwell from the Terrace. 
 
 The River of Life. 
 
 The Cataract. 
 
 Cherwell from the Terrace- 
 continued. 
 
 A Thought on Past Friend- 
 ship. 
 
 Recantation. 
 
 Evening Thoughts, 
 
 Memory, 
 
 Recurring Fancies, 
 
 Nightingales in the Botanical 
 Gardens, 
 
 Tom of Christchurch, 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Conclusion — continued. 
 
 Conclusion — continued. 
 
 Conclusion — continued. 
 
 Conclusion— continued. 
 
 * The new Sonnets have an Asterisk before them. 
 
 «. 
 
 . .
 
 sf 
 
 I. 
 
 Caelum dob animnm mutant qui trans mare currant." — Hokace, 
 
 " (T<x>Trjpa raos 7rpoTovov, vi(/r]\r)<z crTc'yvys 
 iTTvkov, 7roBr}pr), //.ovoyevts tckvov 7raT/>i, 
 kul yrjv <pavelcrav vuvtlXois nap cX^iSa, 
 kolKXkttov rj/xap etcrtSctv Ik Kup.aro% 
 oSoi7ropa> SixJ/wvti rrrjyaxtjv peos." — ./ESCHYLUS. 
 
 Be the wide seas lor wealth or pleasure crost, 
 Whate'er the cause men change the skies above, 
 Associations, recollections, love, 
 Change not with climate, and are never lost. 
 
 Now, on life's stormy ocean tempest-tost, 
 We look on them as happy havens, where 
 Our barques rode idly when the sky was fair. 
 Therefore, from India's plains and gems of cost, 
 The scenes and guerdon of my manhood's strife, 
 Willing I turn me to the bygone hours 
 Pass'd in the calm of academic life : — 
 
 Lo ! slowly rise, at Fancy's wizard call, 
 Thy gardens, Merton, and monastic hall ; 
 Thy walks, groves, shades, and visionary towers
 
 II. 
 
 " Ad ogni uccellosuo nido e bello.." — Italian Proverb. 
 " Grata superveniet quae nou sperabitur hora." — Horace. 
 
 Not with that breathless haste and startling knock 
 
 With which, old Gate- way, in the clays of yore 
 
 I thunder 'd nightly at your wicket door, 
 
 Rousing the sleepy porter with the shock, 
 
 While midnight chimes rang out from many a clock, 
 
 If e'er from India's plains returning home, 
 
 Before thy venerable arch I come, 
 
 Shall I make clank thy chains, and hinges rock : 
 
 But should my footfall be no longer bold, 
 
 My hand strike weakly, my thin locks be gray, 
 
 My eye shine dim, my very heart feel old 
 
 In the long path to wealth, a weary way, 
 
 Dear porch, still on thee shall I fondly gaze, 
 
 With all the love, not dread, of earlier days. 
 
 [The College Gates close at nine, after which those who " knock in" pay a small 
 fine to the porter, increasing in magnitude according to the lateness of the hour, 
 until 1 2 o'clock ; — any one who comes in after that hour is pretty sure of a repri- 
 mand, if not an imposition, from the College authorities, to whom the list is taken 
 every morning.] 
 
 2
 
 III. 
 
 She 2WI 
 
 " Where are you with whom in life I started, 
 Dear companions of my golden days? 
 Ye are dead, estranged from me or parted, 
 Flown like morning clouds a thousand ways." 
 
 James Montgomery. 
 
 " Coetus dulces, valete."— Catullus. 
 
 " I have had playmates, I have had companions, 
 
 In my days of childhood, in my joyous school days ; 
 
 All, all are gone, the old familiar faces."— Charles Lamb. 
 
 Hall ! where an Emp'ror deign'd to feast, I see 
 
 Thy lofty roof, thy giant hearth, where blaz'd 
 
 Too liberal flame : thy haughty dais, raised 
 
 O'er the stone floor with proud distinction, free 
 
 Only for social foot of high degree : 
 
 Thy polish'd tables, and the Tutor's chair, 
 
 This for long lecture, those for simple fare, 
 
 Thy portraits, all are present ; but for me 
 
 Gone is thy magic with the vanish'd crowd 
 
 Who met light-hearted at the daily board, 
 
 When thou did'st ring with jest and laughter loud. 
 
 Far parted now, we toil no more to meet — 
 
 What care I though through thee light laugh be pour'd ; 
 
 And thou dost echo still to youthful feet ? 
 
 [During the time that the " allied Sovereigns" were at Oxford, in the year 181 I . 
 Alexander, Emperor of Russia, took up his quarters at Mcrtou, a fact commemo 
 rated by a marble tablet let into the wall, and inscribed with a Latin legend, in nilt 
 letters, as well as by a magnificent vase of green porphyry, which stands 
 in the entrance to the Warden's lodgings. For the benefit of the uninitiated, or, i 
 should say," unmatriciilatcd," 1 may mention that the dais w r as set apart lor the 
 Fellows of the College, and that we had not only our daily dinner, but lecture in 
 
 tliis Hall.] 
 
 3 
 
 \m
 
 IV. 
 
 Sto Sail. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 tc Vix sibi qnisquc parem dc millibus invcuit uuum." — Milton. 
 
 Dear friends of youth ! I have not found your peers, 
 And shall not. That first unsuspicious mart, 
 Where young affections barter without art, 
 Hath closed on me for ever ! Though late years 
 Have made familiar pomp which not endears, 
 And intellect that awes, I yearn apart 
 For the fresh blossoms of the opening heart, 
 And Love's voice, filling not alone the ears. 
 
 So when I mark the flowers of gorgeous hue, 
 Which from the depths of India's jungle spring- 
 Scentless ; and when her silent birds I view 
 Glance, gleam-like, by, on sunbeam-painted wing, 
 Heart-sick I long, the while I weary roam, 
 For the brown warblers, hedge-row sweets of home.
 
 pcctint) and fatttejj. 
 
 ;t Farewell ! a word that must be, and hath been." — Byron. 
 
 We meet like stranger travellers at a well ; 
 One hath a silver cup he fain would fill ; 
 And one to draw the water, strength or skill ; 
 One knows the pleasant tale of mirth to tell ; 
 And one with art the rapturous song to swell : 
 And so we sit beside each other still, 
 Or up and on together with a will, 
 Wishing we might for aye together dwell. 
 
 We part, like ships, that on a summer sen, 
 Have for a season kept in company ; 
 To meet no more : in haste sweet vows we form 
 Of memory ; then our courteous colours vail, 
 And swift to different compass-points we sail. 
 
 May we break off in sunshine, not in storm. 

 
 VI. 
 
 Wht jptatij- 
 
 ' The monument of vanish'd minds." — D'Avenant. 
 
 " The dead but sceptred sovereigns who still ride 
 Our spirits from their urns." 
 
 " Velut fidis arcana sodalibus olim 
 Credebat libris." — Horace. 
 
 Quaint gloomy chamber, oldest relic left 
 
 Of monkish quiet ; like a ship thy form, 
 
 Stranded keel upward by some sudden storm, 
 
 Now that a safe and polished age hath cleft 
 
 Locks, bars, and chains, that saved thy tomes from theft, 
 
 May Time, a surer robber, spare thine age, 
 
 And reverence each huge black-lettered page, 
 
 Of real boards and gilt-stamp'd leather reft. 
 
 Long may ambitious student here unseal 
 
 The secret mysteries of classic lore ; 
 
 Though urg'd not by that blind and aimless zeal, 
 
 With which the Scot within these walls of yore, 
 
 Transcribed the Bible without breaking fast, 
 
 Toiled through each word, and perished at the last. 
 
 [The Library was one of the oldest parts of the building, and indeed one of the 
 earliest pieces of architecture in Oxford. There are still a few of the older volumes 
 chained to bars which run across the different bookcases, and it was here that Duns 
 Scotus, a Fellow of Merton, is said to have carried through his vow to make a 
 copy of the Bible without tasting meat or drink. He completed his task, says the 
 legend, and died just as he had written the last word. A curious picture of him 
 engaged at his labour is preserved in the Bodleian.] 
 
 w&
 
 '• My days among the dead are past, 
 Around mc I behold, 
 Where'er these carnal eyes are cast, 
 
 The mighty minds of old : 
 My never failiug friends are they ; 
 With whom I converse night and day." — Southey. 
 
 " Books we know 
 Are a substantial world, both pure and good ; 
 Round these with tendrils strong as flesh and blood 
 Our patience and our happiness will grow." — Wordsworth. 
 
 " Give me 
 Leave to enjoy myself. That place that does 
 Contain my books the best companion is, 
 To me a lordly court, where hourly I 
 Converse with the old sages and philosophers : 
 And sometimes for variety I confer 
 With kings and emperors, and weigh their counsels, 
 Calling their victories, if unjustly got, 
 Unto a strict account." — Fletcher. 
 
 " The reading of books, what is it but the consulting of the wisest men of all 
 ages and all conditions, whereby they may communicate to us their most delicate 
 thoughts, choicest notions, and best inventions, couched in good expressions, and 
 digested after an exact method." — Barrow. 
 
 "I no sooner come into the library, but I bolt the door to me, excluding lust, ambi- 
 tion, avarice,and all such vices, whose nurse is idleness, the mother of ignorance and 
 melancholy herself, and in the very lap of eternity, among so many divine souls, I 
 take my seat with so lofty a spirit aud sweet content, that I pity all our great ones and 
 rich men that know not this happiness." — Heinsius. 
 
 " Multum non raulta legere." 
 
 " However, many books 
 Wise men have said, arc wearisome ; who reads 
 Incessantly, and to his reading brings not 
 A spirit and judgment equal or superior, 
 (Aud what he brings what needs he elsewhere seek ?) 
 Uncertain and unsettled still remains, 
 Deep vers'd in books, and shallow in himself, 
 Crude or intoxicate, collecting toys 
 Aud trifles for choice matters, worth a sponge ; 
 As children gathering pebbles on the shore-" — Milton.
 
 VII. 
 
 " Non omnia moriar, multaque pars mei 
 Vitabit Libitiuam." — Horace. 
 
 " Nulla res tantum ad discendum proficit quantum scriptio."— Cicero. 
 
 " Only man 
 Can perform the impossible : 
 
 He can impart 
 To the moment duration."— Goethe. 
 
 A million million blessings from each Age, 
 And every Land, and Nation, on his head, 
 Who first of men imagined how to spread 
 The eloquent thought upon the silent page ! 
 All honour to the unremember'd sage 
 Who fettered Time, all distance conquered ; 
 Link'd the weak Living to the mighty Dead ; 
 And shelter'd Wisdom from Oblivion's rage ! 
 
 Whether in simple knots, on painted scroll, 
 In hieroglyph, or arrow-headed sign, 
 Are track'd the footprints of the infant Art, 
 The Giant now hath half-pluck'd from Death's dart 
 Its feather; all portray'd the vanished soul—* 
 Doth it not hint of origin divine ? 
 
 * [See, however, Mr. Buclde's observations, History of Civilization, vol. 1. p. 
 272, as to the deleterious effect of the introduction of the art of writing upou his- 
 torical traditions.]
 
 V " 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IToXAat jxlv Ovyjtois yXuxraai, fxia 8' 'A^avaTotcri. 
 
 The shatter'd fragments of one primal Tongue 
 
 Lie like a broken mirror on Earth's face, 
 
 Reflecting back the image of one race, 
 
 Central, original, primeval ; flung 
 
 Forth from its home to wander wild among 
 
 Strange plains and mountains, till each resting-place 
 
 Became a Father-land, with scarce a trace 
 
 Of words in which the first world-songs were sung. 
 
 Adam named all things which crawl, walk, swim, fly, 
 God-taught, and yet the master of his choice : — 
 What though his issue speak not as he spake, 
 Since first confusion fell upon man's voice ? — 
 
 The blessed Dead of every tongue shall wake 
 With but one common language in the sky. 
 
 See Nbfe I .
 
 IX. 
 
 " And who ia time knows whither we may vent 
 The manner of our tongue, to what strange shores 
 This gain of our best glory shall be sent, ' 
 To enrich unknowing nations with our stores ? 
 What worlds in the yet unform'd Occident 
 May come refined with accents that are ours ? 
 Or who can tell for what great work in hand 
 The greatness of our style is now ordained ?"— Daniel. 
 
 Thou mighty English Language, Saxon-sprung, 
 
 But from all nations garnering a part, 
 
 Polish and strength ; thou speaker to the heart 
 
 Through our translated Bible : Shakespeare's tongue : I 
 
 Staid and compact with age, yet ever young ; 
 
 Gleaner in student's cell, on wide-world mart : 
 
 By battle, conquest, commerce, science, art, 
 
 Still gaining wealth : sown East and West among 
 
 Worlds old and new ; far scatter'd South and North ; 
 
 Who shall foretell thy fortune in all time ? 
 
 May'st thou not be fore-chosen, to go forth 
 From this small island into every clime, 
 Until thy voice in common hath become 
 The language of Earth-circling Christendom ? 
 
 10 
 
 l(«9
 
 
 X. 
 
 Mitt Mnatim—Wmth. 
 
 " Here, therefore, is the first distemper of learning, when men study words, 
 not matter." — Bacon, Advancement of Learning. 
 
 " Qua 
 Imberbi didicere, senes perdenda fateri." — Horace. 
 
 " "Act rdv ttoctlv dWa TrapaTpeKO/xicrOa. p-araiot 
 Ketvo 7to^owt£S birep fxaKpbv aTruidev' e<£u." 
 
 Pindar. 
 
 " Tell Schools they have no soundness, 
 And stand too much on seeming." 
 
 Sir W. Raleigh. 
 
 Shame on the sluggish apathy which nods 
 Lethargic on the supreme Lecture Chair, 
 While Life's best golden years of promise wear 
 Away their hope in grinding Greek 'neath rods : 
 When Youth, which might become as wise as Gods, 
 Is fashioned to a glossary of bare 
 Dead words, more prized if obsolete and rare, 
 And Toil the millhorse round of Language plods. 
 
 Doubtless they have their beauty, each old Tongue, 
 And one in every thousand minds may store 
 With charms against the listlessness of Age ; 
 Yet who would waste his whole prime on a page 
 Of the vast Book of Learning, as if more 
 Might not be safe for the much-curious Young ? 
 
 11
 
 XI. 
 
 § #\ik (iMuati*m — MUwp. 
 
 " Nay, 'tis dishonourable to men, if, in our age, the regions of the material 
 World, that is, the earth, the ocean, and the heavenly bodies, are discovered and 
 displayed to a vast extent, but the boundaries of the intellectual world are still fixed 
 within the narrow space and knowledge of the ancients." — Bacon, Interpretation 
 
 of Nature. 
 
 " Turn mihi naturae libeat perdiscere mores : 
 
 Quis Deus hauc mundi temperet arte domum ; 
 Qua venit Exoriens, qua deficit ; unde coactis 
 
 Cornibus in plenum menstrua luna redit ; 
 Unde salo superant venti ; quid flamine captet 
 
 Eurus ; et in nubes unde perennis aqua ; 
 Sit ventura dies, mundi qua? subruat arces, 
 
 Purpureus pluvias cur bibat arcus aquas ; 
 Aut cur Perrhoobi tremuere cacumina Pindi, 
 
 Solis et atratis luxerit orbis equis ; 
 Cur serus versare boves et plaustra Bootes ; 
 
 Ple'iadum spisso our coit imbre chorus; 
 Curve suos fines altum nou exeat sequor, 
 
 Plenus et in partes quatuor annus eat ; 
 Sub terris si jura Deum, et tormeuta gigantum, 
 
 Tisiphones atro si furit augue caput ; 
 An ficta in miseras descendit fabula gentes, 
 
 Et timorhaud ultra, quam rogus, esse potest." 
 
 Propebtius. 
 
 Feed me with Things, not Words alone, the Mind 
 
 An-hungered and a-thirst for knowledge, cries ; 
 
 Teach me to know and love the mysteries 
 
 Of Nature ; this orb's face and structure ; lined 
 
 With what rich minerals ; what the powers that bind 
 
 Atoms together by affinities ; 
 
 Forces : and all the motions of the skies : 
 
 Each living thing after its form and kind, 
 
 Whether it walks, or crawls, or swims, or flies : 
 
 Herbs, up from hyssop to the trees that rise 
 
 Highest on Lebanon : what hath refined, 
 
 Best govern'd, or made wealthiest ' mankind ; 
 
 And every sister Art which beautifies 
 
 Our social life, or any want supplies. 
 
 12
 
 XII. 
 
 She WviMvrftjj Wmmiffliw. 
 
 " For not to know at large of things remote 
 
 From use, obscure and subtle ; but to know 
 
 That which before us lies in daily use, 
 
 Is the prime wisdom." 
 
 Milton. 
 
 " Act 8' e\ev6epov eimi -rev fxeXXovTacjuXoa-o^eLV." — PTOLEMY. 
 
 A voice came o'er the sea that thou wert loth, 
 Oxford, to bear thee to the coming search : 
 Lessen thy proud sails ere thy vessel lurch ; 
 Her hull is of much- venerable growth. 
 Thine hope to fetter progress, by my troth, 
 Is feeble as the Bull of Romish Church 
 Hurl'd at old Galileo, to unperch 
 Earth from its axis, and decree its sloth.* 
 
 Stretch out thine iEson arms to the kind leech : 
 Open thy veins : let forth thy time-dull'd blood : 
 Infuse the fresh invigorating flood 
 Drawn from the fathom'd wells of living Truth ; 
 Flourish again in renovated youth ; 
 And mingle modern things with ancient speech, f 
 
 * The Roman Editors of Newton thought ii necessary to say in their Preface, 
 latis a summo Poutilice contra telluris motus Dccretis, nos obsequi profitcmur.' 
 
 t See Note 2. 
 
 13
 
 XIII. 
 
 Homo, naturae minister et interpres." — Novum Organon. 
 
 His the true aim of Learning, who first sought 
 No couch luxurious for the mind's repose ; 
 No stately tower for pomp and idle shows ; 
 No terrace whence a fair view might be caught ; 
 No vantage-ground for battle to be fought ; 
 No shop wherein his trinkets to expose ; 
 But a rich storehouse all things to enclose 
 Thither for Man's good or God's glory brought ; 
 Who left those heights where all were wont to err, 
 For Science' lowliest places ; thence to rise, 
 Step after step, to heights of loftier scan f 
 Who scorned the wisdom of the ancient wise ; 
 Tried Truth by practice ; humbly looked on Man 
 As Nature's servant and interpreter. 
 
 * 
 
 Neque enim in piano via sita est, sed ascendendo et descendendo ; ascenden- 
 do primo ad axiomata, descendendo ad opera." — Novum Organon. 
 
 [It is perhaps superfluous to observe that this Sonnet is little more than a 
 paraphrase of a well-known passage in Bacon.] 
 
 14
 
 XIV. 
 
 " Ego buccinator tantum sum, pugnam non inco." — Bacon. 
 
 " He has displayed a reach of thought and a justness of anticipation which, 
 when compared with the discoveries of the two succeeding centuries, seem frequent- 
 ly to partake of the nature of prophecy. — Dugald Stewart. 
 
 " T^s Screws -ypa/i./x.aTeus r)V, toV /caAa/xov aTro(3pe^Mv her vovv." 
 
 Bacon ! between two worlds thy wondrous stand, 
 
 The dark Past and bright Future, like the star 
 
 That heralds in the morning ! Thou from far, 
 
 As with a prophet's glance, didst view the land 
 
 Of promise, rais'd by thine Ithuriel wand ; 
 
 Like Israel's dying leader from his car 
 
 On Pisgah, crying, yonder, children, are 
 
 The milk-and-honey-flowing plains at hand. 
 
 Thou too, when loud the murmuring nations cried, 
 
 Fainting in Error's wilderness for thirst, 
 
 Didst smite the rock with barrenness long curst ; 
 
 Then forth gushed streams that ever flow more wide 
 
 On to Eternal Wisdom's Ocean-shore, 
 
 Where finite Reason stops, her wanderings o'er. 
 
 15
 
 XV. 
 
 #n t\\t 3 tttfljj of flat*. 
 
 " They eujoyed no succession of prophets, passing the torch of truth from hand 
 to hand ; no apostolic illumination, to be a light to their feet and an illumination 
 to their paths. Nature, alone, was their teacher."— Theodoeet. 
 
 " All Truth is from the sempiternal source 
 
 Of Light divine. But Egypt, Greece, and Rome 
 Drew from the stream below. More favoured, we 
 Drink when we choose it at the fountain-head. 
 To them it flowed much mingled and defiled, 
 With hurtful error, prejudice, and dreams, 
 Illusions of Philosophy so called, 
 But falsely." — Cowpee. 
 
 Not to The Book alone should we confine 
 Our knowledge and our search for moral rules ; 
 But with the Gospel for our lamp, the tools 
 Of Thought may safely dig in Plato's mine ; 
 For there bright veins of natural riches shine. 
 True that the labourers of the heathen Schools 
 Toiled on in darkness, simple babes and fools, 
 By Nature's feeble light and Reason's line ; 
 For not for them, as us, the Prophet-band 
 Was station'd in dark crypt and deep recess, 
 To pass the torch of Truth from hand to hand ; 
 Yet, lit by Bible beams, their labyrinths show 
 They struck with useful, if uncertain, blow, 
 The wisdom of the Greeks, not foolishness. 
 
 ! 16
 
 XVI. 
 ©IV tttC «f tttllj} flf jStatO (continwd.) 
 
 17 
 
 " Fur they are like those birds of song which imitate the voice of man, hut 
 know uot the meaning of the words they utter." — Tiieodoret. 
 
 " In the nice bee what sense so subtly true 
 From poisonous herbs extracts the honey dew." — Pope. 
 
 " As flowers furnish enjoyment to others so far only as to their scent and 
 colour, but bees are capable of extracting honey from them ; such is the case in I 
 these studies : those who are content to look not merely for what is pleasant and 
 beautiful in them, may derive from them and lay up in store some profit for the good 
 of the soul. Exactly then after the model of the bees, should you apply yourselves 
 to such reading. For they settle not on all flowers alike, nor attempt to carry off 
 everything from those on which they alight, but, taking as much as is serviceable for 
 their work, they leave the rest. Let us in like manner, if we are wise, having 
 derived from such studies so much as belongs and is related to the Truth, uass by 
 what remains. As in culling a rose we avoid the thorns, so in such discourses let 
 us enjoy the good and be on our guard against that which is hurtful." — St. Basil. 
 <lf leg. lib. Gen. 
 
 As birds which imitate the voice of man, 
 
 Know not the meaning of the words they speak, 
 
 So of the things of God argued the Greek, 
 
 Darkly, as through a glass, viewing His plan; 
 
 And often thence the words in error ran: 
 
 Therefore, as in a garden, where we seek 
 
 Fair flowers with spaiigled eyes and velvet cheek, 
 
 Weeds not unfrequent mingle ; so we scan 
 
 Error and Truth in Plato side by side ; 
 
 But we may leave the one, the other pluck : 
 
 Or rather, with the wisdom of the bee, 
 
 Honey alike from weed and llowret suck ; 
 
 Like skilful leeches who with care divide 
 
 The balm and venom oi the poisonous tree.*' 
 
 * I believe a long, list migbl be given of plants.which yield both nutritious and 
 deleterious products. Ajnong the more common is the Potato, of which the tuber is 
 
 eaten, while the Beed is poisoi s. The rool of lihubarb i> medicinal, while we make 
 
 tarts oC the Btallrs and leaves. The common lettuce \ 'ields an extract resembling opium. 
 "I he seeds ofthe Poppy are eat< n, and yield oil ; opium is the juice of the capsule. I . a, 
 Coffee, and Tobacco, are all narcotics and poisonous The juice <«t' 1 ii <■ rapioca contains 
 hydrocyanic acid, easily removed by washing. Sti r/chnoa nux vomica is used to impat I a 
 bitter flavor to beer. 61 rychnineis a valuable medicine, and the most deadly poison. The 
 um Oleandt r produces b delicious perfume , some of our Boldiers in the Peninsular 
 war wer poisoned by using the wood forBkewers. Eyctu cirimalis yields a sago from 
 the seed; the juice of the tree i« acrid and poisonous. Cerbera odallum ■ iv< 
 medicine ; though the fruit and Becds are narcotic and poisonous, huphorbia gives 
 gum clastic ; its juice is acrid and poisonous. 
 
 •JO
 
 
 XVII. 
 
 $Jw gdtote — it Warning- 
 
 " Cui lecta poteuter erit res, 
 Nee facuudia deseret hnnc, uec lucidus ordo." — Horace. 
 
 " Reruni copia verborum copiam gignit." — Cicero. 
 
 Thou of commanding presence, with a tongue 
 Of fire, around whose lips in infancy 
 Cluster'd in honied swarms the Attic bee, 1 . 
 Shun the debate : rise not to speak among 
 Thy co-mates : spurn the incense of the young 
 Spin not from hollow base sophistic plea, 
 Like to the worm, that from a rotten tree 
 In empty air its fragile thread hath flung. 2 
 Let Knowledge' sure foundations deep be laid : 
 Order and Thought on all thy studies tend : 
 Take virgin Truth for thine Egerian maid : 
 Not as a trenchant faulchion, but a shield, 
 Aristotelian weapons learn to wield :* 
 Conviction, not persuasion, be thine end. 
 
 IS
 
 Pustvntfotts tor Sfmat xvn. 
 
 (1) " ovTiva TL[xrj(r(i)(Ti Atos Kovpai fityakoio 
 
 yuvofievov T ccrt'Swcn 8iorp€cj>ewv PaciX^wv, 
 
 TW /A£V llTL y\w(T(TT] yXvKtprjV )(£tOV<TlV kepcrqV, 
 
 tov S'lVe' Ik o-TopaTos pel p,iiXi^a' 01 Sc vv Aaoi 
 
 7TttVTCS €S avTOV up£)(Tl SlUKpLVOVTCL 6ip.i(TTa<i 
 
 Weirjai SiKycriV o 8' dcr<paAe(os dyopeutoi/ 
 
 citya re Kat pt'ya vetKos eViara/jicVtoS KaTtVawe." 
 
 Hesiod. 
 
 So Antipater of Sidon said of Pindar : 
 
 " ovSe pair-qv u7raAois £ov66<; irepi ^ctAectv ecrpos 
 t7rAao-£ xqpoStTOV, ILVSape, crao, p-c'Ai." 
 
 £o also it was said of Plato and otters. 
 
 (2) " tanquam aranea tcxans telara turn demura inde terminata 
 
 est et parit telas quasdam doctrine tenuitate fili operis que rnirabiles, sed 
 quoad usum fractas et iuanes." — Bacon. 
 
 (3) " oVAov tol Ao'yos dvSpl ToparrcpoV ictri cnSyjpov 
 ottXov €Kao"T(u vetpc #eoV (pvatv yjepo<poLTOv 
 opvicnv, 7rwAots Ta)(yTrJT, dA/oyv 8e Xiovcriv' 
 Tavpots 8' avTO^VTOL<; Kepdccrcrtv Kivrpa peAio"G-ai?, 
 ep.<pvrov aXnap, tSw/ce, Aoyov 8' tpup' avOptanotcriv' 
 
 T7/S 8c ^£07rV£V(TTOU (TO<pir)S AoyOS COTlV aplCTTOS 
 
 ^eArepos dAK^evro? t'tpu o"£o-o<£icrpevos avqpT 
 
 PSEUDOPHOCYLIDEA. 
 
 (4) So Faulconbridce says : — 
 
 " Which tho' I will not practise to deceive, 
 Yet, to avoid deceit, I mean to learn." 
 
 So Ovid : — 
 
 " Et latro et cauttis pnecingilur ense viator, 
 
 Illc sed insidias, bic sibi portat opem ; 
 Discilur innocuas ut agat facundia causas, 
 Protegit hire sontcs, imincritosque prennt." 
 
 So the Pseudo Phocylidca ; — 
 " To $t(f>os opcfufiaXov p.i) 7rpos <j)6vov, dXX cs ap.wa.1'. * 
 
 19
 
 *&■? 
 
 I * 
 
 XVTTT. 
 
 Silence, 
 
 " IlaXat to atyav cfiupfianov /3Aa/?//s fX w •" — ^EsCHYLUS. 
 " Let me be silent, for so are the Gods." — Carlyle. 
 " Be checked for silence, never taxed for speech." — Shakespeare. 
 " Speech is silvern: silence is golden." — Carlyle. 
 " Give every man thine ear, but few thy tongue." — Shakespeare. 
 
 Five years of silence was the first task met 
 By neophytes in old Pythagoras' School : — ■ 
 Finger on lip, the Haipocratic rule :* — 
 By meditation is thy mirror set, 
 Self-knowledge, in the lock'd hearts cabinet : — 
 The Tongue's the rebel traitor of the Fool : 
 In secret long the workman plies his tool, 
 Ere he puts forth the work men ne'er foiget : — ■ 
 The palace of thy mouth a prison make : — 
 Speech issues from the fulness of the heart : — ■ 
 
 Then commune with it ; search it silently, 
 As Mary pondered o'er her thoughts apart ; — 
 
 In mid age Homer, Dante, Milton spake 
 Their treasur'd words of immortality. 
 
 * Of whom Ovid : — 
 
 " Quique premit vocenu digitoque silentia suadil." 
 
 20 
 
 ~-m.
 
 
 3ftUt$tvati<m$ U bonnet xvni. 
 
 " A fool travaileth with a word, as a woman in labour of a child. As an 
 arrow thai sticketh in a man's thigh, so is a wc-Td within a fool's belly." — Eccl. chap, 
 xix. verse 11, 12. 
 
 " A fool lifteth up his voice with laughter ; but a wise man doth scarce smile 
 a little."— Eccl. chap. xxi. verse 20. 
 
 " The lips of talkers will be telling such things as pertain not unto them ; but 
 the words of such as have understanding are weighed in the balance. The heart, of 
 fools is in their mouth, but the mouth of the wise is in their heart." — Eccl. chap, 
 xxi. verse 25, 26. 
 
 " As when one siftcth with a sieve, the refuse remaineth ; so the filth of a man 
 is in his talk. The furnace provcth the potter's vessels ; so the trial of man is in his 
 reasoning:. The fruit dcclarcth if the tree have been dressed : so is the utterance 
 of a conceit in the heart of man. Praise no man before thou nearest him speak ; for 
 this is the trial of men." — Eccl. chap, xxvii, verse 4 — 7. 
 
 " Weigh thy words in the balance, aud make a door and bar for thy mouth." 
 — Eccl. chap, xxviii, verse 2-"). 
 
 "And let the counsel of thine own heart stand, for there is no man more 
 fruitful unto thee than it. For a man's mind is sometimes wont to tell him more 
 than seven watchmen that sit above in a high tower ." — Eccl. chap, xxxvii verse 
 13,14. 
 
 "A man that hideth foolishness is belter than a man that hidelh wisdom."- 
 Eccl. chap, xli, verse 15. 
 
 " IloXXfu? avOpMTTMV yXoitrcrq Bvpai ovk t^-iKCtvrat 
 apuoSuu, KdL crcpiv ttoAA u/xlkrjra [xekti. 
 -dWoki yap to KMCOV KiiTiiKaiiivov ev&ov a^ieii'OV, 
 kaOXov ft i^cXOov Xw'iov y to kukoV." — THEOGNIS. 
 
 " Apprrrwv iirloiv yAwo-0-77 o-<£paAi's €7riK£ia#oj 
 
 Kpei(T(T(DV yap /xvOidv, 7} xreavcuv cpvyaKrj. LUCIAN. 
 
 " KoitiAu) a.v$pu)ir<0 inyui' \(i.\€7ro)7aro!' a^^o?, 
 
 (jiOeyyi'i/x^vos S' u<W/S, oun iranr), /u-eAerat.'' — THEOGNIS. 
 
 21
 
 XIX. 
 
 $ltc §autjj fit $ incmti}, 
 
 Xpi^ p.ev 617 roV fXv9ov aTTT^Xeyews a7roei7rciV, 
 
 H 7rcp Si] cipoveu) tc, «ai a>s TeTeA.ecrp.ei'ov carat, 
 
 E^pos yap pot K€ivo?, op.«? dt'oao irvXrjcriv, 
 
 O? x trepoi/ yaev KtvOet kvi <f>pecrlv, aWo oe /3d£et. 
 
 AvTtip iyujv epea>, &><; pot So/cet eti/at apurra. 
 
 Homer. 
 
 " Bad is that Angel that erst fell from Heaven 
 But nut so bad as he, nor in worse ease 
 Who hides a treacherous mind with smiling face, 
 And with a dove's white feathers clothes a raven ; 
 Each sin some colour hath it to adorn, 
 Hypocrisy Almighty God doth scorn." 
 
 Drummond. 
 
 " Mio-w toV avSpa rov 8l7t\ovv Tre<pvKOTa 
 XprycrTOv Aoyotcri, iroXepuov oe tois Tpo7rots." 
 
 Pallades. 
 
 " yevoea pJq paC,€iv, tu £T7)Tvp.a ttuvt ayopevew. 
 
 PSEUDO PHOCYLIDES. 
 
 u His words are bonds ; his oaths are oracles : 
 His love sincere, his thoughts immaculate ; 
 His tears pure messengers sent from his heart ; 
 His heart as far from fraud as Heaven to Earth." 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Hark to Achilles' scorn, that rings as clear 
 And trumpet-toned as when its utterance fell 
 From Homer's lips : across the ages swell 
 The hero's words, sharp as his own good spear 
 To liars ; grateful to each honest ear : 
 
 ' I hate the man, even as the gates of Hell, 
 ' Who thinking one thing dares another tell : 
 ' True be my counsels and my speech sincere.' 
 
 Our's be the beauty of the crystal fount, 
 The pebbles on whose floor all men may count ; 
 Not of the spangled flower whose cunning bell 
 Drips with the poison which its heart distills ; 
 Not of the glossy snake, whose weird eye-spell 
 Can fascinate, the while its venom kills.
 
 3$ *5 
 
 Snitt^tvution^ ta £ mutct xix. 
 
 SHAKESPEABE thus makes Gloucester depict his 
 own consummate hypocrisy : — 
 
 Why I can smile, and murder while I srnilc, 
 And cry "content" to that which grieves my heart; 
 And wet my checks with artificial tears, 
 And frame my face to all occasions. 
 
 I can add colors to the caraelcon 
 
 Change shapes with Froteus for advantages. 
 And set the murderous Machiavel to school. 
 
 3d pt. Kg. Henky VI, Act III, Sc. 2. 
 
 See Queen Catherine's description of Cardinal 
 WOLSEY : — 
 
 " F the Presence, 
 He would say Untruths ; and be ever double, 
 Both in his Words aud Meaning, lie was never, 
 But where he meant to ruin, pitiful ; 
 
 II is Promises were, as he then was, mighty ; 
 
 But his Performance, as he is now, nothing." — Henry VIII. 
 
 And Spenser's description of Hypocrisy in the 
 " Fairy Queen" : — 
 
 " Thereto when needed, she could weep and pray, 
 And when her listed she could fawuc and Hatter ; 
 Now smyling smoothly, like to Sommer's day, 
 Now glooming sadly, so to cloke her matter ; 
 Yet were her Words but wynd, and all her Tears but water." — 
 
 SPtNSEK 
 
 M77 fx €7T€cru' fJLtv arepyc, vuov S' c^c kcu <ppcva<; aAAas, 
 
 ci /y.e </>iAas kul ctol ttmttos awn voos. 
 os &(. [J.tfj yX(ji<T(rrj 8(x~ £^€t voov, ovtos eratpos 
 
 SeiAds, Kvpv, exOpbs jSeAre/oos rj </>i'Aos wv. 
 \\v T19 eTrawrjar] ere tocov xpovov orrcrov opwr^s, 
 
 voa(f>icr8iis cV uAAtjv yXuMXtrav t^crt KaKyv, 
 toioutos rot eraipos dvrjp cptXos ovri fiaX cVf^Ao's, 
 
 os k (xttt) y\wo-(Tr] Awa, fpponf 6' trtpa. 
 
 Theognis. 
 
 23 
 
 si 
 
 -K
 
 XX. 
 
 ©tie gtftaU — u Warning, 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " First cast out the beam out of thine own eye." — St. Mall. vii. 5. 
 
 " Est propium stultitise alioram vitia cemere ; oblivisci suoram." — Ciceko. 
 
 Turn pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quern 
 
 Conspexere, silent, arrcctisque auribus astant : 
 
 llle regit dictis animos ct pectora mulcet." — Yiucix,. 
 
 Young patriot ! who in after times shall make 
 
 Laws for the people, in the Senate list", 
 
 Not like the forum-lawyer, Belial-wise, 
 
 To twist the worse the better form to take ; 
 
 Nor for a momentary triumph's sake 
 
 Seek by sarcastic jest the short surprise ; 
 
 Nor think thine adversary always lies ; 
 
 Nor harp for ever on thy foe's mistake. 
 
 But thine, own Party's failings oft-times weigh, 
 
 (If Government through Party must be wrought ;) 
 
 Learn the just value of each claptrap claim ; 
 
 Urge not the mob to constant change, nor stay 
 
 Thy needful yielding till the gift be nought ; — 
 
 So shalt thou earn the real Statesman's name. 
 
 See uole 3. 
 
 24
 
 XXI 
 
 copliaiuti. 
 
 " Oh ! how wretched 
 U that poor man who hangs ou princes' favours."— Shakespeare, HenryVIII. 
 
 " Certare ingenio, contendere nobilitate, 
 Noctes atque dies niti prsestante labore, 
 Ad summas emergere opes, rerumque potiri. 
 
 miseras hominum meutes ! O pectora caeca ! 
 Qualibus in tenebris vitas quantisque periclis 
 Digitur hoc sevi quodcunque 'st." — Lvcretius. 1. i. 
 
 " Be and continue poor, young man, while others around you grow rich by 
 fraud and disloyalty. Be without place or power, while others beg their way up 
 ward. Bear the pain of disappointed hopes while others gain the accomplish 
 ment of their's by flattery. Forego the gracious pressure of the hand for which others 
 cringe and crawl. Wrap yourself in your ow n virtue ; aud seek a friend and your 
 dady bread. If you have in such a course grown gray with uublenched honour, 
 bless God and die." — Heinzlemain. 
 
 Great God! that men should- stoop, cringe, toil, it ml 
 
 sweat, 
 Lie, flatter, sell their honour and their soul, 
 For a vain title, or a ribbon-roll, 
 A garter, or a star, or coronet, 
 And gnaw their hearts in anger or regret, 
 Because their peer or younger brother stole, 
 By the same aits, before them to the goal ; 
 As it" Life had no nobler aim ; and yet 
 The Learning of the Past unmaster'd lies: 
 Coy Nature courts their cunning to unseal 
 Her charms, her magic, and her mysteries, 
 In ocean, earth, and midnight's Btarry skies ; 
 And the Poor's wants shout for the common-weal 
 With a voice louder than a thunder-peal. 
 
 25
 
 XXII. 
 
 (tap* m& <&mw. 
 
 " Nobilis hie, quocunque venit de gramine, cujus 
 Clara fuga ante alios et primus in asquore pulvis." — Juvenal. 
 
 ' c Philosophia stenima non inspieit. Platonem uou 
 accepit nobilem Philosophia, sed fecit." — Seneca. 
 
 " .Esopo ingentem statuarn posuere Attici, 
 Servumque colloearunt seterna in basi, 
 Patere honoris scirent ut cuncti viam." — Ph.edrus. 
 
 ' I read no difference between this huge, 
 This monstrous big word ' Lord',* and Gentleman, 
 More than the title sounds ; for aught T learn 
 The latter is as noble as the first ; 
 I am sure, more ancient." — Ford. 
 
 I quarrel not with outward marks of rank 
 When for display fit place or season calls : 
 But yet in Learning's democratic halls 
 All men should meet as equals, free and frank : 
 And when I see a stale old fashion prank 
 The lordling in a tag of gold that falls 
 O'er his cap's velvet, mid gray cloister walls, 
 I call to mind dear Harrow's sunny bank, 
 Where yesterday beheld us playful peers ;-f* 
 And think, as Knowledge owns no royal road, 
 This haste to mark out station doth unteach 
 The liberal lesson of late school-boy years ; 
 And that 'twere wise if Alma Mater show'd 
 Her sons rule uniform for all and each. 
 
 * ' Lord' is derived from the Anglo Saxon ' hlaf-reard', loaf-ward, 
 " i>anem cuslodiens." Phonetic corruption has reduced this very signi- 
 ficant title to its present meaningless form. He is the true gentleman, 
 of whom Dryden ' God Almighty's gentlemen ;' and of whom Menander ; 
 
 09 av cv yeyovws -q rrj <f)v<T€i wpos TayaOo. 
 K'av 'AlOioiJ/ rj, //.r/rcs, ecmv tvyev^s." 
 
 f " Dulcis inexpertis cultura noleutis amici, 
 Expertus metuit." — Horacb. 
 
 26
 
 
 XXIII 
 
 " Ring out the thousand wars of old, 
 Ring in the thousand years of pe 
 Ring in the valiant man and free 
 The larger heart, the kindlier hand, 
 Ring out the darkness of the land, 
 Ring i u the Christ that is to be."— TENNYSON. 
 " For who loves that must first be wise and good."— Mil I 
 " Ov XlOol, ouSe £v\a, ovSe 
 
 TlvVT] TEKTOVWl/ CU. TToAciS U<TIV, 
 'AAA' 07TOV 7TOT S.V WCTLV ANAPE2, 
 AvTOVS <TW^€IV CtSoTCS, 
 
 'YiVTavQa. Tei\V KaL toA«s. — Alosus. 
 
 " Christianity is essentially a democratic religion : it regards the in- 
 dividual rather than the state ; and more efforts tor the improvement of 
 individual character have been made by it than by all other religions put 
 together. This fact supplies one of many arguments that might be adduc- 
 ed to show that progress means a march towards democracy, or govern- 
 ment in conformity with the opinions, and for the interests, of the many. 
 Any form of government may be consistent with the democratic principle, 
 provided it is sufficiently apt to receive popular impressions, and embody 
 the national will."— Slack's Thilosopbj ofVrogress. 
 
 Whate'er the form of Government, thy cause. 
 
 Democracy, shall triumph : let the State 
 
 Look to it that the People educate 
 
 Its strong and earnest purpose in the pause, 
 
 Till Good alone gain popular applause, 
 
 Class honour class ; in love man emulate 
 
 Bis brother; so the crisis culminatt 
 
 In peace, not pride ; its arms, the sovereign laws. 
 
 Then shall hag Poverty, man's plague and curse 
 Mid drunken filth her giant offspring Crime 
 In huddled huts and lanes no longer nurse 
 But independent man with man combiu ■ 
 The social system square with the divine. 
 The true Christ reign in the real golden prime. 
 
 27
 
 XXIV. 
 
 " With grave 
 Aspect he rose, and in his rising seemed 
 A pillar of state ; deep on his front engraven, 
 Deliberation sat and public care." — Milton. 
 
 " 'AKp07ToAlS KOi 7TVpyOS £ti)V K€Ve6<fipOVL 8^/X.O), 
 
 Kvpv, oAiy^s Ti/x-^s eu//.opev i<r6Xb<; avrjp." — Theognis. 
 
 " vvv S' €t? eXeyKOV i£d)v opw /3poToi<; 
 
 rrjv yXwaaav 6v^€Tapya,7rav6' 7/yov/JievrjV. — Euripides . 
 
 " XPV ^y etv Ta xaipLa 
 6'otis (pvXdcrcreL 7rp5yos iv Trpv/xvr] rroXew; 
 oiaKa vwfiuyv, (3Xe<papa p.7] koi/xwi/ vttvu). — iEsCHYus. 
 
 " Mordear opprobriis falsis mutemque colores ? 
 Falsus honor juvat et mendax infamia terret 
 Quem nisi mendosum et medicandum ?" — Horace. 
 
 " No might nor greatness in mortality 
 Can censure 'scape ; back-wounding calumny 
 The whitest virtue strikes. What king so stroug 
 Can tie the gall up in the slanderous tongue ?" — Shakspeark. 
 
 " Aaw fX.7] 7TlO"T€V£' TToXvTpOTTOS COTIV 6/i.tAo?. 
 
 Aaos toi, /cat vSwp, «at vvp ctKaTao-^era 7rai/Ta." 
 
 PSEUDO PhOCYLIDES. 
 
 Unless thine be that calm high fortitude 
 
 Which can long suffer slander with disdain, 
 
 Leaving to Time the Avenger to maintain 
 
 Thy motives, purity, and love of good : 
 
 Unless thou be of that un plastic mood 
 
 Which bends not to the Expedient to gain 
 
 The triumph of to-day ; unless thy fane 
 
 Be Right : unless thou lov'st the multitude 
 
 Even with a father's love ; their fickle breath 
 
 Not courting ; and not fearing to withstand 
 
 Their fury, though thou know'st their hate is death : 
 
 Unless Peace be the watchword on thy lip, 
 
 Justice the sword and sceptre in thy hand, 
 
 Tempt not the dangerous craft of Statesmanship. 
 
 28
 
 " otolv yap r/8vs tois Adyots, (ppovwv kcikux;, 
 TTiiOq to 7r\^^os, Ti) 7rdAet k<xkov peya' 
 ocrot 8e o"i)v vw xprjcrTa /3oiAedovo~ dei, 
 koEv pr) TrapavTLK , av6i<S curt )(prj(TLfX0L 
 irokei. OeaaOui 8' w8e xpr/ tov irpaaTarqv 
 ISovO' Spoiov yap to XPVP 11 yiy^Tat 
 tw toijs Adyous AeyovTt ko.1 TtpwpeVw." — EURIPIPES, 
 
 " brav \af3r] Tt? twv Aoywv avrjp o~o</>os 
 KttAas dcpoppds, ov pey' epyov ev Aeyety - 
 ctw 8' evTpo^ov pev yAwcrcrav ws (ppovwv £X €ts > 
 ev T0t9 Adyoio-t 8' ovk evetcri (rot <£peves. 
 #pao-us 8e, Swards xai Aeyetv oiost' dv->)p, 
 Ka«ds 7roAtT7;s ytyvcTat, vow ow e^wv." — Euripides. 
 
 The comparison, sufficiently obvious, of the Statesman to a pillar, a 
 wall, a citadel, has been a favourite one in all ages. In addition to the 
 
 " dKpo7roAis Kat 7rupyos" 
 
 of Tiieognis, and Milton's "pillar of State" above quoted, Horace 
 calls him, " Grande dccus columenque rerum ;" and Terence calls the 
 In ad of a family, " columen familia:." So Tennyson says, " the pillar 
 of a people's hope ;" and again, 
 
 " A potent voice of Parliament ; 
 k pillar, steadfast mid the storm." 
 In the speech of Nicias, Thucydides makes him say that men arc a city, 
 " dv8pes ydp ttoAis, Kat ov Teiyjr) ov8i vrjes avSpwv Kcvat ;" 
 evidently borrowed from the Priest's speech in the (Edipus Tyraunus : 
 " w§ ov8ev eoriv oi!t€ 7rvpyos ovre raus 
 lp?7pos avSpwv p.y] £woikowtwv «rco." 
 
 See also Versa 1. 349, and Plato dc Legibus vi. 778, D. passages which, as 
 well as the. fragment from Alcaeus, (quoted in the mottoes to Sonnet 
 XXIII) may probably have prompted Sir W. Jones's well known lines : 
 
 " What constitutes a State ? 
 Not high rais'd battlement or lahour'd mound, 
 
 Thick wall or moated gate ; 
 Not cities proud with spires and turrets erown'd ; 
 
 Not bays and broad arm'd ports, 
 Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride, 
 
 Not starr'd and spangled courts, 
 Where low-hrow'd baseness wafts perfume to pride. 
 
 No:— MEN, high-minded MFA 
 W ith pow'rs as far above dull bruti 9 endued 
 
 In forest, brake, or den, 
 As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude -. 
 
 Men who their duties know, 
 But know their rights, and, knowing, dare maintain. 
 
 Prevent the Iong-aim'd blow, 
 And crush the tyrant while the) rend the chain ; 
 
 These constitute a Slate." &C. 
 
 2'.i 

 
 XXV. 
 
 " Hie murus aheneus esto, 
 Nil conscire sibi, nulla pallescere culpa." — Horace. 
 
 " Oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore." — Horace. 
 
 " Virtutem incolumem odimus, 
 Sublatam ex oculis quserimus invidi." — Horace. 
 
 " For so it falls out 
 That what we have we prize not to the worth 
 "While we enjoy it : but being lacked and lost, 
 Why then we rack the value, then we find 
 The virtue that possession would not show 
 While it was ours." — Shakespeare, Much ado about nothing. 
 
 He who would stand from out the rank and file 
 Of men, let him well steel him 'gainst man's scorn 
 And calumny ; take cross and crown of thorn. 
 
 As some bold promontory's lonely pile, 
 Stretching out oceanward for many a mile, 
 Stands, by the fretful waves spat on and torn, 
 Is he who in his fellows' van hath borne 
 The banner of Opinion, without guile. 
 
 Hold on, brave heart ! Though on the mountain-peak 
 
 Thy cell of banishment and solitude, 
 
 Earth's storms are under foot, calm Heav'n o'erhead : 
 
 Pilgrims unborn thine honour'd grave shall seek : 
 
 All hearts, all time, bear record of thy good : 
 
 Christ lives ; and Socrates was never dead.* 
 
 * So Milton in Paradise Regained (Book III) makes Christ address 
 Satan ; — 
 
 " Poor Socrates (who next more memorable ?) 
 By what he taught and suffer'd for so doing, 
 For truth's sake suffering death unjust, lives now 
 Equal in fame to proudest conquerors." 
 
 30
 
 Mn&txsAimfi to £*mut x.w 
 
 " For what is glory but the blaze of fame, 
 The people's praise, if always praise uuinix'd ? 
 And what the people but a herd confused, 
 A miscellaneous rabble, who extol 
 
 Things vulgar, and well weigh'd scarce worth the praise ? 
 They praise, and they admire they know not what, 
 And know not whom, but as one leads the other ; 
 And what delight to be by such extoll'd, 
 To live upon their tongues and be their talk, 
 Of whom to be dispraised were no small praise, 
 His lot who dares be singularly good ?" — Milton. 
 
 " Know you not, master, to some kind of men 
 Their graces serve them but as enemies ? 
 No more do yours ; your virtues, gentle master, 
 Are sanctified and holy traitors to you."— Shakespbake, As you like it. 
 
 " At mihi quod vivo detraxerit iuvida lurba 
 Post obitum duplici fscnore reddet honos. 
 Omnia post obitum fingit majora vctustas, 
 
 Majus ab exequiis uomen in ore venit." — Propum ii s. 
 
 " Pascitiur in vivis livor ; post fata quiescit, 
 
 Cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos." — Ovm. 
 
 31
 
 XXVI. 
 
 §imtm. 
 
 " Every path where mortal feet now tread secure has been beaten out 
 of the hard flint by prophets, and holy men, who went before us with bare 
 and bleeding feet, to smooth the way for our reluctant tread. It is the 
 blood of prophets that softens the Alpine rock. Their bones are scattered 
 in all the high places of mankind. But God lays his burthen on no 
 vulgar man. He never leaves their souls a prey. He paints Elysium on 
 their dungeon wall. In the populous chamber of their heart the light 
 of Faith shines bright and never dies." — Theodore Parker. 
 
 The Pioneers of faith, and work, and thought, 
 
 Have fought and fall'n, and laid life freely down 
 
 At duty's call, without hope of renown : 
 
 As a Forlorn Hope, silent, they have sought 
 
 The deadly breach, and with their blood have bought 
 
 The citadel of the beleaguered town ; 
 
 Theirs is the glory of the victor's crown : 
 
 Let others share the spoil ; to them 'tis nought. 
 
 Even now they perish round us : lo ! they freeze 
 To death upon the ice of Arctic seas : 
 Their graves are in the Tropics, where they drain 
 The swamp, or in the jungly wilds create 
 The iron road of Trade : while others gain, 
 Preaching to savage tribes, the Martyr's fate. 
 
 32
 
 XXV11. 
 
 " Apis api." 
 
 " Quo semel est inibuta recens servabit odoretn 
 Testa diu." — Horace. 
 
 " Custom lies upon us with a weight 
 Heavy as frost and deep almost as life." — Wordsworth. 
 
 " Inter causas malorum nostrorum est quod vivimns ad exempla, ncc 
 ratione compunimur, sed consuetudine adducimur. Quod pauci faciunt, 
 notamus imitari ; quum plures facere eapescirat, quasi honestum sit quia 
 frequentius, sequimur, et recte apud nostrum tenet error." — Seneca. 
 
 I saw hag Custom with time-polish'd rule 
 
 Driving the million like a flock of sheep, 
 
 Or the swine, demon-entered, down the steep, 
 
 Broad, smooth- worn, straight : the trees some garden -tool 
 
 Had clipp'd, poll'd, squar'd : beside a stagnant pool 
 
 She stopp'd and sate, her mirror, still and dee]), 
 
 Glassy and lifeless : there she fell asleep. 
 
 There came soliloquizing by a fool : 
 " Oh, aye," he ciied, " sleep on, my dame ;" then bow'd, 
 Mocking and jilting at the herd : " Stoop, quaff 
 " This Lethe : then be driven : trust in sooth : 
 " Think never : fashion, faith your guides, not truth : 
 
 " You call r me fool:" — then laughing a low laugh. 
 Threw bauble, cap, and bells, among the crowd. 
 
 33
 
 XXVIII 
 
 ' Travel in the younger sort is a part of education." — Bacon 
 
 " TlXaVY) (3lOV Tl6r)(Tl <T<ti<ppOVt<TT£pOV." 
 
 " Home keeping youths have mostly homely wits ; 
 I rather would entreat thy company, 
 To see the wonders of the world abroad, 
 Than living dully sluggardized at home 
 Wear out thy youth with shapeless idleness." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " The proverbial wisdom of the populace at gates and roads, and in 
 markets, instructs the attentive ear of him who studies man, more fully 
 than a thousand rules ostentatiously arranged." — Lavater. 
 
 " toot o av tis kcu cv Tais 7rXavats w; oiKetov a7ras 
 aj/0/oa>7ros dvOpuyirto kol cpiXov'" — Aristotle. 
 
 " The proper study of mankind is man." — Pope. 
 
 Let tke Youth travel ere the ties of Home, 
 
 The bonds of Family, Life's work-day toil 
 
 And springing duties chain him to the soil : — 
 
 We love our kind the more, the more we roam : — 
 
 Man should be studied like an open tome, 
 
 Read through, and noted on the counter-foil : — 
 
 Sealed books are but closed fountains : we must coil 
 
 Round all Earth's dwellings, whether where the foam 
 
 Breaks on the savage island, or the snow 
 
 Lies on the mountain-cottage, or the hum 
 
 Of river-striding cities fills the air — 
 
 Not that the face of Nature is not fair : 
 
 But who of kindlier heart would fain become, 
 
 Must with his^ fellow-men familiar grow.* 
 
 * The following apologue, spoken by an itinerant preacher on the 
 borders of Wales, is full of truth and beauty : " As I was going to the 
 hills," he said, " early one misty morning, I saw something moving on 
 " the mountain-side, so strange looking that I took it for a monster. 
 " When I came nearer to it, I found it was a man. When I came up to 
 " him, I found he was my brother." 
 
 34
 
 
 3nUt$tvatian$ to Amtt xxvm. 
 
 " -Me other cares in oilier climes engage, 
 Cares that become my birth and suit my age ; 
 In various knowledge to improve my youth, 
 
 And conquer prejudice, worst foe to truth, 
 By foreign arts domestic faults to mend, 
 
 35 
 
 Enlarge my notions, and my views extend, 
 
 The useful science of the world to kno w, 
 
 Which books can never teach, nor pedants show." 
 
 Ld. Lyttleton. 
 
 " It is with nations as with individuals, those who know the least 
 of others think the highest of themselves ; for the whole family of pride 
 and ignorance are incestuous, aud mutually beget each otber. The 
 Chinese affect to despise European ingenuity, but they cannot mend a 
 common watch ; when it is out of order, they say it is dead, and barter it 
 away for a living one. The Persiaus think that all foreign merchants 
 come to them from a small island in the northern wafers, barren and 
 desolate, which produces nothing good or beautiful ; for why else, say 
 they, do the Europeans fetch such things from us, if they are to be had 
 at home. The Turk will not permit the sacred cities of Mecca or 
 Medina to be polluted by the residence or even footstep of a single 
 Christian ; and as to the grand Dairo of Japan, he is so holy, that the 
 sun is not permitted to have the honour of shining on his illustrious head. 
 As to the king of Malacca, he styles himself lord of the winds, and the 
 Mogul, to be equal with him, titles himself conqueror of the world, and 
 his grandees are denominated rulers of the thunder-storm, aud steersmen 
 of the whirlwind ; even»the pride of Xerxes, who fettered the sea, and 
 wrote his commauds on Mount Athos, or of Caligula, who boasted of an 
 intrigue with the moon, are both surpassed by the petty sovereign of an 
 insignificant tribe in North America, who every morning stalks out of his 
 hovel, bids the sun good morrow, and points out to him with his finger 
 the course he is to take for the day ; and to complete this climax of pride 
 and ignorance, it is well known that the Khan of Tartan, who does not 
 possess a single house under the canopy of heaven, has no sooner finished 
 his repast of mare's milk and horse flash, than he causes a herald proclaim 
 from his seat, that all the princes and potentates of the earth have his 
 permission to go to dinner." — COLTON. 
 
 " Much have T seen and known . cities of men, 
 And manners, climates, councils, governments. 
 I am a part of all that I have met ; 
 Vrt all experience is an arch where thro' 
 Gleams the untravcllcd world, whose margin fades 
 Tor ever and for ever when I move." — Tennyson. 
 
 m
 
 XXIX. 
 
 kptttXliviM. 
 
 " Commend not a man for his beauty ; neither abhor a man for his 
 outward appearance. The bee is little among such as fh ; but her fruit is 
 the chief of sweet things." — Eccl. chap. XL vs. 2, 3. 
 
 " Inquinat egregios adjuncta superbia mores." — Claudian. 
 
 " Nimis uncis 
 Naribus indulges." — Peksius. 
 
 " fir) Kpive 7rpoo-o)7rov". — Pseudo Phocylidea. 
 " Judge not, that ye be not judged." — Sermon on the Mount. 
 
 " Ssepe sub attritil latitat sapientia veste 
 
 Vilis ssepe cadus nobile nectar habet," — Ovid. 
 
 " aAXos SetXos eaiv aya#os 8oK€i efifiiva avr/p 
 
 Kai koAos, fiopcf>rjv 6v ^apceacrav t^wv." — Solon. 
 
 " Ut plerumque solent, naso suspendis adunco 
 Ignotos." — Horace. 
 
 " Scorn no man's love : tho' of a mean degree 
 
 Love is a present for a mighty king." — Herbert. 
 
 " All worldly joys are less 
 
 Than the one joy of doing kindnesses." — Herbert. 
 
 Why do we turn us from Deformity, 
 As 'twere the visible brand of out-cast Cain ? 
 Why treat the casual stranger with disdain, 
 As though his presence should pollute the eye, 
 And taint the air with its vulgarity ? 
 
 Rough matrix husks the diamond : the train 
 Of Pity swells as she comes home again : 
 The Pride which judgeth shall stern judgment try. 
 
 God's World is good : its evil, like a strain 
 Of discord, makes more precious harmony. 
 In the worst man some virtue gleams, tho' stain 
 Of crime as black as Night his conscience dye. 
 True nobleness is ever kind : one grain 
 Of human Love would a king's ransom buy. 
 
 See note 4. 
 
 36
 
 Pupations to SfmwA xxix. 
 
 " eiO i£qv oVoi'ds Tis rjv eKaaTOS 
 
 Tl) <TT7)6o<; SlfXoWT, CTTtlTtt TOV VOVV 
 
 i<ri8ovTa, KAetcrai'Ta 7raAtv, 
 
 dv8pa (pi\o\> vopLi£eiv d8oA.a ^>pc'i'i."— Pytiiermi s. 
 
 • | dese are the words which ffischylus with a happj propriety puts 
 into the mouth of Minerva on first seeing the Furies. 
 
 37 
 
 " L'arte de counoscere glihomini della fisionoma 
 e l'arte de fare giudicii temcrarii." — Fisiole. 
 
 " w Ziev, ti 8r) xpvaov p,\v 6's ki/3St/Xos ;/ 
 TeKfirjpL avOpoiiroiCTLv u>7rao"as aa<f>r}, 
 
 Cil'SpwV 8' OTto Xf)7) TOV KOLKOV OlClOEVat, 
 
 ou8eis \apai<Trjp ip.Tre(pvKe crwpaTi;' — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " <f>ev, XPW ftpOTOLO-l TMV <pl\(J)V T€.Kjir]piov 
 
 frame's ti KeiaOat Kai 8idyi/to<xiv c/>pevu>i/, 
 
 octtis T a\rj6y')<; £o~tiv o? re /a?) cpiX-os' 
 
 Sicrcrds re <pwvds 7rdvras avOpunrovs e^etv, 
 
 ttii/ pci/ SiKaiav, tt)v 8' oVws eriryxavei/, 
 
 ws r/ eppovovaa tu8lk ih]\ey)(CTO 
 
 7rpos tt)s SiKaias, kouk dv y]TraTu>p.e6a." — Euripidf.s. 
 
 " Humani nil a me alienum puto." — Terence. 
 
 " \pvo~ov «t/3Sr/Xoio koli apyvpov avcr\eTos aTrj, 
 
 Kvpi'e, Kai iievpelv pdSiov dv8pi croepw. 
 el 8e cpiXov voos dv8po9 eVi OTr/#eo~o-i \e\.rjBr) 
 
 ij/vSpos £ojv, 86X.iou 8' ev eppeatv ijrop e)(rj, 
 toijto f5eos KtfiSrjXoTaTOV Trotrjae ftpoTolcrtv, 
 
 kol yvwai 7rdvTO)v tout' avirjpoTaTOv. 
 ov yap av ciSeir/s dvSpos voov ouSe ywai/cds, 
 
 ■Trpti' 7reip7)#ei7/s wo-irep vTrotpyioV 
 ov8e Kev eiKacnrais uxnrep ttot is i»piov ekBwv. 
 
 ttoXXolkl yap yvwp?/v i^airaTwa' iSiat. ' — Theognis. 
 
 " Ae'yeiv 8' dpopepov 6Wa tovs 7re'Aas KaKws 
 
 7Tp6(TO) 8lKtt«0V T/S' dTTOCrTaTei OepUS. '* iESCHYLUS. 
 
 " eXe^E yap tis ws to: ^eipova 
 7rA.£uo [SpOTOLViv coti twi/ dpeivoi/coi'. 
 €yw Se toutois dvTiaj/ yvwfirjv e^w, 
 7rXcicu ra xpr](TTa twv KaKwv etvai fipoTols. 
 el pr) yap r}i/ to8', ovk avr)p.ev ev <pdei." — Euripides.
 
 XXX. 
 
 humility. 
 
 " Humbleness of heart proceeds from Heaven." — Wordsworth. 
 
 " Regia, crede mihi, res est succurrere lapsis." — Ovid. 
 
 " Quemcumque miserum videris, homiuem scias." — Seneca.. 
 
 " Two men went up into the temple to pray ; the one a Pharisee, 
 and the other a Publieau. The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with him- 
 self, God, I thank thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, un- 
 just, adulterers, or even as this publican. I fast twice a week, I give 
 tithes of all that I possess. And the publican, standing afar off, would 
 not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, 
 saying, God be merciful to me a sinner. I tell you, this man went down 
 to his house justified rather than the other; for every one that exalteth 
 himself shall be abased ; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted. 
 — St. Luke chap, xviii. vs. 10 — 14. 
 
 What was the Master's teaching, His who spake 
 As never man spake, whom the Father's love 
 Sent down, and symbol'd by the gentle Dove ; 
 Who humbly suffered death for sinners' sake ? 
 Where was His pride, what time the bread He brake 
 With Publicans ? Did not His voice reprove 
 Those who the little children would remove 
 From round His knees ? Say, did He roughly shake 
 Away the hand that touched His garment's hem, 
 Her hand, who was made whole by faith alone ? 
 The woman caught in sin did He condemn, 
 When each accuser grip'd the avenging stone ? 
 Did He not wash His own Disciples' feet ? 
 Did He spurn Lazarus in his winding sheet ? 
 
 38
 
 XXXI. 
 
 " Mollissima corda 
 Huraano geueri dare se Natura fatetur 
 Qua lachrymas dedit, Ha?c nostri pars optima sensus." — Ji vena i 
 
 "0 ! lachrymarum foris, tenero sacros 
 Ducentem ortus ex animo, qualis 
 Felix iu imo qui scatentem 
 
 Pectore, te, pia nyrapha, sentit." — Gray. 
 
 What the chief difference between man and brute. 
 Philosophers have oft defined : some say 
 The bound is marked by Reason's God-like ray : 
 Some fix on speech, and vaunt that beasts are nm 
 And some on Laughter : Cooking seems to suit 
 One jester : Plato said, perchance in play, 
 Man was a biped plumeless piece of clay : 
 Some deem him but a naked two-forked root. 
 
 But who hath thought him of the welling tears 
 That How, spontaneous, to the human eye, 
 From the deep-seated fountains of the heart ? 
 Fresh in old age as in our tenderest years, 
 They fall in sympathy with Pity's sigh : 
 Best symbols they of our move Heavenly part. 
 
 39
 
 XXXII. 
 
 " Doetus sine opera est ut nubes sine pluvia." — Arabian Yroverb. 
 
 { If not to some peculiar end assigned, 
 Study's the specious trifling of the mind, 
 Or is at best a secondary aim — 
 A chace for sport alone, and not for game." — Young. 
 
 " To this (as calling myself a scholar) I am obliged by the duty of 
 my condition. I male not, therefore, my head a grave, but a treasury 
 of knowledge. I intend no monopoly, but a community in learning. I 
 study not for my own sake only, but for theirs that study not for them- 
 selves."— Sir T. Brown. Religio Medici. 
 
 " The silence of a wise man is more wrong to mankind than the 
 slanderer's speech." — Wycherly's Maaims. 
 
 " Nee sibi sed toto geuitum se credere mundo." — Lucan. 
 
 " I must work the works of him that sent me, while it is day. the 
 night cometh, when no man can work. — St. John chap. IX. verse 4. 
 
 " AafjL7rd$ta e^oi/res, Sia&GxrovarLv dAA.7/Aots." — -Plato. 
 
 " If our virtues did not go forth from us, 'twere all the same as if we 
 had them not." — Shakespeare, Measure for Measure. 
 
 Alas ! what learning with each scholar dies ! 
 
 Therefore should all their gather'd knowledge write; 
 
 And so their good outlive them, and delight 
 
 All future generations that arise : 
 
 Thus do the pour'd out treasures of the wise 
 
 Enrich man's heart, and glad the common sight, 
 
 Like river-streams which in their bounteous might 
 
 Earth beautify at once, and fertilize. 
 
 He who in cloisters for himself lays bare 
 
 True Knowledge' source, and climbs the sun-capt tops 
 
 Of craggy Science, though much mark'd of all, 
 
 Is like a fountain which shoots up its fair 
 
 Column of waters — but the sparkling drops 
 
 Back to its basin, unproductive, fall. 
 
 [Dante draws a terrible picture of those " senza iufamia" and " senza 
 lodo," who, he says, " never lived," who have not improved their time and 
 talents, but dragged out on earth a useless sort of neutral existence, and 
 now have their portiou " Degli angeli che noD furon ribelli -." 
 
 ' Ne per fedeli a Bio ma per seforo."- — Inferno.^ 
 40 
 
 '4*
 
 ^UttStatiottS to bonnet xxxn. 
 
 " Xpi] Mowctwv Oepairovra kcll ayyeXov, ei ti 7repicr<rov 
 eiSeuy, <ro<pLr]<> /irj 4>6ovepbv reXiOciv, 
 aXXa to. /xlv /xQicrBai, Ta 8e SciKiwai, aAAa oe 7roieu/. 
 Tt ctc/hv ^prjuiqTai [aovvos iiricrTup.evo<; ; — Theognis. 
 
 " T7]V ao(j>Lr)v <TO<pb<> fflvvei, Te^vas 6" 6p.oT€\vo^.' 
 
 PsEUDO PllOCYLIDES. 
 
 w ' 
 
 " Ercpos c£ erepov <ro<pb<; to t£ 7raA.at to tc it 
 oi'Se yap pacrTov apprjTMV eTriwv ~vXa.s 
 iicvpeiv'" — Bacchtmdes. 
 
 " The rose looks fair, but fairer we it deem 
 For that sweet odour which doth in it livi 
 The earlier blooms have full as deep a dye 
 As the perfumed tincture of the Roses : 
 Hang on such thorns and play as wantonly 
 When summer's breath their masked buds discloses ; 
 But for their virtue only as their show, 
 They live unmoved, and uninspected fade ; 
 Die to themselves : sweet Roses do not so. 
 Of their sweet smell are sweetest odours made." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " For all the practical purposes of life, Truth might as well be in a 
 prison as in the folio of a Schoolman, and those who release her from her 
 cobwebbed shelf and teach her to live with men, have the merit of liberat- 
 ing, if not of discovering, her." — Colton. 
 
 " St^Xou kch -ypa<£i8es kcu. Ki;p/3tcs, £V(ppo(rvvr)<; p.iv 
 airta tois Tai'Ta KT7]aap.evoLs p.cydX^s' 
 aXX' es otrov £wov(n. ra yap kwo. Kv'Sea (pwTwv 
 
 ij/v^ai<; oi^op-ivwv ov p,dXa aupc^eperai. 
 q o' apiTTj crocks re X"P ts KaKeicre crvvipiTii, 
 
 Ka.v6a.8e fxip.vd^€i p.vrj(TTLV e^eAKopeVr/." — Agathias. 
 
 " II docre del filosofo e di predicarla di sostenarla d' illustrata. Se 
 i lumi che egli sparga uon sono utili per suo secolo, e per la sua patria, le 
 sarrano securamenti perun altro secolo e perun altra piese." — Fii.axgii ki. 
 
 " No man is the lord of anything 
 
 (Though in and of him there be much consisting), 
 
 Till he communicate his parts to others : 
 
 Nor doth he of himself know them for aught, 
 
 Till he behold them formed in the applause 
 
 Where they are extended ; which, like an arch, reverter 
 
 The voice again ; or, like a gate of steel 
 
 Fronting the sun, receives and renders back 
 
 His figure and his heat."— Shakespeare. 
 
 " Wisdom that is hid, and treasure that is hoarded up, what profi 
 in them both? Better ishe that hideth his folly than a man thai hideth 
 his wisdom — FiCCL. chap. XX, vs. 30—31. 

 
 UK 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " Manners are always propagated downwards." — Smythe's Lectures. 
 
 " Arbores serit diligeus agricola, quarum aspiciet nunquam ipse 
 baccam." — Cicero. 
 
 " Docti non soli vivi atque prsesentes studiosos dicendi erudiunt 
 atque doceut ; sed hoc etiam post mortem nioniraeutis literarum asse- 
 quuntur." — Cicero. 
 
 From high to low, from rich to poor, the spread 
 
 Of Learning; as the kindling light of morn 
 
 Strikes the high peaks ; then down the hills 'tis borne 
 
 To vales in thickest darkness shadowed, 
 
 Till with rich sunshine touch'd, each cottage shed 
 
 Smiles out from grass-green nook and golden corn : — 
 
 So on some glassy pool, its centre torn 
 By lustrous pebble, to the marge are sped, 
 In ever widening undulation, rings 
 Of wavy waters. — Ye with time and wealth, 
 Scatter your learning till it taketh root 
 Forward and far. The growth of knowledge springs 
 Like that of plants : — down strikes the seed by stealth ; 
 But upward, seen of all, stem, flowers, and fruit. 
 
 42
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 " The wisdom of a learned man cometh by opportunity of leisure ; and 
 he that hath little business shall become wise. How can he get wisdom 
 that holdeth the plough, and that glorieth in the goad, that driveth oxen, 
 and is occupied in their labours, and whose talk is of bullocks ? He giveth 
 his mind to make furrows ; and is diligent to give the kine fodder. So 
 every carpenter and workmaster, that laboureth night and day .- and they 
 that cut and grave seals, and are diligent to make great variety, and give 
 themselves to counterfeit imagery, and watch to finish a work ,• The 
 smith also sitting by the anvil, and considering the iron work, the vapour 
 of the fire wasteth his flesh, aud he fighteth with the heat of the furnace ; 
 the noise of the hammer and the anvil is ever in his ears, and his eyes 
 look still upon the pattern of the thing that he maketh ; he setteth his 
 mind to finish his work, and watcheth to polish it perfectly ; So doth the 
 potter sitting at his work, and turning the wheel about with his feet, who 
 is alway carefully set at his work, and maketh all his work by number ; 
 He fashioneth the clay with his arm, and boweth down his strength before 
 his feet ; he applieth himself to lead it over ; and he is diligent to make 
 clean the furnace ; All these trust to their hands ; and every one is wise 
 iu his work."— Eccl. chap. XXXVIII. vs. 24—31. 
 
 Only in leisure can shy Learning thrive : 
 
 Smiths at the anvil, potters at the wheel, 
 
 The ploughman, and the graver of the seal, 
 
 All the quick workers in the City's hive, 
 
 Live by their craft : what time have they to dive 
 
 Into the mysteries which books conceal ? 
 
 In the brief snatches which from toil they steal, 
 
 With rest their weary bodies they revive. 
 
 Therefore 'tis fit the Common-wealth supply 
 Stations of mark, where, raised above the jars 
 Of life, the isolated sage in toil 
 Unwearied may consume the midnight oil : — 
 
 So are the lonely watch-towers built on high, 
 To note Heaven's story by the lamp-like stars. 
 
 43
 
 XXXV. 
 
 •• Knowledge is proud that he has learned so much ; 
 Wisdom is humble, that he knows no more." — Cowpkk. 
 
 " Knowledge and wisdom far from being one, 
 Have oft times no connexion. Knowledge dwells 
 In heads replete with thoughts of other men, 
 Wisdom in minds attentive to their own." — Cowpek. 
 
 " Let her know her place 
 She is the second, not the first ; 
 A higher hand must make her mild 
 
 If all be not in vain ; and guide 
 
 Her footsteps, moving side by side 
 With wisdom, like the younger child : 
 For she is earthly, of the mind, 
 
 But Wisdom heavenly, of the soul."— Ten nysox. 
 
 Knowledge is like an errant knight of old : 
 
 Vaunting his prowess ; eager for the fray ; 
 
 Arm'd cap-a-pie ; with peacock plumage gay ; 
 
 Self confident ; adventure-seeking ; bold ; 
 
 He roams throughout the world, ready to hold 
 
 Tournay against all comers day by day ; 
 
 He enters magic caves without dismay, 
 
 And views strange sights which others ne'er behold. 
 
 But Wisdom is his meek-eyed lady-love, 
 Whom if he wins not he is nothing worth. 
 Now casting down her modest eyes on earth, 
 Now heavenward, trustful, she herself doth try, 
 And broodeth o'er her own heart silently, 
 Timid ; but constant, patient, as a dove. 
 
 44
 
 fttetotim^ U jfymitt xxxv. 
 
 " Learning is unto a wise man as an ornament of gold, and like a 
 bracelet upon his right arm." — Eccl. chap. XXI. verse 21. 
 
 " Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, and the man that getteth 
 understanding ; for the merchandize of it is better than the merchandize 
 of silver, and the gain thereof than fine gold. She is more precious than 
 rubies ; and all the things thou canst desire are not to be compared unto 
 her : length of days is in her right hand, and in her left riches and honour. 
 Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace." 
 
 Proverbs, chap. III. vs. 13 — 17- 
 
 " My sou, gather instruction from thy youth up : so shalt thou find 
 wisdom till thine old age. Come unto her as one that ploweth aud sow 
 ith, and wait for her good fruits : for thou shalt uot toil much in labour- 
 ing about her, but thou shalt eat of her fruits right soon. She is very 
 unpleasant to the unlearned ; he that is without understanding will not 
 remain with her. She will lie upon him as a mighty stone of trial : and 
 he will cast her from him ere it be long. For wisdom is according to her 
 name, and she is uot manifest unto many. Give ear, my son, receive my 
 advice, and refuse not my counsel, And put thy feet into her fetters, 
 and thy neck into her chain. Bow down thy shoulder, and bear her, and 
 be not grieved with her bonds. Come unto her with thy whole heart, 
 and keep her ways with all thy power. Search, and seek, and she shall be 
 made known unto thee ; and when thou hast got hold of her, let her not 
 go. For at the last thou shalt find her rest, and that shall be turned to 
 thy joy. Then shall her fetters be a strong defence for thee, and her 
 chains a robe of glory. For there is a golden ornament upon her, aud her 
 bands are purple lace. Thou shalt put her on as a robe of honour, and 
 shalt put her about thee as a crown of joy." — Eccl. chap. VI. vs. 18 — 31. 
 
 " 
 
 " For wisdom which is the worker of all things, taught me : for in her 
 is an understanding spirit, holy, one only, manifold, subtil, lively, clear, 
 uadcfiledj plain, not subject to hurt, loving the thing that is good, quick, 
 which cannot be letted, ready to do good. Kind to man, stedfast, sure, free 
 from care, having all power, overseeing all things, and going through all 
 understanding, pure, and most subtil, spirits. For wisdom is more moving 
 than any motion : she passeth and goeth through all things by reason of 
 her pureness. For she is the breath of the power of God, and a pure in- 
 fluence flowing from the glory of the Almighty : therefore can no defiled 
 thing fall into her. For she is the brightness of the everlasting light, the 
 unspotted mirror of the power of God, and the image of his goodness. — 
 
 W ISDOM, chap. VII. vs. 22—''. 
 
 1,5
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 : A climbing height it is without a head, 
 
 Depth without bottom, way without an end ; 
 A circle with no line environed, 
 
 Not comprehended, all it comprehends ; 
 Worth iufinite, yet satisfies no mind 
 
 Till it that infinite of the Godhead find." 
 
 Sir Fulk. Gueville. 
 
 How vast a circle doth man's knowledge run ; 
 
 A million million miles it knows to mount 
 
 Through space and time : to measure, weigh, and count 
 
 The stars ; and tell by what fix'd laws they shun 
 
 Ruin ; and keep their order once begun : 
 
 It hath enslav'd the lightning ; search'd the fount 
 
 Of heat and primal light ; summ'd up the amount 
 
 Of elemental atoms, from the Sun 
 
 Down to Earth's centre ; traced, ere yet Man was, 
 
 Unnumbered Ages, slowly toiling, frame, 
 
 Pile upon pile, this inorganic mass ; 
 
 And scann'd the cells whence living Being came. 
 
 Is it a round whence man no more may spring, 
 Than the daz'd scorpion from the fiery ring ? 
 
 See Note 5. 
 
 46 

 
 XXXVII. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " What is it to be wise ? 
 'Tis but to know how little can be known," — Pope. 
 
 " Science 
 But an exchange of ignorance for that 
 Which is another kind of ignorance.''" — Byron. 
 
 " Man, if he compare himself with all that he cau see, is at the zenith 
 of power : but if he compare himself with all that he can conceive, he is 
 at the nadir of weakness." — Colton. 
 
 " Fir'd at first sight with what the Muse imparts, 
 In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts, 
 While from the bouuded level of our mind, 
 Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind ; 
 But more advane'd, behold with strange surprize, 
 New distant scenes of endless science rise. 
 So pleas'd at first the tow'ring Alps we try, 
 Mount o'er the vales, and seem to tread the sky, 
 TV eternal snows appear already past, 
 And the first clouds and mountains seem the last : 
 But, those attain'd, we tremble to survey 
 The growing labours of the lengthen'd way, 
 Th' increasing prospect tires our wand'ring eyes 
 Hills peep o'er hills, and Alps on Alps arise !" — Pope See p. 2~6. 
 
 Man's clearest knowledge doth most clearly show 
 His ignorance ; effect may teach him cause, 
 Whence he may lay down fundamental laws, 
 And reason from induction, sure as slow, 
 Of Gravitation and the Electric flow : 
 But hoiv these agents work must give him pause : 
 Hoiv Earth draws apples ; amber gathers straws ; 
 Will acts on muscle, he may never know. 
 
 Learning is like a river, whose small source 
 The child may stride ; which through a land of dreams 
 Winds with an ever-deep'ning, wider course, 
 Till with a thousand tributary streams 
 Its giant waters are in Ocean pour'd, 
 Unfathom'd, fathomless, unsail'd, imshor'd.
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 " Hsec seterna manet, Divisque simillima forma est, 
 Cui neque principium nusquam nee finis in ipso, 
 Sed similis toto remanet. perque omnia par est." — Manilius. 
 
 " Planets circle round the Sun 
 Life doth in a circle run ; 
 And the circle e'er must be 
 Emblem of Eternity." 
 
 " Deus est sphera, cujus centrum ubiqne, circumferentia nusquam" — Augustine. 
 
 ^AvSjoes, o [xev St) Oeos, axnrep kolI 6 7raAaios Aoyos, a PXV v 
 T( kglI TeAeuTTJv Kai (Accra twv 6'vtwv a7rdvTajv «X WI/ > evdeia 
 TrepaivcL Kara tpvcrtv 7repi7ropevd/i.£05. — Plato. 
 
 From the eye's circlet to the horizons bound 
 Nature repeats the Circle's mystic sign, 
 Fit emblem of the Perfect and Divine : 
 Love's marriage-ring about the heart is bound, 
 And there the leaden disc of guilt is found ; 
 Thought shoots out every where its rays that shine 
 To custom's or to ignorance' confine : 
 Our brows by Pow'r, the diadem, are crown' d. 
 
 Circles on circles crowd : The humble dew 
 Hangs in a crystal orb : Heaven's genial rain 
 Filleth Earth's lap with show'rs of diamond spheres 
 Joy lurks in dimpled hollows : Grief in tears. — 
 
 God is a Circle : endless : where in vain 
 The limitless circumference we pursue. 
 
 48
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 mix and Woxh 
 
 " They serve God well 
 Who serve His creatures : when the funeral bell 
 Tolls for the dead, there's nothing left of all 
 That decks the scutcheon and the vilest pall 
 Save this ; 
 
 What's done is what remains. Ah ! blessed they 
 Who leave completed tasks of love to say 
 And answer mutely for them being dead; 
 Life was not purposeless, though life be fled." — Hon. Mrs. Norton. 
 
 Man dies ; and is forgotten, form and fame : 
 Brief space, and he falls out of memory, 
 As a quenched meteor falleth from the sky : 
 No more his own place knoweth e'en his name : 
 Death's waters close above his head, the same 
 As Ocean o'er a stone dropp'd from on high : 
 The busy World goes on all bustlingly ; 
 The Seasons come and go, as erst they came. 
 
 Work lives : surviving life when that is done : 
 Felt, if unseen ; as is the ambient air 
 That clips the whole Earth in its vital flow ; 
 Or as a star, or e'en the glorious Sun, 
 Beheld of all ; light-giving everywhere ; 
 And warmth-dispensing with eternal glow* 
 
 49
 
 M«M&a*MMUMM 
 
 XL. 
 
 " Hie patet ingeniis campus, certusque merenti 
 Stat favor; ornatur propriis industria doim." — Claudia*. 
 
 ,c Qui stadium currit, niti et contendere debet, 
 Ut vincat cursu." — Lucan. 
 
 " Magnum iter adscendo ; reddat mihi gloria vires; 
 
 Nou juvat ex facili lecta corona jugo." — Pbopertius. 
 
 " Udum et molle lutum es ; nunc nunc properandus et acri 
 Fingendus sine fine rota." — Pkopertius. 
 
 " Qui adverso vix flumine lembum 
 Kemigiiu subegit, si braechia forte remisit, 
 Atque ilium in preceps prono rapit alveus amni." — Viroil. 
 
 " Acribus initiis, incurioso fine." — Tacitus. 
 
 " Ctepisti melius quam desinis, ultima primis 
 
 Cedunt : dissimiles hie vir et ille puer." — Ovid. 
 
 " Amphora capit 
 Institui, currente rota, cur urceus exit?" — Horace. 
 
 Three years ! They seem brief space to dedicate 
 
 To self-denial and the Scholar's aim : — 
 
 Three little years in which to build a name, 
 
 The sure foundation of our future fate, 
 
 Or fields of promise fair to desolate, 
 
 And broad-cast sow the thorny tares of shame. 
 
 Mark well yon stripling : — he to College came 
 The tutors joy, the pride of each school-mate — 
 Why hath the tall flower droop'd its stately head ? 
 Why hath the clear fount dried up at its source ? 
 Why hath the bright star fallen from the sky ? — 
 
 Blame not fond youth, chance, fortune, destiny — 
 Thine own hands held the reins to guide thy course : 
 Temptation smiled, and Resolution fled. 
 
 50 

 
 $ttottati<M0 tfl Stwwtk xl. 
 
 " Sustineas ut onus, niteudum vertice pleno est, 
 At Hecti nervos si patiare, cadit." — Ovid. 
 
 " kcll t 'epya£o/xfvos 7roAu <£i'At€/dos aOavdroicnv 
 'ccrcreai 178c fipoTois fxaXa yap aTvyiovcriv aepyovs." — Hesiod. 
 
 " Take the instant way ; 
 For honour travels in a strait so narrow, 
 Where one but goes abreast : keep then the path ; 
 For emulation hath a thousand sons, 
 That one by one pursue : If you give way, 
 Or hedge aside from the direct forthright, 
 Like to an enter'd tide, they all rush by, 
 And leave you hindmost ; — 
 Or, like a gallant horse fallen in first rank, 
 Lie there for pavement to the abject rear, 
 O'erruu and trampled on." — Shakespeare. 
 
 See the curious Epigram by Ausonius in Simulachrum Occasionis 
 el Yanitentios. 
 
 Cujus opus ? Phidia?, qui signum Palladis, ejus, 
 
 Quique Jovem fecit, tertia palma ego sum. 
 Sum Dea qua? rara et paucis Occasio nota. 
 
 Quid rotulre insistis ? Stare loco nequeo. 
 Quid talaria habes ? Volucris sum. Mercurius quee 
 
 Fortunare solet, tardo ego, quum volui. 
 Crine tegis faciem. Coguosci nolo. Sed heus tu 
 
 Occipiti calvo est. Ne tenear fugiens. 
 Qusc tibi juncta comes? Dicat tibi. Die rogo qua: sis. — 
 Sum Dea, qua; facti, non factique exigo pcenas. 
 
 Nempc ut pocniteat, sic Mktancea vocor. 
 Tu modo die, quid agat tecum ? Si quando volavi, 
 
 ll;nc manet : banc rctinent, quos ego prasterii. 
 Tu quoque, dum rogitas, dum percontaudo moraris, 
 
 Elapsam dices mc tibi de manibus. — Ausonius. 
 
 And tee Mki.eager Epigram on the same subject. 
 
 " Fcrtilis assiduo si non renovetur aratro 
 
 Nil nisi cum spinis gramen babebit ager. 
 
 Tempore qui longo steterit male curret, et inter 
 Carceribus rnissos ultimus ibit equo3. 
 
 Vertitur in tencram cariem, rimisque dehiscit 
 
 Si qua diu solitis cymba vacavit aquis." — OviD. 
 
 51
 
 XLT. 
 
 (&xxmm$Untt. 
 
 " The greatness or smallness of a man is, in the mo9t conclusive sense, 
 determined for him at his birth, as strictly as it is determined for a fruit 
 whether it is to be a currant or an apricot. Education, favourable circum- 
 stances, resolution, and industry can do much ; in a certain seuse they 
 do every thing ; that is to say, they determine whether the poor apricot 
 shall fall in the form of a g;reen bead, blighted by the east wind, and be 
 trodden under foot, or whether it shall expand into tender pride, and sweet 
 brightness of golden velvet." — Ruskin's Modern Vainters. 
 
 " £ibi quisqne profecto 
 Fit Deus : ignaris precibns Fortuua repugnat." — Ovid. 
 
 " Our remedies oft in ourselves do lie, 
 
 Which we ascribe to Heaven : the fated sky 
 
 Gives us free scope ; only, doth backward pull 
 
 Our slow designs, when we ourselves are dull." — Shakespeare. 
 
 Nay, call not Man the slave of circumstance. — 
 The tree whereunder the chameleon lies 
 In its own hues the fabled lizard dyes 
 With roseate, golden, black, or purple chance. 
 But man from all around him doth enhance 
 His growth with what his nature best supplies, 
 As flowers assimilate from earth and skies 
 Their elements of form and radiance. 
 
 The weak man's stumbling block the strong man makes 
 His stepping stone to fortune or to power : 
 We are our own lives' Architects : our art 
 Lies in our strength : out of the rock one breaks 
 To pile his hut, his brother builds his tower, 
 Temple, triumphal arch, palace, or mart. 
 
 52
 
 3ftltt0trati<m0 to bonnet xli. 
 
 " Ot yap /xi] Svvdfxei'OL tous tcaipobs, p.i]6e -ras atrtas kcu 
 Sux^tcrcis iKuarwv aKpij3u<; avv6ewpeiv, rj 8ta (pavXor^ra 
 (pvcrews, r] St aTTCLpLav kol pa.6vLt.iav, ek 6eov<; /cat Tiz^a? 
 avacpepovcrt. Tas atTtas to>i> St ay^tVotav ck A.oyt<T/xov Kai 
 Trpovot'as e7TtTeAoi)/xeVwv." — Polybius. 
 
 " T^r 8' dperip', uxnrep icr^vpov *at SiapKes (pvrov, iv 
 aTavTi pit,ova6at totto), t^ucreojs Te xprjiTTrjs /cat c/uAottoVou 
 ipvxV'* eiriXatjfiavoiievrjv. "OBtv ovS 'jLieTs, et tou (£poveti', ws 
 Set, /cat (^lovv ZWeitroLiev, tovto rrj (T/UKpoTrjTL rrj^ TraTpt'Scs. 
 dAA' a{.TOts St/cat'cos dvu#>;cropev." — Plutarch. 
 
 " Non votis nequc suppliciis muliebribus auxilia deorum pnrantur.- 
 vigilando, agendo, bene consnlendo, prospera omnia eeduut : ubi soeordiee 
 te atque ignavite tradideris, nequidquam deos implores ; irati infestique 
 sunt." — Sallust. 
 
 u 
 
 O TrpwTOS €t7rw:', ovk ayvp.vd<TT(i> tppcvl 
 cppuj/ev, ocrrts toi'8' iKaivurcv X.6yov, 
 
 WS TOKTLV CV(f>pOVOV(ri (TU/X/i.a^£t Tl'^."— EURII'IDES. 
 
 " O itottoi, otov S17 vu 0eoi.'s fiporol atrtotuvrar 
 t£ ?)/X£wv yap cpam kok e//./tcrai, ot 8e /cat atrot 
 <T(f>r]cnv aTacr6a\Ci](TLv vTrep fxdpov dXyl evov&iv." — Homer, 
 
 " This is the excellent foppery of the world! that, when we arc 
 sick in fortune, (cften the 6urfeit of our own behaviour,) we make guilty 
 of our disasters the snn, the moon, and stars : as if we were villains on 
 necessity ; fools by heavenly compulsion ; kuaves, thieves, and treachers, 
 by spherical predominance ; drunkards, liars, and adulterers, by an enforc- 
 ed obedience of planetary iufluencc ; and all that we arc evil in, by a 
 divine thrusting on : An admirable evasion of whore master man, to lay 
 his goatish disposition on the charge of a star!" — SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 53
 
 XLII. 
 
 ®foe §Jroilt<iaV$ WLmt 
 
 " For this the foolish over careful fathers 
 Have broken sleep with thoughts, their brains with care, 
 Their bones with industry ; piling up 
 The cankered heaps of strange-achieved gold — 
 Like the bee to bring from every flower 
 The virtuous sweet — 
 
 Our thighs packed with wax, our mouths with honey, 
 We bring it to the hive ; and like the bee 
 Are murdered for our pains." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " I a - cos toi Ta fikv aXXa 6eol 6vt)To'i<; av<ppwiroi<; 
 
 yrjpds t ovX.6p.evov koX veoT7]T eSocrav 
 twv TrdvTUiV Se kolklo-tov Iv av8pu)7roi<;, Oavarov tc 
 
 ko.1 7ra(rewv vovawv earn -rrovqpoTarov, 
 7ratSas «7rei Opiipato koX ap/xera irdvra irapdo-)(OL<;, 
 
 Xpr'jfJLaTa. 8 iyKaTaOrj'i, iroXX ai'L7]pa ttolOuv, 
 tov Trwrip i)(Baipovcn, Karapwvrat o cbroAccr^ai, 
 
 Kol crTvyiovcr wenrep 7TT(d^6v eTrep^opavov." — Theognis. 
 
 Let the Boy look upon his home ! Behold, 
 
 Its hard-pinch'd air ; if not quite squalid, mean : 
 
 The brothers half untaught and scantly clean : 
 
 The groaning father, who perforce hath sold, 
 
 Cursing his folly of crush'd hopes, the gold 
 
 Earn'd by his manhood's long brow-sweat, to screen 
 
 From gaol his first-born : him who was to have been, 
 
 First-class'd, the pride, the prop of young and old — 
 
 The widow'd mother, giving with a sigh, 
 
 Out of the largeness of her love, the mite 
 
 That should have saved her blind old-age from care — 
 
 The shabby sister, darning with dim eye, 
 
 By one foul taper, far into the night, 
 
 The household linen for to-morrow's wear. 
 
 54
 
 r ma 
 
 QJL- 
 
 XLJLI. 
 
 ■ CD ♦.' 
 
 " Conveni hodie adveniens quendam niei loci bine atquc ordinis 
 Ibidem patria qui abliguerit bona 
 
 Vidcs sentum, squalidum, segrura, pannis lumisque obsitum. 
 Quod istnc, inquam, ornati est ? Quoniam inerces quod habui prrdidi, 
 Ileus ! quo reductus sum ! Omnes noti me atque amici deserunt." — 
 
 Terence. 
 " Filius (Esopi detraetum ex aure Metelli 
 
 Scilicet ut decies solidum exsorberet, aeeto 
 
 F)iluit insignem baccam ; qua sanior ac si 
 
 lllud idem in rapidum flumen jacetve cloacam P" — Horace. 
 
 " Ergo haud difficile est perituram areessere summam , 
 Lancibus oppositis, vel matris imagine fracta, 
 Et quadringentis nummis condire gulosum 
 Fictile." — Juvenal. 
 
 " Consumtis apibus, vocem, Damnsippe, locasti 
 Sippario, clamosum agens ut phasma Catulli." — JuvtNAL. 
 
 " Fraudcsquc doliquc, 
 Insidiceque, et vis, et amor sceleratus habendi." — Ovid. 
 
 ' At'/xos yap toi ird/J.Trav aepyw <TVfJi.<fiOpo<; avopi." — -HKsroi). 
 
 The short hot passage of his riot o'er, 
 
 His substance spent, and every so called friend 
 
 Coldly declining or to give or lend, 
 
 Dun-haunted, hunted from his native shore, 
 
 By creditors, now blood-hounds, who of yore 
 
 Were fawning spaniels, see the beggar bend 
 
 To Boulogne, Baden, Brussels, or Ostend, 
 
 His swindling steps for some few seasons more. 
 
 Flash-man and leg, some grand Hell's ill-paid tout, 
 
 Devouring, Satan-like, he slinks about, 
 
 Green Youth's corruptor;* until too well known, 
 
 By hirers, off the stale decoy is thrown : — 
 
 Bullet or knife his end ; or see him sink 
 
 A blear-eyed driveller, mad with ardent drink, 
 
 * Mel in orr, verba lactis, * 
 
 Fel in corde, fraus in fai
 
 XLIV. 
 
 " Facile omnes quum valemus recta concilia 
 yEgrotis damus." — Tkkence. 
 
 v ' Toiavra S"av Aecticv cvk otov Ka.K<Ji)v 
 
 koivcovos, uAA' 2> fjLtfitv tor' otKots /3apy." — Teachinice. 
 
 " Hei mihi ! quam facile est, quamvis hie contigit omnes, 
 Alterius luctu fortia verba loqui." — Ovid. 
 
 " Tckvov aAAou Te6v7]K€v, rj yvvrj ; ov8ei<i cotiv o% ovk 
 av iLvot on avOpwirivov AAA' orav to clvtov tivos a~o6avr], 
 ivOvs, ot/xot, raAas eyco." — EficHarmus. 
 
 " He looks the whole world in the face 
 
 For he owes not any man." — Longfellow. 
 
 " Rex est qui rnetuit nihil. 
 Ilex est quique nihil cupit : 
 Hoc regnum sibi quisque dat." — Seneca. 
 
 " Ta Savaa SovXovs tovs ZXcvOepov; ttoui.' 
 
 " Torqueat hunc ceris mutua summa sui." — Ovid. 
 
 Easy the counsel, hard the task, to turn 
 Deaf ear to Siren voices, Circe's wiles, 
 When Vanity, the temptress, wreathed in smiles, 
 Beckons fond Youth, and whispers words that burn, 
 Kissing the rosy mouth, and bids him spurn 
 The future : with the present joy beguiles — 
 Cry, Fiend, avaunt ! or see what looming files 
 Of vain regrets bid thee for ever mourn. 
 
 Debt is the torrent quickening in it's drop : 
 The dwarf that to the giant knows to swell : 
 The chain that, ever lengthening, weightier grows : 
 The stone set rolling from the mountain's top : 
 The avalanche that gathers as it goes : 
 The poct*fabled facile slope to Hell. 
 
 56
 
 XLV. 
 
 %ku\m mt\ f untune?. 
 
 <?» 
 
 " Spem sine corpore amat : corpus putat esse quod umbra est." — Ovid. 
 
 " Certo se vi rimembra di Narcisso 
 Questo, e quel corio ad un terniino vauno." — Pltkakch. 
 
 "Time is: Time was." — The Brazen Head's wierd 
 
 warning- 
 Shouts twice in thunder, nor is heard again : 
 Yet Youth, all ravished by the Siren strain 
 Of Pleasure, laps itself in dalliance, scorning 
 The nobler voice ; while Vanity, adorning 
 With fading flowers the cup she bids him drain, 
 And Idless bind the Soul's wings, which would fain 
 
 Cleave through Light's founts beyond the paths of 
 Morning. 
 
 So hung Narcissus o'er the glistening stream, 
 
 Wasting his sweet youth o'er a specious shadow; 
 
 All blinded, by his passion for a dream, 
 
 To the real beauties of the sky and meadow: 
 
 So on self only, mirror'd from above, 
 
 Gazed down : so perished for a phantom love. 
 
 j 
 
 57
 
 XLVI. 
 
 " 2«p^vas fiev TTptjiTOV defeat, ai' pa tc TrdvTas 
 av6po)Trovs OiXyovaw, b, tis ericas el<ra<j)t.Kr)Tcu. 
 bcrTts aihpurj ireXdcrr], Kal (f>86yyov a-^ovarj 
 ^eipiqvwv, to) 8 ouri ywr), /cat vijiria T€Kva, 
 oi/caSe vocrT7;cravTi, irapicnarai, oi>8e ydvwTar 
 aAAa tc Seiprpes Xiyvprj BeXyovcnv aoiSrj, 
 Tjp-evai ev Xeip.wvr 7roAus 8' dp.(£' ocrrede/uv #is 
 
 dv8pwi/ TTvdojxiviJiV, 7TCpt 8e piVOt p.lVV^OVCTll'." — Homik, 
 
 Life's ship musi pass the Sirens isle, and they 
 
 Are all things to all men : to some their strain 
 
 Is Love, still Love : to some they chaunt of gain, 
 
 The ruddy gold, and jewel's flash and play : 
 
 The lure for some the hope of lore they lay, 
 
 As erst Ulysses :* fame, or sceptred reign 
 
 To these they promise : pleasure's flower-bound chain 
 
 How oft their song's theme, ever fresh and gay. 
 
 Yet is the place a charnel-house, all white, 
 As an old sepulchre, with human bones : 
 And there, too late, with self-accusing groans, 
 Each wasting captive mourns his piteous plight. 
 
 Thrice happy they who deaf to every wile 
 Pass scatheless by the fair but treacherous isle. 
 
 * Homer, in the lines above quoted, says that the Sirens try their 
 charms on all men : and that they vary their strains according to the 
 temperament of their hearer is pointed at by their holding out to Ulysses 
 not pleasure, but the lure of universal knowledge. Their song ends (Odyssee 
 1. xii. 189—91. 
 
 " iSfxev ydp toi TravO', oar' iv Tpotr] evpelr] 
 Apyeioi, Tpwes re, 6ewv laomjri p.6yrjo~a.v 
 tSfiev 8', ocrcra yivrjrai em \6ovl ^vovXvftoT(.!.pr|. ,, 
 
 58
 
 XLVII. 
 
 ®h« Wag of fife. 
 
 " Our walk is a series of falls."— Goethe. 
 
 " Etiamsi quis tam beue purgavit aiiimum, ut nihil obturbare cum 
 amplius possit ac fallere, ad innoceutiam tameu peccando pervenit." — 
 
 Seneca. 
 
 We err and err : we stumble, fall, and rise, 
 Stumble and fall, along Life's slippery way, 
 From birth to death : most blest and happy they 
 Whose fewest lapses teach them, master-wise. 
 Peace hangs her home above the crags of vice : 
 Sin is Repentance's gate, where-through Love's ray, 
 High overarching Heaven with rainbow play, 
 Gleams upon Innocency's Paradise. 
 
 Youth's passionate flames and overboiling blood 
 Are as the fierce Volcano's lava tide, 
 Wide-scattering ruin in its first wild leap : 
 Soon cooling, marble hard and still, the flood 
 Forms the firm buttress of the mountain-side, 
 Though burnl-out ashes mark the torrent's course. 
 
 59 
 
 £w
 
 XLVIII. 
 
 " Eujuapews tol xpr}/j,a Qioi Socrav ovtc ti SciAov 
 
 out' dya^ov yoXmui 8'epyp.aTi ^vSos «rt." — Theognis. 
 
 " rrjv ji€v toi KaKOTrjra Kai lAaSov ecrnv cAecrdat 
 p-qLOLWi' Aetrj fxev ooos, fxaAa o eyyvui vaiw 
 Trjs Saperrj? iSpaiTa deoi irpoTrdpoiOcv Wrj^av 
 aOdvaror /xaKpos oe /cat op6io<; ot/xos i<r dvr-qv 
 Kal Tpyxys ro 7rp£>Tov hr-qv 8 eis aKpov iKrjrai, 
 pr)L$L7) S'cTrara ireAci, ^aXenrr] 7rep covcra.'' — -Hesiod. 
 
 " cctti tis Aoyos Tav Aperav vdii.iv 
 Svtra/XjSaTOl? 67TI 7reTpais, ro Se 
 /xiv #oav %wpov dyvov a/JupeireLV. 
 6v Se 7raj/TWi/ /3Ae</>dpois Ovarwv «707rro$, 
 to /xt/ 8taK£^v/A05 t'Spws evSo#ev 
 p-oXrj, iurp-' cs aKpov dvSpeias." — Simonides. 
 
 " Then said be unto me, The sea is set in a wide place, that it might 
 be deep and great. But put the case the entrance were narrow, and like a 
 river ; who then could go into the sea to look upon it, and to rule it? If 
 be went not through the narrow, how could he come into the broad? 
 There is also another thing ; a city is builded, and set upon a broad field, 
 and is full of all good things : the entrance thereof is narrow, and is set 
 in a dangerous place to fall, like as if there were a fire on the right hand, 
 and on the left a deep water : And one only path between them both, 
 even between the fire and the water, so small that there could but one 
 man go there at once. If this city now were given unto a man for an 
 inheritance, if he never shall pass the danger set before it, how shall he 
 receive this inheritance?" — 2 Esdras, chap. vii. v. 3 — 9. 
 
 There are two paths : the one is broad and worn, 
 Down-sloping, easy, short ; and straightway leads 
 To Sloth's foul palace, through bright-flowering meads, 
 Where Vice her revel holds in pride and scorn. 
 The other, steep and narrow, rough with thorn 
 And rock, right up the rugged mountain speeds, 
 Where Virtue sits enthroned, and Knowledge reads 
 The page of Nature in eternal morn. 
 
 What though the way be sore at first, it grows 
 Ever more easy at each bold advance ; 
 And wider, loftier, with each step, the scan. 
 The level summit gained, how glorious shows 
 The scene around him to the pilgrim's glance. 
 
 Choose : for no middle way is given to man.* 
 
 * See in St. Basil's Homily " De legendis libris Gentilium" the 
 story of the choice of Hercules, related memoriler from Trodicus. 
 
 60
 
 XLIX. 
 
 " /at/8' avafidWecrdai icr ravpiov ecr T€vvrj<j>t.v 
 6v yap IrdaJLo epyos avrjp TTLfXTrX-qcri Ka\u]v 
 6v?> ui'a/3aAAo/xevos" p,e\err] oe rot epyov 6<j>e\.\ec 
 del o aix/3o\iepyo<; avrjp dryai TraXdici." — Iltsioi). 
 
 " Petite Lino, juvenesque senesque, 
 Finem animo certain, niiserisque viatica rauis. 
 Nempe dum denas? Seel cum lux altera venit, 
 Jam eras hesternurn consumimus : ecce, aliud eras 
 Egerit hos annos, et semper paulum erit ultra. 
 Nam quamvis propc te, quamvis temone sub altro 
 Vcrtentem sese, frustra sectabere canthum, 
 Cum rota posterior currus, et in axe sccundo," — Pbksius. 
 
 " Appena spnnta in Orient e un raggio 
 Di Sol, cli' all' altro monte 
 Dell' averso orizonte 
 Grunt' 1 vedrai per ire lunglia e distorto." — Pstkakcii. 
 
 " I must work the works of Him that sent me, while it is day : the 
 night corneth, when no man can work/' — St. John chap. ix. v. 4. 
 
 o 
 
 And lightnings gather in the darkened air. 
 
 61 
 
 (Eg 
 
 
 Ever do all thy work within the day, 
 
 Nor thrust it with some weak pretence aside, 
 
 Till more convenient season may betide. 
 
 Time wears no flowing robe, whereon to lay 
 Our hands behind him, while we bid him stay. 
 Nijrht, when no man can work, steals on to chide 
 Our folly : Youth, and Life itself will glide 
 Like a brief pageant or a dream away. 
 
 Work while you may : skies are not always fair : 
 Nor seas for ever calm and smooth as glass : 
 Spring wanes, and Summer : Autumn soon must pass : 
 Already bald old Winter digs their grave: 
 The coming storm moans o'er the conscious wave : 

 
 L. 
 
 SEabmm 
 
 " Cursed is the. ground for thy sake : thorns also and thistles shall it 
 bring forth to thee ; and thou shalt eat the herb of the fluid ; in the sweat 
 of thy face shalt thou eat bread till thou return unto the ground." — 
 
 Genesis, chap. 3. 
 
 " 'Efjya£ei>, jxoxOojv a>s e£ ISlwv ftLOTtvrjs. 
 
 7r<xs yap dep-yos avrjp £ojei k\ottl[xu>v coto ^eipwv. 
 
 ctTTi /?tos Trdv epyov, Irry^v /xo^Oelv lOiXrjcrBa. 
 
 vavTi\o<s €t itXmuv i$£Xei<;, tvpela OaXaaaa- 
 
 ci Se ye.r]ir6vtrjv /AeOtiTew, p,a.Kpat to6 apovpau 
 
 6v 8lv avev KapLarov 7reA« avSpaxriv 4Wct€s kpyov, 
 
 6v S'avTOts p.ai<dp€(T(Tr 7rovos SdpeT^s /xe-y 6cj>eXXev. — 
 
 PSEUDO PlIOCYLLIDEA. 
 
 Who spake of Labour as a curse ? God found 
 A way for pity when he closed the gate 
 Of Eden, and to save man from the fate 
 Of utter hopelessness, He curs'd the ground 
 With barrenness, that plenty might redound 
 Only to toil and brow-sweat ; and his state 
 Alone of all mankind is desolate, 
 Whose life is not to daily labour bound. 
 
 Go watch the ants that sinn'd not, how they thrive 
 By work ; go watch the happy bee for hours 
 Deep-murmuring in the nectar bells of flowers, 
 How she, still singing in her busy hive, 
 Builds for her honied stores the waxen vault. — 
 
 Labour is not Life's bitter, but its salt.
 
 $Uti$tvati<m<3i to bonnet l 
 
 The Ant find Bee may be thought well worn examples. Perhaps 
 the following beautiful lines from the Tseudo Y hncyllidea may serve some- 
 what to divest the subject of its commonplace : — 
 
 « 
 
 [jLvpfir]Ke<;, ydi-^s ixv^drovs TrpoXeXonrores oikovs 
 
 tfjij/ovTui fScoTOV K€Xpyj[x.evoi, ottitot apovpai 
 
 Xrfia Keipdp.evai Kapwwv irXy'jduxjiv dXwds 
 
 ot o dvruL TTvpoio veoVpi/Ses u.kOo<; tKvvmv 
 
 ■i/KpiOow uiei 8e <pepo)v (popeovra SioS/c'ei, 
 
 Ik Qipeos ttotl ykip.a. fioprjv crcpeTeprjv arvvdyovTCS 
 
 aTpvTor <f>vXov 8 oXtyov reXWei ttoXvjxq-^Qov 
 
 KapLVei K 7]€p0<p0lTL<; dpl(TTTOTTOlO<; fxiXt(T(Ta 
 
 rjire.Tpq'z koiXtjs Kara, )(r'jpap.ov r\ Zovd.Kecrcrv 
 
 rj Spuos wyvyi'yys Kara k oiAaSos tvSoOi crijx/3XoiV 
 
 (r/^r/vccrt fJLvpioT'qra. kot dv9ea Krjpo8o[J,ov(ra. 
 
 Sec also the Epigram of Antiphilus of Byzantium, on Bee3, from 
 another point of view ; their living without labour : — 
 
 " A KaXov ; avroTrovrjTOV iv alOipt peiyxa /xcAtcrcrat!', 
 
 u7rAacrrot )(eipwv, auT07rayeis OaXd/xat, 
 TrpoLKio<s dvQpdrrrw /3iotw ^dpis, ovyi /xa^eAAa?, 
 
 ov /Sous, ov yafjaf/wv 8svop.iva SpeTrdvojv, 
 yavAof Se apuKpolo, tuOi yXvKv vupa p-iXtaaa 
 
 Trrjyd^CL cr/oyveus Sau/iAes i£ oXiyov. 
 XaipoiT evaye'es, kcu iv uvOeai 7roip.cuVe#e, 
 
 aWepiov TTTrjvai vcKTupos epydriSes." 
 
 " A certain degree of labour and exertion seems to have been allot- 
 ted to us by Providence as the condition of humanity. ' In the sweat of 
 thy brow shalt thou cat thy bread,' this is a curse which has proved a 
 blessing in disguise." — Colton. 
 
 " KpityavTes yap t^ovcri #eoi fiiov avOpdmouri. 
 prjioicos ydp «ev koll eV v/pari epyao~craio, 
 wore ere k eis iviavrov i\ew kcil aepyuv iovra' 
 aii/ya K€ iry)8dXiov p.ev U7rep Kairvov KaraOelo, 
 Ipya /3oC)v S' aTroAotTO nal -ijp.t.ovwv raXaepywv." — IIksiod. 
 
 See also Solon's animated description of the various kinds of mor- 
 tal labour: — 
 
 " cnrivSa S' aXXoQtv uAXos." — k. t. X. 
 
 63
 
 LI. 
 
 " For there is a shame that bringeth sin ; and there is a shame 
 which is glory and grace." — Eccl. chap. iv. v. 21. 
 
 " ocrot ye 7rpos vocrous, Kat ocroi 7rpos 7rcVtas, 7? k<xi 7rpos 
 Ta TToXiTiKa dvSpetot etcrt, Kat eVt av, p.77 povov ocrot 7rpos 
 AtVas dvSpe'tot euxti/ 77 cpo/Sous, dAAd Kat 7rp6s eVt^vptas 7; 
 7;Soi/as Setvot ixayeaOai, Kat ptVovTes 7/ dj/acrrpe'c&ovTes, — etcrt 
 yap 7rou rtyes, w Ad^Tis, *<" cv rots toioutois dvSpetot." — Plato. 
 
 " evta yap* Kat Set c6u/3etcr#ai, Kat KaXov to Se p/jj/, dtcr- 
 XP 0V i ovov dSo^tav o jxev yap c/>o/3oi'pevos eTrteiKTis kcll dtSrjp-toj', 
 o Se pvq c/>o/3oij/i.evos, dvatcr^ovTos* 6 jxkv ovv a Set Kat bv eveKa, 
 vTTOfx,ev(ov Kat (pofiovfxevos, Kat tas Set, Kat ore, Kat tas di> o 
 Aoyos 7rdo"^et Kat irpaTret, o dvSpetos.' — Aristotle. 
 
 " For whosoever will save his life shall lose it, and whosoever shall 
 lose his life for my sake shall find it. For what is a man profited if he 
 gain the whole world and lose his own soul, and what shall a man give in 
 exchange for his soul ?" — St Matthew, chap. xv. v . 26 — 7- 
 
 " Let their table be made a snare to take themselves withal ; and let 
 the things that should have been for their wealth be unto them an occa- 
 sion of falling."— Psalms, chap. hix. v. 23. 
 " Show 
 That life is not as idle ore, 
 But iron dug from central gloom, 
 And heated hot with burning tears 
 And dipt in baths of hissing tears 
 And battered with the strokes of doom 
 To shape and use. Arise and fly 
 The reeling Faun, the ser.sual feast : 
 Move upward, working out the beast ; 
 And let the ape and tiger die." — Tennyson. 
 
 Dare to be good, though Phalaris should heat 
 The brazen bull, or Satan charm thine ear : — 
 The sensual rapture, and the sumptuous cheer, 
 Bitter as gall, though to the palate sweet, 
 Are Death, not Life ; a snare, offence, and cheat. 
 Quit ye like men : despise Youth's scornful sneer : 
 Put away childish things ; be strong ; and fear 
 To lose Life's crown, and clutch its counterfeit. 
 
 Love, love universal, is Man's end ; 
 Love of all good, the human and divine : 
 His meanest idol, Self; though at its shrine 
 Whole generations in mad homage bend, 
 And kill the soul with lust, and greed, and pride, 
 While Angels tremble at the suicide. 
 
 64
 
 LII. 
 
 ®he student 
 
 Felices Animse, quibus hsec cognoscere primis, 
 
 Inque domos superas scandere cura fuit. 
 Credibile est, illos pariter vitiisque locisque 
 
 Altius humanis exeruisse caput. 
 Non Venus, et vinum sublimia pectora fregit : 
 
 OiBciumque Fori, Militiseque labor. 
 Nee levis Ambitio, perfusaque gloria fuco, 
 
 Magnarumque fames sollicitavit opum. 
 Admovere oculis distautia sidera nostris : 
 
 JEtheraque ingenio supposuere suo." — Ovid. 
 
 Him from his purpose nought may turn aside ; 
 
 Not jest, nor sneer, nor the half-loosen'd rein, 
 
 'Gainst which, when tight held, Youth is wont to 
 strain, 
 
 Like a colt fretting in the circled ride : 
 
 Not pleasure, weakness, vanity, nor pride : — 
 
 But, as a treasure-galleon o'er the main, 
 
 He sails right on, his one sole end to gain 
 
 His destined port upon the swelling tide. 
 
 Bright Honour lures him with her radiant eyes : 
 
 As oft in dreams a golden crown appears 
 
 Pendent in ah', he sees the kingly prize : 
 
 Or, for he follows not a phantom guide, 
 
 As that sure star by which the sailor steers, 
 
 Or that which stood o'er Bethlehem glorified. 
 
 65
 
 MIL 
 
 *mwmutt. 
 
 " Look, what tby Soul holds dear, imagine it 
 To lie what way thou goest, not whence thou comest." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Nee quot transieris, sed quot tibi quoere supersint 
 Millia."— Ovid. 
 
 " Nil actum reputans dum quid superesset agendum." — Lucan. 
 
 " Many strokes, tho' with a little axe, 
 
 Hew down and fell the hardest timber'd oak." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " ct yap aev Kai a/xiKpov e7Tt oyuKoco KardOeio, 
 
 KaOa/xa tovt IpSois rana. kcv p-eya Kai to yivoiro." — Hesiod. 
 
 " ouSev twv /xeyaAcov a<pvu> yiverai." — Arrian. 
 
 " Adde parum parvo, tandem fit magnus acervus : 
 Gutta cavat lapidem." — Ovid. 
 
 " Io vos propongo grandes premios mas embueltos en grandes traba- 
 jos ; pero la vertud ne quiere osiocidad." — Cortes to his Soldiers. 
 
 " Twv TTOvtav TrwkovcTLv fjfJAV 7ravTa Taya^ ot deoi." — Epictetus. 
 
 " "AAtoTa yiyver e7ri/xeAeta Kat ttov<o 
 A-iravTa." — Menander. 
 
 Onward, still onward ! Though each setting sun 
 
 Adds but a trifle to your learning's store, 
 
 Quail not, but fix your earnest gaze before, 
 
 Nor look behind, until thy task be done ; 
 
 So gazeth, when the mountain top is won, 
 
 The traveller on the track he wandered o'er — 
 
 To Heaven's high gate with lark-like passage soar, 
 
 Up. — To thine harvest look ; but daily shun 
 
 Counting each golden grain — all great and good 
 
 By love and labour are accomplished. Think 
 
 On coral isles that pierce old Ocean's flood 
 
 From depths where plummet never yet could sink : 
 
 The planets sweep through space, though mortal glance 
 
 Scans not by day each motion of their dance. 
 
 60
 
 1 
 
 LIV. 
 
 " Ille referre aliter soepe solebat idem." — Ovid. 
 
 " Qu5 vehiraur navi, fertur, cum stare videtur." — Lucretius. 
 
 Have you on glassy lake, or boundless sea, 
 Gazed from the prow upon your path below ? 
 How tedious looked the way, and seeming-slow ! 
 Then turning, from the stern look'd steadfastly ? 
 What magic change is there ? How swift and free, 
 (As glides an ocean bird, whose wings of snow 
 Sail even-pois'd, nor noise, nor motion know,) 
 Your boat skims now the wave mysteriously ! 
 Such, restless spirit, who dost chafe to mark 
 Each hour's slow progress on the deep 
 Of knowledge, be your habit, and your cheer — 
 Look back upon the waters, where your barque 
 Pass'd lately ; and with joy your heart shall leap 
 At your wake's line of light, long, straight, and clear ! 
 
 67
 
 LV. 
 
 tekit 
 
 " Tas Se dpcVas Xap,(3dvovaLv ivepyrjcravTes irpoTtpov 
 w(TT€p €7rt twv dAAwv Tc^vwv a yap et /JLadevras tvqiz.iv, ravra. 
 TTOiovvTCi p,av8dvofJt.ev, oiov oiKoS^/xowres oiKohojxoi yevovrai, 
 Kai Kt6api£ovTe<; KiOapiarTor 6Wa> 8rj roll t<x pey Strata 7rpaT- 
 tovtcs, SiKaioi ytv6/xe0a % rd Se croj^pova, awcppoves' ra Se 
 dvSpeia, dvSpaoi." — Aristotle. 
 
 " A piuma a piuma se pela l'oca, 
 A gotta a gotta il mar si secherebbe." — Pboverb. 
 
 " How use doth breed a habit in a man," — Shakespeare, 
 
 " Refrain to night 
 And that shall lend a kind of easiness 
 To the next abstinence : the next more easy ; 
 For use almost can change the stamp of nature 
 And either curb the devil or throw him out 
 With wondrous potency." — Shakespeare. 
 
 As with the Body's garb which thread by thread 
 Is woven till it falls from crown to heel, 
 So with the Mental Habit, which we feel 
 Grow with repeated act, until, instead 
 Of Nature, it envelopes heart and head. — 
 Even so the shipwright upward from the keel 
 Nails plank to plank ; e'en so the mason's zeal 
 Builds stone on stone until the arch be spread : 
 So mesh by mesh their nets the fishers tie. 
 
 So worketh Nature, silent, sure, and slow. 
 Ring upon ring the tree swells secretly : 
 Grain upon grain sands pile the mountain top : 
 All Ocean's waters gather drop by drop : 
 And flake on flake falleth the noiseless snow. 
 
 68
 
 LVI. 
 
 teat Kepa/xev; Kepo.jj.ei Koreei, kul tcktovi tcktidv, 
 
 kSi tttco^os 7rrw^w cpdoveet, Kai aot8os aoiSu." — Hesiod. 
 
 " a<p6ovoi OvpaviSai kcli iv oAAt/Aois reXeOovcnv. 
 ov fpOoveet pnrjvrj ttoXv Kpeicraocnv j/Xiov avyals' 
 ov )(6ii)v ovpavLois iij/wpiaari vepOev eovaa' 
 ov TroTafxoi ireXayeao'iv aei 8 oixovoiav c\ovo-lv. 
 el yap ept9 ixaK(ipeo-aLV erjv, ovk av 7roAos 6O-T17." — 
 
 PsEUDO PHOCYI.LIDI' A. 
 
 " Olov o piev to? tov aihripov, av o-K07r^9, 
 To 8' i/xartov ol o-rJ7re<;, rj 8e Oplif/ £v\ov. 
 'O Se to kolkuttov toiv Kaxwv iravroiv cpOovos, 
 ^>6l(tikov TT€Troi7]Ke, Kai 7roir)o~et, Kai 7rotet, 
 ^u;^? Troviypas 8uo-o-e/3iys Tra.pacrTa.Trjs." — Menandkr. 
 
 Lakes envy not the rivers, that they run. 
 Broad rivers envy not the broader sea, 
 The hyssop envies not the goodliest tree ; 
 Beast doth not beast more richly spotted shun ; 
 The bright moon envies not the brighter sun : 
 The stars are satisfied with their degree :* 
 Earth envies not Heaven's high immensity ; 
 Nor Heaven the mansions of the Eternal One : 
 
 The cuckoo envieth not the nightingale : 
 Nor she, brown-plumed, the peacock's gaudy fan : 
 Before the red-rose violets wax not pale : 
 Nor daisies grudge the night-stock's perfume-dower ; 
 The Angels envy not the Arch-Angel's power ? 
 
 Why gnaweth Envy but the heart of man ? 
 
 * " There are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial : but the 
 glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another. 
 There is one glory of the snn, and another glory of the moon, and another 
 glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory." — 
 
 1 Cor. chap. xv. v. tO— 1. 
 
 69 
 
 m
 
 LVII. 
 
 €mtmU&nm. 
 
 " Never compare thy condition with those ahove thee, but to secure 
 thy content, look upon the thousands with whom thou wouldst not for any 
 interest change thy fortune and condition." — Taylor's Holy Living. 
 " Nee quod habet memorat, tantum quod uon habet optat." — Manilius, 
 
 " Confer Amyclreis medicatum vel!us aheuis, 
 
 Murice cum Tyrio ; turpius illud erit." — Ovtd. 
 
 " Quod satis est, cui contigit, hie nihil amplius optat."— Horace. 
 
 " Nave ferar magna an parvii, ferar unus et idem." — Horace. 
 
 " Privatusque magis vivam te rege beatus." — Horace. 
 
 " Cui non conveniet sua res, ut calceus olim, 
 
 Si pede major erit, subvertit, si minor, nret." — Horace. 
 
 " Pauper enim non est cui rerum suppetit U9us 
 Si ventri hene, si lateri est pedibusque tuis nil 
 Divitise poterunt regales addere majus." — Horace. 
 
 " Qui fit, Maecenas, ut nemo quam sibi sortem 
 Seu ratio dederit, seu Fors objecerit ilia, 
 Contentus vivat?"— Horace. 
 
 " How many deaf, dumb, halt, lame, blind, miserable persons could 
 I reckon up that are poor, and withal distressed, in imprisonment, banish- 
 ment, galley-slaves condemned to the mines, quarries, gyves, in dungeons, 
 perpetual thraldom, than all which thou art richer, thou art more happy, 
 to whom thou art able to give an alms, a lord in respect, a petty priuce. 
 Be contented then I say ; repine and mutter no more, for thou art not 
 poor iudeed, but in opinion." — Burton's Anat. of Mel. (See the whole 
 chapter on " Remedies against Discontents.") 
 
 Thou, who repining at thy lowly lot, 
 Dost envy others their much wealth, or birth, 
 Rightly reflect on thine own station's worth, 
 By viewing those below thee, and thus blot 
 From the heart's fleshly tablets the vain thought. — 
 How many wretched thousands mourn the dearth 
 Of your youth, talents, liberty, on earth ? 
 Think on the captive, in his cell forgot, 
 Or groaning, tortured on the wheel or rack ; 
 Of travellers snow-swept from their lonely track ; 
 Of frames deformed, or by disease down-bent ; 
 Of starving beggars ; deaf men ; dumb ; and blind ; 
 Oh ! think upon the madness-stricken mind ; 
 And with thy state appointed be content. 
 
 70
 
 IttaflhfflHmf to bonnet lvh. 
 
 '■ My crown is in my heart, not on my head ; 
 Not deck'd with diamonds and Indian stones, 
 Nor to be seen : my crown is call'd content , 
 A crown it is that seldom kings enjoy." — 
 
 Henry VI. Part 3. Act 8. Sc. 1. 
 
 " Est miser nemo nisi comparatus." — Seneca. 
 
 " Cueutan de un sabio que un dia 
 Tau pobre y miscro cstaba, 
 Que solo se susteutaba 
 De unas yerbas que cogia. 
 Habea otro (entre se decia) 
 Mas pobre y triste que yo? 
 Y cuando el rostro volvio 
 Hallo la respuesta, viendo 
 Que iba ostro sabio eogiendo 
 Las hojas que el arrojo." — CiLDEBON. 
 
 " The poor man 
 Sees Telephus was poorer still than he, 
 And bears his own distress more easily. 
 The madman thinks upon Alcmscon's case. 
 Has a man weak sore eyes ? The sons of Phineut 
 Are blind as bats. Has a man lost his child ? 
 Let him remember childless Niobe. 
 He's hurt his leg ; aud so had Philoctctcs. 
 Is he unfortunate iu his old age ? 
 CEneus was more so. So that every one, 
 Seeing that others have been more unfortunate, 
 Learns his own griefs to bear with more content." — Timoci.es. 
 
 " Et to. 7rapa Tots uWourw €i8oi'?js Kaxa, 
 
 "Ao-/A€Vos" e^ots uv, NiKwcjiuyv, a vvv ex as -" — Menandek. 
 
 " My lot might have been that of a slave, a savage, or a peasant, nor 
 ran [ reflect without pleasure on the bounty of Nature, which cast my 
 birth in a free and civilized country, in an age of science and philosophy, 
 in a family of honourable rank, and decently endowed with the gifts of 
 fortuue." — Gibpon. 
 
 71
 
 LVIII. 
 
 " The river hath more need of the fountain than the fountain of the 
 river." — Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. 
 
 " Flumina pauca vides de magnis fontibus orta: 
 
 Plurima collectis multiplicantur aquis." — Ovid. 
 
 " AoKetr' av otKeiv yolav, €t TrlvrjS airas 
 Aaos TrokiTtvoVTO 7t\ov<th>w arep ; 
 ovk av yivoLTO ^topts icrOXa. /cai Ka«a, 
 aAX' ecrri rts crvyKpa(Ti<; wcrr ^x eiV Ka ^<*>s, 
 a fxrj yap ecrrt to) irivrjd , o ttXovctios 
 St'Swo"' 6 8' 6t irXovTOVvrvi ov KeKTrj/JLeOa, 
 Toicriv irivqai -\pwp.^voi 6rjpwp.e6a. — Euripides. 
 
 The lorldly Rivers flash their sparkling breast, 
 Like Sun-kiss'd diamonds in the light of day, 
 And run their course rejoicing : far away 
 Among the hill-tops, 'neath the mountain crest, 
 Amid the pale cold snow's eternal rest, 
 Unseen, unknown, the little Fountains play, 
 Or well up in the wooded valleys, gay 
 With cowslips, and with humble violets dress'd. 
 
 If fountains were not, rivers would run dry, 
 If rivers were not, founts were fountains still. 
 
 Even so the rich ones of this Earth, who fill, 
 And with their splendour dazzle the World's eye, 
 More need the helping of the Poor, than they 
 The rich man's patronage, or power, or pay. 
 
 72
 
 LIX. 
 
 '• Poor and contcut, is rich and rich enough." — Shakespeare. 
 " 7roAAot [xlv yap 7t\.ovt€vctl Kaxoi, ayaObi 8e vrevovrai 
 'aXX r}[Ma,<; avroLS 6v Siafienl/o/xeOa 
 ttj<; dperijs tov ttXovtov, i-rra to /«i/ e/X7rerW aiei, 
 ^prjfjbara 8 avOpoiirwv aXXore aAXos ^X el " — Solon. 
 " Si quis Deus, en, ego, dicat 
 Jam faciam quod velis ; eris tu qui modo miles 
 Mercator ; tu consultus modo rusticus; hinc vos, 
 Vos hinc, mutatis discedite partibus ! Eia ! 
 Quidstatis? Nolint." — Horack. 
 " Optat ephippia bos, optat arare caballus." — Horace. 
 " ws $r) eycoy' o</>eXov p,aKapo<; vv rev t/Afievai atos 
 
 aveoos, ov KTed.Tf.o~o~iv cois €7rt yrjpas Irer/aci/." — Homer. 
 " Magna servitus est magna fortuua." — Skneca. 
 " Quidquid in altum 
 Furtuna tulit, ruitnra levat. 
 Modicis rebus longius icvum est. 
 Felix, media? quisquis turba' 
 Sorte quietus, 
 Aurfi stringit littora tutS : 
 Timidusque mari credere cymbam, 
 Remo terras propiore legit!" — Seneca. 
 " Sive aetherias vicino sole per auras 
 
 lbimus ; impatiens cera caloris erit ; 
 Sive humiles propiore freto jactabimus alas, 
 
 Mobilis sequoreis penna madescet aquis. 
 Inter utrumque vola." — Ovid. 
 " Alter ramus aquas, alter mihi radat arenas." — Propertius. 
 " Satan now is wiser than of yore, 
 
 And tempts by making rich, not making poor." — Pope. 
 " How hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of 
 God ; for it is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a 
 rich man to enter the kingdom of God."— Sermon, on the Mount. 
 
 I thank God for the state whereto His will 
 
 Hath called me ; had I now the unshackled choice, 
 
 I would not waver ; but my constant voice. 
 
 Should be to fill again the place I fill. 
 
 Riches and rank, oft covetised, are still 
 
 Nurses of carking cares that equipoise 
 
 The goods which make the Lords of Earth rejoice : — 
 
 The poor man stands in the shadow, dark and chill ; 
 Sordid and abject ; doom'd till death to leaven 
 His daily bread with horny-handed strife : 
 Scarce saved from brutal instinct, his dull mind 
 To knowledge, poetry, refinement, blind — 
 
 If hardly wealthy Dives enters Heaven. 
 Doth Lazarus even taste the joy of Life ? 
 
 Sec Note 6. 
 
 73
 
 LX. 
 
 " Sweet are the uses of adversity." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Ta oe fwi TcaQy\\w.Ta tovra a^dpira p.a9rjp-aTa yeyove." — 
 
 Crcesus ad Cyeum. 
 
 " My God, so temper joy and woe, 
 That thy bright beams may tame thy bow." — Herbert. 
 
 " Count each affliction whether light or grave 
 God's messenger sent down to thee." — Aubrey de Verb. 
 
 " Vexations duly borne 
 Are but as trials which Heaven's love to man 
 Sends for his good." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " 'fls r}$ea)s [Jlol yiyove ra npoTepa Ka/ccr 
 
 Ei /j.r) tot iirovovv, vvv av, ovk ^v^paivop.-qv.' — Philemon. 
 
 " For gold is tried in the fire, and acceptable men in the furnace of 
 adversity." — Ecclesiastes chap. ii. v. 4. 
 
 " /cat kws /3ov\op.at kcu ciutos kcu twv av K^Saytai to 
 /i.€v tl evTv^eeiv twv 7rprjyp,dT0iv, to Se irpocnrTaUiv kcu outco 
 8ut<pepav tov alwva iva\\d£ 7rp-qo-awv rj evTv^eew to. Trdvra. 
 oiBeva yap km Aoyu> otSa aKOvaas, 6'ctis is tcAos ov Ka/cws 
 tTeAcvT^ce 7rpoppi£os cvtv)(£idv tc\ irdVra." — Herodotus. 
 
 " Nee fera tempestas toto tamen horret in anno, 
 
 Et tibi, crede mihi, ternpora veris erunt." — Ovid. 
 " If all the year were playing holidays, 
 To sport would be as tedious as to play." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Si numeres anno soles et nubila toto, 
 
 Tnvenies nitidum soepius esse dicam." — Ovid. 
 
 " avOpoyirois yiveaOai oirocra $£\ovo~w, ovk afiewov vov- 
 tros vyUiav lironqo-ev rfhv koll aya$ov, Aip.os Kopov, Kap-aros 
 dvdiravcnv? ' — H eraclitus. 
 
 I thank God for each sorrow, trial, strown 
 
 On my Life's path. — The Soul's wings are its sighs : 
 
 We wrestle still with Angels in disguise. 
 
 Griefs are the Temple steps, albeit of stone, 
 
 Uneven, rough, unhewn, by which alone 
 
 We reach the Sanctuary, where our eyes 
 
 Rest on the Ark. The Spirit's sacrifice 
 
 Mounts quicker than burnt offerings to His throne. 
 
 Tis by the shadow that the Light is shown : 
 The calm is prayed for when the tempest flies 
 O'er Ocean ; after health in pain we moan. 
 Winter's ice-crown the Summer glorifies : 
 Our holidays would give no glad surprize, 
 If all the year but holidays were known. 
 
 74
 
 LXI. 
 
 " Durum, sed levins fit patientiS. 
 Quicquid corrigere est nefas."— Horace. 
 " (pepetv 8'eAa<£pu>s 
 (.irav)(eviov Xafiovra 
 Zvyov 8' apijyer 7toti Kevrpov oV tol 
 AaKTt£e/A€v, reXeuei 
 'OAto-^Tjpos ot/xos." — Pindar. 
 " Mute 
 The camel labours with the heaviest load, 
 And the wolf dies in silence ; not bestowed 
 In vain should such example be ; if they, 
 Things of ignoble or of savage mood, 
 Endure and shrink not, we of nobler clay 
 May temper it to bear, it is but fur a day." — Byron. 
 
 " Me'p.vr/o-0 on vTTOKpiTi]'; et opupaxos, orov av 6c\r) o 
 8i8a<TKoAo?. av ftpdx v > /3paX €0S ' " v /"■aKpdv, pa/cpoS- av 
 
 TTTW)(OV VTTOKpLVaaOoi (T€ Oikjj, Ivd KO.L TOVTOV €U<£ua>S VTTOK- 
 
 pivr)- av xwAo!', av apx»VTa, av iStwrryr. Ibv yap tovt tart, 
 to 868ev viroKpivaaOai irpoauirov koAws- ei<\e£acr9ai 8* avro, 
 aXAov." — Epictetus. 
 
 " Bid t hnt welcome 
 Which comes to punish us, and we punish it, 
 Seeming to bear it lightly."— Shakespeare. 
 " Quod male fers, assuesce : feres bene. Multa vetustas 
 
 Leuit; — Ovm. 
 " Murmur at nothing : if our ills are reparable, it is ungrateful : if 
 remediless, it is vain."— Colton. 
 
 " Now no chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but griev- 
 ous : nevertheless afterward it yieldeth the peaceable fruit of righteous- 
 ness unto them which are exercised thereby."— Hebrews xii. v. 11. 
 
 Whom the Lord loveth, him He chasteneth : — 
 Job was not tempted of the Devil until 
 God had vouchsafed to signify His will : — 
 
 Patience the heaviest burthen looseneth : — 
 The end or cometh earlier, or with death : 
 How soon the bitterness shall pass ; the hill 
 Be clombe ; and light the place of darkness fill ; 
 Who knoweth, while with cries he suffereth ? 
 
 No ! we are not forgotten in the pit : 
 Our tribulation grindeth out the corn 
 From the vile chaff : the shepherd bringeth home 
 The lost sheep by the savage wolf-fang bit : — 
 
 If Stephen bore on earth the crown of thorn, 
 lu Heaven he wears the crown of martyrdom. 
 
 75
 
 LXII. 
 
 " The lopped tree in time may grow again, 
 Most naked plants renew both fruit and flower, 
 The sorriest wight may find release of pain, 
 The driest soil suck in some moistening shower ; 
 Time goes by turns, and chances change by course, 
 From foul to fair, from better hap to worse. 
 
 The sea of Fortune doth not ever flow ; 
 She draws her favours to the lowest ebb ; 
 Her tides have equal times to come and go ; 
 Her loom doth weave the fine and coarsest web : 
 No joy so great but runneth to an end, 
 No hap so hard but may in time amend." — Southwell. 
 
 " )U.^T€ KO.K015 a)(6ov, ^ly]t ovv e7ray<xAA£o X°W?7- 
 7roA.A.a/as ev /3ioto> kcu OapaaXiotaiv aTrurrov 
 7TT//Aa, KCti a^9oy,evoL(TL kolkov Xvcris rj\v6ev aL<pvr]<;. ' — 
 
 PSEUDO PhOCYLLIDKA. 
 
 Xpr) 8' cktos ovto. 7T>j/xaTWV to. 8etv opav, 
 
 v'a)Tav v Tis cu £77, TrjviKavTa tov ySiov 
 
 (TKOTro.v /AaAtcrra, /jlt) S<.a<£0apeis \dfir)." — Philostratus. 
 
 " Bebus angustis animosus attrae 
 Fortis appare ; sapienter idem 
 Contrahes vento nimium secundo 
 Turgida vela." — Horace. 
 
 " A haste well stay'd in overthwartes depe 
 Hopeth ameudes ; in swete, doth feare the soure. 
 
 In strait estate appear thou stout, 
 And so wisely, when lucky gale of wiude 
 All thy puft sails shall fill, look well about, 
 Take in a rift." — Surrey. 
 
 The Greek sage, when he saw the Lydian king- 
 Boasting his treasures and his happy state, 
 Thought him of Cleobis' and Bito's fate, 
 And bade the Monarch pause till death should bring 
 To its full circle life's completed ring ; 
 Nor hail till then a mortal fortunate ; 
 So mutable man's lot, his path so late 
 Oft darken'd 'neath the shadow of Time's wing. 
 
 But whom may man out single from the crowd 
 To call unfortunate ere life be done \ 
 How oft do sorrows all un looked for cease ? 
 How oft our deadliest perils end in peace ? 
 
 When the Sun shines, make ready for the cloud : 
 When the cloud darkest looms, expect the Sun. 
 
 76
 
 iftetvatim^ to Sfmxtt lxii. 
 
 " fJL7]8el<; 7rpb<; ®ewv 
 
 laws yap ayaOov tovto 7rpo<£acris ytvcrai." — Mknandlr. 
 
 " Thou hast been 
 As one, in suffering all, that suffers nothing ; 
 A man that Fortune's buffets and rewards 
 Has ta'en with equal thanks."— Shakespeare. 
 
 " IIoAAa 8 avOpdiTTOis 7rapa yvwfxav hreacv, 
 Ep.7raAii/ p.kv repi/'ios - ol 8 , dviapcus 
 AvTiKVpaavTes £aAcus, 
 
 Eo"Aov /3a6v 7r^p.aTos iv p.i/cpa> 7T£Sdpnupav ^poVa). "■ — -Pindar. 
 
 " Expectauda dies homiui, dicique beatus 
 Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet." — Ovid. 
 
 " Treats opwcra 7rai/To8a7rais xpwpcvov ad tof fiiov, ovk 
 £a tois TrapoiXTLV dya#ois p.eya (ppoveiv, ovbk 6avpd£ziv dvhpbs 
 (.vrv)(Lav pETa/JoAijs \povov i^ovaav. Etteicti yap kudcrTw 
 ttoiklXov i£ aS^Aou to pe'AAov w 8' eis te'Aos 6 haCpunv e#eto 
 ttjv evirpa^iav, tovtov 7yp.ets evSatpova vopxCp\xev . 'O 8e 
 £wvtos eti /cat KivSvvevovTos iv tw /3uo paKapicrpos, wcnrtp 
 ayu>vi£op.£vov Kr/puypa «ai (TT€<pai'6<;, eotiv afitfiaios kox 
 dVcupos." — Plutarch. 
 
 " Sperat infestis, metuit secmdis 
 Alteram sortem bene preparatum 
 Pectus." — Horace. 
 
 " Aoyos /xev i(TT ap^atos avOpwirmv (f)avti<;, 
 ws ovk av aiMV €K/id6o(.<; fipoTwv, irpiv av 
 
 Bdvrf TIS, OUT' €1 ^p^OTOS OUT £1 Tto KaKOS." Soi'HOCLKS. 
 
 TT/ 0£ VVV TV^Tj 
 
 fSporois anacn Aaprrpu, Krjpvcro-ti /laQelv, 
 t6v euTu^eif Sokowtci pi] £,rj\ovv, irplv av 
 6av6vr 1817 tis" ws e<prjit.epoL Tt'^at." — Euripidfs. 
 
 " Si fortuna juvat, caveto tolli ; 
 
 Si tort una tonat, caveto mergi." — Al'SONIUS. 
 
 " Trpii' 8* av TeXevTr/aij, eVto-^eeii/, p.rjftl kciAeeii/ ko> 
 o'A/3tov, aAA' cuTuxca." — IIerodoti S. 
 
 " o"K07T£€ti/ 8fi xpr) 7ru.K7-os XP/paTOS Tijv teAeuty/i' *cr/ 
 aTrofiijaeTai. 7rn\X<n(Tt yap 8r; {i7roS£^a? oXfiov b 6eos, irpop 
 pi&vs at£Tp£i/r£." — Hekodoti -. 
 
 ffl
 
 LXIII. 
 
 " Quid sit futnrum eras, fuge quserere, et 
 Quern fors dierum cunque dabit lucro 
 Appoue." — Horace. 
 
 " Carpe diem qnam minimum credula postero." — Horace. 
 
 " Stone walls do not a prison make 
 
 Nor iron bars a cage ; 
 Minds innocent and quiet take 
 
 That for a hermitage. 
 If I have freedom in my love, 
 , And in my soul am free, 
 Angels alone that soar above, 
 
 Enjoy such liberty." — Lovelace. 
 
 " Nil non mortale tenemus 
 
 Pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis. 
 En ego cum patria caream, vobisque, domoque, 
 
 Raptaque sint adimi, quoe potuere, mihi ; 
 Ingeoio tamen ipse meo coinitorque fruorque ; 
 
 Ccesar in hoc potuit juris habere nihil." — Ovid. 
 
 " The great designs that have been digested and matured, and the 
 great literary works that have been begun aud finished in prisons, fully 
 prove that tyrants have not yet discovered any chains that can fetter the 
 mind," — Lacon. 
 
 " Rebus in angustis facile est contemnere vitam ; 
 
 Fortiter ille faeit, qui miser esse potest." — Martial. 
 
 " Houesta mors turpi vita potior." — Tacitus. 
 
 " Summum crede nefas animam preferre pudori, 
 Et propter vitam vitai pei'dei'e causas." — Juvenal. 
 
 Enjoy the hour ; nor heed to-morrow's ill ; 
 
 Sufficient is the evil for the day. 
 
 In the Lord's hand we are the potter's clay, 
 
 And He will shape our changes to His will. 
 
 But chance what may, I can find comfort still. 
 
 Be the road rough, no thieves beset the way, 
 
 Or they left liberty, and did not slay. 
 
 Plunge me in dungeons, Hope the gloom shall fill ; 
 
 Sleep soothe my nights : Thought, free as air, shall fly 
 
 Where'er she list ; and Memory unroll 
 
 The painted past : bind to the torturer's stake 
 
 These limbs, mine innocence he cannot shake ; 
 
 Bid me condemn'd by unjust sentence die, 
 
 Tyrants may kill the body, not the soul. 
 
 78
 
 gttttirtwtifltwi U $<mmt lxhl 
 
 A few instances of Equanimity may not be out of place. 
 
 When Huss was murdered, the Bishops mocked at him : they cut his 
 hair in the form of a cross, and set on his head a high paper cap on which 
 devils were painted. " We devote thy soul to the devils in Hell," said 
 the Bishop ; " and I," quoth Huss, " commend my soul to the most 
 merciful Lord Christ Jesus." 
 
 When Bruno was condemned to be burnt, he exclaimed, " Perhaps it 
 is with greater fear that ye pass this sentence upon me than I receive it." 
 
 When Stephen of Colonna fell into the hands of his base assailants, 
 and they asked him in derision ' Where is now your fortress?' " Here," 
 was his cold reply, placiug his hand upon his breast. 
 
 When Bernard Palissy, after escapiug the massacre of St. Bartholo- 
 mew, was confined in the Bastille, the king visited him and said if he 
 could not change his religion, he should be forced to leave him in the 
 hands of his enemies. " Forced ?" replied Palissy ; " This is not to speak 
 like a king ; but they who force you cannot force me. I can die." Doubt- 
 less thousands of martyrs for all causes have felt and spoken lika this : 
 nay, acted on the declaration to the very death. 
 
 The highest exemplar of equanimity is that of Christ, as the tale of 
 his final betrayal, trial, and sufferings is told us by the Gospels. Scarcely 
 less divine is the example of Socrates, when having determined to die for 
 virtue's sake, he premeditatedly refused to offer such a defence as might 
 have secured his acquittal or a minor punishment ; and raised that splen- 
 did monument of his excellence which has been handed down to us iu 
 Plato's Apologia Socralis. What can be more touching, dignified, mag- 
 nificient, than his concluding words to his judges : " But it is now time 
 to depart — for me to die, for you to live. But which of us in going to a 
 better state is unknown to every one but God."
 
 LXIV. 
 
 PapmiimUt). 
 
 " OvScis yap ttolvt iarlv avoA/3ios - aXX 6 /xkv £a6\o<; 
 
 ToX./XU- €\(J)V TO KO.KOV, KOVK ilTlb7]\o<Z 6/XWS" 
 
 SciAos 8 ovt ayaOolcnv cTrioTaxai onVe naKolaw 
 
 Ov/jlov op.ws /XLa-yeiv a9ava.TU)V Se Socras 
 7ravTOtat $vrjTol<Jiv eTrep^ovr , aAA e7n.roAp,a.v 
 
 p^pr/ 8wp a^avaTtoV, oia SiSovcriv, €^eii/." — Theognis. 
 
 " Ingeniumres 
 AdversEc nudare solent, cclare secundfe." — Horace. 
 
 " The vision of the hangman frights not me ; 
 The sight of whips, racks, gibbets, axes, fires, 
 Are scaffoldings whereon my soul climbs up 
 To an eternal habitation." — Virgin Martyr. 
 
 " The great in affliction bear a countenance more princely than they 
 are wont, for it is the temper of the highest hearts, like the palm tree, to 
 strive most upwards wheu it is most burthened." — Sir P. Sidney. 
 
 " He's truly valiant that can wisely suffer 
 The worst that man can breathe; 
 And make his wrongs his outsides, 
 To wear them like his raiment, carelessly, 
 And ne'er prefer his injuries to his heart. 
 To bring it into danger." — Shaklspeake. 
 
 There is no depth of Fortune where the mind 
 
 Of the Magnanimous is not sustained 
 
 By its own virtue — See Columbus chain'd 
 
 By Bobadilla ! — " Ye shall not unbind," 
 
 He cried to those who would have unconfin'd 
 
 His wrists, so much the oppressor he disdain'd, 
 
 " These manacles, until it be ordain'd 
 
 " By the Queen's word ; though to my bones they grind. 
 
 " Then, while I live, shall they before me lie, 
 
 " To show what debt of gratitude and gain 
 
 " Was earn'd by him, who Ocean freed, and gave 
 
 " A World unto the Sovereigns of Spain, 
 
 " Castille and Arragon ; and when I die, 
 
 " Let my son lay them by me in my grave." 
 
 See Note 7. 
 
 80
 
 LXV. 
 
 " Ovk can 6vr)Twv ooris tcrr cXevdepos : 
 
 ■f] TrXrjOo'i olvtov 7roA.eos, r\ vofxdv ypd<f>ai 
 
 ctpyovcri -^p-qcrOaL fxrj koto, yvwixrjv rpoTrols.' — Hecuba. 
 
 " Tempore difficiles veniunt ad aratra juvenci, 
 
 Tempore lenta pati frena doceatur cqui. — Ovid. 
 
 " Vidi ego nuper eqnum, contra sua vincla tenacem, 
 Ore reluctanti fulminis ire rnodo. 
 Constitit, ut priinum concessas seusit habenas, 
 
 Frenaque in effusa laxa jacere juba. 
 Nitiniur in vetitum semper, cupimusque negata." — Ovid. 
 
 Not if Athene's self should stoop to teach, 
 
 Would Youth, constrained, attend with willing ear — 
 
 Oh ! freedom from control, dream ever near, 
 
 Ever beyond, and just beyond our reach ! 
 
 The school-boy forward looks, while tutors preach, 
 
 To college for his liberty from school ; 
 
 There finds as stern, although a different rule. 
 
 Thence to the world at large we turn, till each 
 
 By custom grown familiar to restraint, 
 
 Brooks usages, forms, laws, without complaint. 
 
 Pursue the thought, and is not each the slave, 
 
 Through life, of tyrant passions ; be the reign 
 
 Of Love, Ambition, or the Lust-of-gain ; 
 
 And liberty is reach 'd but with the grave ? 
 
 8)
 
 ■ -, -..-.- ^.-- -■■■--. -. ■^-.^■■-■^- ^~^^^. 
 
 -~- ----------- -^-- '- ---------- ----~-- -^- 
 
 LXVI. 
 
 ©n § trim* W%#tM%. 
 
 " Clashing of swords ! brother opposed to brother !" 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcheb. 
 
 " Themselves the conquerors 
 Make war upon themselves : brother to brother, 
 Blood to blood, self gainst self. ! preposterous 
 And frantic courage." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " It is not known where he that invented the plough was born nor 
 where he died ; yet he has effected more for the happiness of the world 
 than the whole race of heroes and of conquerors who have drenched it 
 with tears and manured it with blood, and whose birth, parentage, and 
 education have been handed down to us with a precision precisely propor- 
 tionate to the mischief they have done." — Lacon. 
 
 "For in those days might only shall be admired, 
 And valour and heroic virtue called ; 
 To overcome in battle and subdue 
 Nations, and bring home spoils with infinite [ 
 
 Manslaughter, shall be held the highest pitch 
 Of human glory, and for glory done, 
 Of triumph to be styled great conquerors, 
 Patrons of mankind, Gods, and sons of Gods, 
 Destroyers rightlier called, and plagues of men. 
 Thus fame shall be achieved and known on earth, 
 And what most merits fame in silence hid." — Milton. 
 
 Peruse Man's story down from Pyrrha's flood ; 
 
 How foul a volume shall thine hand unroll — 
 
 Surely some Cain -like finger on the scroll 
 
 Traced out this long, this sick'ning tale of blood ; 
 
 Battle the theme ; warriors the only good ; 
 
 Brother 'gainst brother ; soul in arms with soul ; 
 
 Passions of Nations bursting from control ; 
 
 Murder their task ; a glut of crime their food ; 
 
 Short pause of peace, to rally for fresh war ; 
 
 Each evil deed glossed with some specious name, 
 
 " Liberty"-" Love of Country"--" Courage"-" Fame !"- 
 
 And rare doth timid Virtue dare to pour 
 
 Her lustre o'er the page ; faint as the light 
 
 Of some lone star struggling through stormy night, 
 
 82
 
 w 
 
 LXVII. 
 
 #tt f wrf*me §ftrt0W}. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " Some write a narrative of wars and feats 
 Of heroes little known, and call the rant 
 An history." — Cowr-EB. 
 
 " The evil that men do lives after them ; 
 The good is oft interred with them." — Shakespeare, 
 
 And is the story fairly told and read ? 
 
 Though fiercer eloquence may chain the throng, 
 
 Do not the tale of love, the tide of song, 
 
 Gush o'er Earth's vales, as from a fountain-head ? 
 
 Though many a hand its fellow's blood hath shed, 
 
 Myriads have still been stainless ; only strong 
 
 In Friendship's grasp, not the red cause of Wrong ; 
 
 The dance more known than marches' measured tread. 
 
 Like to a hasty traveller, History 
 Views but the Vast ; her glance is on the peaks 
 Of mountains, and their headlong torrents foam : 
 She pauseth not ; with beauty-loving eye 
 No flowers that mantle round their base she seeks : — ■ 
 Her voice is of Man's country, not his home. 
 
 S3 
 
 — R
 
 2»lt 
 
 LXVIII. 
 
 " Odiraus aceipitrem quia semper vivit in armis 
 Et pavidum solitos in pecus ire lupos. 
 At caret insidiis hominum, quia mitis, hirundo, 
 QucEque alat terras Chaonis ales habet." — Ovid. 
 " One to destroy is murder by the law, 
 And gibbets keep the lifted hand in awe : 
 To murder thousands takes a specious name, 
 "War's glorious act, and gives immortal fame." — Byron. 
 " There are crimes which become innocent and even glorious through 
 their splendour, number, and excess. Heuce it is that public theft is enti- 
 tled address, and to seize unjustly on provinces is to make conquests." — 
 
 La Rochefaucauit. 
 " They err who count it glorious to subdue 
 By conquest far and wide, to over-run 
 Liirge countries, and in field great battles win, 
 Great cities by assault : what do these worthies, 
 But rob and spoil, burn, slaughter, and enslave 
 Peaceable nations, neighbouring, or remote, 
 Made captive, yet deserving freedom more 
 Than those their conquerors, who leave behind 
 Nothing but ruin wheresoe'er they rove, 
 And all the flourishing works of peace destroy, 
 Then swell with pride and must be titled Gods, 
 Great benefactors of maukind, deliverers, 
 "Worship'd with temple, priest, and sacrifice; 
 But if there be in glory aught of good, 
 It may by means far different be attaiu'd 
 "Without ambition, war, or violence ; 
 By deeds of peace, by wisdom eminent, 
 By patience, temperance." — Milton. 
 
 Familiar to me is each mightiest name 
 
 Of empire-founders from the world begun ; 
 
 The conquerors of nations, who have run 
 
 Their comet-path of pestilence and flame — 
 
 Assyria, Persia, Rome, and Grecia, claim 
 
 Ninus and Cyrus, Caesar, Philip's son ; 
 
 The North sent forth her " Scourge of God" the Hun ; 
 
 The East yet shakes at Timur's horrid fame ; 
 
 And in these latter days how redly shone 
 
 Napoleon's bloody star ! Oh ! but on One 
 
 Without a sob of grief, a blush of shame, 
 
 Doth History her solemn finger rest : — 
 
 Most virtuous, wisest, glory of the West, 
 
 Man, patriot, hero, stainless Washington.* 
 
 * If William the Silent may be termed a Conqueror, his Statue de- 
 serves to be placed beside that of Washington. 
 
 84
 
 
 LXIX. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " Ille, velut pelagi rupes immota, resistit, 
 Ut pelagi rupes magno veniente fragore, 
 Qiiffi, sese multis eircumlatrautibus uudis 
 Mole tenet." — Ovid. 
 
 " Justum et tenacetn propositi virum 
 jN'oa civium ardor pr&va jubentium, 
 Nee vultus instant is tyrauui, 
 
 IMcnte quatit solida ; — 
 Si fraetus illabatur orbis, 
 Impavidum ferient ruinfe." — Horace. 
 
 " Qualiter undas 
 Qui secat, et geminum gracilis mare separat isthmus." — Lucan. 
 
 " wenrep ir-puw travel vowp 
 'Y-X^ets, 7reStoto hiairpvcnov tctux^kws - 
 "Oare Kat tydi/J-wv Troraju-wf dAeyciva peeOpa 
 "Io">(€i', a<f>o.p 8e re ttu(tl poov 7reoYov8e tlOtjui 
 nXa^wv, ouSe Tt /uv crdevd prp/vvai peovres." — Homek. 
 
 " Nothing can cover his high fame but Heaven; 
 No monument set off his memories, 
 But the eternal substance of his greatness."— John Fletcher. 
 
 Behold him, champion in young Freedom's fight, 
 
 Serene, sufficient, patient, undismay'd, 
 
 Humble the haughty Briton's arm'd parade ; 
 
 As a crag breasts the full Atlantic's might : — 
 
 See him, the soldier in the cause of Right, 
 
 Triumphant, sheath his unambitious blade ; 
 
 Alike by homage, tumult, all unsway'd, 
 
 Clothe Liberty in order ; call forth Light 
 
 Out of the abyss of Anarchy ; unmask 
 
 The Gallic spectre of Equality, 
 
 While the drunk World reel'd round him ; and his task 
 
 Complete, resume the simple citizen ; 
 
 So die : exemplar to us petty men ; 
 
 A spectacle for all futurity. 
 
 65
 
 \ 
 
 LXX. 
 
 (Concluded.) 
 
 " Calm as a frozen lake, when ruthless winds 
 Blow fiercely, agitating earth and sky." — Wordsworth. 
 
 " Standing four square to every wind that blew." — Tennyson. 
 
 " In war was never lion raged so fierce, 
 In peace was never gentle lamb more mild." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Washington inspiring order and spirit into troops hungry and in 
 rags ; stung by ingratitude, but betraying no anger, and ever ready to for- 
 give ; in defeat invincible, magnanimous in conquest; and never so sub- 
 lime as on that day when he laid dowu his victorious sword, and sought 
 his noble retirement — here indeed is a character to admire and revere ; a 
 life without stain, a fame without flaw. Quando invenies parem. ?" — 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 It is the mighty calmness of thy soul 
 
 That makes thee all sublime : if in the jar 
 
 Of what then seem'd a most unequal war ; 
 
 In victory's flush ; or in the hard control 
 
 Of fresh Enthusiasm trampling down the goal 
 
 Of Freedom touch'd, not turn'd ; whether thy car 
 
 Was myriad-dragg'd ; when standing at the bar 
 
 Of Calumny, impeach'd ; or in the roll 
 
 Of fireside years, thy rule laid freely down. 
 
 So some vast lake of thy Columbia shows, 
 When fierce winds howl and winter tempests frown, 
 Its icy surface to the northern snows : 
 So, when the summer suns above it pass, 
 Lies in a limpid sheet of liquid glass. 
 
 86
 
 LXXI. 
 
 " A crown 
 Golden in show, is but a wreath of thorns 
 Brings dangers, troubles, cares, and sleepless nights 
 To him who wears the regal diadem, 
 When on his shoulders each man's burthen lies : 
 For therein stands the office of a king, 
 His honour, virtue, merit, and chief praise, 
 That for the public all this aright he bears : 
 Yet he, who reigns within himself, and rules 
 Passions, desires, and fears, is more a king, 
 Which every wise and virtuous man attains ; 
 And who attains not ill aspires to rule 
 Cities of men, or headstrong multitudes, 
 Subject himself to anarchy within, 
 Or lawless passions in him which he serves." — Milton. 
 
 Not lie the real Monarch, 'neath whose sway 
 Millions of prostrate slaves or serfs fall down ; 
 Not he, whom purple and the imperial crown 
 Mark Chief : not he whom fleets and hosts obey, 
 The Conqueror, who makes mankind his prey, 
 Filling the World for aye with his renown : 
 Not Lydian Crsesus : Xerxes, with vain frown 
 Sea -scourging : Caesar in Rome's haughtiest day. 
 Not even he who wisely rules the free ; 
 Though 'tis a kingly office thus to rule ; 
 God-like withal : but the true King is he, 
 The man who knows the victory to gain 
 O'er his own heart ; his will and passions rule ; 
 And o'er himself supreme in triumph reign. 
 
 87 

 
 LXXII. 
 
 " "On /Aev ow TTacnv rots owiv {i7TOKeiTat <p86pa koli 
 /^era/SoXrj <r>(e8ov ov TrpoaSel Aoyov iKavrj yap rrjs cpvo-ewi 
 avayKT) 7rapaaTrjaai tt/v roiavTYjV ttujtw. — Polybius. 
 
 " There is the moral of all human tales ; 
 'Tis but the same rehearsal of the past ; 
 First freedom, and then glory ; when that faih, 
 Wealth, vice, corruption : barbarism at last. 
 And History with all her volumes vast 
 Hath but one page." — Byron. 
 
 " Tollimur in caelum curvato gurgite, et idem 
 Inducta ad manes imos descendhnus unda." — Virgil. 
 
 " The World's great age begins anew, 
 The golden years return, 
 The Earth doth like a snake renew 
 
 Her winter weeds outworn." — Shelley. 
 
 " Hoc est adverso nixantem tendere monte 
 Saxum, quod tamen a suinmo jam vertice rnrsum 
 Volvitur, et plani raptim petit jequora campi." — Lucretius. 
 
 I heard two Voices : one was of Despair, 
 
 Wailing the mournful changes of the Past : — 
 
 " What," sighed she, " what of good or great shall last ? 
 
 " Though now Art tills the soil that erst was bare, 
 
 " Though Freedom reigns, and Science smileth where 
 
 " All once with Ignorance was overcast, 
 
 " Shall not the Western World, tho' proud and vast, 
 
 " The fate of Egypt and of India share ? 
 
 " These, long degenerate, wrapt in sloth and gloom, 
 
 " Were Learning's birthplace, Glory's primal throne ; 
 
 " Art's infant cradle, Wisdom's sacred well. 
 
 " A curse is on Man's greatness, like the doom 
 
 " Of him who rolls up Hades' steep the stone 
 
 " That ever slips back to the abyss of Hell." 
 
 88
 
 LXXIIL 
 
 §rikrt\m *m the §fetaNj of §Xm. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 "■ There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe, 
 And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law." — Tennyson. 
 
 " So interchange is happiness : 
 The mindless are the riverless ; 
 The shipless have no pen." — E. Elliott. 
 
 " Ignorance is the curse of God 
 Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to Heaven."—' Shakespeare. 
 
 " Come, bright Improvement, on the car of Time 
 And rule the spacious world from clime to clime ; 
 Thy handmaid arts shall every wild explore, 
 Trace every wave, and culture every shore." — Campbell. 
 
 The other Voice was Hope's : " No more/' her song, 
 " Worse than Egyptian darkness shall confound 
 ' This living globe. The blessed ships, that bound 
 " O'er ocean, waft to each unletter'd throng 
 *' True Wisdom ; Right at length shall master Wrong ; 
 *' Love root out Prejudice ; fair Peace be crown'd 
 " Eternal ; War be trampled on the ground, 
 : ' And Earth its last, best, victor-shout prolong. 
 " No more shall perish human Thought : — no more, 
 " Rob'd in rich vellum, screen'd from vulgar eyes, 
 " Exclusive Knowledge sleeps : to cottage door, 
 * Equal, as to palace gate, she flies ; 
 " Nor barbarous horde, nor power's unchalleng'd sv 
 " Shall shut her henceforth from the light of day 
 
 89 

 
 ,.-.,.- :-r .-^-. .-.--,...._-,,-.■> -_-^.-„-,^, 
 
 -Ar .hi 
 
 LXXIV. 
 
 pbcvhj of the Jitbjcct 
 
 '• Like other tyrannies, the tyranny of the majority was at first, and 
 is still, vulgarly, held in dread, chiefly as operating through the acts of the 
 public authorities. But reflecting persons perceived that when society is 
 itself the tyrant — society collectively, over the separate individuals who 
 compose it — its means of tyrannizing are not restricted to the acts which 
 it may do by the hands of its political functionaries. Society can and does 
 execute its own mandates : and if it issues wrong mandates instead of right, 
 or any mandates at all in things with which it ought not to meddle, it 
 practises a social tyranny more formidable than many kinds of political 
 oppression, since, though not usually upheld by such extreme penalties, it 
 leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the de- 
 tails of life, and enslaving the soul itself. Protection, therefore, against 
 the tyranny of the magistrate is not enough : there needs protection also 
 against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling ; against the 
 tendency of society to impose, by other means than civil penalties, its 
 own ideas and practices as rules of conduct on those who dissent from 
 them ; to fetter the development, and, if possible, prevent the formation, 
 of any individuality not in harmony with its ways, and compel all charac- 
 ters to fashion themselves upon the model of its own. There is a limit 
 to the legitimate interference of collective opinion with individual inde- 
 pendence: and to find that limit, aud maintain it against encroachment, 
 is as indispensable ti a good condition of human aflairs ; as protection 
 against political despotism." — J. S. Mill. 
 
 No fear now lest the tyrant One should crush 
 
 The many ; but the Many crush the one : 
 
 The People hath new risen like the Sun, 
 
 And day -light makes each tyrant blink and blush : — 
 
 But who has virtue, valour, strength, to hush 
 
 The busy meddling spirit that hath begun 
 
 To whisper laws, strong fetters silken-spun, 
 
 And o'er all private freedom fain would rush ? 
 
 No more the wave of Conquest threats to leap 
 O'er all the nations with insatiate bound ; 
 Yet must we watch each ripple of the Deep 
 That on the strand encroacheth noiselessly, 
 Ere all unmark'd the swelling tide hath drown'd 
 The little isles that dot Life's social sea. 
 
 90
 
 LXXV. 
 
 She pfoertg s>i the §tm. 
 
 " The second Ark we bring : 
 ' The Press,' all Nations sing, 
 
 What can they less ? 
 Oh ! pallid want, Oh ! Labour stark, 
 Behold, we bring the second Ark, 
 
 The Press ! the Press ! the Press !" — Eb. Elliott. 
 
 " RarS. temporum felicitate, ubi seulire quae velis, et quae scntias 
 dicerc licet." — Tacitus. 
 
 " This Art it was, next to tlie peaceful creed 
 That cheers the Christian in the hour of need, 
 That aim'd the direst and most stunning blow 
 Against the deeds of ignorance and woe. 
 Scar'd by its light old Superstition shook, 
 And hid her face before the printed book." — CHARLES Mackay. 
 
 " ovd eri ykwcraa ftporoicrw 
 iv <f>v\o.KoX<;- XtXvrai yap 
 Xaos iXevOcpa fiatjav 
 ws iXvOr] tyyov dAAa?." — jEschylus. 
 
 " Despotism can no more exist in a nation until the liberty of the 
 Press be destroyed, than the night can happen before the sun is set." — 
 
 Colton. 
 
 What was the Pulpit once is now the Press, 
 And greater ; for the Preacher could but find 
 Few, if fit audience : — now the stamp of Mind 
 Strikes lightning-quick all nations, or to bless 
 With knowledge, or pale Tyranny repress — • 
 
 Guard it, O ! England, as the healed blind 
 The gift of sight ! never shall despot bind, 
 So long your freedom in defencelessness. 
 
 And ye who wield the mighty weapon, search 
 Well your own passionate hearts, lest liberty 
 Degenerate to license. Men may slip 
 The leash of kings intolerant, bigot Church ; 
 But dread that social Dictatorship 
 Which right of private judgment would deny. 
 
 91 

 
 LXXVI. 
 
 " Nnnquam libertas carior extat 
 Quam sub rege pio." — Claudian. 
 
 " Oh ! 'tis excellent 
 To have a giant's strength ; but tyrannous 
 To use it like a giant." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Licuit seraperque licebit 
 Par cere peisonis, dicere de vitiis." 
 
 The Critic's chair is as the Despot's throne : 
 If fill'd by one who is both wise and just, 
 The State lives free beneath the sacred trust : 
 Unworthily usurp'd, the People groan 
 Under a tyranny they shame to own. — 
 
 Set watch upon your lips ; beware the lust, 
 Critics, of power or gain : — better a crust 
 Than wealth or fame amid corruption grown. 
 Unceasing trim the midnight lamp, to fill 
 Your minds with all the learning of the World, 
 And let humility on judgment wait : 
 To wound is easy : cure comes oft too late :* 
 At Vice, Pride, Folly, let contempt be hurl'd ; 
 But spare the well-meant effort, for the will. 
 
 * Keates, on whom a most unjust and unsound criticism fell like the knife 
 of the anatomist Vessalius upon his living subject. 
 
 92
 
 LXXVII. 
 
 " Virtute ambire oportet, iiou favitoribus, 
 
 Sat habet favitorum semper qui recte tacit." — Plaittus, 
 
 " Nuilius addictus jurare in verba niagistri." — Horace. 
 
 " Better it is to die, better to starve, 
 Than crave the hire which first we do deserve." — Shakespeare, 
 
 " Full little knowest thou who hast not tried 
 What hell it is in sueiog long to bide ; 
 To lose good days that might be better spent ; 
 To waste long nights in pensive discontent : 
 To fret thy soule with crosses and with cares, 
 To eat thy hearte through comfortless despairs : 
 To fawne, to crouche, to waite, to ride, to run, 
 To spend, to give, to want, to be undonne." — Spencer. 
 
 " Better is the life of a poor man in a mean cottage, than delicate 
 fare in another man's house. Be it little or much, hold thee contented, 
 that thou hear not the reproach of thy house. Tor it is a miserable life 
 to go from house to house : for where thou art a stranger, thou darest not 
 open thy mouth." — Ecclesiasticus. 
 
 " Tu proverrai si come sa di sale 
 
 Lo pane altrui, e com' e duro callc 
 
 Lo sceudcre, e '1 salir per 1' altrui scale." — DaNTE, 
 
 Time was when eveiy author was the slave, 
 With dedicated fulsome reverence, 
 To some great man of pow'r or affluence ; 
 But now, Maecenas' reign is in the grave, 
 And writers ride triumphant on the wave 
 Of public suffrage and the Common Sense. 
 Wit wants no longer Favour's false pretence, 
 Nor Genius stands aside for fool or knave. 
 
 Thrice blest his lot, like mine, who never stood 
 Promotion-seeking at the proud man's gate. 
 But eam'd an independent livclilmi ■<! 
 By his free labour in the liberal State ; 
 Calls no man lord and master. Cap in hand, 
 To bow, go, fetch, come, carry, at command. 
 
 93
 
 lxxviii. 
 
 BuycJc. ft Friede, ihr Herren ! Muss der Soldat Friede rufen ? Nun da 
 ihr von uns nichts horen wollt, nun bringt auch eure Gc- 
 sundheit aus, eine biirgerliche Gesundheit. 
 
 Tetter. Dazu sind wir bereit ! Sicherheit und Ruhe ! 
 
 Soest. Ordmiug und Freiheit ! 
 
 Buyck. Brav ! das sind auch wir zufrieden. 
 
 Alle. Sicherheit und Ruhe ! Ordnuug uud Freilieit !"— Gcetiie. 
 
 " No more shall nation against nation rise, 
 Nor ardent warriors meet with hateful eyes ; 
 Nor fields with gleaming steel be cover'd o'er. 
 The brazen trumpet kindle rage no more : 
 But useless lances into scythes shall bend, 
 And the broad falchion in a ploughshare end." — Pope. 
 
 " Every man shall eat in safety 
 Under his own vine what he plants, and sing 
 The merry song of peace to all his neighbours." — Shakespeare, 
 
 " Sarcula nunc, durusque bidens, et vomer aduncus, 
 Ruris opes niteant : inquinet arma situs. 
 Conatusque aliquis vagina ducere ferrum, 
 Adstrictum longa, sentiat esse mora." — Ovid. 
 
 " Turn genus humanum positis sibi consulat armis, 
 Inque vicem gens omnis amet: pax missa per orbem 
 Ferrea helligeri compescat limina Jani." — Lucan. 
 
 Rare 'mid the Nations is the Prophet-Seer, 
 Whose soul unto the Future mounts serene : 
 Our thoughts are fashion'd to the present scene, 
 Or swath'd in cerements of the Past : we fear 
 Too much the scoffer's jibe, the sceptic's sneer. 
 Yet Chaucer saw the Crystal-palac'd Queen ;* 
 And War amid the idols that have been, 
 Shall be, and babes smile when of it they hear. 
 
 The Beast's-mark brands the War-God's brow, unclean 
 As the foul murder-shrines of Mexico : 
 Cleft is his shield, for all the heraldic gilt 
 Emblazon'd there in Chivalry's false sheen : 
 Shiver'd his sword : he leans upon the hilt, 
 And shrinks from Commerce' swift-impending blow.f 
 
 See Notes *8, f9. 
 94
 
 u 
 
 
 LXXIX. 
 
 1 The purest ore is produced from the hottest furnace : and the 
 
 brightest thunderbolt is elicited from the darkest storm." — Colton, 
 
 The World must yet by fiery wars be purg'd, 
 Ere Truth run drossless ; sweat of Battle must 
 The People's quarrel with the Crowns adjust, 
 Ere Might and Riojit in Justice shall be merged 
 With full effect the Poor's loud cause be urged, 
 The Idols of our social svstem, Lust, 
 Pride, Selfishness, be levelled in the dust, 
 Opinion's wave on every shore have surg'd : 
 Ere rulers, be they magistrates or kings, 
 As stewards, not as masters, guide the State, 
 And Education universal reigns ; 
 Law o'er all ranks its equal safeguard flings, 
 Love links in brotherhood the low and great, 
 In her own dungeon Want be bound in chains. 
 
 95 
 
 CZt
 
 r>w .. uz 
 
 
 " L'age A'ov, qu'une aveugle tradition a place jusqtt'ici clans le passts, 
 est devant nous." — St. Simon. 
 
 " Say not thou, What is the cause that the former days were better 
 liiau these ; for thou dost not inquire wisely concerning the same."— 
 
 Ecci.. vii. 10. 
 
 M ovk aetSoi ra 7ra/\aia, 
 
 Kaiva yap /xaAa KpetcrtTa." — Tijiothel's. 
 
 K Antiquitas mundi hominuui juventus." — Bacon. 
 
 " Prisca juvent alios, ego me nunc denique natum 
 Gratulor."— Ovid. 
 
 " Vetera extollimus, recentium inenriosi." — Tacitus. 
 " "Hueis Twv 7raripmv fxiy a/Ae'iyoves Iv^ojk.0 Itrai.' — Homer. 
 
 How often hath the Poet's story told 
 
 Of three great epochs of the human mind, 
 
 Wherein from good to worse we have declin'd : 
 
 The first Age in Creation was of Gold ; 
 
 Of Silver fashion'd, forth the second roll'd; 
 
 The third in ribs of Iron is confin'd : — 
 
 'Tis false. In everything the immortal mind 
 Hath ever been advancing from of old. 
 Iron was largely mix'd with our first clay ; 
 A richer metal shines, though feebly bright, 
 In present men ; and Time perchance may see 
 The costliest ore in our posterity. 
 
 So breaks the silvery dawn from iron night 
 To the full splendour of a golden day. 
 
 96
 
 LXXXI. 
 
 See Note 10. 
 
 97 
 
 
 " It has been observed that a dwarf standing on the shoulders of a 
 giant will see further than the giaut himself: and the modern standing 
 on the vantage-ground of former discoveries and uniting all the fruits of 
 the experience of their forefathers, with their own actual observation, may 
 be admitted to enjoy a more enlarged and comprehensive view of things 
 than the ancients themselves; for that alone is true antiquity which em- 
 braces the antiquity of the world, and not that which would refer us 
 back to a period when the world was young. But by whom is this true 
 antiquity enjoyed ? not by the ancients who did live in the infancy, but 
 by the modems who do live iu the maturity of things." — Colton. 
 
 " Who for the most part are they that would have all mankind look 
 backwards instead of forwards, and regulate their conduct by things that 
 have been done ? they who are the most ignorant, that are the most igno- 
 rant as to all things that are doing. Lord Bacon said, Time is the great- 
 est of Innovators. He might also have said the greatest of improvers, 
 and I like Madame DeStael's observation on this subject quite as well as 
 Lord Bacon's. It is this : ' The past which is so presumptuously brought 
 forward as a precedent for the present was itself founded on an alteration 
 of some past that went before it.' " — Colton. 
 
 " Folly disgusts us less by her ignorance than pedantry by her 
 learning : since she mistakes the nonage of thiugs for their virility, and 
 her creed is that darkness is increased by the accession of light ; that 
 the world grows younger by age, and that knowledge and experience are 
 diminished by a constant and uninterrupted accumulation." — Colton. 
 
 What man would seek his counsel from a child ? 
 
 Yet such do they who cast a wishful eye 
 Back to the wisdom of Antiquity. 
 
 Falsely, be sure, that Age was golden styl'd 
 When man, a hunter, roamed the forest wild, 
 Folded his flocks, or first learnt husbandry : : 
 
 Then was the world in its rude infancy. 
 
 As Ages by in slow procession filed, 
 Through youth to promise of maturity 
 Our race hath reach'd : each Generation climbs 
 Upon the vantage-ground of till past times, 
 Heir to all thoughts and deeds of earlier man: 
 As on the giant's neck the dwarf perch'd high, 
 'Tis borne, and looks forth with the wider scan. 

 
 LXXXII 
 
 " Veniet tempus quo ista quee nunc latent in lucem dies extrudet, 
 et longioris cevi diligenti& veniet tempus quo posteri nostri tam aperta 
 nos nescisse mirabuntur. Quam multa animalia hoc primum sseculo, 
 quam multa negotia ne hoc quidem ! Multa venientis cevi populus ignota 
 nobis sciet : multa sseculis tunc futuris, cum memoria nostri exoleverit, 
 reservantur." — Seneca. 
 
 Who saith the World grows old : the end draws near ? 
 
 Man hath not reach'd his manhood : Time hath not 
 
 Yet been for half the circle of his lot : — 
 
 Though with the lightning he hath girt the sphere, 
 
 Chained down the Vapour for his charioteer, 
 
 Made the Sun's self his painter : though each spot 
 
 Of earth shall soon be free ; who hath forgot 
 
 How the Philosopher of yore* saw clear 
 
 The coming splendours of futurity ? 
 
 And though we vaunt the triumphs we have won 
 
 In the vast regions of Art, Science, Thought, 
 
 Those who come after us shall smile to spy 
 
 Our foolish self-felicitation; 
 
 So far shall they outstrip all we have wrought ! 
 
 * Seneea. 
 
 98
 
 LXXXIII. 
 
 Time scores the world with Epochs : every age 
 Quickens its own idea ; like the Moon 
 Lapping its looming orb, crescent at noon, 
 It waxeth, fills, and wanes : on history's page 
 Its good outlives its evil, let it rage 
 Never so long and fiercely : Life is strewn 
 With idols worshipp'd for awhile, but soon 
 Thrown down and trampled in contempt or rage : 
 Yet each had use, strength, beauty : only quail'd 
 Before some nobler presence ; as the Gods 
 Of Greece before The One their faces veiled. 
 
 Man's body now scarce dreads the tyrant's rods ; 
 The Church his spirit's fetter looseneth : 
 
 Life's law is progress ; and stagnation, Death. 
 
 99
 
 LXXXIV. 
 
 §aW-®nttte. 
 
 There are who Matter scoff, and inward turn 
 Their eyes, with introspection satisfied : 
 Others innate ideas will deride, 
 And from sense only all their knowledge learn. 
 
 Two thousand years did the fierce struggle burn, 
 And barren strife philosophy divide. 
 But now half-truths are wedded, and with pride 
 Watch their child Progress each new vantage earn. 
 
 No more Authority claims Reason's throne ; 
 But owns her Queen : Tradition's rotten crutch 
 Fails him, and crumbles at thy steady touch, 
 Experience : stout Method loves to own 
 Invention's power to blend all facts, and find 
 Causes and law for Matter and for Mind. 
 
 See Note 11. 
 
 100
 
 LXXXV. 
 
 " You shall have ale : I'll give you cheer in bowls." 
 
 Scornful Lady. Bkaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 Fill hin-h the tankard ; crown the silver bowl 
 With bright October's foaming amber ; spread 
 The ashen board with manchets white of bread ; 
 For hark ! the hour of noon ; and forth the whole 
 Dry Lecture rushes with a thirsty soul. 
 Up the hall-stairs the merry youths draw near, 
 And throng the buttery for noontide cheer. 
 See Charon comes to claim his weekly dole :— 
 
 grim old ferryman, how oft my boat, 
 Through the long summer eve, on Isis' wave, 
 Beside thy fearful barge would careless float, 
 While thou o'er thy kind-cruel weapons sate, 
 And, with an artist's fondness, didst relate 
 
 Of drowning youths saved from a watery grave. 
 
 [Atone o'clock, all the lectures for the day concluded, and there was 
 then a pretty general rush to the Buttery, for bread and cheese, aud beer. 
 The character I have introduced into this Sonnet deserves a word. He 
 was an old man, a servant of the Humane Society, stationed on the river, 
 for the prevention of accidents. His punt was filled with horrid-looking 
 implements — the drags, hooks, &c, of his calling. .Many a skitter, like 
 myself, used to linger on our way to IlHey or Sandford, while the old man, 
 pushing his punt alongside, related wonderful tales of " perils by flood," 
 if not by Held. He was always armed with a scrap of paper and a pencil, 
 ready to receive a " buttery order." His boat, his appearance, and pro- 
 fession, obtained for him the sobriquet of " Charon," by which he was 
 universally known. He related his stories with a professional gusto highly 
 diverting. 
 
 1 remember on one occasion the lion. R. G. saving an undergradu- 
 ate from drowning in Bossom's Latcher. Charon came running up too 
 late with his drags; and surveying the 6enscless form on the grass in the 
 attitude of Ulysses over his dog, exclaimed in the most pathetic and de- 
 precatory tones " Oh ! Mr. G- if you had been a minute later, I'd have 
 had my hooks into him."] 
 
 101
 
 LXXXVI. 
 
 topus* : a ^feetdt ttm §fUm0*jj. 
 
 " He lards the lean earth as he walks along," — Henry IV. 
 " Hie coquus scite ac munditer condit cibos." — Plautus. 
 
 " Captum te nidore suee putat ille culinse , 
 Nee male conjectat." — Juvenal. 
 
 " Nee sibi ccenarum quivis temere arroget artem 
 Non prius exacta tenui ratione sapornm." — Horace, 
 
 " Studio culinre tenetur."— Cicero, 
 
 Hard by, the kitchen. Though 'tis something hot, 
 
 Let's enter. There : — salute repectfully 
 
 Our " Coquus ;" him of roguish, twinkling eye. 
 
 Not only from the constant fire, I wot, 
 
 But from full many a well-quaffed silver pot 
 
 Of humming ale, did that rich ruby fly 
 
 Nose ward, ho ! noseward. See, how jauntily 
 
 His paper cap, push'd back, hath learnt to squat 
 
 High on his beaded brow ; how cleanly swell 
 
 The apron-folds upon his rounded paunch ; 
 
 With what an air he dandleth carelessly 
 
 His knife. Salute him ; for we love him well, 
 
 Our oracle ; and touching loin, or haunch, 
 
 Indeed a man of grave authority. 
 
 102
 
 LXXXVTI. 
 
 She otitic. 
 
 " Sequar quo vocas." — Skneca. 
 
 Orva che nn sol volere, e il ambedue 
 
 Tu duca, tu signore, e tu maestro." — DANTt. 
 
 Our steeds are ready ; whither shall we ride ? 
 
 To Woodstock, where a woman's jealous hate. 
 
 Gave her frail rival horrid choice of fate, 
 
 And Blenheim rises in majestic pride ? 
 
 Or to old Cumnor, where false Lei'ster's bride, 
 
 Like a fair falcon by the hawker lur'd, 
 
 Was in the shades of that grim Place immur'd, 
 
 Till, trusting to Love's well-feign'd note, she died ? 
 
 Or shall we slowly saunter to the wood 
 
 Of Bagley, there explore each sylvan glen ; 
 
 Or to the Quentin, sport of ages rude, 
 
 On the green heights of open Bullenden ? 
 
 Lead where you will ; I follow, friend, to-night : 
 
 All ways are equal to a spirit light. 
 
 103
 
 LXXXVIII. 
 
 " Retiring from the populous noise, I seek 
 This unfrequented place." — Milton. 
 
 Not through the Queen of Cities' lordliest street, 
 
 Although all passing beautiful its sweep 
 
 Of gray old colleges and gables steep, 
 
 Where spire, and dome, and bridge, and gateway meet, 
 
 Let us now turn our fashionable feet ; 
 
 But unobserv'd, not unobserving, creep 
 
 Down by the bank, where the green willows weep 
 
 For Cherwell drown'd in Isis : there a seat 
 
 Courts us awhile, till from the farther shore 
 
 The ferryman is hail'd to punt us o'er. 
 
 Now through the summer fields away, away, 
 
 The grass beside the path brushing our knees ; 
 
 Haste ! for the chapel bell, swung on the breeze, 
 
 Pealing too quick return, forbids delay. 
 
 104
 
 LXXXIX 
 
 mt Catlmtot ot the Woods. 
 
 " The groves were God's first temples. Ere men learned 
 To hew the shaft and lay the architrave, 
 And spread the roof above them : ere he framed 
 The lofty vault, to gather and roll back 
 The sound of anthems : in the darkening wood 
 Amidst the cool and silence he knelt down, 
 And offered to the Mightiest solemn thanks 
 And supplication" — BRYANT. 
 
 Come to the woods ; 1 know a solemn glade, 
 
 Such as our persecuted fathers chose 
 For secret worship : whence perchance arose 
 The vast Cathedral's pattern : there the shade 
 Falls dim. though checkered thro' the long arcade 
 By sunlight, which through quivering foliage shows 
 More glorious than the window's painted rose : 
 There, side by side, the lithe trees stand arrayed 
 In pillar'd ranks ; boughs interlaced with boughs 
 In many a vaulted arch the roof uprear, 
 Its fretwork traced by Nature's cunning hand : 
 There sing the sweet birds in a choral band : 
 Like organ music there the wind's low soughs : — 
 Come : with our dear hearts let us commune here. 
 
 105
 
 xc. 
 
 3fce.6bap«l. 
 
 Lo ! Discord at. the altar dares to stand, 
 
 Uplifting toward high heaven her fiery brand.''— Wordsworth. 
 
 How richly mellow'd through the painted glass 
 The tranquil flood ofsplemn light pours down 
 Upon each oaken stall's time-polished brown, 
 On marble chequer'd floor, and desk of brass. 
 Along the aisle, in spotless surplice, pass 
 Student and Fellow, while yet lingering swell 
 The last faint echoes of the vesper bell, 
 With the same tones that summon'd erst to mass. 
 
 Spirit of Unity ! keep fast the bands 
 That bind to thee thy Church ! here chiefly rule ! 
 For this thy primal sanctuary : here stands 
 True Doctrine's very fountain-head and school ; 
 Yet here blind Schism is threatening to divide 
 Those who should teach thy Gospel side by side* 
 
 * These lines were written wheu Puseyism and the Tractariana were 
 in the ascendant, but they are surely not less apt in these days of Essays 
 and Reviews, and Bishop Colenso. 
 
 106
 
 XCL 
 
 CIntvch p»j0iir» 
 
 Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard 
 Are sweeter." — Reals. 
 
 " And other days come back to me 
 With recollected music, though the tone 
 Is changed and solemn." — Byron. 
 
 The music iu my heart I bore, 
 
 Long after it was heard no more"— Wokdsworth. 
 
 Then let the pealing organ blow 
 
 To the full voiced quire below, 
 
 In service high aud anthems clear 
 
 As may with sweetness through mine ear 
 
 Dissolve me into ecstacies 
 
 And bring all Heaven before mine eyes." — MlLTON. 
 
 " Sweetest melodies 
 Are those that are by distance made more sweet." — Wordsworth. 
 
 ' Music when soft voices die 
 Vibrates in the memory . 
 And sweet violets when they sicken 
 Still live in the sense they quicken." — Shelley. 
 
 Sweet is the tall of music on the ear, 
 The song of birds, and soft voice of the rill ; 
 Sweet the breeze-murmur sighing o'er the hill ; 
 Sweet the leaves' rustle in their prime or sear ; 
 Yet sweeter o'er the spirit, and more clear, 
 Come heavenly harmonies unheard and still 
 With such a melody doth Conscience fill 
 The good man's tainting soul when death is near , 
 And oft in life a tone celestial swells 
 Vaguely and in brief snatches, as the wind, 
 Sweeps o'er iEolian harp-strings, on the mind. 
 When, in its dream-like hours of rest, it dwells. 
 Rapt, on the mystic parts of that vast plan. 
 God's work, where deathless harmony began 
 
 107
 
 XCIL 
 
 (tojwt ©hmtjhte — f tap*. 
 
 " And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer, 
 Before all temples, the upright heart and pure, 
 Instruct me." — Milton. 
 
 Know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost ?" — 
 
 1 CoR.vi. 19. 
 
 " The truly holy soul which hath receiv'd 
 The unattainable, can hallow hell. 
 Each orb is to itself the heart of heaven ; 
 And each belief, wherein man roots his hope; 
 And lives and dies, the favourite of God." — Festt s. 
 
 " Not vainly did the early Persian make 
 His altar the high places and the peak 
 Of earth o'er-gazing mountains, and thus take 
 A fit and unwalled Temple thereto seek 
 The Spirit in whose honour shrines are weak, 
 Upreared of human hands. Come and compare 
 Columns and idol-dwellings, Goth or Greek, 
 With Nature's realms of worship, Earth and Air, 
 
 Nor fix on fond abodes to circumscribe thy prayer." — Byron. 
 
 Man's heart, God's holiest temple ; and His rite 
 
 Best loved, a contrite spirit's sacrifice, 
 
 Whether beneath the flush of morning skies, 
 
 Or star-evok'd, when that most earnest Night 
 
 With tongues of flame discourseth of His might ; 
 
 Or in the lonely chamber, when the eyes 
 
 Of Thought peer into the Eternities, 
 
 With humble, hopeful, though not fearless sight 
 
 Or when in the World's battle, in mid fight 
 
 Of jarring elements, by masteries 
 
 Of self, with ruth for others' groans and sighs, 
 
 Throneward it soareth, with a seraph flight. 
 
 To the Ail-Powerful, All- Just, All- Wise, 
 
 In pray'r for universal good and right. 
 
 108
 
 I ■ 
 
 Pttftvatum* to £ oiittrt xcii 
 
 " dTratSeuTot, ovk tare 6ti owk Ioti 0eos x il l > ° K F r l T0 ' i \ 
 duSc c£ apx^ s iSao-iv £X et ' °^ e *X a * m ^ep 1 '^ ^ 01 '' "^ 
 dAAos o /<do-pos avTO) veto? can, £u>o-is /cat (pvTol<; kcu acrrpois 
 tt€-itoikl\{jl€vo<; ;" — HeraclituS. 
 
 " Animadverto enim, etiam deos ipsos, non tam acenratis adoram 
 tium precibus, quam innocentia et sanctitate lsetari ; gratioremque existi- 
 raari, qui delubris eorum puram castamque mentem, quam qui meditatum 
 carmeu intulcrit." — Plinv. 
 
 " Eitis 8e 6vo~iav Trpoacpeptov, <L IIap<£iAe, 
 
 Tavpwv Tt 7rAr/#os t) iptcpwv, r), vr] Aia, 
 
 'Erepwv toiovtwv, r) KaTa.crKeua07xa.Ta 
 
 Xpt'cras 7roi?;cras x^ a / x ^ 5 7 / Tot Top</>upa?, 
 
 *H Si eAe'^avTOS, t) o-papaySou £ti>Sia, 
 
 Ewow vopi£ei tov 0eov KaOia-rdvai, 
 
 nXavar eKetvos Kai c/>peVas Kovtpas Ixet- ' -MenandeR. 
 
 " Ah riimium faciles, qui tristia crimina caddis 
 Fluinineu tolli posse putetis aqua!" — Ovid. 
 
 " ap' ovk e'lpl et>o-e/3r/s, 'Eu#i>KAei?, ds poVos oToa Oeov ; 
 lav oe /xr/ IdpvcrOrj Oeov /?topds, ouk ecru tfe'o?; wore Ai'0oi 
 #eu>v pdpTupes- «pya oeT papTtipetv, oia r/Aiov vu£ auTw Kai 
 r/pepa p.apTvpov(Tiv copai awd pctpTvpcs' yr) oAr/ Kaprrocpo- 
 povaa, pupTi><r treA?/i'r/s 6 kijkAos, Ikcivov epyov, dupdvio? 
 papTrpia." — Hekaclitus. 
 
 " For I spake not unto your fathers, nor commanded them in the 
 dav that I brought them out of the land of Egypt, concerning burnt of- 
 fer'ings or sacrifices : But this thing commanded I them, saying, Obey my 
 voice, and 1 will be your God, and ye shall be rny people : and walk 
 ye in'all the ways that I have commanded you, that it may be well unto 
 you." — Jeremiah, chap. vii. v. 22 — 23. 
 
 " To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me ? saith 
 the Lord: I am full of the burnt offerings of rams, and the fat of fed 
 beasts ; and I delight not in the blood of bullocks, or of lambs, or of he 
 goats, ^'hen ye come to appear before me, who hath required this at 
 your hand, to tread my courts? Bring no more vain oblations ; incense 
 is an abomination unto mc j the new moons and sabbaths, the calling of 
 assemblies, 1 cannot away with , it is iniquity, even the solemn meeting." 
 
 [SAIAH, chap, i. v. 11 — 13. 
 
 " For T desired mercy, and not sacrifice: and the knowledge of God 
 more than burnt offerings."— Hosea, chap. vi. v. 6. 
 
 " I hate, 1 despise your feasi da 11 "ill not smell your solemn 
 
 assemblies. Though ye oiler mc burnt offerings and your meat offerings. 
 I will not accept thru,' neither will I regard the peace offerings of your 
 fat beasts. Take thou away from me the noise of thy songs; for I will 
 not hear tkc melody of thy viols. But let judgment run down as water-, 
 and righteousness as a mighty stream. " VWOS, chap. v. v. 21 — 24. 
 
 109 
 
 3
 
 ^ s 
 
 XCIIJ. 
 
 " Utque cariDa 
 Quam ventus, ventoque rapit contrariusajstus, 
 Vim geminam sentit, paretque incerta duobus" — Ovid. 
 
 " As a tall ship tossed in troublous seas, 
 Whom raging winds, threatening to make the prey 
 Of the rough rocks, doe diversely disease, 
 Meets two contrarie billows by the way, 
 That her on either side doe sore away, 
 And boast to swallow her in greedy grave, 
 She scorning both their spights, does make wide way, 
 And with her crest breaking the foamiug wave, 
 Does ride on both their backs and firm herself doth save." — Spencer. 
 
 " Ut ventis discordibus acta phaselos 
 Dividuum que tenent alter et alter amor." — Ovid. 
 
 " Non que j' imitasse pour cela les sceptiques qui ne doutent que 
 pour douter, et affectent d'etre toujour incertaines ; car au contraire tout 
 mou desseiu ne tendoit que m' assurer, et a rejeter la terre et la sable 
 pour trouver le roc ou l'argille." — Descartes. 
 
 Old faiths and old beliefs are loos'ning fast — 
 The world was not created in six days, 1 
 Nor in six million ages : — Man always 
 Was not man : — but his form in base mould cast, 
 By use grew God-like : a Species does not last. 3 
 The gilt of Language — 'tis no gift — betrays 
 Its gradual origin : 4 The Prophet rays 
 Of Inspiration, fables of the past ! 5 
 
 Grant me, my God, to keep Truth's line, although 
 It strikes off from old teaching, but to obey 
 The one great lesson of my mother's lip : — 
 So the ball's path two forces guide ; the blow, 
 And the rebound : so portward sails the ship, 
 Straight, through joint wind and wave deflect her way. 
 
 1. The Geologists, passim. 2. Vestiges of the Creation. 3. Dar- 
 win's Origin of Species. 4. Farrer's Origin of Language. 5. Essays and 
 Reviews. Bishop Colenso. 
 
 I 110
 
 XCIV. 
 
 " Veritas et mora, falsa festinatione et inccrtis valescutif." — Taciti s. 
 
 " N?7<j!>e, kcli. fiifivrjar airumtv apOpa Tavra run> (ftpevwv. - 
 
 Epicharmus. 
 
 " Vitium capiant, ni moveantur aqua?." 
 
 " Prove all things, hold fast that which is good."— ThessalONIANS. 
 
 c * Periculosum est credere et nor) credere ; 
 Ergo exploranda est Veritas multum, prius 
 Quam stulta prava judicat sententia." — Ph.edrus. 
 
 " coikcv 6 ttjv "Iptv ©av/xavros Zkjovov ^cras, ov ko.kw<; 
 ya>ea\oyeiv."— Piato. 
 
 " La maraviglia 
 D'el Ignoranza e la ligli.i 
 E del Sapere 
 La Madre." 
 " Since we begin life as infants and have contracted various judg- 
 ments concerning sensible things before we possess the entire use of our 
 reason, we are turned aside from the knowledge of tru^h by many preju- 
 dices ; from which it does not appear that we can be auy otherwise deli- 
 vered, than if once in our life we make it our business to doubt of every 
 thing in which we discern the smallest suspicion of uncertainty." — 
 
 DksCartes. 
 
 " Doubt is the vestibule which all must pass before they can enter 
 into the temple of wisdom." — Lacon. 
 
 " 7ri(7T€is S'ctp Tot o/xws zeal an-iariat wAcerav dVSpas." — Hesiod. 
 
 " /ay) 7ri(TTeve Ta^tcrra, Trplv, drpeKews xepas oij/ei,. — 
 
 Pseudo Phocyllidea. 
 
 " Lo ! when a thought is cast in a clear soul's beautiful Ocean, 
 Joyously up to the light leapeth a welcoming spray." 
 
 Who talks of shifting sands and treacherous waves. 
 The labyrinth and wilderness of Doubt ? 
 'Twas blessed Scepticism that first struck out 
 The true Promethean spark — 'tis this that saves 
 Mankind from base dishonorable graves. 
 
 Mind were a dead and stagnant pool, without 
 God cast in it this stone, to move about 
 The ripple, till the ring the margin leaves, 
 
 Iris, the Immortal Angel, was begot 
 By Thaumas : Ignorance is Wonder's dam 
 But Wonder to all Sciences gave birth, 
 Beasts of the field that perish, they doubt not :— 
 Man only questions Nature ; saith " I am ;" 
 Doubts, reasons, gains dominion, soars from earth. 
 
 ill 

 
 
 xcv. 
 
 Quantum Keligio potuit suadere malorum." — Lucretius. 
 
 " Religentem esse oportet, nou religiosum." — Aulus Gkllius. 
 
 " KXiiTTwv yap yj vv£ rr)<; S'uA^eias to <jf>ws." — Euripides. 
 
 " Ubique 
 I. actus, ubique pavor, et pluriraa mortis imago." 
 
 Base Superstition lurketh in a cave. 
 Haunted by phantom shapes that jibe, and loom 
 Distorted through the supernatural gloom : 
 There Man hath crawl'd about, a groping slave, 
 As though within the shadow of the grave, 
 The while she utters blasphemies that doom 
 His race to hopeless horrors, and a tomb 
 Whose terrors strain the heart-strings of the brave. 
 Two slavering Hell-hounds huddle at her feet, 
 Torture and Murder : hooded forms that look 
 Like ghostly priests, in one far corner heat 
 Pincer and brand, low muttering o'er a Book : 
 The foul vault rings with agony's last groans ; 
 And blood sweats from the very walls and stones. 
 
 See Lacon, Pt. 1, Tit. 20ti & Tit. 542. One hundred thousand per- 
 sons arc computed to have been put, to death for conscience' sake during 
 the Revolt of the Netherlands. What is the total amount of the victims 
 of religious persecution since the world began ! 
 
 11;
 
 
 XCVI. 
 
 (fftaprt ZThaucjlit^ — Conscience. 
 
 " \n:l lie said, nay father Abraham, but if one wenl unto them from the dead, 
 they would repeat."— St. Luke, chap. xvi. v. 30. 
 
 " Exemplo quodcunque malo coramittitur ipso 
 Displicet auctori ; prima esl hoec ultio, quod 
 Judlce, nemo nocens absolvitor." — Juvenal. 
 
 " Conscia mens at cnique sua est, ita eoncipit inira 
 l'ectora pro facto spemque metumque suo." — Ovid. 
 
 tc Be fearful only of thyself ; and stand in awn of none move than of thine 
 own Conscience. There i a Cato in every man ; a severe Censor of his man- 
 ners. And he that reverences this Judge will seldom do anything he need re- 
 pent of?" — Fuller. 
 
 "lie that has Iighl within his own clear breast, 
 May sit i' th' centre, and enjoy bright day : 
 Bui he thai hides a dark soul, and foul thoughts, 
 Benighted walks under the mid-day sun ; 
 Himself is his own dungeon." — Milton. 
 
 u OuScis y«/> oi'tojs ouSe fxaprv; arrl cpofiepos, oi're kot- 
 fjyopos 8etvo5, ws y iyKa.TOUCov<ra Tats e/caarcoj' if/v^ais" — 
 
 POLYBIUS. 
 
 Not it" One came back from the Dead, would Man 
 
 Be startled from his cherished vice or sin, 
 
 If the soft voice of Conscience cannot win 
 
 ITis spirit from its passion or its plan. — 
 
 Vain are anathema, and curse, and ban, 
 
 And sign, and prophecy, if from within 
 
 The charmer's utterance charm not : vain the din 
 
 Of Doom, when the last Sun is waxing wan. 
 
 Yet, if to mortals at each birth be given 
 A guardian Angel to attend on Life, 
 Conscience, perchance, may be the voice of Heaven, 
 And a bright Spirit from another sphere, 
 Battling the Evil One in deadly strife. 
 May still be whispering warnings in our ear. 
 
 113
 
 ss 
 
 XrVIl. 
 
 (Chapel arUoujuht^ — (Conscience, 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 ' : Whatever creed be taught or land be trod, 
 Man's conscience is the oracle of God." — Byron* . 
 
 "Lebt'/niclit in uns des Gottes eign kraft 
 ^Wie kounteuns das Goltliche entziickeu." — Goetiix. 
 
 "Est Deus in nobis :"agitante calescimus illo." — Ovir>. 
 
 " Nil non mortale tenemus 
 Pectoris exceptis ing'pniique bonis." — Ovid. 
 
 Nay, Conscience is no Angel's spirit voice : 
 
 'Tis more : it is the very voice of God, 
 
 Who rules not with a Sovereign's despot-nod, 
 
 But as a Father chides his son : the choice 
 
 Of good and evil's balanced equipoise 
 
 He leaves us ; but 'tis Love and not the rod 
 
 Constrains us : lo ! He comes with mercy shod. 
 
 Not thunder-clad : we hear Him, and. rejoice. 
 
 God leaneth not to laws of punishment ; 
 Nor is He vengeful ; to quick anger prone ; 
 With bloody altar and burnt incense-smoke 
 Appeasable : but ever hath He spoke 
 To each man through the Conscience' inner tour. 
 Revealing thus His presence immanent. 
 
 114 
 
 ::
 
 -\ 
 
 XCVIII. 
 
 'ArNfiSTO 0E17. 
 The eternal God is thy refuge, and beneath Thee arc the everlast- 
 
 " 7T/OWTOV irdvTWV, TTUTTtVCTOV OTl €IS CtTTlV O ©COS, 6 TO, 
 
 TravTOL /cruras koli 7roi7/cras, e/< /a?/ ovtos eis to etvat. — Hermes. 
 " et y'ovv ur/Swv rjfxfjv, eiroiovv to. tt)s ay/001/05, 
 £1 KVKVOS, TU, TOU KVKVOV viV 8e Aoyixos etttt, 
 {yAveu/ /te Set tov OeW." — Epictetus. 
 
 " To) o"e 8' aOvfxvqa-o), /cat ow KpaYos aeii> aeto"co." — Cleanthes. 
 
 " Ma gia volgeva il rnio desiro e' 1' velle 
 Si come vuola, che igualmente imossa 
 L' amor che rauove' 1 Sol e' 1' altere stclle." — DaiN 11 . 
 
 " ovt€ /3porots yepas a'AAoTe Atei£a>y 
 ovre #eois, y kolvov d'et vo/xou eV 8lkij v/Avetv." — Cleanthi 
 
 " There is some soul of goodness in things evil, 
 Would men observiugly distil it out." — Shakespeare. 
 
 Ancient of Days ! Eternal ! Primal Love ! 
 Creator and Preserver, who diclst frame 
 The Universe; unnamed ; or by what name 
 Men call Thee ; Allah, Aum, Jehovah, Jove ;* 
 Thou who didst brood upon the void, and move 
 Over the waters til! Life quick'ning came; 
 Who pois'd the Sun, and robed his orb in flame, 
 And sowed with worlds the starry fields above; 
 Who sufferest seeming evil to impart 
 A touch of discord to thy harmony, 
 As shadow doggeth still the heels of Light ;*f" — 
 ( live mi 1 to ponder on thy mystery, 
 Thy majesty, thy mercy, and thy might, 
 And commune with Tine, ever in my heart. 
 
 [* T do not here allude to Jupiter the Son of Saturn, but that primal 
 Deity whom th 6n eks regarded as the origin of all things, and whom 
 they worshipped under a variety of names, TroXvwvv/jLOs ©e'os : the 
 Zeus of whom the Orphic hymu said 
 
 ' Ztvs apx?}} ^«us Atecro-a, AioS'c'k iravra TeVv^Tat.' 
 Sec the description of this Zi u by the Sophist Aristides the Adria- 
 
 ucan, in Cudworth's tnti System. Vol. '-', p. 139.] 
 
 + " uAA-ourt <$>/ 7t6wj<t <</AiAA»/0eis Aoyw 
 Toiw8 . eAe£e yap Tts Jj; t<a YttpOl 'a 
 
 —XcLO) (3pOTol<TLV i<TTL TWV d/Aeil'Oimr. 
 
 eyw fte toiJtois avTiav yvt'oji-qv eYa>, 
 TrXeid) Ta XprjaTu. rwv kclkwv elvat /Jporois. 
 ci fj.r] yuj) ijv to8', ol'K av rj/jici/ eV c/>aet." — EuKini" 
 
 l L5 
 
 • trc
 
 XCIX. 
 
 of the f fojjitt p»rg. 
 
 " ! Sanctissima, ! purissima, 
 Dulcis Virgo, Maria, 
 Mater intemerata, Mater immaculata, 
 Ora, ora pro nobis."— Sicilian Hymn. 
 
 " Yet some, I ween, 
 Not unforgiven, the suppliant knee might bend, 
 As to a visible Power, in which did blend 
 All that was mix'd and reconcil'd in Thee, 
 Of mother's love with maiden purity, 
 Of hish with low, celestial with terrene."— Wordsworth. 
 
 It haunts me, how it haunts me, that sweet face 
 
 Of more than earthly beauty ; those blue eyes 
 
 In whose calm depth such wondrous pity lies ; 
 
 Those faintly-smiling lips, whereon I trace 
 
 A flash, of passing triumph ; that smooth grace 
 
 Of the chaste, faithful brow ; the blush that dyes 
 
 That modest cheek, suffus'd like Charity's 
 
 O'er-spied by stranger in her hiding-place ; — 
 
 It haunts me, how it haunts me, that sweet face, — 
 
 Not with its beauty only, but its air 
 
 Of hope and love, humility and pray'r. 
 
 'Tis not Art's dream, some sculptor-fancy's birth ; 
 
 But thee, Madonna, as thou wast on earth, 
 
 Dear mother of The Teacher of our race. 
 
 116
 
 c. 
 
 (tluipct Sftoujjhtei — Solvation. 
 
 " And, behold, the Lord passed by, and a great and strong wind rent 
 the mountains, and brake in pieces the rocks before the Lord ; but the 
 Lord was not in the wind : and after the wind au earthquake ; but the 
 Lord was not in the earthquake : and after the earthquake a fire ; but 
 the Lord was not in the fire : and after the lire a still small voice." — 1 
 Kings, chap. xix. vs. 11, 12. 
 
 The Tishbite on the lonely mountain heard 
 
 A great strong wind that brake in twain the rock, 
 
 When the Lord passed by; then with a shock 
 
 Of earthquake all the trembling ground was stirr'd. 
 
 Then did a fire the top of Horeb gird : 
 
 Then breathed a still small voice : — Jehovah came. 
 
 Not in the wind, the earthquake, or the flame, 
 
 But in the still small voice spake God his word. 
 
 Thus raged polemic strife, a windy war ; 
 And then the Crescent host and Red-cross band 
 With battle-shocks shook Earth, deep drench'd with 
 
 gore; 
 And then [ntol'rance fired her faggot brand ; 
 These o'er, commanding persecution cease, 
 The still small Gospel voice hath whisper'd Peace. 
 
 L17
 
 CI. 
 
 (Bfaxpl ©hottgftte — Wvlmtim. 
 ®fo Sftirtg fatw' Wat 
 
 " Jnter iinitimos vetus atque antiqua simultas, 
 Immortale odium, et nunquana sauabile vulnus 
 Ardet adhuc Ombos et Tentyra. Summus atrinque 
 Inde furor vulgo, quod aumina viciuoruui 
 Odit uterque locus, quum solos credat habendos 
 Esse Deos quos ipse colit." — Juvenal, Sat, xv. 
 
 For six full lustres did religious hate, 
 Such as not Tentyra from Ombos tore, 
 Drench creed-divided Europe deep in gore : 
 For the Leagu'd Papist would not stoop to bate 
 One tittle of his tenets, fixed as Fate : 
 And the grim Calvinist and Lutheran swore 
 In union, ne'er to lay down arms before 
 Their cause was righted by the liberal State. 
 Then Nation against kindred Nation rose, 
 Each confident in blind and bigot zeal, 
 Smiting their fatherland with sword and flame ; 
 And calling each on God's most holy name 
 For sanction in their battle's last appeal : 
 " Jesu Maria" these : " God with us," those !* 
 
 * Such were the war cries of the respective parties at the battle of Lutzen. 
 
 118
 
 C1I. 
 
 iEhapcl ©tegfcfe — ^deration. 
 Wxt fall of ^ht\tUhm% 
 
 1 line jejunum odium, sed jorgia prima sonarc 
 Incipiunt aniinis ardentibus : haec tuba rixa : 
 
 ■ ast ilium iu plurima scctnm 
 
 Frusta et particulas at multis mortaus unis 
 Subficeret totum conrosis ossibus edit 
 Aictrix tarba." — JuvenaX., £at. xv. 
 
 " Empires and Kings, how oft have temples rung 
 With impious thanksgiving, the Almighty's scorn." — Hoehsworth. 
 
 •• Troy mid Jerusalem have lall'ii, but ne'er," 
 
 Wrote Tilly, " the destroying angel, sire 
 
 " Lit, until now, a city's funeral pyre, 
 
 " Like that which hath laid low the strong and fair, 
 
 " But heretic Magdeburg." Oh ! bid me spare 
 
 The tale : my blood would freeze, or brain would fire, 
 
 To tell the horrors which sectarian ire, 
 
 Croat, Walloon, scarred Pappenheim * wrought there. 
 
 Yet mid the flames, and thirty thousand dead, 
 
 While salvos from the smoke-grim'd cannon leap't, 
 
 The victors, lust-polluted, murder-fed, 
 
 Mock'd God in the Cathedral, chaunting high 
 
 " Te Devm," and the Demon Blasphemy 
 
 Wild on the altar-steps his face, and wept. 
 
 * Count Pappenheim was born scarred on his forehead with two sword- 
 shaped scars, which became blood red under the influence of excitement. 
 The horrors of the sack of Magdeburg are too dreadful to dwell on ; they 
 will be found detailed in Menzell's History of Germany, Coxe's // 
 of Austria, and Schiller's Thirty Yea 
 
 119
 
 cm. 
 
 Who is my Neighbour ? One old sage replied, 
 He who lives next thee — one said all might claim, 
 Who dwelt in the same city, that fond name ; 
 And one, with kindlier heart, and creed more wide, 
 Thought all men of one country thus allied. 
 But wrapt in twilight until Jesus came, 
 The problem lay — Then touch'd as with a flame, 
 Blazed that which all the wise had vainly tried. 
 No more shall Greece or Rome exclusive spurn 
 Outcast " Barbarian :" eveiy sunburnt slave 
 And painted savage claims thine equal care : — 
 Love, like the horizon, wheresoe'er we turn, 
 Clips in its shifting circle earth, sky, wave, 
 And every living being, everywhere.* 
 
 * See Note 12. 
 
 1.20 
 
 " But he, willing to justify himself, said unto Jesus, And who is my 
 neighbour ?" — St. Luke, chap. x. v. 29. 
 
 " In the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God." — St. 
 Paul. 
 
 " eo-re /xev yap Sr/ 7ravTes oi iv Tt] 7roA.£i dScAc/>oi, ws 
 <^rj(TO}i(.v 7TjOos avrovs [Av6o\oyovvTes, dAA 6 Oebs TrAarnov, 
 ooroi pikv v/xwv IkovoX ap-^etv, xpvabv iv rrj yevecm £we/xi£ev 
 avTols, Sib Ti/xtwTaToi claiv ocrot 8' iirinovpoi, apyvpov criSr)- 
 pov Se /cat j^oXkov tois re yeajpyois Kai tois dAAois Srjpaovp- 
 yois. are ovv ^wyyevets 6Wes 7ravTes to pikv ttoXv o/aoious av 
 vplv avTols yevvwTe, «tti 8' ore. ck ^pvcrov yevvTjOeLT] av apyv- 
 povv Kai i£ apyvpov xpvo~ovv eKyovov Kai ruAAa 7ravTa ovtw; 
 i$ oAA^Aojv."— P^iTO.
 
 CIV. 
 
 " Wilt tliou draw near the nature of the Gods ? 
 Draw near them then in being merciful." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Consider this ; 
 That in the course of justice none of us 
 Should see salvation; We do pray for merey, 
 And that same prayer doth teach us all to render 
 The deeds of mercy." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " TOiavTr) Z771/OS 7reA«Tai Ttcris, ouS'e<j!>' eKaoTO) 
 
 locnrep 6vr)To<; avr)p, -yiVerai 6£u;(oAos." — Solon. 
 
 "' Who is a God like unto thee that pardoueth iniquity, and pass by 
 the transgression of the remnant of his heritage ? He retaineth not his 
 anger for ever, because he delighteth in mercy." — Micah. vii. 18. 
 
 " How would you be 
 If ho which is the top of judgment should 
 
 But judge you as you are ? Oh ! think on that, 1 
 
 And mercy then will breathe within your lips 
 Like man new made." — Shakespeake. 
 
 " The quality of mercy is not strained ; 
 It fallcth like the blessed dew from Heaven . 
 It blesseth twice ; it blesseth him that gives 
 And him that takes." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Si quoties homines peccant sua fulmina initial 
 Jupiter, cxiguo tempore inermis erit."— Ovid. 
 
 If a fly tickle, or a gnat but hum, 
 The small intruder into death we brush : — 
 Should an indignant Judge us mortals crush 
 So for our sins, the world with horror dumb 
 Instant before the avenger must succumb. 
 
 Let us from Heavenly patience learn to hush 
 Our hasty vengeance in its first wild rush : 
 A flao; of truce can still war's signal drum : 
 A moment oft will paralyze and stop 
 The impulsive act that sires the fiend Regret. 
 
 Tis sweet to see clouds, boding thunder, drop 
 Their menace, and disperse in showers, that wet 
 The earth with tears : ;) blessing is twice blest, 
 Which falls when look'd-for curses are supprest. 
 
 j 21 

 
 cv. 
 
 " The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of nvustard-9eed, which a 
 man took and sowed in his field : which indeed is the least of all seeds : 
 but when it is grown, is the greatest among herbs, and becometh a tree, 
 so that the birds of the air come and lodge in the branches thereof." — 
 St. Matt. siii. 31, 32. 
 
 What, when glad tidings were by Angels brought 
 To watchful shepherds, was the Christian creed ? 
 What, when with gifts of joy and faithful speed 
 Westward, the star-conducted Magi sought 
 The manger ? What when his great work was wrought, 
 And on the cross Christ had vouchsaf 'd to bleed ? — 
 A lamp just lighted, one small grain of seed 
 Sown deeply, but scarce germinate ; a thought 
 Ponder'd in some few faithful hearts ; soon bright 
 It glowed ; it grew : it scoff'd the wrath of kings : — 
 
 So shines the Southern Cross ; at earliest night 
 Weak, scarcely mark'cl, yet rising, till it springs 
 To its meridian height, from whence it flings 
 O'er Heaven and Earth its pure and holy light. 
 
 122
 
 CVL 
 
 ' Take heed that yc do not your alms before men, to be seen of them : 
 otherwise ye have no reward of your Father which is in heaven. There- 
 fore when thou doest thine alms, do not sound a trumpet before thee, as 
 the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may 
 have glory of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. But 
 when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand 
 doeth : that thine alms may be in secret : and thy Father which seeth in 
 secret himself shall reward thee openly." — St. Matt. vi. 1—4. 
 
 " The dews come down unseen at even-tide, 
 And silently their bounties shed, to teach 
 Mankind unostentatious charity." — Pollok. 
 
 " Take that ; and He that doth the ravens feed, 
 Yea, providently caters for the sparrow, 
 Be c->mfert to my age." — Siiakf.speare. 
 
 " He that giveth to the poor, ieudeth to the Lord." 
 
 Alms are the golden wings whereon we fly, 
 Though men should never gaze upon our flight, 
 From Earth's inhospitable realms of Night, 
 Up to the many mansions of the sky. 
 Then bathe thy vans in dews of Charity, 
 So that they gleam with love and mercy bright, 
 Reflecting opened Heaven's eternal light, 
 As they spread, cleaving upward, silently. 
 
 But ah ! be sure thy spirit doth not prune, 
 Proud in hypocrisy, the tender quills 
 With the tiit oil which love of praise distils; 
 Lei t, vaunting in the market-place at noon 
 Thy pinions' rainbow beauty, they be worn 
 The lur'd World's wonder, but the Angels' scorn. 
 
 JC3
 
 CVII. 
 
 " My God, 1 what is a heart ? 
 Silver, or gold, or precious stone, 
 Or starre, or rainbowe, or a part 
 Of all these things, or all of them in one?" — George Herbert. 
 
 u X.pv(Tiov koli apyvpeov Oeiov 7rapa ®eo>j/ at'et Iv tt] ipv)Q] 
 e'xovo-i." — Plato, Be Rep. b. iv. 
 
 " The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked." — 
 Jeremiah xvii. 9. 
 
 All rich and precious things the Poet brought 
 
 Together for the fashion of a heart : 
 
 Silver and gold ; gems from Earth's farthest part ; 
 
 Bright particles from stars and rainbows sought — 
 
 And just his question, for he only thought 
 
 Of God's love to the creature of his art — 
 
 Still at the glorious fancy did I start, 
 
 That 'twas a chrysolite so richly wrought ; 
 
 For if we dwell on Man's ingratitude 
 
 For all that God hath done for, given our race, 
 
 Hearts would seem form'd of stuff most vile in sooth, 
 
 And worthless as the stockish stone or wood, 
 
 Senseless as nether millstone ; hard and base 
 
 As iron ; thankless as a serpent's tooth.* 
 
 " How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is 
 
 To have a thankless child !" — Shakespeare. 
 
 124
 
 CVI1I. 
 
 (The £amp of §Kfa 
 
 The cunning man drew blood : for forty days 
 Purg'd it of all its grossness : then he seal'd 
 The charm in crystal : thenceforth it reveal'd 
 His future fate : if fortune smil'd, always 
 Limpid it flow'd ; unchanging in its phase 
 As gules encrimson'd on a silver shield : 
 But when ill threat'ned, curdled and congeal'd ; 
 And perish'd with him 'neath his dying gaze. 
 
 But I will make my lamp the spiritual flame 
 Aye burning in the heart: how strong and bright 
 Its beams, when fcrimm'd by that fair hand-maid, Right ; 
 How pales and flickers at the touch of Shame : 
 It dieth not: for 'tis God's vital breath. 
 But soareth Heavenward, homeward, ■•>< Man's death. 
 
 " Ernestus Burgravius, a disciple of^Paracelsus, hath published a 
 discourse in which he specifies a lamp to be made of man's blood, Lucetna 
 vitce et mortis index, so he terms it, which, chemically prepared forty 
 days, and afterwards kept in a glass, shall show all the accidents of this 
 life ; si lampas hie clarus, tunc homo hilaris, et sanus corpore et animo : 
 si nebulosus et depressus,male afficitur ; et in prostatic hominis variatur, 
 v.nde sumptus sanguis : and which is most wonderful, it dies with the 
 party, cum honiine perit et evanescit, the lamp and the man whence the 
 blood was taken are extinguished together." — Bi rton's Anatoini/ of 
 Melancholy. 

 
 CIX. 
 
 '" I envy not such graves as take up room 
 Merely with jet and porphyry ; siuce a tomb 
 Adds no desert. Wisdom, thou thing divine, 
 Convert my humble soul into thy shrine ; 
 And then this body, though it want a stone, 
 Shall dignify all places where 'tis thrown." — Osborne. 
 
 " Quandocunque igitur nostros nox claudet ocellos, 
 
 Accipe, qure serves foneris acta rnei. 
 Nee mea tunc longa spatietur imagine pompa, 
 
 Nee tuba sit fati vana querela mei ; 
 Nee mihi turn micro sternatur lectus eburno, 
 
 Nee sit in Attalico mors mea nixa toro. 
 Desit odoriferis ordo mihi lancibus ; adsint 
 
 Plebeii parvse funeris exequiffi." — Propertius. 
 
 ' Ovk epafjuii k\l<t/au) /3a.(ri\7]L(ji iyKaTaKeT&Oav 
 Te6veo><;, aXXd ti fxoi £oWi yevoir dyaOov 
 dcnraXaOoi 8e Tairrjuiv ojxolov crTpw/ta OavovTi' 
 
 to $v\ov rj UKk-qpbv yiverai r/ [xaXaKov. — Theognis. 
 
 " Me tegat arborea devia terra coma, ; 
 Aut humet ignotse cumulus vallatus arense : 
 
 Non juvat in media nomen habere via." — Propertius. 
 
 Lay bare the floor ; the monumental brass 
 
 Unto the musing stranger's eyes disclose. 
 
 There lies the Warden in his grim repose ! 
 
 Doth it tell who, or rather what he was ? 
 
 If the sands golden ran through his life's glass, 
 
 Or sorrow's clouds wept on his grey head woes ? 
 
 What his creed, knowledge ; what his outward shows ?• 
 
 Faith ! this is Time's hard reading, which doth pass 
 
 Our learning to expound, or guess, or gloss ; 
 
 A book that brazen binding could not save 
 
 From dull Oblivion's old death-headed moth ! 
 
 Fold me, when I shall die, in pure white cloth, 
 And lay me nameless in some quiet grave, 
 Where dews fall lightly on the springing moss. 
 
 126
 
 gg 
 
 ex. 
 
 mmpl Stamjhte— She fainted Into 
 
 " Life, like a dome of many-coloured glass." — Shelley. 
 
 chequer'd page of life, whereon appear 
 Pleasure and pain inextricably blending ; 
 Shadow and sunshine like two foes contending, 
 Success and disappointment ; hope and fear '. 
 Love and its opposite ; the smile and tear ; 
 Each to the other strongest contrast lending ; — 
 So on yon fair white altar cloth descending- 
 Down through the deep stain' d Gothic window neai 
 Glimmers the painted light ; here purple-dyed, 
 Almost to blackness ; there with ruby flush 
 Bright gleaming ; orange-tinted, emerald-green ; — 
 So on the brook that loves through woods to glide, 
 Lies golden network, wrought by cloud and bush. 
 The meshes, shade; with sunny light between, 
 
 127
 
 CXI 
 
 " All the world's bravery that delights oiir eyes 
 Is but thy several liveries ; 
 Thou the rich dye on them bestow'st, 
 Thy nimble pencil paints the landscape as Thou goest. 
 
 " A crimson garment is the robe thou wear'st ; 
 A crown of studded gold thou bear'st ; 
 The waving lilies in their white, 
 Are clad but with the laws of almost naked light." — Cowley. 
 
 " Before the Sun, 
 Before the Heavens thou wast, and at the voice 
 Of God, as with a mantle didst invest 
 The rising world of waters dark and deep, 
 Won from the void and formless infinite." — Milton. 
 
 " Prime cheerer, Light, 
 Efflux divine ! Nature's resplendent robe, 
 Without whose vesting beauty, all were wrapp'd 
 In unessential gloom." — Thompson. 
 
 " For still in every land, though to Thy name 
 Arose no temple, — still in every age, 
 Though heedless man had quite forgot Thy praise, 
 We praised Thee ; and at rise and set of sun 
 Did we assemble duly, and intone 
 A choral hymn that all the lands might hear. 
 In heaven, on earth, and in the deep we praised Thee, 
 Singly, or mingled in sweet sisterhood. 
 But now, acknowledged ministrants, we come, 
 Co-worshippers with man in this Thy house, 
 We, the Seven Daughters of the Light, to praise 
 Thee, Light of Light ! Thee, God of very God!"— 
 
 A Dream of Fair Colours. 
 
 Light ! Thou dost arch the vaulted Heav'n with blue, 
 
 Deck forth the meadow in its summer show, 
 
 And glitter in the sparkling Ocean flow : 
 
 Thine is the gleam of diamond and dew, 
 
 The sea-shell's roseate lip and pearly hue : 
 
 Thou fall'st on the swan's neck like virgin snow, 
 
 On the flamingo's wing with crimson glow, 
 
 And the snake's speckled skin thou dost renew. 
 
 Thine is the blush of Morn, the golden hour 
 
 Of Sunset ; each star's twinkle, and the play 
 
 Of Arctic skies' Aurora ; thou dost shine 
 
 In the Moon's silver : thine is the array 
 
 Of the dark cedar and the gorgeous flower ; 
 
 This universal garb of beauty thine. 
 
 128
 
 cxii. 
 Sftw—ftm the Chaptt $ow*t 
 
 " Eis tov 6'A.ov otfyavov uTr6/3\£\J/a.<; to tv tiVat <^»i}(rt tov 
 @ e ' ov ." — Aristotle. 
 
 " Look how the floor of Heaven 
 Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold ! 
 There's not the smallest orb which thou beholdest 
 But in his motion like an angel sings, 
 Still quiring to the young eyed cherubims ; 
 Such harmony is in immortal souls ; 
 But while this muddy vesture of decay 
 Doth deeply close it in, we cannot hear it." — Shakespeare. 
 
 Myriads of stars are glimmering overhead 
 
 In heaven's dark vast ; and to mine upturn'd gaze 
 
 Fresh myriads twinkle in the eternal maze. 
 
 Were ye all formed for Man alone ; and fed 
 With fire but on his Earth your light to shed ?* 
 Or have ye other ends ? May ye not blaze 
 In Heaven's high front the demon host to daze, 
 Threat'ning attack ? Or of the blessed dead 
 Are ye the happy homes ? -Or is your throng 
 Of beings than the Angels little lower ? 
 Teem ye with men like us, who worship gold : 
 Who love and hate ; thirst for, and cringe to power ? 
 
 But hush ! methinks I hear your spheral song — 
 " Cease the vain guess ' In us God's face behold." 
 
 &' 
 
 [ * The existence of multitudes of fixed stars — not less than forty 
 in th( group of the Pleiades alone — not pected before tbe time 
 
 of Gallileo, affords a very :lroDg presumption i I e stars' office I 
 
 ly to light this Earth. * 
 
 129 
 
 «rcft
 
 CXIII. 
 
 " Truth is strange, 
 Stranger than fiction !" — Shakespeare. 
 
 Est via sublimis cselo manifesta sereno 
 Lactea nomen habet candore notabilis ipso, 
 Haec iter e3t Superis ad magni tecta Tonantis 
 Kegalemque domum." — Ovm. 
 
 Fair was the myth that made the Milky Way 
 A drop which fell from sleeping Juno's breast, 
 When lilies chang'd for white their purple vest ; 
 And grand the legend that there wont to stray 
 The old Sun's chariot- wheels, ere Birth of Day : 
 But, Galaxy, these latter days have drest 
 In grander beauty thy majestic rest ; 
 The truth more strange than fiction's wildest lay. 
 
 For Man hath pierc'd thy mystery, to find 
 Myriads of stars along thy course thick-strown 
 As forest leaves scatter'd by Autumn wind, 
 Or the wreath'd sands that gleam on Ocean coasts 
 A radiant pavement fit for Angel hosts 
 To march on, singing praises, to His Throne. 
 
 130
 
 CXIV. 
 
 " acrTpwv KaTOiSa WKTepwv dp,rjyvpiv, 
 
 kcli tows <pipovra<i xitp-a ko.l dtpos fipoTols, 
 
 XdfXTrpov; SwacrTas ep.7rpe7rovTa? d.tOepw 
 
 aorcpas orav <$>9'lvov<jiv avaToAas re twv." — JEschylus. 
 
 " The Moon, whose orb 
 Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views 
 At midnight from the top of Fesole, 
 Or in Valdamo, to descry new lands, 
 Rivers, or mountains, in her spotty globe." — Milton. 
 
 " Os homini sublime dedit, caelumque tueri 
 Jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus." — Ovid. 
 
 " Felices animos quibus htec cognoscere primis, 
 
 Inque donios superas scaudere cura fuit, 
 Admovere oculis distantia sidera nostris 
 
 (Etheraque ingenio supposuere suo. 
 Sic petitur ccelum : non ut ferat Ossam Olympus 
 
 Suinmaque Peliacus sidera tanget apex." — Ovid. 
 
 " Oi8 6'rt 6va.Tb<; tyw koli e^apepos 1 clWotolv aorpwv 
 paaTevw TTVKiva<; ape^iopopovs e'AiKas, 
 Ovk €T €7n\j/dv(D ttocti ydirjs, dAAa 7rap avTO) 
 Zavl 6eoTpo(f)iyj<; 7rip,7rAapcu dp/3poo-i?7S." — Ptolemy. 
 
 Man's glance is skyward :* his undying hope, 
 To pierce the mystic meaning of the stars : — 
 On Shinar's plains Astrologers read wars 
 In their dim spheres ; or cast the horoscope 
 Of mighty monarchs from their rise or slope — 
 Cycling and epicycling rolFd their cars 
 In Ptolemaic science : — Who now bars 
 Earth's motion, once denied by Bull of Pope ? 
 
 See what a constellation clustering bright 
 In zenith flames : Copernicus ; and ye, 
 Priest-tortured Galileo, and La Place ; 
 Kepler, and Herschel of the dauntless glass : 
 And Newton, dimming with excess of light 
 All orbs that dazzle, though in less degree. - }* 
 
 * Plato nevertheless ridicules the idea of looking at the stars being 
 man's occupation, happily enough. 
 
 | " Velut inter igncs 
 Luna minores." — Horace. 
 
 131
 
 cxv. 
 
 towrt 
 
 " Be not dismayed at the signs of Heaven." — Jeremiah, x. 2. 
 
 ' Nullum numen habes si sit Prudentia ; nos te 
 Nos facimus, Fortuaa Denm, cseloque locaraus." — Juvenal, 
 
 " Astra regunt homines, sed regit astra Deus." 
 
 " The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, 
 But in ourselves." — Shakespeake. 
 
 " Conscia t'ati 
 Sidera diversos hominum variantia casus." — Manimijs. 
 
 " I am a nobler substance than the stars : 
 And shall the baser over-rule the better? 
 Or are they better since they are the bigger ? 
 1 have a will, and faculties of choice, 
 To do or not to do ; and reason why 
 I do or not do this : the stars have none. 
 They know not why they shine, more than this taper, 
 Nor how they work, nor what. I Tl change my course, 
 I '11 piecemeal pull the frame of all my thoughts : 
 And where are all your Caput Algols then ?" — George Chapman. 
 
 " aperrj Se dSecr7roTov, f)V tijjlwv koli arifia^wv, 
 7rAeov koli eXarrov duriys cVcaoros e$ei' dma 
 ikofievov ©cos aminos."* — Plato. 
 
 | 
 
 The Planets rule not over mortal birth : 
 Astrologers in vain draw from the sky 
 The horoscope of Man's nativity ; 
 False is their art, their Science nothing worth : 
 The stars' conjunctions touch not things of Earth : 
 And vainly does the Gipsy Sorc'ress try, 
 By chiromantic touch and gaze, to spy 
 Prognostics of much joy or sorrow's dearth, 
 Trac'd in the wrinkled network of the palm, 
 Where the lines, silver-crossed, map out the plan 
 Of future life. — Yet God hath given to Man, 
 In his own hands, for good or ill, his fate ; 
 And stars, unconscious of his birth, may calm 
 His dying, with sweet hopes of happier state. 
 
 [ * Though Plato thus unequivocally announces the doctrine of Man's 
 free will, and again more at large de Leg. X 904 et seq., he neverthe- 
 less holds that the stars — the Gods who formed the rational soul — exer- 
 cise uo inconsiderable influence on the lot of man, whose fate, he thought, 
 hung on the complicated motion of the celestial bodies ; and that by dili- 
 gent contemplation of the Heavens his future destiny may be discovered. 
 See Timoeeus 40. This is the first hint iu Greek literature of the princi- 
 ples of Astrology.] 
 
 132
 
 CXVI. 
 
 (BxUul, ixom the (&\w\nl m\m — |Wtd- 
 
 §x$M. 
 
 '■ The very houses seem asleep, 
 Aivi all that mighty heart is lying still." — Wordsworth. 
 
 " l T rbe silent tola, vitreoque madenlia rore 
 Tempora noctis eruat." — Ovid. 
 
 Peace, Silence, Slumber, triple crown of Night, 
 Circle the Queen-like city. Dim the shower 
 Of moonbeams falls on every hoary tower, 
 And steeps each gabled roof in silver light. 
 Hush'd is the latest shout of revel rite 
 Through the gray cpiadrangle ; while faintly gleams 
 The lamp of some pale student o'er the dreams 
 Of Plato, or old Homer's sounding fight. 
 Forth from below the mass superior stand 
 The tall, gaunt steeples, like a faithful guard, 
 Oh ! may it be so, keeping watch and ward 
 Above the weary world favst lock'd in sleep. 
 
 Hark ! even now their voices through the band 
 Pass on their hourly signal, clear and deep! 
 
 L33 
 
 m
 
 CXVII. 
 
 $ teep. 
 
 " Dulcis et alta quies, placidseque simillima morti." — Virgil. 
 
 " It is that death by which we may literally be said to die daily ; a 
 death which Adam died before his mortality ; a death whereby we live a 
 middle and moderating point between death and life. In fine, so like 
 death I dare not trust it without prayers, and an half adieu uuto the 
 world, and take my farewell in a colloquy with God." — Religio Medici. 
 
 " o> (piXov vttvov OiXyrjTpov, iirtKovpov voaov, 
 ojs rjSv jxol TvpoarjXOe.'i iv SeOVTl T€. 
 <!> TroTvia \i']07) twv KaKwv, ws et (Tocfiy 
 Kotl rotai hv<TTV)(ovcnv zvKTala #eos. ' — Euripides. 
 
 " Nvktos a7T€p^o/A€i'rjs, yeva>//,e#a rjjxap eV 7]p.ap." — Pallad»s. 
 
 " Let never day nor night unhallowed pass, 
 But still remember what the Lord hath done." — Shakespeare. 
 
 Not with the fumes oppress'd of wine drunk deep, 
 
 The spirits with long revelry half mad, 
 
 Nor from foul satiated passion sad, 
 
 Approach the portal of Death's semblance, Sleep ;* 
 
 For 'tis a solemn temple. Ye who keep 
 
 Therein the Soul's high holiday, come clad 
 
 In purity ; above your fellows glad ; 
 
 The World's dust from your feet unsandled sweep, 
 
 And enter leaning on the staff of Prayer. 
 
 Then, pausing in the shadowy aisle, recall 
 
 Calmly the day just closed ; bless friend and foe ; 
 
 Your last thoughts let your God and Mother share, 
 
 Till slumbers lightly on your senses fall, 
 
 Soothing as organ-swells ; as soft and slow. 
 
 [ * The similitude of sleep to death is too striking not to have fur- 
 nished the Poets of all ages with a common-place. Evenus has the fol- 
 lowing curious line ; ' /3a7TTi£ei 8 vttv(i>, yiiTovi toB Oolvoltov. 7 
 We read of virvos, ra p.iKpa tov davdrov psvaTrjpia. 
 Drummond in his Xth Sonnet, speaking of Sleep, says, 
 
 ' I long to kiss the image of my death.' 
 And Daniel in his List Sonnet writes, 
 
 ' Can charmer Sleep, sou of the sable Night 
 Brother to Death, on silent darkness born.' 
 Sackville says ' Heavy Sleep, thou cousin of Death ;' and Tennyson 
 calls Sleep ' Death's twin brother, 3 and again ' Kinsman thou of Death.' 
 The resemblance has often been urged by our Divines as an argument 
 against the fear of death ; no where more beautifully than by the author 
 of ' Meditations on Death and Eternity.' translated from the German by 
 Ered erica Rowan.] 
 
 134 
 
 '.-
 
 CXVII1. 
 
 " Wc are somewhat more thau ourselves in our sleeps ; and'the slum- 
 ber of the body seems but the waking of the soul. It is the ligation of 
 sense, but the liberty of reason." — Sir T. Bkown. 
 
 " 'Ei/For/owe Se, e<pr], oti eyyvrepov /xev T<o dv#pw7riva> 
 Bavaria ovSev ecrru/ vttvov r)Se rov avdpwirov ijru^] tote hrpvov 
 OtiOTarr] KaTa<paiv€TaL, koI totc twv p.eXXovTOii', —poopa, totc 
 yap, oi9 eoiKe, /xaAujTa €'A.€i;#ep(ri}Tai." — Xenophon.* 
 
 " In a dream, in a vision of the night, when deep sleep falleth upon 
 men, in sluinbcrings upon the bed, then He openeth the ears of men and 
 sealeth their instruction." — Job. 
 
 " ! unconfined 
 
 Restraint, imprison'd liberty, great key 
 To golden palaces, ay, all the world 
 Of silvery enchantment." — Keats. 
 
 " Somne quies rerum, plaeidissimc somue Deorum 
 Pax animi epiem cura fugit, qui corda diurnis 
 Fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori." — Ovid. 
 
 " Atqui dormientium animi maxime declarant divinitatem suam ; 
 multa enim, cum remissi, et liberi sunt, futura prospiciunt. Ex quo in- 
 telligitur, quales futuri sint, cum sc plane corporis vinculis relaxaverint." 
 
 ClCEUO. 
 
 Sleep! I did call thee the Soul's holiday; 
 For then she mounts, freed from each grosser sense, 
 To somewhat of divine intelligence ; 
 Foresees the Future, clear as springs of Day ; 
 Acts o'er the Past, feeling perchance the sway 
 Of former being ; sweeps o'er space immense ; 
 And runs through changeful years' experience 
 In an eye's twinkling ; like the King who lay 
 Spell-bound, his front plung'd in the magic bowl. 
 Then doth she wander loosen'd from control, 
 What time the body lies a corpse-like clay, 
 Foreshadowing forth, darkly, as through a glass, 
 Her kind immortal, when the World shall pass 
 From the material form, with breath away. 
 
 [ * See a very remarkable passage in the Rcpvhlic of Plato, lib. ix. 
 c. 1 (translated also by Cicero, Be Divinatione, lib. i. c. 29), in which 
 Socrates asserts an opinion that tranquil and veracious dreams can be 
 secured by observing a temperate regimen of body, and exercising the 
 mind in healthy trains of Thought before committing ourselves to sleep. 
 When Ptolemy King of Egypt, says old Burton, had posed the seventj 
 interpreters in order, and asked the nineteenth man what would make 
 one sleep quietly in the night, he replied " the best way was to have 
 divine and celestial meditations, and to use honest actions iu the day 
 time."] 
 
 135
 
 CXIX. 
 
 ' ' "OS' tipTL QuXkoiv adpKa SLOirtT7]<; ottok 
 "A(TTr)p aTrio-fir]." — Euripides. 
 
 " Nemo tarn divos habuit faventes, 
 Crastinura ut possit sibi polliceri." — Seneca. 
 
 ' Aa.ifj.Qva ti's 8 tv ol8e rov avptov, uvikcl kcli ere, 
 Xdp/xi, rbv 6c/>f9aA.//.eus ^6it,6v e'v n/UTepois, 
 Ta Irepa KXavaavrc; ^0d,TTTOjxa/ ; ouSev e/ce'ivou 
 
 ci.06 Trdrrjp Aiockuiv XPVI* dvLrjpoTepov." — Callimachus, 
 
 " Purpureus veluti cum flos, succisus aratro, 
 Languescit moriens ; lassove papavera collo 
 Pemisere caput, pliiviu cum forte gravantur." — Virgil. 
 
 
 W(TT 61 TIS ovo 
 7) xal 7rAe'oi;5 Tts ■>jpJpo.<; A.oyi£cT<u, 
 [xa.Ta.io'i iarrw ov yap Icrd ij y avpiov, 
 7rplv eu TrdOr] rts ryjv irapovcrav Yipepav." — Sofhoci.es. 
 
 I saw thee, thou chief favourite of us all, 
 
 In thy bright garb, and cheerful as the Morn, 
 
 Vault on thy steed, to follow hound and horn ; 
 
 Watch'd thy last wav'd adieu ; heard thy last call. 
 
 I saw thee next, in the dim even-fall, 
 
 By rustics, on a bloody wattle borne, 
 
 Thy shrouded, pale cold corse mangled and torn. 
 
 Oh ! what an undefined and shadowy pall 
 
 Of sorrow fell on our young hearts : — amazed, 
 
 In gather'd groups, around thy door we stay'd, 
 
 As though thou might'st come forth in thy old mirth : 
 
 A few days' pause, and once again I gaz'd, 
 
 The last time and the saddest, on thee laid 
 
 By thy companions in this hallow'd earth. 
 
 [ Poor H , the most joyous among us, and the greatest favourite 
 
 with all, was killed by a fall out hunting. He lies buried in Merton 
 churchyard.] 
 
 136
 
 cxx. 
 
 (K&Hwhjjwd Sltmtgltte-— ©foe facing §*M. 
 
 " Ergo ego nee lachrymas matris moritura videbo, 
 .Nee mca qui digitus luinina condit, evit ? 
 Spiritus infclix perigrinas ibit in auras, 
 
 Nee positos artus unguet arnica manus." — Ovid. 
 
 " fir]8e [AOL d/</\awTos Odvaros /xoXoi, aXXa tjiiXourtv 
 iroLr)(raifxc Bavibv uAyea km (TTOva^as."— Solon. 
 
 " Abstincas, mors atra, precor, nou hie miki mater 
 Qnte legat in inocstos ossa perusta sinus ; 
 Non soror Assyrios eineri qutc dedat odores, 
 
 Et neat effusis ante sepulchra comis." — Tihuli.us. 
 
 Grata quies patriic ; sed et omnia terra sepulcbrum." — Sannazarius. 
 
 Sweet relic of old time, the passing bell, 
 
 Scarce wakes a mournful echo in this breast; 
 
 It speaks to me of those who sink to rest 
 
 With gaze iix'd on the eyes they loved so well; 
 
 Into whose ears the Gospel comfort fell, 
 
 Breath'd by God's minister : whose hands were prest, 
 
 And temples kiss'd by Love : whose last request 
 
 Was sigh'd not to the stranger : such the knell 
 
 Strikes on this exiled bosom! 
 
 ( >nce I wept 
 A youth in Ganges drown'd : once, one who died 
 Lone, fever-smitten, by the jungle side : 
 Many who fell when war o'er India, swept; 
 Most, him who pass'd away from us at sea. — 
 Oh! may the passing bell be fcoll'd for me! 
 
 137
 
 \«J> 
 
 CXXI. 
 
 " Sero respieilnr tcllus quuin fuue soluto, 
 
 Currel in immeusutn panda carina salum." — Ovid. 
 
 " Non tamen irrituni 
 Quodcunque retro est efficiet ; neque 
 Diffinget infectumque reddet, 
 
 Quod fugiens semel hora vexit." — Horace. 
 
 " Sic modo quse fuerat, vita contempta mauente, 
 
 Puneribus facta est nunc pretiosa suis." — Martial. 
 
 " Sic ortis lacrymis vita sanamus aiuara." — Propertius. 
 
 " Eemember that death will not be long in coming, and that the co- 
 venant of the grave is not shewed unto thee. Do good unto thy friend 
 before thou die, and according to thy ability stretch out thy hand and 
 give to him." — Ecclesiasticus, xiv. 12, 13. 
 
 " crrepye ^lAovs a^pts ^avaToir 7ricrris yap d//.etvwv." — 
 
 Pseudo Phocyllidea. 
 
 " Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and ha- 
 tred therewith." — Proverbs, chap. xv. v. 17. 
 
 " Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it : 
 if a man would give all the substance of his house for love, it would be 
 utterly contemned." — Solomon's Song, chap. viii. v. 7. 
 
 O ! never, while the wheel of Life as yet 
 Turns at the cistern, and the precious bowl 
 Of brittle gold remaineth round and whole, 
 Let trusty Love its ministry forget ; 
 Or all too late shall pitiless Regret 
 Seize hold upon the vain-repentant soul, 
 Knelling the past with one long funeral toll. 
 
 No more to-morrows for that Sun just set ; 
 The barque, once anchor'd, sails not from Death's shore ; 
 The bolt is shot for aye on Life's clos'd gate : 
 What should have been farewells were never spoken ; 
 No peace-kiss ; no hand-press'd forgiveness-token. 
 
 Give us our lost ones back — too late ; too late : — 
 We can be kind no more, ah ! nevermore. 
 
 138
 
 CXXII. 
 
 (Mutvcltpvtl ®togftfe —tomwtd&m. 
 
 " Nemo rne lacryrnis decoret, nee fnncra fictn 
 Faxit." — Ennii s. 
 
 " Xam si supremus ille dies non extinct ionem sed commutal ionem 
 loci aft'ert, quid optabilius? Sin autem perimit ac delet onmino, quid 
 melius quam in mediis vitae laboribus obdormiscere, et ita conniventem 
 soinno consopiri seropiterno ?" — Cicero. 
 
 " Brava comparaicon ! dixo Sancho, anuque no tarn niieva, que yo 
 no la liaya oido muchas y diversas veces, como aquclla del juego del axa- 
 drez, que raientras dura el juego cada pieza tiene sua particuler olicio, 
 y en acabandosc el juego, todos se mezelan, penlan y baraxan, y dan 
 con ellas en una bolsa, que es como dar con la vida eu la sepultura." — 
 
 Don Quixote, p. 2, 1. v, c. 12. 
 
 " Then said his servants unto him, What thing is this that thou hast 
 done? thou didst fast and weep for the child, while it was alive; but 
 when the child was dead, thou didst rise and eat bread. And he said, 
 'W bile the child was yei alive, [ fasted and wept: for I said, who can tell 
 whither Cod will be gracious to nie, that the child may live? But now 
 he is dead, wherefere should 1 fast ? can I bring him back again ? I shall 
 go to him, but he shall not return to me." — 11 Samuel, xii. 21 — 23, 
 
 " After death, like chessmen having stood 
 In play, for bishops some, for knights, and pawns, 
 We all together shall be tumbled up 
 Into one bag." — Hi yvvood. 
 
 " 'Tis all a Chequer-board of Nights and Days 
 Where Destiny with Men for Pieces plays: 
 
 Hither and thither moves, and mates, and slays, 
 And one by one back in the Closet lays."— Omar Khayyam. 
 
 Mourn not for me, my Mends ; a few short years, 
 Ami every piece that crowds the board to day, 
 Queens, Knights, Pawns, Bishops, shall be swept away. 
 
 \\ fcu tin T my Soul shall soar for endless years. 
 A wondering tr; veller 'mill the starry spheres, 
 Or like a burnt-out taper's flickering ray, 
 Be quencl i d when the body turns to claj ; 
 HE know.-, and wills the best; / have no fears. 
 
 Mourn not with selfish grief, because ye hear 
 No more the accustomed voire; the empty chi 
 Stands like a mute beside a grave yet new : 
 Love's circle narrows : let it bring more near 
 The lingerers, as erst the death-thinn'd squ 
 Closed up its lessening rar 1 Abater!
 
 CXXIII. 
 
 " As for mau, his days are as grass : as a flower of the field, so he 
 flourisheth. For the wind passeth over it, and it is gone ; and the place 
 thereof shall know it no more." — Psalm ciii. 15, 16. 
 
 " Qual fummo in aere, ed in acqua la schiuma." — Dante. 
 
 " Nix, rosa, ros, fumus, ventus et aura, nihil." — Bernar Bauhusiits. 
 
 " olt) 7rep tpvXXwv yevtr) roiif) Se kcu avSpwv." — Homer. 
 
 " av6po}7ros tan ttvLv\xo. kou. cr^t'a p\6vovT — Euripides. 
 
 " The bird of Time has but a little way 
 
 To fly ; and lo ! the bird is on the wing." — Omar Khayyam. 
 
 " For what is your life ? It is even as a vapour for a little time, and 
 then vanisheth away." — St. James, Ep. chap. iv. v. 14. 
 
 " Man that is born of a woman is of few days, and full of misery. 
 He cometh forth like a flower, and is cut down : he fleeth also as a sha- 
 dow, and continueth not." — Job, chap. siv. v. 1, 2. 
 
 Say, what is human life, and whereunto 
 
 Shall I compare it ? Tis a tiny cloud 
 
 Borne where the sun shines bright, and storms are loud, 
 
 Onward, athwart the illimitable blue, 
 
 Until it wastes itself in tearful dew : — 
 
 A lily o'er its garden-compeers proud 
 
 To-day ; in death to-morrow lowly bowed : — 
 
 'Tis like a spark of fire that upward new : — 
 
 A sea- wave gladly dancing from afar, 
 
 Soon on a silent desert shore to break : — 
 
 A smile short broken by a sob of grief : — 
 
 A wine-cup shiver'd when 'tis drain'd : — a flake 
 
 Of melting snow; an autumn-redd'ning leaf; 
 
 Smoke vanishing in air ; a falling star. 
 
 140
 
 <l' 
 
 jntustvaticms U f mmt cxxm. 
 
 " A flower that does with opening; morn arise, 
 
 And flourishing the day, at evening dies ; 
 
 A winged eastern blast just skimming o'er 
 
 The Oeean's brow, and sinking on the shore ; 
 
 A tire whose flames thro' crackling stubble fly ; 
 
 A meteor shooting from the Summer sky ; 
 
 A howl adown the bending mountain rollM 
 
 A bubble breaking, and a fable told ; 
 
 A noontide shadow, and a midnight dream 
 
 Are emblems which with semblance oft proclaim 
 
 Our earthly course." — Piuor. 
 " Lord let me know mine end and the number of my days, that I 
 may be certified how long I have to live. Behold, thou hast made my 
 days as it were a span long, and mine age is even as nothing in respect 
 of thee : aud verily every mau living is altogether vanity." — Psalms. 
 " Like as the damask rose you see, 
 
 Or like the blossom on the tree, 
 
 Or like the dainty flower in May, 
 
 Or like the morning of the day, 
 
 Or like the sun, or like the shade, 
 
 Or like the gourd which Jonas had. 
 
 lieu such is man ; whose thread is spun, 
 
 Drawn out, and cut, and so is done. 
 
 The rose withers, the blossom blastcth ; 
 
 The flower fades, the morning hastcth ; 
 
 The sun sets, the shadow (lies ; 
 
 The gourd consumes, — and mau he dies ! 
 
 Like to the grass that's newly sprung, 
 
 Or like a tale that's new begun. 
 
 Or like the bird that's here to-day, 
 
 Or like the pearled dew of May, 
 
 Or like an hour, or like a span, 
 
 Or like the singing of a swan. 
 
 E'en such is man ; who lives by breath, 
 
 Is here, now there, in life and death. 
 
 The grass withers, tin tale is ended; 
 
 The bird is flown, the dew's ascended, 
 
 The hour is short, the span is long 
 
 The Bwaa's near death, — man's life is done!" — WASTELT,- 
 " All those things are passed away like a shadow, and as a post that 
 hasted by ; and as a ship that passetb over the waves of the water, which 
 when it is gone by, the trace thi not be found, neither the path- 
 
 way of the locel in t he waves ; or as whin a bird hath flown through the 
 air, there is no token of her way to be found, but the lighl air being beat 
 en with the stroke of her wings, and parted with the violent noise and 
 motion of them, is passed through, and therein afterwards no sign where 
 she went is to be found ; or like as when an arrow is shot at a mark, it 
 partcth the air, which immediately Cometh together again, so that a man 
 cannot know where it went through ; even bo we in like manner, as soon 
 as we were born, began to draw to our end, and had no sign of virtue to 
 shew ; but were consumed in our own wickedness, lor the hope of the 
 ungodly is like dust that is blown away with the wind ; like a thin froth 
 that is driven away with the storm ; lik" as the smoke which is dispersed 
 here and there with a tempest, and passeth away as the remembrance of a 
 guest that tarrieth bm a day."- -"Wisdom. 
 
 1 41
 
 SI 
 
 __.y 
 
 CXXIV. 
 
 (Slturchpvtl ®Ji0Mj|Wi5i — Exit 
 
 " Behold the child, by nature's kindly law, 
 Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw ; 
 Some livelier plaything gives the youth delight, 
 A little louder, but as empty quite. 
 Scarfs, garters, gold, amuse his riper stage ; 
 And beads and prayer-hooks are the toys of age. 
 Pleased with this bauble still, as that before, 
 Till, tired, he sleeps, and life's poor play is o'er." — Essay on Man. 
 
 " When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat ; 
 Yet fool'd with hope, men favour the deceit." — Dryden. 
 
 " Victurosque Dei celant ut vivere dnrent 
 Felix esse mori." — Lucan. 
 
 " Youth is a blunder, mankind a struggle, old age a disgust." — 
 
 Modern Statesman. 
 
 Each thinks he lives, the happy Boy who rules, 
 The welcome tyrant of the careless hour, 
 His playmates by a character of power ; 
 The Youth but just emancipate from Schools, 
 Contemptuous, vain, the very Prince of fools, 
 Lavish of his first Love's exhaustless dower ; 
 The Man who scales Ambition's painful tower ; 
 The weary elder throwing down his tools. 
 
 Oh, cheat ! oh, mockery ! oh, snare to lure 
 Men to play out this Drama's 'lotted parts. 
 Loyal, unquestioning, content, secure ! * 
 Oh, dream ! — for not in Action's busy marts 
 Plies the true Life ; but in emphatic Thought ; 
 To know Self, Nature, God. — The rest is nought. 
 
 142
 
 .'": 
 
 cxxv. 
 Chuvchyavrt Shoujjfcte- (ffiontcmplatiou, 
 
 " Wisdom herself 
 
 Oft seeks to sweet retired solitude, 
 
 Where, with her best nurse. Contemplation, 
 
 She prunes her feathers and lets grow hei wing* 
 
 That in the crawing bustle of resort 
 
 Were all too ruffled, ami sometimes impaired." — Milto 
 ' Tu> Be QjiVTi) tou irpaTTtiv oKpaipov/JLtvov, in Se /xdWov tov 
 7tou.lv, ti Xi.nri.rai irXrjv &ewpta ; ware ij tov &eOv. eVepyem, /xaKa- 
 ptuTrjTL 8La<pepovo-a, OewprjTiKT] av <Lvq. koll twv avOpwmvwv 8r) r) 
 tclvtt] crvyyevcaTuTi] e68aip.ovt,WTaTr)." — ARISTOTLE. 
 
 " It lias been asked, which are the greatest minds, and to which do we 
 owe the greatest reverence! To those who by the powerful deductions of 
 their reason, and the well grounded suggestions of analogy, have made pro- 
 found discoveries in the sciences, as it. wen: " a priori ;" or to those, who, 
 by the patient road of experiment, and the subsequent improvement of 
 instruments, have brought these discoveries to perfection, as it were " a 
 posteriori." Who have, rendered that certain which before was only con- 
 jectural, practical which was problematical, safe which was dangerous, and 
 subservient which was unmanageable. It would seem that the first class 
 demand our admiral ion, and the second our gratitude. Seneca predicted 
 another hemisphere, but Columbus presented us with it. He that, standing on 
 the shore, foretells, with truth, many of the undiscovered treasures of the 
 ocean of science, even before the vessel thai is to navigate it, can be fully 
 equipped for the voyage, gives us a convincing proof of exalted wisdom, and 
 of profound penetration. But be that builds the vessel of experiment, and 
 aallj navigates the wide ocean id' science, who neither intimidated by the 
 risk of failure, nor the expence of the outfit, real ill thai the other had 
 on 1 led, and returnm ■ es of knowledge, communi- 
 
 cates liberally thai which be has won so lac 1 irely the attainments of 
 such a man are as fully entitled to our gratitude, as the anticipations of the 
 other tn our admiration. — Laco^". 
 
 The Greek sage, he who deepest search'd the fount 
 
 Of Ethics, 1 plac'd Life's end and chiefest good 
 
 Tn Heavenly Contemplation. Solitude 
 
 is parent of much Virtue : they who count 
 
 The silent stars upon the lonely mount, 
 
 Live purer nit than those who ply for food 
 
 By barter in the City's multitude, 
 
 And greedy harp upon the long account. 
 
 'I'hc Scholars' cell, lit by the midnight lamp, 
 
 Is happier than the vvatch-fire-lighted camp ; 
 
 Nobler than Peer, thai self-taught shepherd youth 
 
 Who solVd tin' problems of Geometry 
 
 < )m bhe bare I [ill. - i >ivine Philosophy, 
 
 Invention's mother, Thou, 3 and Child of Truth ! 
 
 1. Aristotle. 2. Fergu on. Tin Arab ll.n Ebyn Yokdan is said to 
 ha . he mounted to the 
 
 knowledge (if all Philosophy, natural, moral, and divine! 3. Neci 
 usn 1 of invention. Xheocril us 
 
 A 7reVi", A 100V u'tc, fiova tols re^i/as iyeipu 
 t'i t'o po^Ooio 8ir3aa"KoAos. 
 
 143
 
 CXXVI. 
 
 " Thus at the flaming forge of Life 
 
 Our fortunes must be wrought ; 
 
 Thus on its sounding anvil shap'd 
 
 Each burning deed and thought." — Longfellow. 
 
 " Some place the bliss in action, some in ease." — Pope. 
 
 ' : Heav'n doth divide ' 
 The state of Man m divers functions. 1 ' — Shakespeakf.. 
 
 i; There's a Divinity that shapes our ends, 
 Rough-hew them how we will." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " They also serve, who only stand and wait." — Milton. 
 
 ' : Hie satus ad pacem ; hie castrensibus utilis armis, 
 
 Naturae sequitur semina quisque suae." — Propertius. 
 
 Action, one argues,* is the flower and Crown 
 Of Life : the workers they, the busy bees 
 Who toil and build ; drones of ignoble ease 
 We dreamy student-thinkers, who go down 
 Into an unknown grave without renown. 
 
 Action, to glut our marts hath scour'd the seas : 
 Action hath given us rights and liberties : 
 Without it man were savage still, or clown, 
 
 Thou fool ! To every mortal is assign'd 
 His special task, whether to the big wars 
 To lead plum'd hosts ; to guide the restless State ; 
 Or in the silent cell, for all mankind, 
 To write the imperishing thoughts that pierce the stars 
 " They also serve who only stand and wait." 
 
 [ * This is the doctrine of Antisthenes the founder of the Cynic School ; 
 tyjv aperrjv ovk avev trovov aAA. 6 7rovos aya#os tows av6p(xi- 
 irovs ivapeTOVS k<Li euyeVeis Kat ©eons Trout. He makes Her- 
 cules and Cyrus his models of action. See Diogenes Laertius 6. 3. See 
 Julian Orat. vi. So Chrysippus contended against the Aristotelian doc • 
 trine, that a liie of contemplation is best suited to the sage. See Marcus 
 Antoninus. 'Ets iavTOV Chap. is. 1. 1G. Ovk iv TrcLaa, a\X' 
 evepyeia, to tov XoyLKOv ttoXltlkov £<x)ov kcikov Kat ayaObv, 
 wenrep ou8e ?) aperi) kulI KaKia olvtov iv 7reio~a, dAAa ei/epyeia.] 
 
 144
 
 CXXVIL 
 
 " The only things in which we can he said to have any property, are our 
 actions. Our thoughts may be bad, yet produce no poison ; they may be good, 
 yet produce no fruit. Our riches may be taken from us by misfortune, our 
 reputation by malice, our spirits by calamity, our health by disease, our friends 
 by death. But our actions must follow us beyond the grave ; with reaped tn 
 them a/oM^, we cannot say that we shall carry nothing with us when we die, 
 neither that we shall go naked out of the world. Our actions must eloathe 
 us with an immortality loathsome, or glorious : These are the only tilledeeds 
 of which we cannot be disinherited ; they will have their full weight in the 
 balance of eternity, when every thing else is as nothing ; and their value 
 will he confirmed and established by those two sure and stateless destroyers 
 of all other earthly things, — Time — and Death."— Lacon.* 
 
 Man dies : his gross material body sinks 
 To dust, and all its particles disperse 
 Into new elements, his primal curse : — 
 His immaterial portion, what he thinks, 
 Alone survives him in this world, and links 
 The Past unto the Present : bards rehearse 
 The hero's actions in immortal verse ; 
 Fame at the fountain of Tradition drinks. 
 
 Thought lives, in forms of Government and laws : — 
 Sea-daring ships, the vapour-goaded train, 
 The message by the obedient lightning brought. 
 Each wondrous tracing of effect to caus^ ; 
 Yea, the grand story of the starry plain, 
 Are but the living monuments of Thought. 
 
 [ * The motto may be thought not very apposite. Yet what are a man's 
 actions but his embodied thoughts? Some of his thoughts never ripen and bear 
 fruit ; but the fruits of those which do, are his actions.] 
 
 145
 
 CXXVIII. 
 
 " rts 8' olSev tt £rjv tov$' aTroKXrjTai 6avv,v." — Euripides. 
 
 " He that hath found some fledg'd bird's nest may know, 
 At first sight, if the bird be flown ; 
 But what fair field or grove he sings in now, 
 That is to him unknown." — Henry Vaughan. 
 
 " If yet your gentle souls fly in the air, 
 And be not fix'd in doom perpetual, 
 Hover about me with your airy wings." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " I heard you say 
 That we shall see and know our friends in Heaven." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " £<kriv 01 yas inrai Kci/xevot." — Sophocles. 
 
 " Wait the great teacher Death, and God adore." — Pope. 
 
 " Qui se vixisse beatum 
 Dicat, et exacto contentus tempora vitse 
 Cedat, uti conviva satur." — Horace. 
 
 " It is a beautiful and blessed belief 
 That the beloved dead, grown Angels, watch 
 The dear ones left behind."— L. E. L. 
 
 The nightingale that in the branches sung, 
 
 Ah ! whence and whither flown again, who knows ?" — Omar Khayyam. 
 
 " Unfold 
 What worlds or what vast regions hold 
 Tbe mortal soul that hath forsook 
 His mansion in this fleshly nook ?" — Milton. 
 
 •' Sunt aliquid manes : letum non omnia finit." — Propertius. 
 
 Where are the spirits that informed the dead ? 
 Are they now hymning at the springs of day ; 
 Or, with a lingering love for things of clay, 
 On tremulous wings still hovering overhead, 
 Do they sweet influence o'er our couches shed ? 
 Or were they wafted, without sense, away, 
 Back to the God who gave them, till the bray 
 Of the last trump shall sound its note of dread ? 
 Teach me, Lord ! whether my soul shall save 
 Its sensible affections after death, 
 Continuous, or sleep on a dreamless sleeping — ■ 
 Secret but opening to us with the grave — 
 Teach me, when I sigh forth my latest breath, 
 To trust me fearless to thy holy keeping. 
 
 See Note 14. 
 146
 
 CXXIX. 
 
 (KftttMfojawl Stoghte— fmwdfrtaUtg 
 0f th* j&rol. 
 
 " When I see nothing annihilated, and not even a drop of water 
 wasted, I cannot suspect the annihilation of souls." — Franklin. 
 
 " Morte carent animce : semperque priore relictu 
 Sede, novis domibus habitant vivuntque receptee. " — Ovid. 
 
 " t)v 8' (WToAe'iy/as arwp.a es diOcp i\iv$€pov rj\6es, 
 «Weai aOdvaros 0e'os, a/xfipoTos, ovk in Ovtjtos." — Empbdocles. 
 
 " * Dust thou art to dust returnest,' 
 
 Was not spoken of the soul." — Longfellow. 
 
 " Lucerna Dei spiraeulum hominis." 
 
 " Quod si in hoc erro, animos hominum immortales esse videani, 
 libenter erro : nee mihi hunc errorem quo delector, dum vivo, extorqueri 
 volo : sin mortuus, ut quidam minuti philosophi cernunt, nihil seutiain, 
 non vereor ne hunc errorern rneum mortui philosophi invideant." — Cicebo. 
 
 " The ball no question makes of ayes or noes, 
 But right or left, as strikes the player, goes. 
 
 And He that toss'd thee down into the field, 
 He knows about it all — He knows, He knows." — Omar Khayyam. 
 
 " AvtTCTCU TO <TU)p.CL £19 To iip.app.evov, dAAa 6v ifrvxV 
 hvatrav oXka. dddvarov ovcra. xpr}p.a, cis ovpavov a.va7rrrjcr€- 
 rai fX€Tap<TLO<;' Se^ovrai 8c p.i aiOipioi 8o/xoi, koX iroKirivao- 
 fiai ovk iv avdpwTrois, aXX' cv 0eois." — Hebaclitus. 
 
 This all my knowledge, this my faith and trust, 
 
 That as no atom perish eth, the soul 
 
 Dies not ; but freed by death from the control 
 
 Of flesh, when the frail body sinks to dust, 
 
 It puts on some new change. If with the Just 
 
 At once made perfect — can such creed stand whole 
 
 With final judgment? — if beyond the roll 
 
 Of stars it wanders with no earthward lust, 
 
 Cloth'd with now faculties — or hovereth still 
 
 Over its old affections, watching the ill 
 
 And good of its lov'd kindred ; if it leap 
 
 Into new bodies ; if it dream, or sleep 
 
 The moment-seeming sleep of Infancy, 
 
 I know not: — this I think, it will not die ! 
 
 H7
 
 cxxx. 
 
 " fxrj <£vvai rov a^ravra vi- 
 kS. Aoyov to 8 €7Ttt </>ai^ 
 fifjvai KtWev 68ev 7repvrjK€i 
 ttoXv SeVrcpov, ws Ta\i<TTa." — SOPHOCLES. 
 " I'd not have come had this been left to me : 
 I would not go, to go if I were free : 
 Oh ! best of all upon this lonely earth 
 
 Neither to come nor go ; yea ; not to be." — Omar Khayyam. 
 " Optimum non nasci aut cito mori." — Sixenus. 
 
 " dvOLTOKTl [XT] KpVVdL (^C/DIOTOV 
 
 fjLrjB* deXiov 7rpoo-t8etv <£0e'yyos" — BacCHYLTDES. 
 
 " TO <£WS ToS' av6pOi7TOL(TlV rfilOTOV fiXzTTUV, 
 
 to vtp$€ KovBev /xaweTai S'os Zvyerai 
 } (Saveiv Ka«ws ty/v /cpeio"0"OV rj 6aveiv KaAws." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 \ " cptvyovo-L yap rot xol #pacreis, orav TreAas 
 
 r]Br} tov "A8ijv europovai tow /Stow." — SOPHOCLES. 
 " Non nasci longe optimum, nee in hos scopulos incidere vitae, proximum 
 autem, si natus sis quam primum ex. incendio effugere." — Cicero. 
 " 7ravTa)v ixlv pr/ tpvvai liri\6oviouriv apurrov, 
 pvJjS' icnftelv avyas 6£eos rjekiov 
 (pvvra S'owws wkutto. TrvAas AiSao ireprjo-ai, 
 
 km K€L(r6ai ttoXX^v yqv e7rip770"apcvov." — THEOGNIS. 
 " The dread of something after death, 
 Puzzles the will ; 
 
 And makes us rather bear those ills we have 
 Than fly to others that we know not of." — SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 " To die— to sleep — 
 No more— and by a sleep to say we end 
 The heart ache and the thousand natural shocks 
 That flesh is heir to : 'tis a consummation 
 Devoutly to be wished."— Shakespeare. 
 
 I love thee, Life, I cling to thee, I yearn 
 With passion for fresh youth's eternal bloom : 
 I crave, O ! Earth, for Thought no wider room 
 Than thy green space, where as a child I learn 
 Ever new marvels, through the year's return. 
 
 ! loathly Death ! I shudder at the gloom 
 Of that uncertain Future, which the tomb 
 Shrouds, like an undrawn lot, within its urn. 
 
 O ! for a visible sign : one Angel voice 
 Heard audibly : or sure trust that in death 
 We sleep as ere we drew Life's primal breath, 
 For ever and for ever without morn. 
 Why was I fashioned thus, without my choice ? 
 
 1 cry still — Would I never had been born. 
 
 > 
 
 148
 
 iPIttgtratfottiS U J&mnrt cxxx. 
 
 " Aye : but to die, and go we know not where 
 To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot ; 
 This sensible warm motion to become 
 A kneeded clod, and the delighted spirit 
 To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside 
 In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice: 
 To be imprisoned in the viewless winds, 
 And blown with restless violence about 
 The pendent world ; or to be worse than worst 
 Of those that lawless and incertain thoughts 
 Imagine howling — 'tis too horrible ; 
 The weariest and most loathed worldly life 
 That age, ache, penury, and imprisonment, 
 Can lay on Mature, is a Paradise 
 To what we fear of death." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Tov Bdvarov tc </>o/3ei#e, rbv r)(rv\iy]<; ya>erf)pa, 
 tov iravovTa voo-ov<; ko.1 7rcvt^? oSvras ; 
 
 (jlovvos aVa£ OvtjtoIs 7rapayiV£Tai, ovSe ttot avrov 
 cIScV Tts OvrjToiV Sevrepov ipxppuvov 
 
 al Se voo~oi TroWal kgu 7roiKiAai, dAAor fir aWov 
 
 cpxofJLevat. OvryrHiV, koX /u.£Ta/3a\Ad/xcvat." — AoATHIAS. 
 
 " To die — to sleep : — 
 To sleep ! perchance to dream ! aye there's the rub ; 
 For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, 
 When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, 
 Must give us pause." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Uolrjv tis /Sioroto Tap.01 rptfiav ; elv ayoprj /tev 
 
 vuKta Kal xaXtTrai ^pr^ies* iv 8e 8dp.ois 
 <ppovTi8e<i' iv 8* dypoi? KapaTwv aAis* iv 8e 6akdao~r) 
 
 Tapfios. C7rt £uvr)<; 8', rjv jxlv e^s Tt, 8cW 
 tjv 8' a7rop>7S, dvirjpov. «x as ydp-ov ; ovk dp.cpip.vos 
 
 iaaeai. ov yap-e'cis ; £ >']<rrj cp^poTcpos. 
 t£kvcl, trovor 7rr/pojo-is, aTrais /3ios. al vedrr/TCS 
 
 d<ppoves' al 7roAiat 8' Ip/iraXw d8pai>ees. 
 r)v dpa TOii'Se Bvolv evbs aipccris, 17 to yeve9ai 
 
 p.t)hiiroT, r/ to davclv avTi/ca TiKTo/xevov." — POSIDIPPTJS. 
 
 *' TlavTOtrjv /?iotoio Tapois Tpifiov. dv ayoprj /itv 
 
 Kv8ca ko.1 TTivvral Trpvyfies* iv 8e 86pois 
 dp-Travp'- iv 8' dypois ^uVtos X^P 19 ' '" ^ 6a\do~o~y 
 
 K€p8o?. eVi $tivr)<;, rjv p.lv t\ri<; tl, kAc'os* 
 7jv 8' aTroprjs, p.ovos o78as- I\eis yd/xov ; oikos dpiOTOS 
 
 ia-aerai- ov yape'as ; £v/s er i\a<f>poT€pov. 
 TtKva, tt66o% % d<f>povTL<; "nrais /Jios. ai vfoTjjres 
 
 pwpaAtar 7roAiai 8* Iptrakiv tro-e/Je'es. 
 ovk dpa tu)V 8l(T(Twv ci'6s aipt<n<;, r) to yeviOai 
 
 p.r)$iTTOT, fj to Oavtiv. iravra, yap iOkd fit'.ov." — 
 
 Metbodorus. 
 
 See also Job, chap. Ill, Lacon Tart 2, Art. Lxviii, and Meditations on 
 Death and Eternity translated from the German bj Frederica Rowan. 
 
 149 
 
 ■ ■
 
 H 
 
 CXXXI. 
 
 " Millions of spiritual creatures walk the Earth, 
 Unseen, both when we wake and when we sleep."— Milton. 
 
 " T/31S yap fJLVpLOl tLUJLV €7U ^OoVl 7ToA.v/5oT€tpT/ 
 
 aOdvaroi Z tji/os </>'i>A.aKes Ovryrtav dvOpwTriov, 
 
 6't pa <pv\dacrovcnv re Si'/cas Kai a^irXia cpya, 
 
 rjepa iaad/xevoi -TrdvTrj (poiTwvres eiraiav." — HESIOD. 
 
 " ! there are genii in the air 
 
 And spirit in the midnight breeze."— Shelley, 
 
 " But O ! th' exceeding grace 
 
 Of highest God, that loves his creatures so, 
 
 And all his works with mercy doth embrace, 
 
 That blessed angels he sends to and fro, 
 To serve to wicked man, to serve his wicked foe ! 
 
 How oft do they their silver bowers leave 
 
 To come to succour us that succour want ! 
 
 How oft do they with golden pinions cleave 
 
 The flitting skies, like flying pursuivant, 
 
 Against foul fiends to aid us militant ! 
 
 They for us fight, they watch and duly ward, 
 
 And their bright squadrons round about us plant ; 
 
 And all for love and nothing for reward : 
 0, why should heavenly God to men have such regard?"— Spenser. 
 
 Are there not Angel voices quiring round 
 Life's mystery, more tuneful to our ears 
 And truer, than the music of the Spheres, 
 By Plato or Pythagoras fancy-found, 
 Harmonious, with con-centuous Muses crown'd ? 
 
 The sleeping infant smileth when it hears 
 Their whisperings : their still small voice or cheers 
 Or chides the inner man when cares abound. 
 Hope, beckoning from her hill-top, trumpeteth ; 
 With her weird-harp notes Memory gladdens Earth ; 
 Faith shouts triumphant as a clarion-call ; 
 From Charity what flute-like breathings fall ! 
 
 A guardian Spirit heralds in Man's Birth, 
 And the last Angel that he hears is Death. 
 
 150
 
 CXXXIL 
 
 ®%tontym& Shoughfe — ^ |utuvc f tntc. 
 
 " An ficta in miseras descendit fabula gentes, 
 
 Et timor haud ultra quam rogus esse potest ?" — Fropf.RTIUS, 
 
 " Quaeris quo jaceas post obit urn loco ? 
 Quo non nata jacent." 
 
 " This world cannot explain its own difficulties without the assistance of 
 another." — Lacon . 
 
 " The desire of our nature, to solve so many problems requires immorta- 
 lity, and the many sorrows of this earth would be such a shocking dissonance 
 in the world if it were not to find its solution in a higher harmony, namely, in 
 the purification and development of personal individuality. This and other 
 considerations render immortality, from our point of view, a subjective certainty 
 — a conviction of the heart." — Carkiere. 
 
 If Death were but returning to the state 
 
 Before Life wakened, man might smile at death ; 
 
 But the heart's aspiration whispereth 
 
 Assured glad tidings of a future fate. 
 
 And if we meditate how envy, hate, 
 
 Uncharity, wrong, evil, hindereth 
 
 Life's equipoise, the Conscience questioneth, 
 
 Whether to fit, adjust, and compensate, 
 
 And from the stains caught in this world below 
 
 To cleanse the Soul's wings,* Justice, Mercy, Love, 
 
 Need not an everlasting world above % 
 
 If of Life's Book more than one page we know ? 
 
 And, that the Volume may all open lie, 
 
 This mortal puts on immortality \ 
 
 * See the curious story of Thcsposius in Plutarch (Dc sera numinis vin- 
 dictd.) He is said to have quitted the body for a time and to have roamed among 
 souls. Returning afterwards to life, he related his experiences. Among the 
 rest is the following curious account of the Soul's spots. " But the scars and 
 " seams remain from the several vices, in some greater, in some less. Now 
 " behold those various and diversified colours of souls : the dark and squalid 
 " are the taint of illibcrality and avarice. The blood red and fiery, of cruelty 
 " and barbarity: the green, of intemperance and pleasures ; the violet coloured 
 " and lurid like the ink of the cuttle fish, of envy and malignity ; for then the 
 fc wickedness of the soul, influenced by the passion.-, and inlluencing the body, 
 " produces the colours. Here it i3 the end of the purification and punishment 
 " when these colours arc thoroughly purged away, the soul becomes bright 
 " and unsullied." 
 
 it occurs to me that this story and perhaps thai Berua in the Repub- 
 lic of Plato (B X) furnished the rudiments of Dante's Hell. See alsothi 
 rious speech of Cada Mosto to kiug Budouie, Astley's Voyages, vol. i, p. 58 K 
 
 151 

 
 CXXXIII. 
 
 Still*. 
 
 " Then saith Jesus unto him, get thee hence, Satan, for it is written thou 
 shalt worship the Lord thy God and him only shalt thou serve. Then the 
 Devil leaveth him and behold, Angels came and ministered unto him." — 
 
 St. Matthew, chap. iv. v. 10, 11. 
 
 " Where's that palace whereinto foul things 
 Sometimes intrude not ? — who has a breast so pure 
 But some uncleanly apprehensions 
 Keep leets and law-days, and in session sit 
 With meditations lawful?" — Shakespeare. 
 
 And yet how oft the Tempter hath his hour, 
 
 When Faith's eye droopeth and her wings up-fold, 
 
 When qualm on qualm, and fear on fearing, rolled, 
 
 Like clouds, storm-hurried, o'er the reason tower. 
 
 At the first darkening doubt the soul doth cower 
 
 And swift dethrones its Maker ; faint and cold 
 
 Fades the designing Will ; Chance seems to hold 
 
 Atoms obedient to its random power : 
 
 Hope fainteth, perisheth : the Soul's a name, 
 
 Born of, and dying with the bodily frame : 
 
 Sweet longings after immortality 
 
 Mere child-like fictions, dreamings false and fair ; 
 
 Old revelation but a cruel lie ; 
 
 A blank the Future ; and this Life, despair. 
 
 152
 
 ■ ■ . 
 
 CXXXIV. 
 
 '■ Watch and pray that ye enter not into temptation." — St. Mattiu \v. 
 
 Not incantation, amulet, nor spell, 
 
 Not pyx, nor holy water sprinkled high, 
 
 Not incense burnt, nor music's melody, 
 
 Not fiery flame, nor candle, book, and bel], 
 
 Not all the fabled virtues thought to dwell 
 
 In gems, — carbuncle or chalcedony, 
 
 Sapphire or chrysolite — ; nor charms that lie 
 
 In magic herbs cropped in the moonlit dell, 
 
 Rue or angelica ; not bead-told ban ; 
 
 Not the swift sword that smites in twain the air; 
 
 Nor all the glamour of the Powers of Hell ; 
 
 Nor the sign'd cross can exorcise the fell 
 
 And evil spirit from the heart of man ; — 
 
 His one true conjuration stands in prayer. 
 
 153
 
 LI ■■■■■■ -.-J.W.- • -^ w -^- w .y^^^.., ... y ^. -^ . .-.»,.,■.-- 
 
 CXXXV. 
 
 Mhp |«nw— Cke #wl Window, 
 
 " Retiring from the populous noise, I seek 
 This unfrequented place to find some ease." — Milton. 
 
 My dear old Window, wherethro' summer's air 
 Wafted the sweet scents of the garden flowers, 
 Whilst the broad elms beat off the sultry hours, 
 And thy deep-painted glass toned down the glare 
 With mellow'd golden lights, that used to share 
 My couch, with shade that fell in purple showers ; 
 O ! choicest and best loved of all rest's bowers, 
 How oft, amid my busiest toil and care, 
 Retreating fancy brings thee to my sight, 
 As some still vision of the peaceful night ; 
 Magician's wand-waved circle ; halcyon nest, 
 Floating in calm upon the billow's crest. 
 
 To me these Sonnets, with their lights and glooms, 
 Are my Life's Oriel of old Merton rooms. 
 
 154
 
 n 
 
 CXXXVI. 
 
 ' ' These haunts are where they should be, at home, not sleeping or con- 
 cocting the surfeits of an irregular feast, but up and stirring ; in winter, often 
 ere the sound of any bell awakes man to labour or devotion ; in summer, as 
 oft with the bird that first rouses, or not much tardier, to read good authors, 
 or cause them to be read, till the attention be weary, or memory have its full 
 fraught." — Milton. 
 
 " Hojs yap ripyoto rpiry\v aTop-eiperov utcrav 
 
 'Hws rot Trp6<pepoi /xev 68ov 7rp6(pepoi 8e /cat epyov." — 
 
 Hesiod. 
 
 " Prudens futuri temporis exitum 
 Caliginosa nocte premit deus ; 
 Ridetque, si mortalis ultra 
 Fas trepidat." — Horace. 
 
 Fling wide the casement, for the morning breeze 
 
 Already curls the mist upon the stream, 
 
 And o'er their half-built nests with welcome scream 
 
 The busy rooks fill all the neighbouring trees. 
 
 Be labour lighten'd by luxurious ease ; 
 
 Up to the oriel window wheel the chair ; 
 
 (Sweet aid to study the fresh morning air,) 
 
 And ponder tasks which please, or ought to please :— 
 
 Gaze happy round upon your pictur'd room— 
 
 Your own ; for swiftly may the time draw nigh, 
 
 When homeless thou, in stifling city pent, 
 
 With spirit lustreless, and body bent, 
 
 Shalt rise each morning unrefresh'd, and sigh 
 
 Daily o'er real toil with hopeless gloom. 
 
 155 
 
 ww
 
 CXXXVIL 
 
 " Time, Faith, Energy— the three friends that God hath given the poor."' 
 -Bulwkr. 
 
 " Funis et insons, 
 (Ut me collaudem) si vivo et carus amicis, 
 Causa fuit pater his." — Horace. 
 
 Not rightly with such thoughts, though they will rise, 
 Tempting the mind at times, like powers of Hell, 
 On my past lot or present may I dwell ; 
 For every want from childhood hath a wise 
 Kind Providence supplied, and still supplies ; 
 And though one heavy unexpected blow 
 Hath crush'd my perfect happiness below, 
 And half my heart with my dear Father lies, 
 And other links from the strong golden chain 
 Of daily intercourse are loos'ning fast, 
 How many blessings, undeserved, remain- 
 Hope, health, occasion ! Sweeps upon my gaze 
 Honour, sure meed of life in labour past, 
 And sweeter far, a mother's pride and praise. 
 
 156
 
 (XXXVIII. 
 
 Qtyxmwn — Pji iathcr. 
 
 "They mourn the dead who live as Hiey desire/' — Yo\ NGE. 
 
 " Farva petunt manes : piefcas pro munere grata esl 
 Munere ; non avidos Styx habet ima Deos." — 0\ 1 1> 
 
 11 Vila mortiiorum in memoria vhorura est posita."- -ClCERO, 
 
 ov Set pupecTKew toi? kiitw rwv IvOaot, 
 CKei yap del Kf.urop.ai." — SOPHOCLES. 
 
 " tov 8k 'aTTOL^pxvov fivr'jfir] Tipdre, /'.?/ n*a.Kpvo~iv. — 
 
 i >io I Ihrysostom. 
 
 My Father! my Father! not with tears 
 
 I mourn thy memory, though oft I check 
 
 The rising smile, as 'twere a sin to deck 
 
 The face with mirth, as in the happy years 
 
 When thou didst share my boyish hopes and fears : 
 
 Yet know I that thou wouldst not have me wreck 
 
 My buoyant spirit ; for thy silent beck 
 
 Points forward, blessed spirit, while it cheer-. 
 
 To true and lasting sorrow's surer test: 
 
 A heart of honour; hand of charity; 
 
 Temper thai nought but other's wrongs may tire; 
 
 Devotion to the being thou lov'dst best; 
 
 A life spent like thine own — pure, holy, high ; — 
 
 " Those mourn the dead who live as tliey desire." 
 
 157
 
 CXXXIX. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " And Elisha saw it, and he cried, My father, my father, the chariot of 
 Israel, and the horsemen thereof. And he saw him no more : and he took 
 hold of his own clothes, and rent them in two pieces. He took up also the 
 mantel of Elijah that fell from him, and went back, and stood by the bank of 
 Jordan."— 2 Kings ii 12, 13. 
 
 As when the Prophet of old days was borne 
 
 On flaming-steeded chariot to the sky, 
 
 The mantle of his power and prophecy 
 
 Fell on his follower, and by him was worn ; 
 
 So, Father, may thy spirit, from me torn, 
 
 Descend upon thy son, and sanctify. 
 
 Oh ! glorious garb of human majesty, 
 
 Dipt in the light-springs of the Orient morn, 
 
 In which commingled honour, golden-bright ; 
 
 Pure sinlessness ; affection's purple gleam ; 
 
 The blush for other's wrongs ; the stainless white 
 
 Of charity : mirth, like a cheerful beam 
 
 Of early sun ; faith, shedding holy light 
 
 O'er all the glowing robe, without a seam. 
 
 158
 
 CXL. 
 
 1843. 
 
 " Tempora mutantur, nos et mutaiuur in illis." — Horace. 
 
 " Jamque dies, nisi fallor, adest, quem semper acerbum, 
 Semper honoratum, sic di voluistis, habebo." — Virgil. 
 
 A year lias vanish'd since the turban'd slave, 
 According to the custom of his clime, 
 Brought me his votive offerings : at that time. 
 Smiling, I look'd on what his service gave. 
 Why do I now, with aspect stern and grave, 
 Turn from his kindly action as a crime ? 
 For the cool plantain and the gilded lime 
 Are beautiful as formerly, and wave 
 The flowers as freshly ; kindlier than of yore 
 The hand that proffers. In myself the change. 
 Then, household joys bloom'd round me, never more 
 To flourish, and my Lost One smiled with me ; 
 Now, while I gaze on names and faces strange, 
 My heart is on the waters of the sea. 
 
 [On Christmas day the Indian servants present their master with a tray of 
 fruits and flowers, and one or more gilded limes. — The Romans had a similar 
 custom. See Martial xiii. '!', 
 
 Aurea porrigitur Jani Caryota Calendi^ : 
 Sed tamen hoc munus pauperis e^se so 
 
 ]59 
 
 %
 
 v>,*> 
 
 CXLI. 
 
 Qipmim — Indian (Exik, 
 
 " Thus in the summer a tall flourishing tree, 
 Transplanted by strong hand, with all her leaves 
 And blooming pride upon her, makes a show 
 Of spring, tempting the eye with wanton blossoms ; 
 But not the sun with all her amorous smiles, 
 The dews of morning, or the tears of night, 
 Can root her fibres in the earth again ; 
 Or make her bosom kind, to growth and bearing ; 
 But the tree withers ; and those very beams, 
 ; That once were natural warmth to her soft verdure, 
 
 Dry up her sap, and shoot a fever through 
 The bark and rind, till she becomes a burden 
 To that which gave her life." — G. Chapman. 
 
 " My sense perceives 
 This snowy jasmin whispering say, 
 How much more frolic, white and fair 
 In her green lattice she doth stand, 
 To enjoy the free and cooler air, 
 Than in the prison of a hand !" — Fanshaw. 
 
 " Omnis in Arctois populus quicunque pruinis 
 Nascitur, indomitus bellis, et martis amator. 
 Quicquid ad Eoos tractus immdique teporem 
 Labitur, emollit geutes dementia coeli." — Lucan, 
 
 As goodly trees transplanted when their prime 
 Is o'er, do languish in a foreign land, 
 We English droop upon this Indian strand, 
 Wanting the sweet breath of our native clime : 
 Yea, all too soon our very thoughts do chime 
 To what rings round us, as the dyer's hand 
 To what it works in is subdued : we stand 
 The followers, not the leaders, of our time. 
 
 The Northern blasts heard Freedom's infant cry ; 
 The Southern sun bred Slavery's maggot brood ; 
 We Britons, tropic- tainted, tempted, fall : 
 Forget youth's earliest lesson, Liberty ; 
 Our nature change ; pride, flattery, our food ; 
 And don the Despot's look, and nod, and pall. 
 
 160
 
 35 
 
 CXL1X 
 
 QtyxwAm — jamt-^MWwj); 
 
 u A7ras [^tv ar/p aiera) 7repa<xtp.os 
 "A7raa"a Se )(6wv avSpi yevvauo 7raTpt9." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " Omne solum forti patria est, ut piscibus cequor, 
 Ut volucri vacuo quicquid in orbe patet." — Ovid. 
 
 " All places that the eye of Heaven visits 
 Are to the wise man, ports and happy havens."— SHAXESPEAKEj 
 
 " "EAti-is ev avOpwTroun fJiovrj #eos co^A?) eWoriv, 
 
 "AAAol S' 6vXvfJ.Trov 8' €K7rpoAi7roi/T£S e/3aoi/." THKOGNIS. 
 
 Away, vain longings for my native land, 
 My home, my mother, and the thousand ties 
 That bind me to them with sweet sympathies 
 Of love and memoiy, a household, band 
 Of natural yearnings, ere I be unmanned ; 
 For here, mid the cold looks of stranger eyes, 
 My destine! path to name or nothing lies. 
 And, therefore, here, resolv'd, I take my stand 
 With aim to die, or conquer ; purpose stern 
 As his, the heroic Spaniard* who could dare, 
 Mid hostile myriads, comrades for return 
 Half wavering, his little fleet to burn : 
 Wanting himself no spur, he with - care 
 Cried, " Forward be our hope ; b shind, despair!'' 
 
 * Coi 
 
 1G1
 
 "i riTi'nmtv 
 
 CXLIII. 
 
 " Be strong, and hope, and trust in the Lord, and he will comfort thee, 
 and give thee thine heart's desire."— Psalm xxvii. 14. 
 
 " Pur che mi coscienza non mi garra 
 Che, alia fortuna, come vuol, son presto." — Dante. 
 
 " Exstantesque procul medio de gurgite montes, 
 Classibus inter quos liber patet exitus, idem 
 Apparent ; et longe divolsi licet, ingens 
 Insula conjunctis tamen ex his una videtur." — Lucretius. 
 
 Be thou my watchword, Faith ; and bold in thee, 
 As the first ocean-wanderer, will I steer 
 My course, where'er it leads, without a fear, 
 Over Life's dreary, lonely waste of sea ; 
 Sure that kind Providence will cleave for me 
 A path, whatever danger shall appear, 
 So that my trust be steadfast, bright, and clear, 
 While I act boldly, wisely, warily : — 
 
 So sailed on Argo, where the threat'ning rocks, 
 Cyanean, barr'd, or seem'd to bar, her way, 
 Closing together with ship-crushing shocks — ■ 
 Thus fabled many a Grecian poet's lay — 
 And found, fit prize of daring faith, with ease 
 A passage twixt the cleft Symplegades. 
 
 76£ 
 
 u
 
 «» 
 
 CXLIY 
 
 " Tabula in naufragio." 
 
 " Cures, sometimes for men's cares, 
 Flow where they least expect them." — The Beggar's Bush. 
 
 "Av7]p CLTV)(W V Cw^CTat ruts cA.7rtO"i." — SOPHOCLES. 
 
 " Hcec dea cum fugerent sceleratas nurnina terras, 
 
 Iq dis invisa sola remansit humo, 
 Hcec facit ut vivat vinctus quoque compede fossor, 
 
 Liberaque a ferro crura futura putat. 
 Hcec facit, ut videat cum terras undique nullas, 
 
 Naufragus in mediis brachia jactet aquis : 
 Scepe aliquem sollers medicorum cura reliqnit, 
 
 Nee spes huic vena deficiente cadit, 
 Carcere dicuntur clausi sperare salutem. 
 
 Aique aliquis pendens in cruce vota facit.'' — Ovid, 
 
 Almost they fail'd and fainted in the race, 
 Spain's iron sons* who quail'd not to explore 
 Dread Ocean's terrors never tried before ; 
 Almost had yielded the long fruitless chase, 
 Sick with heart-yearnings for their native place, 
 When past their foremost ship the billows bore, 
 Sure token of the long-expected shore, 
 A hawthorn branch, red-berried, with fresh trace 
 Of juicy sap, late from its parent torn. — 
 
 How otten thus, when on Life's stormy sea, 
 Desponding, weary, lost, alone, forlorn, 
 Man sighs for rest, and dreams no harbour near, 
 God casts upon the wave, our souls to cheer, 
 A living branch pluckt from Hope's golden tree. 
 
 * The followers of Columbus. 
 
 163
 
 CXLV. 
 
 $ipwiw—&k 9th I860. 
 
 ,c Sunk low, yet mounted high, 
 Through the dear might of Him that walk'd the waves." — Milton. 
 
 " Ostendunt terrishune tantumfata neque ultra 
 Esse sinunt." — Virgil. 
 
 " Restore thy dead, thou Sea." — Mrs. Hemans. 
 
 " Nay, didst thou not against my own dear shore 
 Full break, last link between my land and me ? 
 My absent friends talk in thy very roar, 
 In thy waves beat their friendly pulse I see ; 
 And if I must not see my England more, 
 Next to her soil, my grave be found in thee." — Thomas Hood, 
 
 Bound homeward, after long years of exile, 
 I sweep, O sea, across thy waves once more. 
 Not now I tremble when thy tempests roar, 
 Or gladden at thy countless -rippled smile. 
 One thought engrosseth my whole soul, the while 
 I peer into thy depths : — thou art the grave 
 Of him, the best and gentlest one, who gave 
 Me being — father — mortal without guile, 
 
 Thou art, sea, too premature, the tomb 
 Of my best lov'd of brothers, fair, and young. 
 How my heart yearn'd to kiss again the bloom 
 On that dear cheek — curse on the stranger tongue 
 That bore the tidings of his ocean-sleep — 
 Help — hold me — or I plunge into the deep. 
 
 164
 
 c, -,p o -? a 
 
 w 
 
 ( IXLVI. 
 
 tfoUcjjc blooms --(The 9tVittc ^avtti 
 
 juvenis, tandem cnstode rer 
 Gaudel ecjuis canibusque, et aprici gramine campi." — Horace. 
 
 " O ! If this were seen ; 
 The happiest youth viewing his progress through 
 Wliat perils past, what crosses to be borne, 
 Would shut the book, and lay him down and die." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Why should we 
 Anticipate our sorrows ? "1 is like those 
 Who die for fear of death !" — Denham. 
 
 " to ju.>) [xaOiiv aov Kpeiaaov ?/ /xaOeiu rdSc." — AESCHYLUS. 
 
 " Ah ! fill the cup : what boots it to repe ' 
 How Time is slipping underneath our feel ; 
 
 Uuborn to-morrow and dead yesterday, 
 
 Why fret about them if To day be sweet ?" — Omar Khayyam. 
 
 ■ M alleni nescire futura." — Ovid. 
 
 Read on, boy — but let mirth alternate reign 
 With study : — let the jest that doth not bite 
 Pass when the ruddy flame and wine glow bright ; 
 And of his scarlet coat the tyro vain 
 Flies o'er the brook and tempts the stile again ; 
 Or the stout oarsman boasts his cutter's pace, 
 When, swift as shooting star, she won the race, 
 And shouts of welcome rose o'er all the plain ; 
 Let thine old walls their modern bravery flam 
 Play the boy-host with hospitable pride, 
 Blest in thine ignorance of coming years ; 
 For if the impervious screen were drawn aside 
 Quick would thy happy chamber be the haunt 
 Of longings vain, or unavailing fears. 
 
 Sei N 
 
 165 
 
 •K>.
 
 CXLVII. 
 
 " The first cup is for thirst, the second makes merry ; the third for plea- 
 sure, the fourth makes mad." — Pa.NYA.SIS apvd Athenceum. 
 
 " oIvos jJ.ev OvrjTOMTi ©ewf irapa. SCJpov apiarov, 
 
 TTtvojxevo'i Kara fiirpov virip fjarpov 8e ^epetoi'." — PANYASIS 
 
 ap : Athenceum. 
 
 " Anacharsis said, the vine has three fruits ; the first pleasure, the second 
 intoxication, the third remorse." — Laertius. 
 
 " 0, that men should put an enemy in their mouth to steal away their 
 brains ! that we should with joy, revel, pleasure, and applause, transform our- 
 selves into beasts !" — Shakespeare. 
 
 When Noah planted in the Earth, that sprung- 
 Bare from the Deluge, the Vine's primal root, 
 The teeming mother hugg'd, and bade it shoot 
 Sunward, until its spreading branches flung 
 Their marriage tendrils the fresh elms among, 
 And mellow Autumn saw the luscious fruit, 
 Clad in its different colour'd vintage suit, 
 With drooping clusters, white, gold, purple, hung. 
 
 The first, for man's delight and temperate use, 
 To cheer the heart, the parching palate cools : 
 The second, gushing forth in amber course, 
 Tempts us, and picks our brains, and leaves us fools : 
 But the third, blacker than the poppy's juice, 
 Rolls forth a sluggish flood, its dregs, Remorse. 
 
 16(5 
 
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 gjlUistratums tcx bonnet cxlvil 
 
 " Wiue is as good as life to a man, if it he drunk moderately : what is life 
 then to a man thai is without wine? for it was made to iu;ike men glad. V\ im- 
 measurably drunk and in season bringeth gladness of the heart, and cheerful- 
 ness of the mind. But wine drunken with exeess maketh bitterness of the 
 mind, with brawling and quarrelling. Drunkenness increase: h the rage of a 
 fool till he offend : it diminisheth strength, and maketh wounds. Rebuke not 
 thy neighbour at the wine, and despise him not in his mirth : uive him no des- 
 piteful words, and press not upon him with urging him to drink." — Ecclesi- 
 ASTICUS, chap. xxxi. V. -~! — 31. 
 
 " ye men, how exceeding strong is wine ! it causeth all men to err thai 
 drink it: It maketh the mind of the king and of the fatherless child to be all 
 one; of the bondman and of the freeman, of the poor man and of the rich : 
 It turneth also every thought into jollity and mirth, so that a man rcmember- 
 eth neither sorrow nor debt : And it maketh every heart rich, so that a man 
 remembereth neither king nor governor; and it maketh to speak all things by 
 talents : And when they are in their cups, they forget their love both to friends 
 and brethren, and a little after draw out swords: But when they are from the 
 wine, they remember not what they have done." — 1 EsDRAS, chap. ni. v. 18 — -3. 
 
 " OIVOV TOl TriVUV TTOvXw KOLKOV T/V St TIS O.VTOV 
 
 irivg £7rt(rra/xei/os, ou «a/<os, «A/V aya^os. ' — THEOGNIS. 
 
 '* olvos ere rpoiet //.eAt^S^s, oo-re kcu aAAois 
 
 (3\aiTT£i, os av fxrjv ^avSuv e\r], pr]& atcri/xa ttlv]]. ' — HoMER. 
 
 " "At Nr//.<£ai tov Huk^ov, or c/c — l'pos ?jAa# 6 KOL'pos 
 viif/av VTrep reepprjs upri KvXii&o/xevov 
 tovv€kcl avv NvpcfxHs Bpo/xtos </>i'Aos - rjv Be viv eipy>7, 
 fjlay€(r$ai, 8e£[) Tvp en Katop-evov." — Meleagi;!;. 
 
 " Every inordinate cup is unblessed ; and the ingredient is a Devil." — 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 " Look not upon the wine when it is red, when it givcth its colour in the 
 cup, when it moveth itself aright. At last it biteth like a serpent and stiugeth 
 like an adder."— Proyerhs, chap, xxiii. v. 31, 32. 
 
 " Quid non cbrietas designat. Operta recludit, 
 Spes jubet esse ratas ; ad prcelia trudit inertem : 
 Solicitia animis onus cxinnt ; addocct ai 
 Foecondi calices quern non fecere di i rtum, 
 Contracta qucm non in paupertate solutum ?"— H.01 
 
 Olivia. " What's a drunken man like, fool? 
 
 down. Lik( B drowned man, a fool, and ■* mad man: one draught 
 
 makes him a fool . the sei 1 mads him ; and a third drowns him.' - 
 
 Shakj sr 

 
 
 CXLVIII. 
 
 Welcome, in season, Mirth, becoming Mirth ; 
 
 For laughter is the music of the soul : 
 
 The faint and lingering echo of the roll 
 
 Of that dread joy which Heaven felt for Earth, 
 
 When o'er Creation's new-accomplished birth 
 
 Pole shouted triumph to its fellow pole. 
 
 Yet are there those who bid us always toll 
 Life's merry feast-bells, as for death or dearth. 
 
 Mirth is to man, as to the bird its song ; 
 Its ripple to the river ; to the tree 
 The rustle of its foliage : their scent 
 Or fairy hues unto the flowery throng ; 
 Its smile innumerable to the Sea ; 
 1 1 s ('winkling stars unto the Firmament, 
 

 
 CXLIX. 
 
 MUp 1 *«— Site §mnt 
 
 " Nc'a yap cppovTLS ovk aXyelv <piXu. — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " vebv viot, KpaTare, kol Sokcite Srj 
 vaulv airivOii Trepyap'." — vEsCHYI.i - 
 
 " to yap ved^ov Iv TotoicrSe /JdcrKerai 
 ^(apotaiv avTOU' kol vlv 6v #aA.7ro<j ©cow, 
 ov8' op/3po9, ouSe 7ri/ev/Aaro)V ovBev kXovv., 
 dXX' r/Sovas a/xox#ov e^aipei /SiW— SOPHOCLES. 
 
 " 7rupeoTi yap e'A.7n.s eKaoroj, 
 
 dvSpwv y) re veW crrr;#ecriv epe^uerui 
 6vr)Tu>v S'oc^pa tis aV0os e^et 7roAwypa7W y)fi?)<;, 
 
 Kov(pov 'l\wv 6vpx>v, ttoXX dreXtaTa j/oei. 
 oure yap sXttiS' e^ei yr)pa<i(rep.ev, ovre OaveiaOai, 
 
 ovS' vyujs oVai' •>/, </>poVT<.o' e^ei Kap,drov. 
 j'/prioi ots rdvTr] Ketrai voos, ouSe t icrao-iv 
 
 a»S xpdvos eo "$' *//fys Kut /^iotou oAiyos. 
 6vr)TOi<; dXXd cri) rdvra pa#wr, fiidrov ttotl rip/xa 
 
 if/v^rj twv dyaOwv tXtjQl xapi£opei/os." — SlMONID] . 
 
 The merry group hath parted. The dark gleaming 
 Of the dull embers casts a fitful light 
 Through the old chamber but so lately bright 
 With gay lamps o'er the rich red-wine cups beaming. 
 
 Lo! with fixed eye and foot, the youth stands dreaming 
 Over his future life. Before his sight 
 Rises some new-born vision of delight, 
 And he is smiling at the shadowy seeming. 
 'Tis rrone. The lips compress'd, and frowning brow. 
 Speak him in perils plungd, of danger scornful. 
 A shade of grief is passing o'er him now ; 
 Mark how it bends him down with leaden weight. 
 Tis lor some friend's imaginary fate, 
 Not for himself — his fate shall ne'er be mournful! 
 
 I 69 
 
 .
 
 ] CL. 
 
 " aAAore fA,7]Tpoir] 7re'Act rjjxipy], aAAore pL^rrjp." — HESIOD. 
 
 " Hie sinistrorsum, hie dextrorsura, casus utrique 
 Error, sed variis illudit partibus oranes." 
 
 " Suse non immemor artis, 
 Omnia transformat sese in miracula renim, 
 Ignemque, horribilemque ferum fluviumque liquentem." — Virgil. 
 
 " When I consider Life, 'tis all a cheat; 
 Yet, fool'd with Hope, men favour the deceit ; 
 Trust on, and think to-morrow will repay ; 
 To-morrow's falser than the former day ; 
 Lies worse, and, while it says, we shall be blest 
 With some new joys, cuts off what we possest. 
 Strange cozenage ! None would live past years again, 
 Vet all hope Pleasure in what yet remain ; 
 And, from the dregs of life, think to receive, 
 What the first sprightly running could not give. 
 I'm tired with waiting for this ehemic Gold, 
 Which fools us young, and beggars us when old." — Dkyden. 
 
 Protean Pleasure ! in how varied forms 
 
 Dost show thyself to mortals, and elude 
 
 Their ever closing grasp ! In solitude 
 
 Some place thine eremite cell : more giddy swarms 
 
 Seek thee in cities : some in battle-storms : 
 
 Some mid the stars thy dreamy home have view'd, 
 
 And lost a life in speculative mood : — 
 
 Though cheating always, all thy hope still warms ! 
 
 So in some starving city, through the gate, 
 When Famine overrides the wasted land, 
 Enter and issue, each a hopeful band, 
 Rustic and citizen ; each thinks his fate 
 Leads on to plenty — though they press to gain 
 The barren paths the others tried in vain.* 
 
 [ * Manzoni, in the I Promessi Sposi, draws a moving picture of this very 
 circumstance happening during the famine of Milan, in the year 1603. Com- 
 pare Charles V laying down the imperial crown and returning to a cloister af- 
 ter one of the busiest of lives, and Paul IV almost at the same moment leav- 
 ing the cloister for the Papal Chair, lull of the ambitious hopes of empire. See 
 Lacon Part 2, Art. cix.] 
 
 no
 
 CLI. 
 
 College $tm$—Wm%ty of Vrattte, 
 
 " Lo tempo c poco omai che e ue concesso." — Dante. 
 
 " Spatio brevi 
 Spem longam reseces." — Horace. 
 
 " OvK eCTTLV aVTiiiV OOTTtS i$€TTl(TTaTai 
 
 Trjv avpiov fxiWovaav, ci jSigxtctcu." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " Tu secanda marmora 
 Locas sub ipsum funus, et sepulcliri 
 Immemor, struis domos." — Horace. 
 
 " Quid brevi fortes jaculamur cevo 
 Multa?"— Horace. 
 
 " An potest quidquam esse absurdius, quam quo minus vitae restat, eo plus 
 viatici quserere ?"— Cicero. 
 
 " Nemo est tam senex, ut se annum nou putet posse vivere." — Cicero, 
 
 " Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt." — Cesar. 
 
 " All men think all men mortal but themselves." — Younge. 
 
 " Even aged men, as if they truly were 
 Children again, for age prepare; 
 Provisions for long fnixcl thoy design, 
 
 In the last point of their short time." — Cowley. 
 
 " eaOXov [lev 7rapeovTos i\ecr6ai, Trrj/xa Se Ovy.Cj 
 Xprji&w u7reoVros." — IlESIOD. 
 
 Oft as Arachne o'er her meshes ran 
 
 When playful Zephyr broke the web apart, 
 
 With zeal as busy, and as tireless art, 
 
 The buoyant spirit of self-cheating Man 
 
 Intends fresh circles to his endless plan, 
 
 And still new dreams more wide-expanding start 
 
 To being from his visionary heart, 
 
 When nearly told the almost dwindled span. 
 
 Oh ! vanity of vanities ! fond strife, 
 Only death-ended ; struggle from our prime, 
 To deem ourselves immortal ; ever free 
 To scheme, to plot, to plan — j r et what is life ? 
 A shifting sand-drop in the glass of time ; 
 Less than one pulse-beat of eternity. 
 
 171
 
 CLII. 
 
 " Venator sequitur fugientia, capta relinquit : 
 
 Semper et inventis ulteriora petit." — Ovid. 
 " Sed cur fallaris cum sit nova grata voluptas ? 
 Et capiant animos plus aliena suos ? 
 Fertilior seges est alienis semper in agris, 
 
 Vicinumque pecus grandius uber habet."— Ovid. 
 " Who riseth from a feast 
 With that keen appetite that he sits down ; 
 Where is the horse that doth untread again 
 His tedious measures with unbated fire, 
 That he did pace them first ? All things that are 
 Are with more spirit chased than enjoyed. 
 How like a younker or a prodigal 
 The scarfed bark puts from her native bay, 
 Hugg'd and embraced by the strumpet wind ; 
 How like the prodigal doth she return, 
 With overweathered ribs and ragged sails 
 Lean, rent, and beggared?" — Shakespeare. 
 " Vidi ego nuper equum, contra sua vincla tenacem 
 Ore reluctant i fulminis ire modo ; 
 Constitit ut primum concessas sensit habenas, 
 
 Prenaque in effusa laxa jacere juba. 
 Nitimur in vetitum semper, cupimusque negata : 
 Sic iuterdictis imminet ceger aquis." — Ovid. 
 " Si nunquam Danaen habuisset aenea turris, 
 
 Non esset Danae de Jove facta parens." — Ovid. 
 " Leporem venator ut alta 
 In nive sectetur, positum sic tangere nolit, 
 Cantat ; et apponit, Meus est amor huic similis ; nam 
 Transvolat in medio posita, et fugientia captat." — Horace. 
 "" AypcuTr/s, Ettik^Scs, ev ovpeai TTavTa Aaywov 
 A«£a, koli 7rao"?js i^vta SopKaXiSos, 
 Sti/Jt; /cat vKJxroi KCKpTj/JLivos- rjv 8e Tts eim]' 
 
 Tij roSe fiefiX-qrai drjaov ovk ekafiev : 
 X od/xos epws ToIocrSe' ra fxev <ppvyovTa StwKetv 
 
 OT8e, raS' (.v /xe'crcra) Ket/xeva 7rap7reTaTat." — CALLIMACHEUS. 
 
 'Tis an old-world saw that all pleasure's zest 
 Stands not in the fruition but pursuit : 
 No fruit so pleasant as forbidden fruit : 
 The gold dims e'en on Venus loosen'd cest : 
 The mountain hunters climb the loftiest crest ; 
 The divers*to the lowest bottom shoot : 
 The conqueror wept for a new world to loot ; 
 So hotly while it lasts the chace is press't, 
 So soon the spoils, when won, are thrown aside ; 
 Like an old trophy in a wilderness, — 
 Helm, plume and shield, war chariot, swords and spears- 
 Built up in heat and haste, with pomp and pride ; 
 Then march'd away from : left for weeds to dress 
 The rotting arms, through lone and silent years. 
 172
 
 CLIII. 
 
 
 " O ! mihi proeteritos referat si Jupiter annos !" 
 
 " Genus immortale raanet, multosque per annus 
 Stet fortuna domvs ;* et avi nuiiicrautur avoium." — Virgo . 
 
 ot/JLoi ti Sryra fipoToicnv ovk ecrrtv roiSe, 
 
 veovs Sis eTVai kou yepovres dv 7rdAij/." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 If some good Fairy granted me to play 
 
 A chosen portion of my life again, 
 
 I would not ask an Oxford hour. — The vain 
 
 Attempt to ape the follies of the day, 
 
 How soon it palls ; while ever fresh and gay 
 
 Riseth the vision of the school boy train 
 
 Who shouted, thoughtless, on dear Harrow's plain, 
 
 And clombe the hill when eve was growing grey. 
 
 Oh! for the careless days, the dreamless nights; 
 
 The broken bounds, the plunge into the pool : 
 
 The elastic feet that ne'er the leap refuse : 
 
 The Summer games, the Winter's mimic'd fights: 
 
 Oh ! for the guileless friendships form'd at school, 
 
 The first shy whispers of the natural" Muse. 
 
 Che Motto of Harrow School. 
 
 178
 
 CLIV. 
 
 " Di, majorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terrain, 
 Spirantesque crocos, et in urna perpetuum ver, 
 Qui pneceptorem sancti voluere parentis 
 Esse loco."— Juvenal. 
 
 " Quod enim munus reipublicae afferre majus, meliusve possumus, quam si 
 docemus, atque erudimus juventutem !" — Cicero. 
 
 Nor priest nor king doth holier office hold 
 Than the poor Tutor of the humblest school : 
 The heart his temple, o'er the head his rule : 
 The Age his mind re-stampeth manifold : 
 Though small his guerdon of the ruddy gold, 
 Kich, when the hair turns grey, the blood runs cool, 
 In mead of love, while men rehearse at Yule 
 To their own sons, their school-boy days of old. 
 
 So Alexander, when the world was won, 
 Calling his youth up from behind the fight, 
 Wont, next his sire, his master to revere : 
 " Philip," quoth he, " the king of Macedon, 
 " Gave me my being : but the Stagyrite 
 " All that makes lovely life, and being dear." 
 
 174
 
 *v 
 
 CLV. 
 
 f he Schoolmaster. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 The root sincere, the branches bold to strive 
 With the fierce tempest, while, within the round 
 Of their protection, gentle virtues thrive ; 
 As oft, 'mid some green plot of open ground, 
 Wide as the oak extends its dewy gloom, 
 \ The fostered hyacinths spread their purple bloom.'' — Wordsworth. 
 
 As some old elm, beneath whose fostering spread 
 That fends from off the grass the sun's hot glow, 
 The fairy little ' lords and ladies'* grow, 
 Deep purple these, those virgin white; dew-fed : 
 Or, as an ancient oak, whose branching head 
 Shadows the village green as far as know 
 Its searching roots to grasp the soil below ; 
 
 Beneath whose shade twinkleth the glancing tread 
 
 Of playful children as they come and go : 
 
 Or hush'd, they con their task, a slow paced throng 
 
 So stands the tutor, who doth lift above 
 
 His charge a living canopy of love ; 
 
 Happy within whose verge the nurslings grow 
 
 In spirit, as in stature, fair and strut 
 
 [ * The Arum maculatum, 01 Cuckoo point. I remember well how, when a 
 child, I and my little brothers and sisters used to search the hedge-rows under 
 the leafy elms," for these pretty plant 1 -. The purple were our ' Lords,' the white 
 our ' Ladies.' | 
 
 .
 
 S3 
 
 CLVI. 
 
 " For we were nurst upon the self-same hill, 
 Ted the same flock by fountain, shade, and rill. 
 
 Together both, ere the high lawns appear'd 
 Under the opening eyelids of the morn, 
 We drove a-iield, and both together heard 
 What time the gray-fly winds her sultry horn, 
 Battening our flocks with the fresh dews of night, 
 Oft till the star that rose, at evening, bright, 
 
 Toward heaven's descent had sloped his westering wheel." — Milton. 
 " We were as twinned lambs, that did frisk i' the sun, 
 And bleat the one at the other : what we changed, 
 Was innocence for innocence ; we knew not 
 The doctrine of ill-doing, no, nor dreamed 
 That any did." — Shakespeare. 
 " Tecum etenim longos memini consumere soles, 
 Et tecum primas epulis decerpere noctes. 
 Uinim opus et requiem pariter disponimus ambo, 
 Atque verecunda laxamus seria mensa. 
 Non equidem hoc dubites, amborum foedere certo 
 Consentire dies, et ab uno sidere duci." — Persius. 
 " Qualis in aerii pellucens vertice montis 
 Kivus muscoso prosilit e lapide, 
 Qui cum de prona prteceps est valle volutus; 
 Per medium densi transit iter populi." — Catullus. 
 " They stood aloof, the scars remaining 
 
 Like cliffs which had been rent asunder ; 
 A dreary scene now flows between, 
 
 That neither heat nor frost nor thunder 
 Shall wholly do away I ween 
 The marks of that which once hath been." — Coleridge. 
 " 'H p\v yap O'vScltl Aiapw p'eu, apL<j>i Se Ka.7ri/os 
 'iYveTai e£ avrrjs, wcrev 7rt'pos at66pL€voio' 
 C H 8 eripr] Oepei 7rpopeei, ctKUia ^aAa^r; 
 
 *H ^tovt ij/vxprj, r/ i$ vSaros KpvaTaWia." — HOMER. 
 " Nomen amicitia est ; nomen inane Fides," — Ovid. 
 
 You and I started in our boyhood's prime 
 With more than brother's love and harmony : 
 We studied the same books, and secretly 
 Our rival Muses tried their earliest rhyme : 
 We feigned kind letters from far foreign clime — 
 How soon we broke our troth ; how faithlessly 
 Parted, and pass'd each other strangers by : — 
 Oh ! for one hour of that dear olden time ! 
 So on some hill-top, from a single source 
 Well up two streamlets ; for a while they glide 
 In the bright sunshine sparkling side by side : 
 Too soon they leap to a divided course : 
 Each seeks, one East one West, its Ocean shore ; 
 Ever diverging, and to meet no more. 
 
 176
 
 CLVII. 
 
 " Si quis in caelum ascendissct, naturanquc mundi et pulchritudinem side- 
 rum perspexisset, insuavem illam adnrirationem ei fore, qua; jucundissima fuis- 
 set, nisi aliqueni, cui narraret, habuisset." — Cicero. 
 
 " Solamen miseris socios habuisse doloris." 
 
 " ayaOrj Se 7rapai(/>a(ris tcrnv erdipov." 
 
 " Secundas res splendidiores facit amicitia et adversas partiens eommuni- 
 cansque leviores." — Cicero. 
 
 " Semper babe Py laden qui consoletur Oresten, 
 
 Hie quoque amiciticc non levis usus erit." — Ovid. 
 
 " to yap eicrXeucrcretv oiKeta -rrdOr], 
 p-rjSevos uXkov Trapa.7rpdijavTO<;, 
 /xeyaAas oSwas V7roT€<W." — SOPHOCLES. 
 
 " Quod mihi des imi, caelum, part ire duobus, 
 Dimidium toto munere majus erit." — Ovid. 
 
 " Naufragus ejecta nudus rate, qmerit eodem 
 
 1'ercussum telo, cui sua fata legat, 
 Grandine qui segetes et totum perdidit annum 
 
 In simili deflet tristia fata sinu; 
 Funera conciliant miseros, orbique parentes 
 
 Conjungunt gemitus, et facit bora pares." — Petroxius Arbiter. 
 
 Still with a friend life's fickle voyage share, 
 Whether thy silk sails be by zephyrs fann'd, 
 Or thou dost strain the oar with horny hand : 
 Thus, if the sea be calm, and clear the air, 
 Each beauty round thee shall appear more fair: 
 Thus, if the tempest threat 'mid rocks to strand 
 Thy pinnace, dauntless on the deck shall stain I 
 Thy foot, and mutual aid protect the pair. 
 
 Our souls were wing'd to mate, and their young loves 
 in golden couplets yokM, like Venus' doves. 
 Life is no Crusoe's isle, lone 'mid the main ; 
 But a full Empire's capital and mart: 
 And home, a nest, where heart press'd warm to heart, 
 Doubles each pleasure, and divides each pain. 
 
 [ Phillip de Coramines told Charles Duke of BurgmuK, tirst to pray to God, 
 and then to lay himself open to Bome faithful friend.] 
 
 177
 
 : , .... ■ ... -J.-.-.., -^-,-,,. .... . - .^., ,,-... — . .- _ ^.., , . - . . -,.- -.- . ..... 
 
 CLVIII. 
 
 mm tihmh mik ixm 0*tttgt 
 
 " Clarum et venerabile nomea 
 Gentibus, et multam nostrse quod proderet urbi." — Lucan. 
 
 " Et notum pueris, et qui nondum eere lavantur."— Juvenal. 
 
 " He was a man, take him for all in all, 
 I ne'er shall look upon his like again." — Shakespeare. 
 
 I will not forth, but mark, myself unseen, 
 From my deep window seat, the glittering throng 
 Of rank and beauty as it sweeps along 
 Christ-Church' broad walk embower'd in leafy green, 
 With stately steps and many a pause between. 
 
 To grace the triumph of her warrior son, 
 Who on a hundred fields hath fought and won, 
 In brave array of robes and silken sheen, 
 England hath gather'd there each noblest name 
 And fairest daughter : their concentred eyes 
 Pay homage to the chief of deathless fame, 
 Who from half Europe's victor snatch'd the prize 
 Of victory ; bade war through nations cease ; 
 For freedom drew, and sheath'd his sword, in peace. 
 
 [ At the installation of the Duke of Wellington as Chancellor of Oxford, 
 the long and broad walk of Christ Church Meadows was of an evening so 
 thronged with the numerous visitors, that it was literally next to impossible to 
 keep moving amid the mass.] 
 
 178
 
 CLIX. 
 
 Ctmsst mmft Iftft from MUp 
 ttfvfov*— Wffltagta. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " Nee judicis ira, nee ignis, 
 Nee ferrum poterit, nee edax abolere vetustas." — Ovid. 
 
 " Quem nemo potuit ferro supcrare, nee auro." — ClCEKO, 
 
 " Quando ullum invenient parem ?" — Horace. 
 
 I look again ; and lo ! as at the spell 
 
 Of wizard, melt his summon'd forms in air. 
 
 The crowd has vanish'd, and the path lies bare: 
 
 But though my presence did not help to swell 
 
 The many, Wellington, who thronged to tell 
 
 By bows their admiration of thy worth, 
 
 Did I not give in calm reflection birth 
 
 To more heart-homage, when I let me dwell, 
 
 Not on the glories of thine eagle eye, 
 
 But much revolving on thy life, did find 
 
 How one man by the force of constancy 
 
 Of purpose, love of country, courage, truth, 
 
 High Loyalty, simplicity of mind, 
 
 Can draw the reverence of age and youth 

 
 CLX. 
 
 " Reputation ! Thou art a word, no more !" — Maid's Tragedy. 
 
 I saw a tall ship in a silent bay, 
 
 A warrior ship ; with thunder clothed, her side 
 
 Like a Leviathan upon the tide 
 
 Rock'd by the billows to his sleep, she lay ; 
 
 And still the rustics gather'd, day by day, 
 
 To stare in wonder at her might and pride, 
 
 Till the majestic vessel seem'd to ride 
 
 Essential to the scene, so long her stay. 
 
 One morn we miss'd her : for a while the void 
 
 Fill'd us with mute and sorrowful despair, 
 
 Startling, as though the stately ship had been 
 
 A necessary feature of the scene ; 
 
 But soon that silent bay our sense enjoy' d, 
 
 As though no ship had ever anchbr'd there. 
 
 180
 
 CLXI. 
 
 #n the -Vanity of Reputation- 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " Sufficit huic tumulus, cui non suffecerat orbis, 
 
 Res brevis huic ampla est cui fait ampla brevis." — Epit. in Ai.exa.xi>. 
 
 '' We cannot soou enough convince ourselves how very simply we may be 
 dispensed with hi the world. What important personages we conceive our- 
 selves to be! We think it is we alone who animate the circle we move in; that 
 in our absence, life, nourishment, and health will make a general pause: and, 
 alas! the void which occurs is scarcely remarked, so soon is it filled up again." 
 — Goetiie's Wilhelm Mehter. 
 
 " <pev tov Bolvovtos ojs ra^eia tis /3porois 
 
 Xapis SiappeL, km TTfyoSova uAto-Kerai." — SOPHOCLES. 
 
 O Ship ! to me, much thinking, thine doth seem 
 The type and counterpart of human fate. 
 Thus is the mortal whom the world calls great. 
 Be he the dreamer of the poet's dream, 
 Warrior, or statesman, all men's mark and theme, 
 Loadstar and cynosure : he fills the State — 
 Nations as handmaids on his honour wait ; 
 Him almost part of Nature's self we deem ; 
 Empires convuls'd with him shall fall ! He dies. 
 Vague sense of void pervades the social frame, 
 That pen is still'd for aye; tongue mute; sword 
 
 sheath'd : — 
 Some few awhile feel grief; most but surprise : 
 And then — and then — the World wags on the same. 
 As though its just-lost wonder ne'er had breath'd ! 
 
 181
 
 CLXII. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " Who knows whether the best of men be known, or whether there be not 
 more remarkable persons forgot than any that stand remembered in the known 
 account of time? Mummy hath become merchandise ; Mizraim cures wounds, 
 and Pharaoh is sold for balsam. But the sufficiency of Christian immortality 
 frustrates all earthly glory, and the quality of either state after death makes a 
 folly of posthumous memory." — Hydriotaphia 
 
 " Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona 
 Multi. — Horace. 
 
 " Otciv eiSevcu 6eXrj<; acavrbv ootis ef, 
 E/x./3Ae^ov ets ra. pyi)p.aB , ws 68oi7rop€ts* 
 EvtglvQ eWcrriv oare'a nal Kov(f>q kovis 
 AvSpwv /3aorAeW /ecu rvpavvoiv kol crocpwv, 
 Kcu p,eya <j>povovvT(ov inl yevet kcu ^(prjfxacnv, 
 
 AvTU)V T€ 86^7], TO) T€ KtlWtL (TWJbKXTWV 
 
 Kcu ovSlv avrwv twvS' €7r^pK€crev xpovov, 
 Kotvov tov a8rjv ea^ov 01 7rdvTes /3poroL 
 IIpos Tai!^ opojv ywwo-Ke cravTov otrrts et." — MENANDER. 
 
 How vain man's longing for his name to last 
 
 Among the Nations ! Tis a chance at best ! 
 
 How many, pray, survive the Flood ? Unguest, 
 
 The builders of the Pyramids sleep fast !* 
 
 The fame of Hannibal is nearly past ! 
 
 Is half the world by Shakespeare's muse imprest ?-f- 
 
 See Zoroaster, a mere word, possess'd 
 
 Of six bold owners, each a nation vast ! 
 
 Lo ! Gordian's five-tongu'd epitaph is mute ! 
 
 What then ? Should all life's noblest aims be spurn'd ; 
 Praise cease to emulate, bright honour pall ; 
 Man sink down to the level of the brute ? 
 
 Nay, do thy duty where thy lot may fall ; 
 Praise not the motive, though it may be earn'd. 
 
 * Livingstone relates that the Bechuanas, an African tribe, bury their 
 chiefs in their cattle pens, and trail the cattle over the ground for hours, to 
 stamp out all traces of the grave. Are they not wiser in their generation than 
 the builders of the Pyramids ? The Nicaraguans in South America used to 
 break images over their burial places. On the Spanish asking them the reason of 
 this custom, they replied " that our memory may remain for twenty or thirty 
 days and after that it perishes in these parts." 
 
 f Petrarch in one of his letters says that in his time there were not ten 
 persons in Italy who knew how to value Homer ; five in Florence, one in 
 Bologna, two in Verona, one in Mantua, one in Borgia, but none in Rome ! 
 
 182
 
 §lU$txxt%m& U $mmt clxh. 
 
 " Ninus, the Assyrian, had an ocean of gold, and other riches more than 
 the sand in the Caspian sea ; he never saw the stars, and perhaps he never de- 
 sired it ; he never stirred up the holy fire among the Magi, nor touched his god 
 with the sacred rod according to the laws; lie never offered sacrifice, nor wor- 
 shipped the deity, nor administered justice, nor spake to his people, nor num- 
 bered them; but he was most valiant to eat and drink, and, having mingled his 
 wines, he threw the rest upon tin; stones. This man is dead : behold his sepul- 
 chre; ami now hear where Ninus is. Sometime I was jS'inus, and drew the 
 breath of a living man; but now am nothing but clay. I bavS nothing hut 
 what I did eat, and what I served to myself in lust, that was and is all my por- 
 tion. The wealth with which I was esteemed blessed, my enemies, meeting to- 
 gether, shall bear away, as the mad Thyades carry a raw goat. 1 am gone to 
 hell; and when I went thither, I neither carried gold, nor horse, nor silver 
 chariot, I that wore a mitre, am now a little heap of dust."— Jeki:my Taylor. 
 
 " Prseterea lneminimus quanto majore animo honestatis fructus in consci- 
 entia, quam in fama, reponatur. Sequi cnim gloria, non appeti, debet : nee, si 
 casu aliquo non sequatur, ideireo, quod gloriam meruit, minus pulchrum est."— 
 
 Pi. i xv. 
 
 " Or if we do applaud, honour, and admire, quota pars, how small a part, 
 in respect of the whole world, never so much as hear our names, how in- 
 take notice of us, how slender a tract, as slight as Alcibiades land in a map ! 
 And yet every man must and will he immortal, as he hopes, and extends his 
 fame to our antipodes, whereas half, no not a quarter of his own province or 
 city neither knows nor hears of him : but say they did, what's a city to a king- 
 dom, a kingdom to Europe, Europe t<> the world, the world itself that must 
 have an end, if compared to the least visible star in the firmament, eighteen 
 times bigger than it ? And then, if those stars be infinite, and even star there 
 be a sun, as some will, and as this sun of ours, hath planets about him all in- 
 habited, what proportion bear we to them and where's our glory?" — Burton's 
 Anatomy of Melancholy. 
 
 " tl 8e koll e'oTiv 6'Aojs TO aetjxvr](rTOV ; oAov kci/oi'." 
 
 " Nam ncque Pyramidum sumtus ad sidera dueti, 
 
 Nee Jovis Elei caelum imitata domus, 
 Nee mausolei dives fortuna sepnlchri 
 
 Mortis ah eitrema conditione vacat. 
 Aut illis (lamnia, aut iniber sulidueet hnnores, 
 
 Annorum ant ictu pondera vieta ruent." — Propektius. 
 
 " The world knows nothing of its greatest men." — Philip Von Artvelde. 
 
 " Tt StJto. 8o£?7S t] ti KArySovos KaX.ij<; 
 
 fjLdTijV ptov(T7)<; wfaXyjfjLo. -ytyi/crai." — SOPHOCLES. 
 
 " I met a traveller from an antique land 
 Who said : Two vast and trunkless legs of stone 
 Stand in the desert. IS'ear them, on the sand, 
 Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown, 
 Null wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command, 
 Tell that its sculptor well those passions read 
 
 Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things, 
 
 The hand that mocked them and tin- heart that fed; 
 
 And on the pedestal these words appear: 
 
 " My name i^ < )/.ymandias, king of kings: 
 
 Look on my works, ye Mighty, ami despair !" 
 
 Nothing beside remains. Round the d( 
 
 Of that colossal wreck, boundless and hare, 
 
 The lone and level sands stretch far away." — Sun i B1 . 
 
 183
 
 CLXIII. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " At my death 1 mean to take a total adieu of the world, not caring for a 
 monument, history, or epitaph, not so much as the bare memory of my name be 
 found anywhere but iu the universal register of God." — Sir T. Brown. 
 
 " Post cineres gloria sera venit." — Martial. 
 
 " Cum transierint mei 
 Nullo cum strepitu dies, 
 Plebeius moriar senex." — Seineca. 
 
 " Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil 
 Nor in the glistering foil 
 
 Set off to the world : nor in broad rumour lies, 
 But lives and spreads aloft by those pure eyes 
 And perfect witness of all judging love, 
 As he pronounces lastly on each deed 
 Of so much fame in Heaven expect the meed." — Milton- 
 
 In childhood I remember I did fear 
 Death as a spectre ; then I long'd, a boy, 
 To bask for ever in the sun's warm joy ; 
 To stroll o'er meads, and lie by streamlet clear, 
 Holding my being for mere being dear : 
 Next dreamt I love's delights could never cloy, 
 And clung to life for its most foolish toy : 
 Then did I grudge each quickly closing year, 
 Lest I should fall, or ere my name was known 
 Far as the poles, coeval with all time, 
 Deeming obscurity a curse or crime : 
 Now, fameless, could I die without a groan. 
 What should it profit me, in death, to be 
 The mightiest name in this world's history ? 
 
 184
 
 CLXIV. 
 
 " Nee vixisse male qui natus moriensque fel'ellit." — Horace. 
 " Crede mihi bene qui latnit bene vixit." — Ovid. 
 " I swear 'tis better to be lowly bom, 
 And range with humble living in content, 
 Than to be perk'd up in a glittering grief, 
 And wear a golden crown."— Shakespeare. 
 " Noil possidentem multa vocaveris 
 Recte beatum "— Horace 
 
 " O ! vite tuta facultas, 
 Pauperies angustique lares ! O ! munera nondum 
 Intellecta dium." — Li;can. 
 " And some there be, which have no memorial ; who are perished, as though 
 they bad never been; and are become as though tbey had never been born ; 
 and their children after them. But these were merciful men, whose righteous- 
 ness hath not been forgotten."— Ecclesiasticus, chap. xliv. v. 9, 10. 
 " AvOpomwv S'ai/'EKTOS iiri ^66vt yetVeTat oudcis, 
 
 aAA, 6's Aau'os, 6's jxrj 7rAedVecrcri peAei. " — THEOGNIS. 
 " t,7]kw S'av^pojv 6?, olkivSwov 
 /?iov i^eTTapaa a'ycojs ok-Ae^s, 
 Tovs 8 eV Ti/xats 7/o-aov ^Aw." — EURIPIDES. 
 " So/coj Be. toIs 6avov(TL Ota^epetv fipaxy, 
 
 €i TrXovcriuiV tis Tevferai Krepto-/AttTOJV." — EURIPIDES. 
 " Ah what a life were this ! how sweet, how lovely ! 
 Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade 
 To shepherds, looking on their silly sheep, 
 Than doth a rich embroidered canopy 
 To kings that fear their subjects' treachery ? 
 O yes, it doth; "a thousand-fold it doth. 
 And to conclude,— the shepherd's homely curds, 
 His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle, 
 His wonted sleep under a fresh tree's shade 
 (All which secure and sweetly he enjoys), 
 Is far beyond a prince's delicates, 
 His viands sparkling in a golden cup, 
 His body couched in a curious bed, 
 AYhen care, mistrust, and treason wait on him."— Shakespeare. 
 
 Happy the Poor, who pass through life unknown, 
 
 In their free mountains, unfrequented dells, 
 
 Far from the crowded streets and studious cells — 
 
 Few wants are theirs, small lore, save to have sown 
 
 In seed-time, gather when their crops have grown; 
 
 Ambition haunts them not; Peace with them dwells, 
 
 Guest undisturbed, when War's worst tempest swells, 
 
 And topples down the altar and the throne. 
 
 Happy the Poor, who leave behind no name, 
 
 To after generations, of life spent 
 
 Questing for wealth, or on the giddy steep 
 
 Of exaltation chronicled by Fame ; 
 
 Who need in death no brazen monument ; 
 
 But side by side in elmy churchyards sleep. 
 
 185 
 
 u
 
 CLXV. 
 
 ®ft* ®tatw— gttaugtratMM 0f the |lufe* 
 
 " Plausibus ex ipsis populi laetoque furore 
 
 Ingenium quodvis incaluisse potest." — Ovid. 
 
 How oft the glorious pageant floats across 
 
 My memory like some remembered dream ; 
 
 The gay parterres of Youth and Beauty gleam 
 
 Radiant in colours as the summer gloss 
 
 Of flowery beds : what golden bars emboss 
 
 The robes of state : the scarlet-gown'd ones stream 
 
 Up to the Chancellor, who sits supreme, 
 
 Centre, and cynosure : the roaring los 
 
 Of the mad Gall'ries echoes to the roof. 
 
 Why was this man of Iron singled forth 
 To guard the halls of Learning, which in youth 
 He courted not ? Brave Oxford, 'twas thy proof 
 Of homage, not for valour, rank, or birth, 
 But single-hearted honesty and truth.
 
 CLXVI. 
 
 ®h* ®to»tee— She gwdijafo 
 
 " Fregit subsellia versu."— Juvenal. 
 
 I the grand pageant as a pageant viewed ; 
 My cheers, if any, rang not from the heart : 
 I gazed down coldly on the crowd, apart, 
 Companionless amid the multitude, 
 Half cynical in my contemptuous mood ; 
 But with strain'd eyes, and tell-tale blush, and start, 
 Breathlessly listened, when the Poet's art, 
 Hurl'd from the rostrum, every tongue subdued. 
 Thrice I essayed to snatch the prize, and sung 
 How thou did'st scale Alps' peaks, Napoleon ; 
 How first romantic Gipsies rov'd among 
 All nations ; their strange manners, rites, and tongue 
 And how the knightly banners of St. John 
 Waved over Malta, Rhodes, and Ascalon. 
 
 187
 
 CLXVII. 
 
 " Lo, your loved Isis, from the bordering vale, 
 With all a mother'9 fondness bids you hail."— Warton. 
 
 River, who with thy two soul-stirring names, 
 Speak'st, one of Rhedicyna's youthful dream, 
 And one of Commerce', Empire's mighty stream 
 At proud Augusta's foot ; Isis, and Thames : 
 From Godstow, where the fairest of frail dames, 
 Ros'mund, with epitaph uncourteous lies, 
 Down to the reach where the tired skiffer ties 
 His boat for Newnham's summer feast and games, 
 These are the limits of my Isis : there, 
 Or up, or down, I cleft my swift-oared way 
 Nightly, alone, with little heed or care, 
 Through the full stream with racing cutters gay ; 
 Oft laughing at the imperious steersman's shout, 
 As from his very bows I glided out ! 
 
 [ Fair Rosamund's most ungallant epitaph is too well known to require quo- 
 tation. At Newnham, the seat of the Harcourt family, some six miles below 
 Oxford, the kindness of the proprietor had appropriated a small lawn and cot- 
 tage on the bank of the river to picnic parties, and many a curious scene has 
 taken place there, some (an' I might tell tales out of school) to my own know- 
 ledge. The " rule of the river" compelled the smaller always to give way to 
 the bigger boat; and very big gentlemen, indeed, the steersmen of the eight- 
 oared racing boats thought themselves while shouting "Look ahead," to the 
 poor, humble skiffer. It was not an unfrequent joke with the skilful skiffer, to 
 wait until the boat was nearly upon him, and then, by a sudden and dexterous 
 turn, get out from the very bows of the impending danger. I am, at the same 
 time, free to confess, that the tables were frequently turned, the skiff being cut 
 ia two, and its late occupant left to sink or swim, according to bis ability.] 
 
 188
 
 CLXVIII. 
 
 " Carae 
 Non aliquid palria- tantum emetiris acervo ?" — IIqraci. 
 
 The silver Tassel ! Like the girls of old, 
 
 Who, when their town was sieged, its weapons spent, 
 
 Bar'd each her neck and arms of ornament, 
 
 To tip her brother's, lover's darts with gold,* 
 
 Thou, Merton,-f- when the monarch Charles unroll'd 
 
 O'er Oxford walls his banner to the sky, 
 
 And gather'd round him all his chivalry, 
 
 (Too weak a phalanx to beat down the bold 
 
 Fanatic blade of Liberty), didst bring 
 
 Thy treasures, massy salver, flask of price, 
 
 A loyal gift to the beleaguer'd king : — 
 
 Then did the Grateful monarch bade be worn 
 
 The silver tassel on thy cap, device 
 
 In these all-levelling days no longer borne. 
 
 * I cannot recall to memory the siege at which this happened. When 
 Sultan Mahmood was advancing from Ghiznee, A. D. 1008, to attack Anund- 
 pal, Rajah of Lahore, the Rajahs of Oojein, Gualior, Kalunjur, Kunowy, Del- 
 ia and Ajmeer advanced towards the Punjab to meet him with the greatest 
 army that Lad yet taken the field. The Hindoo females on this occasion sold 
 their jewels, and melted down their gold ornaments, to furnish resources for the 
 war. 
 
 f When Charles I. was besieged in Oxford, Merton, Magdalene, and some 
 other college whose name has escaped me, gave him all their plate, to defray 
 the expenses of his army. In return, the monarch gave a silver tassel, to b« 
 worn as a memorial by the men of these colleges. 
 
 1S9
 
 CLXIX. 
 
 P. John. " And here, between the armies, 
 
 Let's drink together friendly and embrace; 
 That all their eyes may bear those tokens home 
 Of our restored love and amity." 
 
 " The word of peace is render'd. Hark ! how they shout." — Shakjespearb. 
 
 I dreamt a dream — 'Twas night — methought I stood 
 Within the Warden's Hall, while flambeaux round 
 Cast ruddy radiance on the walls and ground : 
 A porphyry vase, grass-green, but veined with blood, 
 Rose from the pavement in the full light's flood ; 
 Wine from it spouted high with sparkling bound, 
 And fell back pattering with a rain-like sound ; 
 The kings of Europe, linked in brotherhood, 
 Circled the spot, robed, jewelled, scepter'd, crown'd. 
 Each in the vase his golden goblet drown'd, 
 Then rais'd it beaded to the brim : — rang out 
 Trump, kettle-drum, and cannon ; and this shout 
 Rose from the crowd, black-hooded, scarlet-gown'd : 
 " Good- will to men ; and Peace all earth throughout." 
 
 [ This is the vase alluded to in the note to the third Sonnet. I have taken 
 the poetical licence of picturing an event which, of course, never really hap- 
 pened — the allied sovereigns pledging peace.] 
 
 190
 
 CLXX. 
 
 Wu CknUn. 
 
 " Nothing is constant, but in constant change, 
 
 What's done is still undone, and when undone, 
 
 Into some other fashion doth it rai '_ r e ; 
 
 Thus goes this floating world beneath the sun."— Drummond. 
 " Omniparens, eadem rerum commune sepulchrum." — Lucretius. 
 " Look at the earth, the streams, the clouds, the sky, 
 
 Lo ! all is interchange and harmony." — Elliott. 
 " Look Nature through, 'tis revolution all: 
 
 All change, no death : day follows night, and night 
 
 The dying day : stars rise, and set, and rise; 
 
 Earth takes the example- See, the Summer gay 
 
 With her green chaplet and ambrosial flowers 
 
 Droops into pallid Autumn ; Winter gray, 
 
 Horrid with frost, and turbulent with storm, 
 
 Blows Autumn and his golden fruits away, 
 . Then melts in'o the Spring; soft Spring with breath 
 
 Favonian from warm chambers of the South 
 
 Recalls the first. All to reflourish fades, 
 
 As in a wheel all sinks to reascend ; 
 
 Emblems of man who passes, not expires." — Younge- 
 " See dying vegetables life sustain. 
 
 In life dissolving vegetate again, 
 
 All forms that perish other forms supply, 
 
 (By turns we catch the vital breath and die) 
 
 Like bubbles on the sea of matter borne 
 
 They rise, they break, and to that sea return. 
 
 Nothing is foreign: parts relate to whole: 
 
 One all extending all-preserving Soul 
 
 Connects each being, greatest with the least, 
 
 Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast ; 
 
 All served, all serving: nothing stands alone; 
 
 The chain holds on, and where it i ads unknown." — Pope. 
 " Your worm is your only emperor for diet : we fat all creatures else to fat 
 us: and wc fat ourselves for maggots. Your fat king and your lean beggar is 
 but variable sauces: two dishes but to one table. That's the end. A man may 
 fish with a worm that hath eat of a king ; and eat of the fish that hath fed of 
 that worm."— Shakespeaue. 
 
 Garden! mid thee in my reflective hours 
 
 Did fancy follow oft her vagrant mood ; 
 
 And chief, I do remember I pursued 
 
 This quaint thought once among thy lawns and flowers. 
 
 'Twas mid-day in mid June, and sultry showers 
 
 Fell fast on the dry sward : then did I trace 
 
 One essence varied through all Nature's face. 
 
 Dews rise from earth to clouds : they fall in dowers 
 
 Of beauty on her herbage; flocks ami herds 
 
 Live on this pasturage — insects and birds : 
 
 They and their produce nourish Man ; and Man. 
 
 Who walks this earth like a Divinity. 
 
 Becomes the soil from which the round began 
 
 Strange union, interchange, and mystery '* 
 
 & Note 16. 
 
 L91 
 
 I:
 
 CLXXI. 
 
 §tf\trtxm m tto £mpm$. 
 
 " To preserve a man alive in the midst of so many chances and hostilities 
 is as great a miracle as to create him. To preserve him from rushing to no- 
 thing, and at first to draw him up from nothing, were equally the issues of an 
 Almighty Power." — Taylor's Holy Living and Dying. 
 
 " Those strange and mystical transmigrations that I have observed in silk- 
 worms, turned my philosophy into divinity. There is in their works of nature 
 which seem to puzzle reason, something divine ; and hath more in it than the 
 eye of a common spectator doth discover." — Sir T. Brown's Eelig. Med. 
 
 " Non v'accorgete voi, che noi siam vermi, 
 Nati a forrnar l'angelica farfalla?" — Dante. 
 
 " cpvais ouSevos e'crTiv airavTiov 
 OvTjTwv, 6'uSe rts ovXojxevov Qavaroio rtXivrrj, 
 dAAa f/.ovbv /jll£l<; T£ StaAAa£is Te fiiyevTwv 
 eari, (jivais Se (3poTois ovo/xd^eTai dvOpCJTroLcrt.." — 
 
 Empedocles. 
 
 "Can it he? 
 Matter immortal ! And shall Spirit die ? 
 Above the nobler shall less noble rise ? 
 Shall man alone for whom all else revives, 
 No resurrection know? Shall man alone, 
 Imperial man, be sown in barren ground, 
 Less privileged than grain on which he feeds ?" — Youngb. 
 
 Idle and earthly thought ! yet not all vain, 
 
 If, while I mark how all things suffer change, 
 
 And at their dissolution do but range 
 
 Into some varied form, I learn to train 
 
 Upward my speculation, till I gain 
 
 Knowledge of His frugality, more strange 
 
 Perchance than power to make and first arrange. 
 
 Things once create, themselves produce again ! 
 
 Wonderful dispensation ! strong to turn 
 
 Bold scoffer, timid sceptic ; symbolling 
 
 That souls not perish though the body die ; 
 
 Hence let the Sadducee-at-heart discern 
 
 In death the chrysalis state, whence Man shall spring 
 
 Buoyant on wings of immortality. 
 
 See Note 17. 
 192
 
 ^-.^..-^.-. ■- . ■■---.- --.^.-w^ 
 
 CLXXII. 
 
 Gradual from these what numerous kinds deseend, 
 Evading even the microscopic eye. 
 Full nature swarms with life ; one wondrous mass 
 Of animals or atoms organized." — Thomson. 
 
 God dwells not only in the vast and grand, 
 Thunder and storms, and in the pathless sea, 
 The high sun riding in its majesty, 
 And stars as countless as the sea-shore sand ; 
 But in the infinitely small His hand 
 Is ever present : His the honey bee 
 Probing the summer cowslip : His the free 
 Bold commonwealth of ants, a workman band : 
 His the lens-open'd world of insect life ; 
 And doubtless tinier myriad forms that fill 
 Water and air ; each with distinctive frame, 
 And organs all appropriate ; fit for strife, 
 Labour, enjoyment* All to being came, 
 And have their ends from one Almighty Will. 
 
 ♦ See Note 18. 
 
 193
 
 CLXXIII. 
 
 feta ikmijjte — (tftmtt. 
 
 " Pulchritado mundi,"ordo rerum ccelestium, conversio solis sidenunque 
 omnium indicant satis aspectu ipso ea omnia non esse fortuita." — Cicero. 
 
 " Grant that the Sun had happened to prefer 
 A foot askant hut one diameter, 
 Lost to the light hy that unhappy space 
 This globe had lain a frozen lonesome mass." — Blackmore. 
 
 " All Nature is hut art unknown to thee, 
 And Chance, direction which thou can'st not see." — Pope. 
 
 " Nothing useless is or low, 
 Each thing in its place is best,"— Longfellow. 
 
 " Totam infusa per artus 
 Mens agitat molem." — Virgil. 
 
 " Vel capellus habet umbram suam."— Publ. Syrius. 
 " Hanc igitur in stellis constautiam, banc tantam tam variis curribus in 
 omni ceternitate convenientiam non possum intelligere sine mente, ratione, 
 consilio." — Cicero. 
 
 " With Earth's first clay They did the last man knead, 
 And then of the last harvest sowed the seed : 
 
 Yea, the first morning of Creation wrote 
 What the last dawn of reckoning shall end."— Omar Khayoon. 
 
 " The Heavens themselves, the planets, and this centre 
 Observe degree, priority, and place, 
 lnsistance, course, proportion, season form, 
 Office and custom in all line of order."— Shakespeare. 
 " The lowest round on earth, the topmost on the sky."— Dryden. 
 " Un seul pas trouble souvent la marche du Terns."— Condorcet. 
 " x w P l 5 7<*P TauT^s, ovtc twv Kara Aoyov, ovre twv 7rapa 
 \6yov tlvai 80KOVVTWV ovSev olov tc crvvTeXea-Orjvai.' — 
 
 POLYBIUS. 
 
 Throughout the Universe is Chance unknown : 
 
 Less near or nearer to the Sun, this Earth 
 
 Were all unfitted for man's place of birth : 
 
 Suns and their systems, stars and comets own 
 
 One law ; to each was its own orbit shown. 
 
 All seeming accidents of little worth, 
 
 All deeds, events; each thought of woe or mirth, 
 
 Springs from its sire, since Adam walk'd alone 
 
 In Paradise, as man succeeds to man, 
 
 In Time's complete though ravell'd pedigree. 
 
 There is but one first cause : more cannot be : 
 Such unity and harmony of plan 
 Are His, that e'en a pebble's shifting here 
 Is felt through all Creation's boundless sphere. 
 
 See Note 19. 
 194
 
 CLXXIV. 
 
 fetlm Sttoughte — ^xn-mW ami gfltfim}. 
 
 " Man is free, like a bird in a cage; he can move within certain limits." — 
 
 Lavatek. 
 
 " It may be offensive to our pride, but it is none the less true, that, in his 
 social progress, the free-will of which man so boasts himself in his individual 
 capacity disappears as an active influence, and the domination of general and 
 inflexible laws becomes manifest. The free-will of the individual is supplanted 
 by instinct and automatism in the race. To each individual bee the career is 
 open ; he may taste of this flower, and avoid that ; he may be industrious in 
 the garden, or idle away his time in the air ; but the history of one hive is the 
 history of another hive ; there will be a predestined organization — the queen, 
 the drones, the workers. In the midst of a thousand unforeseen, uncalculated, 
 variable acts, a definite result, with unerring certainty, emerges; the combs are 
 built in a preordained way, and filled with honey at last. From bees, and wasps, 
 and ants, and birds — from all that low animal life on which he looks with such 
 supercilious contempt, man is destined one day to learn what in truth he really 
 
 IS."— .DKArER. 
 
 To men hath been vouchsafed Free-will ; but Man, 
 
 Whate'er his age or race, works out by force 
 
 Of universal laws his destined course : 
 
 From Faith, through Doubt, to Reason, hath he ran, 
 
 And runneth — Infancy, Youth, Age — his span : — 
 
 Fate's puppet and automaton, his source 
 
 Of action lies beyond ken or remorse, 
 
 And ruined Empires monument God's plan. 
 
 Yet is the Individual fancy-free 
 To shape and round at will his little hour : — 
 
 Even so, the comb still swelleth in the hives, 
 Pattern'd by Order, though each honey-bee 
 Kisseth or scorneth at his choice each flower, 
 Murmurs on thyme, or in the fox-glove dives 
 
 195
 
 CLXXV. 
 
 " Take but degree away, untune that string, 
 And hark, what discord follows." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " From Nature's chain whatever link you strike, 
 Tenth or ten thousandth, breaks the chain alike." — Pope. 
 
 " Jupiter est quodcunque vides,"quocunque moveris," — Ltjcan. 
 
 " The man whose universal eye 
 Hath swept at once the unbounded scheme of things." — Thomson. 
 
 " It is to the praise and glory of God, and for the benefit of our brethren 
 that we study the nature of created things. In all of them, not only in the 
 harmonious formation of every single creature, but likewise in the beauty of 
 different forms, we can and we ought to admire the majesty and the wisdom of 
 God." — Albertus Magnus. 
 
 How just his view, the mystic Swede who saw 
 Nature in all her forms herself repeat ; 
 And, dragging from its innermost retreat 
 Each faint resemblance, traced harmonious law 
 Bun, like a single thread without a flaw, 
 Throughout creation ; uniform, complete ; 
 And so clomb, strand by strand, unto the seat 
 Of perfect Godhead, through all things that are. 
 
 All the material was to him unfurl'd, 
 The flag, type, symbol, of the viewless world. 
 He read in stones, plants, man, sun, moon, stars, climes, 
 The same face many-mask'd ; Nature's own rhymes ; 
 Close linking by form, series, degree, 
 The soul to Heav'n, in sweet philosophy.* 
 
 * The chain of Being is liot by any means an accurate term. Creation 
 cannot be traced link by link. It has been justly and beautifully likened to 
 chain armour, where each link has, as it were, a certain connexion with all the 
 others. 
 
 196
 
 * 
 
 CLXXVI. 
 
 tafon WxmtfkU — Wkt (Telescope and 
 
 " In the vast and the minute we see 
 The unambiguous footsteps of the God 
 Who gives its lustre to the insect's wing, 
 And wheels his throne upon the rolling world." — Cowpek. 
 
 " See though this air, this Ocean and this Earth 
 All matter quick and bursting into birth : 
 Above, how high progressive life may go , 
 Around, how wide ; how deep extend below ! 
 Vast chain of Being, which from God began, 
 Nature's etherial, human ; angel, man ; 
 Beast, bird, fish, insect, which no eye may see, 
 No glass can reach from Infinite to Thee, 
 From Thee to nothing." — 1'ope. 
 
 " Say not then I will hide myself from the Lord : shall any remember me 
 from above V I shall not be remembered among so many people, for what is my 
 loul among an infinite number of creatures?" — Eccl. chap. xvi. v. 17. 
 
 " Animalia sunt jam partim tantula, eorum 
 Tertia pars nulla est possit ratione videri 
 llorum intestinum quodvis quale esse putandum est? 
 Quid cordis globus aut oculi? quid membra, quid artus ? 
 Quant ula sunt ? quid precterea primordia quseque 
 Unde anima atque animi eonstet natura, necesse est." — Lvcretus. 
 
 There are no limits to God's works : the* bound 
 
 Is but man's ignorance : new lenses yield 
 
 New stars in myriads : pool, tree, flower, and field, 
 
 Search'd by the subtle Microscope around, 
 
 With life, invisible before, abound, 
 
 In radiant plumage cloth'd, or burnish'd shield. 
 
 The drop of water stands a World reveal'd, 
 
 Teeming with creatures like the Deep profound. 
 
 Pilgrims of Science ! as ye forward press, 
 No frontier wall your progress on denies ; 
 The hazy distance clears ; the horizon flies : — 
 
 Though 'mid Creation's widening circle, man 
 Feels his pride sink, and dwarfs to nothingness, 
 No atom is uncared for in Love's plan. 
 
 10?
 
 CLXXVII. 
 
 $m&m WkmitfxU— (Bmm aft mw. 
 
 " Are yap T175 <f>v(rem ob-acr^s (ruyyevovs ovarrjs, kcu [X€/xa- 
 6rjKvia<; t^s V^X^ 5 a-iravTa. ovSev KwAuei ev fxovov dvap.vr)<T- 
 OtvTa, o $r] fx,a07)<Tiv KaXovcriv avdpu)7roi, rdXXa iravTa avrov 
 dvcvpelv, eav Tts avS^etos ^ Kat diTOKdpsvr] ^tjtwv." — PLATO. 
 
 Upward or downward, whencesoe'er we start, 
 
 From thought or matter, from the dim star-dust, 
 
 Or from this planet's inorganic crust, 
 
 The mite unveil'd by microscopic art, 
 
 Or the emotions of the human heart, 
 
 Induction or analysis our trust, 
 
 To this conclusion come at last we must : 
 
 The universe one whole ; man but a part : 
 
 Complex and various though its wonders be ; 
 
 Antagonist its struggles ; death with youth ; 
 
 Sameness with change ; with ceaseless motion rest :* 
 
 So uniform is its simplicity, 
 
 That though the riddle was not read nor guess'd, 
 
 The Orphic fragment hints perchance the truth.-f* 
 
 * See Note 20. f See Note 21. 
 
 198
 
 CLXXVIII. 
 
 " If I ascend up into Heaven, Thou art there : if 1 make my bed in Bell, 
 behold Thou art there. If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the 
 uttermost parts of the sea, even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right 
 hand shall hold me. If I say surely the darkness shall cover me, even the 
 night shall be light about me. Yea the darkness hideth not from thee, but the 
 night shineth as the day, the darkness and the light are both alike to thee." — 
 exxxv. Psalms, vs. 8 — 12. 
 
 " God is eternal and infinite ; that is, he endures from eternity to eternity, 
 and is present from infinity to infinity, lie is not eternity and infinity, but 
 eternal and infinite. He is not duration and space, but he endures aDd is pre- 
 sent. He endures always and is present everywhere, and by existing always 
 and everywhere He constitutes duration and space."— Sir Isaac NEWTON. 
 
 There is no measure for God's love : the height 
 Of Heaven, and all the stars the eye can trace 
 Thick cluster'd in the dreamy realms of space, 
 Gems on the brow of that dark beauty, Night ; 
 The unbroken length of rapid-pencill'd light ; 
 The Sea's unfathomable depth ; the race 
 Endless of billows that each other chase 
 Athwart its surface : all the golden-bright 
 And wrinkled sands that on its carpet lie ; 
 The autumnal leaves that in the forest fall ; 
 These equal not half Love's immensity. 
 
 Each dew-drop's crystal to the Sun above 
 Holds a full mirror ; but more marvellous Love 
 Shines in each atom, and contains them all. 
 
 199
 
 CLXXIX. 
 
 <8m&m Sfcangte— §mmtwUtt. 
 
 " Beginning with the depths of space and the regions of remotest nebulae 
 we will gradually descend through the starry zone to which our solar system 
 belongs, to our own terrestrial spheroid, circled by air and ocean, there to direct 
 our attention to its form, temperature, and magnetic tension, and to consider 
 the fulness of organic life unfolding itself upon its surface beneath the vivify- 
 ing influence of light." — Cosmos. 
 
 " a Kocr/Aos otrros jxia 7roAis eort." — EPICTETUS. 
 
 Sage of the all-pervading glance, thy flight 
 Upward, to highest heav'n, then earthward, down, 
 Is as the aged eagle's, who, when frown 
 The thunder-clouds o'er Dawalghiri's height, 
 Bathes his bold plumage in the flashing light ; 
 While, to the gazers but a speck of brown, 
 He sails high o'er the loftiest peaks that crown 
 The globe stretch'd map-like out beneath his sight. 
 Thence, scans the airy ocean, in whose deeps 
 The orb below him floats, to its far bound : 
 Then, all un dizzied and majestic, sweeps 
 In ever-lowering circles, easy round, 
 Until he folds his wings, without a shock, 
 And lights in safety on the barren rock. 
 
 200
 
 CLXXX. 
 
 (Bm&m Wtwn$W — ®Iw Origin <rf pft 
 
 " Da Fidei, quoe Fidei sunt." — Bacon. 
 
 " And hardly dare guess aright at things that are upon Earth, and with 
 labour do we find the things that are before us: but the things that are in 
 Heaven, who hath searched out." — Wisdom, chap. ix. v. 2G. 
 
 " He garnished his works for ever ; and in His hand are the chief of them 
 with all generations : they neither labour nor are weary, nor cease from their 
 works. None of them hindereth another, and they shall never disobey his 
 word." — Eccl. chap. xvi. v. 27, 28. 
 
 " The mystery of mysteries, the first appearance of Life upon this pla- 
 net." — Herschel. 
 
 There are who hold that when the World was young, 
 
 Successive miracles by God were wrought 
 
 Whene'er new creatures into life were brought, 
 
 Till, to complete the scheme, Man last was flung, 
 
 A living Soul, instinctive brutes among : — 
 
 There are who say but once the omniscient Thought 
 
 O'er the void brooded. Then the spark was caught 
 
 Which vivified thenceforth all forms that sprung, 
 
 Scale over gradual scale : The Almighty saw 
 
 All things were good, and work'd thenceforth by Law, 
 
 Not special interference. Why should man 
 
 Dispute about the method of His plan ? 
 
 Enough 'tis His. I stand with him who saith, 
 
 ' Give unto Faith the things that are of Faith !' 
 
 201
 
 CLXXXI. 
 
 " It is a philosophy which never rests, which has never attained ; which 
 is never perfect. Its law is progress. A point which yesterday was invisible 
 is its goal to-day, and will be its starting-post to-morrow." — Macaulay's Es- 
 say on Bacon. 
 
 Search on : nor tremble lest presumption wake 
 Thy Maker's wrath : by His foot-prints to trace 
 The path back, till we meet Him face to face, 
 Was the hope whispered Adam, forc'd to take 
 His way from Eden : so the Angel spake. 
 
 Interrogated Nature loves to chase 
 The clouds of mystery that veil its base, 
 And roll them up, till on man's vision break 
 Its summit glories, where dwells perfect Light. 
 
 Who, if he found him crouching in a cave, 
 Girt round with solitude and shades of night, 
 Would sit the dull-eyed victim of despair, 
 While through a chink there gleam'd a ray to save 
 And lead, if folio w'd, to the blessed air ? 
 
 See Note 22. 
 
 202
 
 f Itttitotww to bonnet clxxxi. 
 
 " Sock and ye shall find; knock, and il shall be opened unto you." 
 
 " For now wo see as through a glass, darkly ; hut then, face to face. Now 
 
 I know in part; but then shall I know even as I am known." — 1 (Jorixthi- 
 
 A>'S, chap. \.iii. v. 12. 
 
 ' Toy 6 avOpwrov 6euT7}v eurrp/ayev avrov re kcu tow epyov 
 Twv avrov kcu ov p.ovov0eary]V, aAA.a kcu i^Tjyr/rrjv uitujv." — 
 
 Epictbtus. 
 
 " tc'A.05 rf)<; oSou ovk o ovpavos, ov8e rd evrci ovpavC) o~oj- 
 
 fxara kclXo. fxkv yap rdvra kcu OecnreiTta are eKeivov tyyova 
 
 a.Kpt(3r] Kai yviqo~ia, «at —pos to KaWurTov 7]pp.6a[xeva, uAAa 
 
 kcu tovtwv iirtKCLva eXOeiv Set Kai vTrepKpvif/ai rov ovpavov eh 
 
 rov aXrjdrj tottov." — MAXIMUS TtRIUS. 
 
 " Man, though individually confined to a narrow spot of this globe, 
 limited in his existence to a few courses of the Sun, has nevertheless an in 
 nation which no despotism can controul, and which unceasingly seels for the 
 
 author of his destiny through the immensity of space and the ever rolling cur- 
 rent of ages." — Coi.TON. 
 
 " There are limits to the progress of man's animal frame ; it is stationary, 
 i' declines, ami is dissolved : but to this pi intelligence in ascending 
 
 the scale of knowledge and of wisdom there are not any physical limits short 
 of the Universe itself, which the happj mind aspires to know, and to the 
 order of which he would conform his will. The animals are qualified by their 
 organization and their instincts for the particular element and the circumstance 
 in which they are placed, and they are not fit for any other. Hut man by his 
 intelligent powers is qualified for anj scene id' which the circumstances may be 
 observed; and in which the proprieties of conduct may lie understood." — 
 
 Abraham Tucker. 
 
 " In contemplation of created things 
 By steps we may ascend to God." — Milton. 
 
 " 'H cpvo-is ov raweivov f)p.ds £ciov, ovS' dyeves eKpive tov 
 
 avOponrov, (IA./V a>s eis p.eyd\r)v Tira iravr'ryvpiv, eh tov (Siov 
 
 Kai eh tov rrt'/x7ravTa Kocrp.ov eirdyovaa, 6eard<; Tivas tom- 
 
 oXtav avrtjs €O"0/xeVous Kai ^(AoTi/xorraTOt'S dycovio'Tas, evGrs 
 
 dp.a)(ov epwra eve<pva~e\> ijp.iv rah ujv^ah 7ravros dei toO pe 
 
 yaAou Kai ws 7rpos fjftJas Saip^ovtorepov." — LONGINUS. 
 
 "The meanes, therefore, which unto as is lrnt. 
 Mini to behold, is on His crorkes to looke, 
 Which He bath made in beauty excellent, 
 
 in the same, as in a hrascu bookc, 
 To read enregistred in every nooke 
 
 " : i h 1 1 i doth declare ; 
 
 For all that eautifull and faire. 
 
 tin nee gathering plumes of perfect speculation, 
 1'h impe the "i aynd, 
 
 Mount up aloft thn mplation, 
 
 from tin. darke world, whose damps the soule <! 
 And, like the nath ;les kynd, 
 
 On that bright Sunnc of tilorie fixe thine i | 
 Clear'd fron tie infirmities." — Si I 

 
 CLXXXII. 
 
 " The laws of Nature are the thoughts of Nature, and those are the 
 thoughts of God." — (Ersted, Soul in Nature. 
 
 " For the invisible things of Him from the creation of the world are 
 clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal 
 power and godhead." — Romahs, chap. i. v. 20.. 
 
 " Praise ye the Lord ye Heavenly harmonies, and ye that understand the 
 new harmonies, praise the Lord. Praise God, O my soul, as long as I live. 
 From Him, through Him and in Him is all— the material as well as the spiri- 
 tual — all that we know, and all that we know not yet — for there is much to do 
 that is yet undone." — Kepler's Harmony of the World. 
 
 " iiV VOfJLOL TTpOKtlVTai 
 
 {n/aVoSes, oupavtav 
 
 01 ai6epa T€Kvw6evTes, <Sv "OXvp.7ro<; 
 
 TraTTjp /xovos, ov8e vlv 
 
 avara cf>vcn<; 6,vepu)v 
 
 (.tlkto ovSe plv Trore XdOa KaraKoijuacms 
 
 fteyas iv tovtoIs ®eo?, ov8e yepacrKei." — SOPHOCLES. 
 
 " Sic philosophi debuerunt, si forte eos primus aspectus muudi conturba- 
 verat, postea cum inscissent motus ejus finitos et oequabiles, omniaque ratis 
 ordinibus moderata, immutabilique constantia, intelligere aliquem non solum 
 habitatorem in hac coelesti ac divina domo, sed etiam rectorem et moderatorem, 
 et tanquam architectum tanti operis, tantique muneris." — Ciceko. 
 
 " The forces of nature appear to operate magically, shrouded as it were in 
 the gloom of a mysterious power only when their workings lie beyond the 
 bounds of generally ascertained natural condition." — Humboldt. 
 
 From fact to law ; from laws to higher laws, 
 The prudent spirit of inquiry climbs : 
 What seem'd miraculous in older times 
 Startles not now we know its natural cause ; 
 Or not yet reach'd, but gives us patient pause. 
 Where ignorance saw judgment hurled at crimes, 
 We read how sequence with set order chimes, 
 While closer Heaven each wise induction draws. 
 
 What tho' the scatter' d laws yet learnt, and seen 
 Darkly, as through a glass, appear to men 
 Kaliedoscopic fragments ; one and all 
 Into eternal harmony shall fall, 
 Soon as their common bond is trac'd, and when 
 God from His Cosmos draws aside the screen. 
 
 204
 
 CLXXXIII. 
 
 " Eleusis reserves some things for the second visit of the worshipper. So 
 too Nature does not at once disclose all her mysteries. We think ourselves 
 initiated ; we are but in the vestibule. The arcana are not thrown open with- 
 out distinction and without reserve. This age will see some things : that 
 which comes alter us, others." — Senkca. 
 
 " Nee medius tenues conchas pictosve lapillos 
 
 Pontus habet •. bibuli littoris ilia mora est. 
 Littora marmorci pedibus signauda, puclla, 
 
 Hactenus est tutum: cuetera caeca via est." — Ovid. 
 
 The Chaldee Shepherd's nightly star- watch first 
 Inspired the thought that law and order reign 
 Superior o'er all matter, and constrain 
 Its motions, forces ; Science since hath nurst 
 The timid truth, till proof on proof hath burst 
 O'er dwindling doubt, like morning rays that gain 
 On darkness gradual, till sky and plain 
 Quaff the full sunlight with a quenchless thirst. 
 And though we of these latter days but find 
 Stray gems of knowledge, like the child that stoops 
 To gather pebbles on the Ocean shore, 
 Yet each discovery shows us, more and more, 
 That various Natui'e's many-sided groups 
 Exist obedient to Almighty mind. 
 
 205
 
 CLXXXIV. 
 
 " Temploque tacente 
 Nil facimus non sponte dei : nee vocibus ullis 
 Nuraen eget : dixitque semel nascentilms auctor, 
 Quicquid scire licet." — LucAti. 
 " Est deus in nobis : agitante caleseimus illo. 
 
 Impetus hie sacrae seniina mentis habet." — Ovid. 
 
 And in our inner consciousness we feel 
 
 God immanent, in spirit, as in space : 
 
 Prophet and priest may perish from Earth's face, 
 
 And every scripture claiming to reveal 
 
 His nature, His commandments to unseal 
 
 To His peculiar people, or the race 
 
 Of outer men, die out, and leave no trace : 
 
 Old faiths may stagger, and old teachings reel ; 
 
 Symbol and ceremonial rite decay, 
 
 Type and its antitype be swept away ; 
 
 The Fall and Birth-Sin be no longer taught ; 
 
 Christ but the Godliest man beneath the sky ; 
 
 We by his life, not death's redemption bought : 
 
 Still of one God shall conscience testify. 
 
 >06 
 
 *r~
 
 i 
 
 CLXXXV. 
 
 (SaviUtt Shouflhte— <Fhc gwptff of 
 jpilosopluu 
 
 " fiaXa yap (faiXouocfjov tovto to ttoi^o?, to 6avp.a£eiv 6v 
 yap d\Xr] apXV <j)t.h-0(r6<fiias tj avrrj." — PLATO. 
 
 " Socrates primus philosophiam devocavil e coelo, et in urbibus collocavit, 
 et in domos otiam bitroduxit, ct coegit de vita, el moribus, rebusque bonis et 
 malis quaerere." — Cicero. 
 
 As Fancy reigns in youth, till years enthrone 
 The monarch Judgment o'er the realms of Mind, 
 So in the World's rude age the Bard entwin'd 
 Imagination's crown with flow'rs earth-grown, 
 Ere startled Thought, by Wonder's ringer shown, 
 Saw Wisdom starry-homed, and half-divined 
 Darkly and diversely Creation's kind, 
 When Chaos stirr'd with motion not her own. 
 From Nature Man'next turn'd an inward eye 
 On the mysterious workings of the Soul, 
 And from high Heaven wooed down Philosophy, 
 To dwell with mortal men, and be their love. 
 Now, flung forth from the Ark, an Angel Dove, 
 She fluttereth once more homeward to tli< v Pole 
 
 Note 23 
 
 
 C'
 
 CLXXXVI. 
 
 <&m&m ®tatgto — §tM'# §Mwto. 
 
 " iroWa to. Seiva, KovSev o.v- 
 
 Opumov SeivoTepov TreAet." — ANTIGONE. 
 
 " M ore servants wait on man 
 Than he'll take notice of." — George Herbert. 
 
 " Terrenorum item commodorum omnis est in homine dominatus. Nos 
 campis, nos montibus fruimur: nostri sunt amnes, nostri lacus: nos fruges se- 
 riraus, nos arbores: nos aquarum inductiouibus terris fcecunditatem damus; 
 nos flumina arcemus, dirigimus, avertimus : nostris denique manibus in rerum 
 natura quasi alteram naturam efficere conamur." — Cicero. 
 
 Self-satisfied, complacent, deaf, blind, mute, 
 Man marcheth selfish on from birth to death, 
 Unconscious how each atom minist'reth 
 Unto his wants or pleasures. Lo ! the brute 
 Feeds him, or clothes : the medicinal root 
 Offers him health : air gives him vital breath ; 
 Mellows his light ; or, trembling, whispereth 
 The melodies of fountain, or of flute : 
 His thirst is quench'd by streams, or luscious fruit 
 Sun, moon, and stars, his servants are : his steed 
 Old Ocean : ever- varying seasons suit 
 His crops with fire and frost alternating : 
 E'en insects toil for his delight or need : — 
 No creature but doth some time own him king. 
 
 208
 
 I 
 
 CLXXXVII. 
 
 foflm STHovtgltt^ — jpfe fa Qmtk 
 
 " The dust we tread upon was once alive."— Byron. 
 
 " Omnia functa, 
 Aut moritura rides : obeunt noctesque diesqur, 
 Astraque : nee solidis prodest sua machina terris."— Statius, 
 
 " The earth that's nature's mother is her tomb ; 
 What is her burying place that is her womb-" — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Is there an object presented to us which does not bear the mark of ephe- 
 meral duration? As respects the tribes of life, they are scarcely worth a mo- 
 ment's thought, for the term of the great majority of them is so brief that we 
 may say they are born and die before our eyes. If we examine them, not as 
 individuals, but as races, the same conclusion holds good, only the scale is en- 
 larged from a few days to a few centuries. If from living we turn to lifeless 
 nature, we encounter again the evidence of brief continuance. The sea is un- 
 ceasingly remoulding its shores ; hard as they are, the mountains are constant- 
 ly yielding to frost and to rain ; here an extensive tract of country is elevated, 
 there it is depressed. We fail to find anything that is not undergoing change." 
 — Draper. 
 
 : The dust we tread upon was once alive!" 
 Ay, truer than the Poet dream'd, his verse. 
 Earth's surface is mortality's full hearse, 
 As surely as the living's busy hive ; 
 For by death chiefly doth it grow and thrive, 
 A sepulchre and cradle, grave and nurse ; 
 The spectre-bride, for better or for worse ! 
 
 Whatever heights we climb, where'er we dive, 
 To oozy bottom, or sharp mountain face, 
 All once was life : in chalk and flinty cast 
 Oft are the forms of million ages past 
 Saved and enshrin'd, old Nature's cabinet ; 
 And e'en in " primal" granite we but trace 
 A fire-fused mass of being earlier yet * 
 
 * See Note 24. 
 
 
 m
 
 CLXXXVIII. 
 
 todm SlwrngW*— ftatttg of Wt>xW. 
 
 " But do these Worlds display their beams, or guide 
 Their orbs to serve thy use, to please thy pride ; 
 Thyself but dust ; thy stature but a span ; 
 A moment thy duration, foolish man? 
 As well may the minutest emmet say 
 That Caucasus was raised to pave his way ; 
 The snail that Lebanon's extended wood 
 Was destined only for his walk and food ; 
 The vilest cockle gaping on the coast 
 That rounds the ample seas, as well may boast 
 The craggy rock projects above the sky, 
 That he in safety at its foot may lie, 
 And the whole Ocean's confluent waters swell 
 Only to quench his thirst, or move and blanch his shell." — PfUOR. 
 
 " Ask for what ends the Heavenly bodies shine, 
 Earth for whose use ? Pride answers, 'tis for thine ; 
 Seas roll to waft me ; suns to light me rise, 
 My footstool Earth, my canopy the skies."— Pope. 
 
 " Fatendum est 
 Terramque et solem, lutiarn, mare, ccetera qiue sunt, 
 Non esse unica, sed numero magis enumerati." — Lucretius. 
 
 " The stars are mansions built by Nature's hand; 
 The Sun is peopled ; and with spirits blest ; 
 Say can the gentle moon be unpossest P" — Wordsworth. 
 
 It must be so : there are more worlds than one. 
 
 Tis pride suggests this Earth we call our own 
 
 Is habited of all the Stars alone ; 
 
 Declares the Heavenly host, the Moon, and Sun, 
 
 Mere lamps that burn with quenchless light for none 
 
 Save men, who, to vicariously atone 
 
 For sin, whose Death-birth sent the primal moan 
 
 Through Eden, crucified God's only Son ! 
 
 Who shall set limits to the boundless plan 
 That framed the Universe, and breath'd the breath 
 Of Life into the nostrils of this Man ? 
 Who say, all other Worlds are full of death ? 
 
 Creation, rank o'er rank, through space ascends, 
 And only in thy source, Creator, ends ! 
 
 210
 
 CLXXXIX. 
 
 <&mt\m Stmgtt*— ftaunUfg of DfaMf. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " In those unmeasured worlds, she bids thee tell 
 Pure from their God created millions dwell, 
 Whose names and natures unrevealed below 
 We yet shall learn, and wonder as we know." — Campbell. 
 
 " ko.6 01 /xev ev tov 7rp6crr)KOVTa /3ios \p6vov irakiv ets ttjv 
 ^vvvojxov 7rop£v9cis oIkyjctlv aorpou /Jiov ivSat/xova Kai £vvrj- 
 
 07] Uoi."— Plato. 
 
 " Singula nonnulli credunt quoquc sidera posse 
 Dici orbis, terramque appellant sidus opaeum 
 
 Cui minimus Divium prsesit." — 1'alingenius. 
 
 " So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption ; it is 
 raised in incorruption : It is sown in dishonour ; it is raised in glory : it is 
 sown in weakness ; it is raised in power : It is sown a natural body ; it is raised 
 a spiritual body. There is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body,"— 1 
 Cor. clwp. xv. r. 12 — 14. 
 
 "Tor the whole world before thee is as a little grain in the balance, yea as 
 a drop of the morning dew that falleth down upon the earth." — Wisdom, chap. 
 xi. v. -22. 
 
 Hoio other stars are peopled, who may tell V 
 
 Whether by man, self-conscious, drawing breath, 
 
 Fall'n, curs'd, and subject to the law and death, 
 
 Atonement, Revelation, Gospel, Hell ; 
 
 Or by Angelic hosts who never fell ; 
 
 Or creatures whom no fancy pictureth : 
 
 Or, when the Grave our new Life openeth, 
 
 If there our own spiritural bodies dwell : 
 
 Or if, unripe for Intellect or Soul, 
 
 As erst this globe, some arc as yet the seat 
 
 Of animals; or plants scarce rais'd ai'<>\c 
 
 The slimy Ocean: or uncool'd fcheir heat: 
 
 If God's scheme be one vast progressive whole, 
 
 How can Man be the focus of His love ? 
 
 211 
 
 I > ■ Wi.\ .
 
 cxc. 
 
 &m&m ©fottjhte— gajj and pjfei 
 
 " Lord, what is man, that thou takest knowledge of him ! or the son of 
 man, that thou makest account of him !" — Psalms, cxliv. v. 3. 
 
 " Man, if he compare himself with all that he can see is at the zenith of 
 power : but if he compare himself with all that he can concieve, is at the nadir 
 of weakness.." — Lacon. 
 
 Man gazeth round him in the pomp of day, 
 And cries, ' Lo I, Creation's crown and flower : 
 c In God's own image I am cast ; my power 
 ' Ruleth all creatures : mine the vivid ray 
 ' Of yon bright Sun, to light me on my way : 
 ' Mine reason : mine a Soul's immortal dower ; 
 ' Mine only : mine Salvation : in death's hour 
 ' Assured, my future life without decay.' 
 
 But in the presence of the solemn night, 
 At his own piteous insignificance, 
 Before the countless stars his spirit shrinks : 
 His petty planet with its system sinks 
 To a dim point, while to his awe-struck glance, 
 Suns crowd on Suns in order infinite. 
 
 212
 
 CXCL 
 
 <$ mAm (Thoughts — 31 £\(\k 
 
 " It were all one, 
 That I should love a bright particular star, 
 And think to wed it."— Shakespeare. 
 
 " God never forra'd a soul, 
 Without its own peculiar mate to meet 
 
 Its wandering half." — Maria del Occidente. 
 
 " Durior at scopulis mea Ccclia, marmore, ferro, 
 Robore, rupe, antro, cornu, adamante, gelu." — Angerianus ErotoPjEGNIon. 
 
 ' Vivunt in Venerem frondes; etiam oemus omne per altum 
 Felix arbor amat: nutant ad mutua pabnoe 
 Eoedera ; populeis suspirat populus ictu 
 Et platani platanis, alnoque assibilat aluus." — CLAUDIAN. 
 
 All tilings do mate. Go, watch the loneliest cloud 
 
 That ever sail'd across the summer sky, 
 
 And thou shalt mark it to its fellow fly. 
 
 There's not a fire mid all the starry crowd, 
 
 But fancy finds its mate-flame ; streams endow'd 
 
 By streams, commingle ; love-sick flowers do lie 
 
 Each folded in the other's arms, or sigh 
 
 Until some busy go-between hath vow'd, 
 
 Or bee, or moth, their intercourse to crown ; — 
 
 In pairs the sea-birds o'er the billows sweep ; — 
 
 The silver moon hath wedded sable night ; — 
 
 Rusheth each day the giant sun to drown 
 
 His hot love in the chambers of the deep : — 
 
 I only ne'er shall cl;is|> my heart's delight. 
 
 213 
 
 4«
 
 CXCII. 
 
 (Sawfett WUxifiW—tyfa Wtett $iap. 
 
 " 'Os Kapra (rov vvv [xvetav ex w -" — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " Summer ! delicious Summer ! thou dost fling 
 Thy unbought treasures o'er the glowing earth ! 
 Music is in thy step, and in thine eye 
 A flood of sunshine ! on thy brow is wreathed 
 Garlands that wither not, and iu thy breath 
 Are all the perfumes of Arabia. 
 Thou wilt not frown though I have pluck'd unseen 
 One little blossom from thy golden hair." — Gr. H. Bell. 
 
 Three days, like sister Graces, hand in hand, 
 
 And never one without the others, rise 
 
 Before me, oh ! how oft, with haunting eyes 
 
 Of sad unearthly beauty — such a band 
 
 The painter conjures up in his dream-land, 
 
 And o'er his art, which cannot chain them, sighs. 
 
 One shall I sing amid these " memories," 
 
 When Helen's eye my college garden scann'd ;* 
 
 The second has no mark of note, unless 
 
 It be its luxury of idleness : 
 
 When on the grass, with mind o'erwrought, I lay 
 
 Vacantly gazing on the summer sky 
 
 From morn till eve, the elm-shade chequer'dly 
 
 Shifting athwart my face, the livelong day. 
 
 * See Sonnet, " The Lime Tree Avenue." 
 
 214 
 
 >W W"Vw"i* VWWv'W>^ , «''
 
 CXCIIL 
 
 <5avdcw Stragfctgi — (The (Third Jaij, 
 
 " It seems a day 
 (I speak of one from many singled out), 
 One of those heavenly days which cannot die." — WoKDSWOBTH. 
 
 " The immortal spirit of one happy daj 
 Lingers beside that rill, in vision clear." — Wordsworth. 
 
 koXXkttov to SiKCLioTa.TOv' Xwarov 8' vyiaivew 
 
 X 
 
 Thbognis. 
 
 Trp-qyfjLa Se TcptrvoTaTov, rov tis ipu, to twj(€U'."- 
 
 ■' Even to be happy is a dangerous thing." — Stirling. 
 
 " Una dies aperit, conficit una dies." — Ausonius. 
 
 " Vulnus alii venis, et cceco carpitur igni." — Virgil. 
 
 " Tempore ducetur longo fortasse cicatrix; 
 
 Horrent admotas vulnera cruda mauus." — Ovn». 
 
 " Dumb swans, not chattering pics, do lovers prove, 
 They love indeed who quake to say they love."— Sir Fiiilip Sidney. 
 
 The Third excels its fellows, as a Queen 
 
 Thron'd mid her peers ; among the stars, the Moon ; 
 
 Or, as, when Paris gave the golden boon, 
 
 Venus outshone, on Ida's summit given, 
 
 Her Goddess rivals whom she stood between. 
 
 Ah ! happy day, yet sad; begun too soon, 
 And too soon o'er; when by the swans in June 
 Sailing on Thames, — only by them — was seen, 
 Sheltered behind their cygnet-brooded isle, 
 My lingering boat near Hampton's stately pile. 
 When she, my heart's hope, by me sate serene, 
 Unguessing my long passion, nor Lei sink 
 Her pure eyes from my gaze — O God! to think 
 On what I am, and what I might have been! 
 
 21!
 
 CXCIV. 
 
 " A countenance in which did meet 
 Sweet records, promises as sweet." — Wordsworth. 
 
 " She was a phantom of delight." — Wordsworth. 
 
 " Grace was in all her steps, Heaven in her eye 
 In every gesture dignity and love." — Milton. 
 
 " Her voice was ever soft, 
 Gentle and low; an excellent thing in woman." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Illam, quicquid agit, quoquo vestigia flectit, 
 
 Componit furtim subsequiturque decor." — Tibulltjs, 
 
 " She was a form of life and light, 
 That soon became a part of sight ; 
 And rose, whene'er 1 turn'd my eye, 
 The morning star of memory." — Byron. 
 
 " iraaontiv S' VTrep yye Kixpr] l^et rjSe /AeVw7ra 
 
 Vela 8' apLyvoi rr) iriktrai, KaXal Se re 7rao-av." — HOMER. 
 
 " Her face was like the milkway i' the sky 
 A meeting of gentle light without a name." — Suckling. 
 
 " ota Trep ev Xa/)6reo-o-i S'leVpeTrev 'A<£poycv«a." — MOSCHUS. 
 
 Her face pure Grecian : the vermilion lips, 
 Half open'd by a kind smile's wave-like curl, 
 Disclosed two lucid rows of tempting pearl : 
 Her cheek, like fresh Aurora's finger-tips, 
 Or summer pinks whereat the wild bee sips : 
 Her black locks, wavier than the woodbine's whirl, 
 And glossier than the silk threads that enfurl 
 The chrysalis, ere on her wings she slips : 
 Her eyes, wells of affection fathomless, 
 Fring'd with the drooping lash of modesty : 
 Her polish'd brow, the very cage of thought, 
 Behind the temples blue-vein'd network caught : 
 Blue-vein'd her neck and hand ; and fioatingly 
 In every motion grace and gentleness. 
 
 216
 
 cxcv. 
 
 " Nessun maggior dolore 
 Clie ricordarse del tempo felice 
 Nella miseria." — Dante. 
 
 " This is truth the poet sings, 
 Tliat a sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things." — 
 
 Tennyson. 
 By conjuring up the light of other days 
 The captive thickeneth his prison's gloom : 
 The wand'rer, sinking 'neath the wild simoom, 
 Sees vision'd home amid the sandy haze : 
 The sailor, drowning in the breaker, pra\ - 
 With last sigh for his mother : as the tomb 
 Closeth upon the slave, he scents the bloom 
 Of flowers in childhood pluckt on Afric's in 
 
 Tis ever thus : — a " Sorrow's crown of sorrow" 
 Is the remembrance, in our dire distress, 
 Of the dead halcyon days of happiness : 
 To-day is still avenged by To-morrow : 
 The memory of Heaven whence he fell 
 Barbs the lost Angel's fiercest pangs in Hell \f 
 
 * The discoveries and writings of Livingstone, and Speke and Grant have 
 entirely changed our notions of the interior 01 Africa, no longer one vast Wretch 
 of sand} desert, but a country covered with the most luxurious herba 
 
 j Magnificently illustrated in the debate in the <\u> firsl book* of Paradise 
 Lost, where to regain Heaven is the counsel of all the speaker*, however thej 
 may differ as to the means. 
 
 217 
 
 ■®
 
 CXCVL 
 
 " Epws yap apyov Kairi tois apyois e<£u. 
 cpiXet KOLTOTrrpa, kcu Kop^s £av0icrpaTa, 
 <pevyet Be porous. — EURIP. 
 
 " Love is the passion of an indolent mind."— Theophrastus. 
 
 " Otia si tollas, pericre Cupidinis arcus, 
 
 Contemptaeque jacent et sine luce faces." — Ovid. 
 
 " E pero leva su, vinci l'ambrascia, 
 
 Con l'animo che vinci ogni battaglia, 
 II col suo grave corpo non s'accascia." — Dante. 
 
 " Adfluit incantis insidiosus amor ; 
 Desidiam puer ille sequi solet ; odit agentes ; 
 
 Da vacuae menti quo teneatur opus : 
 Sunt fora sunt leges, sunt quos tuearis, amici, 
 
 Vade per urbanae Candida castra togae."— Ovid. 
 
 Quam platanus vino gandet, quam populus unda, 
 
 Et quam limosa cama palustris humo, 
 Tam Venus otia amat : qui finem quoeris amoris, 
 
 (Cedit amor rebus) res age, tutus eris. — Ovid. 
 
 Vuli ego quod primo fuerat sanabile villus 
 Dilatum longae damna tulisse moras. — Ovid. 
 
 Tu loca quae nimiuni grata fuere, cave. — Ovid. 
 
 Unhappy lovers, slaves of vain regret, 
 Behold the talisman for your distress 
 In toil ; for Love was born of Idleness ; 
 Upon a summer bank, with dewdrops wet, 
 With starry oxlip sprent, and violet 
 Blue-gleaming : in a mirror he doth dress 
 His glowing locks to order'd loveliness : 
 On sport and play his very heart is set ; 
 His labour, luxury and dalliance : 
 'lis in unguarded moments he doth pass, 
 Still foe, into the bosom's citadel. 
 Beware his stratagems and snares ; the dance, 
 The vacant mind, the wine-cup, and the glass; 
 And in its fortress safe the heart shall dwell. 
 
 218
 
 CXCVII. 
 
 fed™ MU^U—'§m t $ $\m\\t 
 
 " Love sits on a despotic throne, 
 And reigns a tyrant, if lie reigns at all." — Barbaulb. 
 
 " Rouse thyself, and the weak, wanton Cupid 
 Shall from your neck unloose his amorous hold, 
 And like a dewdrop from the lion's mane 
 Be shook to air." — Siiakispkake. 
 
 " Optimus ille fuit vindex [sedentia pectus 
 
 Ymcula cpii rupit dedoluitque semel." — Chin. 
 
 Not while he builds his nest, the imperial bird 
 
 Feels his breast glow with fierce instinctive lire; 
 
 The soldier starts from languishing desire, 
 
 When the first cannon's distant boom is heard, 
 
 By other lust than love's, the merchant stirr'd, 
 
 Cheapens the tapestries of purple Tyre ; 
 
 Far other visionary dreams inspire 
 
 The cell of student poring o'er the word 
 
 Of the primeval sages : — therefore shun 
 
 Leisure : for Love will make himself no shrine 
 
 In minds that temple other Deities. 
 
 The whole heart's worship he demands, or none; 
 
 And like the " wandering voice," Spring's earliest sign, 
 
 Haunts but unpeopled shades, and in them sighs! 
 
 219 
 
 — '-r- 
 
 fSi
 
 CXCVIII. 
 
 <&m\m ©h0«0fet^ — JiMittj. 
 
 ovk cor epa(TTr]<; ocrns ouk aev <piAet. 
 
 EuKIPIDES. 
 
 Tu mihi ctirarum requies, in nocte vel atra 
 Lumen." — Tibullus. 
 
 " Difficile est subito longum deponere amorem." — Catullus. 
 
 " Nou mihi mille placent; non sum desultor amoris." — Ovid, 
 
 " Certa e ben quella in un pudico cuor 
 
 Che per cangiar di scorza non fiera, 
 
 Ne langue e qui eaparra il paradiso."MiCHAEL Angelo. 
 
 I know a flower that opes but when the Moon 
 Smiles on it from her silvery chariot way 
 Along the path of night : not brilliant day, 
 Fresh morn, nor dewy eve, nor burning noon, 
 Not timid April, nor hot passionate June, 
 Luscious July, nor rosy blushing May, 
 Can tempt it from its constancy to stray. 
 
 I know a heart that hath such priceless boon 
 Of faithfulness in love : nor glance, nor smile, 
 Nor kiss, nor sigh, when far its bosom's Queen, 
 Can witch it from its loyal fealty ; 
 But even day itself seems dark the while : 
 To other love ne'er hath it open'd been : 
 And if its Moon return not, closed shall die. 
 
 220
 
 CXCIX. 
 
 tafott SfMMgbtf — 8fo $mUan Cupid. 
 
 " We'll have no Cupid hoodwinked with a seari'."— SiiAK.ESrEA.RE. 
 " Molle meum levihus cor est violabile telis"— Ovid. 
 " E q'uindi uscimini rivederi le stelli." — Dante. 
 
 I see him now, a fair and lovely boy, 
 The God to whom the Hindu maidens sigh, 
 When with the lamp-lit lotus-boat they try 
 Their lover's truth, their freight of woe or joy. 
 Not blind, like Venus' son, he doth destroy 
 His victims, laughing with unbandaged eye : 
 Upon a green- wing'd parrot he doth fly ; 
 With whose neck, purple-ring'd, he loves to toy. 
 Of tender sugar-cane his bended bow, 
 From which the juice hath not yet ceas'd to flow 
 Over his fingers, clammily ; the string 
 
 Of I s, whose waxen thighs together cling; 
 
 Tipp'd all with different flowers, his stingless darts 
 Wound, without venom, when he piercetfa hearts 

 
 cc. 
 
 $mAm STthottghte— $mU\i# <&m. 
 
 " For there can be no death for our true love." — KoRNER. 
 
 " In his stead let love for ever dwell ! 
 Sweet love, that doth his golden wings embay 
 In blessed nectar and pure pleasure's well, 
 Untroubled of vile fear or bitter fell."— Spenser. 
 
 " Te spectem suprema mihi cum venerat hora, 
 
 Te teneam moriens deficieute manu." — Tibullus. 
 
 " Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks 
 Within his bending sickle's compass come; 
 Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, 
 But braves it out even to the crack of doom." 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 " Felices ter et amplius 
 
 Quos irrupta tenet copula, nee malis 
 Divulsus querimoniis 
 
 Suprema citius solvet amor die." — Horace. 
 
 " Uxor, vivamus quod vivimus, et moriamur, 
 Servantes nomen sumpsimus in thalarao : 
 
 Nee ferat ulla dies ut commutemur in sevo, 
 Quia tibi sim juvenis, tuque paella mihi." 
 
 Ausoimis. 
 
 Mine be a jealous love, not the mean fear, 
 
 The pitiful distrust of thoughts, words, deeds, 
 
 Which on its own gross emanation feeds ;* 
 
 An insult to the being it calls dear ; 
 
 No ; be it from such base suspicion clear : 
 
 Yet mine be jealous love ; the love that heeds 
 
 The noxious dews that rise or fall o'er meads ; 
 
 The chilly breezes of the earlier year ; 
 
 The fierce sun blazing in meridian pride ; 
 
 Storm-brooding clouds ; and household cares, that bend 
 
 The fair young brow, and break the heart of mirth ; 
 
 Jealous of absence from the love'd one's side ; 
 
 Jealous of Time, which all too soon must end 
 
 Our soul's communion, at least here on earth. 
 
 " The green-eyed monster, 
 Which makes the meat it feeds on."— Shakespeare. 
 
 222
 
 IS 
 
 CCI. 
 
 " Wlien p;iiii and sorrow wring the brow, 
 A ministering angel thou." — Scott. 
 
 Even as a water-lily, whose pale head 
 
 Floats still above the rising water's flow. 
 
 Even such is Woman's Love '. Grief's streams may 
 
 know 
 To wash, but never drown it : what a spread 
 Of broad, bold, faithful, leaves the flower imbed, 
 Still coronetting the salt waves of woe : 
 How bashfully, yet firmly, doth it grow 
 Emergent from the bitter floods of dread. 
 
 Beside the smitten Puritan* his mate 
 Mounted the scaffold, and before the crowd 
 Sooth'd his stern anguish with her loyal kiss : 
 And Russell's noble wife beneath him sate, 
 ( !alm mid their peril now. as erst in bliss . 
 In her lord's service undismay'd and proud. 
 
 *John Bastwick, whose wife, when he had his r:irs cut off, mounted 
 (he scaffold and kissed him before the populace, — Caki.m e's Cromwell. 
 
 223 
 
 ■rag
 
 ecu. 
 
 " One love was born in the sea, which is as various and raging in young 
 men's breasts as the sea itself, and causeth burning heat. The other is that 
 golden chain which was let down from heaven: and with a divine fury 
 ravisheth our souls, made to the image of God, and stirs us up to compre- 
 hend the innate and incorruptible beauty to which we were once created." — 
 
 Burton's Anatomy Melancholy. 
 
 " Two cities make two loves, Jerusalem and Babylon. The love of God 
 the one ; the love of the world, the other. Of these two cities we all are 
 citizens, as by examination of ourselves we may soon find, and of which." 
 
 St. Austin. 
 
 " LTdi/res yap id/xcv on ovk ccttlv dvev 'Epwros A<ppo8iTrj. 
 /was /x.ev ovar)<; lis av rjv 'Epws\ eVei Se Srj ovo iarov, ovo 
 avdyKT) Kai 'Epwrc ctvai. 7ra>s 8 6v Svo tw Bio. ; yjp.lv ye ttov 
 7rpe(TJ3vTepa kch afxrjTO>p 'Ovpavov ^vyaTrjp, r/v 8r/ kcll ovpdviav 
 €7roj/opd^o/x€V rj8e viearrepa Aios koll Aiwvrjsi r/v 8rj Trdv 
 Srjfxov KaXovjXiv." — Plato. 
 
 There are two Loves 1 : the one is of the Sea, 2 
 
 Venus, all dewy with the gleaming foam, 3 
 
 More fickle, raging, than her Ocean home : 
 
 Her chariot drawn by brooding doves, while she, 
 
 Zoned by the Cupids and the Graces three, 
 
 Smiles, sighs, laughs, blushes, burns, with eyes that roam 
 
 Piercing all creatures 'neath the sunlit dome ; 
 
 Great Babylon her seat of revelrie. 
 
 The other holds in Heav'n the golden chain, 4 
 That links this pendulous orb unto the sky ; 
 Urania, crown'd with starry diadem, 
 Eternal, unbegotten, without stain ; 5 
 Her Handmaids, Humbleness and Charity, 
 Her earthly capital, Jerusalem. 
 
 1 Spenser makes a threefold division, love of kindred, of friends, of 
 woman. — See Pairy Queen, 1. 5, c. 9, St. 1, 2. 
 
 2 Venus Anadyomene, whose picture Appelles painted rising from the 
 waves, and wringing her hair upon her shoulder. Augustus bought it, and 
 placed it in the temple of Julius C;esar, No one in Rome could repair it. 
 She is figured to have arisen from the Sea because of her fickleness. Hitter 
 attributes this origin to the worship of Venus as the principle of universal 
 love, her rising from the Sea being typical of an ancient tradition of the 
 world rising from the Ocean. 
 
 3 Sic madidos siccat digitis Venus uda capillos, 
 
 Et modo maternis tecta videtur aquis," says Ovid. 
 And see his description of Venus, Fasti, 4, 9. For her cesins, See 
 Homer's Iliad, xiv. 1. 214. 
 
 4 Of Homer's^lliad.L. viii. 1. 18—26. 
 
 5 See this Love spoken of 1 Cor. xiii. 13. Mark xii. 31. Matt. xix. 
 19. 1 Cor. xiii. 4, 5, 6, 7. Prov. x. 12. 1 Pet, iv. 8. Luke vii. 47. Isai. 
 i. 17. Lev. xix. 8. Deut. xxii. 1. Matt. v. Gal. vi. 7- Rom. xii. Eph. 
 iv. 32. Phill. ii. 2. Col. iii. et xii. 13, 23. 1 Pet, iii. John iii. 18. v. i. 
 
 224
 
 CCIII. 
 
 
 
 IIoTcpov u8£\<p(D /x^rpos «rrw ck tuas ; 
 (piXoTrjTt y eoyxev 8 ou /cacriyv^Toj, yt'rai. 
 
 Iphig. in Taue. 
 
 " Love cools, friendships fall off, 
 Brothers divide. — Shakispeake. 
 
 Kpivei (pikovs 6 Kai'pos, ais xpvcrbv to Trvp. — MenaNDER. 
 
 " Prcestat amicitia propinquitati."— Cicero. 
 " There is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother." — Peov. Ch. xviii 4-24. 
 
 " tovt eKetvo kto.<t& eraipous pvr\ to o-vyyeves /xovov. 
 ojs avrjp bcTTts TpoiroLai crvvraKr} Bvpaios u>v 
 p.vpiwv Kpeiao-wv 6/xaip.aji> KeKTrjarOaL (ptXos. ' — EuPJPIDES. 
 
 " OVK CCTTIV OuScV Kp€tO"O"0JV V) <£l/\.OS Crt)</>7JS, 
 
 6v 7rAouros, ov TVpavias, aXkoyiarov 8e tl 
 
 to Trkr/Oos avTeWayixa yevvdiov <£iAou." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 Friendship, than ties of blood more firm and sure, 
 
 Oft loves to cast itself about the heart : 
 
 Brothers, who ne'er in youth have liv'd apart, 
 
 Shrink from each other, shy, and insecure, 
 
 When manhood holds to one the dazzling lure 
 
 Of pleasure ; to the other, fame or wealth ; 
 
 But Friendship, with more vigorou gth and health, 
 
 With years grows closer, hardier to endure. 
 
 So marked I yon twin ashen saplings shoot 
 With equal promise from one parent ro< 
 Till this declin'd, drawn sideward by tierce wind, 
 Or fiercer sun, and left its fellow's Bide : 
 Unnatural void, after a time supplied 
 By the fond creeper round its trunk entwin'd. 
 
 226 
 
 
 - »
 
 Ufa 
 
 1 
 
 CCIV. 
 
 " Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amicos, 
 Tempora si fuerint nulrila, solus eris. — Ovid. 
 
 " Der Freundschaft stolzes Siegel tragen viele, 
 Die in der Priifung's stunde treulos fliehen. 
 Oft sehen wir das i3ild, das unsere Traume mahlen, 
 Aus Menselien augen uns entgegen strahlen : 
 Der, rufen wir, der muss es seyn ! 
 Wir hoffen es — und es ist — schein." — Korner . 
 
 4 
 
 " And what is friendship hut a name, 
 
 A charm that lulls to sleep ; 
 A shade that follows wealth or fame, 
 
 And leaves the wretch to weep?" — Goldsmith. 
 
 Limner, your lines a youthful hand betray : 
 
 Friendship is rather like a graceful reed ; 
 
 It takes root, and shoots sudden up indeed ; 
 
 Tis fair to look on in the tender play 
 
 Of its spring leaves ; it bows it to the sway 
 
 Of the warm breezes, which in wanton speed 
 
 Shake the tall grass athwart the summer mead, 
 
 Or wave the corn-stems on an autumn day. 
 
 But 'tis a weed by nature ; it is dried 
 
 By age, and every hour more brittle grows ; 
 
 'Twill shiver and be snapp'd in twain when blows 
 
 The first keen winter wind : hollow and frail, 
 
 It cannot combat with the stormy gale : 
 
 Lean on it now, and it will pierce your side. 
 
 226 
 
 N.-w-^-.%.-» ^.W.-^
 
 ccv. 
 
 toto ®h0ttj)lttei — Sown mul &0mtx^ 
 
 " God made the country and man made the town." — Pope. 
 
 " Nee mirum quod divina natura dedit agros, ars humana ledificavit urhes." — Vakro. 
 
 " O ! rus quando te aspiciam, quaudoque licebit 
 Nunc veterum libris, nunc somno et inertibus horis 
 Ducere sollicitas jncunda oblivia vita;." — Horace. 
 
 •' "When man wishes to draw near to God, he Roes, not to the city — 
 there conscious men obstruct him with their works — but to the meadow spang- 
 led all over with flowers, and sung to by every bird ; to the mountains " visit- 
 ed all night by troops of stars ;" to the Ocean, the undying type of shifting 
 phenomena and unchanging law; to the forest stretching out motherly arms 
 with its mighty growth aud awful shade ; and there, in the obedience these 
 things pay, in their order, strength, beauty, he is encountered front to front 
 with the awful presence of Almighty power." — Theodore Parkir. 
 
 " Who can paint 
 Like nature ? can imagination boast 
 Amid its gay creation hues like hers, 
 Or can it mix them with that matchless skill 
 And lose them in each other, as appears 
 In every bud that blows ?— Thompson. 
 
 Not in the City is true Beauty found, 
 
 Tho' very splendid are the works of men, 
 
 Whether by chisel, graver, pencil, pen, 
 
 The living thought is snatch'd at, seized, and bound : 
 
 But in the Country, if we look around 
 
 On rock or river, mountain-peak or glen, 
 
 The perfect line of Beauty greets us when 
 
 We gaze upon the water, sky, or ground. 
 
 What cunning hand can carve the billowy gloom 
 Of clouds, or petrify the breakers spray ; 
 Vie with the rose's blush, the peach's bloom ; 
 Ravel the net-work of the grass, or stay 
 The torrent's gleam ; the evening stock's perfume 
 Rival; or simulate Light's arrowy ray? 
 
 See Note 25. 
 
 227
 
 CCVI. 
 
 fefa ftlwugltte— & WA. 
 
 " Hoc erat in votis ; modus agri non ita magnus, 
 Hortus ubi, et tecto vicinus jugis aquoe fons, 
 Et paulum silvoe super his foret." — Horace. 
 
 " Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano." — Juvenal. 
 
 ou 1101 tcc Tvyem tov 7ro\vxpvcrov fx.eX.ei. 
 
 " Vivitur huie bene cui paternum 
 Splendet in mensa tenui salinum." — Horace. 
 
 " Rura mihi et rigui placeant in vallibus amnes, 
 Flumina amem sylvasque inglorius." — Virgil. 
 
 " Sit bona librorum et provisoe frugis in annum 
 Copia." — Horace. 
 
 ' Fortunatus et ille Deos qui novit agrestes." — Virgil. 
 
 Mine be a cottage where the mountain breeze 
 
 Blows pure : the eye throughout the year may wend 
 
 O'er plains that with the far horizon blend : 
 
 A babbling spring near which to graft my trees, 
 
 Water my flowers, watch my busy bees : 
 
 A humble store : but just enough to spend 
 
 On self; to spare the poor, or cheer a friend : 
 
 A cask of wine not quite upon the lees ; 
 
 Logs for the winter-hearth, a brittle pile : 
 
 A faithful dog that still obeys my looks ; 
 
 A shelf or two of my most favorite books ; 
 
 With healthful exercise a body strong; 
 
 A hopeful spirit ; conscience clear of guile ; 
 
 Sound sleep : sane mind : and ready gush of song. 
 
 228 >
 
 Mntntxm^ U f onnct ccvi. 
 
 Si vpntri bene, si lateri est pedibusque tuis, nil 
 
 Divitin poterunt regales addere majus, 
 
 Si forte in medio positorum absteniius herbis 
 
 Vivis et urtica, sic vives protinus, ut te 
 
 Contest im liquidus Fortanae rivus inauret: 
 
 Vel quia naturam mutare pecunia nescit, 
 
 Vel quid cuneta putas una virtute minora. — Horace. 
 
 " Me pascant olivap. 
 Me chicorea, Ievesque malvoe: 
 
 Fnii paratis, et valido mihi, 
 Latoe, dones, et, precor, integral 
 Cum mente, nee turpem senectam 
 Degere, nee cithara carentem." — HORACI . 
 
 " 'Io"oV toi TrXovrovcriv, ora ttoXw; upyvpos eoTiv 
 
 kcli ^pvcros Ktti yiys 7repocf)6pov 7reoia, 
 " Ittttoi O'yjfJLLovoiTe, ko.l £> ra Seovra traptcmv 
 
 ydarpa re Kai irXevpuis kui ttoctiv afipa iroOew.' 
 
 Theognis. 
 
 " Thrice happy he! who on Hie sunless side 
 Of a romantic mountain) forest crown'd, 
 Beneath (he whole collected shade reclines; 
 Or in the gelid caverns, wood-biae wrought, 
 And fresh bedew'd with ever spouting streams, 
 Sits coolly calm ; while all the world without, 
 Unsatisfy'd, and sick, tosses at noon. 
 Emblem instructive of the virtuous man, 
 Who keeps his tempered mind serene, and pure, 
 And every passion aptly harmonized, 
 Amid a jarring world with vice enflamed." — Thomson. 
 
 " Venio nunc ad voluptatcs agricolarum, quibus ego incredibiliter delector: 
 quae neo ulla impediuntur senectute, et mihi ad sapientis vitam proximo viden- 
 tur aeccdere." — Cicero. 
 
 " ap ovk dyi'mjo-avTcs tov 'HctloSov opOorara XiyovTa 
 (is to rjjiKrv tou 7rai/Tos 7roAActKis icrrl wXiov ; \oir6rav y to 
 yu,ev oAov Xapfidvciv ^/xiaiSes, to 8' yp.i<rv pLtrpiov, Tore to 
 [terpiov tov ap.irpov irXiov rjyrjaaro, up.€tvov ov ^eipovn<;. ] 
 
 Plato. 
 
 '■ Divitias alius fulvo sibi congerat auro, 
 Et tenent culii jugera multa soli, 
 (^ueiu labor assidnus vicino terreal hoste, 
 
 Martia cui somnos classics pnlsa fugent : 
 Mc mea paupertas vitas traducal inerti, 
 
 Dum meus assiduo luceat igne focus."— Tibiii OS, 
 
 " That tree shall long time keep a steady foot, 
 
 Whose branches spread no wider than the root." — WEBST] 
 
 229 
 
 1 _— ^— —
 
 : 
 
 CCVII. 
 
 " Auetius atque 
 Di melius fecere : Bene est : nihil amplius oro." — Horace. 
 
 " Health and good estate of body are above all gold : and a strong body 
 above infinite wealth." — Eccl. Ch. xxx. v. 15. 
 
 " The principal things for the whole use of man's life are water, fire, iron, 
 and salt, flour of wheat, honey, milk, and the blood of the grape, and oil, and 
 clothing. All these things are for good to the godly : so to the sinners they 
 are turned into evil.." — Eccl, Ch. xxxix v. 26, 27. 
 
 " [A7]K dXXov rrapd Saivos e'Soi5 (TKu^aAtcr/xa Tpa7re^s, 
 aXX' diro tgjv Idiwv fiiorov Siayois avvfipicrTMS." 
 
 Pseudo-Phocillydea. 
 
 " ivQa Se Sei'Spea /xaKpa 7re<fiVKei TrjXeOowvra, 
 byxyai, /cat poLol, kol p,rjX£ai dyXaoKapTroi, 
 crvKaZ re yXvKepal, kolI iXaiat Tr/XeOowcrai. 
 toudv ovTrore «ap7ros a7roAAuTai, ot>8' IttiXuttci 
 ^et//-aTos, ovSe Oipivs, lirery)<jto i i' dXXd pdX' aia 
 Z€<j)vplr) TrveLOvcra ra pikv (pvei, uXXa 8e Treaorei. 
 oyxvrj e7r' oyxyrj yrjpdaKti, p.rjXov 8' iirl, p,rjXw, 
 avrdp €7ri (jTafjivXrj aTa<f>vXr], ctvkov 8' liri crvKW."— HoMER. 
 
 I have my wish : my cottage perch'd on high 
 Looks down on plain, and mount on mountain roll'd, 
 Which the Sun bathes each eve in floods of gold : 
 Majestic forests close beneath me lie, 
 From whose ravines the clouds at morning fly, 
 Like fleecy flocks forth issuing from the fold, 
 Loos'd one by one, their tale by shepherd told ; 
 And travel even o'er the fields of sky. 
 Dam-pent, my tiny stream supplies my flowers, 
 My trees, my bees : kind Heaven hath given me more 
 Than I dared ask or wish, or know to use ; 
 Content, friends, health and wealth : I lot my hours 
 Of exercise, sleep, study : yon World's roar 
 Reacheth not me and my still vocal Muse. 
 
 j Note 2G. 
 
 ; 
 
 \ 230
 
 CCVIII. 
 
 " ev Se BtKaLoavvrj crvWi]/3?>r}v 7racr 'aperr) 'otiv. 
 
 Phocylldes. 
 
 Honours at last are mine ; and, as I think, 
 Bestowed with sanction of the public vote : 
 A score of years have men now had to note 
 My course ; nor from their scrutiny I shrink. 
 
 I have passed through a tempest which would sink 
 Most voyages of life : my little boat 
 With cheerful courage did I keep afloat 
 When ruin suck'd it to its Maelstrom brink. 
 
 I know, none else, how I have fought and won 
 Through the black midnight of adversity : 
 Now, harder is the task to brave thy Sun, 
 Prosperity — Yea, let me ask my heart, 
 If I may justly, kindly, play my part, 
 And ever do my duty modestly ? 

 
 CCIX. 
 
 " 'YyUia, Trpecr^Stcrra fj.uKu.pwv, 
 fiera. (revrvuioifu 
 to XtLTro/JLtvov fiords. 
 
 (tv 8e fJiOL Trpocppwv ctwoikos et^s. 
 e't yap ns 77 7tA.oi'toi; X"P t? > ^ TCKetov, 
 
 ?) Tas eicro Scu/xoros v.vOpwiroi<i 
 
 fSacnXuflSo^ apX" ? > 17 ttoOwv, 
 ous KpvcfiLOLS A<ppo8irus apKVCTLV Orjpevofitv, 
 rj «t Tts aAAa 6eo6ev uvOpwTroicn Tepif/is 
 
 7] 7rova)V ufiirova 7recpuvTui, 
 
 /.(.Era. treio, fiuKuip' Yyietu, 
 Te6u\e tvuvtu Kai \up.Trei \aptrwv eapi, 
 
 criOev Se X W P' S oWis tvSaifiwv e<pv." — AltlPHRON. 
 
 " YyiaLvew fiev upiarov uvSpl Ovutw." — SlMoNIDES. 
 
 " Health and good estate of body are above all gold, and a strong body 
 above infinite wealth. There is no riches above a sound body, and no joy 
 above the joy of the heart. Death is better than a bitter life or continual 
 sickness."— Eccl. xxx. v. 15, 16, 17. 
 
 " Non estvivere, sedvalere, vita." — Martial. 
 
 Eldest and best of blessings ! Math Life's boon 
 Coeval, thou in Paradise didst flush 
 The cheek of Adam, when with mantling blush 
 He woke to being ; all things 'neath the moon 
 That men prize chiefliest, pall and weary soon, 
 Thou being absent : glass-bright founts that gush 
 From hollow rocks : and streams that brawl and rush 
 O'er golden pebbles, mid the woods, in June : 
 The gorgeous palace with its marble dome ; 
 Marvels of sculpture and the painter's art ; 
 Fame ; e'en the unobtrusive joys of home, 
 Knee-climbing, kissing son, wife of the heart; 
 Love, labour, learning, leisure, music, wealth : — 
 Thou art the flower and crown of blessings, Health. 
 
 232
 
 fttetatiow^ U gmmt ccix. 
 
 " Health is the soul that animates all the enjoyments of life which fade 
 and are tasteless, if not dead, without it. A man starves at the_best and the 
 greatest tables ; makes faces, at the noblest and most delicate wines ; is old and 
 impotent in seraglios of the most sparkling beauties ; poor and wretched in 
 the midst of the greatest treasures and fortunes : with common diseases 
 strength grows decrepid, youth loses all vigour, and beauty all charms. Music 
 grows harsh and conversation disagreeable. Palaces are prisons or of equal 
 confinement. Riches are careless ■. honour and attendance are cumbersome ; 
 and crowns themselves are a burthen ; hut if diseases are painful and violent, 
 they equal all conditions of life ; make no difference between a prince and a 
 beggar : and a fit of stone or the colic puts a king to the rack, and makes him 
 as miserable as be can do the meanest, the worst, and most criminal of his 
 subjects." — Sir W. Temple. 
 
 " There is this difference between those two temporal blessings, health and 
 money : money is the most envied, but the least enjoyed ; health is the most 
 enjoyed, but the least envied ; and this superiority of the latter is still more ob- 
 vious, when we reflect that the poorest man would not part with health for 
 money, but that the richest would gladly part with all their money for health." 
 — Lacon. 
 
 " blessed health ! thou art above all Gold and Treasure ; 'tis thou who 
 rnlargest the Soul, — and openest all its powers to receive instruction, and to 
 relish Virtue. — He that has thee has little more to wish for ! and he that is so 
 wretched as to want thee, wants every thing with thee." — Sterne. 
 
 " Health is certainly more valuable than Money, because it is by Health 
 that Money is procured ; but thousands and millions are of small avail to alle- 
 viate the protracted tortures of the gout, to repair the broken organs of sense, 
 orrcsu he powers of digestion. Poverty is, indeed, an evil from which 
 
 we naturally fly : but let us not run from one enemy to another, nor take shel- 
 ter in the arms of sickness." — Johnson. 
 
 233
 
 ccx. 
 
 " Give and it shall be given unto you," — Sermon on the Mount. 
 
 " So he arose and went to Zarephath. And when he came to the gate of 
 the city, behold, the widow woman was there gathering of sticks : and he call- 
 ed to her, and said, Fetch me, pray thee, a little water in a vessel, that I 
 may drink. And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, bring 
 me, 1 pray thee, a morsel of bread in thine hand. And she said, As the Lord 
 thy God liveth, 1 have not a cake, but an handful of meal in a barrel, and a 
 little oil in a erase : and, behold, I am gathering two sticks, that 1 may go in 
 and dress it for me and my son, that we may eat, and die. And Elijah said 
 unto her, Fear not ; go and do as thou hast said : but make me thereof a little 
 cake first, and bring it unto me, and after make for thee and for thy son. For 
 thus saith the Lord God of Israel, the barrel of meal shall not waste, nei- 
 ther shall the erase of oil fail, until the day that the Lord sendeth rain upon 
 the earth. And she went and did according to the saying of Elijah : and she, 
 and he, and her house, did eat many days. And the barrel of meal wasted 
 not, neither did the cruse of oil fail, according to the word of the Lord, which 
 he spake by Elijah." — 1st Kings, Ch. xvii. vs. 10 — 16. 
 
 Thrice blest the bounteous heart and open hand 
 That never drave the needy fYoni the door ; 
 But from the treasure of a Heaven-lent store 
 Supplied with love more free than the demand ; 
 As a full fountain in the Desert's sand, 
 Which bubbles ever from its golden floor, 
 Whose quenchless waters unexhausted pour 
 For every passing pilgrim, band by band. 
 
 So some deep well, undrawn of man, lies dead, 
 Weed-mantled, stagnant, worthless, 'neath the sod 
 By use, its plenteousness, replenished, 
 Up leapeth, living, to the surface soil, 
 Yea, overflows perennial ; bless'd by God 
 With increase, like the Widow's cruise of oil. 
 
 -'.< ^
 
 r^ 1 / 
 
 CCXI. 
 
 mil 
 
 " As for any inducements which the Spanish religion held out to the 
 Indians, we may judge how far these were understood or estimated, by the story 
 of Batucy, Cacique of a part of Cuba, who had spies at Hispaniola to keep him 
 informed of the proceedings of the Spaniards there. He was in apprehension 
 that they would come, as they afterwards did, to his territory. So calling his 
 people together, and recounting the cruelties of the Spaniards, he said they did 
 all these things for a great lord whom they loved much, which lord he would 
 now show them. Accordingly, he produced a small basket filled with gold. 
 " Here is the lord whom they serve and after whom they go ; and as you have 
 heard already, they are longing to pass over to this place : not pretending more 
 than to seek this lord : wherefore let us make to him here a festival and 
 dances so that when they come, he may tell them to do us no harm." The 
 Indians approved this counsel, and danced round the gold till they were exhaust- 
 ed ; when the Cacique turned to them and said that they should not keep the 
 god of the Christians anywhere, for were it even in their entrails, it would be 
 torn out : but that they should throw it in the river, that the Christians might 
 not know where it was, " And so," says the account, " they threw it." — Heli'.s' 
 Spanish Conquest or America. 
 
 " For of his wicked pelf his god he made, 
 
 And unto Hell himself for money sold." — Spencer. 
 
 " Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, 
 Auri sacra fames?" — Virgil. 
 
 " ol'Slv yap av6pw7roL(Tiv oiov apypvpos 
 KaKov vo/i.to-/u.' e/3Aaore. tovto kgu 7roAets 
 TropOu, toS' avSpas i^avtcrTrjcxtv Sofxwv. 
 to8' exSiSacrKei koll irapaXXaacrei <£peVas 
 Xpr](TTa.s Trpo? aicr^pa Trpayfxa.6^ tcrrao-^ai fiporwv- 
 iravovpyias 8' eSet^ev avOpoyrrois e'x €lJ/ 
 koI ttolvtos epyov Svcrcrefiaav ctSeVai." — SOPHOCLES. 
 
 " They come, my people, those dread sons of Spain," 
 The Cuban Cacique cried, " whose bands have roll'd 
 " Our happy isles in fire and blood — Behold 
 " Their Lord, their God, for whom across the main 
 " They sail'd; for whom, with sword and blood-hound, 
 
 slain 
 " Mother and child ; and into bondage sold 
 " Our race :" — He bared a basket full of Gold — 
 The Indians dane'd around the ore, to gain 
 The Spirit's favour ; when the Chief: " My sons, 
 " Though ye should swallow all this yellow dust, 
 " The foe would from your entrails tear his prey, 
 " So fell his purpose, and so foul his lust ; — 
 " Swift let your river bear the pest away." — 
 
 He said : and o'er their gold the river runs. 
 
 235
 
 
 CCXII. 
 
 ®lt* Sf p\l of tte pfc 
 
 " Hear ye great mountains ! do ye raise our hearts 
 With our dull bodies nearer to our God ? 
 Or does your purer air make pure our thoughts ? 
 For never stood I on your silent peaks, 
 To see large rivers glist'ning like small snakes 
 Mid banks of forests, and a world mapp'd out, 
 Beneath, or felt damp white mists wreathing round, 
 Hiding the earth and all but heaven from sight, 
 Till I seemed rising from the less'ning world, 
 A later Enoch swept away to God. 
 And I return'd, self-humbled, purified, 
 And dower'd with larger, better views of life !"— Robert Glover. 
 
 Go up, ye toil-worn, up into the Hills, 
 
 And ye, whose hearts with care droop nigh to death ; 
 
 There lift your fronts in the grey morning's breath, 
 
 And bathe your spirits in the calm that fills 
 
 The sky, when, couch'd on golden daffodils 
 
 And roses, drowsy evening slumbereth, 
 
 While Sunset's kiss her cheek still crimsoneth. 
 
 Hark to the merry music of the rills ; 
 
 Watch the stars diadem the solemn peaks, 
 
 While far below, congenial silence broods 
 
 On wings of darkness o'er the primal woods ; 
 
 And find in Nature's solitude the voice 
 
 That of glad rest unto the weary speaks, 
 
 And bids the broken-hearted one rejoice. 
 
 236
 
 CCXIII. 
 
 She §Mm in to pte. 
 
 " The fall of waters and the song of birds, 
 And hills that echo to the distant herds, 
 Are luxuries excelling all the glare 
 The World can boast, and her chief favourites share."— Cowpek. 
 
 " O, how canst thou renounce the boundless store 
 Of charms which Nature to her votary yields! 
 The warbling woodland, the resounding shore, 
 The pomp of groves, and garniture of fields ; 
 All that the genial ray of Morning gilds, 
 And all that echoes to the song of Even, 
 All thai the mountain's sheltering bosom shields, 
 And all the dread magnificence of Heaven, 
 O, how canst thou renounce, and hope to be forgiven!"— Beattie. 
 
 I know a hollow in the Hills, whereo'er 
 
 Still Heaven its deep blue curtain hangs on high, 
 
 More gorgeous than the silken canopy 
 
 Flung, in the pride of Roman Emperor, 
 
 Athwart his amphi-theatre : the floor 
 
 Echoes no tread, so thickly doth it lie 
 
 In verdure carpetted : the wind's soft sigh, 
 
 Bird's, bee's, stream's song, the only sounds : the roar 
 
 Of Church, Court, Senate, Forum, Camp, or Mart, 
 
 Boometh not here : here, were the World in arms, 
 
 We should not catch War's thundering alarms ; 
 
 But might muse life away in one long dream 
 
 Of peace ; the only sounds to touch the heart, 
 
 The song of bird and bee ; of wind, and stream. 
 
 237
 
 CCXIV. 
 
 <s 
 
 M$t$. 
 
 At, ai, rat /xaAa^at jxkv hrav Kara kuttov oAwvtcu 
 i] ra x\wpa <r(\iva to t ei>#aAes oi'Aov avrjOov, 
 varepov av i^wovTai, /cat ei5 eros aAAo (fivovrai, 
 17/x.eis o 06 /xeyaAoL /ecu Kaprepot i) aocpot avopes, 
 ottotz 7rpara Oavui/xev u.vi)kool Iv \66vl -^olXtj, 
 evbo/Acs ev p.aXa p.aKpov u,T€pp.ova vijyperov vttvov." 
 
 Moschus. 
 
 How many sweet thoughts and reflections wise 
 Have ye called forth from meditative mind, 
 Fair flowers ; what influence of the gentlest kind 
 Held o'er the soul, since first your dewy eyes 
 Ye opened in your native paradise. 
 Ne'er to the lap of luxury confm'd, 
 Since have ye blossom'd : most untutor'd hind, 
 Savage most rude, the fragrant chaplet ties. 
 The pastoral Greek, half envious, could but weep, 
 Viewing your buds revive, kindled by Spring, 
 That man, once dead, no more may see the sun. 
 The Christian laughs at his " eternal sleep," 
 Of endless life secure, thus arguing : 
 ' Ye suffer many deaths, I only one.' 
 
 Note. — Omar Khayam, the Astronomer Poet of Persia in the 12th Cen- 
 tury, has mauy epigrammatic reflexions of this kind : he says quaintly, 
 
 " And those who husbanded the golden grain, 
 And those who flung it to the winds again, 
 
 Alike, to no such aureate earth are turn'd, 
 As, buried once, men want dug up again !" 
 
 I 
 
 238
 
 gltetvatimt£ U jftmtitt ccxiv. 
 
 " For there is hope of a tree, if it be cut down, that it will sprout again, 
 and that the tender branch thereof will not cease. Though the root thereof 
 wax old in the earth, and the stock thereof die in the ground ; yet through 
 the scent of water it will bud, and bring forth boughs like a plant. But man 
 dieth, and wasteth away ; yea, man giveth up the ghost, and where is he ?" — 
 Job, xiv. 7 — 10- 
 
 " '?//?>/ T€p7ro/xei/os 7rai£w Srjpov yap evepdtv 
 yr}? oAe'cras if/v)(r)s Kiixrofiai ware Ai$os 
 a<pOoyyo<;, XinJ/uo 8' eparov <£uos rjeXioLO, 
 
 'eixTrrjs 8' «r0Aos ecov oif/ofxat ovSev eri." — THEOGNIS. 
 
 " The same condition is of men and beasts ; as the one dieth, so dieth 
 the other."— Eccl. iii. 19. 
 
 " For the ungodly said, reasoning with themselves, but not aright, our life 
 is short and tedious, and in the death of a man there is no remedy : neither 
 was there any man kuown to have returned from the grave. For we are born 
 at all adventure : and we shall be hereafter as though we had never been : for 
 the breath in our nostrils is as smoke, and a little spark in the moving of our 
 heart : which being extinguished, our body shall be turned into ashes, and our 
 spirit shall vanish as the soft air. And our name shall be forgotten in time, 
 and no man shall have our works in remembrance, and our life shall pass away 
 as the trace of a cloud, and shall be dispersed as a mist, that is driven away 
 with the beams of the sun, and overcome with the heat (hereof. For our time 
 is a very shadow thai passeth away ; and after our end there is no returning : 
 for it is fast sealed, so that no man cometh again. Come on therefore, le i 
 enjoy the good things that are present : and let us speedily use the creatures 
 like as in youth. Let us (ill ourselves with costly wine and ointments : and let 
 no flower of the spring pass by us. Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds, be- 
 fore they be withered : Let none of us go without his part of our voluptuous- 
 ness : let us leave tokens of our jo\ fulness in every place ; fortius is our por- 
 tion, and our lot is this. Let us oppress the poor righteous man, let us not 
 spare the widow, nor reverence the ancient gray hairs of the aged. Let our 
 strength he the law of justice : for that which is feeble is found to he nothing 
 worth. Therefore let us lie in wait for the righteous; because lie is not for 
 our turn, and he is clean contrary to our doings : he upbraideth us with our 
 offending the law, and objecteth to our infamy the transgressings of our edu- 
 cation. He professeth to have the knowledge of God : and he calleth In 
 the child of the Lord. He was made to rej rove our thoughts, lie was . 
 ous unto us even to behold : fur his life is not like other men's, his v. 
 another fashion. We are esteemed of him as counterfeits : he a 
 our ways as from lilthiness: he pronounceth the end of the. just to be blessed, 
 and maketh his boas! that God is his father. Let us see if his words lie true: 
 and let us prove what shall happen in the en I nf him. I'M- if I nan he 
 
 the son of God, he will help him, and deliver him from the hand of his enemies. 
 Let us examine him with despitefulness and torture, that we may know his 
 meekness, and prove his patience. Let us condemn him with a shameful death : 
 for by his own saying he shall he respected. 1 ' — Wisdom, ii. vs. 20 — S. 
 
 ptor^s fxtv yap 
 Xpovos (.(Ttl f3pa^v<;, KpvtpQeis 8' vtto yrj<i 
 KctTttt OvrjTos tov airavTa xpovov." — SlMONIDES. 
 
 iles occidere el redire po 
 Nobis cum seme] brcvis occidil lux 
 \o\ est perpetuauna dormienda." — Catulli s, 
 
 239
 
 ccxv. 
 
 ETEP2IM02 YIIN02. 
 
 evoer , e/xa /Jpcc^ea, yXvKepov kcu iyipaijxov virvov." 
 
 Theocritus. 
 
 " Ai\ 
 
 ovk Waves, Tlpwrrj, fjLerifirjs cs afxuvova x&pov, 
 Kat vatets /xctKapwv vrjaov; OaXirj ivl 7roXXfj, 
 kvua kclt HAucriW 7re§iwi/ o-KipTwaa yeyr)6as 
 avueaw iv p.aXaKoio~L, /ca«oJv tKTOcrOev arravToiV. 
 ov ^ei/Awv Xvirel a, ov KavpJ, ov voucros ivo^Xei, 
 
 OV TTi.lVT\ <T OV Sl'l^OS ^Ci <J . O.XX OXlZ\ 7TO#€lV0S 
 
 avOpwTTWv ert croi (3loto<;. £wets -yap d/x.e/A7TT(os 
 
 a^yats ej/ Ka6apai(nv OXvfJLirov TrX-qcriov oVtos." — ANON. 
 
 I saw a widow watch her first-born boy, 
 
 Sleeping the untroubled sleep of infancy ; 
 
 The violet- vein'd lids drooped o'er the eye ; 
 
 The baby smil'd ; — for Angels love to toy 
 
 With slumbering babes in whispers, nothing coy — 
 
 The mother rock'd the cradle laughingly ; 
 
 And still the burthen of her lullaby 
 
 Was — ' Sleep my darling, and awake to joy.' 
 
 Again I saw her by a wintry grave : 
 She stood, black -garb'd, amid the frosty snow : 
 The trees were bare : the streams had ceas'd to flow 
 The little Life was gone to Him who gave ; 
 She wept ; but still amid her weeping, smil'd, 
 And sigh'd, ' Sleep on, but wake to joy, my child.' 
 
 240
 
 CCXVI. 
 
 " ov 01 Bioi cpiXSvat 6vrj<TK€i ve'05."— MENASDER. 
 
 " Optima prima fere manibus rapiuntur avaris, 
 Implentur numeris deteriora suis." — Ovid. 
 
 " *XPV V y°-P ^P s crvWoyov 7tolov[jl€Vovs 
 tov (pvvra 6pr]V€LV, cis ov epx^Tai kolkov 
 tov 8' av ddvovra koll 7tovwv 7re7raupevov 
 ^atpovTas ev(pr]fxovvra<; iKTre/XTreiv 8' o/xws." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " A child is man in a small letter ; yet the best copy of Adam before he 
 tasted of Eve or the Apple : and he is happy whose small practice in the world 
 can only write his character. His soul is yet a white paper unscribbled with 
 observations of the world wherewith at length it becomes a blurred note-book. 
 He is purely happy, because he knows no evil nor hath made means by sin to 
 be acquainted with misery. He arrives not at the mischief of being wise, nor 
 endures evils to come by foreseeing them. He kisses and loves all, and when 
 the smart of the rod is past, smiles on his beater. The elder he grows, he is a 
 stair lower from God. He is the Christian's example and the old man's 
 relapse. The one imitates his pureness and the other falls into his simplicity. 
 Could he put off his body with his little coat, he had got eternity without a 
 burden, and exchanged but one Heaven for another." — Bf. Earle. 
 
 " ©p^i/cas uiveVto tis, on (TTOvaKevcri pev vias 
 
 paTCpO? tK K0\.7TWV 7TpOS <pdo? cp^OpeVoDS' 
 
 tfnraXt 8'oA/3a£oWiv ocrovs uiwva AtVovTas 
 
 a7rpoi8?)s Kr/pwv XaTpts e'papi/'e Mopos. 
 oi fiev yap £toovT€S det 7ravT0ia 7repo)aiv 
 
 'co - KaKa.' Tot Se kclk£)v Ivpov ukos (ji6ip.evoi.' 
 
 Archias OF Mitylene. 
 
 Methinks I hear a guardian spirit plead, 
 At every birth, that the unspotted soul 
 May, ere the clouds of sin and sorrow roll 
 Over its earthly path, by death be freed ; 
 And when the jasper-throned One hath decree! 
 Release, pole shouteth unto echoing pole 
 Hosannah, while the Angels to its goal 
 Their little burden bear with joyous spec I. 
 
 When an old man is carried forth, the Immortals 
 And Men maj have but too deep cause for weeping 
 But when an Infant dies, it sinks to sleeping, 
 As incense, burnt before the Temple portals, 
 Yields up its subtle perfume to the sky, 
 Swung from a silver censer, soaringly. 
 
 24]
 
 CCXVIL 
 
 " In the bosom of your purity, 
 A voice he set, as in a temple shrine, 
 That life's quick travellers ne'er might pass jou by, 
 Unwam'd of that sweet oracle divine." — Mrs. Hemans. 
 
 " Though Sin and.Satban have plunged mankind into an Ocean of infir- 
 mities, yet the mercy of God which is over all his workes, maketh grass to 
 grow upon the Mountaines, and Herbes for the use of men, and have not only 
 stamped upon them a distinct forme, but also given them particular signatures, 
 whereby a man may note even, in legible characters, the use of them." 
 
 William Cold, 
 
 (Art uf Simplirtg). 
 
 " Go, mark the matchless working of the Power, 
 That shuts within the seed the future flower, 
 Kids these in elegance of form excell, 
 In colour these, and those delight the smell ; 
 Sends Nature forth, the daughter of the skies, 
 To dance on earth, and charm all human eyes." — Cowter. 
 
 " There is a lesson in each flower 
 A story in each stream and bower, 
 On every herb on which we tread, 
 Are written words which, rightly read, 
 Will lead us from earth's fragrant sod 
 To hope, and holiness, and God."— Allan Cunningham. 
 
 Bright flowers !■ that like a golden fringe depend, 
 Edging the many-coloured garb of Spring ; 
 Ye richest gems in Beauty's mystic ring ; 
 Ye pearls on Nature's brow, ye tints that. blend 
 In fanciful profusion without end 
 Through Summer's Iris-woven carpeting ; 
 Wherefore your fair forms ? Why on Zephyr's wing 
 Your sweet scents to the Morning do ye send ? 
 Whence come your winking eyes, Sun-stolen stains ; 
 Your velvet bells, your buds like beads of foam ; 
 Your saffron petals, streaks, and specks of light ? 
 Wherefore ? — Unless to deck Man's toilsome home 
 With marks of love to cheer him in his pains, 
 And keep his Maker constant in his sight ? 
 
 242 
 
 %%
 
 CCXVIIL 
 §0tiUUU 
 
 Perte Derc flores, gaudct florentibus herbis 
 Hacc Dca ; de tencro cingite flore caput." — Ovte, 
 
 " JMot Iris in her pride and bravery 
 Adorns ber arch with such variety ; 
 Nor doth the milk-white Way in frosty night 
 Appear so fair and beautiful in sight, 
 As done these fields, and groves, and sweetest bowers, 
 Bestrew'd and deck'd with parti-colour'd flowers." — Robeut Yakrington. 
 
 " Forsitan in teneris tantum mea regna coronis 
 Esse pates. Tangunt numen c.t arva meum ; 
 Mella meum munus. Volucres ego raella daturas 
 Ad violara et c'ytixos et 'thyina cana voco." — Ovi D. 
 
 Of all the many-vista d glades that tend 
 
 To the same sunlit opening, long wood 
 
 By sister Sciences in pensive mood, 
 
 None lovelier than that where thou dost wend, 
 
 Fair Flora, while the tangled branches bend 
 
 In beauty o'er thy head in the wild wood, 
 
 And thy foot crusheth out the flowers blood, 
 
 As wine-pressed grapi s the yintage-iramplers rend : 
 
 Thy home a hollow oak, by Time ring'd round 
 
 A hundred seasons, as the Summers flew: 
 
 The Bee thy dainty spirit ; honey-dew 
 
 Thy drink ; thy garb cell'd tissue, such as looms 
 
 Ne'er wove a Queen : thy stall', that buds and blooms, 
 
 With petals, stamina, and pistil crown'd, 
 
 243
 
 CCXIX. 
 
 " Let's step into the shadow of these trees." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " These ancient limes oft musical with bees. 
 Such tents the Patriarchs loved."— Coleridge. 
 
 " ypa/x//,aTa 8' iv <£Aota> yeypdij/€Tat., ws Trapuav tis 
 dvveLfxrj Awpiorr 2,efiov //.'• "EAeras <J>vtov ci/u." — THEOCRITUS. 
 
 Down to the swar J, ye honied lime-trees sweep, 
 Waving your graceful branches in the wind ; 
 High over head your arching fretwork bind ; 
 Yet let at intervals the sunshine steep 
 In light the golden gravel : swell the deep 
 Murmur of busy bees your leaves among : 
 Faint be the fragrance from your foliage flung ; 
 Through the cool vista let there sometimes peep 
 A tiny patch of Summer's bright blue sky ; 
 A single fleecy cloud float casual by ; 
 Chirrup the viewless birds, while over head 
 Swings the green worm upon his silken thread : — 
 Such was the scene that happy day, when I 
 Through your green alley my lov'd sister led. 
 
 244
 
 ccxx. 
 ^octicat 3^ juration. 
 
 " Phoebus volentem proclia ine loqui 
 Victas et urbes iucrepuit lyra ; 
 Ne parva Tyrrhenum per tequor 
 Vela darem." — Horace. 
 
 " Visus eram molli recubans Helicouis in umbra 
 
 Bellcrophontei qua fluit humor equi, 
 Parvaque tarn magnis admoram fontibus ora, 
 
 Unde pater sitiens Enuius ante bibit, 
 Cum me Castalia speculans ex arbore Phsebus 
 
 Sic ait aurata nixus ad antra lyrS ; 
 Quid tibi cum tali, demens, est numine ? quis te 
 
 Carminis heroi taugerc jussit opus? 
 Non hinc ulla tibi speranda est fama, Properti, 
 
 Molli a sunt parvis prata lerenda rotis. 
 Dixerat, et plectro sedem mihi monstrat eburno, 
 
 Qua nova muscoso semita facta solo est; 
 Ilic crat aflixis viridis spelunca lapillis, 
 
 Pendebantqae cavis tympana pumicibus." — Propertius. 
 
 " Defluit incerto lapidosus nmrmure rivus; 
 
 Scepe sed exiguis haustibus inde bibes." — Ovid. 
 
 As the hart panteth for the water-brook, 
 My spirit thirsteth for the fount of song, 
 Which, welling from the day-spring, flows along 
 With Heav'n-macle music : — whence blind Homer took, 
 And Milton blind, those draughts inspir d, that look 
 Like diamond molten by the Seraph throng. 
 
 A far off dweller from the land, I long, 
 Nay, sometime strove to enter, when there shook 
 Before my dazzled eyes a llaming sword : 
 Yet oft in the night season, in my dream, 
 There babbles toward me, o'er the lustrous sward, 
 From out the primal source, a tiny rill, 
 Where, kneeling, I my fancy's chalice fill ; 
 Then, waking, sigh for the swift-vanish'd stream. 
 
 245 
 
 i- —
 
 CCXXI. 
 
 ®be bonnet, 
 
 No Epic thunder, nor Pindaric fire, 
 Flashing in lyrics, boasts the Sonnetteer, 
 Title oft scoff 'd at ; but a vision clear 
 For Beauty ; and a longing to inquire 
 Into minute similitudes ; a lyre 
 Attuned to music by the nicest ear ; 
 A love of finish ; of constraint no fear — 
 Ah ! place him, mid the lesser Poets quire. 
 
 The Sonnet is a cage for some pure thought, 
 Which, a stray'd stranger from it's heavenly home, 
 Comes fluttering down to the Soul's window-sill : — 
 So some bright-feather'd and sweet songster, caught 
 In at the lattice, never more to roam, 
 Warbleth for ever, though imprison'd still. 
 
 246 
 
 
 " Scorn not the Sonnet, critic ; you have erred 
 Mindless of its just honours." — Wordsworth. 
 
 " In truth, the prison unto which we doom 
 Ourselves, no prison is ; and hence to me, 
 In sundry moods, t'was pastime to be bound 
 Within the Sonnet's scanty plot of ground." — Wordsworth. 
 
 ' I sing but as the Linnet sings 
 
 That on the green bough dwelleth : 
 A rich reward his music brings 
 As from his throat it swelleth." — Goethe. 
 
 " Poetry has been to me its own exceeding great reward. It has given 
 me the habit of wishing to discover the good and beautiful in all that meets 
 and surrounds me." — Coleridge. 
 
 "Nil equidem feci (tu scis non ipse) theatris ; 
 Musa ne'e in plausus ambitiosa mihi est." 
 
 " A thing of beauty is a joy for ever." — Keates. 
 
 " There are so many tender and holy emotions flying about in our in- 
 ward world, which like Angels can never assume the body of an outward 
 act; so many rich aud lovely flowers spring up which bear no seed, that it is 
 a happiness poetry was invented, which receive into its limbus all these in- 
 corporeal spirits, and the perfume of all these flowers," — Jean Paul.
 
 CCXXII. 
 
 partial <$>mp$\tfo\\. 
 
 '• Scribeatemjuvatipse favor, minuitque laborem, 
 C'umque suo cresceus peetore fervet opus." — Ovid, 
 
 " There is a pleasure in poetic pains 
 
 Which only poets know. ' — Wordsworth. 
 
 " Compressis agito labris ; si quid datur oti, 
 Illndo ehartis." — Horace. 
 
 « r 
 
 The Toet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling, 
 Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven, 
 And, as imagination bodies forth 
 The forms of things unkuown, the Poet's pen 
 Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing 
 A local habitation and a name." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " None but an Author knows an Author's cares, 
 
 Or Fancy's fondness for the child she bears."— Cowper. 
 
 " Ergo, quod vivo, durisque laboribus obsto, 
 
 Nee me sollicitae tsedia Iucis babent, 
 Gratia, Musa, tibi : nam tu solatia prsebes 
 
 Tu curse requies, tu medicina mali : 
 Tu das, tu comes es : tu nos abducis ab Istro, 
 
 In medioque mihi das Helicone locum." — Ovid, 
 
 He who a sixth sense sighed for, did not know 
 The Poet's restlessness, when unasked rhymes 
 Ring round as sweet and true as village chimes : 
 When visions rise, and thoughts that shoot and grow 
 Like germinating seeds, and words that glow 
 With fire, like morning suns in orient climes, 
 Flashing forth opals : and the spirit sublimes 
 Itself to Heaven, all grossness left below ; 
 Fancy to fancy links like chosen pearls 
 Dropp'd one by one upon a golden string, 
 Or kissing crystals, that together cling 
 In the act of birth. The fountain-shaft that curls 
 Its head in rain-bow drops which fall among 
 Fair flow'rs, less sparkles than his jet of song. 
 
 See Note 27. 
 
 247
 
 CCXXIII. 
 
 toxical Wmittim. 
 
 " Ego nee sine divite vena 
 Nee rude quid possit video ingenium, alterius sic 
 Altera poscit opera res et conjurat amice." — Horace. 
 
 " Corrigere at res est tanti magis ardua quanti 
 
 Magnus Aristarcho major Horaerus erat." — Ovid. 
 
 " Scepe stylum vertas iterum quce digna legi sunt, 
 Scripturus." — Horace. 
 
 " Cum relego scripsisse pudet, quia plurima curro 
 
 Me quioque quae fuerant judice digna lini." — Ovid. 
 
 " The last and greatest art, the art to blot-" — Pope. 
 
 " Carmen reprehendite quid non 
 Multa dies et multa litura coercuit, atque 
 Praesectum decies non castigavit ad unguem." — Horace. 
 
 " 'H yap iv tw 7toulv eu^epcta Kai Ta^ur^s ovk ivTL&Tjcri 
 /3apos epyw poVipoi/, ov8e KaAAous aK.pi/3eiav' 6 8' tis tt]v 
 yivtcriv to) 7r6vio 7rpoSavei.o"#eis xpovos, iv ttj arwTrjpiq. tov 
 ytvopivov tt)v la^yv aTroSiSaicnv." — PLUTARCH. 
 
 " KaAw9 pot Sokovctlv, a> <£>ovv&ave, 7tol€LV ot £,o)ypa<poi, 
 Sia. xpovov to. kpya trpiv r) crwTeAeiv, €7Tto"K07rowT€S" on ttjv 
 oif/LV avrwv a^isai/Te?, rrj 7roAAa/as xpLcret ttolovcti KatvrjV, koli 
 paAAov aTrTO[JLevy]v Trjs Trapa pt/cpov 8iatpopas, r)V aTTOKpvTTTei 
 to awe^es Kal to avvrjOes." — PLUTARCH. 
 
 The Painter toucheth and retoucheth still 
 His canvass to bring out the ideal tone : 
 The Sculptor travels o'er and o'er the stone 
 With ceaseless and untiring chisel, till 
 With life there breathes, obeyant to his will, 
 The type of Beauty that his mind hath thrown 
 Into the marble. Shall the Bard alone 
 With the first words that from his pen distil 
 Rest pleas'd? 
 
 Oh ! when his ecstacy is o'er, 
 A second and a calmer joy is found, 
 In the artistic polish of each line : — 
 New thoughts rub down each blemish in the score, 
 Till brightly lustrous all the verses shine : — 
 So diamonds are with diamond powder ground. 
 
 248
 
 CCXXIV. 
 
 SfMwpmt 
 
 " Qui genus humanum ingenio superavit et omnes 
 Proestinxit stellas exortus uti aerius sol." — Lucretius. 
 
 <; Nil orituruni alias, nil ortum tale fatentcs." — Horace. 
 
 " All the poets are indebted more or less to those who have gone before 
 them; even Homer's originality has been questioned, and Virgil owes almost 
 as much to Theocritus, in his Pastorals, as to Homer, in his Heroics ; and if our 
 own countryman, Milton, has soared above both Homer and Virgil, it is be- 
 cause he has stolen some feathers from their wings. But Shakespeare stands 
 alone. His want of erudition was ;i most happy and productive ignorance ; it 
 forced him back upon his own resources, which were exhaustless; if his literary 
 qualifications made it impossible for him to borrow from the ancients, he was 
 more than repaid by the powers of his invention, which made borrowing unne- 
 cessary. In all the ebbings and the flowings of his genius, in his storms, no less 
 than in his calms, he is as completely separated from all other poets, as the 
 Caspian from all other seas. But he abounds with so many axioms applicable 
 to all the circumstances, situations, and varieties of life, that they are no longer 
 the property of the poet, but of the world ; all apply, but none dare appro- 
 priate them ; and, like anchors, they are secure from thieves, by reason of their 
 
 lit." — Lacon. 
 
 The critic with nice judgment may assign 
 Distinctive genius to each Bard, save one : 
 But Shakespeare, like the universal Sun, 
 Enriches, gilds, where'er he knows to shine. 
 To him all hearts were open: Music fine, 
 As of the spheres, attuned his verse : his fun 
 Ran riot; Power and Pathos sat upon 
 His lips : all Nature was his boundless mine. 
 
 Be statues placed to all the Sons of verse, 
 Within Faint's temple: there let Homer stand 
 Central, with Dante, Milton, on each hand ; 
 But Shakespeare's pedestal be blank, like hers, 
 The peerless Princess, in the Arabian hall :* — 
 More perfect and diviner he than all. 
 
 * See the story of Prince Zcyi and the Elephant-headed Boatman ; Arabian. 
 Nights, 
 
 !19 

 
 ccxxv. 
 
 $mt, t\u § oct^ (Sift. 
 
 "Prjecipnum munus annalium reor, ne virtutes sileantur ; utque pravis 
 dictis factisque ex posteritate et infamia metus sit:" —Tacitus. 
 
 " Carmine purpurea est Nisi coma ; carmina ni sint, 
 Exhumero Pelopis non nituisset ebur; 
 Quem referent Musas, vivet, dum robora tellus, 
 Dum ccelurn stellas, dam vehet amuis aquas." — Tibullus. 
 
 " Nam quis equo pulsas abiegno nosceret arces ? 
 
 Pluminaque iEmonio comminus isse viro ? 
 Ideeum Simoiinta, Jovis cunabula parvi ? 
 
 Hectora ter campos, ter maculasse rotas ? 
 Deiphobnmque, Helenumque, et Polydamanta sine amis ? 
 
 Qualemcunque Parin vix sua nosset humus. 
 Exiguo sermone fores nunc, Ilion, et tu 
 
 Troja, bis CEtaei nvunine capta dei. 
 Nee non ille tui casus memorator llomerus 
 
 Posteritate suum crescere sentit opus." — PnorEHTits. 
 
 " Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona 
 Multi ; sed omnes illacrymabiles 
 Urgentur ignotique longa 
 Nocte, carent quia \ate sacro."— Horace. 
 
 Fame gave her trumpet to the Poet's hand, 
 And bade him wake its echoes at his will : 
 Not his alone the weird enchanter's skill 
 To summon Ariel, and Titania's band ; 
 Set silver-slippered Thetis on the strand ; 
 People Olympus : stream, and wood, and hill, 
 With Naiad, Dryad, Fawn, and Oread, fill : — 
 The tyrant trembles at his first command ; 
 He crowns the hero, brands the undying crime. 
 Antigone, the serpent-brood of Lear 
 Are his ; Achilles' rage, Prometheus' scorn : 
 Orestes ; his the Fontarabian horn ; 
 His Saladin, and Arthur without peer; 
 His Ugolino ; liis Man's fatal prime. 
 
 250
 
 aw 
 
 " Nam neque Pyramidum sumtus ad sidera ducfi, 
 
 Nee Jovis tlei coclum imitata domus, 
 Nee Mausolei dives fortuna sepulcri, 
 
 Mortis ab extreme conditions vacat. 
 Aut illis flamro <, aut Lraber subducet honores, 
 
 Amiorura aut ictu pondera victa rucnt. 
 At non ingenio qusesitum uomen ab sevo 
 
 Excidet : ingenio stat sine morte decus." — Properties. 
 
 u tyi])(€t kcu irirp-qv 6 ~oAus xpoVos, 6v8e aiSrjpov 
 (peiSerai, uXXa /xd} —dvr oAe'crei SpeTravy 
 
 ws koI Aatprao toot 'i/piov, o cr^eSoi/ d/cTa 
 fiaiov a7ro, if/vxpwv XitOerai. i£ verm'. 
 
 ovvojxa p.r]V ?)/Dwos del veov. 6v yap doiSas 
 ap.6Xvve.LV auov, KrfV iOeXy, SvvaTai." — AlfOlf. 
 
 " Ergo, cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri, 
 Depereant sevo, carmina morte carent- 
 Cedant carminibus resres, regumque triumphi, 
 Cedat et auriferi ripa beata Tagi."— Ovid. 
 
 " croi pikv iyto irrip koa>Ka, aw ot? iir aireipova ttovtov 
 
 TroiTyjarj Kai yrjv Truaav deipa/xevos 
 pi/i'Si'tos* Qoivijs Se ko.1 elXa—Lvrjat Trapiaarj 
 
 iv Tracrais, ttoAAwv Kei/xei/os iv aTop.a.aiv 
 koli ae aw av\iaKOL(Ti Aiyuc/>#oyyois vioi dVSpes 
 
 £V/v'oo"/xws ipaTOL KaAa T€ /cat Aiyea 
 daovTaf /<at otclv Svofapr/s vtto Kev$€at yai/r/s 
 
 firj<z ttoXvkwkvtovs as A't'Sao 8o/xous, 
 ouSe tot ovBe davxov uttoXcls /cAeos, dAAa ptXrjaeis 
 
 a<j>8iTOV uv6po)7TOL<; alev e^cov 6vop.a, 
 Kt'pve, ko.6 EAAuSa yr\v o"Tpwc/)co/x£i'os 178' o.va vrjaovs, 
 
 IxOvoevra TrzpMV ttovtov err urpvyerov, 
 0V X i ~ 7rwv vwTOcaw tcjyyjj.cvos' dXXd ere iripixpu 
 
 dyAad Moucrdcov Swpa ioaTcepdvbiV' 
 tto.o~L ydp, olat ixijxrjXe, /cat laaojxivoiaiv dotSi] 
 
 terenj 6/u.tos, oc/>p' uv 1/ yrj tc kuI v'ye'Aios." — TlIEOGNlS. 
 
 " Tabidaconsumit ferrum lapidemque vetustas, 
 Nullaque res majus tempore robur habet. 
 
 ! jamemnona nosti, 
 El quis contra, vel simul araia tulit. 
 
 Q11 I temque duces sine carmine nosset, 
 
 I quiequid post lia^c, quicquid rt ante t'uit ? 
 Di quoque carminibus, si fas est dicere, fiuut : 
 
 Tantaque majestas ore canei 
 Sic Cbaosex ilia naturae mole prioris 
 
 tes scimus babere suas : 
 Sic affectantc I i rantas . 
 
 Ad Styga nirabifero vind latos. 
 
 Sic victor laudem superatis Lil er ab Indis, 
 flJcides capta traxii ab CEchalift."- Ovid.
 
 Ptetotiw to gwixit ccxxv. 
 
 " Sages and chief long since had birth 
 Ere Caesar was or Newton named ; 
 Those raised new Empires o'er the Earth ; 
 And these new Heavens and systems framed ; 
 Vain was the Chiefs the Sage's pride, 
 They had no Poet, and thy died : 
 In vain they schemed, in vain they bled, 
 They had no Poet, and are dead." 
 
 " o\J3ioi wv jivqfxrj ttlvvtuv Ivi rev^eat (3l(3\o)v, 
 
 dAA ovk £S Ktveas eiKoVas evSi'aei." — AoATHIAS. 
 
 ' 7rao"t yap avOpunrouriv eTTL-^9ovioi(TLV doiSoi 
 TifATJs k/M/xopoi eicrt /cat alSovs, ovveii apa acpeas 
 ot/xas Mow eSt'Sa^e" <p[\rjcre. Se (pv\ov dotStov." 
 
 -HOMEE. 
 
 " Pindar was refused the price lie had set upon an Ode in celebration of 
 one who had been crowned at the Olympic games, because the victor had calcu- 
 lated that a much less sum would purchase a statue of brass. But on the fol- 
 lowing day, he determined to employ the poet rather than the sculptor, under 
 the conviction that an Ode of Pindar would outlive a statue of far more indes- 
 tructible materials than marble or brass," — Lacon. 
 
 " How many great ones may remembered be, 
 Which in their days most famously did flourish, 
 Of whom no Word we hear, nor Sign now see, 
 But as things wip'd out with a spunge do perish, 
 Because the living cared not to cherish 
 No gentle Wits, through pride or covetize, 
 Which might their names for ever memorize." — Spenser. 
 
 " O sacer et magnus vatum labor, omnia fato 
 Eripis, et populis donas mortalibus oevum." — Ltjcan. 
 
 " Jam cinis est ; et de tarn magno restat Achille 
 Nescio quid, parvam quod non bene compleat urnam ; 
 At vivit, totum quae gloria compleat orbem." — Ovid. 
 
 " Dignum laude virum Musa vetat mori, 
 Coelo Musa beat." — Horace. 
 
 " Dum mea Ceecilio formatur imago Secundo, 
 
 Spirat et arguta, picta tabella manu, 
 I, liber, ad Geticam Peucen Istrumque tacentem. 
 
 Heec loca perdomitis gentibus ille tenet. 
 Parva dabis caro, sed dulcia dona sodali : 
 
 Certior in nostro carmine vultus erit. 
 Casibus hie nullis, nullis delebilis annis 
 
 Vivet, Apelleum cum morietur opus."— Martial. 
 
 " O sacer et magnus vatum labor, omnia, fato 
 Eripis, et populis donas mortalibus sevum. 
 Invidia sacrse, Caesar, lie tangere famae : 
 Nam, si quid Latiis fas est promittere Musis, 
 Quantum Smyrnsei durabunt vatis honores, 
 Venturi me teque legent : Pharsalia nostra 
 Vivet, et a nullo tenebris danmabitur jevo." — Lucan. 
 
 252 
 
 " Deathless powers to verse belong, 
 And they like Demi-gods are strong, 
 On whom the Muses smile." — Wokdsworth. 

 
 CCXXVI. 
 
 (The ©avtlen feat 
 
 " & thousand fantasies 
 Begin to throng into my memory, 
 Of calling shapes, and beckoning shadows dim, 
 And airy tongues that syllable men's names," — Miltox. 
 
 " In him the pure wellhead of Poesy did dwell."— SrMSEx. 
 
 On the stone seat reclined, with half-closed eyes, 
 
 Let me, O wizard Fancy ! wave awhile 
 
 Thy magic wand : Lo ! what a .shadowy file 
 
 Of forms re-people these thick shades : the wise, 
 
 The noble, and the beautiful, arise, 
 
 Each in his different age's garb and style: 
 
 Shorn crown, plum'd hat, cowl'd frown, mustachio'd 
 
 smile ; 
 Ruffier, and priest, and knight, in motley guise ; 
 Names known in British story : sages nurst 
 In these gray college-halls — far, from the throng 
 Stands one in meditative mood sublime, 
 Chaucer* the morning star of English song, 
 Dreaming some tale or allegoric burst, 
 ( " The Flower and Leaf" perchance) of earl}' rhyme. 
 
 * Those who favour the supposition that Chaucer was educated at Oxford, 
 in preference to Cambridge, fix Merton as his college, probably because his 
 friends Occleve and Strove were there. 
 
 2.V5
 
 CCXXV1I. 
 
 52; k ftw glial 
 
 " Non numcro horas nisi serenas."' 
 
 " What a dead thing is a clock, with its ponderous embowelinent of lead 
 and brass ; its pert or solemn dullness of communication, compared with the 
 simple altar-like structure and silent heart-language of the old dial ! It stood 
 as the garden god of Christian gardens. Why is it almost everywhere vanish- 
 ed? If its business use be superseded by more elaborate inventions, its moral 
 uses, its beauty, might have pleaded for its continuance. It spake of mode- 
 rate pleasures not protracted after sunset, of temperance and good hours. It 
 was the primitive clock, the horologe of the old world. Adam could scarce 
 have missed it in paradise. It was the measure appropriate for sweet flowers 
 and plants to spring by ; for the birds to apportion their silver warblings by ; 
 for iiocks to pasture and be led to fold by. The shepherd ' carved it out 
 quaintly in the sun,' and turning philosopher by the very occupation, provided 
 it with mottoes more touching than tombstones."— Charles Lamb. 
 
 What was the magic, gray and time-worn stone, 
 
 Drew me so often to reflect on thee, 
 
 With gaze half vacant, dream-like reverie ; 
 
 While the long shadow, on thy surface thrown, 
 
 Crept on unmark'd? was it thy golden zone 
 
 Graven with figures mystical : thy face 
 
 Mingling deep shade and sunshine : thy green base 
 
 With mosses stain'd, and lichens overgrown ? 
 
 Or did I see in thee Time's shrine, whereon 
 
 The mighty Moments priest-like offering cast, 
 
 Daily to the irrevocable Gone ; 
 
 The Present sacrificing to the Past ? 
 
 Or was it that thou told'st me to repent? 
 
 Say, of the buried Hours still monument '. 
 
 254
 
 CCXXVIII. 
 
 " The ashes of Wycliffe were thrown into the river Swift, which conve y- 
 pd them into the Avon, the Avon into the Severn, file Severn into the narrow- 
 Seas, they into the main Ocean. And thus the ashes of Wycliffe are the em- 
 blem of his doctrine, which is now dispersed all the world over."f — Fuller. 
 
 " Of the book that had been a sealed up book 
 He tore the clasps, that the nation, 
 With eyes unbaudaged, might thereon look 
 And learn the true salvation.'' — ^ 
 
 O ! Wycliffe, when Rome's malice from the grave 
 Dug up thy bones, and their burnt ashes hurl'd 
 Into the water of the Swift, they swiii'd 
 From river on to river, till the wave 
 Of Ocean, wheresoe'er it knows to lave 
 The confines of the kingdoms of the world, 
 The relics bore : — even so hath Time unl'mi'd, 
 Where'er Intolerance seeketh to enslave 
 Free judgment, free opinion, and free thought, 
 The bannerol' thy bold and faithful life, 
 Keform's first English champion; thou who fought 
 Ere Luther won; thou, whose long battle-strife 
 The priest-set seal tore from the Bible page, 
 To all men oped the Word ; to every age. 
 
 * Wycliffe, though at first n Commoner of Queen's College, subsequently 
 became a Postmaster, (Portionista) and Fellow of Merton. 
 
 f There is nothing new under the Sun ! Wordsworth, in his Sonnet on 
 Wycliffe, puts into the mouth of " that ancient voice which streams can hear," 
 (without acknowledgment) the words of old Puller, thus— 
 
 " As thou these ashes, little Brook ! wilt bear 
 
 " Into the Avon, Avon to the tide 
 
 " Of Severn, Severn to the narrow seas, 
 
 " Into main Oceans they, this deed accurst 
 
 " An emblem yields to friends and enemies 
 
 " How the bold Teacher's Doctrine, sanctioned 
 
 " By truth, shall spread, throughout the world dispersed." 
 
 Is this plagiarism? Is Byron's Shipwreck in Don Juan, beginning 
 
 ' At half-past ten o'clock, booms, hencops, spars, &c, ?' 
 
 or may the Poet, say with the audacity of old Montaigne, ' je rc-prend mon bieu 
 on je le tvouv« ?' 
 
 255
 
 CCXXIX. 
 
 " KaT %K€ivov ye tov Aoyov, u> ^WKpaTC?, ei uAiy&js ecttiv 
 bv av eico^as #a/xa Aeyetv, on ^aa^crts oi'K dAAo n 17 avdfi- 
 vrjcrcs rvy^avei owxa, kck. Kara toStov avayKYj ttov ^yaas cv 
 irpoTepw tlvi xpovw fxefxaOrjKeuai a vvv avajxijJivqcrKOiieOa, 
 tovto oe dowaTOv ei //.?/ -^v ttov rjfjiwv rj ibvXV irpi-v ev rwSe tw 
 avdpwTnv<Ji> elSet yeve<x6at,." — PLATO. 
 
 " Oar birth is but a sleep and a forgetting : 
 The soul that rises with us, our life's star, 
 Hath had elsewhere its setting, 
 And cometh from afar; 
 Not in entire forgetfulness, 
 And not in utter nakedness, 
 But trailing clouds of glory do we come 
 From God, who is our home."— Wordsworth. 
 
 * : Like a thought 
 A dream remembered in a dream." — Coleridgi. 
 
 " The thing that hath been is that which shall be, and there is no new 
 thing under the Sun. Is there any thing whereof it may be said, see this is 
 new? It hath been already of old time which was before us." — Eccl. Ch. 1-9. 
 
 Say, have you never felt a conscious start 
 
 At some chance passing act, or trivial speech ; 
 
 And question' cl memory in vain, to teach 
 
 The when, and where, we took the selfsame part 
 
 In word or deed ; on us it seems to dart 
 
 So all familiar ; yet, when we would reach 
 
 Forward, or to conjure it, or beseech, 
 
 It fades like ghost of necromantic art ? 
 
 Such passage comes and goeth like the wind, 
 
 We know not whence or whither : leaving; the mind 
 
 Full of sweet doubt and strange perplexity — 
 
 Is it a glimpse of the Soul's former plight, 
 Seen faint but fair, as patch of moonlit sky, 
 Caught through the driving rack on gusty night 1 
 
 256
 
 ccxxx. 
 
 " Light thickens, and the crow 
 Makes wing to the rooky wood." — Shakespeare. 
 
 Dark plumag'd commonwealth ! forages past, 
 
 Without a fear of ruthless boy to spoil 
 
 The callow brood, pledge of joint love and toil, 
 
 Or of the silent bolt from cross-bow cast, 
 
 High on ancestral trees secure and fast 
 
 Hath rock'd thy city free ; contented they 
 
 Who from these halls and groves have pass'd away, 
 
 To hear thy citizens above the blast 
 
 In winter ; and to watch in busy Spring 
 
 Thy noisy workmen their old seats repair 
 
 With plastic labour wonderful ; to trace 
 
 Thy home-bound columns cluster thick in air ; 
 
 And at the close of day, with circling grace, 
 
 Wheel round the chapel tower on easy wing 
 
 !57 
 
 . ' ..VJL.
 
 CCXXXI. 
 
 >$tlA 
 
 " Round his bald head the brown leaves drift amain." 
 
 Vain, aged gard'ner, is thy toil to clear 
 
 The lawn, which while its hue and smoothness vied 
 
 With bright green velvet, 'twas thy simple pride 
 
 To keep unsullied through the earlier year ; 
 
 But now, fast fall the leaves, wither'd and sere ; — 
 
 Hark ! how they crackle in the autumnal breeze, 
 
 That strips them countless from their parent trees : — 
 
 Still on the grass they lie ; then sudden rear 
 
 Their shrivell'd forms, and whirl in witch-like dance ! 
 
 Mocking thy threat'ning broom and tardy pace, 
 Two truant children* seek, with merry glance, 
 The laden barrow hid in shelter'd place. 
 Alas ! old man, for all thy morning's care ; 
 The loosen'd leaves fly spinning in the air. 
 
 * The children of the Warden of Merton . 
 
 258
 
 CCXXXII. 
 
 pwtmv jprndrnttf fxm the Wmm 
 
 mm. 
 
 " Tis raging noon, and vertical the sun 
 Darts on the head direct his forceful rays." 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 Gay with June's livery of liveliest green, 
 By daisies crimson-edg'd, and cowslip-dyed, 
 Smile Merton meadows in their summer pride, 
 While far off Isis glints back steely sheen 
 Yon stately avenue's tall trees between, 
 Like flash of casque and spear when warriors ride. 
 Sweet Cherwell- waters edge the nearer side. 
 The sleepy cattle seek a shady screen ; 
 For 'tis still sultry noon ; the martin wheels, 
 Like a black spirit of night haunting the day, 
 His phantom circles high in the upper blue : 
 Shrill grasshopper clacks loud his whirring peals ; 
 Proud dragon-flies glance by in arniournew ; 
 And the bee hums her homeward roundelay. 
 
 259 
 
 
 »
 
 CCXXXIIL 
 
 " Poor Windebank was shot by sudden Court Martial, so enraged were 
 they at Oxford ; for Cromwell had not even foot-soldiers, still less a battering 
 gun. It was his poor young wife, they said, she and other ladies on a visit 
 there,* that confounded poor Windebank. He set his back to the wall of 
 Merton College, and received his death-volley with a soldier's stoicism." 
 Carlyle's Cromwell. 
 
 Sure Man's heart-anguish ne'er hath broken here 
 This smiling air of natural repose, 
 Which over Merton's meadowed landscape glows ? 
 Yes, on this spot where the grey stone walls rear 
 Their hoary height, fell that poor Cavalier 
 Who gave his post up to his Monarch's foes, 
 At iron Cromwell's summons, without blows, 
 Through gentle courtey, not coward fear. 
 
 Perchance beneath where now I stand, he stood : 
 Setting his back against the College-wall, 
 Baring his breast, not dabbled yet with blood, 
 A bold unflinching mark for many a ball, 
 His young wife's name borne on his latest breath :- 
 Short trial his, brief shrift, and soldier's death. 
 
 * Bletchington House. 
 
 260
 
 CCXXXIV. 
 
 " Si vis pacem, para bellum." 
 " Bella suscipienda sunt ob earn causam, ut sine injuria in pace vivitur." 
 
 ClCEKO. 
 
 " Felix civitas quae tempore pacis de bello cogitat." 
 
 " to £i(pos a/xcpifSaXov fxrj 7rpos (povov aXX cs cc/xwov. 
 
 PSEUDO PHOCILLYDEA. 
 
 " Dura desint boste.s desit quoquc causa triumphi, 
 Tu, ducibus bcllo gloria major eris. 
 Sola gerat miles cjuibus anna coerceat anna, 
 Cantetur que fera nil nisi pompa tuba." — Ovid, 
 
 n/xas oe ^pij vvv, kou tov eAACL—ovT en 
 
 vfiyi a/c/xaias, kcu tov etujfiov XP 0Vl ? 
 
 (3XacrTr]pov dA-SaiVovra o-co/xaTos -rroXvv, 
 
 wpav t exovff tKacrTOv, wore cri'/x7rp€7res, 
 
 7roAet t apijyew nai Oewv ly^wpiMV 
 
 fioi/xolai, ti/xus [xrj ' £aXei<p6rjvai. ttotC 
 
 tckvois Te, yr) tc xmjt/h, c/hAtuti/ Tpo^w* 
 
 7] yap viovs cp7rovTas ev/xcvei 7rcS«, 
 
 airavTa TravSoKovaa 7rat8etas otAoi', 
 
 iOpeif/ar' olKMTir/pas u<nri8r)<f)6pov<; 
 
 7rto"Toi's oVcos yevoicrOe Trpbs xpe'os T0 ^ i ' — -/ESCHYLUS. 
 
 Never again may Civil Strife lay waste 
 
 This England, where fair Peace hath made her nest : 
 
 And yet the martial spirit in each breast 
 
 Glow warmer : so shall Britain never taste 
 
 War's horrors ; so repress the Invader's haste. 
 
 Let every free-born youth acquire, unprest, 
 The use of arms, and safe this land shall rest, 
 Her elders tranquil, and her daughters chaste. 
 
 Defence, not conquest, each just soldier's aim, 
 Duty his watchword, and its full discharge 
 His sole ambition, who shall dare attack 
 This island, girt with belts of rifle-flame ? 
 
 The foe may land from his night-favoured barge, 
 But who to tell the tale shall e'er get buck '>. 
 
 See Note 27. 
 
 2CL 
 
 rr-
 
 ccxxxv. 
 
 " This England never did and never shall 
 Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror." — Shakesteari. 
 
 " Our country yet remains ; 
 By that dread name we wave the sword on high, 
 And swear for her to live, with her to die." — Campbell. 
 
 " Come the four quarters of the world in arms, 
 And we shall shock them : nought shall make us rue, 
 If England to herself remain but true." — Shakespeare, 
 
 crv o wore vaos kcoVos ola.KO(TTp6(f>o<s, 
 
 <f>pd£ai 7roAi(T//.a, irpiv Karaiytaai 7rvoas 
 
 Apeos' fioa yap KVfxa ^epcralov dTparov' 
 
 Kal rwv8e naipov 6'crns wkiotos Aa/?e'" — AESCHYLUS. 
 
 " In our halls are hung 
 Armoury of the invincible knights of old : 
 We must be free or die, who speak the tongue 
 That Shakespeare spake ; the faith and morals hold 
 Which Milton held."— Wordsworth. 
 
 'Twas merry in the days when Robin Hood, 
 The bugle-baldrick'd, and his outlaw crew, 
 With cloth-yard shaft and bow of toughest yew, 
 Slaying the king's deer, rang'd the thick green- wood. 
 An English yeoman's eye was ever good 
 In fight or forest, as his heart was true. 
 But since our Youth the Queen of Weapons knew, 
 One hand is worth a hundred, by the rood. 
 England, her Shakespeare sang, shall never bow, 
 Humbled before a foreign tyrant's pride : — 
 'Twere better far than bear the name of slave, 
 This land should be her children's common grave : — 
 
 Time was, when one and all we might have died 
 For hearth and altar : we must conquer now. 
 
 2G2
 
 Ie3 
 
 CCXXXVI. 
 
 inglanrt awl fxmm. 
 
 " KCLVO KuXXlxW, TtKVOV, 
 
 i(TOTi]Ta Ttjia.v, 7) cJ>l\ov$ det <£i/Ws 
 
 £vv8u- to yap uroi/ vofjufxov avOpomois £<pi', 
 
 vvktos r'ac^eyyes fi\£$o.pov, i'jXiov re <pws 
 
 icrov /3u8i'(,ei tov ivt,avaiov kvkXov, 
 
 kov 8'erepov durwv <])96vov e^ev viKto/xevov.'' — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " Infestisque obvia signis. 
 Signa, pares aquilas, et pila minantia pilis." — Lucaw. 
 
 " ire vvv kciO' 6'Sov, tt)v KaXXtaTrjv 
 0eW, 'Eiprjvr)v, Ti/xwj/res." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 "That sweet enemy, France."— Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 " Britannia needs no bulwarks, no towers along the sleep." — CAMPBELL. 
 
 "Whatsoever nation should gel the start of the other in making the propo- 
 sal to reduce and fix the amounl of its armed force would crown itself with ever- 
 ig honour,"— J] Bentham. 
 
 " I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips, 
 Straining upon the start."— Shakespeare. 
 
 " That English may as French, French Englishmen, 
 Receive each other— God speak to this Amen. — Siiakespeaee. 
 
 How long, ! France and England, will ye stand 
 Watching each other o'er the narrow seas, 
 With hearts full of suspicion and unease ; 
 On either coast your camp-fires midnight brand 
 Redd'ning the white cliffs of the opposed land ? 
 How long, like leash'd-up war-dogs, strain to seize 
 Each other's throats, ye " natural" enemies, 
 Self-styled; for " natural" friends by Nature plann'd ? 
 
 Why waste ye half your substance to increase 
 War's iron panoply 'gainst falsi' alarms, 
 Makino- Earth groan with armaments; with fleets 
 Burd'nin2 the Ocean ? O ! let Peace be Peace : 
 Or, if ye must be rivals, let the feats 
 That crown the victor be of arts, not arms. 
 
 263
 
 CCXXXVIL 
 
 M\u (tikxpUX fatoc (i85i.) 
 
 " When the war drums beat no longer, and the battle flags are furl'd, 
 In the Parliament of Man, the Federation of the World, 
 Then the common-sense of men shall hold a fretful realm in awe, 
 And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law." — Tennyson. 
 
 " Trade is the golden girdle of the world."— Cowper. 
 
 " Itespice vindicibus pacatam viribus orbem 
 Qua latarn Nereus caerulus ambit humum, 
 Se tibi pax terrae, tibi se tuta aequora debent, 
 Implecti meritis orbis utramque domum." — Ovid. 
 
 O ! blessed Thought that arch'd the chrystal hall ! 
 ! great World-teacher, telling how the Mind 
 May labour best to benefit mankind ! 
 O ! princely herald of good- will for all 
 Earth's corners, sent, as with a trumpet-call, 
 To bid the nations throw down arms behind 
 God's Truce',* as in the days of old, and bind 
 Peace captive in a golden girdle's thrall ! 
 
 ! living Thought ! lo ! as a seed dropp'd down 
 By Ocean-crossing bird, from the pure sky, 
 On rocky isle, grows, rooting its firm hold, 
 A mighty tree,-f- though weak its infancy ; 
 So Thou, though war's storms on thy promise frown, 
 Shalt burgeon, and bear fruit a thousand-fold. 
 
 * ' Trenga Dei' : one of the benefits conferred by the Church on society in 
 the dark ages. It was extended from the Advent Sunday to the octave of Epi- 
 phany, and from Septuagesima Sunday to the octave of Easter. 
 
 f Looking to the happy effect upon England and France, may we not apply 
 to this ' tree' the words of Shakespeare : 
 
 Whose arms gave shelter to the princely eagle, 
 
 Under whose shade the ramping lion slept . — Henry VI, pi. 3, Act V, Sc. 2. 
 
 264
 
 CCXXXVIII. 
 
 She (SfaxpM f Mm. 
 
 Palace of glass ! In thought alone and dream 
 
 Did I behold thee ; for a hemisphere 
 
 Swell'd 'twixt us ; but to me thou wast most dear, 
 
 Not for thy fairy grace or crystal gleam, 
 
 Thy novel boldness, a world's wonder-theme : 
 
 But for that thy good builders did uprear 
 
 Thine honest fabric without sigh or tear; 
 
 From base to dome thou cost nor sob nor scream. 
 
 Not like the Pyramids, whose scourge-raised stones 
 Save not the record of their founder's name, 
 But echo still a whole slav'd Nation's groans : 
 Not like Toledo's fortress-palace, built 
 With hecatombs of Indian life, and gilt 
 With new-world gold, wrung forth by blood and flame. 
 
 See Note 28. 
 
 265
 
 CCXXXIX. 
 
 SPrcrt ' t\u Coal' 
 
 •'A prince indeed, 
 Beyond all titles, and a household name, 
 Hereafter thro' all times, Albert the Good." 
 
 Tennysox. 
 
 Albert ! I name thee not for thy high state 
 In England's realm, thou Consort of our Queen : 
 My very soul abhors what erst hath been 
 Our poets shame, their flattery of the great : 
 And hadst thou been but First, no Laureate 
 Could save in Ode thy memory from the keen 
 Cold tooth of Time : no mausoleum green 
 With malachite, engraved with golden date ; 
 No statue cut in marble, run in brass ; 
 Nor e'en thy fairy Palace of bright glass. 
 Man must himself achieve his deathless fame : 
 And thou hast earn'd, not on war's field of blood, 
 But in thy peaceful life, the proudest name 
 Boasted by monarch or by prince, ' The Good.' 
 
 266
 
 CCXL. 
 
 ^ 
 
 " Ut nubeis facile interdum concrescere in alto 
 Cemimus, et mundi speciem violare sereuam, 
 Aera mnlcenteis motu: nam siepe Gigantum 
 Ora volarc viderwtur, et umbram ducere late i 
 Interdum magni montes, avolsaqne saxa 
 Mentions anteire, et solera succedere prseter ; 
 lude alios trahere, atque iaducere bellua ninibos." — Lucretius. 
 
 "''HSt^ ttot avd(3\.ei{/a<; elSes vecfieXrjv Kevravpu) o/JLOtav 
 r] irapSdXeL, y Xvkw, r/ Tavp<a ;" — ARISTOPHANES. 
 
 " Sometimes we see a cloud that's dragonish ; 
 A vapour sometime like a bear or liou, 
 A tower'd citadel, a pendant rock, 
 A fork'd mountain or blue promontory, 
 With trees upon it, that nod unto the world, 
 Amd mock our eyes with air. Thou hast seen these signs; 
 They are black vesper's pageants." — Shakesfeake. 
 
 " Pleasant at noon, beside the vocal brook, 
 To lie one down, and watch the floating cloud, 
 And shape to fancy's wild imaginings 
 Their ever-varying forms." — So'JTiiEY. 
 
 Ay ! there they rush in strange fantastic race, 
 The Sunshine and the Shadow, o'er the mead ; 
 Swift as Camilla in their airy speed ; 
 One following close the other in the chase ; 
 Sure as the smile and tear on human face. 
 
 Oft when a child, not without dread indeed, 
 Perch'd on some breezy hill, I loved to heed 
 The same wild rushings o'er the meadowy space; 
 And dream'd them fiery horses yoked with black ; 
 Or gold and ebon chains of giant size ; 
 Or happy angels driving shapes of sin. 
 
 Would I might view again the scudding rack 
 ( 'licckcr the silent earth, with child-like eyes. 
 And read no sign of human pain therein !
 
 CCXLI. 
 
 gwurthM Sfarojjfct <m tlue Stmt. 
 
 " The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handi- 
 work." — Psalm xix. I. 
 
 " Who sees the dark is dark ; but turn towards the light, 
 And thou becomest quick like that which fills thy sight." — A>'o:\. 
 
 The Sceptic bends his sullen eyes on earth, 
 Bow'd down, like one beneath a load of years, 
 With hosts of philosophic doubts and fears, 
 Of his perverted reason the strange birth. 
 To him the things of Heav'n are nothing worth, 
 Not judg'd by finite rules : for his dull ears 
 There sings indeed no music in the spheres. 
 He will not turn to God, in reason's dearth, 
 There find a cause for all things ; like the child 
 Who gazes awestruck on the shades that move, 
 He knows not why, or whence, athwart the field, 
 A troop of spectral ghosts, fearful and wild : — 
 Yet would he see, with one quick glance above, 
 Did he but lift his eyes, the cause reveal'd. 
 
 26S 
 
 <isa
 
 CCXLII. 
 
 ®ltc WM of the %m ®«mw. 
 
 "To cernere, finis, 
 Principium, vector, dux, semita, terminus, idem." — Boetiiius. 
 
 Surely this walk, straight, simple in its line, 
 
 Was fashion'd by some holy-hearted man, 
 
 That at each limit turning, he might scan 
 
 Thy tower, dear Merton, or, fair Magdalene, thine, 
 
 Point skyward with solemnity divine : 
 
 So, while he walk'd, were his reflections given 
 
 In ceaseless meditation to the Heav'n, 
 
 Of which his eyes beheld the earthly sign : — 
 
 Thus, while slow-pacing, often pausing, there, 
 
 I loved, perchance erroneously, to dream ; 
 
 And oh ! methought, with an unutter'd pray'r, 
 
 May my life's pathway, level, straight, and true, 
 
 Like this, with cause for holy breathings teem, 
 
 Begin and end with God, Him alway view. 
 
 [There was in Merton Gardens abroad, straight walk, where a beautifully 
 picturesque effect was produced by introducing at either end of the vista the 
 chapel lowers of Magdalene and Merton.] 
 
 260
 
 CCXLIII. 
 
 ^ Doubt of fArwtttg, 
 
 "Let me be nothing, if withiii the compass of myself I do not find the battle 
 of separate passion against reason, reason against faith, faith against the devil, 
 and my conscience against all. There is another man within me that's angry 
 with me, rebukes, commands, and dastards me." — Sir Thomas Buowiv. 
 
 Surely I am twice self — but which is I, 
 
 I know not ; whether he who thinks and writes 
 
 These sonnets ; in all pure and good delights : 
 
 Loves contemplation and sweet charity, 
 
 And upward trains his spirit to the sky : 
 
 Or he who outflies Folly's wildest nights ; 
 
 The sower of the bitter jest that bites ; 
 
 Who clings to life's gross sensuality ; 
 
 This shame ; this double-face ; — this fiend that mocks 
 
 His own faith and conviction wilfully ; 
 
 This low mean plodder after worldly pelf ; 
 
 Tljis doubt ; this devil-angel-paradox, — 
 
 O God ! which is and which is not myself? 
 
 Which is the truth, and which hypocrisy ? 
 
 Note . — Machiavelli says of Cosmo de Medici, that he had two distinct persons 
 in him. 
 
 270
 
 Kl 
 
 ItetatttW to gmmt ccxliii. 
 
 " For wc know that the law is spiritual : but lam carnal, sold under sin. 
 " For that wliich I do I allow not ; for what 1 would, that do I not ; butwhal 
 I hate, that do I. 
 
 " If then I do that which I would not, ] consent uuto the law thai it is 
 good. 
 " Now then it is no more I that do it, but sin thai dwelleth in me. 
 
 " For 1 know that in me (that is, in my flesh,') dwelleth no good tiling : for to 
 will is present with me ; but how to perform that which is good I find not. 
 
 " For the good that I would I do not : but the evil which I would not, that 
 I do. 
 
 "Now if I do that I would not, it is no more I that do it, but sin that dwell- 
 eth in me. 
 
 " I find then a law, that, when I would do good, evil is present with me. 
 
 " For 1 delight in the law of God after the inward man : 
 
 " But I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, 
 and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members. — 
 Romans, ch. vii. vs. 14 — 23. 
 
 " Sircnum voces et Circe pocula nosti." — Horace, 
 
 " Nequeo tamen esse sine illis, 
 Vulneribusque meis tela cruenta sccpior."— Ovi o. 
 
 " Ta XP^ct' iirLCTTafxecrOa koX yiyvwaKO/xev, 
 ovk Ikttovovjxzv 8 , oi fxtv apyias vtto, 
 01 8' y]Sovr]v irpoQ£vTe<; ovti to£) ko\ov 
 a\\r)v tlv." — Euripides. 
 
 "If man was made in the image of God, he was also made in the image of an 
 ape. The frame-work of the body of hi in who lias weighed the stars, and made the 
 lightning bis slave, approaches to thai of aspeechlesa brute who wanders in the 
 forests of Sumatra. Thus standing on the frontier land between animal and an- 
 gelic natures, what wonder that he should partake of both?" — HaLLAM. 
 
 "lie breathes 
 The breath of degradation and of pride, 
 Contending with low wants and lofty will." — Bykox. 
 
 "By me perchance some good hath been 
 Perform'd in public show : 
 But what corruptions are within, 
 A.shamed 1 am to show." — Wither. 
 
 " Video meliora proboque, 
 Deteriora sequor." — Ovid. 
 
 " flu/xos Se KplnTwv to)i/ Ifxniv fiovXev/xaroiv." — Euripides 
 
 "The hearl knoweth its own wickedness." — Proverbs. 
 
 271 
 
 SB
 
 CCXLIV. 
 
 top J few. 
 
 " Take therefore no thought for the morrow: for the morrow shall take 
 thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof." — 
 Matthew, vi. 34. 
 
 Not as the Fool unto his heart hath said, 
 ' To-day eat ; for to-morrow thou shalt die,' 
 Enjoy, my Soul, present prosperity ; 
 But as a guest, who hath his call obeyed, 
 Beholds, with thanks, a bounteous table laid, 
 Nor dreads a phantom sword hung up on high. 
 
 Though in the womb of the big Future lie 
 Trouble and danger, be not Thou dismayed ; 
 Trust Him who clothes the lilies of the field ; 
 Quail not at shadows ere their substance rise ; 
 Nor blot the bright To-day with black To-morrow : — 
 What if no griefs in ambush lie conceal'd ? 
 Mar not sweet life with unavailing sighs ; 
 But let each day be lord of its own sorrow. 
 
 272
 
 m 
 
 Pupations to Sfmuti ccxliv. 
 
 " Why sliould we 
 
 Anticipate our sorrows ? 'Tis like those 
 Who die for fear of death." — Denham. 
 
 " Enjoy the present whatsoever it be, and be not solicitous for the future, for 
 if you take your foot from the present standing- and thrust it forward towards 
 to.-morrow's event, you are in a restless condition ; it is like rcfu'ing to quench 
 your present thirst by fearing you shall want drink next day. If it be well to- 
 day, it is madness to make the present miserable by fearing it may be ill to-mor- 
 row. When your belly is full of to-day's dinner, to fear you shall want the next 
 day's supper. Tor it may lie you shall not ; and then to what purpose was 
 this day's affliction P But if to morrow you shall want, your sorrow viill come 
 time enough tho' you do not hasten it. Let your trouble tarry till its own day 
 comes. Enjoy the blessings of this day if God send them : and the evils bear 
 sweetly ; for this day is only ours. Weare dead to yesterday and not yet born to the 
 morrow, lie therefore that enjoys the present, if it be good, enjoys as much as is 
 possible. Sufficient to the day, said Christ, is the evil thereof. Sufficient but 
 nol intolerable. Bui if ye look abroad and bring into one day's thought the 
 evil of many, cautious and uncertain, what will be and what will not be, our load 
 will be as Intolerable as it is unreasonable." — Jeremy Taylok. 
 
 "Be not over exquisite 
 To cast the fashion of uncertain evils; 
 For grant they be so, while they rot unknown 
 What need a man forestall his date of grief, 
 And run to meet what be would most avoid ? 
 Or if they be but false alarms of fear, 
 IIow bitter is such self-delusion." — MlLTON. 
 
 " The bliss e'en of a moment still is bliss : 
 Thou wouldst not of her dew-drops spoil the thorn, 
 Because her glory will uol Last till noon, 
 Nor still the lightsome gambols of I he eult 
 Whose neck to morrow's yoke will gall." — JOANNA Baili.ik. 
 
 " The present we fling from us as the rind 
 I if 30me swi et future, which we after find 
 Bitter to taste, or bind that in with fears, 
 1 water it before-hand with our tears ; 
 Vain tears feir thai which never may arri\e. 
 Wisei it were to welcome and make ours 
 
 Whatever of good, tie*' small the present hi' 
 
 Kind greeting sunshine, song "f birds and flowers, 
 
 \\ iih ;i child's pure delight in little things, 
 
 \,i I nf the griefs unborn to L'rehch, 
 
 273
 
 as? 
 
 *j 
 
 CCXLV. 
 
 f jet* — Ww $Mt 
 
 " Lord, let me know mine end, and the number of my days, that I may he 
 certified how long 1 have to live."— Psalm xxxix. 5. 
 
 " Lord, we know what we are, but know not what we may be."— Shakespeare. 
 
 Upon the summit of the bridge, whose span 
 Archeth from birth to death, awhile I rest ; 
 And what vague shadowy terrors shake my breast, 
 While the descending half I seek to scan 
 Of the threescore and ten years meted man ! 
 So few misfortunes round my feet have press't, 
 With such continuous good have I been blest, 
 Ills only sure must frown upon my van — 
 
 Quick, let me cast away some cherish 'd vice, 
 Like Poly crate of Samos, when he threw 
 Into the deep his jewel beyond price, 
 To dash his o'erswoll'n fortunes ; or the Jew, 
 That brake at wedding feast the precious bowl, 
 Lest too much joy should fill the reveller's soul.* 
 
 * This story is told by Bayle. 
 
 Note. — Seneca tells us that Demetrius esteemed it a great infliction, that in 
 life he had experienced no misfortune : " miserum mei nihil unquam accidisset 
 adversi." 
 
 27-1
 
 ttitotiow U Stmmtk ccxlv. 
 
 " The shades of former and of future years, 
 Foreboding fancies and prophetic tears, 
 Quelling a fancy that was once elate." — IIood. 
 " Hie locus est partes ubi se via Audit in anibas." — Virgil. 
 " Q /AOL iywv y](3y]<; kiil yrypaos ovkofxtvoio, 
 
 tov jx\v iTrepxofxtvov, rrj'i h , a.TrovL(XO[JLevrj<;." — TlIEOGNIS. 
 
 "As doth the pilgrim, whom the night 
 Hastes darkly to imprison on his way, 
 Think on thy home, my soul, and think aright, 
 Of what's yet left thee of Life's wasting day : 
 Thy sun points onward ; passed is thy morn." — Drummond. 
 " Omues cum secundte res sunt maxime, turn maxime 
 Meditari secum oportet, quo pacto adversam serumnam feraut." — TerenCB. 
 
 " Our sins, like to our shadows, 
 AVlien our day's in its glory, scarce appear, 
 Towards our evening, how great and monstrous !"— Suckling, 
 
 " Quis me uno vivit felieior ? aut magis hac est 
 
 Optandum vita elicere quis potuit P" — Catullus. 
 
 " KO.L KOJS /3ovXojMU KOI aUTOS KOLl TltiV UV K7/S(0/ACll TO /AZV 
 
 Tt evrvveew toiv 7r/5?/y/xurojv, to Se TTpcxnrTaULV kcu outw ota- 
 cpipeiv tov alwva iva\Xd$ 7rprj(Tcrwv 7} evTV^etiv to. iravra. 
 ouSeva yap koj Xoyto ot8a uKovcras, ooris es re'Aos ov koikcus 
 ere/XewTTjere irpoppifcos euru^eoji/ to. ituvt<x. 2i> ojv vvv ip.01 
 TreiOo/JLtvos Troir](TOv 7rpos Tas euTuxias touxoV (^poi'Ttcras to 
 av evprjs iov Tot 7rAettrTov a£iov kcu en - w ov aTroAo/xei'OJ 
 p.aXiO'Ta tyjv ^i%yv aXyycris, tovto ajrd/iaAe ovtid, okcds 
 [AT] eVi i'jiu is avOpdyrrovs. r/v T€ p.7] eVaAAuf rjSt] tu)7To toutou 
 ai fvrirjfLCU. toi avTaivi TrdOaicri irpocnrLivTwo-L, TpoVw to> ef 
 Ifxcv i'7roK€Lp.ivoi aKeo. — Herodotus. 
 
 " Vel nos in marc proximum 
 
 Gemmas, et lapide3, aurum et inutile, 
 Sunimi materiem mali, 
 
 JMittamus, scelerum si l)ene poenitet." — Horace. 
 "All this while, 
 From the extremes! verge of my remembrance, 
 Ev'n from ining liour unto this minute, 
 
 Hid never taste what was calamity. 
 1 know not yet what grief is, yet have sought 
 A hundred ways for its acquaintance : with me 
 Prosperity hath kept so close a watch, 
 That ev'n those things thai I have meant a cross, 
 Have that way turn'd a blessing. Is it nol stranger'' — Howlet.
 
 CCXLVI. 
 
 Mi ©he $\\t\m. 
 
 "Back, thou complainer ; loathe thy life no more, 
 Nor deem thyself upon a desert shore, 
 
 Because the rocks the nearer prospect close." — Keble. 
 
 " Nee fera tempestas toto tamen horret in anno, 
 
 Et tibi, crede mihi, tempora veris erunt." — Ovid. 
 " Multaferenta anni veuientes coramoda secum" — Horace. 
 
 Oh ! faint not, weary spirit, nor despair, 
 If Life's half-travell'd way, which seem'd in youth 
 Joyous as merriment, open as truth, 
 Warm as affection, and as pleasure fair, 
 Be dark'ning over now with storms of care, 
 The path no longer easy, straight, and smooth, 
 But rugged, and beset by forms uncouth, 
 That lower upon thee through the shadowy air. 
 
 You are not left alone, dear heart, to die ; 
 A thousand beamy hopes shall rise to cheer 
 The dark ; and Heavenly pity weeps for you : 
 'Tis when the glaring Sun hath left the sky, 
 That stars, Eve's many-twinkling lamps, appear : 
 The cold night saturates the Earth with dew. 
 
 27G
 
 3 
 
 CCXLVII. 
 
 '' There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, 
 The earth, and every common sight, 
 To me did seem 
 Apparelled in celestial light, 
 The glory and the freshness of a dream. 
 It is not now as it hath been ofyore ; — 
 Turn wheresoe'er I may, 
 By night or day, 
 The things which 1 have seen I now can see no more. 
 The Rainbow comes and goes, 
 And lovely is the Hose, 
 The Moon doth with delight 
 Look round her when the heavens are hare ; 
 Waters on a starry night 
 Are beautiful and fair ; 
 The sunshine is a glorious birth ; 
 But yet I know, where'er 1 go, 
 That there hath passed away a glory from the earth." — WoRDSWORTlI. 
 
 " These our actors, 
 As I foretold yon, were all spirits, and 
 Are melted into air, into thin air, 
 \n 1 like the baseless fabric of this vision, 
 '1 he cloud-capt towers, the got g< ous palaces, 
 The solemn temples, the great globe itself, 
 Yea, all which il inheril shall dissolve, 
 And like this insubstantial pageant ended, 
 Leave not a rack behind: we are such stuff 
 As dreams are made of, and our little life 
 Is rounded with a sleep."— Sh ^kespeare. 
 
 All that once seem'd so real, fresh, and true, 
 
 Fades from me like a vision's pageantry : 
 
 The men and women flit like shadows 1>\ ; 
 
 Spring's fcairesl flowers pale to a fainter hue; 
 
 Volcano passion's burnt-out cinders strew 
 
 My path, where shrivell'd aims like dead leaves lie 
 
 This globe its old substantiality 
 
 Puts off: e'en Heaven dissolveth to my view. 
 
 I feel nif glide, like some Lone bird thai flings 
 
 Itself from off a cliff, mist-dimm'd and bleak, 
 
 To swoop, with motionless and silent wings, 
 
 Across a moonlit chasm thai sleeps beneath. 
 
 Fathomless, to a twin cloud-shrouded peak ; 
 
 A phantom 'twixt the crags of Birth and Death. 
 
 2 -i> 
 1 1 
 
 'X? 

 
 jsttatiatwi U gttwtt ccxlvii. 
 
 " Nos quoque floruimus : sed flos erat ille caducus, 
 
 Elamruaque de stipula nostra brevisque fuit." — Ovid. 
 
 " ovk a/juv tol KaXa TrpdroLS KaXa cpaLverai yi^es, 
 01 Bvaroi TTiXojxeaOa^TO 8'avpiov ovk io~opw/AC<z." 
 
 Theocritus. 
 
 " 'The life of man,' said he, "on this earth, in comparison to that space of 
 time which is unknown to us, is like to that which may happen when you with 
 your nobles and attendants are seated at supper, in the winter season, and when 
 a fire is lighted in the midst, and the room is filled with the genial heat, whilst 
 the whirlwind rages, the rain beats, and the snow falls outside, and a sparrow 
 flutters quickly in at one door, and flies hastily out at the other. During the 
 brief period that it is within the room, the chill of winter does not touch it; 
 but in an instant the serenity it has enjoyed in its flight has disappeared — and 
 as you look upon it, it has flashed from the darkness of winter at one door, in- 
 to the darkness of winter in which it disappears at the other — such, too, is the 
 brief measure of human existence. We know not what went before, and we 
 are utterly ignorant as to what shall follow." — Beda. 
 
 " All those things are passed away like a shadow, and as a post that hasted 
 
 " And as a ship that passeth over the waves of the water, which when it is 
 gone by, the trace thereof cannot be found, neither the pathway of the keel in 
 the waves; 
 
 " Or as when a bird hath flown through the air, there is no token of her way 
 to be found, but the light air being beaten with the stroke of her wings, and 
 parted with the violent noise and motion of them, is passed through, and there- 
 in afterwards no sign where she went is to be found ; 
 
 " Or like as when an arrow is shot at a mark, it parteth the air, which im- 
 mediately cometh together again, so that a man cannot know where it went 
 through : 
 
 " Even so we in like manner, as soon as we were born, hegan to draw to our 
 end, and had no sign of virtue to shew; but were consumed in our own wicked- 
 ness. 
 
 " For the hope of the ungodly is like dust that is blown away with the wind ; 
 like a thin froth that is driven away with the storm ; like as the smoke which 
 is dispersed here and there with a tempest, and passeth away as the remembrance 
 of a guest that tarrieth but a day." — Wisdom, ch. v. vs. 9 — 14. 
 
 " Quam cito purpureos deperdit terra colores." — Tibtjllus. 
 
 " Yon rolling Heavens at which we gaze bewildered 
 Are but the image of a magic lanthorn ; 
 The sun is the candle, the world the shade 
 And we the images that flit therein*." — Omar Khayyam. 
 
 * These magic lanthorns are common enough in the East. They are made 
 of a talc cylinder with figures of men and animals cut out and pasted on it. The 
 cylinder is suspended on an axis, round which from its lightness it easily turns, 
 A hole is cut near the bottom, and the part cut out fixed at an angle, so as to 
 form a vane. When a candle is placed under, a current of air is produced, 
 which keeps the cylinder revolving. 
 
 2?8
 
 
 privations to bonnet ccxlvil 
 
 " ov Tox'TOv £t8os (£>aLV€TUL tu>v Trpay/xdrwv 
 7rpocro)9w ovt<i)V, eyyvOev 8' opwpevcov." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " The story of the world and this whole life of ours 
 
 Is a dream and a vision, an illusion and a breath." — Omau Khayyam. 
 
 opw yap y-jp.as ouoev orras aAAo TrArjv 
 
 IiSojA, ocroiTrep tfifxev, rj Kov<f>r]v cr/aav.'' — SorHOCLES. 
 
 " There's nothing in this world can give mc joy ; 
 
 Life is as tedious as a twice-told tale 
 
 Vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man." — Shakespeare. 
 
 Tus yap 17O0VUS 
 otov TTpohdxriv avSpes, 6v tiOtj/jl eyw 
 t,7]V TOVTOV, «AA' €jX(f)V)^OV rjyovfiai vcKpov 
 7t\6vt€l Te yap Kar olkov, it (36v\et, peyu, 
 kcll t,rj rvpawov cr^Ty/x' e^wv iav o' dm] 
 tovtuw to ■^aipe.iv, TaAA eyoj Kam'ov otcius 
 
 OVK 6.V TTpidip.-)')V dvSpl 73-pOS TTjV f]86vr]V." SorHOCLES. 
 
 " Nee violce semper nee hiantia lilia florent, 
 Etrigel amissa spina relicta rosa." — Ovid. 
 
 " 7ro)s ns dv€v Bavdrov ae cpvyoi, fiU ; p.vpia yap o-ov 
 Avypa* Kat ovre <pvyuv ei'papes, ovre cpepew 
 
 rjSea pel/ yap aov Ta cpv<rei KaAa, yaia, OdXacrcra, 
 darpa, ae\r]vdirj<; kvkXu ko.l i]c\lov, 
 
 TaAAaSe irdvTa <po(3oL tc Kat aAy«r k'^v ti ttci^t; tis 
 eo"&Aoi', dfxoif3dir]v ei'Se^erat Xe/xeo"ti'." — ^'EsoP. 
 
 "My mirth is lost, my comforts are dismayed, 
 And unto sad mishaps their place do yield, 
 My knowledge represents a bloody field, 
 Where I mj bopes and bel] ei prostrate laid ; 
 So plaintfu) is life's course which I have run 
 That 1 do wisli it never had begun." — DruMMOND. 
 
 '■ l'here still are many rainbows in your sky ; 
 Bu1 mine have vanished. All, when life is new, 
 Commence with feeb'ngs warm and prospects high, 
 But Time >' illusions of their hue, 
 
 And, one by one, in turn, some grand mistake 
 1 ! off its bright -kin yearly like the snake." — Byron. 
 
 "to poSov aK/xd^ev ftdinv \r}OVOV ?;i'8e TrapeXOr), 
 farOtv ivpr}(Tu<; 6v poBov, d\\d fSdrov." — L XCERTAIN". 
 
 " Whither is fled the visionary gleam ,J 
 Where is it now, the glory and the dream P"«- WORDSWORTH. 

 
 S£ 
 
 CCXLVIII. 
 
 c* 
 
 * Vestigia nulla retrorsum." — Virgil. 
 
 " Oublier ala maniere de la nature, qui ne se eonnait point de passe, qui re- 
 commence a toute heure les mvsteres de ses infatigables enfantimeuts." — 
 
 I will not conjure up each erring aim, 
 Contrasting mournfully, without avail, 
 What is with that which might have been ; a tale 
 Of selfish wilfulness, sighs, sin, and shame, 
 Heart-branded, sear'd in characters of flame. 
 Let the Dead bury their Dead — I will not quail 
 At Memory's haggard ghosts, sad-eyed, and pale, 
 Nor look back, jibe they, beckon, shout my name ! * 
 
 Shoot o'er again, if thy first arrow stray 
 And so find both, — quoth our old forest-craft, — 
 By watching well the second's tell-tale flight : — 2 
 But I have shot my quiver-full away, 
 Bolt after bolt, nor found a single shaft, 
 Searching, tear-blinded, till my hair is white. 
 
 Sec the tale of The Singing Bird and the Golden Water, in the Arabian Nights. 
 
 2, In my schooldays when I had lost one shaft, 
 I shot his fellow in the same self same flight, 
 The selfsame way, with more advized watch, 
 To find the other forth, and by adventuring both 
 1 oft found both !— Shakespeare. 
 
 280 
 
 ZZk
 
 Mi 
 
 CCXLIX. 
 
 Compensations 
 
 "Tis ligit translateth night; 'tis inspiration 
 
 Expounds experience ; 'lis the west explains 
 The east ; 'tis time unfolds eternity." — Festus, 
 
 "Tanto es lo de mas, como lo de racnos." — Spajmisii Proverb. 
 " irav TrpuyfJLa Sv'as t'x" Aa/3as." — EPICTETUS. 
 
 " Had we no winter, summer would l)e thought 
 Not half so pleasing, and if tempests were not, 
 Such comforts from a calm would not be brought, 
 For things save by their opposites appear not." — Wither. 
 
 " oi'K av yevoiTO ^wpts tcrOXa kul Kaxa, 
 aXA «rri tis crvyxp acri ^ wot' e'x etv KU/ ^^>5." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " aXX ecrraTO) fxot km Seos ti Kaipiov, 
 
 KUI /J.ij OOKWfJL€V SpwvTes O.V IjSwfJLeBa, 
 
 ovk uvTiTLcreiv av0L<; av Xv7rwfxe0a, 
 e/)-£t 7rapdXXa£ Tuirra." — SoPHOCLES. 
 
 For every joy, a sorrow : for each bane, 
 
 Its antidote : good, evil : darkness, light : 
 
 For labour, rest : troubles, for wealth and might : 
 
 For each excess, defect : for loss, its gain : 
 
 For every sin, remorse : for pleasure, pain : 
 
 For folly, wit : for bitter, sweet: wrong, right : 
 
 Heat, cold : for matter, spirit : day for night : 
 
 For motion, rest : ebbing, for flowing main : 
 
 Attraction, for repulsion : for (lie male, 
 
 Tin' female: strength, for weakness: peace, for war 
 
 For crime, its retribution : its reward, 
 
 For abstinence : for plenty, dearth : i'<>r sale. 
 
 Purchase : for Time, Eternity : — what more ? — 
 
 For Devils, the Archangel's flaming sword ' 
 
 2M
 
 CCL. 
 
 Mf — ®lw intuit. 
 
 "Due fontane 
 Che de diverso effetto hanno liquore."— xVriosto. 
 
 Birds fill the forests, silent else, with song : 
 Stars touch with flame the sooty vault of Night 
 Trees lift a tent-shade against heat and light : 
 Yales wind each stony mountain-foot along : 
 And flowers upon their rocky summits throng. 
 Thus side by side hath God vouchsafed to write 
 In chequer d characters the dark and bright, 
 The barren and the fruitful, weak and strong. 
 
 'Tis ever thus — The founts of human joy 
 Rise up beside the bitter waves of woe : 
 So leaping from his boat, the tisher-boy 
 Scoops with his hollow-palm the shallow sand 
 By the salt breakers on the Ocean strand, 
 And drinks the fresh sweet waters as they flow. 
 
 282
 
 $tlttftafiw to bonnet ccl. 
 
 " There is some soul of goodness in tilings evil, 
 Would men observingly distil it out."— Shakespeare. 
 
 " Terra salutiferas herbas, eademque nocentes, 
 
 Nutrit, et nrlictc proxima srcpe rosa est ."-Ovid. 
 
 " The strawberry grows underneath the nettle, 
 And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best 
 Neighbour'd by fruit of baser quality," — Shakespeare. 
 
 " Sweet is the rose, but grows upon a brere ; 
 Sweet is the junipeer, but sharpe bis bough ; 
 Sweet is the eglantine, but pricketh nerc; 
 Sweet is the firbloom, Imt hisbraunches rough ; 
 Sweet is the cypresse but his rynd is tough ; 
 Sweet is t he nut, but bitter is his pill; 
 Sweet is the broome-llowre, hut yet soure enough ; 
 . v id sweet is moly, but his root is ill. 
 So every sweet with soure is tempered still." — Spenser. 
 
 " SoiOl yrif) T€ TTiOoL KaTCLKZLaTOLl iv Atos ov&ei 
 oo)pu>v oia ocSwat, kolku)v, eVepos Se law 
 tt» /xev k rippi^us 8oir) Zeus repTriKepavvos, 
 aAAoTe p.ev re kukoT 6'ye Kvperai, aAAore 8 ecr^Aof • 
 u> oV Ke twv \vypu>v ooir/, \o>f3i)Tuv eOrjKev 
 KO.L e kuk7] /3ovfipu)(TTi<; e7rt )(66va &lai' iXuvvei, 
 tfioira S' ovre. Oeultn Ten/xeVos ovre /3poroiaiv." — HOMER. 
 
 " Nulla dies a.deo est Australibus humida nimbis, 
 
 Non intermissis ut fluat iiuber aquis ; 
 3S T ee sterilis locus alius ita est, ut non sit in illo 
 
 Mista fere duris ut ilis berba rubris. 
 Nil adeo fortuna gravis liiiscrabile fecit, 
 
 l*i minuant nulla gaudia parte malum." — Ovid. 
 
 01 'K uttiv uyafop no pio> 
 <$>v6jmvov oxrvep oevopov ck pi'^s p.ia9. 
 'AAA' eyyi's dyuOov 7rapa7r€^>vKe kol kukov, 
 'E/c tou kukov t ?/P€yKev uya.Oov i) tpvais" — MENANDER. 
 
 " cpdfj.1 yap ovk uiroTpvuv 
 cA7ri8a Tap uyuQuv 
 
 Xpyvat, o~ uvuXyijTu yap o ttui'Tu Kpuwwv /3uo~i\cv<; 
 i7rifSa\e dvarois K/ioptSas" aAA €7Ti Trrjfia kcll X'' L P a 
 7rdo"t kvk\ov(tlv oiov dpicrov OTpo</>aSe9 KtXevOor 
 p.ivf.1 yap ovr aioAa 
 it, /SpoTOUriv ovTe^jpes ovT€ 7tAoutos 
 aAA' arpap 6cfiuK<, toT 8'£7rep^eTai ^atpetp tc wot (irepccrOai." 
 
 Sophocles. 

 
 CCLI. 
 
 jteft— She §nmt. 
 
 " He who ascends the mountain-tops shall find 
 The loftiest peaks most wrapt in clouds and snow." 
 " Let me often to these solitudes 
 Retire, and in their presence reassure 
 My feeble virtue."— Bryant. 
 " Aloof with hermit eye I scan 
 The present works of present man .• 
 A wild and dream-like tale of blood and guile, 
 Too foolish for a tear, too wicked for a smile" — Coleridge. 
 " Vitavi culpam, non laudem mcrui." — Horace. 
 " Esse bonum facile est ubi quod vetat esse remotum est. — Ovid. 
 " Quanto plura recentium seu veterum revolvo, tanto ludibrium rerum morta- 
 lium cunctis in rebus observantur." — Tacitus. 
 
 " p.6p(pr) jxiv ovk ivw7ro? d^opeios o avrjv 
 oAtyaKOj§ a<TTv k ayopas ^paivwv kvkXuv 
 avrovpyos, onrep ko.l jxovol aw^oven yrjv 
 £vv£Tos Se ^ojpetv, o/xocre Tots Aoyois OiXw 
 aKepaios, ave7TL\7]TrTOV r/avajKaJS fiiov." — EuKIPIDES. 
 
 Better perchance, as 'tis, that I should pass 
 Tranquil and even days in solitude, 
 Nursing apart my quaint poetic mood, 
 And, as 'twere, in phantasmagoric glass, 
 To conjure up each phase of what I was', 
 To ruminate some sweet, much bitter food, 
 And rather only missing to be good, 
 Than to be bad, worse tempted ! — 
 
 Let thy mass 
 Fume on, old Europe ; crush, be crush'd by thrones ; 
 Burn with sectarian hate ; cringe ; flatter ; sneer ; 
 Throw the false die of party-politics ; 
 And wade for wealth through filth blacker than Styx — * 
 Tis a kind fate which rolleth half a sphere 
 Betwixt me and your laughter or your groans. 
 
 * Charon's account, according to the witty fable in Lucian, (Dial Contem. 
 Tom 2) of what he saw when Mercury took him to a place whence he could discern 
 nil the world at once, is o'er true a tale. He said he saw " a vast multitude and 
 a promiscuous, their habitations like mole hills, the men as emmets; could dis- 
 cern cities like so many lines of bees, wherein every bee had a sting, and they 
 did nought else but sting one another, some domineering like hornets bigger than 
 the rest : some like filching wasps, others as drones. Over their heads were 
 hovering a confused company of perturbations, hopes, fear, anger, avarice, igno- 
 rance &c, and a multitude of diseases hanging which they still pulled on their 
 peates. Some were crawling, some fighting, riding, running sollicite ambientes 
 calide litigantes for toys and trifles and such momentary things. Their towns 
 and provinces were factions rich against poor, poor against rich, nobles against 
 artificers, they against nobles, and so the rest. He condemned them all for 
 madmen, fools, idiots, asses. " O stulte qusenam hsec est dementia ? Insana studia, 
 insani labores." If the stars be inhabited by Intellingences who look down up- 
 on this pigmy Earth, surely they must laugh like Democritus— or weep like He- 
 raclitus, at the scene below them. 
 284
 
 CCLII. 
 
 (Hie $Tt#t\\t — <f.ovjomanclcU 
 
 " Tis most true 
 That musing meditation most affects 
 The pensive secrecy of desert cell."-- Milton. 
 Dive thru' the stormy surface of the flood 
 To the great current flowing underneath." — Wordsworth. 
 
 " Nee nos ambitio, nee amor nos urget habendi, 
 
 Contempto hie colitur lectus et umbra foro." — Ovid. 
 
 " 'Tis pleasant through the loop-holes of retreat 
 
 To peep at such a world; to see the stir 
 
 Of fc he great Babel, and mil feel (he crowd. 
 
 To hear the roar she sends thro' all her gates, 
 
 At a safe distance, when the dying sound 
 
 Falls a soft murmur on the uninjured cat."— Cowper. 
 
 Here on this isle, where none beside me dwells, 
 
 Let me, the while my lonely leisure flies, 
 
 Fathom all past and present histories ; 
 
 Reading the World's tale from the sea-worn shells, 
 
 Time's medals, on whose face he marks and tells 
 
 Creation-dates through countless centuries : 
 
 And be it mine, with calm, clear, piercing eyes, 
 
 Here, where no bias turns, no passion swells, 
 
 Or head or heart, the present acts of Man 
 
 To view ; as from some promontoried steep 
 
 The peerer through the glassy-surfac'd wave, 
 
 Which on a summer noon no breezes fan, 
 
 A thousand fathom downward in their grave, 
 
 Surveys the buried cities of the deep.* 
 
 * The legend of buried cities which can be seen under the waters, appears tt 
 common enough. Thus 0\ id 
 
 " Siquaeras Helicon el Burin, Achaidas urbes, 
 [nvenies sub aquis; ef adhuc ostendere uautae 
 Inclinata solent cum moenibus oppida mersis." 
 
 Ami Moore writes : 
 
 "On Loch Neagh's banks, 
 As tlic fisherman s1 
 In the calm cool eve's declining, 
 
 He sees the towns of former days 
 In the waves beneath him shining." 
 
 The same story is told of Glendenburgh in \\ icklow; and, if I recollect aright, 
 similar belief exists as to the remains of the city of Maha Balipooram, al 
 Seven Pagodas, on I lie ( Joromandel Coast. 
 
 285
 
 CCLIII. 
 
 €> 1 1 g jj. 
 
 '' Vidi ego quod fuerat quondam solidissima tellus 
 Esse fretum; vidi fractas ex ccquore terras : 
 £t procul a pelago concha? jacuere marinse ; 
 Et vetus inventa est in montibus anchora summis 
 Quodque fuit campus vallem decursus aquarum 
 Fecit, et eluvie mons est deductus in aequor, 
 Eque paludosa siccis humus aret arenas ; 
 Hie fontes Natura novos emisit, at ilia 
 Clausit" — Ovxu. 
 
 Last-born of all the Sciences, whose gaze 
 
 Is fixed on Earth ; who measurest Sea and Land ; 
 
 Gauging their depths, yet walking hand-in-hand 
 
 With her, whose contemplation never strays 
 
 From Heaven's unfathomable starry maze, 
 
 Cselestia, fairest of the sister band ; 
 
 And Flora, tripping with her budding wand, 
 
 Rose-clieek'd, among the flowers with which she plays :- 
 
 Thy brows, O Nymph, are wreath'd with coral, torm 
 
 From the curl'd summit of the Ocean wave; 
 
 Thy sandles are of primal slabs, that pave 
 
 Earth's sure foundations ; river-streams adorn 
 
 Thy girdle ; and thy magic rod divines 
 
 Where sleep the virgin metals in their mines. 
 
 286
 
 
 CCLIV. 
 
 (0 c 1 o j) tj. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " Their rolls the deep where grew the tree ! 
 Oh! earth whal changes hast thou seen, 
 
 There, where the long street roars, hath bsen 
 
 The stillness of the central sea. 
 
 The hills arc shadows, and they How 
 
 From form to form, and nothing stands, 
 
 They melt like mists, the solid lands, 
 
 Like clouds they shape themselves and go." — Tenets - 
 
 " 6ij/€ Oeujv uAeovcn fjLvXoi, uAeowi £>e XeVra." — PfiOVEEB, 
 
 Patient Philosophy hath loved to trace 
 Up to creation this world's history ; 
 Reading Time's records which all open lie, 
 By myriad Ages seamed upon its face : 
 Assigning every change appropriate place; 
 Whether the Sea hath swallowed mountains high, 
 Or gradual land emerged from Ocean dry, 
 Before this Earth was ready for our race. 
 
 May there not wait it yet another change,. 
 Might}- as all fore-runners, nor less strange ; 
 Its shrivell'd crust a new formation lind ; 
 More genial climes, spontaneous herbage-suit, 
 Fitted for creatures I'arahove .Mankind, 
 As Man is o'er the self-unconscious Unite? 
 

 
 CCLV. 
 
 (Stovflmawlcl— C*5«.irt. 
 
 " Wisdom's self 
 Oft seeks for sweet retired solitude. 
 Where with her hest nurse, Contemplation. 
 She plumes her feathers, and lets grow her wings." — Milton. 
 " Reflected on the. lake, 1 love 
 
 To see the stars of evening glow, 
 So tranquil in the heaven above, 
 
 So restless in the wave below." — Heber. 
 " Da requiem : requietus ager bene credita reddit, 
 Terraque ccelestes arida sorbet aquas." — Ovid. 
 
 " Satis est requiescere lecto, 
 Scilicet et solito membra levari toro." — Tibullus. 
 " Ovpavos aOpoi^wv aarp kv atOepos kvkXio 
 
 ' 17T7T01>S piv T}\aVV €S T(\tVTU.lOV cj)\oya 
 
 HAios, i<fie\K(i)v Xap.TTpov Eawepov cpaos' 
 p.e\dp.ire\os Se Nu£ aaiipoiTov £uyoi9 
 o^/ta' £7raXAev acrrpa 8' w/xdprei Bvy 
 ITAeias pev rj'ev pecro7ropou Si ai$epo<s 
 ore £i(pr]po<; 'Qpiwv xnrepdz oe 
 'ApaTos <TTpe<j)OV<T ovpaia xpvarjpei 7roA<i>- 
 kvkXos Se TravcriXrjVO<i i]kovtll, ufoj 
 p/r/vos 8iK7]pr)<;, vaSes re voojtiAois 
 cratjietTTaTOV cr^peiov, 7/Te cfawo-cpopos 
 tV Ews SiwKova ao-Tpa." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 Here be it mine, when India's flame-breathed day 
 Hath parch'd the bones, and fever'd all the blood, 
 To push forth in my shallop on the flood, 
 Supine on deck, while the sea-breezes play 
 Cool on the brow, what time the Sun's last ray 
 Shoots up long lines of green* and gold that stud 
 The western sky, all crimson else as blood. 
 Then, as the gorgeous vision fades away, 
 Mid the sole sounds, the paddle's tuneful plash, 
 And the far surf-roll of the waves that dash 
 Lazily on the Coromandel shore, 
 To watch the white Moon don her silver dress, 
 While, one by one, the shy stars evermore 
 Come sparkling forth, like fireflies numberless. 
 
 * Coleridge in his ode to Dejection has noticed this peculiar colour in the even- 
 ing sky : 
 
 " All this long eve, so balmy and sereue, 
 Have I been gazing on the western sky, 
 And its peculiar tint of yellow-green." 
 Drummond in his 37th Sonnet has also noticed this green colour in the sky 
 at sunset, though he alludes to the clouds not to the sky itself. 
 " fair is Thaumantias in her silver gown, 
 
 When clouds engemmed show azure green and red 
 To western worlds, when wearied day goes down." 
 It is far more perceptible in India, where it can scarcely escape the eye of the 
 most careless observers, 
 
 268 ~U
 
 CCLVI. 
 
 S t U A, 
 
 " Bid the merry bells ring to thine ear." — Shakespeare. 
 
 Ring it out bravely, o'er the sacred pile, 
 
 Ye merry Merton bells ! throughout the vale 
 
 With momentary changes tell the tale ; — 
 
 The Queen of all broad England's sea-girt isle 
 
 Within the chapel transept stands the while — 
 
 The rower on the waters pauseth still ; 
 
 The lonely wanderer on the distant hill 
 
 Hears the chimes rise, and turns him with a smile — 
 
 The workman drops his labour at the peal ; 
 
 His wife and children don their best array ; 
 
 And the whole City in its loyal zeal 
 
 Hastes at the tidings to take holiday — 
 
 Still with mad mirth the signal swells and swells ; — 
 
 Ring it out bravely, merry Merton bells. 
 
 [This was on the occasion of the visit of the Queen Dowager Adelaide to Oxford.] 
 
 289 

 
 m 
 
 CCLVII. 
 
 § I 11 & 
 
 {Continued.) 
 
 " I love the bells that call the poor to pray."— Southey. 
 
 " Dear bells ! How sweet the sound of village bells, 
 When on the undulating air they swim ; 
 Now loud as welcomes, faint, now, as farewells, 
 And trembling all about the breezy dells, 
 As flutter' d by the wings of cherubim."— T. Hood. 
 
 '' The cheerful Sabbath bells, wherever heard, 
 Strike pleasant on the sense, most like the voice 
 Of one who from the far off hills proclaims 
 Tidings of good to Zion : Chiefly when 
 Their piercing tones fall suddeu on the ear 
 Of the contemplant solitary man." — Charles Lambe. 
 
 " 'Tis sweet to hear a brook ; tis sweet 
 To hear the Sabbath bell, 
 'Tis sweet to hear them both at once, 
 Deep in a woody dell." — Coleridge. 
 
 " How much of human life these sounds comprise, 
 
 Birth, wedded love, God's service, and the tomb." — Bp. Mant. 
 
 " Laudo deum, plebem voco, congrego clerum ; 
 Defunctos ploro, pestem fngo, festa decoro." 
 
 " Bells ! the music nighest unto Heaven" — Charles Lambe. 
 
 Rather than this wild rioting of alee, 
 Pensive, I love, sweet Chapel-bells, to hear 
 Your Sabbath summons, melancholy, clear, 
 Distinct, and slow ; yet let the music be 
 Mellow'd by distance, ere it reaches me. 
 
 Ye reverend tow'rs, time-stained with many a year, 
 For God, not Man, your solemn voices rear ; 
 Better such tones, than those of revelry, 
 Befit your office and your hoary age — 
 So in some priest, in God's long service white, 
 After a life in holy worship spent, 
 Men love not sudden bursts of merriment ; 
 But when their hearts for God he would engage, 
 Listen entranc'd in satisfied delight. 
 
 290
 
 jgj 
 
 CCLVIII. 
 
 Chmvctt from the 9mm. 
 
 " See the rivers how they run 
 Through woods and meads, in shade and sun, 
 Sometimes swift, sometimes slow, 
 Wave succeeding wave they go, 
 A various journey to the deep, 
 Like human life, to endless sleep,"— Bier. 
 
 " Lahitur occulte fallit quevoluhilis Betas, 
 
 Ut eeler admissis labitur amnis aquis."— OviD, 
 
 'Tis Evenino- ! — With a mind to which the shade 
 
 Somewhat of its own sombre hues hath lent, 
 
 On the old terrace-wall far forward bent, 
 
 I watch, while slowly the last sunbeams fade 
 
 Behind the trees of Christ-Church' lengthen'd glade, 
 
 Cher well, thy tributary waters glide 
 
 Onward to Isis' breast, a silver tide, 
 
 Winding, 'mid willow-drooping banks embay'd — 
 
 Yes ! typical thine unambitious flow, 
 
 Of those brief years to lone seclusion given, 
 
 When studious days in modest current go, 
 
 Noiseless, unruffled, swift, unsullied, even, 
 
 Unrippled, foamless, eddyless, till hurl'd 
 
 Into the larger waters of the world ! 
 
 291 
 
 i;.^ y. .
 
 CCLIX. 
 
 •• On ne jette point l'ancre dans le fleuve de la vie." 
 
 " We have passed Age's icy caves 
 
 And manhood's dark and tossing waves, 
 
 And youth's smooth ocean, smiling to betray : 
 Along the glassy gulfs we flee 
 Of shadowy -peopled infancy, 
 
 Through death and birth to a diviner day." — Shelley. 
 
 " For men may come, and men may go 
 But I flow on for ever." — Tennyson. 
 
 " The current that with gentle murmur glides, 
 
 Thou know'st, being stopped, impatiently doth rage ; 
 
 But when his fair course is not hindered, 
 
 He makes sweet music with the enamelled stones, 
 
 Giving a gentle kiss to every sedge 
 
 lie overtaketh in bis pilgrimage : 
 
 And so by many winding uooks he strays, 
 
 With willing sport, to the wild ocean." — Shakespeare. 
 
 In Childhood, without paddle, helm, we float 
 In sunshine down Life's flower-haunted stream, 
 "With song and tale ; or watch the wan Moon gleam 
 On old enchanted castle, in its moat 
 Deep-sleeping : — in our amorous Youth we doat, 
 Under Love's purple-lighted woods to dream, 
 Pensively drifting ; till the battle-scream 
 Of Manhood wakes us, when we dash our boat 
 Forward, with racer speed, where cities span 
 The broad-bridg'd waters : — in Age, tired of strife, 
 We ship the oar, to loose the sail, and glide 
 On to Death's Ocean with the swift 'ning tide ; 
 Still without pause or stop : for son of Man 
 Ne'er 3^et cast anchor in the flood of Life. 
 
 Note.— The resemblance of life to a river is too striking not to have be- 
 come a common-place in all languages. Moore's lines on the Mohawk, Scott's 
 on the Teviot, and Denham's on the Thames, are well known. See also the 
 mottoes to Sonnets 258— CI. 
 
 292
 
 CCLX. 
 
 £ftc ©at a nut 
 
 " Ipsa quoqne assiduo labuntur tempora motu 
 Nee secus as lluraen neque enim consisfere flumen, 
 Nee levis hora potest : sed ut unda impellitur unda, 
 L'r^eturque prior veniente, urgetque priorom; 
 Tempora sic fujeiunt pariter, pariterque sequuntur : 
 Et nova sunt semper : nam quod fait ante, relictam est, 
 Fitque, quod baud fuerat, momentaquc cuncta aovantur."— Ovid. 
 
 " IIoTa/xaj yap ovk ecttlv ijxf3rjvai Sis TuT aUTaf (tklvSyjctl 
 /cat 7raXiv (Tvvayei, (rvvuTTa.To.1 /cat a7roAei7re(, ko.l Trpocrzicri 
 Kat aireun." — HERACLITUS OP EPHESUS. 
 
 Have you ne'er watched from far the Cataract's gleam 
 
 Hang in the air, fixed, like a silver thread, 
 
 Without or sound or motion ; though it spread 
 
 Over its rocky basin in a stream 
 
 Swift as a falling star ; and as a dream 
 
 Shifting and restless ; its bright body fed 
 
 JBy drops for ever, many-myriaded : 
 
 Yet poised, a shaft of light, its waters seem ?. 
 
 As with the Torrent, with the River : bunt 
 
 Down the same volume never twice may float : — 
 
 And such is Man : tho' seeming firm-compact, 
 
 He lives by fluxion : as with one, with all : — 
 
 The life of Nations is but as the fall 
 
 Of the continuous changeful cataract. 
 
 293
 
 CCLXI. 
 
 (Llmmll ixm the Hlmm. 
 
 {Continued.) 
 
 Fies nobiliuirf tu quoquc foutium, 
 Me dicente cavis impositam ilicem 
 Saxis, unde loquaces 
 
 Lymphse desiliunt tute." — Horace. 
 
 Aristocratic stream ! Thou who dost brook 
 
 No trade upon thy waters ! never soil 
 
 Thy purity the barge and sons of toil ! 
 
 For gentle lovers only dost thou look : 
 
 Ne'er hast thou been, ne'er shalt thou be, forsook 
 
 By Youth and Pleasure, who with dripping oar 
 
 Through the green meadows on thy banks explore 
 
 Each azure bend, and lily-bearing nook ; 
 
 The pool by bathers sought, glassy and still : 
 
 The shady reach where the dark willows bend : 
 
 Thine angler-haunted current by the mill : — 
 
 Beautiful river ! why should I rehearse 
 
 Faintly thy charms, when he who was my friend 
 
 Hath given thee sweeter and more burning verse ?* 
 
 * " The Cherwell Water Lily." 
 
 294
 
 CCLXII. 
 
 " In a word, but now worth this, 
 
 And now worth nothing." — Shakespeare. 
 
 " XctyaaTOS yap aypiov 
 rvxovcra, A.ip,evas ?)/\#es es ^vrjvCfxov<i. " — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " £t mea cymba semel vasta percussa procella, 
 
 Ilium, quo lsesa est lionet adire locum." — Ovid. 
 
 " cuScu/awv jj\v ds €/< OaXaaarj'i 
 
 t<f>vye KVfxa At'/xeva 8' eVe^a'." — EURIPIDES. 
 
 " Socius fidelis anchora tuta est." 
 
 " Me tabula sacer 
 Votiva paries indicat uvida 
 Suspendisse potenti 
 
 vestiuienta maris deo." — IIorace. 
 
 tl Tarn mea votiva puppis redimita corona, 
 
 Leuta tuinesceutes sequoris audit aquas." — Ovin. 
 
 Nay, never speak to me again of love, 
 For I have ventured once upon Love's sea 
 My trustful spirit, like an argosie 
 Trick'd bravely out with flaunting flags above ; 
 Its freight, the spices from some Eastern grove, 
 Or sunny isle, with gems of priceless cost — 
 Far o'er the faithless waters arc they tost ; 
 For vain with fickle winds my vessel strove, 
 When all my treasures (hopes and joys) were lost- 
 Why should the lonely-hearted mariner 
 From out his sheltered solitary cove, 
 A calm and quiet harbour, seek to stir, 
 Fearful of waxes with bare life hardly crost? 
 Nay, never speak to me a-ain of love! 

 
 CCLXIII. 
 
 " Mea culpa, mea culpa." 
 
 " Esse tibi veras credis amicitias ? 
 Sunt verse: sed quas juvenis, quas pauper habebas." — Martial. 
 
 Mine was the fault, dear friend, and only mine ; 
 I will not wrong thy memory for a day : 
 Not thou, but I, threw our sweet love away : 
 Thou wast too spiritually divine, 
 I all too gross and earthy : so the line 
 That bound our boyhood snapt ; yet thou didst pray 
 To me, and for me, when I fell away 
 From that high course where both had vowed to shine. 
 Thy love, had I been slower to o'ertask it, 
 Still had been treasured in this bosom's casket, 
 With talismanic blush to warn the bearer, 
 Each time to pleasure's deadly cup I flew ; 
 Just as the faithful tourquoise saves its wearer 
 From poison' d chalice, by its changeful hue. 
 
 296
 
 CCLXIV. 
 
 (£ veiling (Thoughts 
 
 EC I 
 
 The twilight star to heav'n, 
 And the summer dew to flowers, 
 
 And rest to us is given 
 
 In the cool soft evening hours." — Mrs, lli'M a\-. 
 
 The mind, o'erwrought with the day's pleasing toils ; 
 Hard mastery of old black-lettered law, 
 The gleaning of wise saying and quaint saw 
 From half-forgotten book ; turning up soils 
 Of learning long left fallow ; trophying spoils 
 Of conquer'd knowledge ; stooping o'er to draw 
 From Poetry's deep wells ; not without awe 
 Threading the maze that Plato's spirit coils ; 
 Or, holier task, re-reading through The Cook 
 First lisp'd in childhood at our Mother's knee ; 
 The mind, now saturate with calm, doth rest 
 Awhile, till Fancy dons her silver vest ; 
 And thoughts on thoughts forth singly Hushing look, 
 Like stars, through the dark Eeav'n of Memory. 
 
 
 fS '€ 
 
 I ■
 
 CCLXV. 
 
 " I am of those o'er whom a breath of air, 
 Just darkening in its course the lake's bright wave, 
 And sighing through the feathery leaves hath power 
 To call up shadows in the silent hour, 
 Prom the dim past, as from a wizard's cave." — Felicia Hemans. 
 
 lis o or avatar] voos uvepos, out €7rt 7roAA?p 
 
 Tatav £\->]\ov6ws, c^pecrt TrevKaXiixYjcn vorjar), 
 
 "EvO' el-qv, r) evOa, jjavoivrjdeU re TroAAcr" — HOMER. 
 
 Yea, fearful, very wonderful, our make : 
 Past scenes come back like friends loner fancied dead 
 Oft vague as dreams ; oft clear as landscape spread 
 Beneath some clombe high hill-top, wood and lake. 
 
 A single sight, a sound, a touch, can wake 
 Old memories, faint and sweet as music shed 
 Through empty halls, where revel banquetted, 
 When the wierd wind-harp fitful breezes shake. 
 
 Thought slumbers like the lady in the trance, 
 Who starts at first touch of her true knight's lance ; 
 And as the page, blank-seeming, to the flame 
 Reveals its lines, by magic ink en-tinted, 
 The mind, swift-kindling at a tone, a name, 
 Illumes its vanished pictures, memory-printed. 
 
 298
 
 "•in 
 
 
 CCLXVI. 
 
 c 
 
 " The present still is echo of thepast." — Younge, 
 
 They come ! The phantoms of departed Thought, 
 
 All life-like in their beauty, tho' their gleam 
 
 Is of a fainter presence, and they seem 
 
 Like spectral images of roses wrought 
 
 By the old Alchymist. whose magic caught 
 
 The faded flower's fast-fleeting soul, a dream 
 
 As fair as harmless 
 
 Hush ! Their voices stream 
 Upon me with a lingering echo brought 
 Back from the Past with softer, sweeter, note 
 Dim ghosts of vanish 'd sunlight! sounds that throng 
 My spirit like the well-remember'd song 
 Of nightingales, that used at eve to float, 
 From her laburnum-blossom'd margin thin 
 O'er Cherwell's lilied wave, when I was young. 
 
 299 

 
 
 CCLXVII. 
 
 " TlvKV07TTepOL 8 
 
 Eo-w kixt avTOV evo-TO/Aov(r arySoves." — SOPHOCLES. 
 
 " Most musical, most melancholy." — Tl Penseroso. 
 
 " nightingale, thou surely art 
 A creature of a fiery heart : 
 Those notes of thine — they pierce aud pierce 
 Tumultuous harmony and fierce : 
 Thou sing'st as if the God of Wine 
 Had help'd thee to a Valentine." — Wordsworth. 
 
 Who said, sweet Nightingale, thy song was sad ? 
 Hark ! from the neighbouring grove's thick golden 
 
 bloom 
 Still faintly shining through the deep'ning gloom, 
 Bursts thy triumphant music, wildly glad ! 
 So must have shouted the Bacchante, mad 
 With irrepressible joy ; thou from the rout 
 In thine own Temple's vale did'st learn the shout : 
 Nor stops the strain, but swells ; for thou hast bade 
 Thy mates mid the laburnum blossoms vie 
 With thee for mastery, and twenty throats 
 In tuneful quarrel wake for victory : — 
 Up with the joyous discord, as it floats 
 On the close air, my lagging spirits fly : — 
 Thanks, gentle warblers, for your mirthful notes. 
 
 See Note 29. 
 
 300 
 
 «'&£
 
 ,-. - 
 
 CCLXVIII. 
 
 Q!t ...... »* 
 
 " ronf of (Sltvtetchuvch. 
 
 ■' A Lhoi 
 " Of private recollect inn, sweet and still "-Wnr 
 
 " How soft the music of those village bells, 
 < Falling at intervals upon the ear. 
 
 Whenever I have heard 
 A kindred melody, the scene recurs, 
 And with it all its pleasures and its pains. 
 .Such comprehensive views the spirit takes 
 That in a few short moments I retrace, 
 As in a map the voyager liis course, 
 The windings of my way through many years." — Cow mi 
 
 One hundred and one times the mighty sound, 
 
 Such as when Vulcan forg'd the War God's shield. 
 
 Startled the Lemnian shepherd in his field, 
 
 Hath Christ Church giant bell swung out around, 
 
 And the night songster's voice melodious drown'd ; 
 
 Yet on mine ear did the tone's volume fall 
 
 Not fearful, but sad, solemn, musical, 
 
 Tho' frighted air yet shakes with the rebound: — 
 
 Nor strange ; for my note-stricken memory 
 
 Hath wander'd to the village where I spent 
 
 Some of youth's happiest days, where y< ( the proud 
 
 Old Norman law had not to fashion bent, 
 
 And Curfew nightly woke thesileni sky, 
 
 With sounds as slow, as solemn, tho' less loud. 
 
 [The I of ( lirisl Church, well know , |0] 
 
 , immediately after which the all closed. The " village" (tho 
 
 ps, it would scarcely like to hear its township, with its market-place, rail- 
 waj , and quarti i house, so called) in which the curfew still tolls, is Slea- 
 
 ford, in Lincolnshire. 
 
 
 ■w,
 
 »7>" 
 
 CCLXIX. 
 
 ' Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Icarum, 
 Mereator metuens otiumet oppidi 
 Laudat rura sui, mox reficit rates 
 Quassas, indocilis pauperiem pati-" — Horace. 
 
 " Solve senectentem mature seams equum, ne 
 Peccet ad extremum." — Horace. 
 
 " Flelque Milon senior cum spectat mailed 
 lllos,qui fuerant solidorum mole tororum 
 Herculeis similes, fluidos peiidere lacertos." — Ovid. 
 
 " Saucius ejurat pugnam gladiator, et idem 
 lmmemor ant i qui vulneris arma capit. 
 Nil sibi cum pelagidicit fore naufragus undis, 
 Et ducit remos qua raodo novit aqua." — Ovid. 
 
 Hard is the task — hopeless, perchance — to doff 
 
 A lifetime's habits, which long use hath made 
 
 Our second nature ; yet have kings* display 'd 
 
 In age the Stoic, and, despite the scoff 
 
 Of multitudes, their regal robes put off. 
 
 But did the change, for that's the question, bring 
 
 Ease, or unease, to each unsceptred king ? 
 
 The batter'd sailor tries again the trough 
 Of angry seas — from his completed store 
 The merchant sighs to make one venture more. 
 Can worldly thoughts be cast aside at will, 
 As the tired traveller shakes his sandal loose ? 
 The troubled waters at command be still ? 
 The man of bustling toil turn staid recluse ? 
 
 * See note 30. 
 302 
 
 rflk
 
 CCLXX. 
 
 (tmutustott. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 ' : The most active or busy man that hath been or can be, hath, hoqucstion, 
 many vacant times of leisure while he expecteth the tide md returns of bnsi- 
 
 and then the question is but how those spaces and times of leisure 
 be filled and spent, whether in pleasure or in studies ?"— Bacon's Ach 
 ment of Learning. 
 
 " He vilio of those delights can judge, ami spare 
 
 To interpose them oft, is not unwise." — Milton. 
 " Quando mi vidi ginnto in quella parte, 
 Di miii eta, dove ciasura do\ n 
 1 ir le vele e raccoglier le sarte. 
 Cio ohe pria me piaceva allor m'increbbe."— Daih i . 
 " Collige, non omni tempore messis erit." 
 '' In general, the foundations of a happy old agemu I be laid in youth, and in 
 particular he who has nol cultivated his reason young, will be utterly unable to 
 improve it old." — Li». Bolingbroke. 
 
 " Gaudia tu differs : at non et stamina differl 
 
 Apropos, atque annis scribitur hora tibi."— Martial. 
 " Petite hinc juvenesque ene que 
 Finem animo certum, miserisque viatica canis." — Persius. 
 
 " ovk ucl Oepos ecnreiTcu, Troizi<j6f. KaAias." 
 
 " Fes'sus in i i idles deducitur agros ; 
 
 Mittiturin saltus carcere liber equus, 
 Lon ique subductam celant navalia pinnra, 
 
 Tutaque deposito poscitur ense rudis."— Ovn>. 
 " Emeritos Musis et Phaebo tradidit annos, 
 
 Proque suo celebrat nunc Helicona foro." — Martial. 
 " Dam vires animique sinunt, tolerate labores, 
 
 Jam vincit tacito curva seneetapede. 
 Ant mare remigiis, aut vomure andite ti rras, 
 
 Ant fera belfigeras addite in anna manus." — 0\n>. 
 
 Yes! there's a path not often spied by those 
 Jostling along Life's million-throng'd highway, 
 Which, when strength fails, and bustle's o'er, and day 
 Is sinking, leads to bowers of calm repo 
 
 Mark Bacon, fall'n from power, gild o'er his close 
 With beaming Wisdom, like a suns A ray : 
 See Walpole's peace of mind pass with his sway, 
 And his old habits prove his strongest foes! 
 
 Steal sometimes, thou, from oul life's glare and In at, 
 To philosophic shades, a cool retreal ; 
 I in the Poet's bird-note, as he soars ; 
 Pluck MLi ditation's ripe and mellow fruits ; 
 Gather Art's flowers ; delve for Science' roots ; 
 And lill thy Summer scrip with Winter stoi 

 
 s 
 
 ft?<» 
 
 CCLXXI. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 " Ncque semper arcum 
 Tendit Apollo."— Horace, 
 
 " Td To^a ot KeKTrjfJia'OL, C7reav ftev SeWjat ypacrOai, 
 ivravvovcrf irreav 8k xp^o-tovrai, £k\vov(tl- d yap 8rj tw 
 7rdvTa vpovov ivrera/jLeva etr;, iKpayeirj av ware cs to oiov 
 ovk llv €)(Olcv avTolcn x.prja6aL. oxrrw St) kcu uv6pw7rov 
 KaTaaracrts- et Wikoi KaTeairovSaaOai out, pvySe es Traiyvi-qv 
 to /xepos ewurov dvtcVat, Ad0ot av ?jroi /xavets, 7; 6ye d7T07r/Y>7KTOS 
 yefd/xevos- tol eyw €7rtoTd/xevos /xepos €Karepu> vepa). 
 
 Heecdotus. 
 
 " Publium Scipionem, Maree fili, eura, qui primus Africanus appellatus est, 
 tlicere solitum scripsit Cato, qui i'uit fere ejus tequalis, Numquam se minus 
 otiosum esse, quam cum oliosus ; nee minus solum,qmm cum solus esset. Magni- 
 nifica vero vox, et magno viro, ac sapiente digna : quae declarat, ilium et in 
 otio de negotiis cogitare, et in solitudiue seeum loqui solitum ; ut neque cessaret 
 umquam, et interdum colloquio alterius non egeret. Itaque duae res, quae lan- 
 
 guorem aiferuut ceteris, iltum acuebant, otiuin, et solitudo." — Cicero. 
 
 b 
 
 " Otia corpus alunt; animus quoquc pascitur illis. 
 
 Immodicus contra carpit utrumque labor." — Ovid. 
 
 Not alway doth Apollo bend his bow ; 
 At eve the flowers do fold their bells in sleep ; 
 By night alone the nightingale doth keep 
 His revel ; nesting swallows come and go 
 Alternate ; Ocean hath its ebb and flow ; 
 Of rest the procreant Earth hath season deep, 
 When Winter's icy fingers o'er her sweep, 
 And bind her, rill and glebe, in frost and snow. 
 
 O'ertasked, the body 'neath its labour droops : 
 The watchful eye doth close 'neath slumber's sway 
 O ! Student, give thy mind its holiday, 
 And sweet secession from its lamplit toils — 
 
 No bee for aye the nectar treasure spoils ; 
 No falcon on its prey for ever stoops. 
 
 304 

 
 ccLXXir. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 (Continv e<l.) 
 
 " Vittas Vestamque poteutem, 
 Eternumque adytis effert penetralibus ignem." — Ovid. 
 
 " Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia cajit ;tl 
 Flumina." — I1ora.ce. 
 
 " Vclle licet ; potiri non licet." 
 
 " Nescioqua natale solum dulcedine cunctis 
 
 Ducit et Lmmemores nou siuit esse sui."— Ovid. 
 
 " Nos patrix fines et dulcia linquimus anna."— Viki.il. 
 
 " Dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos." — ViRGlL. 
 
 When the Greek colonist was fore'd to roam, 
 Compell'd by want, or love of liberty, 
 In search of happier fortunes o'er the sea, 
 Just ere he plung'd his trireme in the foam, 
 He snatch'd the fire from Vesta's temple dome 
 I )n his new shrines to burn unquenchedly. 
 
 Merton, I bore such spark of love from thee, 
 And in my heart still flames the constant comb. 
 My Longing still deludeth my belief; 
 For oft my fond imagination shows 
 Thy hoary gables, full of sweet repose, 
 Rising beyond the waves of toil and grief: 
 So heated Fancy saw from TenerifFe 
 The Western World, long ere Columbus ro 
 
 lOtl II 
 
 i - * 

 
 CCLXXIII. 
 
 " Enough to live in tempest, die in port."--YouNGE. 
 ""At 8' c'A7ri8es fioanovai <puya8as ojs Aoyos. 
 
 KaAws (3\cttov(tiv uix/xuaiv peAAowtv 8c." — EuiUPJDES. 
 " Vixi, et quern dederat cursum Fortuna, pcregi."— Virgii- 
 " Sic mihi contingit vivere, sicque mori." 
 
 " Inveni portum. spes et fortuna valete: 
 
 Sat me lusistis, luditc nunc alios."— Fiiudentius. 
 
 I feel that it may never be, yet sweet 
 
 The hope on cheers'me in my barren lot : 
 
 So the lone wand'rer in some desert spot 
 
 Toils forward, with fix'd eyes, through mid-day heat, 
 
 And finds at eve the fancied springs a cheat : 
 
 Such is my dream, when my declining age 
 
 The trammels of the world no more engage, 
 
 To find in thee, or near, a calm retreat, 
 
 Dear Merton ; there to claim at last a home : 
 
 There with poetic Plato let me soar ; 
 
 There in thy well-loved garden let me roam, 
 
 Unmark'd ; there let me ponder silently 
 
 The chequer'd past ; and, " life's brief pageant" o'er, 
 
 There; in thy churchyard let the old man lie. 
 
 "Ey/cAticr', etprjTai yap. — Hecuba. 
 EiprjKa, dxijKoaTe, £X€Te, KptVare. 
 
 306
 
 
 ftttt^fttiinu la fomtct cclxxiil 
 
 " Ire tamen restat Numa quo devenil et A.neus."— Horace. 
 
 " Jam raea cycneas imitantur tcmpora plumas, 
 Iafieit et nigras alba senecta comas." — Ovid. 
 
 " Crednla vitam 
 
 Spes fovet et fore eras semper ail melius ; 
 Spes etiam valida solatur compedevinctum ; 
 Crura sonant ferro : sed eanit inter opus." — TlBTJLLUS, 
 
 " Sic animo quondam non divinante futara, 
 
 Optabam placide viverc posse scnex." — Ovid. 
 
 " otS' eyoj </>ei'yovTas ai/Spas e'A7riSas cn-roi'/Aevous." — Soi'lKX'U-'.s. 
 
 " lloc opus exegi ; lessee date serta carina- ; 
 
 Contigimus portum quo mihi cursus erat." — Ovid. 
 
 " eoiy/xev vavTtXotaiv otTtves 
 
 Xei/xwi/os tKc^uyovres dyptov [J.evo<;, 
 is X e V )a 77?" wv7]il/av, eha ^ifxroOeu 
 TTVoauriv 7]Xu6r]cruv is ttovtov TraXiv. — EuElPIDES. 
 
 " Sit mere scdes utinam senecta-." — Horace. 
 
 " In eana dueuntur quassae navalia puppes, 
 
 Ne temere in mediis dissoluantur aquis; 
 Ne cadat, et multas palmas inhonestel adeptas, 
 
 Languidus in pratis gramina carpit equus. 
 Miles ut emeritis non est satis utilis annis, 
 
 l'onit ad antiquos quae tulit arma Lares ; 
 Sic igitur tarda vires minnente senectS, 
 
 Me quoqne donari jam rude tempus erat." — Ovid. 
 
 " And may at last my weary age 
 Find out t he peaceful hermitage, 
 The hairy gown and mossy cell, 
 \\ here 1 may sit and rightly 
 i )i every star thai Heaven doth shew, 
 And every herh thai sips the dew, 
 Til] old experience do attain 
 To something like prophetic strain." — MlLTON. 
 
 " lllic ant spatiis animum eraendare Platonis 
 Incipiam, ant hortis, docte Epicure, tuis; 
 Pi i e ■ ir ruit studium Lingua Deroosthenia acris, 
 
 irorumqne tuos, munde Menandre, -ales." — l'Rorr.KTius. 
 
 " Sed'tamen hue omnes, hue primus el ultimas ordo, 
 Est m da, sed run: tis vita terenda via est. 
 Nirea non facies, aon vis exemit Achilh-m, 
 I ! toli quas parit humor opes,"— PttOPERTius. 
 
 307 
 
 :;
 
 J 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 (Note 1 to Sonnet 8.— Page 9.) 
 
 What language the Immortals speak, or that maybe their medium of inter- 
 communication, is ouc of those mysterious seen!, which will probably never 
 be revealed to man on this side the grave, liut the world has heard several 
 pleasant discussions as to which was the original language of mankind. Until 
 the time of Leibintz it wa ally believed that Hebrew claimed this honor. 
 
 People become so accustomed to their own language, that it requiresan effort 
 of the understanding todoubl that it is not the original language of all man- 
 kind. Goropius, in 15S0, maint t1 Dutch was the language spoken in 
 
 adise. Andie Kempe writes that God spoke to Adam in Swedish, Adam 
 answered in Danish, and the serpent spoke to Eve in French. Two hundred 
 years ago, a discus- ion upon (he point took place in the Metropolitan Chapter 
 
 Pampeluna. Thou::' ipter would not affirm that Basque was the 
 
 original language of mankind, they held that it was impossible to bring for- 
 ward any serious or rational objection against its having been the only language 
 spoken by Adam and Eve in ■' 
 
 In the present condition of the science of Language, which may he said to 
 have sprung into existence within the hist fifty years, we cannot prove that 
 all tongues are derived from one and the same original. Dut our present re- 
 searches seem to me to favor such theory, although certainly there are many- 
 deep scholars who hold that the great families of language must have sprung 
 from different centres. Wecannol as yel establish a common origin oftl 
 
 n, Semitic, and Turanian families of language, though there seems good 
 ground for connecting the two first of these by a common link of paternity, 
 differ re their structures ( mars. And the principles of induc- 
 
 tion warrant a probability that further knowledge will continually 
 
 result in widen ton. Who could have ai that the dialects 
 
 of India and Iceland, the Sanskrit oi 'ish, would 
 
 resolved into the common parentage ol I d family ; who could 
 
 have fori ' ;he 
 
 great Turanian family ? Yet these triampl ml 
 
 if we look to a of hinge ed in indul- 
 
 Eter solvin torily much tl re- 
 
 sent mysterious and confused. 
 
 Lan nent in I 
 
 s ; they receive their permanent I m, 
 
 laws, and poetry. In the Chinese, whicl rified 
 
 as it were, in the rudest ' without i 
 
 compounds, made up of i 
 and signification. This is the Radical or mon
 
 __ ___ ffi£ 
 
 NOTE 1. 
 
 In the Turanian, we have a more advanced stage, the agglutinative, where 
 words are formed of compound roots ; where one only need retain its primi- 
 tive signification, the other sinking into a mere conventional form. The 
 most advanced condition was preserved when the Aryan language hecame per- 
 manent, and here, though the words used are formed of roots, the roots have 
 so withered, that neither the one nor the other has preserved its radical indepen- 
 dence. This is the Inflectional stage. Though here roots are ground down into 
 mere inflexions, it is clear that it is by endeavouring to recover the roots, of 
 which there has been a gradual decay ever since the process of compounding two 
 or more roots commenced, that we must search for the original form of speech. 
 Every inflectional language was once agglutinative, every agglutinative was 
 once radical or monosyllabic. 
 
 It is precisely here that the study of Sanskrit has so wonderfully helped us 
 in tracing to a common source the whole Aryan family of tongues. 
 
 But how or why these roots came originally to signify the meaning of which 
 each is so prolific a parent, we may never now be able to discover. We may 
 trace back the Latin Aratrum to the Sanskrit root Ar, but why Ar should 
 signify to plough, why the act of ploughing should be expressed by the root 
 Ar, why Si should represent to shake ; Ma, to measure : Re, to run, and the 
 like , is probably lost to us for ever, since we cannot enter into the feelings or 
 re-occupy the position of those mortals who first assigned to acts and things 
 these and other particular representatives. That roots did not arise from any 
 resemblance between the sound and the object , as a general principle, is clear 
 from the comparatively small numbers of roots in which any such working 
 origin is found, and I must confess that to my own mind, no theory yet advanced 
 carries with it conviction. The onomatopcetic, lha.ve above alluded to. The 
 Interjection al, is that which refers speech to the expression of joy, sorrow, pain, 
 surprize, fear, indignation, contempt, &c, from which every other noun was ela- 
 borated. But language begins where interjections end, and as Home Tooke 
 remarks, " The dominion of speech is based on the downfall of Interjections. 
 Voluntary exclamations are only employed when the suddenness and vehe- 
 mence of some affection or passion returns men to their natural state, and 
 makes them for a momentforget the use of speech." 
 
 That language is not due to any conventional source is, I think, clear. The 
 very idea of men meeting to agree upon a common form of speech is refuted by 
 the fact, that, in order to admit of the preliminary discussion, language must 
 already have been in so advanced a stage as altogether to have superseded the 
 necessity for any such clumsy intervention. That language is of divine origin, 
 in the sense of the Theologians, that of being bestowed on man, if not in its 
 perfection, yet by an inspiration, partakes of what has been justly called that 
 " indolent philosophy which refers whatever we do not understand to miracle." 
 It is further opposed by the account in Genesis ; for though God called the 
 beasts before Adam, it was he who named them. God is said to have called &c, 
 to see how he would name them, a passage which appears to me to point to 
 the belief that God gave the faculty of speech, and man taught himself the 
 use of it. 
 
 Neither do I feel able to give my adhesion to the theory that roots are phonetic 
 types, and that as every thing in Nature, when struck, has its distinctive sound, 
 so each impression from without, when first made on the mind of man, was 
 constantly responded to by its vocal expression from within, though this
 
 IS 
 
 NOTES 1-2-3. 
 
 faculty has been since blunted by non-use. There is a faulty analogy here ; 
 each wood, metal, &c. struck and giving out a different sound, is a different 
 subject. But the mind, though one, is here supposed to give out thousands 
 of different tones according to the thing which strikes it. 
 
 The faculty is divine ; the growth of language must, 1 think, have been gra- 
 dual, though prohably marvellously rapid at the outset. The tendency of 
 the language of civilized nations is to become stationary, but in Siberia, Africa, 
 aud Siam, two or three generations among savage and illiterate tribes suflice 
 to entirely alter the national dialect. When images and things were for the 
 first time crowding on the stranger man, to whom all was novel, the rapidity 
 with which he fixed his nomenclature must have been immense. Every root 
 expresses a general idea. Adam Smith is correct when he says, that each 
 noun was in its original application a particular, and not a general term. Some 
 particular cave must have been so called before the same name was applied 
 to other caves, but Leibintz is equally right in saying that, before the applica- 
 tion of the particular or proper name, there must have been a generalization 
 of the idea ot hollow, and that before cave we have the root cav, a hollow thing. 
 
 Language is but the outward and visible sign, marvellous us it is, of the 
 inward and spiritual faculty of Abstraction, the forming of general ideas, or, in 
 other words, of reason, and herein it is especially the distinguishing mark be- 
 tween man and brute As such, its importance becomes immeasurably enhanced 
 and magnified, and may well incite us to search back till we find, if not the 
 language of the Gods iii the remarkable passage which heads my Sonnet, the 
 'juio. yAoxro-a' A^avaTOio-t' ; ul anv rate the voieeofthal Epoch when " the 
 world was of one language and one speech." 
 
 (Note 2 to Sonnet 12.— Page 13.) 
 
 It is not my purpose to decry the study of the Greek and Latin languages. 
 They open vast funds of thought for the student, the\ are an ever recurring 
 source of delight in advancing age, they arc as good a medium as any other for 
 thai training of the mind in the growth, which is one of the main ends of 
 general education, and as Charles V. said, a man is as many times a man as 
 he knows languages. What is called a practical, as opposed to a liberal, i 
 tion too frequently produces a hard narrow-minded character, and as I do not, 
 on the one hand, advocate the theory of words against things, so on the 
 other, I am not the champion of things against words. My complaint is, that 
 our method of teaching Greek and Latin is too prolix, and that if a portion of 
 . , n- nu'A devoted to learning bow to write Greel ind Latin hexameters and 
 : . Saphic , Alcaics and Iambics, wen- given up to .Mathematics, the 
 physical sciences, and modern languages, the years at present dedicated to 
 polite education, saj from 7 '" -1, would sufli hing quite as much Latin 
 
 and Greek as nearly ninety-nine out of every hundred men require, while they 
 would obtain a large store <d' rudimentary knowledge of those subjects, which, 
 under our present system, a man is compelled to instruct himself in, after his 
 genera] education i- supposed to In- completed, if he wishes to hold his 
 own in a\< n iety. 
 
 (Note 3 to Sonnet 20.— Page 21.) 
 
 Compare Blilton's description of Belial. This principle was first adopted 
 by the Stoics. See Aristotle 1 Rhetori . .'— 21y<//. See A Nubes v. 
 
 :;
 
 4 NOTE 4. 
 
 886 et seq, and Plato Phil. p. 56. Pythagoras was the first who made a boast 
 of his ability tw rjTTOva Xoyov KpeiTrova 7rou7v. Gorgius, accord- 
 ing to P lat 0) held LRhetoric to be the highest art: apcarr] tw re^vwi/. 
 Like Carueades of the new Academy, in later days, they were prepared to 
 argue for and against any given subject. Carneades astonished the Romans 
 by his orations for and against Justice. It was this double dealing which 
 raised such a feeling against the Greek philosophy among the elder Romans 
 of the day, who looked upon the philosophers much as the Athenians re- 
 garded Socrates, as the corrupters of youth. Euripides is conspicuous for his 
 sophistic arguments in support of the most manifestly fallacious propositions. 
 See also Lactantius, Div. Inst. 14. 
 
 (Note 4 to Sonnet 29.— Page 36.) 
 
 Though 'Loripidem rectus deridcat, yEthiopum albus'is true all the world 
 over, yet of all countries, England is probably the most remarkable for its 
 spirit of supercilious exclusiveness, and this vice culminates at Oxford, It is a 
 snobbish feeling which sets down every stranger into whose society chance 
 throws us, as a snob. Our insular position favours the growth of this habit ; tra- 
 vel and observation of the World in foreign countries are the best remedy. 
 We all remember the old joke of the Oxford student drowning in the Isis, call- 
 ing upon another Oxonian to save him, which the latter replied he should have 
 been happy to have attempted, but that he had not had the honor of an intro- 
 duction. A handsome face is generally felt to be a letter of recommendation at 
 the first blush, though even Phcedrus might remind us, 
 ' Pormosos saepe inveni pessimos, 
 Et turpi facie multos cognovi optimos.' 
 
 Still, beauty makes its way direct to the heart. We all pride ourselves on 
 our fancied skill in physiognomy. ' Vultus est animi index.' ' Vultus anirai 
 janua et tabula' says Cicero : Pythagoras used to examine the countenances of 
 his students, and we kuow that Socrates prognosticated a fair mind from a fair 
 form. So lot li are we to believe that an ill-favoured person can be worthy or 
 agreeable, that Martial has hit off our foible in a happy Epigram, 
 ' Crine ruber, niger ore, brevis pede, lumine loeso, 
 Rem magnam prcestas, Zoile, si bonus es.' 
 and we may admit that there is an indescribable fascination in the mere posses- 
 sion of bodily advantages. 
 
 ' Moribus et forma conciliandus amor," says that Doctor Amorum, Ovid ; 
 
 Gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore virtus, chimeth in Master Virgil: and 
 we shall all do well at least to suspeud our judgments. ' Multo melius ex sermone, 
 quam lineameutis, de moribus hominum judicanius,' was Cato's rule. The 
 Pharisee thanks God that he is not as other men are : the charitable will cheek 
 the first risings of disgust or dislike, when tbrown into the society of an ill- 
 favoured person, and remember that there is a jewelled eye set even in the 
 toad. It is much a matter of habit ; and a good habit is as easy of acquirement 
 as a bad. It is practice, as Aristotle tells us, that creates the habit. The 
 traveller sickens at the leprous beggar, ' Dignus Aricinos qui mendicaret ad 
 axes,' laid out on the roadside to awaken his pity ; the surgeon stops to examine 
 and make a note of him as an interesting case. " Commend not a man for his 
 
 &*i
 
 NOTES 5-6. 
 
 beauty," says i he son ofSirach, " neither abhor a man for his outward ap- 
 pearance. The bee is little among such as fly, but her fruit is the chi 
 r< ij things." 
 
 At the h iage of Jupiter, says Burton, many noble mortals were 
 ,!. Amon I ';i i, a Rom in prince, ,: in g< ' ' e, with 
 
 a majestical presence, but otherwise an ass." TheGods i i him place, 
 
 ex habitu horn lupiter, perceiving what he was, a lighl 
 
 How, turned him and his proud followers into butterflies, and so 
 thej continue still, roving about in pied coats, and are called* 
 the wiser sort of men. Many curious instances of men who were good, though 
 loathsome, will be foun I in Burton' v of Melancholy Part II. Sec. 111. 
 
 Memb. 2, and Part III. Sec. II. .Men. 2, Sed. 2, 
 
 (Note 5 to Sonnet 36. — Page 46.) 
 
 There are two opinions as to the limits of human knowledge. According to 
 one, Nature is infinite, and however numerous, however penetrating man's dis- 
 coveries of her secrets, there must ever remain m steries which are beyond his 
 reach. According to this theory, knowledge may he likened to a Circle, which is 
 every where limited by an imp; i rcumference. Creation is a sort of pro- 
 
 blem which man may harmlessly and indeed usefully study, but the solution of 
 which is impossible. 
 
 According to the other theory, it is impossible to assign limits to the region 
 of man's discoveries. The philosopher is so accustomed I order rei 
 
 in the midst of seeming confusion, belief i , almost a n 
 
 ith. 
 
 That we are approaching nearer to the primal laws of Creation is appa 
 to whoever will consider the vasl advances made since the discovery of the 
 law of gravitation. It would seem as if the first Laws were of a character as 
 simple as grand. There is nothing profane in the thought that the Creator 
 may have set Creation before man with the design thai step by step he should 
 
 Bis workmanship up to the mysteries of Life and Spirit. Accord; 
 this view knowledge has been beautifully likened to a Helix. It does not re- 
 turn upon itself like a Circle : but like the watch-spring, ever diverges ; though 
 wc must not fo it tl i i ■ is infinite as space il 
 
 is in the Scriptures indicative of the impossibility of 
 finding out God' '-'ich are Job ix. v. 10. eh. xi- v. 7. ch. wvi, v. 1 I 
 
 xxxvi. v. 26. ch. xxxvii. vs. 5-23, Psalms cxlv. v. :; . Isaiah ch. lv. vs. 8 — 9. 
 But the true method ofquestioning Nature, and th o, were un- 
 
 known in the ; and wc sec what a "lazy philosophy" was cont 
 
 ined, 
 and the limit to knowledge pla Lnaxagarus said that chance is 
 
 n the real ■ anol be discovered by human ingenuity 
 
 and research. The ultimate seer ; al present hidden: but 
 
 I doubl thai pTi lilar uniformity to those. 
 
 which keep the j i world in i ructure ol . And 
 
 Cuvier asks wbj should nol Natural Hi 
 
 (Note 6 to Sonnet 59.— Page 73.) 
 
 There is a povcrtj through whose school i thai a man should 
 
 I which it is i
 
 G NOTE 6. 
 
 douce Pauvrete ! pordonne — moi d'avoir un instant voulu te fair comme on 
 eut fui l'indigence ; etablis toi ici a, jamais avec te scharraatites soeurs 
 la Pitie, la Patience, la Sobriete et la Solitude ; soyez mes reines et mes 
 institutrices ; apprenez moi les austeres devoirs dc la vie ; eloignez de ma de- 
 meure les infirmites de cceur et les vertiges qui suivent la prosperite. Pauvrete 
 sainte ! apprenez-moi a, supporter sans me plaiudre, a partager sans hesitation, 
 a cherclier le but de l'esistence plushaut que les plaisier, plus loin que la puis 
 sance. Tu fortifies le corps, tu raffermis l'ame, et, grace a, toi, cette vie a la- 
 quelle l'opulent l'attache comme a un locher, devient un esquif dont la mort 
 peut denouer les cable sans eveiller notre desespoir. Continue a, me soutenir, 
 6 toi que le Christ a sumommce la Bienheureuse :" writes Syvestre. 
 
 A reservation however must be made even with respect to this : that the trial 
 may be home while we are young. Jean Paul prettily enough draws the 
 distinction. 
 
 " Riches weigh more heavily upon talent than poverty. Under gold mountains 
 and thrones lie buried many spiritual giants. When, to the flame that the 
 natural heat of youth kindles, the oil of riches is added, little more than the 
 ashes of the phaenix remains ; and only a Goethe has had the forbearance not 
 to singe his phsenix wings at the sun of fortune. For with much gold, the poor 
 historical Professor would not have had much genial warmth in his youth. Pate 
 does with the poet as we with singing birds, and overhangs the cage with dark- 
 ness until ho sings the tune we would have him sing. But preserve, just Provi- 
 dence, the old man from want ! for hoary years have already bent him low, and 
 he can no longer stand upright with the youth, and bear heavy burdens on his 
 head." 
 
 But it is not of this description of poverty, which may be called compara- 
 tive poverty, that I am speaking. If the matter be well searched into, what 
 Horace writes will be found fully near the truth. 
 
 Si ventri bene, si lateri et pedibus que tuis, nil 
 Divitite poterunt regales addere. 
 The Professor or the School " Usher" may be happy though his coat he 
 threadbare, and there is no chink of money in his pockets. It is envy that con- 
 stitutes much of the suffered poverty in the world. Love in a cottage (orne) 
 is not without its charms, notwithstanding the bride and bridegroom may have 
 heen brought up in all the luxury of ancestral halls, as the younger scions of a 
 feudal nobility. The labouring classes, especially in the country, who can 
 pay their way, can scarcely be called poor, except indeed by comparison. The 
 artisan, who earns high wages and can indulge in the purchase of a few books 
 or an occasional amusement, may be regarded as comparatively rich. Compa- 
 paratively poverty is quite compatible with content. There is scarcely a poet 
 who has not sung the charms of mediocrity. " Competence" is a relative term ; 
 men are apt to stretch its signification in proportion to their success in life, 
 like Doctor Pangloss ; but to a truly philosophic spirit, such as that of Epic- 
 tetus or the Emperor Antoninus, it covers but a very little. We all know the 
 stories of Abdolonymus, and of Aglans : Horace wanted but his Sabine farm : 
 Virgil lauded his Corycian Yeoman : Claudian has left us a charming picture 
 of the Old man of Verona. Chaucer in his Wife of Bath's Tale introduces a 
 long panegyric on Poverty, which Dryden has modernized thus : 
 " Philosophers have said, and poets sing. 
 That a glad poverty's an honest thing. 

 
 NOTE 6. 7 
 
 Content is wealth, 1 lie riches of the minri, 
 
 And happy he who can that treasure find. 
 
 But the base miser starves amidst his store, 
 
 Broods on his gold, and, griping still at more, 
 
 Sits sadly pining, and believes he's poor. 
 
 The ragged beggar, though lie want relief 
 
 Has naught to lose, and sings before the thief. 
 
 Want is a bitter and a hateful good, 
 
 Because its virtues are not understood ; 
 
 Yet many things, impossible to thought, 
 
 Have been by need to full perfection brought : 
 
 The daring of the soul proceeds from thence. 
 
 Sharpness of wit, and active diligence ; 
 
 Prudence at once, and fortitude.it gives, 
 
 And, if in patience taken, mends our lives ; 
 
 For ev'n that indigence, that brings me low, 
 
 Makes me myself, and Him above, to know. 
 
 A good which none would challenge, few would choose, 
 
 A fair possession, which mankind refuse. 
 
 If we from wealth to poverty descend, 
 
 Want gives to know the flatterer from the friend. 
 
 Tasso puts into the mouth of the old man with whom Fnninia discourses, 
 sundry excellent precepts, which Fairfax thus translates. 
 
 " But father, since this land, these townes and towres, 
 
 Destroied are with sword, with lire and spoile. 
 
 How may it he, unhurt that you and yours 
 
 In safetie thus, applie your harmeiesse toile ? 
 
 Mj sonnc (quoth he) this pore estate of ours 
 
 Is euer safe from storm of warlike hroile ; 
 This wildernesse doth vs in saftie keepe, 
 No thnndring drum, no trumpet breakes our sleepe. 
 Haply iust heau'ns defence and shield of right, 
 Hoth loue the innocence of simple swains. 
 The thunderbolts on highest mountains light, 
 And seld or ni lowei plaines: 
 
 So kings have cause to feare Be i 'lot laes might, 
 Not they whose sweat and toile their dinner gaines. 
 Nor euer grei r was eutised 
 
 By pouertie, neglected and di spisi d. 
 
 Pouertie, chefe of the heau'nly brood, 
 
 Dearer to me than wealth or kingly erowne ! 
 
 No wish for honour, thirst of others good, 
 
 ( an moue my heart, contented with mine owne : 
 
 We quench our thirst with water of this flood, 
 
 Nor fear we poison shou throwne : 
 
 These little (locks of sheepe and tender goates 
 Giue milke for food, and wool to make us coates. 
 
 We little wish, we need bul little wealth. 
 
 From cold and hunger \s to c loath and feed 
 
 These areiu\ Bonnes, their care preserui tealth
 
 8 NOTE 6. 
 
 Their father's flocks, nor servants moe I need 
 Amid these groues 1 walke oft for my health, 
 And to the fishes, birds, and beastes giue heed, 
 How they are fed, in forest, spring, and lake, 
 And their contentment for ensample take. 
 Time was (for eacli one hath his doting time, 
 These siluer locks were golden tresses than) 
 That countrie life I hated as a crime, 
 And from the forrests sweet contentment ran, 
 To Memphis' stately pallace would 1 clime, 
 And there became the mightie caliphes man, 
 And though i but a simple gardner weare, 
 Yet could I marke abuses, see and heare. 
 Entised on with hope of future gaine, 
 I suffred long what did my soule displease ; 
 But when my youth was spent, my hope was v aine. 
 1 felt my native strength at last decrease; 
 I gan my losse of lustie yeeres complaiue, 
 And wisht I had enjoy'd the countries peace ; 
 I bod the court farewell, and with content 
 My latter age here have I quiet spent." 
 It is of dhsoluie poverty that 1 speak ; that poverty in which a man hath not 
 wherewithal to clothe or feed or shelter himself, his wife, and bis children ; iu 
 which be knows not where he shall get bread for to-morrow, and hath it not for 
 to day ; and of which au occasional glimpse is vouchsafed to " Society" in the 
 revelations of starvation and misery disclosed by the visits of the charitable to 
 the dwellings of the poor in our more crowded cities. This poverty is the worst 
 of all social evils. 
 
 Guzman de Alfarache has thus characterized such poverty. 
 " That poverty, which is not the daughter of the spirit, is but the mother of 
 shame and reproach; it is a disreputation that drowns all the other good parts 
 that are in man ; it is a disposition to all kind of evil ; it is man's most foe ; it 
 is a leprosy full of anguish ; it is a way that leads unto hell ; it is a sea wherein 
 our patience is overwhelmed, our honour is consumed, our lives are ended, and 
 our souls are utterly lost and cast away for ever. The poor man is a kind of 
 money that is not current ; the subject of every idle housewife's chat ; the off- 
 scum of the people ; the dust of the street, first trampled under foot and then 
 thrown on the dunghill ; in conclusion, the poor man is the rich man's ass. He 
 dineth with the last, fareth of the worst, and payetb dearest : his sixpence will 
 not go so far as a rich man's threepence ; his opinion is ignorance ; his discre- 
 tion, foolishness ; his suffrage, scorn ; his stock upon the common, abused by 
 many and abhorred of all. If lie come in company, he is not heard ; if any 
 chance to meet him, they seek to shun him : if he advise, though never so wise- 
 ly, they grudge and murmur at him ; if he work miracles, they say be is a witch ; 
 if virtuous, that he goeth about to deceive ; his venial sin is a blasphemy ; 
 his thought is made treason ; his cause, he it never so just, it is not regarded; 
 and, to have his wrongs righted, he must appeal to that other life. All men 
 crush him ; uo man favoureth him ; there is no man that will relieve his wants ; 
 no man that will comfort him in his miseries ; nor no man that will bear him 
 company, when he is all alone, and oppressed with grief. None help him; all 
 hinder him ; none give him, all take from him ; he is debtor to none, and yet 
 
 S*~
 
 NOTES 6-7. 
 
 must make payment to all. 0, the unfortunate and poor condition of him that 
 is poor, to whom even the very hours are sold, which the clock striketh, and 
 pays custom for the sunshine in August !" 
 
 Nowhere, that 1 know of, have the evils of poverty been more forcibly dwelt 
 on than in Slack's Philosophy of Progress, lie writes thus : 
 
 "The greatest of all social evils is poverty, because it is the most proli fie cause 
 of suffering and crime. Disease in its epidemic and endemic forms is a power- 
 ful source of suffering, but it is itself more the offspring of poverty than of any 
 other cause Any great depression of the labouring classes is invariably follow- 
 ed by a large outcrop of some kind of fever; and the typhus that is the con- 
 st ant inhabitant of filthy crowded habitations disappears in proportion to the 
 of the population to pay for ami obtain better dwellings. Even drunk- 
 en ness, which it is common to represent as the foundation of so much mischief, 
 is most prevalent with the poorest classes, who fly to the gin-shop or to the 
 bottle to relieve a sense of depression created by the wretched surroundings that 
 poverty provides; and it is scarcely possible to reclaim a drunken class without 
 first removing some of the miseries which constituted the incentive to drink. 
 The hard drinking which was a fashion with the last generation must not be con- 
 founded with drunkenness. No doubt a large number of persons belonging to 
 the middle and upper classes did get drunk, and their habitual potations disposed 
 them to inflammatory disorders, and contributed to shorten the duration of their 
 lives ; bet it was in the main consistent with a discharge of daily duties and the 
 ordinary requirements of an industrial occupation. Their drinking was in fact 
 . i Irion inconsistent with social refinement, but not leading to that profound 
 di ba .'meat which the drui I i anc of poverty — a disease, and nol a fashion — 
 invariably produces. Poverty is often the offspring of ignorance, but it is equal- 
 ly true that ignorance is continually the offspring of poverty ; and a great uitii- 
 of national education is the necessity for juvenile labour to as- 
 
 : hi maintaining the families of the working men. Through poverty, disease 
 upon infancy, childhood, manhood, and old age ; through poverty, the for- 
 med education of the child is made difficult or impossible, and the insi n^ble edu- 
 cation of surrounding circumstances and habits, which is often the most power- 
 ful, degrades instead of elevates. When the poor seek for recreation they must 
 be content with a bad sort, because that which is better is beyond their pecuniary 
 reach. The society of the very poor is harsh, squalid, and frequently vicious, 
 and this noi froi II of their humanity, which often displays itself in noble 
 
 colour.-., but because : on of want and misery oppresses and suppre 
 
 developments, and sti I moral deformities audi rowths. It 
 
 utiful thing of Christianity to bless the poor whom the society of an- 
 cient times could not ito comfort or happiness; but ow, tin task of the 
 j lie poor," as if 0] i a to 
 no other solace than I •», but to act in such conformity with natural 
 laws that ; to i ist." 
 
 (Note 7 to Sonnet 64— Page 80.) 
 
 The curio jeinSeneca's M s may be appn ! applied to the 
 
 ftscovi ' ■ bus, thoi nol proba writer 
 
 had in view the spherical I irth, or discoveries at the Antipo 
 
 " \ 
 
 la rerum 
 ■Ilus 
 
 - .
 
 Tiphysque novis deteget orbes 
 i Nee sit terris ultima Thule." 
 
 Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, though he did not live to complete 
 it, is perhaps a more remarkable feat than that of Columbus. Draper, in his 
 work on the Intellectual Development of Europe, thus writes : 
 
 " In the whole history of human undertakings there is nothing that exceeds, 
 if indeed there is anything that equals, this voyage of Magellan. That of 
 Columbus dwindles away in comparison. It is a display of superhuman courage, 
 superhuman perseverance, — a display of resolution not to be diverted from its 
 purpose by any motive or any suffering, but inflexibly persisting to its end. 
 Well might his despairing sailors come to the conclusion that they had entered 
 on a trackless waste of waters, endless before them and hopeless in a return. 
 But, though the Church hath evermore from Holy Writ affirmed that the 
 earth should be a wide spread plain bordered by the waters, yet he comfort- 
 ed himself when he considered that in the eclipses of the moon the shadow 
 cast of the earth is round ; and as is the shadow, such in like manner is the 
 substance. It was a stout heart — a heart of triple brass— which could thus, 
 against such authority, extract unyielding faith from a shadow. 
 
 " This unparalleled resolution met its reward at last. Magellan reached a 
 group of islands north of the equator — the Ladrones. In a few days more he 
 became aware that his labours had been successful ; he met with adventurers 
 from Sumatra. But, though he had thus grandly accomplished his object, it 
 was not given to him to complete the circumnavigation of the globe. At an 
 island called Zebu, or Mutan, he was killed, either, as has been variously relat- 
 ed, in a mutiny of his men, or — as they declared — in a conflict with the savages, 
 or insidiously by poison. " The General," they said, " was a very brave man 
 and received his death-wound in his front , nor would the savages yield up his 
 body for any ransom." Through treason and revenge it is not unlikely that he 
 fell, for he was a stern man ; none but a very stern man could have accomplish- 
 ed so daring a deed. Hardly was he gone when his crew learned that they 
 were actually in the vicinity of the Moluccas, and that the object of their voy- 
 age was fulfilled. On the morning of November 8,1521, having been at sea 
 two years and three months, as the sun was rising, they entered Tidore, the 
 chief port of the Spice Islands. The King of Tidore swore upon the Koran 
 alliance to the King of Spain. 
 
 " I need not allude to the wonderful objects — destined soon to become common 
 to voyagers in the Indian Archipelago— that greeted their eyes : elephants in 
 trappings ; vases and vessels of porcelain ; birds of Paradise, " that fly not, 
 but be blown by the wind ;" exhaustless stores of the coveted spices, nutmegs, 
 mace, cloves. And now they prepared to bring the news of their success back 
 to Spain. Magellan's lieutenant, Sebastian de Elcauo, directed his course for 
 the Cape of Good Hope, again encountering the most fearful hardships. Out of 
 his slender crew he lost twenty one men. He doubled the Cape at last ; and on 
 September 7, 1522, in the port of St. Lucar, near Seville, under his orders the 
 good ship Sail Vittoria came safely to an anchor. She had accomplished the 
 greatest achievement in the history of the human race,— she had circumnavigat- 
 ed the earth. 
 
 ' ' Magellan thus lost his life in his enterprise, and yet he made an enviable ex- 
 change. Doubly immortal, and thrice happy ! for he impressed his name iudc- 

 
 NOTES 7-8. 11 
 
 libly on the earth and the sky, on the strait that connects the two great oceans, 
 and on those clouds of starry worlds seen in the southern heavens. He also 
 imposed a designation on the largest portion of the surface of the globe. Ilis 
 lieutenant, Sebastian de Elcano, received such honours as kings can give. Of 
 all armorial bearings ever granted for the accomplishment of a great and 
 daring deed, his were the proudest and noblest — the globe of the world, belted 
 with the inscription, " Primus circumdedisti me !" 
 
 (Note 8 to Sonnet 78.— Page 94.) 
 
 The following passage from Chaucer's Dream has been cpaoted as a pro- 
 phecy of the Chrystal Palace: 
 
 " Within an yle me thought I was, 
 Where wall, and yate was all ofglasse, 
 And so was closed round about, 
 That leauelesse none come in ne out , 
 Uncouth and straunge to behold, 
 For euery yate of fine gold, 
 A thousand fanes, aie turning, 
 Eutuned had, and briddes singiug, 
 Diuers, and on each fane a paire, 
 With open mouth again thaire, 
 And of a sute were all the toures, 
 Subtily coruen after floures, 
 Of vncouth colours during aye, 
 That neuer been none seene in May, 
 With many a small turret hie, 
 But man on Hue could I non sie, 
 Ne creatures, saue ladies play, 
 Which were such of theyr array, 
 That as me thought of goodlihead, 
 They passeden all, and womanhead, 
 For to behold them daunce and sing, 
 It seemed like none earthly thing, 
 Such was their vncouth countiuaunce, 
 In euery play of right vsaunce, 
 And of one age euerichone, 
 They seemed all saue onely one, 
 Which had of yeeres sufhsaunoe, 
 For she might norther sing ne daunce, 
 But yet her countenauneo was so glad, 
 As she so fewe yeeres had had, 
 As any lady that was there 
 And as little it did her dere, 
 Of lustines to laugh and tale 
 As she had full staffed am 
 Of disports and new playes: 
 Fayre bad she been in her daies, 
 And maistresse seemed well to be, 
 Of all that lusty companie, 
 And so she might I you ensure
 
 12 NOTES 8-9. 
 
 For one the conningest creature 
 She was, and so said cuerichone, 
 That euer her knew, there fayled none, 
 For stic was sober, and well auised, 
 And from euery fault disguised, 
 And nothing vsed but faith and truth, 
 That she nas young it was great ruth, 
 For euery where and in ech place, 
 She gouerned her. that in grace 
 She stode alway with poore and riche, 
 That at a word was none her liche, 
 Ne halfe so able maistres to be, 
 To such a lusty companie." 
 There is a passage in Homer which I have often thought very descriptive 
 of our good Queen : 
 
 " cos KGivq trepl KrjfiL TeTi/J,T]Tai re, kox iariv, 
 
 €K T€ C^t'AoJV 7TCuS(jOV, CK T O.VTOV AXkLVOOLO, 
 
 koI Aacov, 01 fitv pa, 6zov cos, elaopoaivres, 
 SaSe'xarai p.v6oio~LV, ore OTer^cr ava. acrrv. 
 ov /xzv yap Tt voov ye ko! airi] oeverat io~9Xov, 
 otcrtV t ev (f>poverjo-L /cat avSpacri vctxea Xvei. 
 
 Which Pope has rendered thus: 
 
 " With honours yet to womankind unknown, 
 This queen he graces, and divides the throne : 
 In equal teuderness her sons conspire, 
 And all the children emulate their sire. 
 When thro' the street she gracious deigns to move, 
 (The publick wonder, and the publick love) 
 The tongues of all with transport sound her praise, 
 The eyes of all, as ou a Goddess, gaze. 
 She feels the triumph of a gen'rous breast; 
 To heal divisions, to relieve th' opprest ; 
 ]n virtue rich ; in blessing others, blest " 
 
 (Note 9 to Sonnet 78.— Page 94.) 
 
 The idea that war is destined to become a thing of the past, one of those tra- 
 ditions which people look back to with incredulity, is usually scouted as a mere 
 Utopian dream. Nevertheless, I venture to predict that war will have become 
 obsolete long before the conventional New Zcalander shall spit and moralize over 
 the balustrade of London Bridge. A generation or two back none would have 
 thought that duelling would ever have fallen into its present disrepute : what has 
 happened with respect to individuals will happen with respect to nations. Pub- 
 lic war will come to be regarded as irrational a mode of deciding differences be- 
 tween nations, as the Duel is now for settling disputes between individuals. A 
 long time will no doubt be required for such a consummation ; it depends ulti- 
 mately on universal popular education. 
 
 " War is a game which, were their subjects wise, 
 Kings could not play at,"
 
 NOTE 9. 13 
 
 writes Cowper ; aiida little reflection will convince; us that the remark is true. 
 War has been called the ' ultima ratio regum,' and the arbitrament of peace and 
 war is one of the peculiar prerogatives of royalty. But the time is already fi 
 passing away when even the most despotic monarch can enter upon a war against 
 1 he will of his people : war is become less a dynastic, ami more a popular concern. 
 As Lord l'alinersdin once observed a. lew years ago, there w< re causes enough for 
 halt' a dozen wars in Europe existing at that very moment ; and who can doubt 
 that had these, or even any one of these causes occurred only a century ago, war 
 must have been inevitable. Princes are themselves more averse now than for- 
 merly to embark in war. A purely aggressive war for the sake of conquest will 
 probably never again occur in Christendom, unless indeed ii should proceed from 
 Russia. National feelings may be worked upon to revenge fancied insults or real 
 injuries; for the masses are passionate, ignorant, and fickle; bat amere con- 
 queror, one who frets like an angry boy for his play-thing, because there is 
 nothing more for him to conquer, is a myth of the past. 
 
 " Unus Pellaeo juveni nou sufficit orbis ; 
 JEstuat infelis angusto limite mundi." 
 
 Or take Lucan's description of Caesar : 
 
 "Non tarn portas intrare frequeutes 
 Quam fregisse juvat, nee tam patiente colono 
 Anna premi, quam si ferro populentur et igni : 
 Concessa pudet ire via." 
 
 Such prodigies are obsolete. As commerce unites the world together, every coun- 
 try will be brought more and more within the pale of European civilization, and 
 even savages will at last be compelled to ' drop their daggers ;' not that there is 
 not plenty of butchers' work to be done yet, before the universal liberty of man- 
 kind shall be established. The Map of Europe has to be retraced; and the 
 work can only be accomplished on bloody battle -fields. But it is impossible to 
 doubt, if we will read the signs of the times around us, that the proclamation of 
 war even in our days is a far graver matter,far more calmly and widely discussed 
 and debated upon, than was the. ease in the days of our own fathers, and certainly 
 of our grandfathers. And when once every individual, or even the majority of 
 everj people, shall grasp the rationale of war in the plain way in which it is put 
 in that charming book Sartor Resartus, then we may be satisfied thai the victory 
 of reason and common sen e is won, and thai war will never more be beard of. 
 
 " What.speakingin quite unofficial language," writesthe immortal Trcufeldroch, 
 "isthenet purportand upshol oi war? To my own knowledge, for exam;: , 
 " there dwell and toil, in the British village of Dundrudge, usually so ■ 
 "hundred souls, Erora these, b a "natural enemies*' of the French, 
 
 " there are successively selected, during the French war, say thirl} able bodied 
 "men. Dun. tse, has suckled ami nursed them: shehas, 
 
 " not without difficulty and sorrow i I and even trained them 
 
 "tocra ' i another build, another hammer, and the weak- 
 
 " est can stand under thirtj irdupois. Nevertheless, amid much weep- 
 
 " ing ami swearing, the; a red; and 
 
 "tin | e two thi luth ofSpain ; 
 
 " ;i . , :re till wanted. And now to that same spot in the souili of Spain, 
 
 " are thirtj sii om a ] rench D je, in like manner 
 
 " wending •. till at length, after infinite effort, the two parties come into actual 
 "ji, mdthirty stand fronting 1 h with a gun in his baud. 
 
 " -
 
 
 14 NOTE 9. 
 
 " Straightway the word " Fire !" is given : and they blow the souls out of one 
 " another ; and in place of sixty brisk useful craftsmen, the world has sixty 
 "dead carcases, which it must bury, and anew shed tears for. Had these men 
 " any quarrel ? Busy as the Devil is, not the smallest ! They lived far enough 
 "apart; were the entirest strangers; nay, in so wide a universe, there was 
 " even, unconsciously, by commerce, some natural helpfulness between them. 
 "How then? Simpleton! their Governors had fallen out; and, instead of 
 " shooting one another, had the cunning to make these poor blockheads shoot". 
 
 Voltaire, in his piquant little Essay on War, puts the case nearly as neatly : 
 
 " Vous vous moquez de nous. Deux princes se disputeut un heritage, leur 
 droit est litigieux, leurs raisons sont egalement plausibles ; il faut bien que la 
 guerre en decide . alors cette guerre est juste des deux cotes. 
 
 " C'est vous qui vous moquez. II est impossible physiquement que 1'un des 
 deux n'ait pas tort, et il est absurde et barbate que des nations perissent parce 
 que l'un de ces deux princes a mal raisonne. Qu'ils se battcnt en champ clos 
 s'ils veulent : mais qu'un peuple entier soit immole a leurs interets, voila, ou 
 est l'horreur. Par exemple, l'archiduc Charles dispute le trone d'Espagne au 
 due d'Anjou, et, avant que le proces soit juge, il en coute la vie a, plus de quatre 
 cent mille homines ; je vous demande si la chose est juste." 
 
 Centuries may divide us from a universal Peace-Congress, a world's Court of 
 Honour for the settlement and adjustment of all disputes ; but to this complexi- 
 on, though we war-paint an inch thick, must we all come at last. Nor are the 
 effects of the Peace Society to be laughed at. That body acts in sincerity and 
 earnestness, on their own convictions ; and though their efforts are feeble, and 
 are regarded by the superficial as puerile and even ridiculous, they are so far use- 
 ful iu their generation, that they help to familiarize men's minds with the idea, 
 that perhaps, after all, war is not such a universal infallible nostrum, specific, 
 and panacrea for injuries, as men are apt to take for granted it must be. Do 
 not let it be supposed that 1 am such an advocate for the Peace Society's doc- 
 trines, that I counsel disarmament. ' Si vis pacem, para bello' is a sound po- 
 litical dogma ; if we wish to be secure, we must not content ourselves with a 
 devout passive reliance ou Providence ; we must keep, as Oliver Cromell bid his 
 Ironsides, an eye to the dry condition of our powder. ' Neque enim quies gen- 
 tium sine armis, neque arma sine stipendiis, neque stipendia sine tributis,' writes 
 the philosophic Tacitus. The ' war ninepence' will constantly be found more 
 and more irksome and irritating. Even universal disarmament would be futile, 
 if it were in advance of the education of the masses: except so far perhaps as 
 the very presence of weapons is apt to suggest a too ready recourse to their use. 
 Doubtless, many a duel took place on sudden provocation, when every gentle- 
 man wore a sword, from the mere fact that the hilt was so ready to the hand. 
 But to counsel disarmament, is to waste breath. To encourage the idea that 
 nations are only armed for self defence is a gain ; for if all will act only in de- 
 fence, no one can ever be the aggressor. Not that War has not its virtues as 
 well as Peace. It has served as a sort of Malthusian correction for surplus 
 populations ; 
 
 " Nunc patimur longae pacis mala ; scevior armis 
 Luxuria incubuit notumque ulsciscitur orbem," 
 writes the Roman Satirist. Modern philosophy teaches that au increase of luxury 
 ever indicates an increase in the material prosperity of a nation ; yet I believe 
 that the sacrifices and struggles we were called on to make in the Crimean war
 
 n 
 
 r<K 
 
 NOTE 9. 15 
 
 and the Indian rebellion, have awoke ill our breasts nobler feelings, which a 
 longer peace might have doomed to the sleep of death. 
 
 That the time when war shall have sounded its own death-knell is nearer 
 than we suppose, is not improbable. Progress, which was scarcely perceptible 
 in centuries, now makes a fair show in decades. Increasing facilities in loco- 
 motion have put a girdle round the world. Opinion has got on its seven-leagued 
 boots, and results are harvested and counted by the year rather than the gene- 
 ration. The scientific improvements in the instruments of war arc themselves 
 making war more and more difficult. Your ' Boulct Asphyxlanie like your 
 'If' and your ' But,' is a true pacificator: and Chemistry is in such an uncer- 
 tain state, that any moment may bring about a revolution in its domain, and 
 render iron clad ships, and long ranges equally ineffective. Your ' G/oire' pro- 
 duces your ' Warrior ;' your ' Merrimac? your ' Monitor ;' and those again new 
 forms of guns which crash through iron mail like tinder. No fact within our 
 recollection is more pregnant with matter for reflexion than that Garibaldi, 
 with the sword yet unsheathed, should have put forth that noble proclamation, 
 in which he appealed to a universal Court of Nations, for the arbitrament of 
 the world's dispute. The Emperor Napoleon's call to Europe for a Congress 
 is scarcely less significant. 
 
 The horrors of ancient and mediaeval war were first fully challenged by the 
 immortal Grotius ; and warfare now has its amenities among European States : 
 such an internecine fratricidal struggle as that of the late American Civil War 
 we in Europe at least shall never see. What was thought a fitting mode of 
 carrying on war not many centuries ago, may be read of in the History of the 
 Dutch Republic ; and 1 would add for the enlightenment of the curious, the 
 Commission given by Henry viii. to Lord Hertford, A. D. 1514. 
 
 " You are there to put all to fire and sword, to burn Edinburgh town, and 
 to raze and deface it, when you have sackc d it and gotten what you can out 
 of it. Do what you can out of hand and without long tarrying, to beat down 
 and overthrow t\ie castle, sack Holyroad House and as many towns and villages 
 about Edinburgh as you conveniently can ; sackLeith and bum and subvert it, 
 and all the rest, putting man, woman anil child to tire and sword, without excep- 
 tion when any resistance shall lie made against you ; and this done, pass over to 
 the Fife land, and extend like extremities and destructions in all towns and 
 villages whereunto you may reach conveniently, not forgetting among all the 
 rest to Bpoil and turn upside down the Cardinal's town of St. Andrew, as the up- 
 per stone maj be the nether, and not one stick stand by another, sparing no 
 creature alive within the same, peciallj such as either in friendship or blood be 
 allied to (lie cardinal. This journey shall succeed most to Bis Majesty's honour." 
 Those who think as I do, may be set down now as visionaries; but hereafter 
 !, opinions will excite no 9urprize, as being mere truism-, oral best be 
 pointed to ;>- tin orics curiou Ivance of the age in which they were pro- 
 
 pounded. I do not pretend to " loi the seeds of time and sec which 
 
 grain will grow and which will not." My conclusions are based upon a consi- 
 deration of past facts, and what 1 now sit : ami I reiterate my belief thai the 
 words in which Shakespeare spoke of the cessation of Civil War, will sooner 
 or later, it may 1»: not in the d u children, or our children's children, 
 
 .., their children's children ; but till sooner or later, be of universal application, 
 Nil more the thirstj entrance of tin, soil 
 Shall daub hei lips with 1m i own childn n's Mood :
 
 
 1G NOTE !). 
 
 No more shall trenching war enamel her fields, 
 Nor bruise her flow rets with the armed hoots 
 Of hostile paces : those opposed eyes 
 Which, like the meteor of a troubled heaven, 
 All of one nature, of one semblance bred, 
 Did lately meet in the intestine shock 
 And pinions close of civil butchery, 
 Shall now in mutual well-beseeming ranks 
 March all one way, and be no more opposed 
 Against acquaintance, kindred, and allies : 
 The. edge of war like. an ill-sheathed knife, 
 No more shall cut his master. 
 
 Buckle traces the decline of the warlike spirit to the invention of gunpowder, 
 the science of political economy, and the application of steam for the purposes 
 of travelling: and no doubt war will ultimately owe its extinction to the im- 
 provements nude in the instruments'of war, to the greater familiarity of man 
 with man, and to that education which inculcates a true perception of the true 
 safeguard of the happiness of mankind. Words will he the ultima ratio, not 
 Swords. 
 
 The time is yet in the womb of the future when, 
 " Every man shall eat in safety 
 Under his own vine what he plants, and sing 
 The merry song of peace to all his neighbours." 
 Nothing to my mind can he more false than the Epicurean theory of the 
 origin of Society. The subject is far too wide for discussion here. Rousseau's 
 Social Contract appears to me a self-evident impossibility. I am not of course 
 speaking of the contracts of civilized men, such as that of America in modern 
 history, and of Deioces the lbunderof an Indian dynasty, in ancient, according to 
 Herodotus. I speak of the origin of Human Society, which with Plato and 
 Grolius, 1 hold to be natural not artificial. There never was a time when "wild 
 in woods the noble savage ran." It was love, not fear, that first led men to 
 congregate together. 
 
 " Jura inventa metu injusti fateare necesse est" says Horace; and he thus 
 details the process by which Society was annealed. 
 
 " Cum prorcpserunt primis animalia terris, 
 Mutura et turpc pecus, glandem atque cubilia propter 
 Uuguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro 
 Pugnabant armis, quae post fabricaverat usus ; 
 Donee verba, quibus voces sensusquc notarcnt, 
 Nominaque invenere: dehinc absistere bello, 
 Oppida eueperunt munire, et ponere leges." 
 JLohhcs, however, lias put the proposition more baldly than any other writer 
 that 1 know r of. " Status homiuum naturalis autiquam societatem coiretur Bellum, 
 Neque hoc simpliciter, sed bellum omnium in omues." Nothing more false than 
 his axiom " Bellum sua natura sempiternum." Cf Aristotle: Nich. Eth. L. viii. 
 ch. 1. Bpictelus in Arrian : Dissert. L. ii. c. 20. Lucretius L. v. v. 023 ad fin. 
 Lord Shaftesbury, Use of Raillery. lb. Characteristics M. A. Antoninus L. v. 
 S. 1G. Chrysostom, Homilies xxxii. Bentham on the French Constituent Assem- 
 bly's Declaration of Rights. Lord Somen Essai on Government L. 7. S. ',). 
 L. xi S. 138 — 40. Rousseau, passim. Blurt stone 1. Com. p. 47. See Grolius.
 
 Pvffoudorf. Vattel, Montesquieu. Palcy, Moral and Polit. Phil. 13. 6. c. 1. 
 3. Bentham Frag, on Govt. c. 1. Hume ' On the original contract.' lb. on the 
 origin of Government. Lord Brougham Pol Phil. c. 1. Sir B. Filmer, Contro- 
 versy with Locke, and Locke's Reply. Whewell, Elements of Morality and Po- 
 lity 13. 5. c. 4-6. 
 
 Those who wish to pursue this train of thought on war farther, will find some 
 excellent observations in Lacon, Pt.l Art352aud Pt. 2 Art 283. Burton also 
 treats the subject with his usual quaintness and fullness. See Demoeritus to his 
 Readers, p. 29 31. 
 
 (Note 10 to Sonnet 81.— Page. 97.) 
 
 I would not be understood as representing the ancients as giants, and the 
 moderns as dwarfs. Human intellect is probably much the same in all 
 ages, 1 use the old simile with which this Sonnet closes, only as illustrative of 
 the position of the modern, who takes advantage of all that the ancient has 
 achieved. Knowledge is progressive and accumulative. Each man builds on 
 what has been laid up by all who have gone before. Kepler's laws were ready 
 to Newton's hand. Fabrius ab Aquapendente discovered the valves of the veins ; 
 Leibintz advanced towards the discovery of the circulatiou of the blood ; Harvey 
 completed what Leibintz left unfinished. So, if we trace back the history of 
 science and discovery, we shall frequently, if not -constantly, find it. Ludovicus 
 Vives, in a passage quoted by Dugald Stewart, has the following striking obser- 
 vations : 
 
 " The similitude which many have fancied between the superiority of the mo- 
 derns to the ancients, and the elevation of a dwarf on the back of a giant, is 
 altogether false and puerile. Neither were they giants nor are we dwarfs; but 
 all of us men of the same standard ; and we the taller of the two, by adding (heir 
 height to- our own : provided always that we do not yield to them in study, at- 
 tention, vigilance, and love of truth ; for if these qualities be wanting, so far from 
 mounting on the giant's shoulders, we throw away the advantage of our own 
 are by remaining prostrate on the ground." 
 
 It would be a curious exercise to collect all the passages from the earliest date 
 in which tin' writers have deplored the degeneracy of their own days as compar- 
 h those thai went before them. Every age is Laudator temporis acti, and 
 if we may believe the Poets, this di i ai i i ig process has been going on steadily 
 ever since the earliest records of the human race. The rule of Jupiter himself is 
 inferior to the Saturnia regna of his father: and there never was a time when 
 people did not look fondly back to an imaginary go] . Then all was spon- 
 
 taneous plenty, and simplicity, and , and truth. Life was infinitely 
 
 h was infinitely greater, ami Love shed his' purple light' over the 
 dreaming world. The days of Methusalah dwindle to par bi ide 
 the traditionary length of life, in thi of Hindoo Literature, The dura- 
 
 tion of common life, was 8,000 years. Holy men lived to 10,0000. One king 
 Sudhister, reigned 27,000 years ; another, AJarka, 66,000. They, writes 
 Buckle, were cut off in their prime. One King and Sainl was made 
 w hen be was two million years old, he then 0,000 year: , n 
 
 his Empire, lingeredon in sauctitude for 100,000 years more, and died an 
 austere anchorite on the summit ofthemoun a bhlapada. Hoi 
 
 •
 
 what stones the heroes ante Agamemnona eould throw, and Agathias startles us 
 with his epigram on the rock hurled by Ajax, Horace says, 
 iEtas parentum pejor avis tulit 
 Nob nequiores, mox daturos 
 
 Progeniem vitiosiorem ; 
 
 and Juvenal conceives that the moral world had reached the lowest depth of 
 infamy in his days : 
 
 " Nil eritulterius quod nostris morihus addet 
 
 Posteritas, eadem cupient facientque minores ; 
 
 Omnein pnecipiti vitium stetit." 
 
 Yet the profligacy of the later Roman Emperors might have made even his 
 hair stand on end. We are apt to talk of the merry old times, and the good old 
 days of England. Macaulay has shewn us how fallacious is such a comparison, 
 and that if the b alance be fairly struck, it will hang heavily in favour of us pre- 
 sent men. Antiquity is in truth the youth of the world, and we are only now 
 growing up to man's estate. Proud as we are of this nineteenth century, with all 
 its great inventions and discoveries, its steam engines, its locomotives, its electric 
 telegraphs, its photography ; we may rest assured that, in the eyes of our posterity, 
 we shall seem as benighted as our ancestors of the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries do to us. After summing up the evidence of the condition of England 
 under the Stuarts, Macaulay concludes thus : " Yet, in spite of evidence, many 
 will still image to themselves- the England of the Stuarts as a more pleasant 
 country than the England in which we live . It may at first sight seem Strange 
 that society, while constantly looking backward with tender regret. But these 
 two propensities, inconsistent as they may appear, can easily be resolved into 
 the same principle. Both spring from our impatience of the state in which we 
 actually are. That impatience, while it stimulates us to surpass preceding ge- 
 nerations, disposes us to overrate their happiness. It is, in some sense, unrea- 
 sonable and ungrateful in us to be constantly discontented with a condition 
 which is constantly improving. But, in truth, there is constant discontent. 
 If we were perfectly satisfied with the present, we should cease to contrive, to 
 labour, and to save with a view to the future. And it is natural that, being 
 dissatisfied with the present, we should form a too favorable estimate of the 
 past. 
 
 " In truth, we are under a deception similar to that which misleads the 
 traveller in the Arabian desert. Beneath the Caravan all is dry and bare : hut far 
 in advance, and far in the rear, is the semblance of refreshing waters . The pilgrims 
 hasten forward and find nothing but sand where, an hour before, they had seen 
 a lake. They turn their eyes, and see a lake where, an hour before, they were 
 toiling through sand. A similar illusion seems to haunt nations through every 
 stage of the long progress from poverty and barb.vrism to the highest degrees of 
 opulence and civilization. But, if we resolutely chase the mirage backward, 
 we shall find it recede before us into the regions of fabulous antiquity. It is 
 now the fashion to place the golden age of England in times when noblemen 
 were destitute of comforts the want of which would be intolerable to a modern 
 footman, when farmers and shopkeepers breakfasted on loaves the very sight 
 of which would raise a riot in a modern workhouse, when men died faster in 
 the purest country air than they now die in the most pestilential lanes of our 
 towns and when men died faster in (lie lanes of our towns than they now die 
 on the coast of Guiana. We too shall, in our turn, be outstripped, and in our
 
 turn be envied. It may well be in the twentieth century, that the peasant of 
 Dorsetshire may think himself miserably paid with fifteen shillings a week ; that 
 the carpenter at Greenwich may receive ten shillings a day ; that labouring men 
 may be as little used to dine without meat as they now are to eat rye bread ; 
 that sanitary police and medical discoveries may have added several more years 
 to the average length of human life ; that numerous comforts and luxuries 
 which are now unknown, or confined to a few, may be within the reach of every 
 diligent and thrifty working man. And yet it may then be the mode to asserl 
 that the increase of wealth and the progress of science have benefitted the few at 
 the expense of the many, and to talk of the reign of Queen Victoria as the 
 time when England was truly merry England, when all classes were bound to- 
 gether by brotherly sympathy, when the rich did not grind the faces of the 
 poor, and when the poor did not envy the splendour of the rich." 
 
 The improved method of statistics shows us that human life is in the present 
 day of longer average duration than that of our ancestors. The armour pre- 
 served in the Tower proves that we excel them in bodily size. Dr. Prichard is 
 convinced that our " brain pans" are more capacious than those of our fore- 
 fathers. But there is no proof that the capacity and qualities of the mind have 
 increased since the creation. Locke thinks that men have been '' much tin- 
 same for natural endowments in all time," and Buckle says we have no deci- 
 sive ground for saying " that these faculties are likely to be greater in an infant 
 born in the most civilized part of Europe, than in one born in the wildest region 
 of a barbarous country." The statement, therefore, that the mind has evei 
 been advancing, must be taken with this qualification, that 1 speak of the n ult 
 ill' education upon the mind, not of its innate capacity. 
 
 (Note 11 to Sonnet 84.— Page 100.) 
 
 This Sonnet is an endeavour to illustrate that " fundamental antithesis," as 
 
 Dr. Whewell calls it, which has divided the opinions of Philosophers from the 
 beginning of the world; one School holding that all our knowledge is derived 
 exclusively from our senses, the other referring its origin to innate ideas. Fur two 
 thousand years, from the time of Plato and Aristotle, has the barren contest 
 been fought, the Schoolmen of the middle ages holding by Aristotle, until 
 Plato again obtained the ascendant. Each of these opinions appears to me to 
 be, whal the world is full of, a half-truth.. Without the senses, certainly we could 
 
 have no knowledge; \\ ithout the mind, we COuld have no philosophy. The one 
 
 supplies the raw materials; the other is the skilled artificer that works them 
 up. Itwas only when Bacon wedded the Half Truths, that Science became 
 productive, and began to lead to thai train of discoveries, of which this age, with 
 all its advancement, only sees the commencement. Then tradition yield 
 
 riment, ami authority to reason. The defect of Bacon's philosophy ap- 
 pears to have been in expecting too much from method, and leaving too little 
 space for that invention, or happy guess, which seems intuitive in genius, 
 
 ebyhypothi are formed from the observation of facts, to be laid aside 
 ungrudgingly, if ubsequently found contrary to further experience, but other- 
 wise passing into the m of theory and axiom. The necessity of this 
 Whewell insists on : and it h irresistible force. The contest 
 bus noi however ceased with the advent of Bacon, whose philosophy, if maj be 
 not exclu ■ ■ '.- Hlitai i; if was for the glory of Go d well as 
 Man. He proceeded firsf " ascendendo ad axiomata;" only when he 
 bad reached thi e, did he apply them practically " descend) ndo ad opera." But
 
 w 
 
 the Utilitarian philosophy of the present day classes on its side all the Sensa- 
 tional School : Locke was indeed the modern founder of this Philosophy (though 
 he admitted ideas of reflexion) which in the hands of Condillac and the French 
 School soon ran wild. There was i n England, and more in Scotlafid, a re-acti- 
 on ; and in Germany, from Kant downwards, the main stream of philosophy has 
 flowed in the Idealistic channel. At the present day , we may regard Dr. Whewell 
 and Mr. J. S. Mill as the respective champions of the different opinions that 
 spring from the fundamental antithesis, which is to be traced through the histo- 
 ry of philosophy, in such terms as Facts and Ideas— matter and mind — 
 outer and inner world— induction and deduction — subjective and objective — ne- 
 cessary truth and experience — theory and fact. Whewell lias, I think, very 
 lucidly and succinctly described the doctrine of fundamental antithesis in the 
 following passage : 
 
 " That in every act of knowledge (1) there are two opposite elements which we 
 may call Ideas and Perceptions ; but of which the opposition appears in various 
 other antitheses ; as Thoughts and Things, Theories and Facts, Necessary Truths 
 and Experiental Truths; and the like: (3) that our knowledge derives from 
 the former of these elements, namely our Ideas, its form and character as know- 
 ledge, our Ideas of space and time being the necessary forms, for instance, of 
 our geometrical and arithmetical knowledge ; (3) and in like manner, all our 
 other knowledge involving a development of the ideal conditions of knowledge ex- 
 isting in our minds : f4) but that though ideas and perceptions are thus separate 
 elements in our philosophy , they cannot, in fact, be distinguished and separated, 
 but are different aspects of the same thing ; (5) that the only way in which we 
 can approach to truth is by gradually and successively, in one instance after an- 
 other, advancing from the perception to the idea ; from the fact to the theory ; 
 from the apprehension of truths as actual to the apprehension of them as ne- 
 cessary" 
 
 (Note 12 to Sonnet 103.— Page. 120.) 
 
 1 Christianity as old as Creation ' was a familiar cry in the last century, Mr. 
 Buckle (Vol. 1. p. 164) contends that morality is stationary, and that little or 
 nothing has been added to its principles from the commencement of historical 
 times. There is not a precept in the JNiew Testament, he says, for which a pa- 
 rallel cannot be found in some one or other of the heathen writers and systems 
 of philosophy before the Christian sera. 
 
 And this to some extent is true. " It is true," says St. Augustine, " that mat- 
 ter which is now called the Christian religion was in existence among the an- 
 cients ; it has never been wanting from the beginning of the human race." 
 Retract 1-15. See also Civ, Dei, viii. and Cont. Acad. iii. 30. In the remarka- 
 ble passage Romans 11-14, St. Paul seems in some sense to admit this truth. 
 The Gentiles, which have not the Law, he says, show the work of the Law 
 written in their hearts. Lactantius. Ins. p. 77, states that all the moral 
 truths had been taught by Pagan philosophy before the advent of Christianity. 
 Totamigitur veritatem et omne divime religionis arcanum philosophi attigerunt. 
 SeeMilman's Christianity, v. 1. ch. 4. 1-3. Minutius Felix says, cither all 
 the old philosophers were Christians or all Christians are philosophers. 
 
 A careful collation of ante-Christian philosophy of all nations, Chinese, 
 Hindu, Greek and Roman, would probably furnish forth a bevy of passages 
 strikingly analogous to the moral precepts of Jesus Christ. Such collections
 
 have been indeed more than once made. Clemens Alexandrinus in his Stro- 
 mata collected all the passages in Plato parallel to Christ's doctrines: and 
 Tindal in the last century, in his "Christianity as old as the creation" has per- 
 formed a similar task. We know that the early Fathers, while they roundly 
 denounced all the passages of ancient philosophy which they did not approve, 
 enlisted many of the doctrines of Plato in support of Christianity, partly be- 
 cause they erroneously thought that Plato had received his teaching indirectly 
 from the sacred Scriptures, through the Hebrews and Egyptians, in his travels ; 
 and partly because they attributed to him a partial inspiration. Many of the early 
 converts to Christianity came imbued with their previous notions of ancient 
 philosophy, from the Alexandrian School. 
 
 But this collation ofisolated and scattered passages, such as Aristotle's tokuXov 
 of self-sacrifice, dying for one's friends and the like, is very fallacious and decep- 
 tive. The immortality of the Soul, Hell and Heaven, are to be found in the 
 Pheedo and Republic of Plato ; though mixed up with the doctrine of the Me- 
 tempsychosis. The image of the broad and narrow road is in Hesiod. The 
 to KaXov of self sacrifice is preached in Aristotle's Nicomachsein Ethics, 
 in hook 3 about a brave man dying in battle for his country, and in book 9 about 
 dying for one's friends in battle. The golden verses of Pythagoras, the Hymn 
 of Cleanthes, and the verses of Theognis are mines of beautiful moral precepts. 
 The Pseudo Phocyllidea are evidently subsequent to Christianity. Aristotle also 
 descants in the to koXoV of friendship, but on the ground that it gives one a 
 sense of one's own existence. He also says it is more blessed to give than 
 to receive, but on the principle of Hobbes, thai a personal sense of one's own 
 power is the chief element of happiness. To write about the duty of loving 
 others, far less foreigners or slaves, would never have entered into his thoughts. 
 Epicurus commends friendship hut only as the means of procuring necessary 
 wants, and to embellish life and perchance its enjoyment. Diog. Laert. x. 124 
 141 Revcnye will he found to he laid down even by the most advanced Schools 
 not only as excusable or justifiable, but as a positive duty. Even Socrates 
 taught this precept. Xenophon Mem. 11. 2. nr..2 ; 8, nr. 14. which apply to 
 public enemies ; and II. 0. nr. 35 to other enemies. Sec also AriM. ELhet. 11. 23. 
 See also Theognis 341—50. 
 
 A/\Aa Zev TeAecroV p.oi '0\vp.inc Kaiptov €v^v 
 
 oos oe /AOL avTL kukujv Kai ti TTaOelv dyaOov- 
 Ttuvairjv 8', €t jxyj ti kukiov up.iravp.a p.epip.v£u)v 
 
 evpoipvrfV, hoiqv S' dvr dviwv uvtas- 
 airra yap oij'tojs coti* tutis 8' ov (paiverui yp.lv 
 
 dvhpwv, oi tu/ao. \p-qjxaT t^ovai /3aj 
 avXrj(ravT€<i' iyw 8e kvwv liripycra \apdSprjV, 
 
 Xeip.dpp<a iroTap.(i) tuxvt dn-oo"eto-a/xei/os - 
 Twf €(.'77 /xeAav at/xa ttk.Iv liri t eo"(9Aos opovro 
 
 SaipuDV, Ss KaT ip.bv vovv TeAc'creie TuSe. 
 And again ; 
 
 'AvSpbs tol xpadtr} p-LvvOei p.lya irrjpa ttolOovtos, 
 Kvpv aTTOTLvvp-h'ov 8 u e^OTTicro). 
 
 Etl ^(1)Tt/\Ae TO!' k)(9pOV' OTO.V 8 U7TO^(€ipiOS cXOij, 
 
 Tto"ai VLV, 7rpu<f)a<TLV /xrjoc/uav Qep.cvo<;. 
 H11 es illustrate verj rera.irkably the spirit of Gn / .'
 
 See Horn. II. xxii. 340. ib. iv. 35. ib. xix. 210. Hesiod, Op. & D. 711. 351. 
 Aristotle Pol. vii. 6. 
 
 Menander says 
 
 to fi'qSev aSiKeiv iracriv av8pwTTOL<; moorei- But this is a mere ne- 
 gative precept. 
 
 The " Nil conscire sibi" of Horace is strikingly parallelled by St. John 1. 
 Ep. iii. 21. 
 
 We must go deeper and consider the spirit of the several systems of Philoso- 
 phy, in our search to compare them with Christianity ; and when we have once 
 mastered that spirit, we shall see at a glance that Christianity effects a revolu- 
 tion in morals, and is in that sense a revelation. Indeed it is only surprizing 
 that when the ancients approached so near the truth, they were yet blinded to 
 it. Like all great discoveries, the Christian philosophy is striking from its 
 wonderful simplicity, when once it has been enunciated. 
 
 Now the spirit of ancient philosophy is not of a practical nature. The Orien- 
 tal ascetic, the Hindu gymnosophist, placed the highest virtue in an abstracted 
 contemplation, by which he thought himself ultimately absorbed into the divine 
 nature. 
 
 The philosophy of the Greeks was also in its character essentially contempla- 
 tive. Though Plato said that the best philosopher would make the best king, he 
 still held that the sage should abstain from the entire duties of life, unless he 
 was actually compelled by circumstances to take part in them, 
 
 Aristotle, as I have shown elsewhere, after devoting the first nine books of 
 his Ethics to the consideration of virtue in activity, in the 10th places his 
 summum lonum in Qewpia, contemplation. 
 
 Again, a characteristic of ancient philosophy was its pride ; whether of the 
 Stoics or the Cynics, it was filled only for the few, those who could afford to phi- 
 losophize. It spoke not to the millions who must necessarily spend their 
 life in providing for its necessities. It was of a political aim. It sought to 
 make man good, not as a member of the human race, but as a citizen. Antis- 
 thenes, the founder of the Cynics, denied the moral worth of affection and love 
 of kin. His sage w r as to be free from all outward influences, and above all ac- 
 cidents of change or chance. 
 
 Plato's contempt for the mass of the people stands out prominently in his 
 writings. He addressed only the enligbtened. The splendour of his school, 
 especially when compared with the Socratic, attracted the ridicule of the comic 
 writers. Ath.xi. 120. p. 509. See Conviv. p. 201. a. Lys. p. 218. a. 
 
 In all these particulars, Christianity stands in the most startling contrast to 
 all prior philosophical systems. 
 
 It speaks to all men, and to each man. Its simplicity is such, that its 
 precepts carry conviction of their truth with their bare enunciation. Its prac- 
 tice is compatible with the most active life, and with every action of that life. 
 Its very essence is humility. It addresses each man as the individual man, 
 and not as a unit of the State. Greek Philosophy was oligarchic ; Christianity 
 democratic. 
 
 To apply these reflexions to the one doctrine which my Sonnet illustrates — 
 Love of one's neighbour. I have no doubt that abundant passages, more or less 
 closely bearing on the ' golden precept,' may with little difficulty be culled from
 
 NOTE 12. 23 
 
 the philosophy of the ancient world : but if we reflect on the spirit of the 
 school of which any given apothegm was the utterance, we shall find that it. was 
 uttered in a very different sense, and is traceable to a very different motive from 
 that which dictated the utterances of Christ. 
 
 The Greeks constantly kept enlarging their view of man's duty to his neigh- 
 bour, and it is intended to trace this widening circle. 
 
 At first it was confined to the performance of good offices to those who were 
 actually a man's neighbours: a doctrine which will be found in Ilesiod and the 
 early moralists. In the earliest ages, every man's hand was against his fellows, as 
 a general rule, though there was a good deal of that hospitality, which even in 
 modern days iuduces the Arab to light fires on the hills to bring in strangers 
 to their tents. 7rpos yap Aios liuiv a-iravTZS i;evoi, says Homer in the 
 Odyssey, a sentiment far wider than was of general acceptance in practice. 
 
 Then, the idea of neighbourhood came to emhrace all who lived in the same 
 city, a natural result of men gathering together for protection arouud the Acro- 
 polis of some powerful chief, and seeking safety within the same common wall 
 of fortification. In the contrast between the iroXirai and £evoi, so long 
 prevalent in Greece, we see the unmistakeable trace of this. Then the idea 
 again widened its hound, and admitted that all men of the same nation were en- 
 titled to be considered of one common kindred. The distinction between the 
 "EAA'm/es and fiapfiapoi marks this epoch. In Latin the same word ' hostis' 
 stood for both a stranger and an enemy. I shall consider the Stoic doctrines 
 presently. They no doubt were much more cosmopolitan, and foreshadowed 
 the Christian doctrine far more closely than any other Sect. But surely it is 
 very astonishing, that with this constantly developing and enlarging notion of 
 neighbour, the idea, such as Christianity propounded it, at the best struck but a 
 few, and certainly never became general. The beautiful thought that charity 
 knows no confines, is not shut up in this or that particular city, or coterminous 
 with this or that nation, hut that every human creature is the neighbour of 
 every other human creature with whom he comes in contact, for however short 
 a time, and in however slight a relation, it was reserved for Christ to proclaim 
 in language which went straight to the heart of every man. 'Love thy neigh- 
 bour as thyself.' ' Love thine enemies.' 'Do good to them that despitefully use 
 you :' the return not of evil for evil, or good for good, hut good for evil ; and t be 
 motive not profit, applause, self love ; hut duty, an act performed for its own 
 sake ; ami the illustration of the good Samaritan in reply to the question who is 
 in\ neighbour ? — how different are all these from the frigidity, the reserve, the 
 limitation which surrounded the idea of Love to one's neighbour among the 
 sages of antiquity. 
 
 1 Barbarian' was the shiboleth of Greeee am! Rome. ' Humanity' in 
 us secondary, better, and now accepted sense, is the creation of Christianity. 
 ayi'nrr) is first used in the sense oicharily in the \eu Testament. Apollonius 
 of Tyara, writing probably under Christian influences, first of the Greeks, says thai 
 we must regard the whole world as our fatherland, and all men as brothei i 
 and friends bound together by community of descent. A.p. Philos. p. 395 Ep. 44. 
 1 1 the Hindu, every man not twice born was a Pariah ; to the ( lre< k, every man 
 not a Hellene was a barbarian. To the Jew, all the nncircuracised were Gen- 
 tothe Mahomedan, evt bo followed not the prophet a Kaffir. M. 
 
 Pauthier tells us that there i ipa nge in the writings of one of the d
 
 24 NOTE 12. 
 
 of Confucius, in which he declares that the doctrine of his master consisted 
 simply in having rectitude of heart, and in "loving our neighbour as ourselves." 
 11 the passage be authentic, it is a startling forerunner of the doctrine of 
 Christ. See also Davis' China vol. 2. p. p, 41. 50. Among the Hindus I can 
 find but little bearing upon the point ; little that is not vague and general. 
 
 There is no such doctrine in the Hitopadesa of Vishnu Sarnum, trans- 
 lated by Sir W. Jones. It was not to be looked for, when the Brahmin 
 
 looked down upon all other castes, and where the Pariah was an outcaste. The 
 
 Pariah must stand aside without his slippers when a Brahmin comes in sight; 
 
 certainly the latter would pass by on the other side if he saw the other lying 
 
 wounded off the road side. 
 We have such sentiments as these : 
 
 ' A virtuous man should abandon both riches and life for the sake of others.' 
 ' Even towards enemies coming to our home, the offices of hospitality must 
 
 be exercised.' 
 
 ' To a man of noble disposition the whole earth is related.' 
 ' A virtuous being abandons not even in danger a friendship which art has 
 not formed. 
 
 c Mercy to a friend or a foe is the ornament of religious men.' 
 ' Make friends both strong and weak, as you see how the tortoise was releas- 
 ed from bondage by a rat.' (Here the profit and loss doctrine of Paley appears.) 
 In Tainul we have many moral aphorisms in theKurul of Tiruvellavur. 
 Avvyar, the female poet, has given her golden alphabet : one of the aphorisms 
 of which bids us 
 
 ' Live on terms with our neighbours ;' 
 but the idea is confined to vicinity. 
 And in a. free translation by a Missionary, we have this remarkable stanza : 
 As trees afford a cool refreshing shade 
 Till by the ringing axe in ruin laid, 
 
 To mortals shrinking from the summer heat ; 
 The sons of knowledge till they cease to live, 
 As far as can be, good for evil give, 
 And acts of kindness to their foes repeat. 
 
 which smacks strongly of Christian interpolation; and the llevd Mr. Percival, 
 in his Land of the Vedas, is candid enough to say that this stanza is different in 
 his oldest copy. 
 
 Kabilar Avergul, who wrote a poem against caste, says, 
 There is but one caste, one race, on earth ; 
 Men are one in death and one in birth. 
 
 1 have not been able to prosecute this inquiry in the Telugu Literature, but 
 I doubt if any fresh light would be thrown on the subject from that source. 
 
 I have purposely reserved the consideration of the Stoics till the last, because 
 1 admit that they come nearer to the particular doctrine of Christ than any 
 other school ; indeed St. Paul, in his Sermon at Athens, expressly alludes to the 
 Stoic doctrine, when he says " He giveth to all life and breath, and all things, 
 and hath made of one blood all nations of men" &e. And he goes on to quote 
 the well known Hymn of Cleanthes, the second great Stoic Doctor, TO yap kui 
 yeVos i.<J[xev- St. Paul, it must be remembered, came from Tarsus, a city which
 
 
 NOTE 12. 25 
 
 was one of the cradles of Stoicism. lie was in curly youth, no doubt, well ac- 
 quainted with the views of this Sect. 
 
 The conquests of Alexander widened men's thoughts, and Zeno, the founder 
 of the Stoic Sect, conceived the idea that all the World was one State, 
 and that all men were KoafJiOiroXiTai, fellow citizens with one another. 
 This idea is mentioned by Plutarch " Be Alexandri Magni fortnna mil 
 virlute" Sir Alexander Grant has discoursed well on this subject in an 
 Essay upon the Stoics — Oxford Essays 185b. Bill Zeno's sketch of Cosmd- 
 politanism resembles rather the posture of a herd feeding together on a common 
 pasture, than a Sori.fi/ of men. Plat, de Alex. Fort. 1—0. The Hymn of 
 Cleanthes, closely looked into, will be found to embody no loftier idea. True, 
 the Stoics held that a man was bound to sacrifice himself for Lis couutry, hut, 
 except in certain circumstances, they taught thai the sage should not mingle in 
 the ordinary affairs of life, but decline to lake a pari in political affairs, and 
 live a life of contemplation and retirement. Cie. de tin iii. 20. Diog. 1 ; :ri : 
 vii, 122. Such a doctrine is eminently unpractical : it cannot be followed by 
 men ; Society could not exist, if all i:s members refused to take part in 
 the several professions. How different is if in this respect to that 'creed of 
 creeds," more strong- than all poetic thought,' 
 
 " Which he maj read \i ho binds the sheaf, 
 Or builds the house, or digs the grave, 
 And those wild eyes that watch the wavi 
 In roarings round the coral reef." 
 It is not to the purpose to notice the Stoic defence of lying lor (he sal 
 i, of paiderastia, suicide, and prostitution. I eing 
 
 how far those of their doctrines which approximate to thedoctrines of Christ, 
 , an he fairlj considered to have anticip ttctl I hi i ianity. To saj nothing of the 
 pride and contempt uousness which marked the Stoic doctri le, and its opposition to 
 the humility and unselfishness of Christianity, it is, [ take it, He- practical 
 character of Christianity that distinguishes itfrom the Stoic, and indeed all 
 other Schools, The sage of the Stoics was a mere ideal character, one which 
 hadn ared in the flesh, and to which no man could hope to attain. 
 
 Sec i Pin. v.2 b — 69. Th i : ■ : i mg 
 
 ... | . 
 
 I ;,,',,,;, ; .ore developed anion- the later Stoic !. 
 
 In Cicero we find man; pa i e of a* more enli chariti 
 
 thus he says li I" study to i neral g I rathei 
 
 than . bis own. Dc Pin iii. 19 — 20. And that dutj is to 
 
 for the sake of an\ personal i rewards 
 
 r,;,. might in duly itself. De Olf. iii. 3. But Cicero designed 
 
 his theory of morals for the li W, 
 
 which he iildn !. A lthctori la rich R a, 
 
 v 0U no in with sec 
 
 I] in. 17. What is the u 
 anything , and < 
 
 istc receiver ? Trinuiu. i. 2 
 
 aftervi irds .11. 
 
 [ amav ; ie 1 
 
 i
 
 says lie, " men like ourselves, breathing the same air, living and dying, like 
 ourselves ?" He bids us, in judging the transgressor, call to mind our own weak- 
 ness. De Ira . i. It ; and his declaration ' Homo sum ; nihil humani alienura puto' 
 (Ep. 95) is of world-wide celehrity. See also Ep. 90, aud De Benif. iii. 18. 
 Epictetus discourses on ' how to follow out the conception that God is father to 
 mankind,' Yet he seems to waver and hesitate, and scarcely to have a fixed 
 principle. Among the outward things which, he says, a man ought not to care 
 about, are parents, brethren, and children. Man should only take care of him- 
 self. Yet, inconsistently enough, we find him inculcating the necessity of mak- 
 ing one's neighbours virtuous men. With many differences, it must be admitted, 
 that there are many points of resemblance between the philosophy of Epictetus 
 aud Christianity. The same remark may be made with respect to the Emperor 
 Marcus Antoninus, ("KOtO* mvTOV, IV. 5.) who was the disciple of Epictetus. 
 Yet even he tells us, "Trouble not yourself about others." The philosophy even 
 of the latest Stoics was still pervaded by an all ruling and overruling selfishness. 
 It inculcated the fostering of a passive rather than an active courage. Its aim 
 was to arm man against the evils of Exile and Death. 
 
 But whatever advanced doctrines may be excerpted from the pages of Seneca, 
 Epictetus, and M. A. Antoninus, I do not think that they much affect the ques- 
 tion ; for all these lived after the teaching of Christ. Seneca was murdered in 
 the 65th year of the Christian Era: Antoninus lived till A. D. 181. It is 
 hardly possible, therefore, but that rumours, and indeed official reports of the 
 acts and doctrines of Christ, must have reached Kome, and been accessible to 
 all in authority or official life. I cannot therefore but think that the teaching 
 of Christ has tinged the writings, and influenced the opinions of these three last 
 and greatest of the Stoics. 
 
 Christ did not pretend to novelty : he enlarged the application of the Law 
 beyond the bare reading of the Pharisees. A Pagan asked Rabbi Hillel, who 
 immediately preceded Jesus, to explain the Jewish law in a few words : lie repli- 
 ed " That which you would not that another should do to you, that do not you to 
 him : this is the sense of the Law, The rest is a mere commentary on it." The 
 Lord's prayer may be reconstructed almost verbatim out of the Old Testament, 
 The precept, ' thou sbalt love thy neighbours as thyself is to be found ex- 
 pressly in xix Lev, v. 18, The precept is also expressly extended to the 
 stranger in v, 34., and in Ex. xxii, 21. xxiii, 9, But the doctrine is very 
 different to that of Christ; it is confined to the stranger "that dwelleth 
 with you," We have the testimony of Tacitus, Hist, v. 5, to the bearing of the 
 Jews towards themselves and their principles on the one hand, and all the rest 
 of the world on the other, " They always keep their word, and are ready to 
 shew mercy to each oilier, but to every one else they are full of hostility and 
 hatred." Had there been auy practical love of a man's neighbour in the time 
 of Christ, the Parable of the good Samaritan would have lost its point. 
 
 (Note 13 to Sonnet 125.— Page. 143.) 
 
 It is a very remarkable thing that Aristotle, in the Nicomachean Ethics, after 
 having devoted his first nine books to the discussion of practical morality, in 
 the exercise of which he places Happiness, should, in the tenth book, as it were, 
 turn his back upon himself, and place the Summum Bonum in ®eo>pia, or 
 heavenly contemplation, as opposed to action. This uncertainty of purpose,
 
 <kW8 
 
 -A 
 
 u 
 
 notes 13-14-15. 27 
 
 this fluctuation and halting between two opinions, suggests the idea thai the 
 Greek ethical philosophy was taken from that of the great Hindu branch of 
 the common Aryan race. According to the Brahmi \ legends, Pravoitti 
 (Energy) necessarily involves some sin and imputation, while Nivirtk (perfect 
 repose) is essential to sinless happiness, 'tin' soul is represented as possessing 
 two wives, Praoith, and Navirth, each endeavouring to secure its undivided af- 
 fection. The struggle is long, hut the latter is in the end victorious. 
 
 (Note 14 to Sonnet 128.— Page 146.) 
 
 Plato's creed is so curious and poetical, that it may be worth recapitulation. 
 It will be found principally in the Timaeus. Those who have passed life in true 
 philosophy, ever striving to free themselves from the fetters of I he body, will 
 enjoy an unembodied lite in God. Those who are simply virtuous, will pass a 
 happj life in the mansion of their kindred stars. Those who hale philosophi- 
 cal studies, and whose only object is bodily pleasure, will hover, as shades, over 
 I heir graves, seeking to recover their lifeless bo. lies. Those who have lived ef- 
 feminately, will be changed into women ; the frivolous become birds of the air. 
 The perfectly estranged from philosophj are changed into beasts; the most ig- 
 norant and brutal into the creatures of the sea. i>\ numerous transmigri ion 
 IheSonl in;i\ lieeome purified bul the incurable. I hose w bom no Mctempsy • 
 chosis can regenerate, are re erved for Hadi 
 
 (Note 15 to Sonnet L46.— Page 165.) 
 
 Take the following passage from Cowley : 
 
 " Into the future times \\\\\ do we pry, 
 And seek to antedate our rniserj '.' 
 Like jealous men, why are we longing slill 
 To see the thing which only seeing makes an ill ':' 
 'Tis well the face is \eil\l ; lor 'twere a sight 
 That would ev'n happiest men affright ; 
 And sometimes still they'd spj that would desti 
 The past and present joj . 
 In whatsoever character 
 
 The book of Fate is w ril, 
 1 'i . well we understand not it ; 
 We should grow mad with little learning then 
 I ]ion the brink of even ill we did fori i e, 
 
 Undecently and foolishly 
 We should stand shivering, and b venture 
 
 1 to enter. 
 
 Since, willingor unwilling, wi lo it ; 
 
 Thej lei I Id and pain who plunge at once into 
 
 See also J! eh;, In, ; 
 
 AtK-a Se tois plv iraOova-iv paOelv e7Tipp€7rci' to fxeXXov 8 
 
 errei yivovr &v kXvois - irpo^aipirtsi' 
 
 laov 8e toT Trpoo-reveti/. 
 
 Topov yap ~>'i& avvopdpov auyais- 
 
 The sentiment is a mere iiuon-place, wliich it would bi easj to illustrate 
 
 from a host of authors, sacred a e, ancient and modern, prose and 
 
 poetic ,i . tl ou jh mo Greek 'I
 
 « 
 
 28 NOTE 16. 
 
 (Note 16 to Sonnet 170.— Page 191.) 
 
 No created thing' perislieth. All is production and re-production ; flux and 
 re-flux, Tlic Egyptian priests maintained this doctrine, although they could 
 not prove it to the same extent that we moderns can. Hence, naturally, the 
 doctrine of Metempsychosis. Anaximenes, whose philosophy was developed by 
 Diogenes of Apollonia, held that all things originate from one essence, and 
 that they undergo continual changes, becoming different at different times. 
 Zeno and the Stoics favoured the same belief, illustrating it by the cataract, 
 which shows from year to year an invariable form, though the water com- 
 posing it is perpetually changing. The XV". Book of Ovid's Metamorphoses, 
 in which he describes the Pythagorean philosophy, may be consulted on this 
 point with pleasure and advantage. It is the finest part of the Metamorphoses, 
 L would here only quote one passage : 
 
 " Nee perit in magno, mihi credite mundo, 
 Sed variat faciemque uovat : nascique vocatur 
 lncipere esse aliud quam quod fuitante, moriquc 
 Desinere illud idem, cum sint hue forsitan ilia : 
 llac translata illuc: summa tamen omnia constant 
 Nil equidem durare diu sub imagine eadem 
 Crcdiderim." 
 We trace the idea of this interchange and transmutation in the story of Pro- 
 teus, of whom Virgil in the 4th Georgic, copying Homer (Odyssey A- 4)17.) 
 " Omnia transmutat sese in miracula rerum, 
 Ignemque, horribilemque feram, flumenque liqucntem." 
 Homer makes Eudothea, Proteus' daughter, discover her father's abode. 
 Eustathius, commenting on this passage, says that Proteus is formal matter and 
 that his daughter leads him from capacity into actuality— eis etSos Oeuv. 
 See also Bacon de Sajjieuiid Veterum. c. 13. 
 
 HdvTa iv /JLeTafioXrf- Kcu clvtos cri> Iv St^veKei aAXotwcrei, 
 /cat Kara rt cpOopa.- kcu 6 koctjuos 8k oAos. says the Emperor Marcus 
 Antoninus ; and again ; 
 
 TaVTOL IcTTL TO. TOV KOCTfXOV lyKVKXlCt, oVto KUTO), €£ atwvos 
 
 6is alwva. HSr] Trai/ras r)/xas yrj KaXvij/er tire ito. kcu amny 
 jueTaySaAel- Ko.Ka.va ets attttpov /xera/^aAcZ - Kat 7rdAiv eKeiva 
 ets aVetpov. 
 
 " Quodcunque fuit de rebus, id omne 
 Acris in magnum fcrtur mare," 
 writes Lucretius; a passage which might seem like a guess at our modern gasses. 
 Shakespeare here also, as usual, culls and excels the thoughts of the ancients, 
 "The Sun's a thief, and with his great attraction 
 Bobs the vast sea: the Moon's an arrant thief, 
 And her pale fire she snatches from the sun ; 
 The Sea's a thief, whose liquid surge resolves 
 The Moon into salt tears : the Earth's a thief 
 That feeds and breeds on a composture stolen 
 From general excrement. Each thing's a thief." 
 
 y>>.
 
 Rendu writes : 
 
 " The conserving will of tin- Creator has employed for the permanence of 
 Bis work the great law of circulation, which, strictly examined, is found to 
 reproduce itself in all parts of nature. The waters circulate from the ocean 
 to the air, from the air to the earth, and from the earth to the ocean. The 
 elements of organic suhstances circulate, passing from the solid to the liquid 
 or aeriform condition, and thence again to the ■ of solidity or of organisa- 
 
 tion. That universal agent which we designate by the nones of fire, light, 
 electricity, and magnetism, has probably also a circulation as widens the 
 universe." 
 
 And Draper strikingly traces the possible progress of a drop id' water. 
 
 Omar Khayyam, whose works are in the hands of comparatively few readers, 
 has many quaint thoughts upon this subject in his Rubaiyat : 
 
 " 1 sometimes think that never blows SO red 
 The Rose as wh< re some buried Caesar bled; 
 
 That every hyacinth the garden wears 
 Dropt in its lap from some once lovely head. 
 And this delightful herb whose tender green 
 Fledges the river's lip on which we lean — 
 Ah, lean upon it lightly ! for who knows 
 From what once lovely lip it springs unseen 1" 
 
 * * * 
 
 " I think the Vessel, that with fugitive 
 Articulation answer'd, once did live, 
 
 And merry-make; and the, cold lip I kiss'd 
 How many kisses might it take— and give ! 
 For in the market-place, one dusk of day, 
 1 watch'd the Potter thumping his wet clay : 
 
 And with its all obliterated Tongue 
 It'murmur'd — " Gently, Brother, gently, pra; 
 
 * * * 
 "There's not one atom of yon earth 
 
 But once was living man ; 
 Nor the minut , of rain, 
 
 That hangeth in its thickest cloud, 
 
 lint flowed iu human vi 
 
 " This Bask ws in i | u lover like i 
 All immersed in the chase of a fair face; 
 And this its ban. lie yon see on its neck 
 Was once a hand that clasped a beloved." 
 
 There is, I may note, something very touching in tin \ rono- 
 
 mi a- Poet ;' there is too gloomy a glimpse of death ever present in them, to per- 
 mit i hem being likened to the .. ■ ■ h > me 
 to be i ! man to repress the thou i bj an 
 enforced merriment, li may howeverd her,undcr all the 
 
 i revelri old Omar was nol shadowing forth tl 
 gativei id' the Sails? Thos( who wish to pw ue this subject will do 
 
 well to study the Preface to Captain Uavcrty's P I I ins. 

 
 (Note 17 to Sonnet 171.— Page 192.) 
 
 The butterfly— if/v^r]— was the Greek emblem of the Soul •. hut the emblem 
 must not be strained into an argument. We cannot say, because the butterfly 
 rises from its chrysalis, therefore the body shall rise a purified body from the 
 tomb. For the analogy fails. Life still exists and lias never been destroyed, 
 when the pupa is in the chrysalis state, enfolded, shrouded up as it is. New 
 changes, very marvellous, are going on. The creature is actually with vast 
 vital activity putting on anew form, while it lies apparently lifeless. But 
 when the mortal body is in the grave, death has set in : corruption has usurped 
 the place of vitality. The physical frame is being dissipated into dust and 
 gasses. The butterfly's rising from the chrysalis can only be regarded as one of 
 the many fads in nature, beautifully suggesting the Soul's future state. No 
 more can we use the flowering of the snowdrop in the spring, after the root has 
 stood the frosts of winter; the revivification of the toad enclosed in stone ; the 
 vitality of the seed preserved in the mummy cloth ; in any other way than as a 
 simile; for in none of these instances has the vital principle been subjected to 
 death. Hence there is a fallacy in the beautiful lines of Moschus quoted for 
 the 1 57th Sonnet. It is a poetical form of expression in the New Testament 
 which tells us that a seed cannot he quickened unless it die in the earth. 
 ' : Verily, verily I say unto you, except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and 
 die, it abideth alone, but if it die it bringeth forth much fruit," Xll John 24 : 
 and see 1 Cor. xv. 36. " Thou fool that which thou sowest is not quickened 
 except it die.'" 
 
 Cuivier defines life as movement. In his Regne Animal he says " tant que 
 ce mouvement subsiste, le corps est vivant, lorsqu' le mouvements' arrete sans 
 retnur, le corps meurt." 
 
 Dinar Khayyaam is more accurate when he says 
 
 " The flower that once hath bloomed for ever dies." 
 
 (Note 18 to Sonnet 172.— Page. 193.) 
 
 What are the limits of organic life it is impossible for us to say. Our inves- 
 tigation seems only bounded by our limit of vision, a truth which holds equally 
 witli regard to microscopic inspection as to the space-penetrating power of the 
 telescope. 
 
 How wonderfully minute some insects are, maybe gathered from the nut e 
 to Sonnet 104 ; and, in addition to the facts there enumerated, we may add, 
 that in the same volume as that of the Bilin polishing state, Ehrenberg has 
 discovered between two and three billions of the GaUioiiella ferruginea. 
 
 A drop of stagnant water contains myriads of animalcules, sporting about 
 and battling with and preying upon one another. To them it is an ocean ; and 
 Sir John Hill's beautiful, though somewhat overcharged, description of the 
 microscopic view of a carnation, shows us that a single flower may be a world- 
 wide dominion to a host of beautiful and lovely creatures. 
 
 When it is recollected that each of these minute animals springs from some- 
 thing inconceivably smaller, and has parts and organs adapted for its sphere of 
 life, and think how infinitely more minute each of those parts must necessarily 
 be than the entire animal, we arc lost in wonder at the power and delicacy 
 manifested in their creation. 
 
 But animalcules abound in the most secret recesses of life. Not only birds, 
 
 S
 
 
 notes 18-19-20. SI 
 
 beasts, ami plants, and their several species, have each their appropriate species 
 of parasite, but even the microscopic and infusorial animalculus seem to be the 
 prey of sycophantic beings infinitely tinier than themselves; but, further, par- 
 ticular portions of animals seem to be the seals of particular ami distinct races 
 of infusoria. It would he. fatiguing to enumerate all the classes that have been 
 discovered ; suffice it to say, thai they exist in the gums of man, in the blood of 
 frogs and salmon, in the gills of bream, and even in the fluid of the eyes of 
 fishes. Of a rarity, the productive powers of Nature seem boundless. Nor 
 is she less wonderful in the adaptation of means to her end. Lei us select two 
 instances, both taken from the same animal. The eye of the butterfly is com- 
 posed of 31<,000 distinct lenses, eacli of itself a separate magnifying glass of 
 considerable power; and the dust or meal upon its wings is, ill reality, com 
 posed of distinct feathers, of which they are 41-,000 to the square inch. Yea, 
 wonderful to nature: — 
 
 " Age cannot wither her : uor custom stale 
 Her infinite variety !" 
 
 (Note 19 to Sonnet 173.— Page 194.) 
 
 " In the complicated and marvellous machinery of circumstances, it is abso- 
 lutely impo! sil Ic to decide what would, have happened, as to ome i ■■ i til , if the 
 slightest disturbance bad taken place, in the march of those thai preceded them. 
 Wemaj observe a little dirty wheel of brass, spinning round upon its greasy 
 axle, and the result is, that in anothei ipartm at, raauj from it, 
 
 a beautiful piece of silk issues from a loom, rivalling in its hues the tints of the 
 rainbow-, there are myriads of events in our lives, the distance between which 
 much greater than that between this wheel and the ribbon, but where the 
 connection has been much more close. If a private countrj gentleman in 
 hire, ahoul the year 16 hundred and thirty, had not been overturned in 
 his carriage it isi remely probable that America, instead of beinga free re- 
 publical this moment, would have continued a dependent colonj of England. 
 This country gentleman happened to be Augustus Washington, Esquire, who 
 was thus accidentally thrown into the companj of a lad j who afterwards be- 
 came his wife, who emigrated with him to America, and in the year 16 hun- 
 dr I and thirty-two, Vii inia,l i envied mother ol e Wash- 
 
 in ton the | eat, i ox. 
 
 also 1. Drapei 1. Mas Mullet p. L6. Plat >. De Li j. p. 89. b. L'ii 
 28. b. O. 2. Bitter. 278. Slack's Philosophy of Pro i p. 15— 17. 2. Draper 
 L99. .' 6. Bacon: l .0. 
 
 (Note 20 to Soi t }s7.—V;\^ 193) 
 
 Existence seems to be one continued struggle between these two principles: 
 and resl is death, flow little are we conscious of the nature and velocity of 
 the mot ions among which we live and have our bcin . ! have We, and 
 
 ic! ; ears, and bear not. To give one instance, the coramom fh 600 
 
 strokes of his wings in one second; which he can increase, on al i, six or 
 
 seven fold, or to 4,200 beats ! Bui what is this? Human hearing i be 
 
 ttded t i aboul nine octaves, from the 1 i of the org in to the high - 
 
 est crj of insects. The lowe I musical note is made b; i fcions of 
 
 sound in a second; the highest bj 24,000; the difference depending upon tl 
 rapidity of the vibrations: "But there is nothing in the nature oftheatmi 
 
 > 
 
 WW
 
 phcre," says Woolaston, "to prevent (lie existence of vibrations incomparably 
 
 more frequent than any of which we are conscious ;" so that insects may 
 take up a scale of notes commencing where our hearing ends. Light travels 
 190,000 miles a second. The difference of colour in the rays of light depends 
 upon the different numbers of vibrations. These have been measured. The 
 molecules of either producing the extreme red of the solar spectrum, perforin 
 458 millions of millions of vibrations in a second; those producing the extreme 
 violet, accomplish 727 millions of millions in the same time. Professor Wheat- 
 stone's ingenious experiments, extending to the millionth part of a second, show 
 that the speed of electricity is incomparably greater than that of light ; and that, 
 of gravitation lias been proved to be fifty million times greater than that of 
 light ! 
 
 k We are accustomed to see in the starry heavens the very symbol of rest and 
 stillness Let us consider a few of the/acts connected therewith. 
 
 The earth, whose diameter is about 8,000 miles, rotates on its axis at the 
 rate of 1,900 miles an hour; and round the sun at a distance of 95,000,000 of 
 miles in a year ; so that it moves through space at the rate of OS, 000 miles an 
 hour. The sun, whose diameter is 800,000 miles, rotates on its axis in 25 
 days 10 hours. The comet of 1RS5 moved at the rate of 880,000 miles 
 an hour, travelling half round the suu 10A hours ; its period being 575 
 years. The moon revolves about the earth in 27 days 8 hours, and 
 round her own axis in the same time, her diameter being 2,180 miles. Mars 
 moves in his orbit at the rate of 55,000 miles an hour. Jupiter, whose diame- 
 ter is 489,000 miles, rotates on its axis in 9 hours 20 minutes; so that at its 
 quator it moves at the rate of 2S,000 miles an hour, nearly twenty seven times 
 swifter than the earth. Its rate through space is 29,000 miles an hour. Ju- 
 piter's nearest moon is 230,000 miles distant from its centre, yet it travels 
 round him in 42| hours ! The fourth moon, which is a million miles distant, in 
 10 days! Saturn's belt, whose diameter is 20,0000 miles (and which would 
 consequently reach nearly from the earth to the moon) revolves round its pla- 
 net in 10i§ hours, at the rate of 100,000 miles an hour, fifty-eight times swifter 
 than the earth at its equator. Herschell, the slowest moving body in the sys- 
 tem, goes through space at the rate of 15,000 miles an hour. Besides this 
 planetary motion round the sun, the sun and all his system are carried forward 
 through space at the rate of 60,000 miles an hour. Venus moves 80,000, and 
 Mercury 109,000 miles an hour. Among the fixed stars all is motion. If each 
 is a sun as large as or superior to ours, doubtless it has its planetary system, 
 though these planets are too small to be visible to us at their immense distan- 
 ces ; jest as we are invisible to them, yet their motions must be analogous to 
 ours. In the phenomenon of the double and triple stars, we have sans revolv- 
 ing round each other in periods varying from 30 to 1,000 years ! 
 
 Who, after this, will again regard the heavens as the type of rest ? Yet as- 
 suredly the mistaken notion is replaced by one not less wonderful or majestic, 
 
 (Note 21 to Sonnet 177— Page 198.) 
 
 The doctrine to which I allude is that of Orpheus preserved by Alhenagoras, 
 in which he maki an egg the primary origin of all things. The idea is ridiculed 
 bj Aristophanes in the Avcs, where the term v7rev7]fJtlov is evidently satirical. 

 
 NOTE 21. 33 
 
 'Epe/3o?'s ei/ airetpocri koXwos 
 
 TIKTU —pviTKTTOV VTrrjve/xiov VV± 7j jXi.Xav6lTTi.p()<i wov, 
 
 e£ ov 7rept7eAAo/xe^ars o>pais efiXaarev "E/jojs 6tto8civo<; 
 (ttl\[jwv vo')Tov Trrepvyoiv -^pvaoiv. 
 
 The same idea is to be found in the Indian account of creation. In Menu, 
 translated by Sir W. Jones, we find the following passage :—" He," (Brahm) 
 " first with a thought created the wati i i productive seed; 
 
 that seed became an egg brighl as gold, blazing like the luminarj with a i hou- 
 sand beams, and in that egg he was born himself in the form of Bramah, I 
 greai forefather of all spirits." The Egyptians too, according to Eusebius, "call 
 the maker of the iinivi rse by the n im :of I m ph, and relate that ' : forth 
 
 from his mouth an egg, which in their symbolical language denotes that lie pro- 
 duced the universe." 
 
 Now 1 do not refer to the Orphic fragment a pointing out the origin of the 
 Creator himself, or refer creation to chance, or other atheistical origin, b 
 simply as a curious coincidence with that which modern science is verifying 
 daily, that the primary form of all matter impressed on it In the Creator is oval 
 or circular. 
 
 Dr. Harvey's principle, " omnia ah ovo" bee es ever more and more appli- 
 cable to all the kingdoms of Nature ; forwhether we takeupphysiolo my, 
 or mi . Fai a the acutest microscopic power can search, we still find • 
 molecular oval at the base of all matter, and evei ted thing, so far as we 
 can yet judge, eems ultimately resolvable into this simple form. 
 
 All otganic life, from that of man downward, may be traced to this; and i 
 the fata] eggitself seems to contain a triple illustration of the same fact; for 
 in it we find the e vesicle, and in thai again the gon lot. 
 
 The blood is composed of such molecules, so is hone : such is the structure of 
 the primary tissues, 
 
 In th' ible kingdom, plants, from the seed and sproutin ol the coty- 
 
 ledon up to the full formation of the concentric rings which proclaim a growth 
 of 5,000 years, are literally built up ofinuumerab ' 
 which compose the i i ms being cavi ided by a mem- 
 
 me, only differing in 1 
 
 in the mineral kingdom, where from the angular form of substan 
 and from the angles which the eye can visil id arrangin ; them- 
 
 selves during the proce i, we should -on 
 
 found it i , in order to recon various incongruities, to construe! a 
 
 tlieorj according to whi irticlesof cryst.\ls are to be considered 
 
 -i'il molecules; oblate and oblong spheroids alfordin ilution of 
 
 rhor (such as calc spar), and equiangular prisms who 
 
 ponds with that of pie I lime, beryl, and other miner; 
 
 I aids, which impl; en the particles, must be composed of such 
 
 forms, which yield ; and hen hi 
 
 sition to the gases, which, as they are indefinite!) compressible and 
 would.o fortiori, appear to be primarily of I ! brms. 
 
 What may be the primary form of matter in i - than on, own, il 
 
 course impo 
 biJLity, so far : is the planets and star, of our own immed m.
 
 We find mountains in the moon, and snow and ice in the polar regions of Mars, 
 and those meteoric stones which have readied the surface of the earth, and 
 which are now determined not to be of either telluric or Selonic origin, hut 
 fragmentary independent masses traversing space in their own orbit round the 
 sun, present to chemical analysis the same elements as those of this earth ; for 
 they are resolvable into nickel, iron, cobalt, manganese, chromium, copper, 
 arsenic, zinc, potash, soda, sulphur, phosphorus and carbon — nearly one-third 
 of all the known simple bodies. Nor is this surprising, if we reflect that all 
 the masses revolving round the sun have probably at some period or other 
 heen thrown off from the solar atmosphere and been formed from rings of 
 vapours describing their orbits as they cooled and condensed around t lie cen- 
 tral body. Thus we trace them up to one common origin. 
 
 The question becomes more obscure when viewed with reference to the stars 
 and nebuhc beyond and independent of our system, and isolated clusters in the 
 great map or " garden" of the heavens ; because from the extreme remoteness 
 of these bodies (light, which travels at the rate of 190,000 miles per second, 
 taking two millions of years to reach us from the farthest), and from the slen- 
 der nature, of the connections between them and us— light, heat, and gravita- 
 tion or attraction (manifested in the motion of the double stars)— it is next to 
 impossible that we can ever do more than ascertain their volume, mass and 
 density, while we must remain for ever ignorant of their physical elementary 
 structure. Yet they emit light ; and though the Creative Power is illimitable, 
 and can no doubt produce similar appearances and effects from totally different 
 forms and substances, surely it is not a derogatory view of His might to believe 
 that one and the same uniform simplicity of primary form and structure pervades 
 and characterizes and runs throughout the entire universe ; even if other stars 
 are the seats of infinitely and inconceivably higher order of organisms ? 
 
 It is unnecessary in this place to pursue this train of reflections further, 
 I have already said enough to justify my suggestion of the truth of the " oval 
 theory," I would, however, remark, that whereas modern science has increased 
 the ancient elements from four to fifty-five, yet such increase is owing, not to 
 the substances being themselves undecomposable, but from our inability to 
 decompose them ; and as chemistry is of all the physical sciences in the most 
 unsettled state, a single discovery may at any moineut revolutionize many of 
 our present notions, and we may yet chance to find matter resolvable into one 
 or more simple elements ; so that the ancients will, after all, have been much 
 nearer the truth than ourselves as to the numbers, though not in point of 
 quality of elementary substances, 
 
 (Note 22 to Sonnet 181.— Page 202.) 
 
 Dr. Whewell holds that the distance between the divine and human mind is 
 so infinite and ineffable, that man never can even hope to gain more than the 
 faintest glimmerings of God's nature. " But when he has done," he writes, " in 
 this way all that he can, an immeasurable region of confusion and contradiction 
 will still remain : nor can he ever hope to advance very far in dispelling the 
 darkness which hangs over the greater part of the universe. His knowledge, 
 his science, his ideas, extend only so far as he can keep his footing in the shal- 
 low waters which lie on the shore of the vast ocean of unfathoin truth." 
 
 Such as man is now, even in our boasted stage of civilization, this is true : hut 
 is there anything extravagant in the idea that hereafter, in the long progress 
 
 m
 
 notes 22-23. 35 
 
 which probably lies before (he race, man may swim, nay even build vessels in 
 which he may venture to sail upon, and perchance cross the ocean, which is at 
 present to us what the Atlantic was before the days of Columbus? 
 
 Mr. Raskin entertains views similar to .hose of Dr. Whewell, and expresses 
 them with his usual felicity. "Yettosuchquestions,continually suggesliug them- 
 selves, it is never possible to give a complete answer. For a certain distance, the 
 past work of existing forces can he traced , but there gradually the mist gal hers, 
 and the footsteps of more gigantic agencies are traceable in the darkness; 
 and still, as we endeavour to penetrate farther and farther into departed time, the 
 thunder of the Almighty power sounds louder and louder ; and t he clouds gather 
 broader and more fearfully, until at last the Sinai of the world is seen altogether 
 under smoke, and the fence of its foot is reached, which none can break through." 
 
 1 need perhaps scarcely say thai the last line of this Sonnet is an allusion to 
 Plato's splendid myth, De Repuljl. L. x. c. 1. 
 
 (Note 23 to Sonnet 185.— Page 207.) 
 
 This Sonnet seeks to glance at the course of Philosophy from its earliest origin 
 to the present day. Fancy is excited before intellect. Hence Poetry in man's 
 rude slate takes precedence of Philosophy, When man first awakes to doubt, 
 his attention is fixed on the phenomena of Nature. And it is remarkable that 
 the earliest philosophers clothed their precepts inverse, Thus we have frag- 
 ments of the philosophic vcrsi s of Kenophanes, Parmenide , and Empedoch i ; 
 a trace of the transition state from Poetry to Philosophy, So Natural Philoso- 
 phy precedes mental and moral philosophy, Man having employed his reason 
 about the external objects of physical nature, and exercised his ingenuity in pro- 
 pounding vain theories touching the origin of the universe Chaos, vXr], the 
 character of atoms, their perpendicular or diagonal fall, the primal cause, the 
 secondary powers, emanation, and the like, begins to inquire into hi. om n reason 
 and moral entity ; hence ethical philosophy. And the step is strongly mark- 
 ed in the term .Mefo-phj ic as di tinguished from physics, Socrates was the 
 first who abandoned physical for ethical philosophy: whatever is above us 
 does not concern us, wa I ourite maxim: and hence Cicero's remark thai 
 
 he ^ as the firsl who called down Philosophy from heaven to earth, and introduc- 
 ed her into the public walks and domestic retirements of men, 
 
 If this beautiful sa ' true of Socrates, (though Crista 
 
 Pythagoras) it is nol Li hue to say of Bacon, thai by his Novum Organon he 
 was the firsl to lead Philosophy back toward Hi aven, 
 
 for more than rs, with all her high >ns,fPhilosopby 
 
 bad missed hi r way, whether lost in the Pythagorean dreams of Plato, which 
 saw a mysterious harmony betwi lentarj form; the 
 
 pyramid corresponding with fire, the cube with earth, the 01 with air, 
 
 the icosaedron with wa the dodecacdron with the world; or rendei 
 
 barren by the of Aristotelian Schoolmen. It was Bacon, 
 
 who, by his humble, patient , repeated experiment, and his method tion, 
 
 found the true and only philosophical method oi forcing questioned Natun to 
 reveal herself, and thus opcm for divine Philoso] end from 
 
 the grovelling thin I w is draw n down. 
 
 
 HK
 
 (Note 24 to Sonnet 187.— Page 209.J 
 
 The time requisite for the formation of the globe is beyond calculation, sup- 
 posing, with Lyell, that the process has been such only as we now see daily pro- 
 gressing. It is a curious speculation that there is probably no portion of the 
 earth's superficial crust which has not at some period or other been organized ; 
 yet modern science has nearly verified the fact. Mud, clay, and stratified rocks 
 arc composed chiefly of decomposed vegetable matter. The remains of vegeta- 
 ble life very far exceed those of animal organisms ; yet a single species of fossil, 
 such as Goniatites, Trilobites, or Nummulites, sometimes constitutes whole 
 mountains. Ocean and even the ice of polar regions are found to swarm with 
 microscopic life ; and the death of Diatomaceae in the South Arctic Ocean, on 
 the shores of Victoria Land, and at the base of the volcanic mountain Erebus, 
 produces a submarine deposit consisting of the siliceous particles of their skele- 
 tons. The minutest of the Infusoria, the Monadidse, whose diameter does not 
 exceed l-3000th part of a line, form subterranean strata of many fathoms deep. 
 Dust blown off the African shore to a distance of 3S0 miles, contained the re- 
 mains of eighteen species of siliceous shelled polygastric animacules. Chalk 
 has now revealed to the microscope its animal origin (the Polythalmia) ; and 
 Eh reuberg has calculated that a cubic inch of the polishing slate ofBiliu,in 
 Bohemia, contains no less than 41,000,000 of the Gattionea distant. 
 
 In granite and other igneous rooks, we cannot, of course, expect to meet 
 with organic remains, which, from their fragile character, must necessarily have 
 undergone a complete transformation under the action of intense heat, when 
 they were in a molten state, at a great depth beneath the surface of the ground ; 
 ye1 before they acquired their present crystalline texture, they must have un- 
 doubtedly experienced an earlier period when their materials were deposited in 
 the form of mud, sand, marl, or limestone ; a consideration which only leads 
 us back to an earlier period of organic production and decay. 
 
 We have, however, by a most unexpected discovery of Ehrenberg, a glimpse 
 of the t ruth of the above supposition ; for, he says, the ashes and pumice enve- 
 loping Pompeii, consist in a great part of organic and fresh water origin, being 
 the siliceous cases of microscopic infusoria? Nor is this an isolated fact. On 
 the Rhine, several beds of tutf and pumiceous conglomerate are ascertained to 
 be made up of the same siliceous cases, half fused, and invisible to the naked 
 eye. Ninety-four distinct species have been discovered in a single bed more 
 than 150 feet thick at llochsumner. So also in Mexico, Peru, and the Isle of 
 France, the pumice and dust thrown up during eruptions record the same origin, 
 together with small particles of vegetable matter, 
 
 (Note 25 to Sonnet 205.— Page 227.) 
 
 No man has more forcibly insisted on the utter hopelessness of Art rivalling 
 Nature, than Mr, Ituskin, His great work on Landscape Painting is full of pas- 
 sages contrasting the minute perfections of Nature with the highest efforts to 
 imitate them by painting. Thus he bids us compare the highest light which 
 can by possibility be put into a picture, with the reality of even the low lights of 
 Nature,
 
 ' 'r ------ h ~ 
 
 fllT 
 
 NOTE 25. 37 
 
 "What fine chisel 
 
 Could ever yet cut breath?" 
 
 ays Shakespeare, in the Winter's Tale. 
 
 also an epigram of Pavltis Silentiantts : 
 
 o/x/xara km Kovpr]<; /J.okcs ?) ypacpis, ovtc Se ^iuttjv, 
 
 ovt€ (reAa? ^poiv^s u.Kpov o.rreTrXdcraTO, 
 
 h Tts [xap/X(j.pvyr}v Si'raTai (pacTovrtSa ypdij/ai, 
 
 pLapjxapvyqv ypdij/et /cat (deoftwpld 805. 
 
 The happiest effect is sometime the result < is in the instance ol 
 
 the foam on the horse, produced by the sponge which the artist, angry at bis 
 failure in imitating nature, threw up his canvass. The Greek painter's repre- 
 .1 ion of a curtain was exact enough to deceive, and we nol unfrequentlj 
 see pictures of fruits which look marvellously like the reality. Bui the curtain 
 is itself a work of art, and we need only -place a real peach or plum beside its 
 counterfeit, in order that the contrast may dispel our illusion. 
 
 Poetry possesses an advantage over painting in I iect: becai 
 
 docs not seek to copy, but describes by analogies and suggestions, [I is nut 
 
 I ubmil its productions to the actual tesl of rival comparison, but 
 
 seeks to awaken in the soul an image of the truth, which may he even ,- . 
 rated with a e, The painter has but one or at best two media, form and 
 
 colour. The Poet in his word-painting maj raise up his image by an appeal to 
 qualities which the original does not even presenl or possess. 
 
 Addison (Spectator No. 418) touches on this with charming raillery . 
 
 " He is not obliged to attend .Nature in the slow advances which she makes 
 
 from o) er, or to observe her 1 production 
 
 of plants or ilowers. He may draw into his description all the beauties of the 
 
 sain.' iimn, and make the whole year contri but 1 render it 
 
 . His rose-trees, woodbines, and jessamines maj fio 
 ther and his beds he covered at the same time with lilies, violets, and amaranths. 
 His soil is not restrained to any particular set of plants, but 1 either for 
 
 or myrtles, and adapts itself to the produces of everj climate. < ! 
 grow wild in it ; myrrh maj be met with in 1 e ; and if he thinks 
 
 rove of spices, he can quickly command sun enough to raise 
 it. [f all this will not furnish 1 , he can make several new 
 
 . srith richer scents and higher colours, than any that grow 
 in the in-. His concerts of bit be full and harmonious, 
 
 and his woods as thick and gloomy as he pleases. He is at no m 
 
 hort one, I) throw h es from a preci- 
 
 pice of half a mile high as from 01 > yards. Jle has his choice 
 
 I can turn the course of his rivers in all iders that 
 
 litful to thi million." 
 
 'i [u 1 e of a rose falls short ol , n delicacj and 
 
 In aniv . t er hand, 1. 1 I Queen of (lowers 
 
 in the I't 
 
 "Ipsa jussit mane, ut udae virgines nubant 1 
 puris de cruoi tulis, 
 
 [uc flam mi ns."
 
 38 note 25. 
 
 In word-painting, so much is mere suggestion, that the imagination of (lie 
 reader frees itself, runs riot, and conjures up a more lively picture than the 
 original picture of the poet. 
 Thus in the simple lines, 
 
 " The Swan on sweet St. Mary's lake 
 Floats double, swan and shadow," 
 what a world of beauty is conjured up. 
 
 So again, in Wordsworth's picture of the goat and its reflexion : 
 " Thus having reach'd a bridge that overarch'd 
 The hasty rivulet, where it lay becalmed 
 In a deep pool, by happy chance we saw 
 A two-fold image : on a grassy bank 
 A snow-white ram, and on the crystal flood, 
 Another and the same ! most beautiful, 
 On the green turf, with his imperial front, 
 Shaggy and bold, and wreathed horns superb, 
 The breathing creature stood : as beautiful , 
 Beneath him, show'd his shadowy counterpart. 
 Each had his glowing mountains, each his sky, 
 And each seem'd centre of his own fair world : 
 Antipodes, unconscious of each other, 
 Yet, in partition, with their several spheres, 
 Blended in perfect stillness, to our sight ! 
 
 What painting ever equalled the description of the casement in the ' Eve of St. 
 Agnes ;' perhaps the most gorgeous specimen of a word-picture in the English 
 language ? 
 
 " A casement high and triple-arch'd there was, 
 
 All garlanded with carven imageries 
 
 Of fruits and flowers, and bunches of knot grass, 
 
 And diamonded with panes of quaint, device, 
 
 Innumerable of stains and splendid dyes, 
 
 As are the tiger-moth's deep-damask'd wings ; 
 
 And in the midst, 'mong thousand heraldries, 
 
 And twilight saints, and dim emblazonings, 
 A shielded scutcheon blush'd with blood of queeus and kings. 
 
 Eull on this casement shone the wintry moon, 
 
 And threw warm gules on Madeline's fair brest, 
 
 As down she knelt for heaven's grace and boon ; 
 
 Kose-bloom fell on her hands, together prest, 
 
 And on her silver cross soft amethyst, 
 
 And on her hair a glory, like a saint :" 
 
 Who that has ever read Keats's ' Ode on a Grecian Urn' but cau recall at will the 
 " Happy melodist unwearied, 
 Eor ever piping songs for ever new :" 
 the lover, ever about to kiss the girl ' for ever fair ; the sacrificial procession, 
 and the little town emptied of its inhabitants who never can return ? 
 " Who are these coming to the sacrifice ? 
 To what green altar, O mysterious priest,
 
 Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies, 
 
 And all her silken flanks with garlands drest ? 
 What little town by river or sea-shore, 
 Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel, 
 Is emptied of its folk, this pious morn ? 
 And, little town, thy streets for evermore 
 Will silent he ; and not a soul to (ell 
 Why thou art desolate, can e'er return." 
 
 Here a work of Art is idealized, and the rendering a thousand times more 
 striking and beautiful than the original. The Poet has word-painted the work 
 of the Sculptor. The converse of the ordinary illustration has been performed. 
 We have not the Painter illustrating the Poet, but the Poet illustrating the 
 Painter. The Urn has lost its individuality, it is true; thePoel has converted 
 that which was specific into a generalization. The spectators who pass through 
 the Musuem will earn away one and the same recollection of the ' rn, fainter 
 or more accurate, accordingto the degree of attention each bestowed on it ; hut 
 every one of the Poet's readers will conjure up for himself a different picture, ac- 
 cording to his own fancy or imagination. The Urn, as a work of art, may 
 he vulgar or worthless : in the handling of the Poet, it has become priceless, 
 peerless, " above rubies." It is in his own words henceforth " a thing of 
 beauty," and " a joy for ever." 
 
 Painting has, however, one immense advantage over poetry. The picture of 
 the Poet probably never conveys precisely the same idea to the minds of any 
 two of his readers. No two painters would probably give exactly the same 
 rendering of Keats' s picture above quoted from the I veof St, Agnes : whereas 
 every spectator, though they should amount to millions, carries away the same 
 tdeaofthe Painter's production. It is in this respect that painting is so impor- 
 tant an adjunct to poetry. lam far from wishing to denj the superlative 
 merits of the Pickwick Papers, hut J question much, if their popularity was 
 nut wonderfully enhanced bj the engraving of Mr. Pickwick. The poet who 
 created that character described his personal appearance most minutely; yet, 
 but for the painter who embodied his idea of the great original— his spectacles, 
 his low hat, his rotund paunch, his little black gaiters, — and so presented 
 him one ami tin- same to the entire public, we should all have been left to form 
 our own conceptions of Mr. Pickwick; each raader would have fancied him 
 somewhat different from any other, and the Poet's sketch would certainly have 
 lost much of the reality, which is the necessarj result of identification. 
 
 (Note 20 to Sonnet 207.— Pa-v 230.) 
 
 I , ,, thi nihility in his 25th Idyl, when he 
 
 compares the do eus to the march oftheclo 
 
 avrap £7r€tra (3oa fiaXa /trpiai, aXXai ht uAAais 
 ipyjip-tvai <ftdivov6\ tocra vi(f>r] vBaroevTa, 
 ovcra t ev ovpavtf iurlv, iXavvofieva TrpoTc'p'orre 
 ;;t i o'toio (3uj, i)t ©p^KOS fiopiao- 
 
 _ , |
 
 40 
 
 notes 20-27. 
 
 tCjv pXv t oirns api6p.o<s iv yepi jlvct Iovtwv 
 ovS' avvcTLS' Tocra yap to /xera 7rpoTepoio-i /cuAivoei 
 is avljiov, Ta Se TaAAa KopvacreTai av6i? hr aWols j 
 
 roarer aei /xero7ria#e (36u>v, ctti {SovkoXI r/er 
 
 But it will be observed that his stand-point of view and mine arc quite 
 different. Theocritus looks to the multitude and the rush of the clouds, as seen 
 from below ; I to their steady even march as seen from above. 
 
 (Note 27 to Sonnet 222.— Page 247. 
 
 The habits of various authors in respect to their method of composition, have 
 been touched on by the elder D'Israeli in his ' Miscellanies of Literature.' Gray 
 never sat down to compose without first reading Spenser A similar practice 
 prevailed with Corneille and Racine. Milton repeated the verses of Eu- 
 ripides and Homer. Cicero excited his eloquence by reading Greek and Ro- 
 man poetry. Pompey, before any great undertaking, hadthe character of Achilles 
 read to him from the first book of the Iliad. Bossuet meditated on Homer for 
 days, before composing a funeral sermon. Thus we light our fires at the hearths 
 of our neighbours. Alfieri prepared himself for tragic writing by listeningto music. 
 Music was necessary to Bacon, Milton, and Warburton. Curran meditated 
 fiddle in hand, and Leonardo, while painting, had musicians constantly in 
 attendance. Hayden always composed in full dress: Rousseau was influ- 
 enced by the beauty of his portfolio, and his inkstand with its golden sand. 
 Priestly and others could pursue their studies amid the bustle of their painters. 
 Demosthenes required months of solitude in a cave still shown in the days of 
 Plutarch. Mallebranche, Hobbcs, and Corneille darkened their apartments when 
 they wrote. Cumberland isolated himself and looked upon a dead wall. 
 
 The younger Pliny appears to have been the creature of the same habit. 
 "Clausse fenestra nianent" he writes (Epl. ix. Ep. 36) "mire enim silentio et 
 tenehris animus alitur. Ah iis que qua: avocant abductus ct liber, et mihi relic- 
 tus, non oculos animo sed animum oculis sequor, qui eadem quse mens vident 
 quoties non vident alia." 
 
 Sir William Jones studied in the earliest morning. Tasso not unfrequcntly 
 composed in bis dreams. Rousseau meditated his writings in the long intervals of 
 restlessness at night, but when he sat to write, all was forgotten. Voltaire always 
 had slips of paper, pen, and ink, ready by his bed. See Ovid Tristia. 4. x. et seq. 
 My own habit of composition, if habit that can be called which is involun- 
 tary and beyond my controul, is to write solely at night. I could no more write 
 on a given subject, or at a given time, than I could fly. 1 cannot even choose 
 my own subject. A thought suggests itself, a state of pleasing restlessness fol- 
 lows until the work is achieved ; and in the dark, in the hours of half-w aking 
 and half-sleeping, the verses seem to arrange themselves spontaneously. Some- 
 times, in the morning I am unable to recollect the whole; but the disjecta 
 membra, after a time, pick themselves up together like the skeleton in the 
 Fantoccini show. Sometimes I have secured the visitors at the moment, by 
 calling for a light and writing materials, and once the greater part of the most 
 perfect Poem 1 ever wrote (Alix de Choiseul) was jotted down in the dark, 
 on an Indian journey, when it was impossible to procure a candle. Personally, 
 1 have ever found that my happiest productions are those which require least 
 correction. Rhyme has never occasioned me any difficulty: many of the Son- 

 
 notes 27-27°. 41 
 
 Then let t lie invader con,' 
 
 nets in this volume have fewer rhymes than the canon allows, e.g., Polite Edu- 
 cation, Things Exclusiveness, Adversity, Prayer, have only two rhymes. The 
 Porphyry Vase, Washington, three rhymes. Man's Ministers, Past Friendship, 
 Nightingales, Prophecy, The Newdcgate, The Virgin Mary, four rhymes. 
 
 (Note 27" to Sonnet 234.— Page 261.) 
 
 I wrote the following song when the fear of invasion was pressing heavily 
 on the minds of most meu : 
 
 THE BOW AND THE RIFLE. 
 What was once the bow 
 
 In our stout forefathers hand, 
 The dread of each foreign foe, 
 That must the rifle grow, 
 
 Through the length and breadth of the land. 
 Let the merchant march from his room, 
 The clerk from his three legged stool, 
 The weaver leave his loom, 
 
 The urchin learn at school, 
 To march in the steady rank, 
 
 The bugle calls to tell, 
 To wheel from either flank, 
 And from cover of tree or bank, 
 To use his rifle well. 
 
 Then let t be invader come, 
 
 If he think our cities to sack, 
 Witbtbepomp of trump and drum — 
 
 When he hears our rifles crack, 
 How shall he ever get back ? 
 
 II 
 For it is no longer good 
 
 To trust our island-home 
 Alone to her walls of wood, 
 The peril of storm and flood, 
 
 Or her belt of ocean foam. 
 We must watch for the tiger spriii 
 
 When his silently-gathered lio I 
 l'.\ night our foe shall llinn 
 
 On our unsuspecting coast ; 
 i, u hen the alarum bi 
 
 From steeple to steeple peal, 
 Ami the beacons o'er hills and del) 
 
 The tidings in flame reveal, 
 Each ready son of our isle 
 
 His " Queen of weapons" shall seize, 
 And shall march forth with a smile, 
 Nil matter how many a mile, 
 
 To shatter our enemies. 
 
 m 
 
 ~r
 
 42 NOTE 27" 
 
 III 
 
 Each Volunteer shall know, 
 
 As he draws a steady bead, 
 On his rifle, levelled low, 
 He holds the life of a foe 
 
 In his hand at the hour of need — 
 And what if himself he fall ? 
 
 Can a man do better than die, 
 To save from the servile thrall 
 
 Of a foreign tyranny, 
 His fatherland, and the life 
 
 Of the mother who gave him birth ; 
 His sweetheart, or gentle wife, 
 
 His children who make his mirth, 
 As they prattle and lisp his name, 
 
 And climb his knees for a kiss, 
 When he rests his weary frame 
 At eve by the ruddy flame, 
 
 And the day's task ends in bliss ? 
 
 Then let the invader come, &c. 
 IV 
 
 Pull twenty thousand men, 
 
 In our sober grey and green, 
 Sons of the measure and pen, 
 Prom city, and hill, and glen, 
 
 We filed before the Queen ; 
 While the Nation stood silent by, 
 
 With thoughts too deep for cheers ; 
 For it saw through our pageantry 
 
 The safety of future years. 
 Our passions were not fanned 
 
 By ' conquest's crimson wing ;' 
 'T was not ambition planned 
 
 Our unbought gatheiing. 
 We covet no people's 'soil ; 
 
 We threaten no king on his throne ; 
 But from the aggressor's spoil, 
 At whatever peril or toil, 
 
 We have sworn to defend our own . 
 
 Then, let the invader come, &c. 
 
 Our fancies never roam 
 
 From the watch -words of the free 
 Our altars, our hearths, and home, 
 Be it cottage, or palace dome, 
 
 And "Duty" and " Liberty."
 
 But we have voweil a vow, 
 
 That what was once the bow, 
 The rifle shall be now 
 
 In the hands of high and low. 
 Our millions from coast to coast 
 
 Shall use (he rifle well, 
 And each British freeman boast 
 
 The aim, with the heart, of Tell. 
 When the bugle rings out clear, 
 
 That the foe is on English ground, 
 In front rank and in rear, 
 Shall the yeoman and the peer 
 
 15c shoulder to shoulder found. 
 
 Then, let the invader come, &c. 
 
 VI 
 
 Our thews are as the thews 
 
 Of our sires in days gone by, 
 Our lilies shall be as the yews 
 Of the merry old greenwood crews, 
 
 And our hearts like theirs beat high. 
 Then, let the a or come; 
 
 Hut ere the si o s't, 
 
 Let him lay by trump and drum, 
 And wisely reckon I he sum 
 
 Of what his raid shall cost ; 
 llou man) a head lie low ; 
 
 And who shall the bearer be, 
 Of the dread tale of their woe, 
 
 To the widows across the sea ? 
 lor \\ hen we are turned to I 
 
 As was said in the days of yore, 
 Shall we and our children say, 
 That this England never lay 
 
 At the foot of the conqueror. 
 
 Then, let the invader come, &c. 
 
 (Note 28 to Sonnet 238.— Page 265.) 
 
 The moderns cannot rival the Titanic n orks of the ancients, on account of the 
 cosl : for we pay for labour thai was formerly enforced. We may be sure that 
 such buildings as the Pyramids of Egypt were never raised bj ople. 
 
 The Blah lieh Canal which runs from Alexandria to the Nile, at AtlVh. 
 
 dug by Mahomet Ali in an incredibly sho of time ; but the number of 
 
 t cost will "i- numbered. I myself saw a of 
 
 the fashion after which such works are carried through, when travelling ill No- 
 bia. We found whole vil erted; not an inhabitant was left alongthe 
 
 banks of the Nile. The mystery was explained hy seeing the wretched Fellahs 
 drawn at the spear point by a raggamuflin cavalry towards Edfu, whereal tin 
 ' i acting a i I forgi I then « il 
 
 •s 

 
 ed ; the miserable people, men, women and children, grubbing along the line of 
 canal, like a train of black ants ; overseers with whips goading them on, and ap- 
 parently no provision made for their dwelling or sustenance. The history of 
 the Pyramids flashed across my mind, and it was not without a proud satisfac- 
 tion that I contrasted with them the less ambitious but more honest buildings of 
 modern days. 
 
 The palaces of Madrid and Toledo were built with the money arising from 
 the licences and customs-duties on the importation of Negroes into Spanish 
 America. " Many of the noted buildings on the Earth," writes Helps " are 
 " of most cpiestionable origin ; but these two palaces must be allowed to enjoy 
 " a remarkable pre-eminence as monuments of folly and oppression. Other 
 " buildings have, been erected solely at the cost of the suffering subjects of great 
 " despots : or by prisoners captured in war. But the blood-cemented walls of the 
 " Alcaz of Madrid might boast of being raised upon a complication of human 
 " suffering hitherto unparallelled in the annals of mankind. The Indians had 
 " first to be removed by every kind of cruelty and misgovernment from the face 
 " of their native country ; and the Africans had to endure bloody war in their 
 " own country before a sufficient number of them could be captured to meet the 
 " increasing demand for negro slaves. Each ducat spent upon these palaces 
 " was, at a moderate computation, freighted with ten human lives." 
 
 Whenever the Spaniards, to replenish their repartimeutos, or to extract gold, 
 declared war upon the American Indians, their form was " with fire and blood," 
 
 (Note 29 to Sonnet 267.— Page 300.) 
 
 For my own part, I never could think the song of the nightingale sad : it 
 always seems to me what Mrs. Hemans says of the lark, " triumphant glee." 
 Perhaps poets have chosen to fancy the notes sad from the story of Philomela. 
 It would be a work of supererogation to collect the passages in which her sad- 
 ness is spoken of. Tbose in our own language are well known ; the following 
 are some among the many in Greek and Latin authors : — 
 vjjwei 7ro\v)(op§oTa.Ta 
 yr/pvi 7ratSoA.eTOjp 
 
 yu,eXo7rotas arjSovLS /xepifivav- — EuRIP. 
 
 Populea mcerens Philomela sub umbra. — Virg. 
 Plet noctem ramoque sedeus miserabile carmen 
 Integrat, et ma;stis latiloca crusestibus implet. — Virg. 
 
 ai/Wov aiktvov 
 
 6v8 oi/CTpos yoov opvtOos arjSovs 
 
 Tjcrei 8vap.epo<;- SOPH. 
 
 'iapov veov icrra/AeVoio 
 
 SevSpwv iv TveraXoiai. KaOrj^ofxivrj tvvklvoIgi 
 
 rjTe Oa/xa rpwiroxra x eet iro\v)(eea (fcwvrjv- — HoM. 
 
 Cf. yHscht/h/s, Agamemnon 1. 1143 — 8 : Callimachus : Bath of Pallas. I. 94. 
 Sophocles: Ajax 626—30. Trach: 963. Horace. O. 4. 12. 5—6. 
 
 Mizaldus says that the nightingale pines away and languishes in despair if 
 another bird sing better than him. Sir Philip Sidney in his Arcadia says " the 
 nightingales striving one with the other which could in most daintie varietie re- 
 count their wrong and sorrow. 
 
 M
 
 
 notes 29-30. 45 
 
 I agree rather with Chaucer, who speaks of the " merrie nightingale ;" with 
 Wordsworth, Keats, and Coleridge, who have beautifully carried out what I con- 
 ceive to be the more healthy idea. 
 
 (Note 30 to Sonnet* 2G9.— Page 302.) 
 
 Dioclesian,Maximiaii, and diaries V. D' Israeli, in his Curiosities of Litera- 
 ture, relates a similar story of Zamor, a I'olish monarch. So Herischeandra, an 
 Indian king, after divesting himself of all his possessions in favour of the^sage 
 Visaraitra, became voluntarily the slave of a Chandala, one of the very lowest 
 castes. The eccentric Christina ever regretted her voluntary abdication of the 
 Swedish throne. Celestine V. resigned the papal chair, but it is questionable if 
 he was not tricked out of it. William of Bavaria retired to the life of a hermit 
 in 1596. In 1C68, John Casimir, King of Poland, quitted his throne for an 
 abbey. In 1721 Philip V. resigned his crown in favour of his son Don Louis, 
 and retired to Saint Ildefenso, with a solemn vow never to resume his crown. 
 In 1730, the ambitious Victor Amad;eus resigned the kingdom of Sardinia. His 
 subsequent conduct, however, showed that he bitterly repented bis act. 
 
 The sincerity ofDioclesian is beyond question; his entire happiness after his 
 abdication may admit of some doubt. He probably never desired to leave the 
 beautiful retreat he had chosen at Solona (now Spalatro in Dalmatia), and his 
 answer to the " restless old man" Maximian, when solicited to reassume the 
 reins of government, has been preserved by the younger Victor, and will be 
 found in Gibbon. Eumenius says of him, " At enim divinum, ilium virum, qui 
 imperiumet participavit et posuit, consilii ct, facti sui non pcenitet : nee amisisse 
 sc put at quod sponte transcripsit. Felix beatusque vere quern vestra, tantorum 
 principium, colunt obsequia privatum." And Eutropins : " Solus omnium, post 
 conditum Romanum imperium, qui ex tanto fastigio sponte ad privatse viae 
 statumcivilitatemque remearet," 
 
 Royalty and taste, love of arts and nature, could surely not have chosen a 
 more beautiful site, or adorned it more charmingly, than that selected by Diocle- 
 sian as the seat of his retirement. Cowley thus writes of him : 
 
 " Methinks, I see great Dioclcsian walk 
 In the Salonian garden's noble'shade, 
 Which by his own imperial hands was made: 
 1 Bee him smile, methinks, as he does talk 
 With the ambassadors, who come in vain 
 'I ' entire him to a throne again. 
 
 " If I, my friends" (said he) "should to you show 
 All the delights which in these gardens grow, 
 
 'Tis likelier much, that you should with me stay, 
 Than 'ti i, thai you should ca v&y : 
 
 And trusl me not, my friends, if every day, 
 
 I walk not here with re delight, 
 
 Thau ever, after the mo-' happy sight, 
 
 lu triumph to the Capitol I rode, 
 
 To thank the gods, and to be thought myself, almost a god."
 
 (Note 31 to Sonnet 272.— Page 305.) 
 
 Perhaps the tradition that the Western world had been seen from Peak 
 Teueriffe before the time of Columbus, is not so baseless as is generally supposed. 
 I recently extracted the following account from a London journal : 
 
 "An extraordinary instance of terrestrial refraction was lately witnessed by a 
 party of Portuguese philosophers in effecting the ascension of the Peak of Tene- 
 riffe. On their reaching about sunrise the top of the volcano, which has the 
 shape of an enormous pyramid, and an altitude of 2000 metres above the level 
 of the sea, they were astonished to perceive at the horizon masses of mountains 
 which could not but belong to some vast continent. The archipelago of the 
 Canary Islands was at their feet, as it were, and it was therefore impossible to 
 mistake the appearance at the horizon for these ; and one of the tourists, who 
 had been in North America, at length recognised the Alleghany mountains, 
 which were at least 2500 miles from the spot. This spectacle was due to a sin- 
 gular effect of mirage, or terrestrial refraction, produced by the moist W.S.W. 
 wind which blew at the time. As the utmost extent of vision which can be ob- 
 tained from the top of the Peak of Teueriffe is not more than 150 miles, the 
 distance supplied by refraction was in this case not less than 2350 miles. The 
 Alleghanies extend for 1200 miles from the frontiers of the State of Georgia 
 to the mouth of the St. Lawrence." 
 
 The following interesting Article from the columns of the Times, on the re- 
 cent celebration of the Sex-centenary festival of Mertou College, may not un- 
 aptly close this Volume. 
 
 " There are few corporations in this country, and not many in Europe, 
 which can trace back their history in unbroken sequence for a period of six 
 hundred years. This circumstance alone would invest the sex centenary Festival 
 of Merton College, Oxford, with a rare and '.peculiar interest. The oldest of 
 our cathedrals, the greater number of our ruined castles aud monasteries, the 
 earliest archives of our Constitution, the most venerable charters of our towns, 
 the fundamental principles of our common law, date, it is true, fiom a still re- 
 moter epoch. But of the institutions to which we ascribe an immemorial anti- 
 quity, there is scarcely one in a hundred that is not modern by comparison with 
 this, the first of English Colleges. In the year 12G4, when Merton was found- 
 ed, the House of Commons did not exist; the first writs of summons to cities 
 and boroughs were not issued till the next December, and the first regular parlia- 
 ment was not assembled till 1265. . The Court of Common Pleas, indeed, was 
 already established at Westminster ; but the two other superior Courts had not 
 yet acquired a fixed abode or a separate jurisdiction. Not one of those Compa- 
 nies which we are wont to reckon among the ancient features of our most an- 
 cient city had then received its charter. The age of chivalry still tyrannized 
 over commercial enterprise and intellectual aspirations. Erance was still ruled 
 by St. Louis, who had not undertaken the last of the Crusades. England was 
 overrun with foreign adventurers, lay and clerical, and racked with civil war, 
 for the battle of Lewes was fought in this very year, aud the battle of Evesham 
 in the"year following, Oxford, if we are to believe the chronicles, was a place 
 of great resort for students; but the University of Paris, from which Oxford 
 herself borrowed her academical organization, had not been founded more than 
 half a century. The subjects of study were as frivolous and barren as it was 
 
 STC
 
 
 NOTE 31. 47 
 
 the Policy of Rome to make them, and civil law struggled for the existence 
 against scholastic logic and theological disputations. The monasteries almost 
 monopolized learning and the schools of Oxford were held against all coiners 
 by the two new orders of mendicant friars. It was at such a time, so unlike 'our 
 own that we can barely picture it to our minds, and in such a place— not diver- 
 sified hy picturesque cloisters and quadrangles or embowered in gardens, but 
 encircled with a loopholcd wall, crowded with dingy holsterles, and swarming 
 with priests and vagrants— that Winter de Merton made the great experiment 
 which developed into the College system. 
 
 The leading and distinctive features of the new foundation were the union of 
 something like monastic discipline with secular studies, the recognition of edu- 
 cation rather than ritual duties or a " religious" life as the proper function of 
 the society, and the liberal provisions for its future adaptation to the growing re- 
 quirements of the age. The inmates of Merton were to live by a common rule 
 under a common head, but they were to take no vows and were to join none of 
 the monastic orders. They were to study theology, but until they had gone 
 through a complete course of instruction in arts, and they were to look for- 
 ward to employment in the great world. They were maintained by endow- 
 ments, but the number of scholars was to increase as the value of the endow- 
 ments increased, and they were empowered not only to make new statutes, but 
 even to change their residence in case of necessity. The effort of mind re- 
 quired to make such innovations, worked out as they arc with remarkable fore- 
 sight in details, can hardly be estimated in the present day. Nor did they 
 fail to produce the results intended. The monks soon began to lose their 
 ascendancy in the University, secular learning began to gain upon theologi- 
 cal casuistry, medicine established itself by the side of law, and other founders, 
 following the wise example of Walter de Merton and borrowing the Begula 
 Merlunensis, gradually transformed Oxford from a clerical seminary, which 
 it was fast becoming, into a seat of national' education. Tor many a gene- 
 ration, however, Merton held the foremost place among Colleges, and the 
 brilliant catalogue of her reputed members includes some of the most illustri- 
 ous names of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It may be doubt- 
 ful whether Duns Scotus and Wycliff'e should be numbered among them, though 
 thore are strong reasons for believing that both once resided at Merton; but 
 Roger Bacon, Brand wardine, and Occam have always been claim \mm; 
 
 and in later times Linacre and Bodley, Hooper and Jewel Savile and Harvey 
 adorned this famous " nurserie of great wits." It is recorded by Anthony 
 
 W I thai eighteen Archbishops and Bishops issued from Merton within a 
 
 hundred years of the founder's death. Centurj succeeded century, the wars of 
 the Roses obliterated the memorj of the Barons' War, and the Great Civil War 
 eclipsed by the magnitude of its consequences the more sanguinary Wars of 
 the Roses; hut the great idea of Walter de .Merton still continued to bear 
 fruit, i I i-. liberal'!;, and foresight enabled Men mi for some time to di 
 precedence with Christ Church itself; and nothing hut the greater energy of 
 some Colleges less richly endowed at a period little beyond living memory, has 
 prevented her retaining a similar position to the present day. 
 
 The relationship thus created between the present and the past —between the 
 friends of Simon de Mont fort and the loyal subjects of Queen Victoria, between 
 the luminaries of scholastic philosophy and their more practical successors at 
 Merton, such as the late Lord Elgin or Sir Hamilton Seymour— is like nothing
 
 else in the world. It is no imaginary bond, resting on a shadowy and mythical 
 line of succession, hut a genuine descent from the founder downwards, attested 
 hy contemporary evidence from the very first, and strengthened iu the highest 
 degree by local associations. Some parts of the buildings at Merton datejfrom 
 the thirteenth century. The library, the prototype of all public libraries in 
 this country, and the smaller quadrangle occupied by the Undergraduates were 
 erected in the fourteenth century. The chapel, probably begun soon after the 
 founder's time, was completed before Gothic architecture showed any symptoms 
 of degeneracy. The greater portion of the College property and the best of 
 the College livings were acquired and granted by Walter de Merton himself. 
 An almost perfect, and perhaps unique, series of documents relating to the ma- 
 nagement of these estate is still preserved in a muniment room believed to be 
 almost coeval with the founder. Other Colleges may have more precious re - 
 lies of antiquity, but perhaps none retains its original forms so nearly, and 
 Peterhouse, the oldest of Cambridge Colleges, is known to have been consti- 
 tuted on the model of Merton. It is this individual identity, lasting through 
 so many centuries and surviving so many social and political changes, that 
 is the life and soul of an " undying" corporate body. There are those 
 who would ruthlessly sacrifice it, as they would sacrifice everything else that 
 elevates sentiment, on the altar of economy, and leave the educational sustenance 
 of each generation to the operation of supply and demand. This, however, was 
 not a question to be entertained by the Mertonians who met yesterday to honour 
 their founder's memory. Whatever may be true of our own times, it is certain 
 that the Muses stood in need of protection iu the storms and darkness of the 
 Middle Ages, and that English civilization, humanly speaking, owes more to 
 men like Walter de Merton than even to Adam Smith and his successors." 
 
 Printed at the Aryan Press— by Cyriel D'Cruiz and Co. 
 
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