UC-NRLF 
 
 B 4 1S4 D43 
 
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 THE 
 
 mSTOMT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HOUSE OF ORANGE; 
 
 OR, 
 
 A brief Relation of the Glorious and Magnanimous 
 QF HIS MAJESTY'S RENOWNED PREDECESSORS, 
 
 AND LIKEWISE OF 
 
 His own Heroic Actions till the late wonderful Revolution; 
 
 Together with 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY, 
 
 King and Queen of England, Scotlandy France and Ireland, S^c. 
 
 BEING AN IMPARTIAL ACCOUNT OF 
 
 THE xMOST REMARKABLE PASSAGES AND TRANSACTIONS 
 
 IN THESE KINGDOMS, 
 
 From their Majesty's happy Accession to the Throne to this time. 
 
 BY RICHARD BURTON. 
 
 A NEW EDITION, 
 
 L 
 
 HKCleiaitmln^ter ; 
 
 F 3S I N T E D r O P.- 
 
 MACHELL ST ACE, No. 12, LITTLE QUEEN-STREET, 
 
 By W. Smith and Co. King Street, Seven Dials. 
 
 1814. 
 
GIFl 
 
LT150 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 jf AW very sensible that the greatness of the subject is a 
 siiffivient reason to deter me from adventuring to jmblish my 
 mean endeavours, in relating the glorious and magnanimous 
 achievements of his Majesty's renoivned ancestors, as nell as 
 his own; or of the excellent conduct of their Majesties 
 since their happy accession to the throne. But because we 
 have such a furious generation of murmnrers, who, if they 
 had their desires, would ruin both themselves and their coun- 
 try y and reduce us to French Popery and slavery : it may 
 seem to be the interest of every man, to strive to undeceive 
 those whom these miscreants would delude, since both our 
 eternal arid temporal happiness very much depends upon the 
 supporting the present government against all its foreign and 
 domestic enemies. A government founded upon law and 
 justice J — a government calculated for the support of the 
 Protestant interest throughout the world; wherein ne have 
 a King and Queen of the same excellent religion with oiir- 
 selves, a happiness which we have been deprived of for almost 
 an age past ; Princes of such exemplary virtue and piety. 
 
 7S5 
 
IV TO THE READER. 
 
 that they discourage vice and profaneness, and constantly 
 endeavour to support goodness and modesty, which seemed 
 lately designed to he hissed out of the nation, 
 
 God grant that our ingratitude and impenitence may never 
 deprive us of such inestimable blessings, and that we do not 
 fall a sacrifice to our stiqyendous folly and discontents. 
 
 i 
 
 
 '^■. "^; d^ V /T;; I 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HOUSE OF ORANGE. 
 
 I HE family of Nassau, from whom our Gracious Sovereign is 
 descended, is not undeservedly accounted one of the most ancient 
 and honourable in Europe ; not only for its great alliances and 
 branches, but also by the advancement of one of this house to the 
 empire of Germany, Adolphus Nassau by name, about the year 
 1200, and that there has been a succession of the family in a direct 
 line for above a thousand years past; and among them Otho, Count 
 of Nassau, who lived about six hundred years since, and had two 
 wives, with the first of whom he had the province of Gueldres, and 
 with the other that of Zutphen. About three hundred years after, 
 a second Count Otho of Nassau, married the Countess of Vranden, 
 whereby he became possessed of several other territories in the 
 Netherlands. In the year 1404, Engilbert, who was his grand- 
 child, married the heiress of the town of Breda and Locke, and 
 was grandfather to Engilbert, second Earl of Nassau, who, in 1491, 
 was, by Maximilian, KTTTg of the Romans, going into Hungary, 
 made Governor, Lieutenant and Captain-General of Flanders; and 
 afterwards, in 3301, Archduke Philip going into Spain, constituted 
 him Governor- General of the Netherlands; an experienced Prince 
 both in war and peace, but dying childless, left his brother John his 
 large territories. This John had two sons : upon Henry, the eldest, 
 he bestowed all his possessions in the Low Countries, and to his 
 youngest son William he bequeathed all his inheritance in Ger. 
 
f THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 many. By the earnest endeavours of Henry Nassau, Charles V. 
 was advanced to the empire, against 4 he pretensions of Francis I. 
 the French King, and at his coronation placed the crown on his 
 bead ; and yet when, upon concluding peace between these two 
 monarchs, Henry was sent by the Emperor to do homage to King 
 Francis for the county of Flanders and Artois ; that Prince, for- 
 getting former differences, and being fully sensible of his extraordi- 
 nary merits, married him to Claudia, only sister to Philibert Chalon 
 Prince of Orange, by which mamage his only son Revens, of 
 Orange and Chalons, became Prince of Orange. 
 
 William Earl of Nassau, brother to Prince Henry, professed the 
 Protestant religion, and expelled popery out of his territories, and 
 was father to the great William of Nassau, who attained to be 
 Prince of Orange, and Lord of all the possessions of the House of 
 Chalons, by the last will of Revens de Nassau, who died childless. 
 
 The Emperor Charles V. having a favour for the House of 
 Orange, and received great services from them, was concerned 
 that the young Prince William should be educated in the reformed 
 religion, and therefore took him with much regret from his father, 
 and endeavoured to instruct him in the Romish faith, but afterward 
 the former opinions, wliich he had sucked in with his mother's milk, 
 prevailed upon him, so that he became an earnest professor of Pro- 
 testantism. 
 
 William Count of Nassau, his father, had five sons and seven 
 daughters, by Juliana Countess of Stolberg. 
 
 William, the eldest, was born in 1533, at the castle of Dillem- 
 berg, in the county of Nassau, and being taken from his father by 
 the Emperor Charles, as we said, he became a great favourite by 
 his extraordinary wisdom and modesty, so that the Emperor con- 
 fessed this young Prince often furnished him with notions and hints 
 he should else never have thought of, and upon giving of private 
 audiences to ambassadors, when the Prince would discreetly offer to 
 withdraw, the Emperor mildly reminded him, saying, " Stay, 
 Prince," and it was admired by the whole court, that a Prince, not 
 above twenty years old, should be intrusted with all the secrets of 
 the empire, and carry the imperial crown, upon his resignation, to 
 his brother Ferdinand, though the Prince, with some reluctancy, 
 seemed to refuse the employment, by alleging, that it was no ways 
 proper for him to carry to another that crown, which his uncle 
 Henry of Nassau had set upon his head. Yea, the Emperor had so 
 much confidence in his conduct, that in the absence of the Duke of 
 
 \ 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. J 
 
 Savoy, his General of the Low Countries, though the Prince was 
 not above twenty-two years old, yet, contrary to the advice of all 
 his council, rejecting all other experienced generals, he constituted 
 him generalissimo, who managed that great employ with such dis- 
 cretion and courage, that he caused Philipville and Charlemont to 
 be built in the sifflit of tlie French army, which was then com- 
 manded by Admiral Castillon, that great captain. 
 
 These magnanimous actions caused the Emperor to recommend 
 the Prince of Orange \o Philip II. his son ; but his virtue and cou- 
 rage were so emulated by the Spaniards, that all his most innocent 
 words and actions were misinterpreted, and the opposition that the 
 provinces made to the King's will and pleasure in defence of their 
 privileges were attributed to his contrivance, which King Philip 
 made him sensible of when he was embarking from Flushing for 
 Spain, charging him with preventing all his private intrigues, with a 
 furious countenance ; and when the Prince mildly replied, that all 
 had been done by the states themselves, the King, shaking him by 
 the wrist, replied, " No, not the states, but you, you, you, are the 
 occasion of it;" which severe reproach in public so disgusted the 
 Prince, tliat he suddenly left the King without further ceremony, 
 only wishing him a good voyage, and so left him in the middle of 
 Flushing, which he knew had much respect for him ; and that which 
 increased the Prince's indignation against the Spanish government 
 was, that he saw himself deprived of the government of the Ne- 
 therlands, which his predecessors always enjoyed, and Cardinal 
 Granville, his implacable adversary, put in his place, which pro- 
 ceedings of King Philip disobliged both the nobility and people, 
 who hated the pride of Philip as much as they admired the affability 
 of his father Charles, which was much increased when the states 
 (who much dreaded the Spanish insolency,) in a full assembly at 
 Gaunt, desiring the King to withdraw his foreign troops out of the 
 provinces, and intrust the natives with the fortified places, and not 
 advance foreign ministers to the government. The King was so far 
 incensed thereat, that he ordered liis sister Margaret of Austria 
 to set up the Spanish inquisition, and to make divers new bishops. 
 And these were the principal causes of the defection and terrible 
 disorders that followed : for the people abhorring the name of the 
 inquisition and the new bishops as members of it, and the nobility 
 being highly incensed at the imperious temper of Granville, after 
 having long suffered under his arrogance, at length the Prince of 
 Orange, Count Horn, and Count Egraont sent King Philip word, 
 
 B 2 
 
4 ^ THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 " That unless he recalled the cardinal out of the Low Countries, hi» 
 violent counsels, which were so much -abhorred by all, would cer- 
 tainly occasion a revolt in those provinces." This, with much re- 
 gret, was done ; but another, worse than he, was designed in his 
 room, the bloody Duke of Alva, with an army of Spaniards and 
 Italians, which the Prince and nobility hews; sensible was to take 
 revenge for the affront to Granville, the Prince desired the go- 
 verness to be dismissed from his governments of Holland, Zealand, 
 Utrecht and Burgundy, which the Duchess refused, but desired him 
 to remove his brother Count Lodowick from his person, as being 
 suspected to give him bad council, and likewise to take a new oath 
 of allegiance to King Philip, both which he denied, and as to the 
 last alleged, " That such an oath would oblige him to extirpate 
 heretics, and might compel him to put his own wife to death, who 
 was a Protestant, and that, if he should take another oath, it might 
 be thought he had broken the first." 
 
 But the governess being very zealous for settling the inquisition 
 and the new bishops, about four hundred gentlemen, with Prince 
 Lewis of Nassau at the head of them, and several other nobles, 
 presented a petition against it, and were those who were afterward 
 called guese, or beggars, so nick-named for their plain apparel by 
 Count Barlemont, a favourite of the Duchess, which, tliough given 
 in scorn, did much advance the confederacv that followed, and 
 strengthened the Prince of Orange's party; tor their petition being 
 absolutely rejected, these gentlemen caused medals to be made, with 
 the King's picture on one side, and a beggar's dish and wallet on the 
 other, with this inscription, " Faithful to God and the King even to 
 the carrying of the wallet," intimating that they were better subjects 
 to the King than Barlemont and his adherents; and the Prince of 
 Orange, with the other lords, perceiving their petition slighted, 
 consulted their own safety; most of them were for taking arms to 
 oppose the landing of the Spaniards in the Netherlands, since, by 
 intercepted letters, they plainly discovered the design was to ruin 
 and destroy them ; but Count Egmont, governor of Flanders and 
 Artois, opposed it, and being confident of his own good services, 
 advised them to rely upon the King's clemency and mercy, to which 
 the Prince of Orange replied, " That the King's mercy upon which 
 he trusted would be his ruin, and that the Spaniards would make a 
 bridge of him to come into the Low Countries, and then break him ;" 
 at which words embracing the count, as if foreseeing they should 
 never meet again, they parted with tears in their eyes. The Prince 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 5 
 
 instantly went with his family to his town of Breda, only he left his 
 eldest son Philip to study in Lovain ; and after that, to Dillembcrg, 
 the ancient seat of the Nassaus. 
 
 Soon after, the Duke of Alva with an army of old Spanish and 
 Italian soldiers came into the Netherlands, and Count Egmont 
 waiting- upon him, he said aloud, Behold the great Lutheran ; yet 
 the Count took no notice of it, but presented him with two fine 
 horses. The Duke being arrived at Brussels, produced his com- 
 mission, whereby he was made absolute governor in all causes what- 
 soever: he then dismissed the assembly of the states, and constituted 
 a court of twelve men, who were to inspect into the troubles. They 
 soon imprisoned a great number of people of all degrees and quali- 
 ties, and eighteen lords and gentlemen were put to death at Brussels, 
 and the Counts Egmont and Horn imprisoned, and soon after be- 
 headed in the market-place of that city ; the first being much pitied 
 by the people for his fond credulity, who rejoiced at the safety of 
 the Prince of Orange : and Cardinal Granville who was then at 
 Rome, hearing of these proceedings, asked the messenger whether 
 the Duke had taken Silence, which was a name given to the Prince 
 for secrecy and few words ; who replying no : " Nay," says Granville, 
 "if that fish has escaped the net, the Duke of Alva's draught is 
 nothing worth." 
 
 The cruel and barbarous proceedings of this new governor caused 
 a great many to leave the country, who were summoned to appear 
 before the bloody council of twelve, at a certain day, and upon their 
 refusal, all their estates were confiscated ; among others, the Prince 
 of Orange, Count Culenburgh, and other lords were cited; the 
 Prince refused, alleging, " That being of the order of the golden 
 fleece, he could not be judged by any but the King and the com- 
 panions of that order." He likewise appealed to the Emperor Maxi- 
 milian, brother to King Philip, and other German Princes, implor- 
 ing their aid, who approved of his reasons, and declared their dislike 
 of the proceedings of the Duke of Alva : the time for the Prince's 
 appearing being expired, his principalities w^ere all declared to be 
 forfeited, a Spanish garrison was put into Breda, and his eldest son 
 Philip William was sent to Spain to be educated in the Roman re- 
 ligion, and also for an hostage for his father. 
 
 And thus King Philip by these cursed counsels, and the rigorous 
 usage of his subjects, was himself the occasion of the loss of the 
 united Netherlands; who, finding all their privileges violated, and 
 their utter extirpation determined, they resolved to throw otfthis 
 
6 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 intolerable yoke, and afterwards, in some of their ensigns had this 
 motto, " We will either recover our' liberties, or perish in the at- 
 tempt." And the Prince of Orange observing himself so roughly 
 and unjustly used, being reproached as a public enemy, and exposed 
 to the malice of his implacable adversaries, having his innocent son, 
 and his great estate ravished from him, he thought it high time to 
 defend his honour and his life, by force of arms : and to engage 
 for religion and liberty in the common quarrel of his country. And 
 thereupon he raised an army in Germany, which he sent unto Frieze- 
 land, under his brothers Lewis and Adolphus, of Nassau; and being 
 met by Count Arembergh, with a considerable force, a battle fol- 
 lowed, wherein the Nassovians gained a con'^iderable victory, the 
 Spanish army being totally routed, and Arembergh himself with the 
 principle commanders slain, and all their cannon, baggage, and a 
 great sum of money sent to pay the soldiers, taken. This defeat 
 happened in 1568. But Count Lewis enjoyed this victory very little, 
 for the Duke of Alva pursuing him, fell upon him just at the time 
 when the Germans were all in a mutiny for their pay, who rather 
 chose to be miserably slain, than to defend themselves ; so that six 
 thousand were killed or drowned, Adolphus hardly making his escape. 
 
 The Prince nothing discouraged at this misfortune, raised another 
 army of twenty-eight thousand French and Germans, and published 
 a declaration, wherein he cleared his innocence of those crimes 
 objected against him, charging the Duke and the council of blood 
 with the causes of the war, and then passing the Rhine by tying his 
 horses together to break the force of the river, the foot arrived 
 silently in the night to the other shore, which so surprized that Duke 
 of Alva, that he would not believe it at first, saying, "Sure ye do 
 not think them an army of birds." Arriving thus into Brabant, he 
 offered Alva battle, which the other declined ; so that after twenty- 
 nine several attempts to engage him to a combat, and the city's not 
 revolting to the Prince as he expected, and the Germans being again 
 ready to mutiny for want of pay, it was thought adviseable to dis- 
 miss his army, paying part of their arrears by the sale of his plate, 
 artillerj', and baggage, and engaging his principality of Orange to 
 his chief officers for the remainder ; yet, before their disbanding, he 
 routed eighteen companies of the enemy^s foot, and three hundred 
 horse of the Spaniards, near Cambray; most of the commanders 
 being taken prisoners, and the Duke of Alva's son slain. 
 
 After this, with only one thousand two hundred horse, the Prince 
 and his two brothers went into France to the assistance of the Pro- 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 7 
 
 tcstants against the Duke of Guise and his partizans, where he was 
 very successful in several encounters, and at length, by the advice 
 of the great Admiral Coloj^ni, he gave out commissions to several 
 persons of quality, fugitives of the low countries, to infest the 
 Spaniards by sea, by which means he soon became master pf all 
 Holland and Zealand. The Germans bein^ driven out of the Nether- 
 lands, the Duke of Alva, as if he had conspired to lose these countries, 
 instantly levied new taxes, even the tenths of all goods and estates, 
 which so enraged the people that were already near ruined by the 
 war, that upon the privateers (who were sent abroad by the Prince's 
 commission) taking the town of Brill, a port in Zealand, eight cities 
 in Holland, and all the cities in Zealand, except Middleburgh, de- 
 clared for the Prince of Orange ; and Flushing, a considerable city, 
 being animated by the priest at mass, on Easter-day in the morning, 
 turned out the Spanish garrisons in such fury, that they hanged 
 Alvarez, kinsman to the Duke of Alva. And William, Count of 
 Bergen, at the same time took several other towns in Friezeland, 
 and, which most astonished Alva, Lewis of Nassau, by the assist- 
 ance of the French, took Mons, the chief city of Heynault. 
 
 Meanwhile, the Prince of Orange, with an army of eleven thou- 
 sand foot, and six thousand horse, marched to Lovain, which pre- 
 sented him with sixteen thousand crowns, and was received into 
 Mechlin, and from thence came within sight of Alva's army, which 
 was strongly fortified, yet the Prince resolved to force his intrench- 
 ments, or oblige him to a battle, which, whilst he was consulting, he 
 received advice of the horrid massacre at Paris, whereby he lost the 
 Admiral Chastillion, and many other of his dearest friends, together 
 with all hopes of any more relief from.France ; so that not being able 
 to oblige the Duke to a battle, and doubting the French commanders, 
 who were his chief strength, should desert him upon news of the 
 bloody massacre, he wrote to his brother Lewis to make terms for 
 delivering up Mons, then besieged by Alva ; and then with slow 
 marches retreated to the Rhine, yet with some loss and danger; for 
 a detachment of Spanish horse and foot breaking into his camp in 
 the night, killed and burnt all before them as far as his own tent, 
 where he was fast asleep ; but a little dog which used to lie on his 
 bed, never left barking and scratching his face till he had waked 
 him, so that leaping out of his bed, and perceiving the peril he was 
 in, he hastened to his men, who were now coming to his rescue, and 
 fell upon the Spaniards so furiously, that most of the party, which 
 were about a thousand horse and foot, were cut off in their retreat. 
 
8 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 After which, the Prince dismissed his army and came into Holland; 
 these states, with those of Zealand, Iiaving- already acknowledged 
 him for their governor, and taken an oath. to stand by him with tlieir 
 lives and fortunes. 
 
 But though the Prince had the full power of the government in 
 his own hands, yet he acted all matters in the name of the states, 
 and by his extreme diligence, in four month's time he had piovided 
 a fleet of one hundred and tifty sail, well rigged and manned, in the 
 port of Flushing; wlio, tor ten years after, did unspeakable damage 
 to the Spaniards, and were never but once worsted by them. He 
 likewise banished all Romish superstitions out of the chu'dies, that 
 difference in religion might render them more irreconcileable to their 
 old adversary. 
 
 J3ut the Duke of Alva having retaken Mons, sent his son to re- 
 duce some other cities in Holland, and Guelderland, and because 
 the town of Haarlem had formerly received the Prince of Orange, 
 after the Duke had reduced it by famine, whereof near thirteen thou- 
 sand died, he made a dreadful example of this place, the Spaniards 
 first hanging the governor, and for several days together hanging 
 and drowning the ministers, magistrates, and people of the city, to 
 the number of near two thousand, which butcheries made the Hol- 
 landers to be still more resolved and obstinate against them ; so that 
 the other towns made a more vigorous defence, for fear of falling 
 into the hands of such cruel blood hounds. Soon after, the Duke of 
 Alva was recalled out of the Netherlands, and Lewis Requesones, of 
 a milder temper, was sent to succeed him. King Philip now finding 
 that rigor and barbarity did but enrage the Netherlands, and made 
 them more averse to his government : this new governor had the 
 fortune^, at his arrival, to be an eye-witness of the defeat of his 
 master's fleet, by that of the Prince of Orange ; but yet was more 
 fortunate by land; for Prince Lewis, of Nassau, having brought a 
 fourth army out of Germany of seven thousand foot and four thou- 
 sand horse, was defeated by the Spaniards near Nimmeguen : the 
 Germans, according to their usual custom, calling for their pay just as 
 the battle began, and thereby were the ruin of themselves, as well as 
 of their general's honour; the Prince Lewis, with his brother Prince 
 Henry, and the Count Palatine being all three killed in this fight. 
 Upon which victory, the Spaniards besieged Leyden, and reduced 
 it to very great extremity, so that they were ready to capitulate : 
 but the Prince having an account of their condition, by letters tied 
 to pigeons and sent into the town, resolved to make the utmost 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 9 
 
 effort possible to relieve it ; and having- provided two hundred flat- 
 bottom boats, of fourteen or sixteen oars, and two guns a-piece, 
 which he filled with seamen and provisions, when all things were 
 prepared, the Hollanders broke down the dam that kept out the sea, 
 which thereupon entered with such fury into the country, that it was 
 overwhelmed with water, and the camp of the Spaniards was over- 
 flowed, so that the city received supplies forty miles off* by water; 
 and the Spaniards havings sunk their cannon after four month*s fruit- 
 less labour, were forced to raise the siege, being pursued by the 
 Dutch in their boats, with long grappling irons, wherewith they 
 drowned and destroyed a great number of their enemies. This de- 
 liverance from a barbarous and inhuman enemy, endeared the Prince 
 of Orange to those of Leyden, who, to recompense their losses by 
 the inundation, erected an university there, which he endowed with 
 ample revenues and privileges. 
 
 But to recompense this loss, Requesones reduced Zurich-zee ; but 
 the Spaniards and Germans falling at variance about their pay, and 
 Requesones dying at the same time, the unruly soldiers fell upon 
 Maestricht and Antwerp, both which towns they plundered and ran- 
 sacked of an immense treasure, rated at above twenty millions. The 
 robberies of those foreign mutineers, caused such an abhorrence and 
 detestation of the government in the people, that those nhich had 
 hitherto been obedient to the Spanish government, now declared the 
 Spaniards enemies to their King and country, and called in the 
 Prince of Orange to their assistance ; all the provinces, except Lux- 
 emburg, entering into an association, and solemnly swearing to assist 
 each other in delivering their country from Spanish slavery. This 
 happened in 1576, when King Philip, to remedy these disorders, sent 
 Don John, of Austria, to be governor of the Netherlands, who, by 
 his mild and affiible behaviour, wheedled the provinces for a time 
 to desist from their gallant resolution ; and though the Prince of 
 Orange, who saw the bottom of the Spaniards' designs, continually 
 forewarned them not to be deluded with guilded promises ; yet, Don 
 John having solemnly agreed that the States General should assem- 
 ble, and that the Spaniards and Germans should depart out of the 
 Netherlands, several of the provinces again submitted to King Philip; 
 the Prince of Orange, with the states of Holland and Zealand, pro- 
 testing against their proceedings, especially as to the articles about 
 religion ; but Don John was no sooner settled in his government, 
 being received with much magnificence at Brussels, but he quickly 
 iinade good the Prince's premonitions, for he seized upon Namur and 
 
 Q 
 
(b TttE HiSf ORY OF THE 
 
 Charlemont, and sent for the foreio^n troops. "Whereupon, the states 
 finding themselves deluded, ihcy resolved to oppose him by arms, 
 and having demolished the castle of Antwerp, they joined with the 
 Prince of Orange, and sent to desire his presence at Brussels, where 
 he was received with all kinds of joy, and the acclamations of the 
 people, and declared governor of Brabant, and superintendant of 
 the revenues of the provinces. 
 
 The States General having declared Don John of Austria the 
 public enemy of their country, he thereupon recalled the Italians, 
 and other foreigners, who were banished by the perpetual edict, ay 
 it was called, and with them defeated the army of the states at Gem- 
 blours, though tliis loss was recompensed by the surrender of the 
 famous city of Amsterdam, eight days after, which was then united 
 to the body of Holland. 
 
 In the year 1579, the Prince of Orange laid the foundation of the 
 republic in the low countries, by the strict union he made between 
 the provinces of Gueldres, Zurphen, Holland, Zealand, Friezeland, 
 and the Ommelands, consisting of twenty-five articles, the chief 
 whereof was, " That these provinces should mutually assist each 
 other against the common enemy, and not treat of war or peace 
 without general consent :" this was called the treaty of Utrecht, 
 because signed in that city; and to shew that union was absolutely 
 necessary for their preservation, the states took this for their motto, 
 "Concordia parvas res crescunt;" By concord little things grow 
 great. But the Prince finding the power of these few provinces not 
 sufficient to defend themselves agamst the other provinces that had 
 reconciled themselves to Spain, nor against that potent crown, he 
 thought it adviseable to choose some neighbour Prince to be their 
 protector, and judged none more proper than the Duke of Anjou 
 and Alenson, the only brother of Henry III. King of France, and 
 commissioners being sent to him, it was soon agreed, that these six 
 provinces of Holland, Zealand, Brabant, Flanders, Utrecht, and 
 Friezeland, should acknowledge him for their sovereign, upon con- 
 dition, " That he should maintain them in their present privileges 
 and religion; that he should assemble the States General once a year, 
 or oftener, if they thought fit ; that he should not dispose of any 
 offices or preferments without the consent of the state. Lastly, That 
 if he should endeavour to infringe or violate this treaty, he should 
 immediately forfeit his sovereignty, and they be fully absolved 
 from any allegiance to him, and be at liberty to choose another sove* 
 ^ign,*' 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 11 
 
 This agreement he'ins; made, Archduke Matthias, brother to Ro- 
 dolphup. Emperor of Germany, who had been sent for some time 
 before by some factious Lords, (who envied the virtue and glory of 
 the Prince of Orange) finding that the states sought for a mare 
 powerful j)rotector, took his leave and retired into Germany, though 
 not without larf;e acknowledgments and presents from the StaCes 
 General. The Prince of Orange hastened the march of the Duke of 
 Alenson, whose presence he knew was very considerable, especially, 
 since in this year 1580, the King of Spain had published a most 
 bloody prosecution against him, " Reproaching him with the favours 
 bestowed on him by his father, Charles V. and declaring him to be 
 a rebel, heretic, hypocrite, like to Cain and Judas, of an obdurate 
 conscience, a villain, the head of the Netherland troubles, a plague 
 to Christendom, and an enemy to all mankind ;" declaring farther, 
 " That he did prosecute and banish him out of his countries and 
 estates, forbidding any of his subjects to converse with, or relieve 
 him, giving all his estate to those that would take it, promising, upon 
 the word of a King, and as the Minister of Almighty God, That if 
 any would deliver him alive or dead, or else take away his life, he 
 would give to him, or his heirs, five thousand crowns of gold, and 
 the free pardon of all the crimes that he had before been guilty of; 
 and if they were not noble, to make them so, and to reward all that 
 shall assist them therein ; and likewise that all his adherents should 
 be banished, and their lives and estates given for a prey to any that 
 would take them." 
 
 The Prince of Orange made a very smart apology in answer here- 
 unto, wherein he fully vindicates himself from all the crimes objected 
 against him, proving at large^ " That all the miseries of the Nether- 
 lands ought to be imputed to the council of Spain, who endeavoured 
 to reduce those countries to absolute slavery, both as to religion and 
 civil liberties, and acting more like mad-men than politicians, and 
 like that foolish King Rehnboam, following the silly advice of a 
 weak woman, and Cardinal Granval the Pope's creature, telling the 
 King, that his father had chastized the people with whips, but the 
 son ought to whip them with scorpions, and therefore they endea- 
 voured to bring in the inquisition, and the new bishops which were 
 the occasion of all these commotions. And as to his taking arms 
 against his sovereign, he sheweth, that Henry Bastard, of Castile, 
 the King's great grandfather, had with his own hands slain the King 
 Don Pedro the cruel, his lawful brother, and possessed his kingdom, 
 whose successor King Philip was, and enjoyed it to this day. And 
 
 c2 
 
12 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 that there was a reciprocal bond between a Prince and a subject, 
 and if the Prince infringes his oath^ the subject is freed from his 
 allegiance ; that the King of Spain was admitted to be Duke of Bra- 
 bant, upon certain conditions, which he had sworn to maintain, and 
 yet had notoriously violated ; and if the nobility did not endeavour 
 by arms (since no other means was to be found) to preserve and 
 defend their liberties, they ought to be accounted guilty of perjury, 
 treachery, and rebellion to the states of the country. And whereas, 
 the King had offered money to take away his life, he did not doubt 
 of God's protection, yet certainly he could never be accounted a 
 gentleman by persons of honour, who would be so wicked and in- 
 famous to murder a man for money, except they were such Spaniards, 
 who being descended from the Moors and Jews, might retain that 
 quality from their ancestors, who offered money to Judas to betray 
 our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ into their hands, that they might 
 crucify him." 
 
 The Prince concluded his apology by telling the States General, 
 " That since their peace and quiet seemed to depend upon his death, 
 he was willing to lay down his life to free them from the calamities 
 under which they suffered, having already for their sakes lost his 
 estate, his brethren : yea, and his own son, and that his head, over 
 which no Prince or potentate on earth had any power, was yet at 
 their command, and that he ^wuld be a willing sacrifice to procure 
 their tranquillity; but if they thought fit still to use his service, he 
 would employ his life, council, and all he had in the world, for the 
 defence and preservation of the Netherlands." 
 
 In answer to this the states declare, that they are fully satisfied 
 that the crimes and slanders charged upon the Prince, are altogether 
 false and malicious, and that all the honours that had been conferred 
 on him, were so far from being sought for or desired by him, that he 
 only accepted them at their earnest request and entreaty, with the 
 full consent, and by the free election of the country, and therefore 
 they humbly entreated him still to continue his administration, and 
 likewise to accept of a guard for his person against any villainous 
 attempts upon his life. 
 
 The States General of the united provinces perceiving, that, not- 
 withstanding the intercession both of the Emperor, the French King, 
 the Queen of England, and other Princes and states of Christendom 
 to King Pliilip, on their behalf, yet, he still continued obstinately 
 resolved to yield to nothing but what might reduce tlieir country ab- 
 solutely to popery and slavery ; thcreiqion, in J 581, they published 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 13 
 
 an edict of renunciation against him, wherein they declare, " That 
 it being acknowledged by ail mankind that a Prince is ordained of 
 God to preserve his subjects from all injuries and violence, even as 
 a shepherd defends his sheep, and that the people were never created 
 to be bondmen and slaves to his will and pleasure, whether his 
 commands are right or wrongs but that he is advanced to that dig- 
 nity to govern them by equity and reason, and to cherish them as a 
 father doth his children, even with the peril of his life. If a King, 
 therefore, fail herein, and instead of protecting his subjects shall 
 strive to destroy them and deprive them of their ancient laws and 
 privileges, and endeavour to make them bond slaves, his subjects 
 are thereupon discharged from all subjection to such a Sovereign, 
 and are to reckon and esteem him a tyrant, and that he is abso- 
 lutely fallen from his former dignity and sovereignty ; and the estates 
 of the country may lawfully and freely abandon him, and elect 
 another Prince to protect and defend them in his place : especially 
 when his subjects, neither by prayers nor petitions, can mollify his 
 heart, nor divert him from his tyrannical and arbitrary courses, 
 since they have then no other way to preserve their ancient liber- 
 ties, lives, wives, children and estates ; which, according to the 
 laws of God and nature, they are bound to defend, and which hath 
 been practised in divers countries, especially in those where the 
 King was obliged, by oath, to govern according to law, and was 
 admitted to the sovereignty upon certain conditions and special 
 contracts. 
 
 " Now it being apparent to all the world that Philip King of 
 Spain, giving ear to certain wicked counsellors, hath, in every par- 
 ticular, broken all the oaths and obligations which he had entered 
 into for the defence of those provinces, and hath determined to en- 
 slave, ruin, and destroy them, and all their interest therein, &c. 
 We, the States General, being pressed by extreme necessities, do, 
 by a general resolution and consent, declare the King of Spain to 
 be fallen from the government, dominion and jurisdiction of these 
 countries, and we are resolved never hereafter to acknowledge him 
 for our Prince and Sovereign Lord, but do hereby declare ourselves 
 and all the inhabitants of these provinces, to be for ever discharged 
 from all manner of oaths and allegiance to the said King, &c. In 
 witness whereof, we have caused our seals to be hereunto annexed, 
 July 26, 1581." 
 
 The Duke of Anjou having been in England to make a visit to 
 Queen Elizabeth, returned again to Antwerp, after three months 
 
14 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 spl6ndicl entertainment in the English court; the Queen, at his de- 
 parture, earnestly recommending to him to govern the people with 
 mildness and to endeavour to gain their affections, which would be 
 the most durable foundation that he could lay for the security of his 
 government. The Duke was receive d at Antwerp with all kind of 
 magnificence, being made Duke of llrabant with much solemnity, 
 and having taken an oath to protect and defend them in all their 
 rights : afterward the nobility and gentry swore allegiance to him as 
 their Prince and governor. 
 
 Soon after a plot was laid to kill the Prince of Orange, which 
 was thus managed; Gaspar de Anastro, a Spanish merchant living 
 in Antwerp, finding his affairs in a very low condition, by reason of 
 the many debts he had contracted and was not able to pay, he 
 bethought himself of the great reward promised by the King of 
 Spain to the murderers of the Prince of Orange ; and berng greedy 
 of this prey, which he thought might again retrieve his credit, he 
 consulted with the governor of Gnavelin how to put this fact in exe- 
 cution, and at length concluded to employ a wicked boy he had called 
 Joanille to perpetrate it, who no sooner was acquainted with it but 
 he readily undertook it. The day appointed for this execrable deed 
 was on a Sunday, when the Duke of Anjou making a great feast, the 
 Prince of Orange was present. The boy accordingly came to the 
 house, where he was confessed by a jacobin friar, and promised 
 the pardon of all his sins; the priest likewise deluding him, and 
 saying that he should go invisible, having given him some charac- 
 ters in papers, with frogs' bones and other trifles, that were found 
 in his pocket. Being thus strengthened in his resolution he drank a 
 glass or two of Avine, and the ghostly father having given him his 
 blessing at the stairs' foot, left him. Joanille went into the room, 
 where the Prince and several Lords were at dinner, clad like a 
 Frenchman, and was thought a servant to one of the French noble- 
 men ; he endeavoured to come near the Prince, having charged his 
 pistol with two bullets, designing to shoot him behind, as he had 
 been instructed, but was still hindered. The Prince, having dined, 
 went toward his withdrawing-room, shewing by the way to a no- 
 bleman the cruelties of the Spaniards in the Netherlands, wrought 
 in tapestry, when the murderer, having placed himself in u window 
 of the hall, discharged his pistol against the hinder part of his 
 head, but the Prince turning his face at the same instant, the 
 bullet entered in at the throat, it being so near that the fire entered 
 with the wound, burning his ruff and his beard, and breaking one 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGB. 16 
 
 t)f his teeth, the bullet coming out of the left cheek, near the nose, 
 without hurting his tongue. This terrible blow being given, all 
 present were amazed, and one of the halberdiers in a rage thrust 
 the villain through, and a page presently after dispatched him. The 
 boy was quickly known to belong to Anastro, who was imprisoned, 
 together with the monk ; the first was released, but the friar, to- 
 gether with the carcass of the murderer, were both hanged and 
 afterward quartered. The Prince's wound was somewhat dangerous, 
 for the bleeding of the jugular vein could by no art nor means be 
 stopped, till they contrived, that for nmg^ days together several per- 
 son^ appointed should hold their thumbs upon the wound night and 
 day, so that at length it closed and the danger was over. At first 
 the French were thought to have committed the fact, but the Prince 
 of Orange, though weak, writing in his own hands to the magis- 
 trates of Antwerp to let them know it was a Spaniard, they at 
 length were satisfied. The grief of that great city was extraor- 
 dinary upon the Prince's being wounded, the magistrates commanding 
 fasts to be kept to pray for his recovery, and their joy was as great 
 when they heard he was out of danger. The Prince of Parma, 
 governor of the Spanish Netherlands, concluded he was dead, and 
 sent mild letters to several cities to surrender to him. 
 
 After this the Duke of Anjou, envying the power of the Prince 
 of Orange, which he thought eclipsed his own, and not enduring to 
 be a Sovereign only in name, with such a limited authorit}^, by the 
 advice of some of his young counsellors, he resolved to seize upon 
 the principal places in tlie Netherlands ; that is, Antwerp, Bruges, 
 Dunkirk and Dendermond, upon pretence that the people of Ant- 
 werp had encompassed his palace with design to murder him. The 
 two last he took possession of, but the citizens of Bruges and Ant- 
 werp defended themselves with so much courage, that the French 
 Were killed in such heaps before the gates, as prevented those with- 
 out from entering in to their relief. The Flemings had some suspi- 
 cions the Prince was concerned in the attempt, which was somewhat 
 occasioned by his fourth marriage with Lovise de Cologny, a 
 French lady ; but he perceiving it, and that the States party grew 
 every day weaker jn the Walloon provinces, retired into Holland, 
 where he thought himself more secure, and his life less exposed to 
 the bigotted Papists, and settled at the city of Delph, where Henry 
 Frederick, grandfather to our present Gracious Sovereign, was born. 
 
 The Duke of Anjou's party being defeated, he was obliged to 
 restore those places of which he had made himself master; and, re- 
 
16 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 turning into France, died soon after, some say of poison, others of 
 mere vexation lor this inglorious enterprize. 
 
 'J'he Spaniards thinking they had no greater enemy in tlio world 
 than the Prince of Orange, and that he being gone they should at- 
 tain their full purposes for enslaving the Netherlands, they used all 
 manner of base and treacherous practices to murder and destroy 
 him, Avhich they too successfully eftected in the manner following. 
 In May, 15S4, a young man, of about twenty-seven, coming to the 
 Prince's court at Delph, delivered him a letter as he passed along; 
 the Prince demanding whence it came, the youth, being of a seem- 
 ing innocent countenance, replied, that it was his own letter, and 
 contained matter of concernment for the service of the country; 
 it was subscribed Francis Guy on. The Prince went away, and the 
 next day the fellow desiring a counsellor of the Prince's that he 
 might be heard and receive an answer of his letter, and that he had 
 several other things of importance to discover both concerning the 
 country and religion. The Prince having notice of it, commanded 
 one of his council to examine him, to whom he gave a large ac- 
 count of his pretended adventures, and that he had procured several 
 blanks (which he produced) with Count Mansfieldt's seal, which 
 were given him for the use of passports for victuallers, but might be 
 serviceable to the Prince upon other occasions. The Prince reco- 
 vered the blank passports, intending to try some experiment with 
 them, and by this' means he became so familiar at court, that the 
 Prince, some days after, having an account of the death of the 
 Duke of Anjou, he sent ibr this villain into his chamber, to inquire 
 something of liim, while he was in bed, and the wretch afterwards 
 confessed in prison, that if he had then liad a dagger or penknife 
 he would liave certainly slain him then. After this he came con- 
 stantly to prayers and sermons, and was observed to read Du Bar- 
 ta's works, particularly the History of Judith and Holofernes, 
 where there are certain persuasions and encouragements to cut off 
 tyrants; sometimes he borrowed a bible of the porter upon pretence 
 of religion, so that at length he went about the court without suspi- 
 cion. Awhile after the Prince ordered him to be sent to Count 
 Biron into France, to try if he could make any advantage of the 
 passports, upon which he desired money to buy shoes and stock- 
 ings, b'jiiig in an ill co:idition. The Prince ordered him ten or 
 twelve crowns. Next day he bought a pistol of one of the guard, 
 but finding it did not shoot true, he bought two more, which were 
 according to his mind. After this he watched when the Prince went 
 
THE HOUSE OF ORANGE. 17 
 
 down to the hall to dinner, and demanded a passport of him, but in 
 such a hollow and confused voice tha^^ the Princess asked what he 
 was, for she did not like his countenance : the Prince told her his 
 business. After dinner, the Prince going out of the hall, the villain 
 stood behind a pillar in the gallery, with his cloak on one shoulder, 
 having two pistols under his left arm, holding in his right hand a \ / 
 paper like a passport, as if to have the Prince sign it. As the \ 
 Prince passed along, having one foot upon the first step of the 
 stairs, the traitor, advancing, drew forth one of his pistols so sud- 
 denly, that he was not perceived till the blow was given : the three 
 bullets, wherewith the pistol was charged, entering in at his left 
 side and coming out of the right, through the stomach and vital 
 parts. The Prince, feeling himself hurt, said only thus: " O, my 
 God, take pity of my soul, I am sore wounded : my God, take 
 pity of my soul and of this poor people;" after which he began to*/ 
 stagger, but his gentleman usher supported him, and set him upon 
 the stairs. The Countess of Swartzenburg, his sister, asked him if he 
 did not recommend his soul to Jesus Christ? he answered " Yes," 
 and never spoke a word more, dying in a few minutes after. The 
 murderer endeavoured to escape, but being taken and told he was a 
 wicked traitor to endeavour to kill the Prince, " 1 am no traitor,'* 
 said he, " but have done what the King of Spain commanded me, 
 and if I have not slain him cursed be my ill fortune." After this 
 he freely confessed the whole matter, and that he had done it by the 
 instigation of the Jesuits and the encouragement of the Prince of 
 Parma, who assured him of the reward promised to the assassinate 
 by the King of Spain. 
 
 P'or this horrid crime a particular and tremendous sentence was 
 pronounced against him by the judges, " That Baltazar Gerrjird 
 (which he confessed was his true name) should beTatcT'Tipon a 
 scaffold in the market-place of Delft , to have his right hand, where- 
 with he committed that execrabT?15eed, torn with two burning hot 
 pincers, and the like to be done in six several parts of his body, as 
 his arms, thighs, and several other fleshy parts ; his privy members 
 to be cut off, and he to be quartered alive ; to have his heart plucked 
 out and thrown in his face; and, lastly, his head to be cut off, and 
 to be set upon a pole upon the watch tower behind the Prince's 
 lodgings; his four quarters to be hanged upon gibbets upon the 
 four bulwarks of the town." This sentence, said the judges, we 
 tliink fit to pronounce against this wicked murderer, for having (to 
 the great grief and sorrow of all good men) committed a most ex- 
 
 D 
 
IS THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 eorable crime and abominable treason upon the person of 90 famous* 
 and renowned a Prince as the Prince cf Orange was, for which he 
 ought in no wise to remain unpunished, but rather, with all rigour 
 and severity, to be made an example to future ages. 
 
 Having notice of his death, he was at first astonished, cursing 
 the hour of his birth, and wishing he had never learned the wicked 
 principles of the Jesuits at Dole, but had been still a mean trades- 
 roan, and not fallen into this folly ; but since it is done, said he, 
 there is no remedy, and I must now suffer for it^ This dreadful 
 sentence was fully executed ; and yet, in all his torments, he never 
 cried out, nor seemed to be in any pain : yea, smiled at an accident 
 that happened in the midst; of his tortures, having often boasted 
 that he would not shew the least sign of fear. 
 
 Thus died the renowned William, Prince of Orange, at fifty-one 
 years of age. He was of an active spirit and a strong memory, and 
 his wisdom, constancy, magnanimity, his counag^, patience, and 
 labours, were all so extraordinary, that they are rather to be ad- 
 mired than described; a person, in whom concurred a solid judg^ . 
 ment to undertake so great and difficult an enterprize^ andan unpa- 
 ralleled courage to carry it on, and a very great constancy to finish 
 the freedom of his country, against the mighty power of. Spain and 
 the treacheries of many of his own countrymen ; so that the states 
 and people of the Netherlands, who had so often experienced his 
 conduct and magnanimity in their most pressing extremities, ad- 
 mired his virtues, which scarce ever before met in one person, be- 
 wailing him as if no greater loss could have befallen them in this 
 world, and solemnized his funeral with all imaginable magnificence, 
 that being the last honour they could pay to his glorious memory. 
 He had four wives, by whom he had four sons and eight daughters. 
 
 Philip William of Nassau, was eldest son to the great William, 
 Prince of Orange, Philip 11. King of Spain, being his godfather, 
 who, when his father was compelled to take arms in his own de- 
 fence, was a student at the university of Lovain, and was taken 
 thfence by force, to the infringement of the liberties of the place, not- 
 withstanding all the protestations of the rector to the contrary, and 
 the complaints of the Prince his father, who publicly exclaimed 
 against the cruelty of the Spaniards, since no privilege nor innocence 
 crf'bge could secure any from their tyranny and injustice. He was car- 
 ried from thence into Spain, at thirteen years of age, and educated 
 in the Honvan Catholic religion, where he continued a prisoner 
 above ilnrly year&, duriDg which his jailor, presuming to speak abu- 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 19 
 
 sivelj of the proceedings of his father, the Prince, who inherited 
 his gallant temper, not enduring his insolent discourse, took him 
 round the middle, and throwing him out of the window, broke his 
 neck. The King of Spain consulted with his council what punish- 
 ment to inflict for this great action ; but, at length, by the inter- 
 posing of a generous young Spaniard, who was present, and af- 
 firmed that the captain's ill conduct was the occasion of his death, 
 it was passed over. 
 
 But at length, in hope to create some jealousies between his bro- 
 ther Maurice and himself, King Philip released him and sent him 
 into Flanders, where he lived in great state with the Spanish go- 
 vernor of the Netherlands, at Brussels, and was employed by that 
 King to conduct into the Netherlands his bride and spouse that was 
 to be, the infanta Isabella, to whom King Philip had given in dowry 
 the sovereignty of the seventeen provinces. This was a very asto- 
 nishing policy to all the Netherlands, that the son of a Prince, who 
 was so abhorred by the Spaniards, should be chosen for this honour- 
 able employment, and caused such a jealousy in the states of the 
 United Provinces towards him (the King of Spain having likewise 
 restored to him all his estate in the Spanish Low Countries and 
 the French Comte,) that they would not allow him to make any 
 visit, much less to reside in any of their provinces, though he was 
 very desirous so to do ; and though his younger brother, Prince 
 Maurice, out of his generous temper, surrendered up all the great 
 estate that belonged to Philip, his elder brother, as Breda, and 
 other places, yet, to prevent his being suspected by the States Ge- 
 neral, he declined seeing him in person, rendering his respects to 
 him constantly by persons deputed thereunto. He married to Eleo- 
 nora Bourbon, sister to the Prince of Conde, and, by matching with 
 a Princess of the blood, he was reinstated in his principality of 
 Orange, and died, without children, at Brussels, in 1618, leaving 
 his inheritance and title to his lirother. 
 
 Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, successor to his father, both 
 in c^Ti^uct, courage, and success, who, being but seventeen years old 
 at the death of his father, was yet called to the government, and was 
 no ways discouraged at the great successes of Alexander Famese, .» 
 Duke of Parma, who, in a very short time, had reduced several cities 
 and towns to the crown of Spain, nor with the insolence of the Eari y/ 
 of Leicester, who, at the desire of the States General, was sent by 
 Queen Elizabeth to be their governor, though, by bis insupport- 
 able pride and ambition, he mor« endamaged the Low Countries, 
 
 D 2 
 
20 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 than the succours he brought relieved them, so that for four ycar^ 
 together, that commonwealth laboured under dreadful convulsionp, 
 occasioned by the intrigues of the Earl of Leicester and the policies 
 of the Spaniards, till at length, by the fortunate and total destruc- ^ 
 tion of the nick-named invincible Spanish armada, designed to have /C 
 devoured all England, the Prince of Parma lost all his reputation 
 at once : Prince Maurice, about the same time, obliging him, to his 
 everlasting shame, to rise and run away from the siege of Bergen 
 ap Zoom, and for twenty years after, even till the time of the 
 truce, fortune was so favourable to the Prince, that victory seemed 
 to attend him, insomuch that he recovered near forty cities and 
 many more fortresses, and in three pitched battles defeated the forces 
 of the King of Spain, besides the victories his admirals obtained at 
 sea upon the coasts of Flanders and Spain. The stratagem by 
 which he surprized Breda was very remarkable, for the garrison of 
 that town being Italians, and greedy of fuel in that cold country, 
 they very readily assisted the boatman to draw his bark of turfs over 
 the ice within the castle walls, under which the Prince had laid 
 several armed soldiers, who, suddenly starting up, surprized, and 
 soon seized the guards, taking possession of the castle, with the 
 loss only of one man, though it were an action of such danger and 
 importance. Soon after the town of Gertrudenburg was surrendered 
 to the Prince in view of the Spanish army, consisting of thirty thou- 
 sand men, commanded by Count Mansfield, an experienced gene- 
 ral, who could not force the Prince out of his trenches, though he 
 daily provoked him, so that Prince Maurice, having sent a trum- 
 peter to the Count, he asked him how his master, being a young 
 and fiery Prince, could contain himself within his trenches, after 
 such fair provocations. The trumpeter replied, that the Prince of 
 Nassau was a young Prince, but as old and experienced a general 
 as his excellency. 
 
 The next year, the Prince took Groning, the capital city of that 
 province : also Rhineburg, Meurs, and Grave, and gained great 
 reputation by the defence of Ostend; for the Spaniards having made 
 themselves masters of it, after a siege of three years, with the loss of 
 sixty thousand men, and the expense of above a hundred millions of 
 treasure, they were possessed of nothing but a heap of ruins, more 
 like a burying-place than a city ; and the Prince soon after gained 
 Sluce, a place of far greater importance. And at the battle of New- 
 
 Eort he had such great success against far more numerous forces than 
 is own, that the Archduke Albert, with several other persons of 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 21 
 
 quality were wounded ; all the Spaniards' cannon, with above one 
 hundred cornets and ensigns falling into the victor's hands, with the 
 slaughter of six thousand of the enemy upon the place ; the Prince 
 having before the light sent away all the ships that transported his 
 men into Flanders, telling them, that now there was no way to escape, 
 but they must either march over the bellies of their enemies, or else 
 drink salt water. After several other successes against the Prince of 
 Parma, and other Spanish generals, whereby he raised up the sink- 
 ing republic of the united Netherlands, he died in 1625. He was 
 never married, and left his titles and large possessions to his younger 
 brother, Henry Frederick of Nassau, Prince of Orange, who was 
 third son to the renowned William, Prince of Orange ; he was born 
 in 1584, and was an excellent general, not in the least degenerating 
 from the courage and gallantry of that heroic family, being every 
 way equal in fame to his brother. Prince Maurice, taking the famous 
 cities of Odousel and Groll, in despite of the Spanish general, who, 
 with a numerous army, was not able to relieve it ; nor was he less 
 successful at sea, his Vice-admiral Hein taking a fleet of the Spaniards 
 near Cuba, in the West Indies, valued at above twenty millions. 
 After this, he took Bois le Due, which, had withstood all the attempts 
 of his brother Maurice, and would not be drawn away till he had 
 reduced it, though Count Henry of Bergnes, the Spanish general, 
 made an incursion into the province of Utrecht, to divert him ; and 
 afterward happily surprized the city of Wessel, where the maga- 
 zine of provisions, and all the great artillery of the Spanish army 
 were laid up. 
 
 About this time. Count John of Nassau, his kinsman, upon some 
 discontent revolting to the Spaniards, was defeated by one of the 
 Prince's captains near the Rhine, in the open field, with half his 
 number of men, himself being carried prisoner to Wessel, from 
 whence he could not be redeemed without the payment of eighteen 
 thousand rix dollars ; to revenge which dishonour. Count John, 
 when at liberty, endeavoured with a strong navy of ships to seize 
 the town of Williarastadt, but was totally defeated by the Holland- 
 ers, and four thousand prisoners taken, and the rest either killed or 
 drowned; he himself and the Prince of Brabancon hardly escaping. 
 
 The States General to testify their gratitude to Henrj^, Prince of 
 Orange, for the great services he had performed, about this time by 
 a public edict declared, that all the dignities, honours, and employ- 
 ments, which he then enjoyed, shall descend to his eldest son. Prince 
 William ; the instruments whereof being drawn up and sealed by 
 
22 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the states, were presented to the young Prince in a box of gold. 
 After this, Prince Henry continued still more successful, taking the 
 towns of Ruremond, Veulo and Strall; and lastly, undertaking the 
 siege of Maestricht, where he surrounded his trenches with such 
 strong circumvallations, that both the Spanish and German forces 
 were obliged to marcli away with dishonour, and leave him the 
 honour of reducing so important a place. 
 
 Divers other prosperous attempts he made, at his retaking the 
 fort of Sliink Scans, and regaining the castle and city of Breda, 
 which the Marquess Spinola had been a whole year in taking, with 
 vast loss and expense, and yet the Prince now reduced it, to his 
 immortal honour, in four months, and answerable was his fortune 
 at sea, where Admiral Trorap falling upon a numerous fleet of the 
 Spaniards in the Downs, of sixty-seven men of war, destroyed the 
 greatest part of them to the number of forty ships sunk, wherein 
 above seven thousand men were lost, and two thousand carried pri- 
 soners into Holland, amongst whom was the great gallion of Portu- 
 gal, called Maria Theresa, carrying eight hundred men, whereof not 
 one escaped. 
 
 In 1641, Prince William, only son of the Prince of Orange, 
 married the Princess Mary, eldest daughter to King Charles I. and 
 soon after. Prince Henry gained the strong fort of Hulst, in Flan- 
 ders, which the Spaniards were not able to relieve. Thus it may be 
 observed, that William, Prince of Orange, laid the foundations of 
 the commonwealth of Holland ; Prince Maurice, his son, fixed and 
 strengthened them by his victories, and Henry Frederick, the younger 
 brother, by continuing his conquests and enlarging their territories, 
 at length compelled the Spaniard to renounce his pretended right 
 over them, and to acknowledge them an independent state, treating 
 with them by the title of the high and niighty States General of the 
 united provinces : so that by the swords of the illustrious House of 
 Orange, this potent republic was first founded, which is now arrived 
 to that grandeur as to send ambassadors upon equal terms with tlie 
 most potent Princes of Christendom, even to the King of Spain him- 
 self, whose subjects they were, not above one hundred years, and 
 whose revolt had proved a great advantage to that crown, they 
 having been so many years a barrier to the Spanish Netherlands 
 against the excessive poAver and ambition of France, which, without 
 their assistance had long since swallowed them up. 
 
 Prince Henry married the daughter of John Albert, Count of 
 Sblms, who came with the Queen of Bohemia into Hollafld : a lady 
 
HfitJSE OF ORANGE. ^ 
 
 of excellent beauty, modesty, and prudence; by: wli<>tti he had' bne 
 son and four daug^hters ; the eldest, named Lovison, wafe mai'iMed' 
 to Frederick William, Prince Elector of Brandenburg, by -.vhom h^ 
 had several children; the secofVd, Henrietta, Was married to the 
 Count of Nassau ; the tliirdT" Catlieriiia, was espoused t6 J6hn 
 Geoi^e, Duke of Anhalt ; the fourtli was married to the Duk^ 6^ 
 f^meren ; Prince Henry died' March IS, 1647, and was succe^dfed' 
 by William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, who was born in IG^G; a^ 
 Prince of worthy hopes and courage, but was suddenly tiaken away 
 by death in the twenty-fourth year of his age : having been married 
 nineyears to the Princess Mary, daughter to King Charles I. by whomi' 
 he had Prince William Henry, who was born November 4, 1^50; 
 some few days after his father's death, the Lords States Genefafof 
 Hblland and Zealand, and of the cities of Dfelft, Leyden and AmSte^- 
 dam being his godfathers. 
 
 WILLIAM HENRY OF NASSAU, PRINCE OF OR?ANGE. 
 
 TliiseJ^cellent Prince, our present gracious Sovereign, i^endowfeid^ 
 with all the noble and virtuous qualities of his ancestors of the' 
 illustrious House of Orange, which seemed designed by heaven to 
 be the protectors of religion and liberty for several ages, his Ma- 
 jesty's glorious predecessors being the founders and establishers, and' 
 himself the restorer of the half-ruined Batavian republic, as well as 
 the deliverer of these three kingdoms from the utmost danger of 
 popery and slavery; this excellent Prince suffered many affronts 
 by Barnevel's part}', revived in the persons of the De Witt's, ex- 
 pecting with inimitable patience, the advancement to those honours 
 and dignities which of right belonged to his family, and which, by 
 the decree of a prevailing faction, he was deprived of presently 
 after the death of his father. 
 
 But King Lewis, his inveterate enemy, did, accidentally, very 
 much contribute to his exaltation ; for, having in 1672 like a rapid' 
 torrent over-run the flourishing^ Batavian republic, he thereby gave 
 opportunity to the Prince to discover to the \vorld the spiHt of hi^ 
 ancestors, ill recovering the united provinces fi'toiii the ruin w^ich' 
 seettied to'attehd them by the success of that King, even'beyond his" 
 hopes, nay, almost his wishes : which put that people into sucli a 
 consternation, as occasioned them to complain of the unhajjfiy con- 
 duct of Cornelius and John De Witt, wiibli&d then the sole m&nage- 
 
g* THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ment of all affairs, and to believe that none but the glorious House 
 of Nassau was capable to support their tottering state in this age 
 against their potent French enemies, as they had formerly rescued 
 them from the tyranny of Spain. 
 
 Neither was the grandmother of the Prince wanting to engage the 
 favourers of that family to endeavour to remove that eclipse, under 
 which it had so long suffered, which her Highness managed with a 
 courage and magnanimity above her sex, so that, being awakened 
 by her remonstrances, they began to consider how they themselves 
 had of late been slighted and neglected, whilst all the great employ- 
 ments of the commonwealth were bestowed upon the sons of burgo- 
 masters, and being seconded by the rage of the commonalty, who were 
 dreadfully terrified to see a victorious army in the very bowels of their 
 country, they obliged the States General, in the beginning of 1672, 
 to depute Monsieur Beverning, John De Witt, and Jasper Fagel, to 
 invest his Highness the Prince of Orange in the dignities belonging 
 to his ancestors, of captain, and admiral-general of the united pro- 
 vinces, who, having accepted the same, and taken his oath, pre- 
 sently went upon action against the French ; but the province of 
 Holland still suspected the fidelity of their magistrates, seeing their 
 frontier towns and garrisons fall daily into the hands of their vic- 
 torious enemies, and at Dort they raised a dangerous mutiny, and 
 resolved that his Highness the Prince of Orange should be advanced 
 to the stadtholdership also, as judging it absolutely necessary for 
 the public good ; upon which, an act was instantly drawn up, and 
 read in the public hall by the secretary, wherein the magistrates 
 declared his Highness the Prince of Orange, stadtholder, captain, 
 and admiral-general of all their forces by sea and land, with the 
 same power and authority that his ancestors of glorious memory had 
 formerly enjoyed ; which occasioned great rejoicing in that city. 
 
 But Cornelius de Witt, an ancient burgomaster of the town, re- 
 turning at the same time indisposed from the fleet, and being de- 
 sired to sign the act, replied, " He would never do it ;" nor could 
 all the persuasions of his friends, nor the menaces of the multitude, 
 who were ready to break into his house, nor the tears of his wife, 
 who was sensible of his danger, prevail upon his obstinate temper, 
 till she threatened to shew herself to the people and declare her own 
 and children's innocency, and abandon him to the fury of the ungo- 
 verned populace, which soon after occasioned his tragical death ; for 
 they being fully persuaded that he and his brother John were real 
 enemies to the Prince, and a certain surgeon having charged Cor* 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 25 
 
 nelius that he had made a private proposal to him to take away his 
 Highness's life, he was thereupon imprisoned, and, upon trial, wafe 
 sentenced to forfeit all his dignities and employments, and to be 
 for ever banished out of the territories of Holland and West Frieze- 
 land. 
 
 The people, who accounted the Prince to be their protector and de- 
 liverer, believed his judges to be partial in punishing so great a crime 
 with so easy a judgment, and the trained bands at the Hague being in 
 arms, they presently ran to the prison, where, vvhile they were got to- 
 gether, it happened that John De Witt came in his coach to fetch his 
 brother out of prison : upon which, one of the burgesses cried out, 
 " Now the two traitors are got together, and it is our fault if they 
 escape us." This had been enough to inflame the multitude, but 
 a greater motive happened : for while they were all expecting the 
 coming down of the two De Witts, an unhappy report was raised, 
 that above a thousand peasants and fishermen were upon their march 
 to plunder the Hague, upon which, another burgher cried out, " Come, 
 gentlemen, let us pull these traitors out by the ears, do but follow 
 me, and I will lead the way." These words, with their great affec- 
 tion to their Prince, and the rain of their country, to both which, 
 they accounted the De Witts to be the greatest enemies, completed 
 their rage, so that they immediately broke open the prison doors, 
 and forced down the two brothers into the street, where they were 
 soon dispatched by the multitude, who after they had laid the pen- 
 sionary John De Witt sprawling on the ground, cried out, '' See 
 there the traitor that has betrayed his country." Thus fell John, 
 and Cornelius De Witt, two violent enemies to the House of Orange. 
 It is said, that John was the contriver of those acts, whereby his 
 Highness was secluded from all the great employments which were 
 due to him from his predecessors, and that a certain ambassador 
 being in private discourse with him, said, "Most illustrious sir, I 
 have heard much of your singular prudence, and unwearied dili- 
 gence, but far less than what I now observe ; from whence, 1 dare 
 assuredly pronounce, that either you will be the ruin of the Prince, 
 or else, that one day for his sake, you will come to destruction." It 
 is likewise reported, that when he was a youth of about eighteen 
 years old, a certain advocate being desired by his father to examine 
 him, gave this accouiit of him : " That he found in him those great 
 parts, and that ripeness of wit, which was rarely to be seen in 
 others ; and afterwards, when he w^as made pensioner of Holland 
 and Dort, the same advocate presaged of hiip, " That he would 
 
 E i 
 
ke THti HISTORY OF THE 
 
 xipver, die a natural death." " Thus," saith a wbirthjj^ person. " ended 
 one of the greates.t lives of any subject of our times, in the forty- 
 seventh year of his age, after having administered in that state as 
 pensioner of Holland for about eighteen years, >vith great honour to 
 his country and liimself. 
 
 It must be remarked that the present war with the States General 
 was commenced ip concert between the French King and Charles II. 
 in a time of the greatest peace and security on the Dutch siide ; so 
 l^at, whep the English fell upon their Smyrna fleet, no clap of 
 thunder in a frosty mprning could be more surprising, both to the 
 Hollanders, and the rest of Christendom : yea, the court of France 
 itself could scarce believe that we would run so great an adventure, 
 though our court had obliged themselves thereto, and though, in 
 th^ declaration of war, which the King published, the Dutch are 
 charged wjth making abusive pictures, and denying the right of the 
 flag, which was an undoubted prerogative of the crown of England ; 
 yet, the parliament and people were of opinion, that this war was 
 madie in pursuance of the instructions of the French King, sent over 
 to Dover by the Duchess of Orleans; whereby tKe destruction of 
 the commonwealth of Holland is declared to be the only means to 
 settle arbitrary government and popery in these three nations. 
 
 Upon our declaration of war, the French King began to march 
 with his vast army into the Netherlands, which he over-ran with 
 such a rapid motion, that the people were astonished, and the states 
 knew not what course to take to prevent it, which occasioned those 
 commotions aforementioned; but his Highness the Prince of Orange 
 being advanced to the Stadtholdership, the face of affairs began to 
 alter, and their courage was revived. Monsieur Fagel succeeded 
 De Witt as pensioner, and the Prince presently resolved to be upon 
 ^ action, rejecting all the applications made to him by the two Kings, 
 of making hirp sovereign of the provinces, with such disdain and 
 greatness of spul, as is scarce to be matched, always declaring, 
 " That h^ would never betray a trust tWt was given him, nor ever 
 ^ell the liberties of his country that his ancestors had so long de- 
 fended, , ... 
 
 In pursuance of thjs generous resolution, his Highness took the 
 command of the army upon him, who were more animated at the 
 thoughts of being under the conduct of so gallant a general : so that 
 at Bodegrave, a handful of men twice repulsed above five thousand 
 pf the prench fronv the walls of Ardenburg; and, besides the slain, 
 took five hundred jprisoners, with several commanders, and persons 
 
MOUSE OF OHANGE. g? 
 
 of quality, through the extraordinary valour of no more than two 
 hundred burghers and one hundred garrison soldiers, only that they 
 were assisted by the women and children, the women filling the 
 bandileers, and the children brought bullets to their parents. 
 
 Soon after the siege of Groningen, which had been besieged with 
 near three thousand men, by the Bishop of Munster, was, by the 
 courage of the citizens, raised, with the loss of half the enemy's 
 army, and a prodigious quantity of ammunition spent in vain, in 
 reducing thereof ; to w hicn, his Highiness's care, in furnishino- them 
 with all necessaries for defence, was highly contributing. 
 
 About the same time, the Prince resolving to dislodge t,he out- 
 guards of the French, gave a strong alarm to them, and without 
 moving from his saddle all night, drove them to their trenches, 
 before Utrecht, and carried several lords prisoners to Amsterdam. 
 His Highness then resolved to attempt the reducing of \Voerden, 
 and, after a bloody and obstinate fight, wherein above two thousand 
 of thip French were slain, and not above seven hundred of the 
 Dutch. His Highness finding the garrison relieved with such a 
 numerous supply, drew off his men, and retreated to his quarters. 
 After which, was held a council of war, of the principal officers of 
 the army, which being ended, a certain colonel would needs be 
 impertinently inquisitive of the Prince, to know what was his great 
 design against the French at that time ; his Highness demanded of 
 him, whether he would discover to any other what he should declare 
 to him ? The colonel said, "No, he v/ould not :" " Then," said the 
 Prince, " my tongue is also endued from heaven with the same 
 grace;" an answer becpming the wisdom of a Prince, and the re- 
 servedness of a great commander. 
 
 His Highness being with the army ?it.Maestricht, sent out a party 
 to reduce the strong castle of Walcheren, which was soon surren- 
 dered with a great quantity pf wheat and other provisions. During 
 this time, the Duke of Luxemburg, with fourteen thousand horse 
 and foot, resolved to invade the province of Holland, in hope to 
 plunder Ley den and the Hague, and marched from Woerden over 
 the ice with three thousand five hundred of the lightest of the in- 
 fantry, of which attempt his Highness haying notice, marched with 
 all speed toward the French,, who, in the mean time had t-iken 
 Swamerdam, and by the retiring of Colonel Paine Yin from his post 
 at Niewerbroug, had a free passage opened for their retreat, who 
 must also have perished in the waters, or surrendered by reason of 
 the sudden thaw; the Duke himself was like to have been lost by a 
 
2S THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 fall into the tliajred water, losing in this slippery expedition, abo\e 
 six hundred of his best soldiers. The PVench committed horrid 
 ravages at Swamerdam, ravishing women, stripping and wounding 
 the aged and decrepit, and throwing infants that smiled in their 
 faces, into the fire. 
 
 And now the strong city of Coverden, tlie key of the provinces of 
 Friezeland and Groning, which in that fatal year, 1672, fell into 
 the hands of the Bishop of Munster, with great loss of men and a 
 long siege, was retaken in an hour, and not above sixty men slain, 
 and of the enemy, one hundred and fifty killed, and four hundred 
 and thirty prisoners; it was furnished by the Bishop with a prodi- 
 gious quantity of warlike ammunition. This success highly en- 
 couraged the Dutch, and so surprized the enemy, that they instantly 
 quitted several other garrisons, and much advanced the honour of 
 the Prince, to whose prudent management of aftairs, they attributed 
 this happy alteration in the fortune of their country ; which his 
 Highness likewise extended to pacify the dissention between the old 
 and new magistrates of Friezeland, who acted contrary to each 
 other : but upon his Highness appearing in their assembly, all dis- 
 cords vanished, and all things were settled for the defence of the 
 Netherlands, by his visiting the frontier fortifications of Flushing, 
 Since, Ardenburg, (where thq keys of the town were delivered him 
 in a silver basin by the young virgins of that city, decked with gar- 
 lands of several flowers) ;ind several other strong places. 
 
 In 1673, the Dutch were hotly assailed, on the one side by the 
 French King, with a puissant army, while Conde and Luxemburg 
 lay at Utrecht with powerful forces, to watch an opportunity to 
 invade the very centre of their territories ; and by sea, the King of 
 England vigorously attacked them with his own and the French 
 fleet, so that the Prince of Orange was obliged not to stir abroad, 
 but to observe their designs, and prevent the threatened descent of 
 the English. In May, the King of France, with an army of forty- 
 two thousand men sat down before Maestricht, the garrison con- 
 sisted of about four thousand foot, and nine hundred horse, under 
 Monsieur Farieux, a resolute and experienced commander, as ap- 
 peared by the stout resistance he made against this mighty force ; so 
 that, though the French gained the place, yet it was with such a 
 deluge of blood, no less than nine thousand of their bravest soldiers 
 being slain in the siege, with an inci'edible number of his choicest 
 ofiicers, that the purchase was sufficiently dear; and, after three 
 "weeks valiant defence, with the loss of half the garrison by innumc- 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 29 
 
 vMe assaults, batteries, and storming of fresh assailants night and 
 day. The courageous governor would still have held it out, had 
 not the petitions of the magistrates and ecclesiastics obliged him to 
 surrender, of whose worthy conduct the I'rince of Orange was so 
 well satisfied, that he instantly preferred him to be Major-Generai 
 of the army ; and the French King was so mortified, that when he 
 had taken the town, he broke up his army and returned to Paris, 
 sending part of them to Turrenne, to enable him to harass the 
 country of Treves, because that Elector had assisted the Emperor 
 against him. 
 
 The Fiench army being thus dispersed, and the English fleet, 
 since the engagement of May 28 (wherein both sides claimed the 
 victory,) being retired from the coast of Holland, his Highness, 
 now more at liberty, resolved not to lie still, so that calling off his 
 forces, which lay for the defence of Zealand, to join with the rest 
 of the army, he sat down before Naerden with twenty-five thou- 
 sand men, upon which the Duke of Luxemburg, with ten thousand 
 and four regiments of Munster horse, advanced within view of the 
 Prince's entrenchments, but not daring to attempt the relief of the 
 town; the Prince, after three hours resistance, beat the French 
 from their works, and forced them to retire in great confusion into 
 the city, and the next day they surrendered it up. The garrison 
 inarching out, the governor made a profound reverence to the 
 Prince, and, it is said, assured him, " That he had reason sufli- 
 cient to surrender the town so soon ;" but it seems the King did 
 not think them so, for he was condemned to perpetual imprison- 
 ment, and had his sword broken over his head at Utrecht, for the 
 garrison consisted of near three thousand men, and wanted neither 
 ammunition nor provisions, and the French had much strengthened 
 the fortifications, yet the Prince took it in four days, and lost not 
 above a hundred men, and two hundred wounded. 
 
 And now his Highness, to avoid so many sieges as the towns they 
 had lost would cost to recover, resolved upon a gallant action, the 
 boldness of which amazed all men, but the success extolled the pru- 
 dence, as well as the bravery of it ; for the King of Spain and the 
 Emperor having joined in a confederacy with the States General for 
 mutual defence against the French, as the common enemy of both, 
 the Prince, that he might perform something remarkable before the 
 approaching winter, marched directly, with his army, out of the 
 Netherlands, and joining with the confederates, he resolved to be- 
 siege Bonne, which had been put into the hands of the French the 
 
so I'HE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 beginning- of the war, wherein the Elector of Cologne and the Bishop 
 of Munster had entered jointly with France. It had a garrison of 
 two thousand men, and was well furnished with all provisions, and 
 eighty great guns mounted on their walls and bulwarks. The Mar- 
 shal de Humieres, with seven thousand horse, faced the Leaguer, 
 but durst not venture to succour it; so that the confederates, having 
 finii^ihed their batteries and brought three mines to perfection, pre- 
 pared for a general storm : but willing to save their men, sent a 
 summons to the governor to surrender the town, since they were 
 without relief, and, if they pleased, might send out some to see 
 what mineK were ready to play upon their refusal, which would be 
 followed by putting to the sword all in arms, if taken by storm. 
 This so affrighted them that the next day they capitulated, and 
 fifteen hundred French marched .out of the town, the rest being 
 either dead or wounded. 
 
 This successful expedition of his Highness put the French into 
 such a consternation to see the reverse of their fortune, that they 
 who lately, with insulting pride, threatened the ruin of others, were 
 now at their wit's end to save themselves; so that, upon the loss of 
 so many men as had lately died by sickness and the sword, they 
 were compelled to abandon all their conquests in the Netherlands 
 in less time than they gained them, retaining only Maestricht and the 
 Grave, of all they lately possessed belonging to this republic. Woer- 
 den was the first that felt their tyranny and was fit-st evacuated, but 
 the Duke of Luxemburg extorted sixteen thousand livres of them, 
 to save the town from burning, by the King's order. .Harderwick 
 paid twelve thousand livres; Creveceur three thousand pistoles; 
 Bommel, a strong fortress, on which the King of France had be- 
 stowed sixty thousand livres, gave hostages to pay thirty-six thou- 
 sand livres to spare their houses. Utrecht was obliged to give an 
 hundred thousand crowns; and the French, all departing in one 
 day, the burgomasters absolved , each other from their oaths which 
 they had taken against the restoration of his Highness the Prince of 
 Orange, to whom they sent their deputies to acknowledge) him their 
 Stadtholder, in the name of the whole province of Utrecht. Thus 
 his Highness may, in some sense, seem to have outdone Caesar him- 
 self, for he vanquished even where he neither. saw nor came, but 
 only by the terror of his arms and victories. In consideration of 
 this happy turn of affairs, occasioned by the prudence and conduct 
 of his Highness, the States General, in February following, pub- 
 lished a decree to declare their gratitude, confirming the charge of 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 31 
 
 Stadtholder of the province of Holland and West Frie^eland on the 
 person of his Hip^hness during life, and also on the heirs male of his 
 body, as a standings monument of his surpassing merits ; and that 
 very day the states of Zealand likewise conferred the same dignities 
 upon his Highness, and made him withal hereditary noble of theii* 
 province. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1674, the parliament and people of 
 England bein^ weary of the war with Holland, which was entered 
 into without their consent or liking, were very desirous of a peace ; 
 so that the French court party, having little hope of wheedling the 
 House of Commons to give any more money to carry on their black 
 designs against the religion and liberties of the nation, under the 
 pretence of this war, they were obliged to make a separate peace 
 with the Dutch, exclusive of the French King, though, to their 
 great regret, that they were forced to abandon their dear ally, from 
 whom they had drawn such great sums of money for secret service. 
 Upon the strength and heart of this peace, his Highness, the Prince 
 of Orange, concerted with the German and Spanish troops to begin 
 an offensive war; and, at the head of an army of forty thousand 
 men, to march into France. In pursuance hereof, the three armies 
 being joined, arrived at Nivelle the beginning of August, 1674, 
 where they continued for some days; but finding the Prince of 
 Conde, who lay not far off, encamped with an army of fifty thou- 
 sand, unwilling to come forth and hazard a battle in' the open field, 
 they endeavoured, by all ways imaginable, to provoke and draw 
 him out of his trenches : but all proving ineffectual, they resolved 
 to besiege some place of importance, believing that Conde would 
 endeavour to relieve it ; whereupon his Highness marched from Se- 
 neffe toward Brinch, General Souches, with the imperial forces, 
 leading the van. Count Waldeck commanded the main battle with 
 the Holland army, and Count de Monterey the rear with the Spa- 
 niards ; the Prince of Orange commanded the whole confederate 
 army. 
 
 The Prince of Conde having notice of their movement, and being 
 sensible of the difficulty and straitness of the passages, put his men 
 in Order, and letting the van-guard pass, and the greatest part of 
 the main body some leagues before, he then fell in upon the rear- 
 guard of the Spanish horse and dragoons, consisting of four thou- 
 sand, commanded by tlie Prince de Vaudemont, and broke them 
 with great slaughter, and not much resistance, taking several pri- 
 soners of quality, with the baggage, which the Prince of Orange 
 
S^ THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 having notice of, he sent three battalions of infantry to their relief. 
 Conde, warmed with success, drew his whole army out of their 
 trenches, and fell with much fury upon the Dutch squadron, break- 
 ing them to pieces, killing or taking all their commanders, and 
 gaining several standards : and here his Highness the Prince of 
 Orange gave particular testimonies of his undaunted bravery, 
 throwing himself, with his sword in hishiind, before the daunted fu- 
 gitives, endeavouring, by all means imaginable, to stop their flight, 
 and by his own example, encouraged them to renew the battle, so 
 that he was often in danger either of being slain or taken prisoner; 
 but at length his Highness joining the rest of the Dutch, who stood 
 firm, whom he made the right wing, with the Imperialists and Spa- 
 niards on the left, the fight was renewed with more fury and vigour 
 than ever, both armies being animated with the hope of victory, 
 and seeming equally resolved rather to die than be overcome. 
 His Highness omitted no pains upon this important occasion, so 
 animating his soldiers, that they strove, with emulation, to outdo 
 one another, and both armies fought till night, with an obstinacy 
 on both sides hardly to be paralleled, though the fields were all 
 strewn over with the bodies of the slain and wounded, while the 
 combatants, covered with blood and sweat, encouraged each other 
 the more by that dismal spectacle. Thus the fury of the French, 
 which at first carried all before them, about ten o'clock at night be- 
 gan to abate ; the French infantiy, of which they had lost a consi- 
 derable part, drawing off at a distance, notwithstanding all the en- 
 deavours of the Prince of Conde to have brought them back again, 
 who thereupon fearing some farther mischief might befal his army, 
 ordered the horse also to retire, leaving the victory by this means 
 to his Highness the Prince of Orange, who, two hours after the re- 
 treat of the French,, drew off his army likewise to their appointed 
 quarters. 
 
 Thus ended this bloody battle, wherein, at first, the French pre- 
 vailed, but at length lost the victory, having seven thousand men 
 slain outright, besides the wounded, of whom the Prince of Conde 
 left above fifteen hundred in the villages about his quarters at Pieton. 
 On the confederates' side, the slain, wounded, and deserters, amounted 
 to about six thousand five hundred in all. It was said that a letter 
 was intercepted from the Prince of Conde to the French King, 
 giving him an account, " That upon a general review of his army, 
 he found himself but in an ill condition, having lost the flower of 
 his infantry and the best part of his horse, and therefore did not 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 33 
 
 think lumself strong enough to venture a second battle*/* having 
 likewise lost a great number of officers and persons of quality, and 
 several standards, among which was one called the white standard of 
 France (which was afterward hun^ up with great solemnity in the 
 church of the Carmelites at Brussels, richly embroidered with gold 
 and silver, with a sun in the middle passing through the zodiac, 
 with this haughty motto, " Nil obstabit eunti;" nothing can stop 
 his course. But the principal honour of this victory ought, next 
 under God, to be ascribed to his Highness the Prince of Orange, of 
 vrhom General Souches gives the following account in a letter to the 
 States General. 
 
 " 1 have endeavoured to discharge my duty in attending his 
 Highness the Prince of Orange, during the bloody and famous 
 battle between the confederate army and that of the Christian King, 
 the happy issue of which has proved so much to the glory of the 
 Prince of Orange, who shewed, upon that occasion, the prudence 
 of an aged captain, the courage of a Caesar, and the undaunted 
 bravery of a Marius, all which, my Lords, I speak without flattery, 
 as being contrary to my nature." And as the friends, so the ene- 
 mies of his Highness agreed to give him equal glory for this adven- 
 ture, the Prince of Conde himself declaring, '• That he had done 
 in all things like an old captain, but only in venturing himself too 
 much like a young man ;" though this old general had done the 
 same in this day's action, charging into the thickest troops like a 
 young cavalier. 
 
 The next day after the fight his Highness marched, with his 
 whole army, near Mons, and took up his head-quarters at St. Gi- 
 laine, till they had recovered their disorders in the late battle, and 
 then began to think of further action. At length it was concluded 
 to besiege Oudenard, to draw the Prince of Conde out of his cau- 
 tious marches to relieve it. The confederates made their approaches 
 to the town, and were already masters of the counterscarp, when 
 Conde decamped from Beumont, with his whole army of forty 
 thousand men, either to relieve or give the confederates battle. His 
 Highness advised that they should immediately fall upon the enemy, 
 w^eary and tired with a long march, but General Souches prevented 
 the execution of this magnanimous resolution; for instead of ranging 
 his men in battalia, he cros^^ed the' river in so much haste that he 
 left some pieces of cannOn behind him, ^nd thereby left a way open 
 for the Prince of Conde to enter the town with part of his army, 
 who, thinking he had done enough in relieving it, avoided coming 
 
 F 
 
34 THE HISTORY OF THl? 
 
 to a battle ; so that his Highness, finding no more good to be done, 
 resolved to march back to Grave, where his presence would be more 
 necessary, leaving Count Waldeck the command of the army in his 
 absence. The siege of this place had been undertaken sometime 
 before by General Kabenhaupt : the garrison consisted of four thou- 
 sand foot and nine hundred horse, of which the Marquis of Cha- 
 milly, a valiant and expert captain, was governor, wherein were 
 four hundred and fifty pieces of cannon, of which one hundred were 
 mounted upon the bulwarks, besides a vast quantity of pov/der. 
 corn, grenadoes, and all manner of warlike ammunition, for the 
 French had made a magazine there of all that they had brought 
 away from their deserted conquests. Rabenhaupt sat down before 
 it with about twenty regiments of foot and some horse, and was 
 afterwards reinforced by the troops of the Prince of Courland and 
 the Elector of Brandenburgh, who summoned the city on every side, 
 assaulting it with much violence, but was as vioorously defended 
 by those within, though they were reduced to drink water. His 
 Highness arrived there on the 9th of October, with sixty cornets of 
 horse, whose presence revived the courage of the besiegers : yet the 
 French held out till the 25th, when Chamilly, finding such large 
 breaches made in the fortifications, much widened by the fortunate 
 blowing up of a mine, which almost destroyed a covert way, so 
 that it was impossible for him to hold out against the general storm 
 designed the next day, he surrendered the town upon honourable 
 articles. 
 
 The following winter was spent in preparing for an early campaign 
 the next year, 1675, in the beginning whereof the Hollanders made 
 grateful acknowledgments to his Highness the Prince of Orano^e, 
 for his signal conduct and services in redeeming them from the cala- 
 mities which they had suff'ered under a cruel foreign enemy, offering 
 him the title of Duke of Guelderland ; but to convince the world of 
 the sincerity of his intentions, and how little ambitious he was to ag- 
 grandize himself by the war, his Highness refused those honours ; 
 but being at the same time' offered the command of Governor Here- 
 ditary of the same province, he readily accepted it, and in the ma- 
 nagement thereof discovered his excellent prudence in civil as well 
 as military affairs. 
 
 But whilst his Highness was intent to oppose the designs of the 
 French for the ruin of his country, he was visited with the small- 
 pox, which struck a great damp to the progress of affairs, and was 
 the more lamented, as having proved fatal to his family in the per- 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 35 
 
 sons of his father, mother, and his uncle the Duke of Gloucester ; 
 but it pleased God that by the care and skill of an able physician, and 
 certain peculiar remedies sent him by the Duke of Brandenburgh, 
 his 11 ighness recovered, and within twenty days was abroad again, and 
 hastened to the general rendezvous of his army at llosendael, in order 
 to the relief of Limburg, then besieged by the Marquis of lloche- 
 fort ; the King of France, with an army under the Prince of Conde, 
 posting himself advantageously for covering the siege; but such 
 was the slowness of the Germans, and the weakness and disorder of 
 the Spanish troops, that the besieged, having little hopes of relief, 
 and unable to oppose the great numbers of the French troops, sur- 
 rendered sooner than was expected ; after which, having wasted a 
 great part of the adjoining country, the King returned to Paris, 
 being prevented from doing farther mischief by the diligence of his 
 Highness and the Duke de Villa Hermosa. 
 
 Soon after, the great General Turenne being killed by a cannon 
 bullet in Alsatia, the Prince of Conde was sent thither as general, 
 and the Count de Montmorency was left to command the French 
 army, who though a captain no less wary than his predecessor, yet 
 his Highness kept him so upon his guard, that he could not disturb 
 the siege of Treves, which, after the fatal overthrow of Monsieur 
 Crequi, fell into the hands of the imperialists; so that Montmorency 
 was unwilling to hazard a battle with the Prince, after two sucn 
 great losses, for fear of a third ; insomuch that he suflfered Binch to 
 surrender to his Highness at discretion, it being a garrison of three 
 hundred and fifty men, and had great quantities of provisions, even 
 in the sight of his army ; but it appeared afterward the Count had 
 positive orders not to engage the confederates, so that his Highness, 
 finding winter approaching, broke up his army and returned to the 
 Hague. 
 
 The King of France at this time seemed very desirous of peace, 
 his subjects being wearied and ruined with the charge of the war, 
 and several Princes offered to interpose in the matter, and the King 
 of England continuing still in the French interests, seemed very 
 zealous therein, and took Upon him to be a mediator between that 
 King and his enemies. At length, in 1676, a treaty was begun at 
 Nimegen, whither the plenipotentiaries from all parts repaired as 
 to the general rendezvous ; but the preparations for war went on as 
 vigorously as ever, and his Highness was thoroughly employed to 
 get his array ready early in the spring, considering the formidable 
 
56 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 musters the French made under Marshal Crequi, near Charleville ; 
 and Marshal d'Humieres having got together a body of fifteen thou- 
 sand men, fell into the country of Aloft, and the Spaniards being 
 too weak to resist him, put all the countrj^ under contribution. 
 Hereupon his Highness marched with all speed to join the Duke of 
 Villa Hcrmosa, at Cambron, which he did on the 26th of April ; 
 but before this Marshal Crequi had surrounded the city of Conde 
 with sixteen thousand men, and the King of France and the Duke 
 of Orleans, upon notice thereof, joined him with ten thousand more, 
 who incessantly battered the town four days together with much 
 fury, insomuch that they were forced to surrender at discretion, 
 though his Highness was marched as far as Granville for their re- 
 lief. After this the King of France sent the Duke of Orleans to be- 
 siege Bouchain with some of his troops, it being a strong fortress of 
 considerable consequence, the King posting his army so as to hinder 
 the Prince from relieving it ; but his Highness, struggling through 
 all difficulties of the season, and want of provisions and magazines 
 in Flanders, marched with his army in view of the French King, 
 facing him several days together, and was at length resolved to 
 have attacked him with a detachment of twelve thousand men, and 
 to endeavour to have relieved the town, but understanding the place 
 was taken he altered his resolution ; nor would his Highness stir till 
 the French King first decamped, leaving to the Prince the honour 
 of having dared the whole power and fortune of France, so that if 
 the confederates lost a small town, the French lost the greater ho- 
 nour of accepting so brave a challenge. 
 
 The King of France returning home, and leaving his army under 
 the command of Marshal Schomberg, his Highness concluded with 
 the Spaniards, and the German Princes of the Lower Rhine, to set 
 down before Maestricht, which, though strong before, yet had been 
 extremely fortified since possessed by the French, and had now a 
 garrison of eight thousand choice men, under Calvo, a resolute 
 Catalonian; to divert this siege, Schomberg sent the Marshal de 
 Humiercs, with fifteen thousand men, to besiege Aire, a city in the 
 province of Artois, and strongly encontpassed on three sides by a 
 marsh, the only way to approach it being defended by a strong fort, 
 with five bastions and a moat; but the fort not having men sufficient 
 to defend it against the great numbers of the French, who, likewise 
 threw bombs incessantly into the town, and fired the houses; the 
 townsmen grew so impatient that they beat a parley, and the articles 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. S7 
 
 were soon ao;reed by the French, because they heard the Duke of 
 Villa Hermosa was coming to relieve it, and the governor was 
 forced to surrender the town. 
 
 His Highness continued the siege of Maestricht all this while with 
 much vigour, and the latter end of July the trenches were opened^ 
 his Highness assigning to every one their quarters; and among the 
 rest, the English under three colonels, Fenwick, Widdrington, and 
 Ashly, consisting of two thousand five hundred men, besides re- 
 formades and volunteers ; who presented a petition to his Highness, 
 wherein they humbly desired, '• That all of their nation might be 
 assigned a particular quarter, and be commanded apart; that if they 
 behaved themselves like men, they might have the honour due to 
 their courage, but if they did ill, that they only might bear the dis- 
 grace of their cowardice ; there being no reason they should suffer 
 for the miscarriages of others." The Prince readily granted their 
 request, and ordered th*3m a separate post under Fenwick, the eldest 
 colonel, and they accordingly signalized their valour during the 
 siege : which was carried on with the utmost conduct and resolution, 
 his Highness continually animating his soldiers by his presence, and 
 teaching them by his example to contemn danger. Many of the out- 
 works were taken \^'ith great slaughter on both sides, but were 
 again supplied by the unwearied industry of the besieged ; in one of 
 these assaults, his Highness, Who continually exposed his person, 
 received a musket-shot in the arm, but to prevent his men from 
 being discouraged, he plucked off his hat with the same arm, and 
 waved it about his head. But the confederate army being weakened 
 both by sickness and the many attacks against the town, and the 
 Germans not bringing in their promised supplies, a council of war 
 was called, in the Prince's camp, and their being advice, that Mon- 
 sieur Schomberg was coming with all the French forces for the relief 
 of the town, it was concluded to raise the siege ; and so this cam- 
 paign ended without success, occasioned by the weakness of the 
 Spaniards, and the uncertainty of the German councils ; and soon 
 after, his Highness finding that Schomberg was satisfied with reliev- 
 ing Maestricht, and not to be brought to a battle, he returned back 
 to the Hague, Avhere, in a general assembly of the states, he gave 
 an account of the summer's expedition, so much to their satisfaction, 
 that he received their congratulations, and new returns of thanks 
 for the many toils, hardships, and dangers, to which he had exposed 
 his person for the preservation of his country. In September follow- 
 ing, his Highness received an account, that the imperial army had 
 
38 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 taken Philipsburg, for want of being well provided, which was a;*? 
 unexpected as the raising of the siege of Maestricht. 
 
 The following winter was spent in treating for the peace at Nime- 
 gen, which the common people of Holland were very desirous of, the 
 war being a great hindrance to their trade ; but the French insisted 
 upon such high terms, that his Highness opposed it to the utmost, 
 though King Charles 11. was still very earnest to bring his dear ally 
 out of his troubles; but still the French pursued the war with their 
 usual application ; for, in February, 1677, though it were in the 
 depth- of winter, their forces marched into the Spanish Netherlands, 
 and having provided sufficient magazines, they in a manner blocked 
 up Valenciennes, Cambray, and St. Omers, at a distance, giving 
 out, they would be masters of two, if not three places, before the 
 confederates could take the field. The French, at the same time, 
 broke into Germany on the other side the Rhine, ravaging, burning, 
 and ruining these countries, with a barbarity peculiar to the most 
 christian King ; soon after, the city of Valenciennes was surrounded 
 with an army of forty or fifty thousand men, under the Duke of 
 Luxemburg, wherein was a garrison of two thousand foot, and one 
 thousand horse and dragoons, and the French King being arrived in 
 the camp, commanded that the besieged should be kept awake all 
 night, by flinging bombs, grenades, and fire-pots into the town, 
 and the next morning, when they were tired with the night's toil, 
 and gone to their repose, so that few were left to guard the works, 
 the assailants carried all before them, and turned the great guns 
 upon the town ; which so terrified the besieged, that they presently 
 surrendered at discretion. 
 
 Animated with this success, the French King immediately sat 
 down before Cambray, a town of great trade, and had been in the 
 Spaniards' hands about eighty years; it had a garrison of one thou- 
 sand four hundred horse, and four regiments of foot, and after a few 
 day's sie^e, this city was, like th^ other Spanish towns, surrendered 
 upon articles ; and at the same tilne, St. Omers was besieged by the 
 Duke of Orleans, with a very great army; the news of this sudden 
 progress of the French so alarmed all the Netherlands, that his 
 Highness the Prince of Orange was resolved to take the field, the 
 Dutch having received their payments from Spain, and concluded 
 to continue the war another campaign, being brought to this resolu- 
 tion by the vigour and courage of his Highness, who had begun to 
 prepare his troops to march upon the first motion of the French ; but 
 by the usual delays and neglects of the Spaniards, though the Prince 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. SO 
 
 used the utmost diligence and application, yet he could not arrive 
 soon enough to succour Valenciennes and Cambray ; but was now 
 resolved to venture a l)attle to endeavour the relief of St. Omers : 
 at Mount Cassal both armies met, where, after a sharp encounter, 
 wherein his Highness shewed the utmost bravery, the French them- 
 selves confessing, that the Prince that day withstood no less than 
 thirty-nine battalions of foot, and an hundred squadrons of horse, 
 he made such an honourable retreat, as wanted little of a victory, 
 which was occasioned by the plain flight of his men, whom he was 
 forced to resist like enemies ; of which, the States General were so 
 sensible, that in answer to his letter, wherein his Highness gave 
 them an account of what had passed, they sent him another, return- 
 ing their unfeigned thanks to his Highness, for his indefatigable 
 pains and care, not sparing his own person ; of which they besought 
 him to be more tender for the future, considering the greaf^impor- 
 tance thereof, for the preservation of his country. After this, fol- 
 lowed the surrender of the citadel of Cambray, which had held out till 
 now, though the town was taken; and likewise St. Omers, which, 
 after a vigorous resistance, wherein the French lost many consider- 
 able officers, was surrendered upon articles. 
 
 After this, the French King returned to Paris, leaving Crequi to 
 oppose the Duke of Lorrain ; and Luxemburg to observe the mo- 
 tions of the Prince of Orange, who, July 23, 1677, having recruited 
 his own army, and received several auxiliary supplies from the Ger- 
 man princes, marched in at the head of them, (for the confederates had 
 all submitted to his conduct,) from Alost to attack the French, lying 
 under the walls of Aeth, but finding Luxemburg so advantageously 
 posted between two rivers, that he could not be forced to a battle, 
 he marched to Charleroy, and instantly beleaguered that town, 
 which had a garrison of four or five thousand French, under the 
 command of Count Montal, who, mistrusting the design, had ftir- 
 nished it with all manner of ammunition and provision, and such a 
 number of great guns, that he had sent away a great part of them ; 
 the Duke of Luxemburg hearing his Highness was sat down before 
 the city, drained all the garisons of the French conquests, and 
 having made up a body of forty thousand men, posted himself so 
 strongly, having a wood upon his right wing, and a river before 
 him, that there was no forcing his trenches, neither could the con- 
 federates fetch any forage from the country beyond the Sambre, 
 from whence they used to be supplied ; all which his Highness con- 
 sidering, drew off and marched to Serabreef, thereby to preserve hU 
 
40 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 army, wherein consisted the safety of his country ; though no man 
 was ever more daring when there was any probability of prevailing. 
 His Highness finding the French were resolved not to come to a 
 battle, but to be upon the defensive, and secure what they had 
 gotten, leaving the army near Brussels under Count Waldeck, re- 
 turned to the Hague, and had the thanks of the states returned him 
 a second time for his weary and prudent conduct. 
 
 In October this jear, his Highness went over into England, at 
 the invitation of King Ciiarles, in hopes that his presence would 
 much contribute to a general peace between France and the con- 
 federates, which the King seemed very solicitous to have concluded, 
 by the instigation, as it was thought, of the French court, who were 
 willing to put an end to the war for the present ; the Prince, 
 October 19, arrived at Harwich, and went post to Newmarket, 
 where the court then was, which in two or three days returned to 
 Whitehall; where his Highness having a sight of the Princess, was 
 so pleased therewith, that he immediately made suit to the King 
 and Duke, that she might be his bride, which they seemed well 
 pleased with, if a peace were first concluded ; but his Highness ab- 
 solutely refusing that condition, the King being very well satisfied 
 of his Highness's excellent merits, resolved to grant his request, 
 and the next day declared in council his design of marrying the 
 Prince of Orange with the Princess Mary ; upon which, the whole 
 council went in a body to compliment the Prince and Princess ; and 
 the news was received both in city and country with bells, bonfires, 
 and other signs of extraordinary joy and satisfaction, and they 
 were married accordingly, November 4, 1677, being his Highness's 
 birth-day. 
 
 Yet amidst these nuptial joys and caresses, his Highness knowing 
 how necessary his presence was in Holland, made haste to return ; 
 so that he departed from London, November 29, with his Princess, 
 and arriving at Homslaer dike, staid there till they made their 
 public entry at the Hague, which they did in a few da^s, in as 
 magnificent a manner as both the magistrates and people could 
 express to declare their joy and satisfaction for these happy 
 nuptials. 
 
 In 167B, even in January, the French King made such mighty 
 preparations for the ensuing campaign, as alarmed all Euix)pe, but 
 more especially the Dutch, and their allies : so that the King of 
 England sent the Earl of Feversham with a project of peace to the 
 French King, consisting of several heads, which, if he should refuse 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 41 
 
 to accept of that, then King Charles and the States General would 
 unite their forces to compel him to reason ; the French rejected the 
 King's propositions, continuing his mighty warlike preparations; 
 upon which, King Charles recalled his forces out of the French 
 service, who had often occasioned his gaining many considerable 
 victories : and the parliament meeting soon after, the King acquainted 
 them, that he had made an alliance with Holland, to compel the 
 King of France to a reasonable peace; upon which, the Commons 
 gave money for raising thirty thousand land soldiers, and a fleet of 
 ninety men of war ; though it appeared afterward, tlie court never 
 intended any war, but to have used these forces to far worse pur- 
 poses, even to the advancing arbitrary government and popery in 
 these kingdoms; of which the Dutch were so sensible, that much 
 doubting the sincerity of King Charles's negociations, they were at 
 last constrained to make peace with the French, upon disadvan- 
 tageous terms, to pacify the factions and discontents of the people- 
 
 The French King, in March this year, came before Gaunt with 
 an army of eighty thousand men, and by incessant batteries and 
 stormings, took it in nine day's time ; having drawn the Spanish 
 forces toward Mons under pretence of besieging it : and then fell 
 upon Ipre with such rapid violence, that he soon reduced that like- 
 wise, though with such loss of officers and soldiers, that he put his 
 army into garrisons, and then returned to Paris; this gave such a 
 mighty alarm to the Hollanders, that all things drove on violently 
 for a peace ; which the French King being sensible of, and having 
 now gained his point in Flanders, to prevent the English from being 
 in earnest against him, he sent an imperious project of a peace, 
 declaring he would admit of these conditions and no other, which 
 the Dutch were obliged to accept of, since they could obtain no 
 better ; but before the peace was ratified, the French made several 
 pretensions and delays in performing even what themselves had 
 agreed to, as his Highness the Prince of Orange foresaw and fore- 
 told they would do, insomuch that they blocked up the city of Mons, 
 a chief frontier of Flanders ; upon which his Highness resolved to 
 march to the relief of it, great preparations being made to that pur- 
 pose, and understanding that the confederates had joined the Hol- 
 land and Spanish forces, that la}' near the canal of Brussels, he de- 
 parted by night from the Hague, and marching toward Mons with 
 his army, being accompanied with the Duke of Monmouth, he fell 
 upon the Duke of Luxemburg with such fury, that he forced him to 
 retire : and animating his soldiers, with his eyes sparkling like fire, 
 
 G 
 
4Si THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 they despised all danger by their gallant general's example, who in 
 the midst of fire and smoke, and bullets flying thick as hail, had ven- 
 tured so far, that he had been in imminent danger, had not Monsieur 
 Overkirk opposed himself against a daring captain, that was just 
 ready to charge the Prince with a full career, laying him dead on 
 the place. The horse all this while were lookers on, not being able 
 to advance into the narrow passages and steep descents, so that all 
 the weight lay on the foot and dragoons; night coming on, tlie Duke 
 of Luxemburg drew off in great silence and confusion, leaving to his 
 Highness, as certain marks of victory, the field of battle, his tents, 
 baggage, wounded men, store of powder, aiu! other ammunition. 
 The States General appointed commissioners to congratulate his 
 Highness for this victory, gained with so much reputation and 
 glory, beseeching him withal to be careful of his illustrious per- 
 son, considering the tranquillity of his country, and the repose 
 of the church and Protestant religion depended so much thereon. 
 The very day this memorable battle was fought, the peace between 
 the Dutch and French was signed at Nimegeh, of which intelli- 
 gence was brought to his Highness the next morning, who would 
 else have pursued the advantages he had gained to the full relief of 
 the town, having already, in spite of so many disadvantages from 
 an army so suddenly drawn together, and so hasty a march as that 
 of the Dutch, taken divers posts, fortified with so much skill and 
 industry by the French, and attacked them with a resolution and 
 vigour that at first surprized them, and after an obstinate and 
 bloody fight so disordered them, that though the night prevented 
 the end of the action, yet it was verily believed, that if the Prince 
 had been at liberty next day to pursue it, with seven or eight thou- 
 sand English, which were ready to join his army, he must, in all 
 appearance, not only have relieved Mons, but made such an im- 
 pression into France, as had been often designed, but never at- 
 tempted, since the war began ; upon which, a French officer present 
 said, "That he esteemed this the only heroic action that had been 
 done in the whole course and progress of it." The Prince having 
 received advice of the peace, sent a deputy with the news to the 
 Duke of Luxemburg, who desired to see the Prince, and accordingly 
 met him in the field, in the head of his chief officers, where all 
 civilities passed between them proper for the occasion ; and the 
 French with great curiosity crowded about this young Prince, who 
 had, the day before engaged in such a desperate action as that of 
 St. Dennis was esteemed to be; so that his Plighnoss could not have 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 4t^ 
 
 ended the war with greater glory, nor with greater spite, to see 
 such a great occasion wrested out of his hand by the sudden anc 
 unexpected signing of the peace, which he had assured himself the 
 States General would not have consented to without the Spaniards; 
 yet, upon the certain news of it, he drew back his army, returned 
 to the Hague, and left the States to pursue their own measures in 
 order to finish the treaty betwixt France and Spain. 
 
 During which, the King of England sent over a person of honour 
 to the States General, to acquaint them how much he was surprized 
 at the news of their signing a particular treaty with France, even 
 without the inclusion of Spain : declaring, that if they would refuse 
 to ratify what their ministers had signed at Nimegen, his majesty 
 would immediately declare war against Erance, and carry it on with 
 all vigour, pursuant to the treatylately entered into with them. All 
 men were much amazed at this sudden turn of the court of England, 
 and the Prince complained, "^That nothing was ever more hot and 
 cold, nor any councils ever more unsteady than those of England, 
 since if this dispatch had come twenty days before, it might have 
 changed the face of affairs in Christendom, and have obliged the 
 French to such terms of peace, as should have left the world in 
 quiet for many years to come, but would now have no effect at all ;" 
 which happened accordingly, for at hist it appeared to proceed only 
 from the discovery of the Popish plot, which extremely alarmed the 
 people and parliament, who were much disturbed at the treacherous 
 designs of our court, in promoting the Popish and French interest : 
 and thereby forcing the Dutch to comply with that King, almost 
 upon his own terms ; and therefore to divert the humour, King 
 Charles pretended to be in earnest for engaging in a war against 
 France, which for some time hindered the ratification of the treaty, 
 and English forces were daily transported into Flanders, as if the 
 war were really to have been carried on, which encouraged those 
 that were against the peace in Holland, and occasioned the Spa- 
 niards to use their utmost endeavours to prevent the concluding it. 
 
 But the French King being unwilling to lose the great advantages 
 he had obtained by this treaty, resolved to remove all difficulties, 
 and satisfy the stales in their demands : yea, he dispatched ambas- 
 sadors to the Hague, with full authority to remit all the differences 
 about the treaty with Spain and himself, to their determination, 
 which raised in the States such a good opinion of the sincerity of that 
 King's proceedings, that they quickly adjusted all matters in con- 
 
 G 2 
 
44 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 test between the two crowns ; so that the treaty was signed Septem- 
 ber 20, 1678. The other confederates, as the Emperor the King of 
 Denmark, the Duke of Brandenburg, &c. were very much enraged 
 that they were left to treat singly with their potent enemy, who de- 
 manded very severe conditions from them : so that the ratification 
 of the treaty with Spain bein^ hereby delayed, the French King to 
 quicken it, sent Marshal de Humieres with a great army into Flan- 
 ders, plundering and burning all before them, and putting these 
 countries under contribution with so much fury and insolence, that 
 the common people complained heavilj' of the calamities and miseries 
 which they undeservedly suffered by the slowness of the Spanish 
 councils ; so that at length both the Spaniard and Emperor were 
 obliged to comply with the offers of France, who else threatened in 
 a tew days to make the terms much higher. The other Princes, 
 though they very much resented this sudden conclusion of a peace 
 at such disadvantage, yet knowing their own inability, were forced 
 to be contented to make a separate peace for themselves. The King 
 of England observing that he could not hinder it, sent his pleni- 
 potentiaries again to Nimegen, to sign the general treaty ; but in 
 the interval, some new pretences arising between the Spaniards and 
 French, the States General were very diligent to compose them, 
 the transactions being seldom managed by them but in the presence 
 of his Highness the Prince of Orange, whose prudence was still con- 
 sulted in matters of the greatest difficulty ; he himself discovering an 
 extraordinary generosity, that while others preferred points of ho- 
 nour before the public peace, his Highness quitted his own interest 
 in postponing his demands for reparation of the devastations in his 
 own estates and territories, so as not to impede the tranquillity of 
 his country, many of his lands being ruined and destroyed in the 
 Spanish Netherlands, and other adjacent parts; of which, and se- 
 veral other injustices, in seizing upon his large possessions in other 
 places, though the provinces of Guelderland, Zealand, and Utrecht, 
 made loud complaints against the French in his Highness's behalf, 
 yet could the Prince obtain no satisfaction ; but the States and their 
 subjects being quite tired out with the war, the general peace was 
 signed in January, 1678: and the English mediators were called 
 home by that King, who was fully employed at home about the 
 matter of the Popish plot, which both houses of parliament, and the 
 generality of the nation believed to be real, though the King and 
 8ome of the court credited no more of it than what themselves were 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 45 
 
 concerned in, and the Prince of Orange at that time told a public 
 minister, '• That he had reason to be confident that the King was a 
 Roman Catholic, though he durst not profess it. 
 
 Thus Europe, for the present, was left in a general peace, though 
 the French King soon after made such shameful pretences to the de- 
 pendencies upon his late conquests, both in Flanders and Ger- 
 man}-, that he gained more after the peace than by his arms in the 
 war, no Prince or state being either willing or able to oppose him 
 therein. These disputes began in 1681, and continued some years, 
 at which time that King likewise began to raise a violent persecution 
 against his own Protestant subjects, proceeding from the perfidious- 
 ness and ingratitude peculiar to Louis XIV. ; for it is well known 
 that for the signal services which they performed to Henry IV. his 
 grandfather, in asserting the rights of the crown against the Pa- 
 pists, who were then in rebellion against him, that great Prince, in 
 acknowledgment thereof, confirmed to them an edict for the free 
 exercise of their religion, which was called the edict of Nantz, 
 whereby they were to enjoy all liberties and privileges, both in re- 
 ligious and civil matters, and to be as capable of all offices and em- 
 ployments as his other subjects. This he declared should be invio- 
 lable, and it was accordingly confirmed both by his son Louis XIII. 
 and likewise by the present King, upon a very remarkable occasion ; 
 for he being very young when he ascended the throne, the Prince ol' 
 Conde soon after raised a civil war in the kingdom against him, but 
 the Protestants, by their unshaken loyalty to him, defeated the de- 
 signs of his enemies, and settled that crown upon his head which he 
 wears this day, of which eminent service he seemed to be so sensible, 
 that in 1652 he made a public declaration of it at St. Germain's, 
 and every one endeavoured to exceed in proclaiming the merits of 
 the Protestants, the Queen Mother herself acknowledging that they 
 had preserved the state : but since by the maxims of the Roman re- 
 ligion no faith is to be kept with heretics, the Jesuits and ministers 
 of state endeavoured to instil into the King's mind this treacherous 
 notion, that since the Protestants were so potent to advance the 
 King, they might likewise, upon another occasion, remove him 
 again. From this infernal reasoning, without their having given 
 the least umbrage or suspicion of disloyalty, it was resolved they 
 must be suppressed and ruined. 
 
 Therefore, so soon as the kingdom was settled in peace, the Pro- 
 testant towns of Rochel, Montauban, &c. which had shewed the 
 greatest zeal for the King's service^ were plundered by the soldiersi 
 
46 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 and otherwise impoverished ; then their churches and exercises of 
 religion were prohibited t!iem, under false pretences that they ex- 
 ceeded the grants allowed them : yea, in matters of law, religion 
 \vas urged by the advocates at the instigation of the priests, so 
 that they cried out, " 1 plead against a heretic, an enemy to the 
 state and to the King's religion, whom lie would have to be de- 
 stroyed ;" so that the Judge d)red not do them justice, for fear of 
 being counted a favourer of heretics, and upon complaint they were 
 told, " You have your remedy in your own hands, why do not you 
 turn Catholics?" This was succeeded by processes throughout the 
 kingdom, to inquire what the Protestants had said or done for 
 twenty years past about religion or other matters, and their being 
 no want of perjured villains to swear what was absolutely false, the 
 judges, though sensible of it, encouraging them therein, the prisons 
 were soon tilled, and many innocent and virjuous persons were 
 whipped and sent to the gallies for slaves : next they were deprived 
 of all public offices and employments, contrary to an express article 
 in the edict of Nantz ; yea, were forbid to exercise several arts and 
 trades for maintaining their families. 
 
 This was in 1669; and in 16S0 all lords and gentlemen were 
 commanded to discharge their Protestant officers and servants; nay, 
 they would not suffer Protestant midwives to do their office, but ex- 
 pressly ordained, that no woman should receive any assistance in 
 that condition.but from Popieh midwives; and to consummate their 
 miseries they w ere forbid, under severe penalties, to go out of France 
 to o-et their bread in other countries, whereby they were under the 
 horrible necessity of perishing for hunger in their own : they laid 
 severe taxes upon them, raising the sum from forty or fifty livres to 
 seven or eight hundred, and quartered dragoons upon them till it 
 was paid : then an edict was published, that children of seven 
 years old should abjure their religion^ forcing their parents to give 
 them aUowances beyond their abilities, taking them away, and suf- 
 feriuo- them to see them no more; even persons of the best quality 
 were thus used: Protestant schoolmasters were prohibited, and 
 three universities suppressed, though ab *olutely granted by the edict 
 of Nantz : Papists were forbid to marr^ Protestants, or ministers to 
 hinder people, directly or indirectly, from turning Papists. These 
 and a multitude of other cruel and barbarous oppressions they 
 groaned under, when the Elector of Brandenburgh being pleased 
 to interceed on their behalf, the King assured him " He was very 
 well satisfied with tlie behaviour of his Protestant subjects, and 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 47 
 
 that so long as he lived no wrong should be done them ; and yet at 
 the same instant, with his usual sincerity , he gave orders for demo- 
 lishing several of their churches aifd shutting up others, imprisoning 
 their ministers, and using divers manifest injustices against those he 
 pretended to protect. 
 
 At this time some of the persecuted people sent their children to 
 Orange, as being a sovereign principality, to finish the course of 
 their studies in security; but this so displeased the King, that he 
 sent a body of two thousand men, under his Lieutenant-Geneial, 
 into Languedoc, who positively commanded the Prince of Orange's 
 magistrates to send away all the children home again, and not to re- 
 ceive any more for the future into their university or schools; which, 
 though it appeared very unreasonable, yet the magistrates, to pre- 
 vent further mischief, complied therewith, and thought they had 
 thereby given full satisfaction to his demands ; but were strangely 
 surprized to hear, that during the capitulation the Lieutenant-Ge- 
 neral still approached with his forces nearer the city, and that he 
 had absolute orders to demolish their walls. In short he advanced, 
 and quartered eight companies of dragoons in the citizens' houses, 
 where they committed man}' disorders, constraining as well the in- 
 habitants, as the other subjects of his Highness in the villages ' 
 round about, to assist at the ruin of their own walls and towers, 
 which were blown up, at which the people laboured the more ear- 
 nestly, to be the sooner rid of those arbitrary guests, who were said 
 to have already vitiated several virgins. The Prince, having news 
 hereof, represented their case to the States General, as a breacli of 
 the last peace, desiring them to signify their just resentment of these 
 unreasonable proceedings of the French King, and to demand repa- 
 ration for such horrid violations instantly upon concluding a general 
 peace, and without the least provocation given. 
 
 The States accordingly, by their ambassador, represented it as an 
 infraction of the peace of Nimegen, and required satisfaction for 
 the damages which the Prince and his subjects had so illegally and 
 contrary to the faith of treaties and leagues sustained, but could 
 only have this answer from the French court, that as to the money 
 extorted from the inhabitants it was done without the King's order, 
 and he had commanded restitution to be made ; that upon the sub- 
 mission of the people to his will and pleasure he had withdrawn his 
 forces out of the principality, and restored free commerce to the in- 
 habitants according to their desires ; and for the rest he had reason 
 for what he had done. 
 
48 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 After the peace was concluded, his Highness applied himself to 
 reform the government of Utrecht and otlier towns, and likewise to 
 concert matters with the States General for the future security of 
 his country against the treacheries and false pretensions of France ; 
 the Prince being usually present in the principal debates of the as- 
 sembly, both as to peace and war, who always appeared no less 
 prudent and vigilant to prevent disorders at home than to repel fo- 
 reign hostility. In July, 1681, his Highness came over into Eng- 
 land, and arriving at V\ hitehall dined at Sir Stephen Foxe's, and 
 then went to Windsor, where the court then was, and having conti- 
 tinued here about ten days, returned back to Holland. 
 
 In the interval of aftairs, his Highness retired to Dieren, or 
 Soestdyke, to divert himself, and at other times made progresses to 
 take a review of the frontier towns belonging to the state, who, in 
 1682, had ordered the towns of Breda, Grave, and Naarden to be 
 strongly fortified, and it was proposed, in the assembly of the 
 States, to raise sixteen thousand men and incorporate them with the 
 old regiments, and to add a new squadron of twenty-four men of 
 war, both to prevent any sudden insults of the French upon their 
 territories, and to assist the Spaniards, if they should commit any 
 acts of hostility, which was much to be suspected, considering the 
 shameful pretensions that King set up of dependencies in the Spa- 
 nish Netherlands. 
 
 In 1682 the Marquis of Grana was made Governor of Flanders, 
 of which he gave notice to the States General and the Prince, and 
 soon after his Highness had an interview with the Marquis between 
 Breda and Antwerp, where they entered into conferences about their 
 future managements of affairs : his Highness likewise visiting the 
 fortified places in Flanders belonging to the States, being accompa- 
 nied by the Princess, who was received with all kind of respect 
 and splendor by the cities of Brussels, Antwerp, &c. About this 
 time the Count de Avaux, the French Ambassador, arriving at 
 the Hague, put in a memorial to the assembly of the manner how 
 he expected to receive audience, but the States replied, that the 
 things which he desired were wholly new and never practised be- 
 fore, and therefore they could in nowise comply with them; where- 
 upon his audience was put off till he was willing to receive it upon 
 the former terms. In November this year, the Envoy of Moscovy 
 came to wait upon the Prince, then at Soestdyke, to give an account 
 that the great Czar was dead, and that the two Princes now reign- 
 inir were advanced to the throne. 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 49 
 
 111 the end of 1683, the King of Spain being no longer able to 
 suffer the continual invasions of the French upon his cities and 
 towns in Flanders, and his cruel treatment of his subjects for not 
 paying unjust and unreasonable contributions, he proclaimed war 
 against him both by sea and land, and ordered all the effects of the 
 French merchants in his dominions to be seized, and sent to the 
 States General to assist him in this just defensive war, who there- 
 upon concluded to raise a considerable force, both for his aid and 
 their own security, and accordingly his Highness gave out several 
 commissions, and sent eight thousand men toward Flanders. In 
 the mean time the French King, according to his usual method, 
 having ordered great detachments to be sent from all the conquered 
 places toward Valenciennes, in April, 1684, he himself, accompa- 
 nied by the dauphin and dauphiness, came from Paris thither. The 
 Prince was very desirous to have perfected the new levies, and to 
 have marched at the head of them to oppose him, but the obstinacy 
 of Amsterdam and some other towns, which refused to allow their 
 quota for maintaining them, prevented his Highness's worthy de- 
 signs. The French King having mustered his army between Conde 
 and Valenciennes, he immediately invested the city of Luxemburg, 
 and though the governor made a very notable defence, and the 
 French lost a considerable number of men, yet the greatness of 
 their army, which was posted so as to prevent any relief, at length 
 obliged the town to capitulate, and on the 7th ot June following 
 it was surrendered upon articles ; and soon after, a truce being made 
 with Spain, they were forced to suffer the loss of this city with the 
 same temper as they had done many before. 
 
 And as the French King continued thus tyrannically to injure his 
 neighbours, so he treacherously proceeded to exercise horrid cruel- 
 ties upon his own Protestant subjects, for though he had resolved 
 upon their destruction, yet at the same time he declared, that he 
 had not the least intention to infringe the edict of Nantz, and ac- 
 cordingly, in 1684, he absolutely concluded to cancel and make 
 void that edict, and to banish all the ministers out of the kingdom, 
 and several young priests were sent about the country to inflame 
 the mol)ile against the Protestants ; and it was declared in print, 
 " That the Catholic faith must be planted by fire and sword, al- 
 leging the example of a King of Norway, who converted the nobles 
 of his country by threatening them to slay their children before 
 their eyes, if they would not consent to have them baptized and to 
 be baptized themselves." The Protestants were very sensible of 
 
 u 
 
50 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the miscliiefs designed against them, and exposed their grievances 
 to the King with all humility and submission, which produced no 
 other effect upon his tyrannical temper than to hasten their destruc- 
 tion by open force and violence, in so terrible a manner as is scarce 
 to be paralleled. At first they quartered troops of bloody and despe- 
 rate dragoons upon them, who loudly bellowed, " That the King- 
 would no longer suffer any Protestants in his kingdom, and that 
 they must resolve to change their religion, or else to suffer the ut- 
 most cruelty that could be inflicted upon them ;" to which these in- 
 nocent souls replied, " That they were ready to sacrifice their lives 
 and estates for the King's service, but their consciences being God's, 
 they could not, in the same manner, dispose of them." This answer 
 did but enrage their hellish adversaries, so that they first seized 
 their goods, and then fell upon their persons, inflicting all the bar- 
 barities imaginable to induce them to renounce their religion. They 
 hung up men and women by the hair of the head, or by the feet, 
 within their chimnies, smoaking them with wisps of wet straw ; 
 they threw them into great fires, and plucked them thence half 
 roasted ; they tied them on the rack, and poured wine down their 
 throats till the fume had deprived them of their reasop, and tiien made 
 them say they would be Catholics : they stripped them stark naked, 
 and larded them all over with pins from head to foot ; they kept 
 them from sleeping seven or eight days and nights together; they 
 tied parents to bed-posts, and ravished their daughters before their 
 eyes ; they plucked off the nails from the hands and toes of others, 
 with the most intolerable pain; and after these, and a thousand 
 other horrid indignities, if they refused to abjure their religion, 
 they threw them into close, dark, and stinking dungeons, exercising 
 upon them all sorts of inhumanity ; and yet, after all these bar- 
 barous usages, they compelled those wretched people, who had not 
 courage and constancy enough to persist in the faith, and therefore 
 turned Catholics, or new converts, as they called them, to acknow- 
 ledge, " That they had embraced the Roman religion of their own 
 accord," and had the impudence to declare, even against the evi- 
 dence of millions of witnesses, " That force and violence had no 
 share in the conversions, but that they were soft, calm, and volun- 
 tary, and that if there were any dragoons concerned therein, it was 
 because the Protestants themselves desired them, that they might 
 have a handsome pretence to change their religion." In the mean 
 time their houses were demolished, their lands destroyed, their 
 woods cut down, and their wives and children seized and put into 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 51 
 
 monasteries; and an edict was publislied for plucking down all the 
 Protestant churches in the kingdom, and all for promoting the Ca- 
 tholic religion. Yea, the mischief did not terminate here, for the 
 French King, being too potent to be resisted by the Duke of Savoy, 
 he compelled that Prince to publish an edict, for prohibiting the 
 poor Waldenses and Vaudois to exercise their religion on pain of 
 death, and being assisted with a great number of French troops 
 under Monsieur Catinat, the soldiers committed the like violences 
 and barbarities against them as they had done in France. 
 
 His Highness the Prince of Orange highly disapproved of these 
 proceedings, and was a silent mourner for the miseries of the Pro- 
 testant church, which now seemed to be threatened more than ever, 
 for King Charles II. dying in February, 1685, the Duke of York 
 succeeded him, who instantly declared himself a Roman Catholic; 
 and on the 10th of June following the Duke of Monmouth landed, 
 with one hundred and fifty men, at Lime, in Dorsetshire, declaring, 
 " That he had taken arms for the defence and vindication of the 
 Protestant religion, and of the laws, rights, and privileges of Eng- 
 land, from the invasion made upon them, and for delivering the 
 kingdom from the tyranny of James Duke of York." About the 
 same time the Earl of Argyle, setting sail from the Vlye, in Hol- 
 land, landed in the West of Scotland, publishing a declaration to 
 the same purpose, but either by weakness, or treachery, they were 
 both soon defeated and both beheaded, and a multitude of their 
 followers executed; for which great success King James pub- 
 lished a proclamation for a thanksgiving, and among other expres-* 
 sions says, " That nothing now remained which could possibly dis- 
 turb the future quiet of his reign ;" in confidence whereof he, 
 with the advice of his Popish counsellors and their adherents, pro- 
 ceeded to commit several open violations upon the laws of the land 
 and tlie properties of his subjects. 
 
 Some time before, his Highness returning from Hounsleyrdike to 
 the Hague, gave audience to several foreign ministers, and parted 
 thence to visit the garrisons of Maestricht, Boisleduck, and other 
 places, and in his return was met by the Princess at Loo, having, 
 in his progress, given all necessary orders for the well governing 
 and strengthening of those places. In December, 1687, the Mar- 
 quis de Albeville, Envoy Extraordinary from the King of England, 
 had audience of his Highness and the States of Holland; and about 
 the same time the States, considering the danger that might arise 
 from the great number of foreign Popish priests (notwithstanding 
 
 h2 
 
52 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the intercession of the envoy of .the Emperor of Germany on their 
 behalfj) they made a decree, commanding- them to retire out of the 
 Netherlands and never to return again, promising a reward of one 
 hundred ducatoons to any that should make discovery, and laying- a 
 penalty of six hundred florins upon those that should harbour or con- 
 ceal any of them, for the first offence, twelve hundred for the second, 
 and corporeal punishment for the third ; whereupon many of them 
 went over into England, where their hopes and expectations of 
 having their religion settled daily increased. 
 
 The King of England being unwilling to afford any assistance to 
 the heretical states, against his dear ally the French King, pub- 
 lished a proclamation in March, 1687, commanding the return of 
 all subjects then in the service of the States General, either hy 
 sea or land, with no other allegation, but that the King thought it 
 fit for his service. The States raised some dispute with the Marquis 
 de Albeville about this matter, refusing to let them return into Eng- 
 land, insomuch that the Marquis soon after delivered in a memorial 
 to the States, by express orders from the King, signifying, " That 
 his master was much surprized, to find that their lordships persisted 
 in their resolutions in refusing leave to his subjects to return into 
 England, and that whereas their lordships alleged, that there was 
 nothing so agreeable to nature as that he who was born free should 
 have the right and liberty to settle himself wherever he should 
 think it most advantageous to him, and that it was in his power to 
 be naturalized and become a subject to them under whose sove- 
 reignty he submits his person, and that the government receiving 
 him thereby acquire over him the same right it has over its own 
 proper and natural subjects.'* The Marquis replied, " That this 
 pretended natural liberty could not subsist after obedience and do- 
 minion had been introduced, so that the rights of sovereignty and 
 obedience were now only to be considered, and that in virtue of 
 those rights it had been the common opinion in all times, that no 
 natural subject could withdraw himself from the obedience he owed 
 to his lawful Prince, from whence it was that the Kings of Great 
 Britain had, in all times, prohibited their subjects to engage in any 
 foreign service, and had recalled them from it, when, and as often 
 as they thought fit." The Marquis further instanced a capitulation 
 made between the Flarl of Ossory and his Highness the Prince of 
 Orange, " That in case the King of Great Britain should recal his 
 subjects in the service of the States, they should be permitted to 
 retire ; by virtue of which capitulation, and his reasons alleged, the 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 53 
 
 Marquis demanded their dismission, from which the King' would 
 never depart ; neither w as he willing to doubt of their lordship's 
 compliance with it." But it seems tew or none were willing, for 
 very few returned, judging it may be, that they might do more ser- 
 vice where they were, for the interest of their country, than in 
 fighting at home against their own countrymen, and fellow Protest- 
 ants, and as their unwillingness justified the resolution of the States 
 General, so it rendered the endeavours of the Marquis ineflfectual ; 
 for the States having disbanded them, the greatest part listed them- 
 selves again under their command, as well officers as soldiers, 
 though the King had ordered the masters and captains of ships and 
 vessels, to give such as would return, free passage, with promise of 
 advancement ^Vhen they came to England. 
 
 In May, 1688, the Prince Elector of Saxony, was splendidly en- 
 tertained by his Highness the Prince of Orange, at Homslaerdike : 
 and the next day his Highness accompanied him to Scheveling, 
 where they went on board a small vessel that carried them to a 
 squadron of seventeen men of war, which arrived from Schouvelt 
 under the command of Vice-admiral Allemond, who, upon their 
 approach, sent two light frigates and a shallop to meet them, and 
 they were saluted with the cannon of all the ships : when, having 
 dined on board tlie Vice-admiral, they returned to Scheveling, and 
 from thence, his Electoral Highness went to visit Delft, Rotterdam, 
 Dort, Maestricht, Leige, Aix, and Cologne, and so returned home 
 by the way of Frankfort ; about which time, the Envoy of Branden- 
 burg acquainted tlie Prince of Orange and the States with the death 
 of the Elector, his master, a Prince extremely firm to the Protestant 
 interest, and whose death was much regretted by the Protestant 
 Princes and States ; the Prince and States sending a gentleman with 
 compliments of condolence to his son and successor. 
 
 The King of England having obtained the opinion of his judges, 
 for the dispensing power, soon made use of it; for first he employed 
 Popish officers, and put them into chief command : the Earl of 
 Clarendon being recalled from the government of Ireland, and the 
 Earl of Tyrconnel, a Papist, sent to succeed him, to the great 
 terror of the Protestants of that kingdom. The Earl of Castlemain 
 was sent ambassador to Rome ; an army was raised and mustered at 
 Hounslow heath ; the Lord Bishop of London was convented before 
 a new and illegal court of judicature for ecclesiastical affairs, and 
 suspended from his office for refusing to suspend the Reverend Dr. 
 Sharpe, under pretence that he had uttered seditious words in his 
 
54 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 sermons ; then a declaration was published for liberty of conscience, 
 and suspending all the penal laws in matters of religion, and ac- 
 quitting all persons from taking the oaths of allegiance and supre- 
 macy, both in England, Scotland and Ireland; the Pope's nuncio 
 arrived in England, being received with much respect by the King, 
 and dined with the King and the Lord Mayor at Guildhall ; Popish 
 chapels were erected in several places in London, and other cities 
 and towns in England ; the charters of several corporations that 
 were yet unseized, were now taken away ; these, and divers other 
 illegal preceedings, put the nation into a ferment, and they were 
 enraged at the authors of them ; nay, they do not stop here, for 
 after this«the King again renewed his declaration for liberty of con- 
 science, with a peremptory order, to command all the clergy to read 
 it in their several churches and chapels throughout the kingdom, and 
 that the Bishops should distribute them throughout their several 
 dioceses ; but the rigorous proceedings against the Lord Bishop of 
 London, the last year, and against the Vice-chancellor of Cambridge, 
 and the fellows of Magdalen College in Oxford, this year, were such 
 evident breaches of his indulgence to tender consciences, that it gave 
 still greater dissatisfaction to the nation, and portended some sudden 
 alteration; the Vice-chancellor of Cambridge being deprived of his 
 office, andsuspended of his headship, for refusing to admit one Alban 
 Francis, a benedictine monk, to be master of arts, without taking the 
 oaths, by virtue of the dispensing power, though contrary to the 
 statutes which he had sworn to maintain ; and the fellows of Mag- 
 dalen College iu Oxford, being twenty-six in number, for refusing 
 to admit one Farmer, a scandalous Popish priest, to the president- 
 ship of that college: and electing Dr. Hough, were pronounced 
 guilty of disobedience to his Majesty's commands, and deprived and 
 expelled from their respective fellowships ; and the Bishops judging 
 that their distributing the declaration would be an owning and 
 asserting the King's assumed dispensing power, and foreseeing the 
 pernicious consequences thereof, the Archbishop of Canterbury', and 
 six others, drew up a petition in behalf of themselves, and their 
 brethren, setting forth the reasons why they could not comply there- 
 with : this was so ill resented by the King and his Popish counsellors, 
 that the petition was judged tumultuary, and all the seven Bishops 
 were committed prisoners to the Tower; and now the Jesuits acted 
 their master-piece of policy, as they imagined, though it proved 
 very fatal to them : for knowing that the King grew old, and that 
 on his life the hopes of restoring their religion depended, since the 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 55 
 
 Iieir apparent was a Protestant, who would soon ruin all their 
 machinations. They resolved if possible to advance a Popish succes- 
 sor, and thereby ensure Popery and slavery to the nation ; here- 
 upon, they raised a report some time before, that the Queen was 
 with child, thoui^li the people did not believe it, and several 
 lampoons were made upon that subject ; and the Bishops beings now 
 secured, this was tliought the proper time tor the Queen to fall in 
 labour, and accordingly, June JO, ICISS, it was published, that she 
 was delivered of a Prince, for which the King ordered all signs of 
 rejoicing to be made, and a day of thanksgiving was appointed ; as 
 being a thing of mighty consequence for advancing the Catholic 
 cause ; though the joy was somewhat abated by the acquittal of the 
 seven Bishops, five days after, who being tried at the King's Bench 
 bar, were brought in not guilty : at which, the people, yea, the 
 King's own army at Hounslow heath, shouted for joy, to the severe 
 mortification of the court. 
 
 The King having declared that he intended to call a parliament 
 to turn his declaration of liberty of conscience into a law, and like- 
 wise to abrogate all the penal laws and tests, both against the Dis- 
 senters aud Roman Catholics, the Jesuits had a great desire to 
 sound the intentions and thoughts of their Highnesses the Prince 
 and Princess of Orange, upon that subject ; to which purpose, Mr. 
 James Steward undertook to write a letter to pensionary Fagel, 
 not without the knowledge and approbation of the King, which 
 occasioned Minheer Fagel's answer to this effect : 
 
 " That their Highnesses had often declared, as they did more 
 particularly to the Marquis Albeville, his Majesty's envoy extra- 
 ordinary to the States ; that it is their opinion, that no Christian 
 ought to be persecuted for his conscience, or be ill-used because he 
 differs from the public and established religion ; and therefore, they 
 could be content that even the Papists in England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland, might be suffered to continue in their religion with as much 
 liberty as is allowed them by the States of the United Provinces; and 
 as for the Protestant dissenters, their Highnesses did not only con- 
 sent, but heartily approve of their having an entire liberty, for the 
 full exercise of their religion without any trouble or hindrance. 
 That their Highnesses were ready, in case his Majesty of England 
 should desire it, to declare their willingness to concur in the settlin"- 
 and confirming this liberty, as far as it lay in them : and were ready, 
 if desired, to concur in repealing the Jaws, provided always that 
 those laws remain still in their full force and vigour, whereby the 
 
56 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Roman Catholics are excluded out of both houses of parliament, and 
 out of all public employments, ecclesiastical, civil, and military, 
 as likewise all those other laws which confirm the Protestant re- 
 ligion, and which secure it against all the attempts of the Roman 
 Catholics. But that their Highnesses could not agree to the repeal- 
 ing of the tests, or those penal laws that tend to the security of the 
 Protestant religion, since the Roman Catholics receive no other 
 prejudice from these than the being excluded from the parliaments 
 or from public employments : and that by them the Protestant reli- 
 gion is covered from all the designs of the Roman Catholics against 
 it, or against the public safety, and neither the tests, nor those other 
 laws can be said to carry in them any severity against the Roman 
 Catholics, upon account of their consciences, they being only pro- 
 visions qualifying men to be members of parliament, or to be capable 
 of bearing offices, by which, they must declare before God and man 
 that they are for the Protestant religion ; so that all this amounts to 
 no more than a securing the Protestant religion from any prejudice 
 that it may receive from the Roman Catholics. That their Highnesses 
 have thought and do still think, that more than this ought not be 
 asked nor expected from them : since, by this means, the Roman 
 Catholics and their posterity, would be for ever secured from all 
 troubles in their persons and estates, or in the exercise of their re- 
 ligion ; and that the Roman Catholics ought to be satisfied with 
 this, and not to disquiet the kingdom because they cannot sit in 
 parliament, or to be in employment; or, because those laws, wherein 
 the security of the Protestant religion chiefly consists, are not re- 
 pealed, by which they may be in condition to overturn it ; that 
 their Highnesses also believed, that the Dissenters would be for 
 ever satisfied when they sliould be for ever covered from all danger 
 of being disturbed or punished for the free exercise of their religion, 
 under any pretence whatsoever." 
 
 This was the substance of the letter written by that great minister 
 of state, as discovering the just sentiments of their Highnesses, 
 which did no ways please the Papists, who had high expectations of 
 carrying all before them ; and therefore, Mr. Steward, in his second 
 letter to the pensioner, awhile after, says, " That the court was 
 quite beyond it, and had taken other measures ;" and what they 
 were, soon after appeared : namely, to defeat their royal High- 
 nesses of their just interest and right to the succession of the 
 crown, by pretending that the Queen was delivered of a Prince of 
 Wales. 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 57 
 
 But the nobility and gentry of England beholding the deplorable 
 state of the nation, and foreseeing the subversion of their ancient 
 laws, and established religion to be designed by him who had largely 
 promised the protection of both; and at the same time, seeing 
 Popery and arbitrary power hovering over their heads, and ready to 
 seize on their liberties and properties, and that both were designed 
 to be perpetuated and entailed upon them and their posterity, by a 
 succession of Popish Princes : Mrs. Cellier having declared in print, 
 before the pretended birth, that it would be a Prince, and that the 
 Queen >vould likewise bring forth a Duke of York, and a Duke of 
 Gloucester; after several consultations whither to fly for succour, 
 at length, they resolved to apply themselves to his Highness the 
 Prince of Orange, to whose illustrious family it had been an inherent 
 glory for some ages, to relieve the distressed, and support the Pro- 
 testant cause ; his Highness, they saw, inherited all the surpas- 
 sing qualities of his ancestors: their matchless prudence, justice, 
 courage, their truth, and magnanimity^, and besides all these excel- 
 lent endowments, they were well assured of the fair title he had to 
 the crown itself; to him, therefore, the Lords, spiritual and tempo- 
 ral, with a great number of the chiefest gentry of the kingdom^ 
 make their application, and in an humble memorial represent their 
 grievances to their Highness to this effect : 
 
 " That their Highnesses cannot be ignorant, that the Protestants 
 of England, who continue true to the government and religion, 
 have been many ways troubled and vexed by many devices and 
 machinations of the Papists, carried on under pretence of royal 
 authority, and things required of them unanswerable before God 
 and man ; several ecclesiastical benefices of churches taken from 
 them, without any other reason given than the King's pleasure ; 
 themselves summoned and sentenced by commissioners, appointed 
 contrary to express law, deprived of their free choice of magistrates; 
 divers corporations dissolved ; the legal security of their religion 
 and liberty established by King and parliament, abolished and taken 
 away by a pretended dispensing power ; new and unheard-of maxims 
 broached, that subjects have no right, but what is founded and de- 
 rived from the King's will and pleasure ; the militia put into the 
 hands of persons unqualified by law, and a Popish mercenary army 
 maintained in the kingdom in times of peace, directly contrary to 
 law ; executing of ancient laws against several crimes and mis- 
 demeanors obstructed and prohibited, and the statutes against cor- 
 responding with the court of Rome, against Papal jurisdictions, and 
 
58 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Popish Priests suspended in the courts of justice ; those judges dis- 
 placed, who acquit any whon> the court would have condemned, as 
 happened to the judges Holloway and Powel, for acquitting the 
 seven Bishops ; the free choice of members of parliament wholly 
 taken away, notwithstanding all the care and provision made by 
 the law in that behalf, by the Quo Warranto's against charters, 
 and proposing ensnaring questions ; all things levelled at the pro^ 
 pagation of Popery, for which the courts of England and France 
 have now for a long time so strenuously bestirred themselves ; en- 
 deavours and practices used to persuade their Highnesses to consent 
 to the abolishing the penal laws and tests, (though herein disap- 
 pointed.) The Queen's being with child first proclaimed, and 
 divulged by Popish Priests, and in the sequel thereof^ a child pro- 
 duced without any clear proof or evidence of sufficient and unsus- 
 pected witnesses : besides that, it cannot be believed that the said 
 child was ever born of the Queen, by reason of her known sickness 
 and indisposition, and many other arguments, as not being con- 
 firmed by any certain foregoing signs of conception : the place of 
 her lying in being often changed, and her pretended delivery cele- 
 brated in the absence of the Princess of Denmark,, and while the 
 English ladies were at church, in a bedstead which was provided 
 with a convenient passage in the side of it, by which means the 
 child was conveyed to the Queen by the ladies L'Abadie and 
 Teurarier ; that these be matters left to the discretion of a free 
 parliament, and that in the name of your Highnesses, and the 
 whole nation, the Queen may be desired to prove the real birth of 
 the pretended Prince of Wales, by a competent number of credible 
 witnesses of both sexes ; or in case of a failure herein, that the 
 reports of any such birth may be suppressed for the time to come. 
 That they humbly crave the protection of their Highnesses in this 
 matter, as well as with respect to the abolition and suspension 
 of the laws made to maintain the Protestant religion, their civil 
 rights, fundamental liberties, and free government; and that their 
 Highnesses would be pleased to insist that, besides the business 
 of the child, the government of England according to law may be 
 restored ; the laws against Papal jurisdiction. Priests, &c. be put 
 in execution: the suspending and dispensing power be declared 
 null and void, and the privileges of the city of London, free choice 
 of magistrates, and all the other liberties, as well of that as other 
 corporationsp be restored and maintained." 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 59 
 
 Their Highnesses with no less willingness than generosity, and 
 out of their zeal for the Protestant religion, and compassion of the 
 oppressed, listened to their complaints. And his Highness well 
 weighing the justness of their requests, and the reality of their 
 grievances, instantly began to take measures in order to their de- 
 liverance. And soon after, his Highness went to meet tlie Elector 
 of Brandenburg, and some other Princes and noblemen of Germany, 
 at Minden, which so alarmed the French King, that Monsieur 
 D'Avaux, his ambassador, presented a memorial to the States 
 Greneral, intimating, that the King, his master being informed of 
 the motions and conferences that were made and held towards the 
 frontiers of Cologne, against the Cardinal of Furstemburgh and 
 the Chapter, he was resolved to maintain the Cardinal and their 
 privileges, against all those who should go about to trouble them ; 
 but herein, the politics of King Lewis failed him, his Highness the 
 Prince of Orange managing his affairs with such an exact secrecy, 
 that neither the King, nor his sagacious council could penetrate 
 into the design, till it was upon the point of execution, and out of 
 danger of being defeated. For upon his Highness's return from 
 that conference at Loe, orders iVere given for drawing the forces 
 the States had raised for his Highness s assistance, and encamping 
 them upon the Mocker Hyde, and the forces of those other Princes, 
 whom his Highness had engaged to aid him in this glorious expedi- 
 tion, had orders to be upon their march, as those of Brandenburg, 
 Ilesse-Cassel, &c. And the States General assembled at the Hague, 
 where his Highness was present, and their debates and consultations 
 having been kept very private for some days, at length they pub- 
 lished the following manifesto : 
 
 " That the States had resolved with their ships and men to assist 
 the Prince of Orange, who being invited b}' the reiterated impor- 
 tunities of the nobility and gentry of England, to oppose that 
 arbitrary government, which his Britannic Majesty is designing to 
 introduce into that kingdom, has fully determined to go over to that 
 country, as well for that reason as to save the English religion, 
 which his Majesty has also resolved to destroy; both which enter- 
 prises being so contrary to the laws of God and man, and particu- 
 larly of those of the kingdom of which they threatened the utter 
 subversion ; the Prince of Orange, instigated by the motives of his 
 own innate piety, which will not perm ft him to suffer the ruin of 
 religion, nor the overturning of so fair a kingdom, has resolved to 
 call a free parliament, &c. for which reasons, and because the design 
 
 i2 
 
60 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 of the King of England is manifestly apparent by the strict alliance 
 which he has contracted with the most Christian King, who bears 
 no good-will to the United Provinces, and whose proceedings are 
 justly therefore by them to be suspected ; so that if his Britannic 
 Majesty should be suffered to become absolute in his dominions, the 
 United Provinces could no longer be in security ; and therefore, it 
 being their interest that the fundamental laws of that kingdom, and 
 the English religion should be preserved, they hoped that God 
 would bless the Prince of Orange with happy success." 
 
 King James, though at first he would not believe that the vast 
 preparations in Holland concerned him, though the French King 
 had given him notice of them, some time before, was now fully con- 
 vinced thereof by this manifesto : and all of a sudden the bells began 
 to ring backward at Whitehall, and the first news we heard of 
 their disturbance was a proclamation, September 28, 1688, by which 
 it was intimated, " That the King had received undoubted intelli- 
 gence, that a great and sudden invasion from Holland was to be 
 speedily made in an hostile manner upon this kingdom, under the 
 false pretences of liberty, property and religion : but that an ab- 
 solute conquest of his kingdoms, and the subduing him and his 
 dominions to a foreign power, &c. However, relying upon the 
 ancient courage, faith, and allegiance of his people, as he had 
 formerly ventured his life, for the honour and safety of the nation, 
 so he was now resolved to live and die in defence thereof, against 
 all enemies whatsoever, &c." After this, the King published a 
 proclamation of general pardon, with some few exceptions ; restored 
 the injured gentlemen of Oxford and Cambridge to their rights ; 
 dissolved the ecclesiastical commissions ; vacated the Quo Warranto 
 against the city of London, and issued forth a proclamation for 
 restoring all corporations to their ancient charters, liberties, rights, 
 and franchises ; in short, he undid almost in one day, all that he 
 had been doing since his first coming to the crown. 
 
 Yet such was the folly of the Romish party, in the midst of this 
 consternation, that the show of the Prince of Wales still went oh, 
 and October 15, the child was christened: the Pope represented by 
 his nuncio, being godfather, and the Queen dowager, godmother ; 
 and two days after, the King, to secure his territories, commanded 
 his lord and deputy-lieutenants, and all other officers concerned, to 
 cause the coasts to be strictly guarded, and that upon the first ap- 
 proach of the enemy, all the oxen, horses, and cattle, which might 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 61 
 
 be fit for draught, should be driven twenty miles from the place 
 where the enemy should attempt to land. 
 
 October 22, the King commanded a particular assembly of his 
 privy council, and sent for all such peers, spiritual and temporal, as 
 were in town, together with thfe Lord Mayor and aldermen of 
 the city of London, the judges, and several of his council learned 
 in the law, telling them, " That he had called them together upon 
 a very extraordinary occasion, but that extraordinary diseases must 
 have extraordinary remedies; tliat the malicious endeavours of hia 
 adversaries had so poisoned the minds of some of his subjects, that 
 very many of them did not believe that the child wherewith God 
 bad blessed him was his, but a supposed child; however, he could 
 say, that by a particular providence, scarce ever any Prince was 
 born where there were so many persons present ; that he had taken 
 time to have the matter heard and examined, expecting that the 
 Prince of Orange, with the first easterly wind, would invade the 
 kingdom, and, therefore, as he had often ventured his life for the 
 nation before he came to the crown, so he thought himself more 
 obliged to do the same being King, and did intend to go against 
 him in person, by which, in regard, he might be exposed to various 
 accidents, he therefore thought it necessary to have this done first, 
 to satisfy his subjects, and prevent the kingdoms being engaged in 
 blood and confusion after his death." 
 
 After this, the affidavits of several ladies were produced, of which 
 some swore that they saw milk upon her Majesty's smock (for they 
 did not think fit to mince the matter;) others, that they sa\v the 
 midwife take the child out of the bed ; another, that she stood by 
 the bedside when her Majesty was delivered of the Prince ; another 
 swore, that having had the honour to put on her Majesty's smock 
 she saw the Queen's milk; another deposed, that she saw the Queen 
 in labour, and heard her cry out much ; another, that she saw the 
 midwife give the Prince three drops of the blood of the navel- 
 string mixed with black cherry water, with a great deal of other 
 nauseous stuff. Then the affidavits of the Lords were produced, 
 among whom one swore, that he saw Mrs. Labadie carry the child 
 into another room, whither he followed her, and saw the child 
 when she first opened it, and that it was black and reeking; another 
 swore that he saw the child, and that it had the marks of being 
 new born ; another, that he heard the Queen make three groans, or 
 squeeks, and that at the last of the three the Queen was delivered 
 of a child ; the physicians swore what was proper, but not fit to be 
 
(52 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 repeated : liowever, the wJioIe was at length published, to the 
 shame and scandal of all modest eyes and ears. 
 
 " And now my Ijords," said the King, after all the depositions 
 were read, " although I did not question but that every person here 
 
 g resent was satisfied before, yet, by what you have heard, you will 
 e the better able to satisfy others ; besides, could I and the Queen 
 have been thought so wicked as to impose a child upon the nation, 
 we saw how impossible it would have been ; neither could I myself 
 have been imposed upon, having constantly been with the Queen 
 during her being with child, and the whole time of her labour, 
 and, therefore, there is none of you but will easily believe that 1, 
 who have suffered so much for conscience sake, cannot be capable of 
 so great a villainy, to the prejudice of my own children. 1 thank 
 God that those that know me know well, that it is my principle to 
 do as I would be done by, and that I would rather die a thousand 
 deaths than do the least wrong to any of my children." 
 
 Yet this zealous harangue had but little influence upon the gene- 
 rality of the people (with whom the King by his late actions had 
 wholly forfeited his reputation,) who daily discovered, as far as they 
 dared, their longing desires for the arrival of his Highness the 
 Prince of Orange, to deliver them from the apparent mischiefs that 
 impended over the nation. 
 
 His Highness's preparations for his expedition went on apace, 
 and the Marquis of Albeville, King James's ambassador at the 
 Hague, presented a memorial to the deputies of the States General 
 upon that subject ; but while he expected an answer the troops em- 
 barked, and his Highness and the Marshal Schomberg came to the 
 Hague, and on Friday, October 16^ the fleet consisting of six hun- 
 dred and thirty-five men of war, fire-ships, tenders, &c. for the car- 
 riage of horse, foot, arms, and ammunition, sailed about four in 
 the afternoon from the Flats near the Brill, with the wind at S. W. 
 and by S. The Prince embarked in a vessel of between twenty- 
 eight and thirty guns, with Count Solmes, Count Stirum, the Sieur 
 Bentwick, the Sieur Overkirk, Marshal Schomberg, Count Charles 
 his son, with several others, as well English noblemen as strangei-s, 
 who were in the fleet. Next day they came in sight of Schevelinge, 
 but meeting with a very terrible storm, which continued for two 
 days and nights together, was forced to put into harbour again, 
 some ships and small vessels, on which the horse were aboard, suf- 
 fering some prejudice. Upon their return the Prince immediately 
 gave an account to the States General of the condition of the fleet, 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 63 
 
 which was not so much damaged as was published in the English 
 Gazette, but rather turned to the advantao^e of his Highness as the 
 affair was managed ; for to make the English court more remiss in 
 their preparations, the Haarlem and Amsterdam Gazettes told a 
 most lamentable story of what had happened, " As that the Prince 
 was returned, with his fleet so miserably torn and shattered, that 
 he had lost nine of his men of war and several lesser vessels; that 
 one thousand of his horse were utterly lost ; that a calenture was 
 got among the seamen ; that Dr. Burnet and several ofTEe Prince's, 
 chief ministers were drowned ; and that the States had an ill opinion 
 of the expedition in general, so that it was a thing almost impos- 
 sible, that the Prince should be in a condition to pursue his design 
 till the next spring." 
 
 This stratagem had some effect upon the court, for the Papists' 
 hopes hereupon began so to revive, that the King ordered the re- 
 storing the charters and the fellows of Magdalen College; the va- 
 cating the ecclesiastical commission, and the other grants which he 
 had newly made to be suspended, till he heard the Prince was again 
 put to sea, and thereby made the whole nation sensible how little 
 trust or credit was to be given to his most solemn promises and de- 
 clarations. But all hands being at work, the damage that had been 
 sustained was repaired in eight days time, so that on November S, 
 about ten in the morning, upon a signal given, the whole fleet once 
 more set sail. About midnight an advice boat brought intelligence 
 that the English fleet, consisting of thirty-three sail, lay to the 
 westward of the Prince's, upon which the Prince fired a gun, which 
 caused a great consternation through the whole fleet ; but the small 
 advice boats cruising for more certain intelligence brought news, 
 that instead of the English fleet which had given the alarm, it was 
 only Admiral Herbert, with a part of the Dutch fleet which had 
 been for some hours separated from the main body. In the morning 
 the Prince gave a signal for the Admirals to come aboard of him, 
 and soon after the fleet was got into the North Forelands, at which 
 time the fleet was ordered to close up in a body, fourteen or fifteen 
 feet deep, his Highness leading the van in the ship called the Brill, 
 carrying a flag with Engli«^h colours, with this motto, " The Pro- 
 testant religion and liberties of England ;" and underneath, " I will 
 maintain it." In the mean time the council of war sent three small 
 frigates into the mouth of the Thames, who, returning, brought 
 news that the English fleet lay at the buoy in the Oar, about 
 thirty-four sail, the wind contrary at E. N. E. ; upon which the 
 
64 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Prince gave orders for stretching the whole fleet between Dover and 
 Calais, seventy-five deep, which extended in breadth within a 
 league of each place, the flanks and rear being guarded by men of 
 war, the trumpets sounding and drums beating at least three hours 
 together ; after which, the Prince giving the signal for the fleet to 
 close, they sailed that night as far as Beachy, and the next morning 
 came in view of the Isle of Wight, and then orders were given to 
 extend the fleet in a line as before. The next morning they made 
 directly for Torbay. Upon his Highness's arrival, the people, 
 flocking in great numbers to the shore, signified their welcome in 
 loud acclamations of joy. Soon after, the Prince gave two signals 
 for the Admirals to come on board, and then the whole fleet cast 
 anchor, and preparation was made for landing, whilst the Admirals 
 stood out to sea as a guard, and the small men of war attended for 
 the defence of those that landed, besides six men of war that were 
 ordered to run in and guard the bay itself. It is remarkable, that 
 his Highness had a brisk east and north-easterly wind for two days, 
 which brought them directly toward Torbay, and the wind then 
 turning westerly carried them into the bay, which otherwise might 
 have been very troublesome and dangerous. 
 
 The Prince now displayed a red flag at the mizen-yard arm, 
 while General Mackay, with six regiments of foot, was the first 
 that set foot on shore, under the protection of the Little Porpoise, 
 which was ordered to run herself aground to secure , their landing. 
 This was upon November 5, a day memorable to the English be- 
 fore, but now doubly remarkable for a second deliverance from the 
 bloody designs of the Papists. But the people were so far from 
 making opposition, that they only stood there to welcome their 
 guests with all manner of provisions and refreshments; so that his 
 Highness safely landed his whole army, consisting of ten thousand 
 six hundred and ninety-two foot, and three thousand six hundred 
 and sixty horse, in all fourteen thousand three hundred and fifty-two. 
 
 The news of the Prince's being landed was carried to the Earl of 
 Bath at Exeter, and Captain Hicks going thither, the people flocked 
 to him in great numbers to list themselves in the service of the 
 Prince of Orange, for which the mayor of the city would have sent 
 him to prison, but was prevented by the people ; the next day the 
 Lord Mordaunt with Dr. Burnet came thither, with three or four 
 troops of horse, and commanding the gates to be opened, released 
 the captain, and going to the mayor, asked him if he would wait 
 upon the Prince at his entrance, who pleading his obligation of an 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. (53 
 
 oath to King^ James, and desiring that his conscience might not be 
 imposed on, he was excused. The next day the Prince, with -his 
 guards, marched into the city, and went to the Dean's house, where 
 he resided during his stay at Exeter; after whom followed the 
 whole body of his army, who were quartered about Tiverton, Cul- 
 hampton, Honyten, and other places. The Sunday following his 
 Highness went to the cathedral, where his Highness's declaration 
 of the reasons inducing him to appear in arms in the kingdom of 
 England, for preserving the Protestant religion, and for restoring 
 the liberties of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was read by Dr. 
 Burnet before a numerous auditory, the substance whereof was : 
 
 " That it was certain and evident to all men, that the public 
 peace and happiness of any kingdom and state could not be pre- 
 served, where the laws, liberties, and customs, established by the 
 lawful authority in it, were openly transgressed and annulled, more 
 especially where the alteration of religion was endeavoured, and a 
 religion contrary to law designed to be introduced, whereas they 
 who were most immediately concerned therein, were indispensably 
 bound to preserve the established laws, liberties and customs, and 
 above all, the religion and worship of God established among them, 
 and to take effectual care that the inhabitants of sucli state or king- 
 dom might neither be deprived of their religion, nor outed of their 
 civil rights ; more especially, since the greatness of kings, royal 
 families, and all in authority, as well as the happiness of their sub- 
 jects and people, depended in a more especial manner upon an 
 exact observation of those their laws, liberties and customs ; upon 
 which ground, his Highness further declared, that he could no 
 longer forbear to let the world know, how apparently he saw with 
 regret, that they who had then the chief credit with the King, had 
 overturned the religion, laws and liberties of these realms, and 
 subjected them in all things relating to their consciences, liberties 
 and properties, to arbitrary government, and that not only by 
 secret and indirect ways, but in an open and undisguised manner ; 
 that those evil counsellors, for advancing and colouring this with 
 some plausible pretences, did invent, and set on foot, the King's 
 dispensing power, by virtue of which they pretend, that according 
 to law, he can suspend and dispense with the execution of the laws 
 that have been enacted by the authority of King and parliament for 
 the security and happiness of the subject, and to render these laws 
 of no effect, though it is most certain that they cannot be suspended, 
 but by the same, authority that made them ; for though the King 
 
66 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 may pardon the punishment oL a transgressor in cases of treason 
 and felony, yet it cannot with any colour of reason be thence in- 
 ferred, that he can entirely suspend the execution of those laws, 
 unless he has such an arbitrary power, that the laws, liberties, 
 honours and estates of the subjects, depend wholly upon his good- 
 will and pleasure; and though they have obtained a sentence for 
 asserting this dispensing power to be a right depending on the 
 crown, yet it cannot be imagined that it should be put in the power 
 of twelve judges, to offer up the laws, rights and liberties of the 
 whole nation, to the arbitrary will of the King, especially such as 
 are first advanced, and then threatened to be turned out, if they do 
 not comply therein ; and some Papists who are incapable by law, 
 are made judges. 
 
 " That the King, though known to be a Papist, was yet received 
 and acknowledged by the people to be their King, and did solemnly 
 swear and promise, at his coronation, that he would maintain their 
 laws and liberties, and the church of England, as it was established 
 by law ; and though several laws have been lately made for preserv- 
 ing their liberties, and the Protestant religion, and to prevent all 
 Papists from being put into any employment ; yet^ these evil coun- 
 sellors have, in effect, annulled and abolished all those laws, and 
 in direct opposition thereto, have set up an illegal commission for 
 ecclesiastical affairs, in which, one of the King's ministers, who is 
 a Papist, sits and acts, though by law incapable of any public em- 
 ployment ; that these commissioners have suspended the Bishop of 
 London, only for refusing to obey an order to suspend a worthy 
 divine, without citation or process ; they have turned out the 
 President and Fellows of Magdalen college, without citing them 
 before any legal court, or competent judge, only for refusing to 
 choose for their president, a person recommended by these evil 
 counsellors, contrary to the right of free election, and contrary to 
 magna charta, " That no man shall lose life or goods, but by the 
 law of the land ;" and afterward, put the college wholly into the 
 hands of Papists. They have cited before them all the chancellors 
 and archdeacons of England, to certify the names of the clergy, who 
 did not read the King's declaration for liberty of conscience, though 
 the reading of it was not enjoined them by the Bishops, who are 
 their ordinaries. These evil counsellors have procured orders for 
 building several Popish churches, chapels, monasteries, colleges of 
 Jesuits for corrupting of youth, and raised one to be a privy-coun- 
 sellor and minister of state, contrary to several express laws, by the 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 67 
 
 rules of >vhich they evidently shew that they are no way restrained, 
 and wherein they are served and seconded by these ecclesiastical 
 commissioners. 
 
 " They have also followed the same methods in civil affairs, by 
 procuring orders to examine all lord lieutenants, deputy lieutenants, 
 sheriffs, justices of peace, and all others that were in any public 
 employment, whether they were for taking away the penal laws and 
 tests, and those who in conscience could not comply were turned 
 out, and divers unqualified persons put in their rooms ; they have 
 seized upon the charters of several towns, and procured the surren- 
 der of others, which elect parliament men ; and placed new magis- 
 trates, many of them Papists, in divers corporations. They have 
 removed such judges, as would not in all things conform to their 
 designs, and put in others, whose compliance they disowned before- 
 hand : whereby much blood hath been shed in many places of the 
 kingdom against all the forms and rules of law, without suffering 
 the persons accused to plead in their own defence. They have put 
 the administration of justice into the hands of Papists, though all 
 their sentences are null and void in law, and have disposed of all 
 military employments, in the same manner both by sea and land, 
 to strangers as well as natives, and Irish as well as English, to 
 maintain and execute their wicked designs of enslaving the nation, 
 by their assistance. In Ireland, the whole government is put into 
 the hands of Papists, so that the Protestants through terror, have in 
 great numbers left that kingdom, and abandoned their estates in it, 
 remembering well that cruel and bloody massacre, in 1641. In 
 Scotland, the King has declared himself clothed with such an abso- 
 lute power, as to be obeyed without reserve. 
 
 " These great oppressions, and open contempts of all laws, being 
 insufferable, have put the subjects under great fears, and to look out 
 for such lawful remedies as are allowed of in all nations ; but to 
 deter them from endeavouring to preserve their lives and estates by 
 petition, or other means authorized by law, these evil counsellors 
 proceeded with all rigour against those that used those methods, 
 particularly the Archbishop of Canterbury, and others, who humbly 
 olfering their reasons, why they could not order the declaration of 
 liberty of conscience to be read in the churches, were sent to prison, 
 and after, tried, as if guilty of some enormous crime, and obliged to 
 appear before professed Papists : and those judges that gave their 
 opinion in their favour were turned out. They have also treated a 
 peer of the realm as a criminal, for saying, that the subjects were 
 
 k2 
 
6S THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 not bound to obey the orders of a Popish justice of peace, because 
 they are put into employments contrary to law. 
 
 " That his Highness, and his dearest and most beloved consort, 
 the Princess, have signified to the King, in terms full of respect, 
 the just and deep regret these proceedings have given them, and in 
 compliance with his desires have declared their thoughts about 
 repealing the penal laws and tests, whereby they hoped there might 
 liave been an happy agreement among the subjects of all persuasions, 
 which yet these evil counsellors have so misrepresented, as to en- 
 deavour to alienate the King more and more from them, as if they 
 designed to disturb the quiet and happiness of the kingdom ; and 
 the last and great remedy for all these evils being the calling of a 
 parliament, for securing the nation against the practices of these 
 evil counsellors, cannot be easily brought about, since by a parlia- 
 ment duly chosen, they doubt to be called to account, for all their 
 open violations of the laws, their plots and conspiracies against the 
 Protestant religion, and the lives and liberties of the subjects, their 
 designing, under the specious pretence of liberty of conscience, 
 to sow divisions among Protestants, and from their mutual quarrels 
 to carry on their own designs, to prevent which, the electors and 
 elected for parliament men, are to be beforehand engaged to comply 
 with their wicked desires, and the returns are to be made by Popish 
 sheriifs, and mayors of towns, so that this only remedy of a free 
 parliament is hereby made impracticable. 
 
 "And to crown all, there are great and violent presumptions, 
 inducing their Highnesses to believe that these evil counsellors to 
 gain more time to carry on their ill designs for encouraging their 
 accomplices, and discouraging all the good subjects, they have 
 published, that the Queen hath brought forth a son, though there 
 appeared, both during the Queen's pretended bigness, and in the 
 manner in which the birth was managed, so many just and visible 
 grounds of suspicion, that not only their Highnesses, but all the 
 good subjects of this kingdom, vehemently suspect that the pre- 
 tended Prince of Wales was not born of the Queen ; and since 
 their Highnesses have both so great an interest in this matter, and 
 such a right, as all the world knows, to the succession of the crown, 
 and since the English nation had ever testified a most particular 
 affection and esteem to them both ; their Highnesses cannot excuse 
 themselves from espousing their interests in a matter of such high 
 consequence, and fi'om contributing all that in them lies, for the 
 maintaining both of the Protestant religion, and of the laws and 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 69 
 
 liberties of those king;doms, and for securing- to them the continual 
 enjoyment of all their just riglits : to the doing of which, his 
 Highness is most earnestly solicited by a great many lords, both 
 spiritual and temporal, and by many gentlemen, and other subjects 
 of all ranks. 
 
 " Therefore it is, that his Highness hath thought fit to go over 
 into England, and to carry over a force sufficient by the blessing of 
 God to defend him from the violence of those evil counsellors ; his 
 Highness declaring, that this expedition is intended for no other 
 design, but to have a free and lawful parliament assembled as soon 
 as it is possible, and that in order thereto, all the late charters, 
 limiting of elections, contrary to ancient custom, shall be considered 
 as null and of no force, and all magistrates to return to their former 
 employments, and particularly the ancient charter of London, to be 
 again in force ; and none to be suffered to choose or be chosen par- 
 liament men, but those qualified by law : and that the members of 
 parliament so chosen, shall sit in full freedom for making laws to 
 secure the Protestant religion, and to establish a good agreement 
 between the church of England, and all Protestant dissenters ; as 
 also, for the securing and covering of Papis^ts, and all others, who 
 will live peaceably from all persecution for religion, and for doing 
 all other things, which the two houses of parliament shall find 
 necessary for the peace, honour, and safety of the nation, so that 
 there may be no more danger of the nation's falling at any time 
 hereafter under arbitrary government; to which parliament his 
 Highness will also refer the inquiry into the birth of the pretended 
 Prince of Wales, and of all things relating to it, and to the right of 
 succession. 
 
 " And his Highness declares, that for his part he will concur in 
 every thing that may produce the peace and happiness of the nation, 
 which a free and lawful parliament shall determine, since his High- 
 ness hath nothing before his eyes in this his undertaking, but the 
 preservation of the Protestant religion, the covering of all men from 
 persecution for their consciences, and the securing to the whole 
 nation the free enjoyment of all their laws, rights and liberties 
 under a just and legal government. 
 
 "His Highness further declares, that this is the design he has 
 proposed in appearing upon this occasion in arms ; in the conduct 
 of which, his Highness Avould keep the forces under his command, 
 under all the strictness of martial discipline, and take a special care 
 that the people of the countries, through which he shall march, shall 
 
70 THE IIISTOUY OF THE 
 
 not suffer by their means ; and as soon as the state of the nation nill 
 permit it, his Highness promises, that he will send back all those 
 foreign troops that he hath brought along with him ; his Highness 
 does therefore hope, that all people will judge rightly of his pro- 
 ceedings; though he does chiefly reiy on the blessing of God, for the 
 success of this his undertaking, in which he places his whole and 
 only confidence. 
 
 " Lastly, his Highness doth invite and require all persons what- 
 soever, all the peers of the realm, both spiritual and temporal, all 
 lords, lieutenants, deputy-lieutenants, and all gentlemen citizens, 
 and other commons of all ranks, to come and assist him, in order to 
 the executing of this his design, against all sucli as shall endeavour 
 to oppose him ; that so, all those miseries whicli must needs follow, 
 upon the nation's being kept under arbitrary government and 
 slavery, may be prevented, and that all the violences and disorders, 
 which have overturned the whole constitution of the English govern- 
 ment, may be fully redressed in a free and legal parliament : his 
 Highness likewise resolving, that as soon as the nations are brought 
 to a state of quiet, he will take care that a parliament shall be 
 called in Scotland, for restoring the ancient constitution of that 
 kingdom, and for bringing the matters of religion to such a settle- 
 ment, that the people may be easy and happy, and for putting an 
 end to all the unjust violences, that have been, in a course of so 
 many years, committed there ; and that his Highness will also study, 
 to bring the kingdom of Ireland to such a state, that the settlement 
 there may be religiously observed, and that the Protestant and 
 British interest may be secured, and will endeavour, by all possible 
 means, to procure such an establishment in all the three king- 
 doms, that they may all live in a happy union and correspondence 
 together, and that the Protestant religion, and the peace and 
 happiness of these nations may be established upon lasting foun- 
 dations." 
 
 Soon after, his IHghness published an additional declaration to 
 this effect : 
 
 " That after he had prepared and printed the former declaration, 
 his Highness understood that the subverters of the religion and laws 
 of the kingdom, hearing of his preparations to assist the people 
 against them, had began to retract some of their arbitrary and 
 despotic powers, and vacated some unjust judgments and decrees, 
 occasioned by the sense of their guilt, and the distrust of their force, 
 hoping thereby, to quiet the people, and divert them from demand- 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 71 
 
 ing the re-establishment of their religion and laws, under the shelter 
 of his Highness's arms ; and do also give out, that his Highness 
 intended to conquer and enslave tlie nation : though his Highness is 
 confident that no persons can have such hard thoughts of him, as to 
 imagine that he hath any other design in this undertaking than to 
 procure a settlement of religion and of the liberties and properties 
 of the subject upon so sure a foundation, that there may be no dan- 
 ger of the nations relapsing into the like miseries at any time here- 
 after, and as the forces that his Highness brought along with liim, 
 are utterly disproportioned to that wicked design of conquering the 
 nation, if he were capable of intending it; so the great numbers of 
 the principal nobility and gentry that are men of eminent quality 
 and estates, and of known integrity and zeal for the religion and 
 government of England who do accompany, and have earnestly soli- 
 cited his Highness to this expedition, will cover him from all such 
 malicious insinuations; since it cannot be imagined that these should 
 join in a wicked attempt of conquest to make void their own lawful 
 titles to their honours, estates and interests. His Highness is like- 
 wise confident, that all men see how little weight is to be laid on all 
 the promises and engagements that can be now made, since there has 
 been so little regard had to them in times past ; and the imperfect 
 redress that is now offered, as it is a plain confession of the violations 
 of the government, which his Highness hath set forth, so the defect 
 tliereof appears, since they lay down nothing but wliat they can 
 take up at pleasure, still reserving entire their claims and pretences 
 to that absolute power, which has been the root of all their oppres- 
 sion, and the subversion of the government ; and it is plain, there 
 can be no remedy, no redress but in parliament, by a declaration of 
 the rights of the subjects that have been invaded, and not by any 
 pretended Acts of Grace, to which the extremity of their affairs 
 has driven them ; therefore it is that his Highness hath thought fit to 
 declare, that he will refer all to a free assembly of this nation in a 
 lawful parliament." 
 
 His Highness likewise sent the following letter to all the officers 
 and seamen of the English fleet ; * Gentlemen and friends, we have 
 published a declaration, containing a full and true account of our 
 intentions in this expedition ; since it is evident that the Papists 
 have resolved the total extirpation of the Protestant religion in 
 Great Britain, and will infallibly reduce you to the same condition 
 in which you see France, if they can once get the upper hand. You 
 ar^ now at last sensible, that you are made use of only as instru- 
 
72 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ments to bring" this nation under Popery and slavery, by means of 
 the Irish, and other foreigners, that are assembling for your destruc- 
 tion. Therefore we hope that Almighty God will inspire you with 
 such thoughts as may facilitate your deliverance, and preserve you, 
 your country and religion from all these impending miseries. And 
 whereas, in all probability, this can never be effected, unless you 
 join with us, who labour for your deliverance, we do expect your 
 assistance herein : and shall always remember, &c.' 
 
 The Prince sent a letter also to the King's army to the same 
 purpose, intimating to them, what they might expect both from the 
 cashiering of all the Protestant and English ofiicers and soldiers in 
 Ireland, ajid by the Irish being brought over to be put in their 
 places, when it should be thought convenient for themselves to be 
 turned out ; hoping withal that they would not be abused by a false 
 notion of honour, but would consider what they owed to God, their 
 religion and their country, themselves and their posterity, which 
 were to be preferred before all private considerations and engage- 
 ments whatsoever. 
 
 Whilst his Highness continued at Exeter, the King seemed very 
 resolute at London to oppose him in person, mustering his army at 
 Hounslow heath, and beating up for volunteers in the streets, 
 though with little success ; he then sent for the Bishops, whom he 
 had lately so contemptuously used, to advise him what measures to 
 take in this exigency, who accordingly came in a body, and the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury in the name of the rest delivered himself 
 to this effect : ' That it was necessary for him to restore all things 
 to the state wherein he found them, when he came to the crown, by 
 committing all offices of trust to those qualified by law, and to redress 
 such grievances as were generally complained of; to put an effectual 
 stop to all dispensations, and recal and cancel those which had been 
 obtained of him. To dissolve the ecclesiastical commission, and 
 promise the people never to erect the like for the future. To restore 
 the universities to their legal state, particularly both the Magdalen 
 colleges, and not permit any to enjoy preferment, but those qualified 
 by the statutes of the university and laws of the land. To suppress 
 the Jesuits' schools, and grant no more licenses to such, being appa- 
 rently against law, and his own interest. To send iiihibitions after 
 those four Romish bishops, who under the title of apostolic vicars, 
 presumed to exercise illegal jurisdiction within the kingdom ; to 
 suffer no more Quo Warranto's against corporations, and to restore 
 those charters, which had been taken away. To fill up the vacant 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 73 
 
 bishopricks with persons qualified by law. To act no more by 
 virtue of a dispensing power, but permit it to be settled by act of 
 parliament. That upon the restoration of corporations, he would 
 call a free parliament and suffer them to sit, to redress grievances. 
 Lastly, to permit the bishops to lay such motives and arguments 
 before him, as by the blessing of God might bring him back to the 
 communion of the Church of England, into whose Catholic faith, 
 he liad been baptized.' Not long after the Lords spiritual and tem- 
 poral, presented the King the following petition : 
 
 " We, your Majesty's most loyal subjects, in a deep sense of the 
 miseries of a war, now breaking forth in the bowels of this your 
 kiijgdom, and of the danger to which your Majesty's sacred person 
 is thereby like to be exposed, and also of the distractions of your 
 people, by reason of their present grievances, do think ourselves 
 bound in conscience of the duty we owe to God, and our holy reli- 
 gion, to your Majesty and our country, most humbly to offer to your 
 Majesty, that, in our opinion, the only visible way to preserve 
 your Majesty, and this your kingdom, would be the calling of a 
 parliament, regular and free in all its circumstances. We, there- 
 fore, do most earnestly beseech your Majesty, that you would be 
 graciously pleased, with all speed, to call such a parliament, wherein 
 we shall be most ready to promote such councils, and resolutions of 
 peace, and settlements in church and state, as may conduce to your 
 Majesty's honour and safety, and to the quieting the minds of your 
 people. 
 
 " We do likewise humbly beseech your Majesty, in the mean 
 time, to use such means for the preventing the effusion of chris- 
 tian blood, as to your Majesty shall seem most meet. 
 
 " And your petitioners shall ever pray, &c. 
 W. Cant, Nom. Ebor, 
 
 Grafton, W. Asaph, 
 
 Ormond, Fran. El^, 
 
 Dorset, Tho. Roffen, 
 
 Clare, Th. Petriburg, 
 
 Clarendon, T. Oxon, 
 
 Burlington, Paget, 
 Anglesey, Cjtandois, 
 
 Rochester, Osulston." 
 
 Newport, 
 Presented by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of 
 York elect, the Bishop of Ely, and the Bishop of Rochester, thf 
 
 L 
 
74 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 17th of November, 1688. To which the King returned the follow- 
 ing answer. 
 
 *•' My Lords, 
 
 " What you ask of me 1 most passionately desire : and I promise 
 you, upon the faith of a King, that I will have a parliament, and 
 such a one as you ask for, as soon as ever the Prince of Orange has 
 quitted this realm ; for how is it possible a parliament should be free 
 in all its circumstances, as you petition for, whilst an enemy is in 
 the kingdom, and can make a return of near an hundred voices ?'* 
 
 His Highness lay some days at Exeter, expecting that such gen- 
 tlemen as resided nearest his court should have come to him sooner 
 than those at a distance, but finding something of an unexpected 
 slowness, he could not forbear to signify some little resentment to 
 some of the principal gentlemen of Somersetshire and Devonshire, 
 that came to join him, on the 1,9th of November, 1688, in the fol- 
 lowing speech: 
 
 " Though we know not all your persons, yet we have a catalogue 
 of your names, and remember the character of your worth and in- 
 terest in your country. . You see we are come according to your in- 
 vitation and our promise. Our duty to God obliges us to protect 
 the Protestant religion, and our love to mankind, your liberties and 
 properties. We expected you that dwelt so near the place of our 
 landing, would have joined us sooner; not that it is now too late, 
 nor that we want your military assistance, so much as your counte- 
 nance and presence, to justify our declared pretensions, rather than 
 accomplish our good and gracious designs. Though we have 
 brought both a good fleet and a good army to render these king- 
 doms happy, by rescuing all Protestants from Popery, slavery, and 
 arbitrary power ; by restoring them to their rights and properties 
 established bylaw; and by promoting of peace and trade, which is the 
 soul of government, and the very life blood of a nation ; yet we rely 
 more on the goodness of God and the justice of our cause, than on 
 any human force and power whatever. Yet since God is pleased 
 we shall make use of humane means, and not expect miracles, for 
 our preservation and happiness, let us not neglect making use of 
 this gracious opportunity, but, with prudence and courage, put 
 in execution our honourable purposes. Therefore, gentlemen, 
 friends, and fellow Protestants, we bid you and all your followers 
 most heartily welcome to our court and camp. Let the whole world 
 now judge if our pretensions are not just, generous, sincere, and 
 above price, since we might have even a bridge of gold to return 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 75 
 
 back; but it is our principle and resolution rather to die in a good 
 cause than live in a bad one, well knowing that virtue and true ho- 
 nour is its own reward, and the happiness of mankind our great 
 and only design." 
 
 But quickly after his Highness found the English nobility and 
 gentry no less faithful to him than he had been to them, and that 
 his several declarations had the wished eflect. The Lord Wharton 
 and the Lord Colchester, with a strong party, marched through 
 Oxford to his Highnesses camp without opposition. The Lord 
 Lovelace, w ith another party out of Oxfordshire, got as far as Ci- 
 rencester, but were opposed, and himself taken prisoner by the 
 county militia; yet his whole party, except four or five that were 
 slain or maimed in the skirmish, broke their way through, and his 
 Lordship was soon after released out of Gloucester prison by a 
 young gentleman of that county, who took up arms for the Prince, 
 and drove out all the Popish crew that were settled in that city. 
 The Lord Delamere having raised a considerable force in Cheshire, 
 advanced to Nottingham to join the gentlemen of that county, who 
 were ready to receive him ; and on the 22d of November, at the 
 rendezvous there, the following declaration was published : 
 
 " We, the nobility, gentry, and commonalty of these northern 
 counties, assembled together at Nottingham, for the defence of the 
 laws, religion, and properties, according to those free-born liber- 
 ties and privileges, descended to us from our ancestors, as the un- 
 doubted birth-right of the subjects of this kingdom of England, 
 (not doubting but the infringers and invaders of our rights will re- 
 present us to the rest of the nation in the most malicious dress they 
 can put upon us,) do here unanimously think it our duty to declare 
 to the rest of our Protestant fellow-subjects, the grounds of our pre- 
 sent undertaking. 
 
 " We are, by innumerable grievances, made sensible, that the 
 very fundamentals of our religion, liberties, and properties, are 
 about to be rooted out by our late Jesuitical privy council, as hath 
 been of late too apparent. 1. By the King's dispensing with all the 
 established laws at his pleasure. 2. By displacing all officers out of 
 all offices of trust and advantage, and placing others in their room 
 that are known Papists, deservedly made incapable by the esta- 
 blished laws of our land. 3. By destroying the charters of most 
 corporations in the land. 4. By discouraging all persons that are 
 not Papists, preferring such as turn to Popery. 5. By displacing 
 all honest and conscientious judges, unless they would, contrary to 
 
 ' L 2 
 
76 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 their consciences, declare that to be law which was merely arbitrary. 
 6. By branding all men with the name of rebels that but offered 
 to justify the laws, in a legal course, against the arbitrary proceed- 
 ino-3 of the King, or any of his corrupt ministers. 7. By burdening 
 the nation with an army, to maintain the violation of the rights of 
 the subjects. 8. By discountenancing the established reformed re- 
 ligion. 9. By forbidding the subjects the benefit of petitioning, 
 and construing them libellers, so rendering the laws a nose of wax 
 to serve their arbitrary ends ; and many more such like, too long 
 here too enumerate. 
 
 " We being thus made sadly sensible of the arbitrary and tyran- 
 nical government that is, by the influence of Jesuitical councils, 
 coming upon us, do unanimously declare, that not being willing to 
 deliver our posterity over to such a condition of Popery and slavery, 
 as the aforesaid oppressions inevitably threaten, we will, to the ut- 
 most of our power, oppose the same, by joining with the Prince of 
 Orange, (whom we hope God Almighty hath sent to rescue us from 
 the oppressions aforesaid,) will use our utmost endeavours for the 
 recovery of our almost ruined laws, liberties, and religion ; and 
 herein we hope all good Protestant subjects will, with their lives 
 and fortunes, be assistant to us, and not be bugbeared with the op- 
 probrious terms of rebels, by which they would fright us to become 
 perfect slaves to their tyrannical insolencies and usurpations ; for we 
 assure ourselves, that no rational and unbiassed person will judge 
 it rebellion to defend our laws and religion, which all our Princes 
 have sworn at their coronations ; which oath, how well it hath been 
 observed of late, we desire a free parliament may have the consi- 
 deration of. 
 
 " We own it rebellion to resist a King that governs by law ; but 
 he was always accounted a tyrant that made his will the law ; and 
 to resist such a one we justly esteem no rebellion, but a necessary 
 defence ; and in this consideration we doubt not of all honest men's 
 assistance, and humbly hope for and implore the great God's pro- 
 tection, that turneth the hearts of his people as plcaseth him best, 
 it having been observed, that people can never be of one mind 
 without his inspiration, which hath in all ages confirmed that ob- 
 servation, ' Vox populi est vox Dei.' 
 
 " The present restoring of charters, and reversing the oppressing 
 and unjust judgment given on Magdalen College Fellows, is plain, 
 are but to still the people, like plums to children, by deceiving 
 them for awhile ; but if they shall by this stratagem be fooled, till 
 
( 
 
 HOUSE OF ORANGE. 17 
 
 this present storm that threatens the Papists be passed, as soon as 
 they shall be resettled, the former oppression will be put on with 
 greater vi^i^our; but we hope in vain is the net spread in the sight 
 of the birds, for, 1. The Papists' old rule is, that faith is not to be 
 kept with heretics, as they term Protestants, though the Popish re- 
 ligion is the greatest heresie ; and, 2. Queen Mary's so ill observ- 
 ing her promises to the Suffolk men that helped her to her throne ; 
 and above all, 3. The Pope's dispensing with the breacli of oaths, 
 treaties, or promises, at his pleasure, when it makes for the service 
 of holy church, as they term it. These, we say, are such convincing 
 reasons to hinder us from giving credit to the aforesaid mock 
 shews of redress, that we think ourselves bound in conscience to 
 rest on no security that shall not be approved by a freely elected par- 
 liament, to whom, under God, we refer our cause." 
 
 The Lord Delamere being assured of the resolution and cou- 
 rageous zeal of all his followers, continued awhile in those parts to 
 watch the motions of the Papists in Lancashire, who began to take 
 arms under the Lord Molineux, and for a time assisted to guard 
 Chester for the King; but, upon the surprizal of that garrison for 
 the Prince, were soon after beaten, or rather run away out of the 
 town, and disbanded of themselves. In the north the Earl of 
 Danby, the Lord Fairfax, and other persons of quality seized upon 
 the city of York, and turned out the Lord Mayor and other magis- 
 trates that were Papists or ill-affected. Colonel Copley, the de- 
 puty-governor of Hull, seized upon all the guards of that garrison, 
 and, with the assistance of some of the townsmen and some seamen, 
 made the Lord Langdale, the governor, and the Lord Montgo- 
 mery, the Marquis of Powis, his sons, prisoners, till he had se- 
 cured tl^e citadel, wherein was a plentiful magazine of powder and 
 all sorts of provisions, with a train of artillery ready fixed to be 
 drawn out into the field. Plymouth also, with the Earl of Hun- 
 tington and all the Popish officers and soldiers was seized by the 
 Earl of Bath for his Highness, and at the same time all the chief sea- 
 port towns in Cornwall declared for the Prince, so that there was 
 no enemy behind him to disturb the rear of his advancing army. 
 
 But the King, being as yet in hopes to force his way through all 
 the great opposition made him by the whole kingdom, having sent 
 his army before to Salisbury, went thither to them ; yet, before lie 
 went, he thought it requisite to provide for the safety of the pre- 
 tended Prince of Wales, and not daring to trust to the validity of 
 the aforementioned affidavits, for more security he sent him away 
 
78 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 with a strong guard to Portsmouth, that, if things went ill, he should 
 be conveyed over to France. When the King came to Salisbury 
 he began to bleed at the nose, and was observed to continue bleed- 
 ing for some time, which seemed, at that time, ominous to him ; but 
 in the midst of these surprizes more ill news arrived to increase his 
 astonishment ; for, besides the Lord Cornbury, who had carried off a 
 considerable party of horse to the Prince some time before, several 
 other regiments of foot had now deserted, and were gone the same 
 way. Upon his arrival near to Salisbury, he was met by the Duke 
 of' Berwick, the Earl of Feversham, and several other officers on 
 horseback, and by them attended to the gates of the town, being 
 met by the mayor and aldermen in their formalities, and conducted 
 to the bishop's palace ; but these flattering appearances soon va- 
 nished, he quickly perceiving that his English forces were generally 
 dissatisfied, and seemed unwilling to engage in civil bloodshed 
 against their own countrymen and of their own religion, which was 
 to fight with their bodies against their consciences, and likewise dis- 
 covered the discontents of the people, who supplied the machels 
 very sparingly for his army, so that not jud;^ing himself safe among 
 them, and upon a false alarm that Marshal Schomberg was within 
 thirty or twenty miles of him, he returned back in all haste to 
 Windsor, and from thence to London, being extremely discouraged 
 that Prince George and the Lord Churchill were gone both to the 
 Prince, and that the Princess Ann of Denmark was also retired 
 from the court. The Prince of Denmark and the Lord Churchill left 
 each of them the following letters behind them, directed to the King : 
 " Sir, 
 " With a heart full of grief am I forced to write, what pru- 
 dence will not permit me to say to your face; and may I ever find 
 credit with your Majesty and protection from heaven, as what I 
 now do is free from passion, vanity, or design, with which actions 
 of this nature are too often accompanied. I am not ignorant of the 
 frequent mischiefs wrought in the world by factious pretences of re- 
 ligion ; but were not religion the most justifiable cause, it would 
 not be made the most specious pretence ; and your Majesty has al- 
 ways shewn too uninterested a sense of religion, to doubt the just 
 effects of it in one, whose practices have, I hope, never given the 
 world cause to censure his real conviction of it, or his backward- 
 ness to perform what his honour and conscience prompt him to. 
 How then can I longer dis^^uise my just concern for that religion, 
 in which 1 have been so happily educated, which my judgment 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 79 
 
 thoroughly convinces me to be the best; and for the support of 
 which, I am so highly interested in my native country ; and is not 
 England, now, by the most endearing tie, become so ? 
 
 " Whilst the restless spirits of the enemies of the reformed religion, 
 backed by the cruel zeal of France, justly alarm and unite all the 
 Protestant Princes of Christendom, and engage them in so vast an 
 expense for the support of it, can I act so degenerous and mean a 
 part, as to deny my concurrence to such worthy endeavours for 
 disabusing of your Majesty by the reinforcement of those laws, and 
 establishment of that government, on which alone depends the well- 
 being of your Majesty, and the Protestant religion in Europe. This, 
 sir, is that irresistable and only cause, that could come in competition 
 with my duty and obligations with your Majesty, and be able to tear 
 me from you, whilst the same affectionate desire of serving you 
 continues in me. Could I secure your person by the hazard of my 
 life, 1 should think it could not be better employed : and would to 
 God, these your distracted kingdoms might yet receive that satis- 
 factory compliance from your Majesty in all their justifiable pre- 
 tensions, as might upon the only sure foundation, that of love and 
 interests of your subjects, establish your government, and as 
 strongly unite the hearts of all your subjects to you, as is that of^ 
 sir, your Majesty's most humble, and most obedient son and 
 servant." 
 
 The Lord Churchill's letter ran thus : " Sir, men are seldom sus- 
 pected of sincerity, when they act contrary to their interests ; and 
 though my dutiful behaviour to your Majesty in the worst of times, 
 (for which 1 acknowledge my poor services much over-paid) may 
 not be sufficient to incline you to a charitable interpretation of my 
 actions, yet I hope, the great advantage I enjoy under your Majesty, 
 which I can never expect in any other change of government, may 
 reasonably convince your Majesty and the world, that I am actuated 
 by a higher principle, when 1 offer that violence to my inclination 
 and interest, as to desert your Majesty at a time when your affairs 
 seem to challenge the strictest obedience from all your subjects, 
 much more from one who lies under the greatest personal obligations 
 imaginable to your Majesty. This, sir, could proceed from nothing 
 but the inviolable dictates of my conscience, and necessary concern 
 for my religion, (which no good man can oppose) and with which I 
 am instructed, nothing ought to come in competition ; heaven knows 
 with what partiality my dutiful opinion of your Majesty hath 
 Jiitherto represented those unhappy designs, which inconsiderate 
 
80 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 and self-interested men have framed against your Majesty's true 
 interest and Protestant religion. But as 1 can no longer join with 
 such to give a pretence by conquest to bring them to effect, so will 
 I always with the hazard of my life and fortune (so much your 
 Majesty's due) endeavour to preserve your royal person and lawful 
 rights, with all the tender concern and dutiful respect that becomes, 
 sir, your Majesty's most dutiful, and most obliged subject and 
 servant." 
 
 The Princess Ann of Denmark likewise directed the following 
 letter to the Queen, upon her withdrawing ; 
 " Madam, 
 
 " I beg your pardon if I am so deeply affected with the sur- 
 prising news of the Prince's being gone, as not to be able to see 
 you, but to leave this paper to express my humble duty to the King 
 and yourself; and to let you know that I am gone to absent n)yself 
 to avoid the King's displeasure, which 1 am not able to bear either 
 against the Prince or myself; and I shall stay at so great a distance, 
 as not to return before I hear the happy news of a reconcilement : 
 and as J am confident the Prince did not leave the King with any 
 other design, than to use all possible means for his preservation, so 
 1 hope you will do me the justice to believe, that 1 am incapable of 
 following him for any other end. Never was any one in such an 
 unhappy condition, so divided between duty and affection to a 
 father, and a husband ; and therefore I know not what to do but to 
 follow one to preserve the other. I see the general falling off of the 
 nobility and gentry, who avow to have no other end, than to prevail 
 with the King to secure their religion, which they saw in so much 
 danger by the violent counsels of the priests ; who, to promote their 
 own religion, did not care to what dangers they exposed the King. 
 I am fully persuaded that the Prince of Orange designs the King's 
 safety and preservation, and hope all things may be composed with- 
 out more bloodshed, by the calling a parliament : God grant a 
 happy end to these troubles, that the King's reign may be prosperous, 
 and that I may shortly meet you in perfect peace and safety ; till 
 when, let me beg you to continue the same favourable opinion 
 that you have hitherto had of your most obedient daughter and 
 servant, ANN." 
 
 The King now issued out a proclamation of pardon to all his 
 subjects, that had taken up arms under the Prince, if they returned 
 in twenty days ; but very few, or none came back : and about the 
 same time, a party of the Prince's men being abroad, and advancing 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 81 
 
 beyond their strength, were pursued and charged by Colonel Sars- 
 field with seventy horse, and thirty dragoons and grenadiers, who 
 overtaking them at Wincanton, they posted themselves behind the 
 hedges; whereupon, the King's party dismounted, and marched up 
 to them, and they began to fire briskly, several being killed and 
 wounded : but Colonel Sarsfield getting into the field with his 
 horse, and charging them in the rear, they were most of them killed 
 or taken prisoners ; Lieutenant Campbell, who commanded them, 
 being slain : and of the King's party, four were killed, and Cornet 
 Webb mortally wounded. This slender success was soon damped by 
 an address from the fleet, for a free parliament ; which now began 
 to grow cold in his service, and the continual desertions of his army ; 
 so that the King not thinking it convenient to hazard a battle with 
 them, upon the approach of the Prince's forces, with whom now 
 were a great part of the nobility, he recalled his remainder of them, 
 with his train of artillery ; and upon his return to Whitehall, he 
 appointed Colonel Beril Skelton to be lieutenant of the Tower, in 
 the place of Sir Edward Hales: and in pursuance of the advice of 
 the lords, spiritual and temporal, ordered the Chancellor Jefferies 
 to issue out writs for summoning a parliament to sit, January 15, 
 following ; the Bishop of Exeter, who left the city upon the ap- 
 proach of the Prince, was likewise nominated Archbishop of York, 
 which had been vacant for some time, and was thought to have been 
 designed for Father Peters, if things had gone on. But the King's 
 affairs growing daily more desperate, and the Prince of Orange 
 marching forward with his army ; and being advanced to Hunger- 
 ford, after a consultation with the Queen, and the Jesuits, it was 
 resolved to send the following proposals of accommodation to his 
 Highness, which were soon after published with the Prince's answer 
 thereto. 
 
 ^' Whereas, on the 8th of December, 1688, at Hungerford, a 
 paper, signed by the Marquis of Halifax, the Earl of Nottingham, 
 and the Lord Godolphin, Commissioners sent unto us from his 
 Majesty, was delivered to us in these words, following : viz. 
 "Sir, 
 
 " The King commandeth us to acquaint you, that he observeth 
 all the differences, and causes of complaint, alleged by your High- 
 ness, seem to be referred to a free parliament. His Majesty, as lie 
 hath already declared, was resolved before this, to call one, but 
 thought that, in the present state of afl'airs, it was advisable to 
 defer it till things were more composed. Yet seeing that his people 
 
 M 
 
82 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 still continue to desire it, he hatli put forth his proclamation in order 
 to it, and hath issued forth his writs for the calling of it. And to 
 prevent any cause of interruption in it, he will consent to every 
 thing that can be reasonably required for the security of all those 
 that shall come to it ; his Majesty hath therefore sent us to attend 
 your Highness, for the adjusting of all matters that shall be agreed 
 to be necessary to the freedom of elections, and the security of 
 sitting, and is ready immediately to enter into a treaty, in order to 
 it. His Majesty proposeth, that in the mean time the respective 
 armies may be restrained within such limits, and at such a distance 
 from London, as may prevent the apprehensions that the parliament 
 may in any kind be disturbed, being desirous, that the meeting of it 
 may be no longer delayed than it must be by the usual and necessary 
 forms." Signed, Halifax, Nottingham, Godolphin. 
 
 "We, with the advice of the lords and gentlemen assembled with 
 us, have in answer to the same, made these following proposals : 
 1. That all Papists, and such persons as are not qualified by law, be 
 disarmed, disbanded, and removed from all employments, civil and 
 military. 2. That all proclamations which reflect upon us, or any 
 that have come to us, or declared for us, be recalled ; and that if any 
 persons for having so assisted, have been committed, that they be 
 forthwith set at liberty. 3. That for the security and safety of the 
 city of London, the custody and government of the Tower be im- 
 mediately put into the hands of the said city. 4. That if his 
 Majesty shall think fit to be at London, during the sitting of the 
 parliament, that we may be there also, with an equal number of our 
 guard;, ; or if his Majesty shall please to be in any place from 
 London, at whatever distance he thinks fit, that we may be at a 
 place of the same distance. And that the respective armies do 
 remove from London thirty miles, and that no more foreign forces 
 be brought into the kingdom. 5. That for the security of the city 
 of London, and their trade. Tilbury Fort be put into the hands of 
 the said city. 6. That to prevent the landing of French or other 
 foreign troops, Portsmouth may be put into such hands, as by your 
 Majesty and us shall be agreed upon. 7. That some sufficient part 
 of the public revenue be assigned us, for the maintaining of our 
 forces, until the meeting of a free parliament." 
 
 But these proposals of the Prince, proving of too hard digestion 
 at Whitehall, the offer of accommodation was thought to be de- 
 signed only to gain time : and the Romish counsellors perceiving 
 that this would not obtain, began to think of other measures ; so 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 8$ 
 
 that the child being sent for back from Portsmouth to Whitehall in 
 great haste, the Queen having made up her equipage, December 10, 
 took her solemn leave of the King, and with the pretended Prince 
 of Wales, and her attendants, whereof it is said Father Petei-s was 
 one, but it was thought, with a large proportion of treasure and 
 jewels ; she crossed the water at Lambeth, where three coaches 
 with six horses awaited them, and with a strong guard went to 
 Greenwich, and so to Gravesend ; where she and her retinue, em- 
 barked in a yacht for France, and landed the next day about four 
 o'clock in the afternoon ; the Queen and several courtiers being 
 gone, the Popish Priests began to shift for themselves; and the 
 same night the King called an extraordinary council, and sent for 
 the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs of London, charging them to preserve 
 the peace and quiet of the city, as much as in them lay, after which, 
 they were dismissed ; but the council continued their debates upon 
 the present exigency of affairs, a great while longer, and were 
 ordered to meet again the next morning : when to the surprize uf the 
 city and kingdom, about three o'clock in the morning, the King took 
 barge at the privy stairs, with a small equipage, and went down the 
 river, without being so much as known to many of the officers of 
 his household, who were then in waiting ; whose sudden departure 
 liiay be supposed to be occasioned by the news that alarmed the 
 court the day before, that the Prince's forces had made their way 
 through Reading, and gained the pass of Twyford-bridge, without 
 any considerable resistance; for about fifteen hundred horse, and 
 three troops of dragoons being quartered in the town of Reading, 
 they had notice that a detachment of the Prince's army were march- 
 ing up toward them, which put them into such a consternation, that 
 not finding themselves strong enough ta maintain the town, the 
 officers upon consultation, concluded to draw off, and make good 
 their post at Twyford-bridge ; but their scouts coming in with news 
 that the roads were clear, the commander ordered a Scotch regiment 
 of horse, and the Irish dragoons to march back, and re-possess 
 themselves of Reading, which they did, and were placed in the 
 market-place and other posts, continuing on horseback the most 
 part of the night, to prevent surprize; yet hearing no more of the 
 Prince's advanced party, their officers ordered them to alight, and 
 refresh themselves and their horses ; but about ten in the morning, 
 the trumpet sounded to horse, the Prince's forces being at the town's 
 end, almost before they were discovered ; and thereupon, sharp 
 firing began on both sides, the Irish dragoons bearing the brunt of 
 
 m2 
 
84 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the encounter; and though the Scotch horse, in small detached 
 bodies, made some fire, yet they were overpowered, driven out of 
 the town, and obliged to retreat to Twyford-bridge ; and at length, 
 many of the King's party deserted, and the rest were constrained to 
 quit the pass, and make the best of their retreat ; there being about 
 thirty killed, and several wounded in this skirmish. 
 
 Upon this ill success, and the King having no censiderable forces 
 left, the day before his going away, he sent a letter to his general, 
 the Earl of Fevershara to this effect ; " That things being come to 
 that extremity, that he had been forced to send away the Queen and 
 his son, the Prince of Wales, lest they should fall into his enemy's 
 hands, he was resolved to secure himself the best way he could ; 
 that if he could have relied on all his troops, he was resolved to 
 have had at least one blow for it ; but that his lordship knew, that 
 both his lordship and several of the general officers of the army 
 had told him, that it was not safe to venture himself at the head of 
 his troops, or to think to fight the Prince of Orange with them ; 
 and therefore, it only remained for him to thank those officers and 
 soldiers that had been truly loyal to him, not expecting they should 
 farther expose themselves in resisting a foreign enemy, and a 
 poisoned nation." In pursuance of this letter, the Flarl of Fever- 
 sham sent another to his Highness the Prince of Orange, to let him 
 understand, " That he had received a letter from the King, with 
 the unfortunate news of his resolution, to go out of England, and 
 he was actually gone, with orders to make no opposition against any 
 one; which he thought convenient to let his Highness know, as 
 soon as it was possible, to hinder the effusion of blood, having 
 already given orders to that purpose to all the troops under his 
 command : which would be the last order they should receive from 
 him, &c. 
 
 The King's departure being publicly known, the multitude got 
 together in divers places, as is usual in such disturbances, and dis- 
 solutions of government, spoiling and demolishing the new-erected 
 , mass houses and chapels ; pulling down, burning and destroying all 
 before them ; they plucked down the new convent for Monks, at 
 St. John's, which had been two years in building, at vast expense, 
 and burnt the greatest part of the timber and materials in Smithfield, 
 having before seized upon the goods, as tliey were removing, and 
 burnt them in Holborn ; they likewise defaced the chapels in Lime- 
 street, and Lincoln's-Inn fields, with that of the Spanish ambas- 
 dor's, at Wild-house : where some common thieves mixing with the 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 85 
 
 more harmless boys, they got great store of plunder in plate, money, 
 and rich goods ; they likewise committed violences at the lodgings 
 of the resident of the Duke of Florence, and much defaced the 
 dwelling-houses of several eminent Papists, who were fled for fear 
 of being secured, and though the magistrates laboured to quiet these 
 tumults and disorders, yet they found their authority too weak, till 
 the mobile had in some measure vented their rage, they being grown 
 so numerous, that neither the watches nor trained bands, thought 
 it safe to oppose their fury. 
 
 Therefore, for redress of these mischiefs, the lords, spiritual and 
 temporal, then in town, repaired to Guildhall, and sending for 
 Colonel Skelton, then lieutenant of the Tower, demanded the keys, 
 which being by him readily resigned, they committed the charge of 
 that important place, to the Lord Lucas, a person of known honour 
 and integrity to his country ; nor were they less active, in suppressing 
 those lawless rioters : so thas in a short time, they were all dispersed 
 and quelled, and some of the principal committed to prison ; and 
 then taking into consideration, the great and dangerous conjuncture 
 of the time, in regard of the King's having withdrawn himself, 
 they drew up a declaration to this effect : — " That they did reasonably 
 hope, that the King having issued out his proclamation, and writs 
 for calling a free parliament, they might have rested securely under 
 the expectation of that meeting, but that the King having withdrawn 
 himself, as they apprehended, in order to his departure out of the 
 kingdom, by the pernicious councils of persons ill affected to the 
 nation, they cannot without being wanting to their duty, be silent 
 under the calamities, wherein the Popish councils which have so 
 long prevailed, had miserably involved them ; and therefore unani- 
 mously resolved to apply themselves to his Highness the Prince of 
 Orange, who with so great kindness to these kingdoms, so vast 
 expense, and so much hazard to his own person, had undertaken, 
 by endeavouring to procure a free parliament, to rescue them with 
 as little effusion of Christian blood, as possible, from the imminent 
 dangers of Popery and slavery ; declaring further, that they would 
 with their utmost endeavours, assist his Highness in the obtaining 
 of such a parliament with all speed; wherein their laws, liberties, 
 and properties might be secured, the Church of England in parti- 
 cular, with a due liberty to Protestant dissenters ; and in general, 
 the Protestant religion and interest, over the whole world, might be 
 supported and encouraged, to the glory of God, the happiness of 
 
86 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the established g-overnment, and the advantage of all Princes and 
 stales in Christendom, that may be therein concerned." 
 
 This was signed by the Archbishops of York and Canterbury, 
 twenty-two temporal lords, and five bishops; and the Earl of 
 Pembroke, Lord Weymouth, Lord Bishop of Ely, and the Lord 
 Culpepper, were ordered to attend his Highness with the said 
 declaration, at Henley upon Thames; the same day the lord mayor, 
 aldermen, and common council, assembled in the same place, and 
 drew up an humble address to be presented to his Highness in their 
 names, on the behalf of the city ; of like effect with the declaration, 
 four aldermen being appointed to wait upon the Prince therewith, 
 and the lieutenancy of London meeting that day also, drew up an 
 address to his Highness, on the behalf of themselves and the rest of 
 the militia, to the like purpose, which were accordingly presented 
 to the Prince, and very favourably received, imploring his Highness 
 protection, and beseeching him to repair to the city ; where he 
 would be received with universal satisfaction. 
 
 The next day the tumults being somewhat allayed, search was 
 made in divers places, for such as were fled from justice ; and 
 among others, to the great rejoicing of the people, the Lord Chan- 
 cellor Jeffery's, was taken in an obscure house at Wapping, disguised 
 like a sailor, and endeavouring* to make his escape in a vessel that 
 lay there for Hamburgh ; who being brought before the lord mayor, 
 "ivith a numerous and enraged guard of attendants, his lordship was 
 suddenly seized with such a frightful indisposition, that he was 
 incapable of examining the matter : so that the Chancellor was 
 carried to t4ie Tower by his own consent, to preserve himself from 
 the fury of the rabble. 
 
 Dec. 14, his Highness by easy marches came to Windsor, where 
 he was received with all kind of respect and submission by the mayor 
 and aldermen in their formalities, and congratulated in an elegant 
 speech, the Prince of Denmark's lodgings being provided for his 
 reception. Whilst his Highness was preparing for London, he had 
 notice that the King designing to pass the seas in disguise, having 
 betaken himself, accompanied only by two or three persons, in a 
 small vessel to sea, was forced by foul weather, upon the coast of 
 Kent, near Feversham, and as soon as lie came to that town, was 
 seized upon by the multitude, there being a report at that time, that 
 several persons were making their escapes out of the land, and 
 being ignorant who he was, they carried him to a house in the town. 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 87 
 
 rifling him of some jewels, a considerable quantity of gold, and his 
 crucitix, which he very much valued ; but at last, the King being 
 known Ity a gentleman who came to see the prisoners they had 
 taken, and fell on his knees to pay him duty : the common people 
 were strangely surprized, a great number instantly retiring, and 
 others begged his pardon, offering to restore what they had taken 
 from him ; but the King refused to take his gold again, giving it 
 them freely : however, his person was detained till the news of his 
 being there c^uld be carried to London. 
 
 The lords who first assembled in the city, being then at White- 
 hall, and having notice of it, sent the Lords Feversham, Aylesbury, 
 Yarmouth and Middleton, to the King, with their earnest desires 
 that he would be pleased to return to his royal palace at London ; 
 to which, though at first he shewed some unwillingness, yet being 
 pressed thereto, he at length condescended ; the servants of his 
 household, who went along with the lords, having brought him 
 money and clothes, those he had being old, and rent in the searching 
 him before he was known ; but his Highness the Prince of Orange, 
 being fully determined to come to London with all speed, it was 
 upon consultation thought very inconvenient, in regard it might 
 create daily disputes and quarrels between the soldiers of both 
 parties, and in divers other respects for the King and himself, to 
 be there at one and the same time ; therefore, upon notice of the 
 King's returning, Monsieur Zulestein was sent to meet him on the 
 way, and to intreat him to return to Rochester, which the King 
 would certainly have done, had not Monsieur Zulestein missed him, 
 by taking another road; so that the King arrived at Whitehall on 
 Sunday, Dec. 16, in the evening, attended by three troops of the 
 Jife-guard, and a troop of grenadiers, a set of boys following him 
 through the city, and making some huzzas, while the rest of the 
 people silently looked on; from thence the King sent the Earl of 
 Feversham to the Prince then at Windsor, to invite his flighness to 
 come to St. James's, and take that palace as his residence, with 
 what number of troops he thought convenient ; the Prince deliberating 
 with the lords about this message, was advised by no means to 
 accept of this invitation, and there being a necessity his Highness 
 should be in town the next day, the following paper signed by the 
 Prince, was ordered to be carried to the King the next day by the 
 Lords therein mentioned. 
 
 '' We desire you, the Lord Marquis of Halifax, the Earl of 
 Shrewsbury, and the Lord Delamere, to tell the King that it is 
 
8S THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 thought convenient for the greater safety of his person, that he do 
 remove to Ham, where he shall be attended by guards, who will be 
 ready to preserve him from any disturbance. Given at Windsor, 
 Dec. 17, 1688." 
 
 And further to prevent the possibility of any disturbance, it was 
 resolved, that his Highnesses guards should be possessed of all the 
 posts and avenues about Whitehall before the paper was delivered ; 
 and it was computed that these guards might have reached White- 
 hall by eight o'clock at night, but they were so hindered by tha 
 foulness of the ways, that it was past ten before they arrived, and 
 there being difficulty made of withdrawing the King's guards, so 
 much time was spent that the lords could not proceed in their message 
 till past twelve, so that the King was in bed; but to preserve decency 
 and respect, and not break hastily in upon him, they sent the Lord 
 Middleton, his principal secretary of state, the following letter: 
 " My Lord, 
 
 " There is a message to be delivered to his Majesty from the 
 Prince, which is of so great importance, that we who are charged 
 with it, desire we may be immediately admitted, and therefore 
 desire to know where we may find your lordship, that you may 
 introduce, my lord, your lordship's most humble servants, &c.'* 
 
 The Lord Middleton upon the receipt thereof, came and introduced 
 them to the King, and their lordships having made an apology for 
 coming at a time that might disturb him, the Prince's message was 
 delivered to the King, who reading it said, that he would readily 
 comply ; the lords as they were directed, humbly desired, that if it 
 might be with his Majesty's conveniency, he would be pleased to 
 remove so early, as to be at Ham by noon, thereby to prevent his 
 meeting the Prince in his way to London ; to this the King readily 
 agreed, and asked if he might not appoint what servants should 
 attend him; the lords replied, it was wholly left to his Majesty. 
 The lords then took their leaves, but were instantly sent for back 
 by the King, who told them he had forgot to acquaint them with 
 his resolution before the message came, to send the Lord Godolphin 
 the next morning to the Prince, to propose his going back to 
 Rochester, he finding by the message Monsieur Zulestein was 
 charged with, that the Prince had no mind he should be at London, 
 and therefore he now desired that he might rather return to Roches- 
 ter : the lords replied, that they would immediately send an account 
 to the Prince, and doubted not of an answer to his satisfaction, and 
 accordingly, dispatching a messenger to the Prince, who was then at 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 89 
 
 Sion house, the Sieur benting by eight next morning, sent a letter 
 bj the Prince's order, agreeing to the King's proposal, and the 
 guards and barges being prepared to attend him, and his coaches 
 and sumpters to follow, he reached Gravesend on the 18th in the 
 evening, and passed over land in his coach, attended by the Earl 
 of Arran and several others, and made his residence in Sir Ri- 
 chard Head's house. 
 
 In the afternoon of the same day, his Highness with a vrry splendid 
 equipage, and a numerous attendance, arrived at St. James's, and 
 received the congratulations of all the nobility, and persons of 
 chiefest quality in the town; the people crowding to see their 
 deliverer, and expressing their satisfaction at so happy a revolution, 
 by ringing of bells, bonfires, and all the public demonstrations of 
 joy imaginable. 
 
 A remarkable accident happened between the King's first going 
 to Rochester and his return to London, a general alarm being given 
 one night about midnight, at almost one and the same time, in the 
 most considerable cities and towns in England, upon pretence that 
 the Irish were killing, burning, and destroying all before them, 
 which seemed to be carried on industriously by persons set on pur- 
 pose to spread that false report, or else it can hardly be imagined 
 how it should have been done at so many distant places at once, 
 which threw the people into a great surprize and consternation, till 
 the day appeared and convinced them of the fallacy; but the real 
 occasion hereof was never yet generally understood. 
 
 Upon the arrival of his Highness, the common council of London 
 assembled, and unanimously agreed, that the sheriffs and all the al- 
 dermen of the city, with their deputies, and two common council- 
 men for each ward, should wait on and congratulate his Highness 
 upon his happy arrival, in the name of the city of London, and ac- 
 cordingly, on the 20th of December, the Lord Mayor being indis- 
 posed by sickness. Sir George Treby, the Recorder, in a most ele- 
 gant speech, thus addressed his Highness: 
 *•' May it please your Highness, 
 
 " The Lord Mayor being disabled by sickness, your Highness is 
 attended by the aldermen and commons of the capital citv of this 
 kingdom, deputed to congratulate your Highness upon this great 
 and glorious occasion, in which, labouring for words, we cannot but 
 come short in expression. Reviewing our late danger, we remem- 
 ber our church and state overrun by Popery and arbitrary power, 
 
 N 
 
90 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 and brought to a point of destruction by th3 conduct of men that 
 were our true invaders, that broke the sacred fences of our laws, 
 and, which was worse, the very constitution of our legislature, so 
 that there was no remedy left us. The only person under heaven 
 that could apply this remedy was your Highness. You are of a na- 
 tion, whose alliance, in all times, has been agreeable and pros- 
 perous to us; you are of a family most illustrious benefactors to 
 mankind; to have the title of Sovereign Prince, Stadtholder, and 
 to have worn the imperial crown, are among their lesser dignities ; 
 they have long enjoyed a dignity singular and transcendent, that is, 
 ' To be champions of Almighty God, sent forth in several ages to 
 vindicate his cause against the greatest oppressions,^ To this di- 
 "vine commission our nobles, our gentry, and, amongst them, our 
 brave English soldiers, render themselves and their arms upon your 
 appearing. 
 
 " Great Sir! when we look back the last month, and contemplate 
 the swiftness and fulness of our deliverancfe, astonished, we think it 
 miraculous. Your Highness, led by the hand of heaven and called by 
 the voice of the people, has preserved our dearest interest, the Pro- 
 testant religion, which is primitive Christianity ; restored our laws, 
 which are our ancient title to our lives, liberties, and estates, and 
 without which the world were a wilderness. But what retribution 
 can we make to your Highness? our thoughts are full charged 
 with gratitude ; your Highness has a lasting monument in the hearts, 
 in the prayers, in the praises, of all good men among us, and late 
 posterity will celebrate your ever glorious name till time shall be 
 no more." 
 
 At the same time the high slierifF, nobility, and gentry of the 
 - county of Cambridge, presented another address to his Highness, 
 wherein they implored his protection and aid to rescue the nation 
 from Popery and slavery, and assured him they would contribute 
 their utmost endeavours for perfecting so glorious a work, returning 
 his Highness their unfeigned thanks for the progress he had made 
 therein, with so much cost, labour, and hazard, both by sea and land. 
 
 But in the midst of these transactions, the King having continued 
 some days at Rochester, on the 22d of December, between two and 
 three in the morning, going a back way, with great secrecy and 
 caution hasteued to the sea side, taking only with him Mr. Ralph 
 Sheldon and Mr. Delabody, with whom he embarked in a vessel 
 that lay for his transportation to France, to follow his Queen, as 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 91 
 
 had been agreed betwixt thorn, leaving the following paper of 
 reasons behind him, for withdrawing himself from Rochester, said 
 to be written by his own hand, and ordered by him to be published. 
 
 " The world cannot wonder at my withdrawing myself now ihis 
 second time. 1 might have expected somewliat better usage after 
 w hat 1 wrote to the Prince of Orange by my Lord Feversham, and 
 the instructions I gave him ; but instead of an answer, such as I 
 might liave hoped for, what was 1 to expect after the usage 1 re- 
 ceived by the making the said Earl prisoner, against the practice and 
 law of nations ? the sending his own guards at eleven at night td 
 take possession of the posts at V\ hitehall, without advertising me 
 in the least manner of it? the sending to me at one o'clock, 
 after midnight, when I was in bed, a kind of an order, by three 
 lords, to be gone out of mine own palace before twelve that same 
 morning ? After all this, how could 1 hope to be safe, so long as I 
 was in the power of one, who had not only done this to me, and 
 invaded my kingdoms without any just occasion given him for it, 
 but that did, by his lirst declaration, lay the greatest aspersion upon 
 me that malice could invent, in that clause of it which concerns my 
 son ? 1 appeal to all that know me, nay, even to himself, that, in 
 their consciences, neither he nor they can believe me in the least 
 capable of so unnatural a villainy, nor of so little common sense to 
 be imposed on in a thing of such a nature as that. What had I 
 then to expect from one who, by all arts, hath taken such pains to 
 make me appear as black as hell to my own people, as well as to 
 all the world besides ? What effect that hath had at home all man- 
 kind have seen, by so general a defection in my army, as w ell as 
 in the nation, amongst all sorts of people. 
 
 '^ 1 was both free, and desire to continue so ; and though I have 
 ventured my life very frankly on several occasions, for the good and 
 honour of my country, and am as free to do it again, (and which I 
 hope I yet shall do, as old as I am, to redeem it from the slavery 
 it is like to fall under,) yet I think it not convenient to expose ray- 
 self to be secured, as not to be at liberty to effect it, and for that 
 reason do w ithdraw, but so as to be within call whensoever the na- 
 tion's eyes shall be opened, so as to see how they have been abused 
 and imposed upon by the specious pretences of religion and pro- 
 perty. I hope it will please God to touch their hearts, out of his 
 infinite mercy, and to make them sensible of the ill condition they 
 are in, and bring them to such a temper that a legal parliament 
 may be called, and that, amongst other things which may be neces- 
 
 N 2 
 
92 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 sary to be done, they will agree' to liberty of conscience for all Pro- 
 testant dissenters, and that those of my own persuasion may be so 
 far considered, and have such a share of it, as they may live peace- 
 ably and quietly, as Englishmen and Christians ought to do, and 
 not to be obliged to transplant themselves, which would be very 
 grievous, especially to such as love their own country ; and 1 appeal 
 to all men, who are considering men, and have had experience, whe- 
 ther any thing can make this nation so great and flourishing as li- 
 berty of conscience ? Some of our neighbours dread it. I could 
 add much more to confirm all I have said, but now is not the proper 
 time. Rochester, Dec. 22, 1688." 
 
 Upon these reasons we may make these few cursory remarks : 
 that as to the detaining of the Earl of Feversham, who was sent 
 without a pass in a time of open war, it maybe very well justified ; he 
 having likewise disbanded the army, and left them at large to lie upon 
 the country. The message for his removal from Whitehall was ma- 
 naged, as we have heard, with all the respect and decency imagin- 
 able, and absolutely necessary upon several accounts, as well as for 
 the preservation of his own person, whose late actions, especially 
 his extraordinary severity in the west, had raised him many inve- 
 terate enemies, who now might have taken the opportunity of offer- 
 ing violence to him ; that his Highness had sufficient reason for 
 th?s glorious expedition the King had made the nation too sensible 
 of; and as for the business of the child, it is well known that his 
 zeal for the Catholic cause made him shut his eyes to all other con- 
 siderations whatsoever ; and, besides, it was managed with such a 
 number of suspicious circumstances, that we are told one of his 
 own commanders in Ireland should say, " That the Prince of Orange 
 had one plausible pretence for his invasion, namely, that of the 
 Prince of Wales ; since, if it was a real birth, the court managed 
 the matter so as if they had industriously contrived the nation 
 should give no credit to it." As to his hopes of conquering us, we 
 have as great hopes and better reason to believe tlie contrary, since 
 the people will scarce be ever fond of giving up their religion, 
 laws, liberties, and estates, to the will of an arbitrary Prince, or 
 ever submit to a French government. As to a parliament, we may 
 think he did not design to call any, since, some time before his de- 
 parture, he ordered all the writs that were not sent out to be burnt, 
 and a caveat to be entered against the making use of such as were 
 already sent into the countries. As to liberty of conscience, which 
 he seems so much to value, his proceedings in Ireland and against 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 95 
 
 the universities, together with his recallino^ the Protestant minis- 
 ters from preachinf^ to the English merchants in Popish countries, 
 witli many other instances that might be given, are sufficient de- 
 monstrations of the reality of his intentions therein. 
 
 Soon after we had an account that the King was arrived in 
 France and gone to the court, where his Queen came some time be- 
 fore, having, as soon as she landed, sent, as it is said, the following 
 letter to that King ; 
 
 " An unfortunate Queen, all bathed in tears, has deemed it no 
 trouble to expose herself to the greatest perils of the sea, on pur- 
 pose to seek an asylum and protection in the dominions of the great- 
 est and most glorious Monarch in the world; her bad fortune has 
 procured her a happiness, which far distant nations have sought 
 with eagerness ; nor does the necessity lessen the value, while she 
 makes choice of the same sanctuary before any other that she might 
 have found in any other place : she is persuaded that his Majesty 
 will look upon it as a demonstration of the singular esteem she has 
 of his great and royal qualities, that she intrusts him with the Prince 
 of Wales, who is all she has most dear and precious in the world. 
 He is too young to partake with her in the acknowledgments due 
 for his protection ; that acknowledgment is entirely in the heart 
 of his mother, who, in the midst of all her sorrows, enjoys this, 
 consolation, to live sheltered under the laurels of a Prince, who 
 surpasses all that ever was of most exalted and misj^hty upon earth." 
 
 These fulsome flatteries, which were so admired by that King, 
 doubtless moved him to entertain her with great tenderness, and 
 made way for the reception of the King her husband, who soon 
 after arrived there, and had St. Germain's allowed for their resi- 
 dence, with such a revenue as that Kiftg could spare, from his other 
 mighty expenses, for their subsistence ; though it is a question whe- 
 ther King James consulted his own interest in flying to the French 
 King, for, certainly, after all that he had done at home, to see him 
 harbour himself with the enemy of the English name, the contriver 
 and adviser of all the mischiefs, for several years perpetrated in 
 the kingdom, what could more convict him of the oppressions of 
 his reign, or more inveterately alienate the people's alfections from 
 him ? Upon the King's second withdrawing, Portsmouth, that held 
 out with some obstinacy, under the Duke of Berwick and Sir Ed- 
 
 ward Scott, deputy governor, submitted, and i 
 sent thither by the Prince's order. 
 
 eceived a garrison. 
 
94 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 And now, to fill up this breach and rupture in the government, 
 the lords, spiritual and temporal, immediatel3^ met in the House of 
 Peers at Westminster, where (hej drew up an hund)le address, 
 which they presented tu his Highness, requesting him, in this con- 
 juncture, to take upon him the administration ot public aflfairi^, both 
 civil and military, and the disposal of the public revenue, for the 
 preservation of the Protestant religion, rights, laws, liberties, pro- 
 perties, and the peace of the nation, and to take into his particular 
 care the present condition of Ireland, and to use speedy and eftec- 
 tual means to prevent the danger threatening that kingdom. 
 
 At the same time, these honourable lords further humbly re- 
 quested; "That his Highness would please to cause letters to be 
 written, subscribed by himself, and the lords, spiritual and temporal, 
 being Protestants, to the several counties, universities, cities and 
 boroughs, &c. directed to the chief magistrates of eacli, within ten 
 days after the receipt thereof, to choose such a number of persons 
 to represent them, as are of right to be sent to parliament. Both 
 which addresses were presented to the Prince at St. James's, who 
 answered, that he had considered their advice, and that he would 
 endeavour to secure the peace of the nation, till the meeting of the 
 Convention, Jan. 22 next, and that he would forthwith issue out 
 letters to that purpose ; and that he would apply the public revenues 
 to their proper use, and likewise endeavour to put Ireland into such 
 a condition, as that the Protestant religion, and the English 
 interest, might be maintained in that kingdom; further assuring 
 them, that as he came hither for the preservation of the Protestant 
 religion, and the laws and liberties of the kingdom, so he should 
 always be ready to expose himself in any hazard for the defence of 
 the same." 
 
 His Highness likewise sent for all such as had been members of 
 parliament in the reign of Charles 11. together with the alder- 
 men and common-council of the city of London, to meet him 
 at St. James's, to advise the best manner how to pursue the ends of 
 his declaration, in calling a free parliament, for the preservation of 
 the Protestant religion, the restoring of the rights and liberties of 
 the kingdom, and settling the same, that they might not be in danger 
 of being again subverted. Upon which, they met accordingly, and 
 after his Highness had thus graciously expressed hiniself to them, 
 they instantly concluded to go to the House of Commons, where 
 being sate, they chose lleiny Powle, esq. their chairman, and then 
 
HOUSE tiF ORANGE. 95 
 
 drew up an address to the Prince, returning his Highness their 
 hearty thanks, and expressing their extraordinary acknowledgment, 
 for the care he had taken of their religion, laws and liberties, 
 humbly intreating him to take upon him the administration of the 
 government, &c. which being presented to his Highness at St. 
 James's, he returned the same answer as he had done to the lords. 
 
 The news of his Highness's success, and prosperous proceedings 
 arriving in Holland, all the persons of quality that were at the 
 Hague, appeared at court to compliment her Royal Highness the 
 Princess of Orange thereupon, and soon after their electoral High- 
 nesses of Brandenburg arrived there, and were entertained very 
 splendidly upon that occasion ; and the States General sent three 
 deputies to England, to congratulate his Highness, who landing at 
 the Tower, were received with the discharge of the cannon, and 
 conducted to the lodgings appointed for them, with a very splendid 
 equipage, 
 
 Dec. 30, his Highness issued out a declaration, to authorise 
 sheriifs, justices of peace, and all other ofiicers except Papists, to 
 continue and act in their respective places, till further order ; and a 
 second declaration, for the better quartering of soldiers : that none 
 should be quartered upon private houses, without the free and 
 voluntary consent of the owner; and awhile after, the following 
 association for the preservation of his Highness's person, which had 
 been promoted, and signed through most counties of England, witli 
 great cheerfulness and alacrity, was signed also by several noblemen 
 and others, at St. James's. 
 
 " We whose names are hereunto subscribed, who have joined 
 with the Prince of Orange, for the defence of the Protestant reli- 
 gion, and for maintaining the ancient government, and the laws 
 and liberties of England, Scotland and Ireland : do engage to 
 Almighty God, to his Highness the Prince of Orange, and to one 
 another,'to stick firm to this cause, and to one another in defence of it; 
 and never to depart from it till our religion, our laAVs and liberties 
 are so far secured to us in a free parliament, that we shall be no 
 more in danger of falling under Popery and slavery. And whereas 
 we are engaged in this common cause, under the protection of the 
 Prince of Orange ; by which means his person may be exposed to 
 dangers, and to the desperate and cursed attempts of the Papists, 
 and other bloody men : we do therefore solemnly engage, both to 
 God and to one another, that if any such attempts are made upon 
 him, we will pursue not only those that make them, but all their 
 
m THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 adherents, and all that we find ^n arms against us, with the utmost 
 severities of a just revenge to their ruin and final destruction : and 
 tliat the execution of any such attempt, (which God of his mercy 
 forbid) shall not divert us from prosecuting this cause, which we do 
 now undertake ; but that it shall engage us to carry it on with all 
 the vigour that so barbarous a practice shall deserve." 
 
 After this, his Highness published a declaration, to command all 
 Papists to depart within three days, outof l^ondon and Westminster, 
 and ten miles about, under penalty of suffering the utmost severity 
 of the law; and about the same time, the country people seized a 
 great number of persons in Kent, and other places, endeavouring 
 to make their escape beyond, sea, who were committed to several 
 prisons till further orders. And to shew the readiness and zeal of the 
 people to support his Highness, he had no sooner signified to the 
 city of London, that the necessary expenses he had been at, had 
 near exhausted the public revenues; but that they instantly ordered 
 a committee to attend him, to know what sum might be necessary, 
 and one hundred thousand pounds being named, the generous 
 citizens immediately came to Guildhall, and made subscriptions for 
 three hundred thousand pounds, which was paid in to admiration, 
 within a very few days. 
 
 Affairs being now in a promising way of settlement in England, 
 let us take a brief view of Scotland, to whom his Highness, Ijefore 
 his arrival, had likewise sent a declaration to the same effect with 
 that sent to England, some expressions only being varied according ta 
 the different circumstances of both nations; his Highness declaring, 
 "That by the influence of those evil counsellors, who designed to 
 render themselves the absolute masters of the lives, honours and 
 estates of the subjects, without being restrained by any rule or law, 
 a most exorbitant power had been exercised in imposing bonds and 
 oaths upon whole shires; in permitting free quarters to soldiers; in 
 imprisoning gentlemen without any reason, forcing them to accuse 
 and witness against themselves; in imposing arbitrary fines ; fright- 
 ing and harassing many parts of the country, with intercommuning ; 
 making some incur the forfeiture of life and fortune, for the most 
 general and harmless converse, even with their nearest relations, 
 outlawed; empowering officers and soldiers to act upon the subjects 
 living in quiet, and full peace, the greatest barbarities : in destroy- 
 ing them by hanging, shooting, and drowning them, without any 
 form of law, or respect to age or sex, not giving some of them time 
 to pray to God for mercy ; and this for no other reason, but because 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. ^7 
 
 they would not answer or satisfy them in such questions, as they 
 proposed to them, without any warrant of law, and against the 
 common interest of mankind, which frees all men from being obliged 
 to discover their secret thoughts, besides a great many other 
 violences and oppressions, to which that poor nation hath been 
 exposed, without any hope of having any end put to them, or to 
 have relief from them. And that the arbitrary and illegal proceed- 
 ings of these evil counsellors might be justified, such a declaration 
 hath been procured by them, as strikes at the root of the govern- 
 ment, and overturns the most sacred rights of it; in making all par- 
 liaments unnecessary, and taking away all defences of religion, 
 liberty and property, by an assumed and asserted absolute power, 
 to which, obedience is required without reserve, which every good 
 Christian is persuaded is due to God Almighty alone, all whose 
 commandments are always just and good, &c. 
 
 Upon his Highness's arrival and happy progress in England, the 
 terror thereof wrought so effectually upon those Popish and arbitrary 
 ministers of state, in Scotland, who were sensible of their own 
 guilt, that they thought of nothing but to make their escape from 
 justice, which some had the luck to do, others were seized : and the 
 multitude rising in divers places, demolished the mass houses, and 
 burnt the Popish trinkets, ye.i, proceeded to several violences and 
 disorders, which occasioned the death and wounding of many per- 
 sons, even in Edinburgh itself; of which, the Scotch noblemen and 
 gentlemen in London, having notice, they resolved to attend his 
 Highness the Prince of Orange, and lay before him the willingness 
 of the people of Scotland to submit to his protection, and his High- 
 ness having notice of their intentions, caused such of them as were 
 in town, to be advertized to meet him at St. James's, January 7, to 
 whom he made the following speech : 
 " My Lords and Gentlemen, 
 
 " Tiie only reason that induced me to undergo so great an under- 
 taking was, that I saw the laws and liberties of these kingdoms 
 overturned, and the Protestant religion in imminent danger, and 
 seeing you are so many noblemen and gentlemen, I have called you 
 together, that I may have your advice what is to be done, for the 
 securing of the Protestant religion, and restoring your laws and 
 liberties, according to my declaration." 
 
 After which, the lords and gentlemen went to the council- 
 chamber, at Whitehall, and choosing Duke Hamilton their president, 
 they drew up an address, which they presented to the Prince, to 
 
93 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 this effect : "That they rendered his Highness their humble thanks^ 
 for his pious and generous undertaking, &c. desiring him to take 
 upon him the administration of affairs, civil and military, in Scot- 
 land, till the general meeting of the estates, which they humbly 
 prayed his Highness to call to be held at Edinburgh, March 14, 
 following." This address was subscribed by thirty lords, and 
 eighty gentlemen ; his Highness assured them that he would 
 do all that they required, and the news thereof coming to Edin- 
 burgh, was received with the utmost demonstrations of jdy and satis- 
 faction. 
 
 The elections for the convention at Westminster, had in some 
 places been generally made without those strivings and heats that 
 are usual upon such occasions, and seemed to be a good prognostic 
 that their debates would be calm, and tend to a speedy settlement : 
 and accordingly, the ^2d of January being come, the Lords, spiritual 
 and temporal, and Commons, assembled at Westminster ; the Lord 
 Marquis of Halifax officiated as speaker in the House of Lords, and 
 the Commons chose Henry Powle, esq. to be their speaker. After 
 which, a letter from his Highness the Prince of Orange was read in 
 both houses, on the occasion of their meeting, wherein his Highness 
 declared, " That he had endeavoured, to the utmost of his power, 
 to perform what was desired of him, in order to the public peace 
 and safety, and that he did not know any thing which had been 
 omitted that might tend to the preservation of them, since the ad- 
 ministration of affairs was put into his hands : and that it now lay 
 upon them to lay the foundation of a firm security for their religion, 
 laws and liberties ; that he did not doubt, but that by such a full 
 and free representative of the nation as was then met, the ends of 
 his declaration would be attained : and since it had pleased God 
 hitherto to bless his good intentions with such great success, he trusted 
 in him that he would complete his own work, by sending a spirit of 
 peace and union to influence their councils, that no interruption 
 might be given to a happy and lasting settlement ; he then repre- 
 sented to them the dangerous condition of the Protestants in Ireland, 
 and the present state of things abroad, which required their early 
 assistance' against a powerful enemy, who had declared war against 
 them, and which he did not doubt, but without any unseasonable 
 divisions among themselves, they would take that effectual care 
 about." 
 
 This letter being read and approved of, the Lords and Commons 
 presented an address to his Highness, ^< That being highly sensible 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 99 
 
 of the great deliverance of this kingdom from Popery and arbitrary 
 power, and that their preservation next nnder God, was owing- to 
 his Highness, they returned him their humble thanks as the glorious 
 instrument of so great a blessing, and did farther acknowledge the 
 great care he had taken in administering the public affairs to that 
 time, humbly desiring that his Highness would continue the ad- 
 ministration thereof, till further application should be made by 
 them, which should be expedited with all convenient speed." This 
 address being presented, January 23, 1688, his Highness returned 
 them this answer : 
 
 " My Lords and Gentlemen, 
 
 " I am glad that what I have done has pleased you, and since 
 you desire me to continue the administration of affairs, I am willing 
 to accept it. I must recommend to you the consideration of affairs 
 abroad, which maketh it fit for you to expedite your business, not 
 only for making a settlement at home upon a good foundation, but 
 for the safety of all Europe." 
 
 After this, the Lords and Commons ordered a day of public thanks- 
 giving to be kept throughout the kingdom, to render praise to Al- 
 mighty God, for having made his Highness the Prince of Orange the 
 glorious instrument of the great deliverance of this kingdom from 
 Popery and arbitrary power. 
 
 As to the condition of Ireland, the Earl of Tyrconnel, a violent 
 Papist, being made lord lieutenant of that kingdom by King James, 
 as a fit instrument to carry on his designs, gave the Irish great 
 hopes of subduing the English, by his first cashiering the Pro- 
 testant officers and soldiers that were in arms, and then by turning 
 out the officers and ministers of justice; and though complaints were 
 made against his proceedings in the court of England, yet they 
 were not regarded, but he rather encouraged in his enterprizes, 
 which occasioned such dread of future mischiefs, that divers left the 
 kingdom, some going for Holland, others for Scotland and England. 
 Things continued in this dangerous posture, till the news of the 
 intended enterprize of the Prince of Orange arrived there, upon 
 which, Tyrconnel was very active to secure the Roman Catholic 
 interest in Ireland : imprisoning and disarming the Protestants, 
 and sending over three thousand of the choicest Irish soldiers to 
 assist King James ; but upon notice of his flight into France, he 
 called his Popish council together, and told them, that now was the 
 time for their standing up for their country, to secure it against all 
 their enemies; and as for his part, if his master himself should com- 
 
 o2 
 
100 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 mand him to deliver up the sword, he should think it his duty to 
 refuse it in this juncture ; and thereupon, spreading the news all 
 over the country, he caused the Irish every where to arm themselves 
 with such weapons as they could get ; this tumultuous rabble herd- 
 ing together, plundered the Protestants' houses, drove away their 
 cattle, fired their stacks of corn and hay, murdered some, and bar- 
 barously used others : insomuch, that the Protestants being ex- 
 tremely affrighted, many of them fled for their lives, leaving their 
 estates behind them ; and though several of the Protestant nobility 
 and gentry made head in the north, yet they found themselves un- 
 able to resist the fury of their numerous adversaries; however, they 
 defeated several parties of Irish, and fortified Londonderry, Sligo, 
 the Isle of Inniskilling, and other places which they thought 
 tenable ; for now, Tyrconnel gave orders for stopping the ports, to 
 prevent any more from going away, and made many large and 
 plausible proposals, to induce them to join with him, though they 
 had very little effect upon them. 
 
 The convention at Westminster were still upon serious debates 
 about the present condition of the kingdom, and in the mean time, 
 it was thought necessary to have the presence of her Highness the 
 Princess of Orange in England ; whereupon, a squadron of English 
 and Dutch men of war were ordered to wait upon her, till her 
 equipage could be got ready, and the wind served to bring over her 
 Highness ; and after the Lords and Commons had duly weighed the 
 circumstance of the King's departure, they at length came to the fol- 
 lowing resolution : 
 
 " Resolved, that King James II. having endeavoured to subvert 
 the constitution to this kingdom, by breaking the original contract 
 between King and people ; and by the advice of Jesuits and other 
 wicked persons, having violated the fundamental laws, and having 
 withdrawn himself out of this kingdom, hath abdicated the govern- 
 ment, and the throne is thereby vacant." 
 
 In pursuance of which resolution, the following declaration was 
 drawn up in order to such an establishment, as that the religion, 
 •laws and liberties of the kingdom, might not again be in danger, 
 and for vindicating the ancient rights and liberties of the people in 
 these words : 
 
 " Whereas, the late King James II. by the assistance of divers 
 evil counsellors, judges, and ministers employed bv him, did en- 
 deavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion, and the 
 laws and liberties of this kingdom, by assuming and exercising a 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 101 
 
 power of dispensing with, and suspending of laws, and the execu- 
 tion of laws without consent of parliament. By committing and 
 prosecuting divers worthy prelates, for humbly petitioning to be 
 excused from concurring to the said assumed power; by issuing, 
 and causing to be executed, a commission under the great seal, for 
 erecting a court, called, ' The court of commissioners for ecclesias- 
 tical causes.' By levying money for, and to the use of, the crown, 
 by pretence of prerogative, for other time, and in other manner 
 than the same was granted by parliament. By raising and keeping a 
 standing army within this kingdom in time of peace, without consent 
 of parliament, and quartering soldiers, contrary to law. By causing 
 several good subjects, being Protestants, to be disarmed at the same 
 time, when Papists were both armed and employed, contrary to 
 law. By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in 
 parliament. By prosecutions in the court of King's bench, for 
 matters and causes cognizable only in parliament; and by divers 
 other arbitrary illegal courses. 
 
 "And whereas, of late years, partial, corrupt, and unqualified 
 persons, have been returnedf, and served on juries in trials, and par- 
 ticularly divers jurors in trials for high treason, who were not 
 freeholders. And excessive bail hath been required of persons 
 committed in criminal cases, to elude the benefit of the laws made 
 for the liberty of the subjects : and excessive fines have been im- 
 posed. And illegal and cruel punishments itiflicted. And several 
 grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures, before any con- 
 viction or judgment against the persons, upon whom the same 
 were to be levied ; all which are utterly and directly contrary to the 
 known laws and statutes, and freedom of this realm. And whereas, 
 the said late King James II. having abdicated the government, and 
 the throne being thereby vacant. 
 
 "His Highness the Prince of Orange, (whom it hath pleased 
 Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this 
 kingdom from Popery and arbitrary power,) did, hy the advice of 
 the Lords, spiritual and temporal, and divers principal persons of 
 the Commons, cause letters to be written to the Lords, spiritual 
 and temporal, being Protestants: and other letters to the several 
 counties, cities, universities, boroughs, and cinque |)orts, for the 
 choosing of such persons to represent them, as were of right to be sent 
 to parliament; to meet and sit at Westminster, January 22, 1688, 
 in order to such an establishment, as that their religion, laws and 
 
i02 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted : upon 
 which letters, elections having been accordingly made, 
 
 " And thereupon the said Lords, spiritual and temporal, and 
 Commons, pursuant to their respective letter? and elections, being 
 now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation, 
 taking into their most serious consideration the best means for at- 
 taining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first place, (as their ancestors 
 in like case have usually done,) for the vindicating and asserting 
 their ancient rights and liberties, declare, that the pretended power 
 of suspendins: of laws, or the execution of laws hv regal authority, 
 without consent of parliament, is illegal : that the pretended power 
 of dispensing with laws, or the execution of laws by regal autho- 
 rity, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal; that 
 the commission for erecting the late court of commissioners for the 
 ecclesiastical causes, and all other commissions and courts of like 
 nature, are illegal and pernicious : that levying money for, or to 
 the use of the crown, by pretence of prerogative, without grant of 
 parliament, for longer time, or in other manner, than the same is, 
 or shall be granted, "is illegal : that it is the right of the subjects to 
 petition the King, and all commitments and prosecutions, for such 
 petitioning, are illegal : that the raising or keeping a standing army 
 w ithin the kingdom, in time of peace, unless it be with consent of 
 parliament, is against law : that the subjects, which are Protestants, 
 mav have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions, and as 
 allowed by law ; that election of members of parliament ought to 
 be free ; that the freedom of speech, and debates, or proceedings in 
 parliament, ought not to be impeached or cjuestioned in any court 
 or place out of parliament ; that excessive bail ought not to be re- 
 quired, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- 
 ments inflicted: that jurors ought to be duly impannelled and re- 
 turned, and jurors, which pass upon men in trials for high treason, 
 ought to be freeholders : thai all grants and promises of fines and 
 forfeitures of particular persons, before conviction, are illegal and 
 void: and that for redress of all grievances, and for the amend- 
 ing, strengthening, and preser\ ing of the laws, parliaments ought 
 to be held frequentlv. 
 
 " And they do claim, demand, and insist, upon all and singular 
 the premises, as their undoubted rights and liberties: and that no 
 declaration, judgments, doings, or proceedings, to the prejudice of 
 the people in any of the said premises, ought, in any wise, to be 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGi::. 103 
 
 drawn hereafter into consequence or example; to which demand of 
 their right they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his 
 Highness the Prince of Orange, as being the only means fur obtain- 
 ing a full redress and remedy therein. 
 
 ••• Having, therefore, an entire confidence, that his said High- 
 ness the Prince of Orans^e will perfect the deliverance so far ad- 
 vanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their 
 rights, which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts 
 upon their religion, rights, and liberties, the said Lords, spiritual 
 and temporal, and Commons, assembled at Westminster, do re- 
 solve, that William and Mary, Prince and Princess of Orange, be, 
 and be declared King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, 
 and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the crown and royal 
 dio-nity of the said kingdom and dominions, to them, the said 
 Prince and Princess, during their lives, and the life of the survivor 
 of them ; and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be 
 only in, and executed by the said Prince of Orange, in the names 
 of the said Prince and Princess, during their joint lives ; and after 
 their deceases, the said crown and royal dignity of the said king- 
 doms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said 
 Princess; and for default of such issue, to the Princess Ann ol 
 Denmark, and the heirs of her body : and for default of such issue, 
 to the heirs of the body of the said Prince of Orange : and the 
 Lords, spiritual and temporal, and Commons, do pray the said 
 Prince and Princess to accept the same accordingly ; and that the 
 oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons, of whom the 
 oaths of allegiance and supremacy might be required by law, in- 
 stead of them ; and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy 
 be abrogated. 
 
 " I, A. B. do sincerely promise and swear, that I will be faithful 
 and bear true allegiance to their Majesties, King William and 
 Queen Mary ; so help me God." 
 
 " I, A. B. do swear, that 1 do, from my heart, abhor, detest, and 
 abjure, as impious and heretical, this damnable doctrine and posi- 
 tion, that Princes, excommunicated or deprived by the Pope, or 
 any authority of the see of Rome, may be deposed or murdered by 
 their subjects, or any other whatsoever. 
 
 " And I do declare, that no foreign Prince, person, prelate, state, 
 or potentate, hath, or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, supe- 
 riority, pre-eminence, or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within 
 this realm : so help me God." 
 
104 THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 This declaration being presented to their Highnesses the Prince 
 and Princess of Orange, in the banquetting-house at Whitehall, on 
 Wednesday, February 13, 168S, and their consent thereunto re- 
 ceived, they were both, the same day, proclaimed King and Queen 
 of England, France and Ireland, &c. at Whitehall-gate, Temple- 
 bar, and the Royal Exchange, many of the Lords and Commons at- 
 tending, and the people proclaiming their joys by repeated shouts 
 and acclamations. The tenor of the proclamation was as followeth : 
 
 " Whereas, it hath pleased Almighty God, in his great mercy to 
 this kingdom, to vouchsafe us a miraculous deliverance from Popery 
 and arbitrary power, and that our preservation is due, next under 
 God, to the resolution and conduct of his Highness the Prince of 
 Orange, whom God hath chosen to be the glorious instrument of 
 such an inestimable happiness to us and our posterity ; and being 
 highly sensible and fully persuaded of the great and eminent virtues 
 of her Highness the Princess of Orange, whose zeal for the Pro- 
 testant religion will, no doubt, bring a blessing along with her upon 
 this nation ; and whereas, the Lords and Commons now assembled 
 at Westminster have made a declaration, and presented the same to 
 the said Prince and Princess of Orange, and therein desired them to 
 accept the crown, who have accepted the same accordingly; we, 
 therefore, the Lords, spiritual and temporal, and Commons, toge- 
 ther with the Lord Mayor and citizens of London, and others of 
 the Commons of this realm, do, with full consent, publish and 
 proclaim, according to the said declaration, William and Mary, 
 Prince and Princess of Orange, to be King and Queen of England, 
 France, and Ireland, with all the dominions and territories there- 
 unto belonging, who are accordingly so to be owned, deemed, and 
 taken, by all the people of the aforesaid realms and dominions, who 
 are, from henceforward, bound to acknowledge and pay unto them 
 all faith and true allegiance, beseeching God, by whom Kings 
 reign, to bless King William and Queen Mary, with long and 
 happy years to reign over us. God save King William and Queen 
 Mary. 
 
 " JOHN BROWN, Clericus Parliamentorum." 
 
 It is reported, that his Majesty should thus generously express 
 himself upon this occasion : " That though the regulations seemed 
 somewhat harsh, they were easy to him that desired only to be a 
 great King ; but with respect to one that aimed to be a tyrant, they 
 were not strict enough." 
 
HOUSE OF ORANGE. 105 
 
 Having* thus brought their Majesties to the throne, let us make a 
 few remarks upon this wonderful and unparalleled revolution, and 
 so conclude the history of the House of ()range. 
 
 Had a Prince of less secrecy, prudence, courage, and interest, 
 undertaken this mighty affair, it might probably have miscarried; 
 but as his cause was better, so his reputation, conduct, and pa- 
 tience, infinitely exceeded that of King James. He would not stir 
 till he saw the French forces sit down before Phili()sburg, and that 
 he was sure France and Germany were irrecoverably engaged, and 
 that he should have no other opposition than what the Irish and 
 English Roman Catholics could make against him, for no J'^nglish 
 Protestant would fight his country into vassalage and slavery to 
 Popish priests and Italian women ; when a parliament, sooner or 
 later, must have determined every thing in controversy, except they 
 were resolved, once for all, to have given up their religion, laws, 
 liberties, and estates, to the will of their arbitrary Kings, and sub- 
 mitted, for ever, to a French government; and, indeed, a nation of 
 less sense than the English might have been imposed upon •, of less 
 bravery and valour, might have been frighted ; of a more servile 
 temper, might have neglected their liberties, till it had been too late 
 to recover them again; and none but a parcel of Jesuits, unac- 
 quainted with their temper and constitution, would ever have 
 hoped to have carried two such things, as Popery and arbitrary 
 power, both at once, upon a people so jealous as the English are ; 
 and who hate idolatry and tyranny above any nation in the world. 
 
 As for King James II. had he undertaken any thing but these two, 
 his vast revenue, his reputed personal valour, and the fame he 
 liad gained, both at home and abroad, by the defeat of Monmouth's 
 invasion, would have gone near to have effected it; and after all, 
 if he had, in the beginning of October, freely granted all the pro- 
 posals made him by the nobility, and suffered a parliament to have 
 met, and given up his evil ministers to justice, and permitted the 
 birth of the pretended Prince of Wales to have been freely debated 
 and determined in parliament, it would, in all probability, have pre- 
 vented this expedition of the Prince of Orange ; but w hilst he 
 thought to preserve the pretended succession, the dispensing and 
 suspending power, and the ecclesiastical commission, to promote 
 his future designs, when he had once baffled the Prince of Orange, 
 the nation saw through the project and he lost all. 
 
 As for the English in general, their interest centres in the main- 
 tainino- the rights and franchises of their kingdom, which renders 
 
lOG THE HISTORY, &c. 
 
 them this day the freest nation in Europe ; a character, so far from 
 supposing them to be like other nations, a people headstrong and 
 inconstant, that it shews them them to be the most considerate and 
 understanding people in the world ; in short, though the example 
 of a neighbouring Prince had served for a platform for other 
 crowned heads to enlarge their power beyond the limits prescribed 
 by the constitutions of the kingdom, we see that at the very mo- 
 ment that the King began to act like his neighbour, they presently 
 put a stop to his design, without the least respect to his dignity ; 
 they saw how sovereign authority reigned in France, as independent 
 of the laws as in Turkey ; they beheld the face of the kingdom of 
 Sweden and Denmark changed, by introducing hereditary succes- 
 sion, whereas they were elective before ; they viewed the face of 
 the kingdom of Hungary, heretofore the seat of liberty, disfigured 
 by the same innovation; and Poland, that boasts to have preserved 
 the ancient laws entire, has, notwithstanding, suffered injurious al- 
 terations. In short, which way soever we cast our eyes, we shall 
 find attempts of the same nature prosper, only in England they have 
 failed, whence we may conclude that, maugre all which has been 
 said of the English nation, they are the wisest and most prudent 
 people that we know of under the sun. 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OP 
 
 KING WILLIAM and QUEEN MARY. 
 
 JVING William and Queen Mary being- proclaimed in all the 
 counties, and chief cities of England, with the general joy of the 
 people, addresses were daily presented them from several parts, to 
 testily their extreme satisfaction and content in their being advanced 
 to the throne ; and the convention being by an act signed by the 
 King turned into a parliament, in the same manner as the conven- 
 tion was, upon the restoration of Charles II. 1660. They proceeded 
 to enact several laws for settling the government upon its true and 
 ancient basis ; and several vacant offices and employments were 
 supplied by their Majesties, and Dr. Gilbert Burnet was made 
 Bishop of Salisbury, in the room of Dr. Seth Ward, deceased. 
 
 I have been very brief upon the affairs in England, till the h?ippy 
 revolution, in 1688, because 1 have lately published a book of the 
 same value with this, entitled, 
 
 "The History; of the two late Kings, Charles II. and James II. 
 being an impartial account of the most remarkable transactions, and 
 observable passages during their reigns ; and the secret French and 
 Popish intrigues managed in those times." 
 
 Neither shall I enlarge upon the affairs of Ireland, intending^ 
 suddenly to publish the history of that kingdom from the first con- 
 quest thereof by King Henry'll. to its total reduction by the arm? 
 of their present Majesties. 
 
 p 2 
 
108 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 And now both houses of parliament presented an humble address to 
 his Majesty about the speedy relief of Ireland ; in pursuance 
 whereof, the King sent over a proclamation of pardon to all the 
 Irish Papists that would lay down their arms, and live peaceably 
 under the government, with the full enjoyment of their estates, 
 and the private exercise of their religion, which if they refused, 
 they were declared rebels and traitors to the Crown of England, 
 and their estates to be forfeited and distributed among those that 
 should aid and assist in reducing them to obedience ; but Tyrconnel 
 endeavoured to hinder the effect thereof, by promising them speedy 
 succours from France, and that King James would come in person 
 with a numerous army to their assistance, and sent several detach- 
 ments of his tattered regiments to seize divers considerable Pro- 
 testants in their houses, who upon notice escaped into the north, 
 and strengthened their party ; the priests stirred up these rascally 
 vermin, that wore armed with pitchforks, bills, staves, and other 
 weapons, to commit all manner of outrages, to the damage of some 
 Papists, as well as Protestants, and it was reported that at a consult 
 in the council, wherein some Popish bishops assisted, it was moved 
 that the only way to clear the country of heretics, was by a general 
 massacre, but I'yrconnel opposed it. In March, the late King 
 James took post from Paris to Brest, and soon after landed in 
 Ireland, with a numerous train of officers, but very few soldiers. 
 
 The estates of Scotland met the same month at Edinburgh, in 
 pursuance of his Majesty's circular letters, and King William sent 
 them the following letter : 
 
 " My Lords and Gentlemen, 
 
 " We are very sensible of the kindness and concern which your 
 nation has evinced towards us, and our undertaking for the pre- 
 servation of your religion and liberty, which were in such imminent 
 danger. Neither can we in the least doubt your confidence in us, 
 after having seen, how far so many of your nobility and gentry have 
 owned our declaration, countenancing and concurring with us in 
 our endeavours, and desiring us that we vfould take upon us, the 
 administration of affairs, civil and military, and to call a meeting 
 of the estates for securing the Protestant religion, and the ancient 
 laws and liberties of that kingdom, which accordingly we have done. 
 Now it lies on you to enter upon such consultations as are most 
 proper to settle you on sure and lasting foundations, which we hope 
 you will set about with all convenient speed, with regard to the 
 public good, and to the general interest and inclinations of the 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. 109 
 
 people; that after so much trouble and great suffering, they may 
 live happily and in peace, and that you may lay aside all animosities 
 and factions that may impede so good a work. We are glad to find 
 that so many of the nobility and gentry, when here in London, were 
 so much inclined to a uliion of both kingdoms, and that they did 
 look upon it, as the best means for procuring the happiness of botli 
 nations, and settling of a lasting peace among them ; which would 
 be advantageous to both, they living in the same island, having 
 the same language, and the same common interest of religion and 
 liberty, especially at this juncture, when the enemies of both are so 
 restless in endeavouring to make and increase jealousies and divi- 
 sions, which they will be ready to improve to their own advantage 
 and the ruin of Britain ; we being of the same opinion as to the 
 uselessness of this union, and having nothing so much before our 
 eyes as the glory of God, establishing the reformed religion, and 
 the peace and happiness of these nations, are resolved to use our 
 utmost endeavours in advancing every thing that may condjice to 
 the effectuating the same. So we bid you heartily farewell. From 
 our court at Hampton, March 7, 1689." 
 
 This letter being read, commissioners were named to draw an 
 answer full of acknowledgment and respect ; the late King James 
 had likewise sent a letter to the estates, but before they proceeded 
 to read it, they passed an act, that notwithstanding any thing that 
 might be contained in the letter, for dissolving or impeding their 
 procedure, yet they were a free and lawful meeting ( f the States, 
 and would continue undissolved till they had settled the government; 
 which done, the letter was read, but the convention took so little 
 notice of the late King's exhortations, to declare for him, that the 
 messenger was first secured, and then not being thought worthy 
 detaining, dismissed with a pass instead of an answer. 
 
 After this, commissioners were chosen for drawing up the settle- 
 ment of the government, out of which the bishops were left, as 
 having .disgusted the generality of the States, by their prayers at 
 the beginning of the session. That God would have compassion on 
 King James, and restore him, and other passages, which discovered 
 their disaffection to their Majesties, and the government then about 
 to be erected. The Duke of Gordon, who had the command of 
 Edinburgh castle, after he had for some time amused the convention 
 by his delays, so soon as he heard the late King was arrived ni 
 Ireland, set up his standard to signify his resolution to hold out that 
 
110 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 place, and fired all the cannon, without bullets, to the great terror 
 of those that lay under the mercy of his great shot. 
 
 April 1^, both houses of parliament in England presented an 
 humble address to the king, wherein they declare that being highly 
 sensible of their late great deliverance from Popery and arbitrary 
 power, whereof it had pleased God to make his Majest^^ the 
 glorious instrument, and desiring to the utmost of their abilities to 
 express their gratitude, for so o-reat and generous an undertaking, 
 no less necessary for the support of the Protestant interest in 
 Europe*, than for recovering and maintaining the civil rights and 
 liberties of these nations, so notoriously invaded and undermined 
 by Popish councils and counsellors, and being likewise fully 
 convinced of the restless spirits, and the continued endeavours of 
 their Majesties and the nation's enemies, for the extirpation of the 
 Protestant religion, and the subversion of our laws and liberties, 
 unanimously declared, that they would stand by and assist his 
 Majesty with their lives and fortunes in supporting his alliances 
 abroad, in reducing Ireland, and in defence of the Protestant reli- 
 gion, and of the kingdom. 
 
 In answer hereto, the King assured them of his great esteem and 
 affection for parliaments, especially for this, which would be much 
 increased by the kindness they shewed to him, and their zeal for the 
 public good, and that he would never abuse the confidence they 
 put in him, nor give any parliament cause to distrust him, because 
 he would never expect any thing from them, but what it was their 
 interest to grant ; that he came hither for the good of the kingdom, 
 and since, by their desire, he was in that station, he would still 
 pursue the same ends that brought him ; that God had been pleased 
 to make him instrumental to redeem them from the ills they feared, 
 and it was still his desire as well as his duty to endeavour to pre- 
 serve their religion, laws, and liberties, which were the only 
 inducements that brought him into England, and to those he did 
 ascribe the blessings that had attended this undertaking ; he then 
 reminded them of assisting his allies, especially the Dutch, and to 
 consider the deplorable condition of Ireland ; which by the zeal and 
 violence of the Popish party, and the assistance and encouragement 
 of the French, required a considerable force to reduce it, &c. and 
 that a fleet may be likewise provided, which in conjunction with the 
 States, might make us entire masters of the seas; and as they freely 
 offered to hazard all that is dear to them, so he should as freely 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN IVfARY. in 
 
 expose his life for the support of the Protestant religion, and the 
 safety and honour of the nation. 
 
 In Scotland, the Viscount Dundee havins^ made escape from 
 Edinburgh, went to the north, where he stirred up the Highlanders 
 to join with him, and declare forking James; upon which the 
 convention ordered a number of horse, foot, and dragoons to march 
 against them, and in the mean time, the Lord Ross, who was sent 
 with a letter to King William in England, returned, and brought 
 an answer thereto ; after which, the estates drew up an instrument 
 of government, for settling the crown upon King William and 
 Queen Mary; wherein they recapitulate their grievances, and 
 propose remedies for the same : and then declare ; " That King 
 James Vli. being a professed Papist, did assume the royal power, 
 and acted as a King, without ever taking the oath required by law, 
 and hath by advice of evil and wicked counsellors, invaded the 
 fundamental constitutions of the kingdom, and altered it from a 
 legal limited monarchy, to an arbitrary despotic power, and did 
 exercise the same, to the subversion of the Protestant religion, and 
 the violation of the laws and liberties of the kingdom, inverting 
 all the ends of government, whereby he hath forefaulted the right 
 to the crown, and the throne is become vacant : and they do pray 
 the King and Queen of England, to accept the crown and royal 
 dignity of the kingdom of Scotland, &c." 
 
 And an oath of allegiance was drawn up, to be taken by all 
 persons to them, together with a coronation oath, and April II, 
 being the day of the Coronation of their Majesties at Westminster, 
 they were proclaimed at Edinburgh, with universal joy and accla- 
 mations. Commissioners were also dispatched for London, that is, 
 the Earl of Argyle, Sir James Montgomery of Skelmerly, and Sir 
 John Dalrymple of Stair, younger, from the meeting of the estates, 
 with an offer of the crown of that kingdom to their Majesties, and 
 May 11, 1689, they accordingly at three o'clock met at the council 
 chamber, and from thence were conducted by Sir Charles Cottrel, 
 master of the ceremonies, attended by most of the nobility and 
 gentry of that kingdom, who resided in and about this place, to the 
 Banqueting-house, where the King and Queen came, attended by 
 many persons of quality ; the sword being carried before them by 
 the Lord Cardross, and their Majesties being placed on the throne, 
 under a rich canopy, they first presented a letter from the estates 
 to his Majesty, then the instrument of government; thirdly, a 
 paper containing the grievances which they desired might be 
 
11^ THE HISTORY OF 
 
 redressed; and, lastly, an address to his Majesty, for turning the 
 meeting of the said estates into a parliament, all which being signed 
 by his Grace the Duke of Hamilton, as president of the meeting, 
 and read to their Majesties, the King returned to the commissioners 
 the following answer : 
 
 " When I engaged in this undertaking, I had particular regard 
 and consideration for Scotland, and therefore I did omit a declara- 
 tion in relation to that as well as to this kingdom, which I intend to 
 make good and effectual to them. I take it very kindly, that Scot- 
 land hath expressed so much confidence in, and affection to me ; 
 they shall find me willing to assist them in every thing that 
 concerns the welfare and interest of that kingdom, by making 
 what laws shall be necessary for the security of their religion, 
 property, and liberty, and to ease them of what may be justly 
 grievous to them." 
 
 After which, the coronation oath was tendered to their Majesties, 
 which the Earl of Argyle spoke word by word distinctly, and the 
 King and Queen repeated it after him, holding their right hands up, 
 after the manner of taking oaths in Scotland. 
 
 The meeting of the estates of Scotland, did authorise their com- 
 missioners to represent to his Majesty, that that clause in the oath, 
 in relation to the rooting out of heretics, did not i^nport the de- 
 stroying of heretics ; and that by the law of Scotland, no man was 
 to be persecuted for his private opinion ; and even obstinate and 
 convicted heretics were only to be denounced rebels, or outlawed, 
 whereby their moveable estates are confiscated. His Majesty at 
 the repeating that clause in the oath, did declare, that he did not 
 mean by these words, that he was under any obligation to become a 
 persecutor. To wliich the commissioners made answer. That nei- 
 ther the meaning of the oath, or the law of Scotland did import it. 
 Then the King replied, that he took the oath in that sense, and 
 called for witnesses, the said commissioners and others present ; and 
 then both their Majesties signed the said coronation oath. After 
 which, the commissioners and several of the Scotch nobility kissed 
 their Majesties hands. 
 
 The parliament in England proceeded to enact many laws fur the 
 ease of the people and security of tlie kingdom ; one for taking 
 away the revenue arising from the hearth-money, by his Majesty's 
 dwn desire, who w illingly resigned up his right therein, because it 
 was found grievous to the people, though it occasioned a great di- 
 minution to the revenue of the crown ; another act was passed for 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. 113 
 
 exempting their Majesties' Protestant subjects, dis^senting from the 
 church of England, from the penalties ot certain laws; another for 
 abrogating the oaths of supremacy and allegiance, and appointing 
 other oaths : another for prohibiting all trade and commerce with 
 France, with divers more; and about the same time the House of 
 Commons presented his Majesty the following address: 
 
 " We, your Majesty's most loyal and dutiful suLjert^, the Com- 
 mons in Parliament assembled, most humbly ia> i)ef()re vour Ma- 
 jesty our earnest desires, that your Majesty would be pleased to 
 take into your most serious consideration the destriutive methods 
 taken of late years by the French King, against the trade, quiet, 
 and interest of your kingdom, and particularly the present invasion 
 of your kingdom of Ireland, and supporting your Majestv's rebel- 
 lious subjects; and we not doubting, in the least, but through your 
 Majesty's wisdom, the alliances already made, as well as those that 
 may be hereafter concluded, on this occasion, by your Maje-ty, may 
 be eftectual, to reduce the French King to such a condition, that it 
 may not be in his power hereafter to violate the peace of Christen- 
 dom, nor prejudice the trade and prosperity of this your Majesty's 
 kingdom. To this end we most humbly beseech your Majesty to 
 rest assured, upon this our hearty and solemn promise and engage-' 
 nient, that when your Majesty shall think fit to enter into a war 
 with the French King, we will give your Majesty such assistance in a 
 parliamentary way, as may enable your Majesty (under the protec- 
 tion and blessing that Almighty God has ever afforded you) to sup- 
 port and go through with the same." 
 
 To this jequest and resolution of the House of Commons, which 
 was so graceful to the nation in general, his Majesty was pleased to 
 return this answer : 
 " Gentlemen, 
 " I receive this address as a mark of the confidence you have in 
 me, which I take very kindly, and shall endeavour, by all my ac- 
 tions, to confirm you in it. I assure you, that my own ambition 
 shall never be an argument to incline me to engage in a war, that 
 may expose the nation either to danger or expense ; but in the pre- 
 sent case I look upon the war so much already declared, in elfect, 
 by France against England, that it is not so much an act of choice 
 as an inevitable necessity in our own defence. I shall only tell voir, 
 that as I have ventured my life, and all that is dear to me, to rescue 
 the nation from what it suffered, so I am ready still to do the same, 
 in order to the preserving it from all its enemies; and as I doubt 
 
 Q 
 
114 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 not of such an assistance from you, as shall be suitable to your ad- 
 vice to me to declare war against a powerful enemy, so you may 
 rely upon me, that no part of that which you shall give for the car- 
 rying it on with success, shall by me be diverted to any other use." 
 Soon after a declaration of war was published against France, and 
 the reasons thereof, namely, " The unjust methods of the French 
 King these late years to gratify his ambition, by invading the terri- 
 tories of the empire now in amity with us, and in manifest violation 
 of the treaties confirmed by the guarantee of the crown of England, 
 his Majesty, therefore, can do no less than join with his allies in 
 opposing that King's designs, as the disturber of the peace and the 
 common enemy of the Christian world ; likewise the many injuries 
 done to his Majesty and his subjects are a sufficent justification for 
 their taking arms, since they have called upon his Majesty so to do ; 
 and though no notice has been taken, nor reparation demanded, of 
 late years, for reasons well known to the world, yet his Majesty will 
 not pass them over, without a public and just resentment of such out- 
 rages ; also the encroachments and invasions of the French on our 
 trade and fishing of Newfoundland, and their hostilities upon the 
 Charibbee Islands, New York, and Hudson's Bay, seizing the 
 forts, burning the houses, robbing the English of their goods, im- 
 prisoning some, inhumanly killing others, and driving the rest to 
 sea in a small vessel, without food or necessaries, and this even at a 
 time when that King was negociating a treaty in England, of neu- 
 trality and good correspondence in America ; also his countenancing 
 the seizure of English ships by French privateers ; his disputing 
 the right of the flag in the narrow^ seas which, in all ages, has been 
 asserted by his Majesty's predecessors, and which he is resolved to 
 maintain for the honour of the crown and of the English nation ; 
 and that which most nearlv touches his Majesty is, his unchristian 
 
 fjersecution of many English Protestants in France, contrary to the 
 aw of nations and efxpress treaties, forcing them to abjure their re- 
 ligion, by strange and unusual cruelties, imprisoning some Englisli 
 masters and seamen, and condemning others to the ^allies, upon 
 pretence of having on board either the persons or goods of some of 
 his own miserable Protestant subjects; lastly, as he has, for some 
 years past, endeavoured, by insinuation and promises of assistance, 
 to overthrow the government of England, so now, by open and 
 violent nn thods, and the actual invasion of Ireland, and supporting 
 the rebels there, he is promoting the utter extirpation of the Pro- 
 testants there. His Majesty being therefore thus necessitated to 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. 1J5 
 
 take up arms, and relying on the help of Almighty God in his just 
 undertaking, hath thought fit to declare war against the French 
 King, and will, in conjunction with his alliens, vigorously prose- 
 cute the same by sea and land, since he liath so unrighteously 
 begun it; being assured of the hearty concurrence and assist- 
 ance of his subjects; in supporting of so good a cause, forbidding 
 all correspondence or communication with that King or his sub- 
 jects ; and that all the French nation in his Majesty's dominions, 
 who shall demean themselves dutifully, and not correspond with 
 his enemies, shall upon the King's royal word, be safe in their 
 persons and estates, and free from all molestation and trouble oi 
 any kind. 
 
 About the same time the King of Spain proclaimed w ar against 
 France, and the Emperor of Germany sent a letter to his Majesty, 
 wherein, after he has returned thanks to the King for taking care 
 that no violence should be offered to the Roman Catholics, he pro- 
 mises the same thing in respect to the Protestants. His Majesty 
 gave advice to the Switzers of his advancement to the throne; so 
 that now King William and Queen Mary were acknowledged for 
 lawful Sovereigns of Great Britain by all the Protestant, and the 
 greatest part of the Roman Catholic Princes and States, for (be- 
 sides the Emperor and the King of Spain) the Duke of Bavaria, the 
 three Ecclesiastical Electors, the Duke of Newberg, the Elector 
 Palatine, and the Bishops of Leige and Munster, all Roman Ca- 
 tholics, declared themselves enemies to France, and by this we may 
 observe, that the French politicians were greatly deceived in their 
 measures; for upon notice of the Prince of Orange's expedition into 
 England, it is reported, some of them thus discoursed King Lewis : 
 " Sir," said they, " there is a civil war kindling in England, w hich 
 will last this two or three years, and disable that island and the 
 United Provinces from acting. In this time your Majesty will have 
 conquered all, or the greatest part of Germany. If King James 
 has the worst, we will persuade all the Catholic iPrinces to unite and 
 restore him. All this while your Majesty will be head of the league, 
 will preserve your conquests, and King James cannot refuse you 
 Ireland, or any other portion of his kingdom, for the expenses of 
 the war. This done, your Majesty shall fall upon Holland, which 
 will be weak, and unprovided of men and money, and shall be able, 
 in a little time, to oppress the remainder of the Protestants, and so 
 become Emperor of all Europe." But, unfortunately for them, 
 King James II. loo soon forsook his country, and then they cried 
 religion is ruined, unless all endeavours are used for his restoration; 
 
 Q 2 
 
116 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 upon which some would fain know what religion the French King- 
 is of, who persecutes and invades Papists as well as Protestants, and 
 think that he must bo either a Pagan or Mahometan, or else of a 
 Christianity all of his own contriving, to carry on his perjuries and 
 usurpations upon his neighbours. 
 
 May 1, a squadron of English men of war, under Admiral Fler- 
 bert, sailing toward the coast of Ireland, to prevent the French 
 from landing forces and provisions there, understanding they were 
 got to sea under favour of the night, they got sight of them lying 
 in the Bay of Bantry, in the west of Ireland, and resolved to at- 
 tack them with nine ships in the harbour, they being about forty- 
 four sail in all, whereupon the next morning the fight began ; we 
 continued battering, upon a stretch, till five in the afternoon, when 
 the French Admiral tacked from us, and stood further into the Bay. 
 In this action Captain Aylmer and ninety-four seamen were killed, 
 and about two hundred and tifty wounded; but the enemy were re- 
 ported to have two hundred slain and many more wounded, and 
 having landed some few men for fear of a second engagement, re- 
 treated; after which our squadron returned to Portsmouth, whither 
 his Majesty came soon after, and declared his royal intention of 
 conferring the title of Earl upon the Admiral, and accordingly he 
 was afterward created Earl of Torrington, Baron of Torbay, &c. 
 and the Captains Shovell and Ashby were knighted, and ten shil- 
 lings a man was given to those seamen that had been engaged 
 against the French. . 
 
 King James found himself, at this time, greatly mistaken in Scot- 
 land, which he called his ancient kingdom, where he thought him- 
 self absolute master, by making so many creatures and friends, 
 whereas that kingdom in general now owned King William : and 
 the rebels, whose numbers were inconsiderable, were discovered and 
 secured; the Lord Dundee only escaped, who roamed about the 
 north parts with some few followers, and General Mackay at his 
 heels. Letters, about this time, were intercepted from the late 
 King and his secretary Melfort to the Lord Balcarris and others, 
 wherein were some expressions that highly incensed the Scots 
 ao-ainst them. " You will ask me, without question," says Melfort 
 to C laverhouse, *' how we intend to pay our army; but never fear 
 that' so long as there are rebels' estates; we will begin with the 
 great ones and end with the little ones." In another letter to Bel- 
 carris, says he, " The estates of the rebels will recompence us. 
 Experience hath taught our illustrious master, that there are a good 
 number of people that must be made gibeonites, because they are 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. 117 
 
 good for nothing else; you know that there are several lords that 
 Ave marked out, when we were both together, that deserve no 
 better. These will serve for examples to others." After the read- 
 ing of these letters, the President of the convention, addressing 
 himself to the members of the assembly, '' You hear, Gentlemen," 
 said he, " our sentence pronounced, and that it behoves us either 
 to defend ourselves or die ;" upon which the Lords Balcarris and 
 Lochore, and Lieutenant-Colonel Balfour, were committed to pri- 
 son, and being thus forewarned, they resolved to keep the army 
 afoot which t!iey thought of disbanding. As to the hopes of the 
 enemies of that kingdom, that the abolishing of episcopacy may oc- 
 casion another revolution, there is no reason to believe it, since the 
 late carriage of the Scotch bishops has utterly alienated the affec- 
 tions of the greater part of the people from them, so that if they 
 were Protestants at the bottom of their souls, yet they appeared to 
 be men of no policy nor conduct, for they sent an address to King 
 James, wherein they highly congratulated the birth of the pre- 
 tended Prince of Wales; they read that King's declaration for li- 
 berty of coU'Cience, in favour of the Papists, and for the abolition 
 of penal laws; and how could they imagine, that when they knew it 
 Avas a long time before, that they could gain that single point of the 
 superiority of bishops above private ministers, that the Scots would 
 ever endure Popery and arbitrary power to domineer over them. 
 Experience shews us, that they only wanted a leader before this 
 time, so that when the Prince of Orange's design was once dis- 
 coursed of, it caused an universal joy over Edinburgh and the 
 whole kingdom, only the prelates wrote to King James, that they 
 looked upon this enterprize as a '^ detestable invasion ;" and after 
 the same manner they behaved themselves tc the end, some absent- 
 ing from the convention, others attending only to thwart tlieir pro- 
 ceedings, and shew their disaffection by their public prayers; so 
 that some wise men have affirmed, had the bishops of Scotland 
 shewed the same constancy with those of England, their zeal and 
 virtue had gained the hearts of the Scots, and given them oppor- 
 tunity to continue episcopacy; but their ill conduct, during the last 
 two reigns, in their obstinate supporting the Roman Catholic party, 
 that had already invaded all the liberties of the people, annulled 
 their privileges, and changed a government, limited by law, into 
 arbitrary power, rendered them the abomination of the people, who 
 were convinced that their dignities were the only things they re- 
 garded, which made them deviate from the rules of the gospel, 
 
118 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 looking no farther than their present enjoyments, little minding the 
 betraying the interests of religion and the kingdom, out of a trea- 
 cherous compliance with the will and pleasure of a Popish court, to 
 whom they made themselves slaves. 
 
 June J 5, the estates of Scotland met after their late adjournment, 
 and the Duke of Hamilton acquainted them, that his Majesty had 
 been pleased to send him a commission to represent his royal 
 person, and that he had orders to give his consent to an act for the 
 turning the meeting of the estates into a parliament, which was 
 done accordingly, and soon after they made an act for recognizing 
 and assertins: their Majesty's royal authority and right to the crown, 
 and another for all persons to take an oath of faith and allegiance 
 to them ; and about the same time the English forces under General 
 Mackay, and others being entered that kingdom, the Duke of 
 Gordon, who till this time had possession of the castle, finding no 
 hopes of relief, surrendered it upon articles to Sir John Lanier; and 
 so that important place, which so long had been a terror to the 
 city of Edinburgh w as put into safe hands, the Duke casting himself 
 upon the King's mercy without making any article for himself, and 
 it was reported he said, " That he had so much respect for all the 
 Princes of King James VI. line, as not to make conditions with 
 them for his own particular interest;" after this, a reward of eighteen 
 thousand marks was, by proclamation, promised to those that should 
 apprehend Dundee, dead or alive, and indeed he survived not long 
 after ; for July 26, Major-general Mackay marching from St. John's 
 Town with four thousand foot, and four troops of horse and dra- 
 goons, and coming within two miles of the Blair of Athol, had 
 notice that Dundee advanced toward him, with six thousand foot, 
 and one hundred horse, the fight began between four and five 
 o'clock in the afternoon, and lasted till night, with great courage 
 and resolution on both sides ; but at length Mackay's forces being 
 overpowered with number, he retired toward Sterling, with a body 
 of fifteen hundred men in good order: many were killed on both sides, 
 but the enemies loss was greater by the death of Viscount Dundee, 
 who charging furiously at the head of the Highlanders to encourage 
 them, was slain with a shot, thoup:h he had armour; after which a 
 division happened between the Lord Dumlermling and Colonel 
 Cannon, who should succeed in the command of the rebels, at which 
 time Major General Mackay hearing that five hundred of their foot, 
 and two troops of horse, were sent to St. John's town, to surprize 
 the stores of provisions there, resolved to be revenged for his late 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. 119 
 
 loss; and marching out of Sterling with a party of horse and dra* 
 goons, met the rebels, and gave them a total rout, killing and taking 
 prisoners the greatest part of them, and Captain Hacket, their com- 
 mander. Soon after another defeat was given to Colonel Cannon's 
 men, consisting of about four thousand, with the addition of the 
 country, by the Earl of Angus's regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel 
 Cleland, who, after three hours sharp dispute, forced the rebels to 
 fly back, with the loss of above three hundred, and not above thirty 
 of the King's men, among whom was the Lieutenant Colonel. This 
 defeat put an effectual stop to the incursions of the Highlanders, 
 who lost all their courage with the death of their commander, bein^ 
 never able to make any considerable head afterward; and thouo-h 
 the Earl of Dumferling pretended to manage them, yet several of 
 the chief nobility and gentlemen came in, and craved the benefit of 
 the proclamation of indemnity, which the King had published some 
 time before, to all those who before the third of September should 
 lay down their arms, and swear fidelity to King William and Queen 
 Mary ; and Colonel Cannon, who only maintained the interest of the 
 late King, retreated with his few followers to the Isle of Mull, 
 doubtful whether to continue longer there, or return to Ireland. 
 Lieutenant General Mackay having put a garrison into the castle of 
 Blair, returned to Edinburgh, where several Earls that were in 
 prison had their liberty, giving sufficient security for their peaceable 
 behaviour; so that several troops of the King's forces in that kino-- 
 dom were embarked for Ireland. And about the same time the 
 Parliament there passed several acts which were touched with the 
 royal sceptre, by the Lord High Commissioner, and among others, 
 an act for abolishing prelacy, purporting, " That whereas the estates 
 of the kingdom, by their claim of right, April 11th last, had declared 
 that prelacy and supremacy in any office in the church above Presby- 
 tery had been a grievous burden to the nation ever since the refor- 
 mation; that therefore the King and Queen's Majesty did abolish 
 episcopacy, &c. and would establish that church government which 
 was most agreeable to the people." 
 
 And now the Parliament of England, having given the King 
 plentiful supplies for the reduction of Ireland, the army marched 
 from all parts towards Chester and Highlake, to embark under the 
 Duke of Schomberg, consisting of near thirty thousand men, with 
 great store of all sorts of ammunition and provisions, and consider- 
 able sums of money, and his Majesty appointed a camp on Nounslow 
 Heath for the remainder of the forces, August 14, which continued 
 
no THE HISTORY OF 
 
 only two or three dajs, and in the mean time a declaration of war 
 was published against France in Scotland ; and now several English 
 Protestants in the north of Irelaiid having got possession of the isle 
 of Inniskilling, and the city of Londonderry, they resolved to defend 
 them against King James, and his army of Irish Papists, who weiC 
 marching from Dublin against them ; and hearing that Lieutenant- 
 General Macarty was abroad with a strong detachment, plundering 
 and ravaging the country. Lieutenant Colonel Berry fell upon them 
 with such vigour, that it is judged three thousand of the Irish were 
 slain and drowned in the Lough, near Newton- Butler, into wliich 
 they desperately threw themselves, to escape the sword. King 
 James arriving at Londonderry, imagined the terror of his arms 
 would oblige the Engli.^h to surrender the town upon his first ap- 
 pearance, and though Colonel Lundy and others despaired of holding 
 it against an army of forty thousand men, with a train of artillery 
 and divers mortars, yet the enraged people resolved to detiend it 
 against the utmost efforts of the enemy, and having declared Mr. 
 George Walker, a Minister, and Major Baker tlieir Governor, they 
 chose Colonels and other officers, and regimented their n.en, con- 
 sisting in the whole of seven thousand and t\\enty soldiers, and three 
 hundred and forty-one officers, and rejecting all the terms of sur- 
 render offered them, they fired upon the enemy, and much astonished 
 King James, who was within reach of their cannon, and expected 
 they would have opened their gates to him, who thereupon resolved 
 to reduce them by force, and within a day or two broke ground, and 
 run their trenches within a furlong of the walls, where placing a de- 
 miculverin, they battered the town, but with little success, unless 
 some small damage to the Market-house, the cannon from the town 
 in the mean time killing many Irish ; and to prevent their further 
 approach, the English made a sally, killing two hundred of the 
 enemy, with Mamow, the French General, and other officers of note. 
 Several other gallant sallies were made out of the town, in one of 
 which above two hundred were killed, and five Ijundred wounded, 
 Avith the loss of three English, and twenty wounded. June 4, the 
 besieged made an attack upon the work near the windmill, and 
 though the Irish came upon them with loud huzzas, and though the 
 foot had faggots, and after those failed, took up dead bodies to defend 
 themselves, and the horse were mostly in armour, yet they were 
 beaten off, four thousand of them killed, and but a few English. 
 In some of these attacks. Lieutenant Douglas and Captain Cunnino^- 
 ham were taken prisoners, and after quarter given, barbarously 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN xMARY. 121 
 
 killed. In the night the enemy played their bombs of two hundred 
 and seventy-three pound weight, which plouglicd up the streets, and 
 killed several sick people ; and in the day time their cannon played 
 incessantly against the walls, insomuch that the garrison by sickness, 
 more than shot of the enemy, was^ reduced to six thousand one hun- 
 dred and eighty-five men, and began to be distressed; but June 15, 
 a fleet of thirty sail, under Major (Jreneral Kirk, with men, provi- 
 sions, and ammunition, for their relief, came into the Lough, and 
 though some ships attempted to sail up the river, yet the tire of the 
 enemy from the batteries on shore, and also a boom made of timber, 
 chain and cable, across the narrowest part of the river, prevented 
 their design : however, they contrived to give Major General Kirk 
 an account of their extremity, and he sent an answer, assuring them, 
 that they should suddenly be supplied with all necessaries, which he 
 had aboard in abundance. Tlie enemy being sensible of their exi- 
 gencies, pressed on the siege with more vigour, under their new 
 French Marshal, General Rosen, who by threats and promises, used 
 his utmost efforts to reduce the town. June .'jO, Major Bak( r died, 
 to the great regret of the besieged, and soon after the garrison was 
 reduced to four thousand eight hundred and ninety-two men ; yet 
 then they made a vigorous sally to fetch in some cattle, but did not 
 succeed, losing a great number of their men. This made the famine 
 increase in the city, so that horse-flesh was sold for twenty pence per 
 pound, the quarter of a dog for five shillings and sixpence, a dog's 
 head two shillings and sixpence, a cat four shillings and sixpence, 
 and other things proportionably, as rats, mice, tallow, greves, &c. 
 But now, when all hopes failed them, July 13, the Montjoy and 
 Phoenix, convoyed by tlie Dartmouth frigate, and other men of war, 
 came up to the town with little loss, when they reckoned but upon 
 two days life, having only nine lean horses left, and one pint of meal 
 to each man, four thousand two hundred only being left, whereof a 
 fourth part were rendered unserviceable. The enemy perceiving 
 that these ships had furnished the besieged with provisions, July 31, 
 they raised the siege in some disorder, blowing up several castles, 
 with all the houses down the river, and setting the country for ten 
 miles in a flame in their retreat. 
 
 August 13, 1689, the Duke of Schomberg landed at Carrickfergus 
 with all the forces under his command, and the Protestants joining 
 with him in great numbers, he soon reduced that town, and sent two 
 regiments to Belfast ; and the General having made Proclamation,^ 
 " That if the enemy continued to burn as they had begun, if any of 
 
 R 
 
122 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 them fell into his hands, they must expect no quarter." They there- 
 upon quitted Dundalk without any damage. After this, about five 
 thousand Irish attempted to take Sligo, which was in the hands of 
 the English; but the Inniskilling men, with about one thousand horse, 
 foot, and dragoons, charged them with such celerity and courage, 
 that seven hundred of them were cut oiF, and four hundred taken 
 prisoners ; and besides arms and ammunition, eighteen thousand 
 head of cattle were taken from them, which they had plundered the 
 country people of. In November the English army decamped from 
 the plains of Dunkalk to Lisnee-garvee and Lisburn, the enemy, 
 though superior in number, having of late attempted little; only one 
 morning early, they had hopes of surprizing our advanced parties at 
 Newry, killing the out centinels, and gettnig into the town, but were 
 soon beaten out again by a party of Colonel Ingoldsby's regiment; 
 and several other parties beat the enemy in divers places, and gained 
 great booties of cattle. Colonel Woolsey defeated the Irish at Cavan, 
 though the Duke of Berwick was sent to reinforce them, so that 
 though the garrison consisted of four thousand men, yet three hun- 
 dred of the enemy were killed, and among them many officers ; two 
 hundred taken prisoners, and Cavan taken and burnt, \Vhich the 
 English were constrained to do, to get the soldiers out of the town 
 to resist the Irish, who made a strong sally out of the fort. 
 
 In Eng;land her Royal Highness the Princess of Denmark was de- 
 livered of a Prince in August, who was christened by the Lord 
 Bishop of London, and named William, his Majesty being godfather, 
 and her Majesty and the Queen of Denmark godmothers. October 
 19, the Parliament met at Westminster, and granted his Majesty two 
 millions sterling, towards the expense of the next year's war. In 
 Scotland Colonel Cannon continued still in the Isle of Mull, with an 
 inconsiderable party of islanders, and others. Some few rebels ap- 
 peared about this time under the Lord of Lochelly, burning and 
 plundering wherever they came ; about eight hundred marched out of 
 Innerlochy, thinking to have surprized the fort of Inverness, but 
 were defeated oflheir design. The Earl of Pembroke, upon his re- 
 turn from being Ambassador in Holland to England, was made a 
 Privy Councillor. Some persons were seized about this time, for 
 endeavourinij to raise disturbances against the government. 
 
 December 16, 16S9, an act was passed, declaring the rights and 
 liberties of the subject, and settling the succession of the crown: 
 " That whereas the Lords, spiritual and temporal, and Commons 
 assembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully and freely, representing all 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. 123 
 
 the estates of the people of this realm, did, on February 13, 1688, 
 present to their TVIajesties, then called and known by the names and 
 style of William and Mary, Prince and Princess of Ofangje, beini^ 
 present ifi their proper persons, a certain delaratiun in writing::, made 
 by (he said Lords and Commons (of which yo\i iiave already an ac- 
 count.) Upon which their said Majesties did accej)t the crown and 
 royal dignity of these kingdoms, accord inij to tlie re.-olution and de- 
 sire of the said Lords and Commons contained in the said declaration, 
 and thereii^)on their Majesties were pleased, that the Lords and 
 Commons being- the two Houses of Parliament should continue to 
 sit, and with their royal concurrence to make effectual provision for 
 the settlement of the religion, laws and liberties of this kingdom, so 
 that the same for the future might not be in danger again of being 
 subverted. Now in pursuance of the premises, the Lords, spiritual 
 and temporal, and Commons in Parliament assembled, for the rati- 
 fying, confirming, and establishing the said declaration, and the ar- 
 ticles, clauses, matters and things therein contained, by the force of 
 a law made in due form by authority of Parliament, do pray that it 
 may be declared and enacted, that all and singular the rights and 
 liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration, are the true, 
 ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this 
 kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed, and 
 taken to be, and that all and every the particulars aforesaid shall 
 be firmly and strictly holden and observed, as they are expressed 
 in the said declaration, and all officers and ministers whatsoever 
 shall serve their Majesties and their successors, according to the 
 same in all times to come; and do further declare, that King James 
 II. having abdicated the government, and their Majesties having ac- 
 cepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, did become, were, 
 are, and of right ought to be, by the laws of this realm, our sovereign 
 liege Lord and Lady, King and Queen of England, France, and 
 Ireland, &c. And for preventing all (piestions and divisions, by 
 reason of any pretended titles to the crown, and to preserve a cer- 
 tainty in the succession, the Lords and Commons. beseech their Ma- 
 jesties that it may be enacted, established, and declared, that the 
 crown and royal dignity shall be and continue in their Majesties du- 
 ring their lives, and the life of the survivor of them ; and after their 
 decease to the heirs of her Majesty; and in default of issue, to the 
 Princess Ann of Denmark and her heirs; and for default of such 
 issue, to the heirs of the body of his Majesty: and that the Parlia- 
 ment in the name of the people will submit themselves and their 
 
124 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 heirs, and posterities for ever, and stand by, maintain, and defend 
 this limitation and succession of the crown, to the utmost of their 
 powers, with their lives and estates, against all that shall attempt 
 any thing to the contrary. And w^hereas it hath been found by ex- 
 perience, that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this 
 Protestant kingdom to be governed by a Popish Prince, or by any 
 King or Queen marrying a Papist, they do further pray, that it may 
 be enacted, that all persons that are or shall be reconciled to, or 
 hold communion with the see of Rome, or shall profess the Popish 
 Religion, or shall marry a Papist, shall be excluded, and be for ever 
 incapable to possess, inherit, or enjoy the crown and dignity of this 
 kingdom, or Ireland, &c. And that in all such cases, the people 
 are absolved from their allegiance, and the crown shall descend to 
 the next heir heing a Protestant, as should have inherited and en- 
 joyed the same, as if the person so reconciled, or marrying, were 
 naturallv dead; and that every King and Queen that shall succeed 
 hereafter, shall, on the first day of the meeting of their first Parlia- 
 ment, sitting on the throne in the House of Peers, in the presence 
 of the Lords and Commons, or at their coronation, which shall first 
 happen, audibly repeat the declaration in the statute of the 30th of 
 King Charles II. entitled, an act for the more effectual preserving 
 the l<;ing's person and government, &c. But if such King and 
 Queen shall be under the age of twelve years, then to perform the 
 same the first Parliament after that age; all which are by their Ma- 
 jesties, by and with the consent of the Lords, spiritual and temporal, 
 and Commons, declared, enacted, and established to stand, remain, 
 and be the law of this realm for ever." 
 
 About this time the Queen of Spain was convoyed by a squadron 
 of English men of war from Holland to the Groin in Spain. Fe- 
 bruary 6, the Parliament was dissolved, and another summoned to 
 appear at \\ estminster, March 20th following, who accordingly met, 
 and confirmed all the acts of the preceding Parliament, passing many 
 others, both for raising money, for canning on the present war, and 
 for the benefit of the people. In Scotland some attempts were made 
 by the rebels, for in May, 1690, the Colonels Bucan and Cannon 
 being with two thousand men (which they expected to be four thou- 
 sand in a few days) at their rendezvous at Stratspey, Sir Thomas 
 Levingslone, upon notice thereof, marched toward them with his 
 forces, and surprizing them in ihe night in their camp, killed four 
 hundred, and took one hundred prisoners, most gentlemen and 
 ofiicers, Bucan and Cannon hardly escaping, upon which the castle 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. 1^5 
 
 of Lethindy, in which the enemy had a garrison under Colonel 
 Bucan's nephew, surrendered at discretion, in whicli was found store 
 of arms, and ammunition, with four hundred bolls of meal, and the 
 standard designed to have been set up by the lafri' lvin<; .lames; and 
 yet in this whole action it was very remarkable, that the English lost 
 not one man, and had only lour or five wounded. 
 
 In Ireland affairs proceeded very successfully, for May II, the 
 strong garrison of Charlemont surrendered upon articles, the Gover- 
 nor Teage of Regan, and the Irish, about eight hundred strong, 
 having almost consumed all their provisions, marched out, leaving a 
 good quantity of ammunition, seventeen brass cannon, and two mor- 
 tars. The King now resolved, if possible, to make a sudden re- 
 duction of Ireland, that it might no longer be a diversion from his 
 attacking the French vigorously in Flanders; and in pursuit of this 
 magnanimous design, his Majesty concluded to go thither in person, 
 by his presence and conduct to facilitate the same, and accordinglv, 
 June 4, 1690, with a splendid equipage, par*jed from Whitehall, 
 and coming to Chester, embarked on the fleet attending him, and 
 June 14, landed at Ciirickfergns, being received by Duke Schomberg, 
 the army and all the Protestants, with general jo} , and loud accla- 
 mations; and from thence his Majesty marched with his forces in 
 two bodies, and encamped at Dundalk, intending to go for Dublin, 
 or else oblige the enemy to a battle, which the late King .Fames w as 
 aware of, and therefore with his army, which consisted of about 
 thirty-six thousand Irish and French, besides fifteen thousand in 
 garrisons. He marched from Dublin towards Drogheda, but seemed 
 to distrust his success, for to provide for the worst, he sent an order 
 to Waterford, to prepare ships for carrying him off. June 3\, King 
 William resolving to force the enemy to fight or retreat, marched by 
 break of day from his camp at Ardee toward Drogheda, and found 
 the Irish army encamped along the river Boyne, above the town; 
 and according to his usual conduct, with undaunted resolution, he 
 passed the river, notwithstanding the utmost opposition of the enemy, 
 and fell upon them with such fury, that in a few hours their whole 
 army were utterly routed and dispersed, about three thousand being 
 killed, and divers prisoners of note taken, most of the enemy's bag- 
 gage, as chariots, tents, arms, cannon, ammunition and provisions, 
 and some money falling into the hands of our soldiers. The late 
 King Jemes, who had stood at a distance to see the light, perceiving 
 the defeat of his forces, Hed with all speed toward Dublin, with a 
 very few attendants, and having staid there one night, filling the 
 
126 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 place with fear and confusion, upon an alarm that King William was 
 on his way thither, accompanied witli the Duke of Berwick, the 
 Marquis of Povvis, and some others, he left the city, and hastened 
 to Waterford, where a bhip lay ready for him, having neither slept 
 nor eai till he got out to sea, and stood away for France. Upon 
 this the Protestants at Dublin, who were imprieoned, had their li- 
 berty, and a few days after the King arrived there, to the unspeak- 
 able joy of the people. The loss of the Fnglish in obtaining this 
 great victory was not considerable, only Duke Schomberg and 
 Doctor Walker were both slain. After this^, Waterford, Wexford, 
 and several other places were reduced, and upon a proclamation of 
 pardon, many of the Irish laid down their arms, and returned to 
 their former places of abode. 
 
 This glorious success was somewhat clouded nearer home, for the 
 French King, to favour his design in Ireland, had now set forth tlie 
 greatest fleet that ever sailed on the ocean out of France, and stood 
 toward our coast, as if they designed to fight our navy under the 
 Earl of Torrington, who, June ^4, sailed from St. Helens toward 
 them. They were seen the night before off Freshwater Gate, in the 
 Isle of Wight; but the wind taking them short, the Admiral came 
 to an anchor off Dunnose, five leagues off the French, so that a 
 battle was soon expected, which the enemy did not seem to decline ; 
 the English seamen were also full of courage, and desirous to en- 
 gage : but the French being much stronger both for number and 
 bigness of ships, consisting of eighty-tAVO men of war, besides fire- 
 ships and tenders, it was not thought fit to fight in the o|>en sea, so 
 that the Earl of Torrington avoided it, till he came to Bevesire, off 
 Beachy, which was favourable for his purpose, and there he re- 
 ceived the Queen's orders not to delay engaging, if the wind and 
 weather would permit, which was the reason that we went to seek 
 the enemy, who expected us in order of battle, and about nine in 
 the morning the engagement began. The Dutch that had the van- 
 guard frought bravely, and both sides fired desperately three hours, 
 till the French, not liking their entertainment, bore away with all 
 speed; but about one o'clock there happened a calm, which not only 
 prevented the Hollander's pursuit, but put them into a little disorder. 
 The French not being able to get away, were constrained to begin 
 the fight again, which lasted till five in the evening with extraordi- 
 nary fury. As for the English, some few fought well ; but the Ad- 
 miral's unexpf^cted standing away prevented them from seconding 
 the Dutch, so that the rest stood lookers on, while the main body of 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. 127 
 
 the French fell into the rear of the Dutch, who havini>: foui^ht from 
 morning' till night, and defended themselves so long against a pro- 
 digious number of the enemy that assailed them on every side, they 
 were so much battered, that hardly three were Cxipable of making 
 any defence, which constrained them to make their way through the 
 French fleet to the coast of England. The Hollanders lost two 
 Admirals and a Captain; and some of their ships, that could not be 
 got off, were burnt. The English lost two sea, and two niarine 
 Captains. Admiral Evertson declared that all the Dn(ch ollicers 
 and seamen had done their duties; and had ours engaged heartily, 
 no doubt the French had gone home in a worse condition than the 
 Spaniards did in 1588. AtW the fight, the French lleet sailed wtst- 
 vvard, and sent their boats ashore at Teignmouth, a small village of 
 fishermen's cots, which they set on fire, with two or three small 
 vessels in the harbour, and stealing a few slieep, after having lain 
 some time on our coast to little purpose, they returned to Brest. 
 
 At the time the French lay otf the coasts of Kent, one Godfrey 
 Cross, an innkeeper in that county, was seen to go on board one of 
 their boats, which carried him to the fleet, whereupon, at his re- 
 turn, he was seized, and treasonable letters being found about him 
 he was committed prisoner, and soon after tried for high treason at 
 the King's Bench bar, Westminster, and being convicted was 
 hanged and quartered for the same, and care was taken by her Ma- 
 jestj^, in whom the regency resided during the King's absence, to 
 put the militia of the counties into such a posture, as to defeat any 
 evil designs of the enemies to the government, and the militia of 
 London, consisting of about ten thousand men, made a gallant ap- 
 pearance before her Majesty at Hyde Park, and declared their cheer- 
 ful resolution to defend their Majesties and the government against 
 all its opponents, and the whole militia of England, computed to 
 be about one hundred and fifty thousand, horse and foot, shewed 
 the same forwardness. Upon complaint against the Earl of Tor- 
 rington for the miscarriage of the fleet, he was committed by the 
 council to the Tower. After the French had quitted our coasts and 
 were gone into harbour, the militia were discharged, and all dili- 
 gence was used to repair and equip the fleet for sea. 
 
 About this time we had news of the great success of the English 
 against the French in the West Indies, having beaten them out of 
 St. Christopher's, and many other considerable places, and taken 
 great booties of cattle, corn, and other stores and provisions, and 
 that we had reduced the fort in the island of Statie, and two of our- 
 
128 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 privateers falling: in with twelve Prench merchantmen bound for Str 
 Maloes, under the convoy of a frigate of twelve guns, took four 
 of them, forcing the rest on shore about Cherbourg, where they 
 were all shipwrecked, except the frigate, and most of the men 
 drowned. 
 
 The rebels in Scotland, promising themselves great advantages 
 from til e French being on our coasts, and being deceived by false 
 reports, fifteen hundred of them got together in the county of Mur- 
 ray, under Buchan and Cannon, threatening the people to burn and 
 destroy their houses and goods if they did not join with them ; but 
 Sir Thomas Levingstone advancing, by speedy marches, came upon 
 them so surprisingly, that they made little resistance, but fled with 
 all imaginable confusion, and being pursued, four hundred of them 
 were killed, and the rest totally routed and taken prisoners, with 
 a great quantity of claret and other provisions, and a great number 
 of officers were brought to Edinburgh and committed to the Tol- 
 booth. Soon after, the remaining rebels who escaped, designed 
 to have surprized the garrison of Inverness, but were happily pre- 
 vented and defeated by the Earl of Drumlanerigand Major- General 
 Mackay. 
 
 In Ireland, the King having secured Dublin in safe hands, caused 
 his army to march towards Limerick, where Tyrconnel and Lauzun 
 had drawn together the late King's broken forces, and having made 
 their approaches, against all opposition, his Majesty ordered the 
 trenches to be opened, and planted several batteries of cannon, 
 which made great breaches in the walls, and a general assault was 
 expected, but on August 28, at night, the rains fell so excessively, 
 that the rivers overflowed, and the garrison being extremely strong, 
 the King, to spare his men, and to avoid the many inconveniences 
 of the approaching season, was pleased to order the raising the 
 siege, and refer the reducing the city till a more favourable oppor- 
 tunity ; after which his Majesty returned for England, and was 
 received with all imaginable expressions of joy throughout the 
 kingdom. 
 
 About this time a fleet was prepared by his Majesty's order, con- 
 sisting of thirty-two English, and twenty-eight Dutch men of war, 
 on board of whom were embarked eiglit regiments of foot, besides 
 the marine regiments, commanded by the Earl of Marlborough as 
 General, and Mr. Trelawney as Major-.General, who, on the 21st 
 of September, arrived at Cork, in Ireland, which was obliged to 
 surrender upon articles, and soon after Kingsale ran the same fate. 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. iJi) 
 
 An horrible design of the Irish was now discovered to have set the 
 city of Dublin on fire, but it was happily discovered and prevented. 
 
 In October the parliament met again at Westminster, and con- 
 gratulated his Majesty's safe return, and likewise rcturiied theii 
 humble acknowledgments to her Majesty for her goodness, wisdom, 
 and courage, manifested in the greatest dangers, even >\hen a 
 powerful enemy was upon the coasts. The Earl of Torrington was 
 tried on board the Kent, in the river Medway, by a jury of sea 
 captains, and, after a long hearing of the witnesses and his defence, 
 upon a long debate, he was acquitted. The parliament continued 
 to sit, and passed many acts, both for supplying his Majesty for the 
 war and settling the kingdom, to whom the King gave an account, 
 that the posture of affairs abroad required his presence at the 
 Hague; and, accordingly, on the 6th of January, his Majesty left 
 Wliitehall, attended by the great officers of his household, and di- 
 vers others of the nobility and gentry, and soon after arrived in 
 Holland, though with some difficulty, by reason of the ice. At the 
 Hague his Majesty was received with great joy, which they ex- 
 pressed by erecting several triumphal arches, redounding to the 
 glory of his gallant achievements, since his Majesty left that country. 
 
 And now a conspiracy was discovered, managed by several per- 
 sons, for introducing our former bondage and slavery, and the Lord 
 Preston, John Ashton, and Edmond Eliot were seized, as they were 
 designing to go for France, with letters and papers of pernicious 
 consequence ; and on the 17th of January the Lord Preston was tried 
 for high treason at the Old Bailey, and two days after Mr. Ashton, 
 who were both found guilty; and Mr. Ashton was executed for the 
 same, but the^Lord Preston was reprieved, together with one Crone, 
 formerly sentenced upon the same account, and the trial of Eliot 
 was deferred ; after which a proclamation was issued out, for appre- 
 hending Dr. Turner, late bishop of Ely, William Pen, and James 
 Graham, Esquires. 
 
 The Duke of Savoy, whose family had for above an hundred 
 years past been trampled on by France, and would at this day have 
 been entirely enslaved by that King, took this favourable occasion to 
 set himself at liberty, while all Europe almost lends him a helping 
 hand, and thereupon some months since he declared openly against 
 that crown, and released and gave liberty to all his Protestant sub- 
 jects, and entertained them into his service, entering likewise into 
 the confederacy with the Princes and states of Christendom, now in 
 arms to reduce that grand usurper to reason, and incapacitate him 
 
130 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 from beins^any lono^er dangerous (o his neighbours. And in the latter 
 end of 1690, his Highness sent an envoy to congratulate their Ma- 
 jesties accession to the throne, and to express his passionate desire 
 to unite himself to his Majesty's friendship, by an indissoluble 
 union. 
 
 Upon the King's arrival at the Hague, several Princes daily came 
 thither, as well to have the honour to wait upon his Majesty, as to 
 confer about the state of affairs. March 5, the King, accompanied 
 by the Duke of Zell, and several of his own nobility, departed for 
 Loo, and by the way had news that the French had invested the city 
 of Mons the day before; upon which his Majesty ordered the Dutch 
 troops to march immediately into Flanders, to the general rendez- 
 vous, and soon after followed in person, being received in the camp 
 with extraordinary joy, that they should fight under the banners of 
 so undaunted a Prince. The French King arrived before the town 
 five days after the siege began, having amassed all his forces toge- 
 ther upon this enterprize, leaving only sufliicient to defend their gar- 
 risons, so that by their continual firing and attacks, and the folly of 
 the burghers, who would not admit above six thousand men into the 
 town, whereas they ought to have had at least four thousand horse, 
 and ten thousand foot. This important place was taken in eight 
 day's time, the Governor not being able to make such vigorous 
 sailys as he might have done, because he was willing to spare his 
 men ; but tlie burghers being by this means stronger than the garri- 
 son, obliged the Prince of Berghes to a surrender, before the confe- 
 derates could possibly have leisure to relieve the town. After which 
 the French King returned to Versailles, and King William came 
 back to England, viewing some part of the fleet in his return, and 
 arrived safe at Whitehall, where his Majesty nominated several new 
 Bishops to succeed those that had forfeited their bishopricks, by re- 
 fusing to swear allegiance to their Majesties. He likewise took a 
 view of the troops that were to go to Flanders ; and having provided 
 for the security of the kingdom, and happily settled all aflfiiirs in 
 Scoland and Ireland, his Majesty declared his resolution of return- 
 ing into Flanders, and arrived May 2, 1691, in the army encamped 
 within two miles of Brussels, being about seventy thousand strong, 
 and the French under the Duke of Luxemburg no less numerous. 
 And in July Rillimorc and Athlone, in Ireland, were taken by Ge- 
 neral Ginkle, and t'le Prince of Wirtemburg. Monsieur St. Ruth, 
 the French King's General, being killed in the great battle at Affram 
 soon after, with the loss of seven thousand of the Irish, and the 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. i.^i 
 
 taking of Galloway, which followed, with most of the other forts, 
 and castles, and towns, except Limerick, which was alno invested 
 the latter end of August; upon which Lieutenant (General Sarsficld, 
 who was retired to the mountains with four thousand \u,r*>o and dra- 
 goons, resolved to return to that city, hut was met hv (ieneral 
 Ginkle, and a party of the English, who so vigorously charo-ed 
 them, that they instantly fled, and were pursued to the very gates 
 of the town, above six hundred Irish being slain, and seventy 
 officers taken prisoners. The besieged seeing themselves shut up 
 w ithin the walls of one single town, which was now almost battered 
 down about their ears, hopeless of succour, and reduced to the last 
 extremities, October 13, surrendered up Limerick upon articles, 
 whereby all Ireland was wholly reduced to their Majesties obedience! 
 
 In Flanders, September 19, there happened an engagement be- 
 tween the French and confederate armies, in the absence of the Kin"- 
 of England, who finding he could not oblige the enemy to a battle*, 
 departed to Brussels, and from thence to Loo, in order to his return 
 for England, leaving the command of the army to Prince Waldeck, 
 who decamping from Leuse to retire to Cambron, the enemy having 
 notice thereof, detached about thirty squadrons, who marched ail 
 night; and by the favour of a thick mist, unexpectedly fell upon 
 fifteen squadrons of the confederates rear guard. The conflict was 
 very sharp, and though inferior in number, yet the allies made a 
 vigorous defence, till several other regiments came up to their re- 
 lief, which caused the enemy to retreat. The French lost near seven 
 hundred men, with many officers, and the confederates about the 
 same number; after which, both armies went into winter quarters. 
 
 The English and Holland fleets, under the command of Admiral 
 Russell, had in vain sought to engage the French this summer at sea, 
 and having lain some time on the coast of Ireland, to prevent the 
 French from sending forces thither, came now into harbour, after a 
 very tempestuous season, and the Holland fleet separated, and 
 safely arrived in their several ports, and the French fleet returned 
 to Brest. His Majesty being returned to England, October 19. and 
 the Parliament sitting, the King declared himself to them, who 
 thereupon unanimously resolved to raise such supplies as should en- 
 able him to continue the war with France; and in March fi^llowijig, 
 his Majesty arrived again in Holland, and from thence went to Loo, 
 where several Princes met him, to concert the afl'airs of the n»^xt 
 campaign. He having an army of thirty thousand English in I'lan- 
 ders this summer, March 26, 1692, the Elector of Bavaria, who wii*^ 
 
 s 2 
 
132 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 made Governor of the Spanish Netherlands during life, arrived at 
 Brussels, being received there with much joy and solemnity. 
 
 His Majesty having designed to make a descent upon France this 
 summer, the news so alarmed the French King, that he resolved to 
 land some forces in England, and King James at the head of them; 
 some Jacobites and discontented people here having given him as- 
 surance of joining with him upon his landing, to which end the 
 French King supplied ships, troops, and Louis d'ors, so that no- 
 thing was wanting but to cross the sea, and a squadron of sixteen ships 
 and two bombing vessels were fitting at Toulon, under Count d'Estree, 
 to convoy the transport ships thither, under the protection of the 
 French fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Tourville in the Channel, 
 to prevent the joining of the Dutch and English fleets, and to fight 
 all that should oppose their passage ; but Providence ordered the 
 winds and rocks to fight d'Estree, he losing two of his largest ships 
 near Centa, on the coast of Africa, and the rest, miserably shattered, 
 went to Portugal to refit, so that instead of being at Brest the begin- 
 ning of April, he did not arrive there till the beginning of July, and 
 came a minute too late, as he said, to join Tourville. The Queen of 
 England, upon notice of the embarking of so many men, gave out 
 all necessary orders for securing the coasts, and several horses were 
 seized, whose owners designed to have joined the enemy upon their 
 descent, which was intended to have been about Portsmouth and the 
 Isle of Wight. King James with his Irish forces were come to 
 Cherbourg, upon the coast of Normandy, and Monsieur Tourville 
 had great confidence in the courage of his French mariners, upon 
 King James's assurance that the English would not fight, but be 
 spectators only. 
 
 The English and Dutch fleets being happily joined, without any 
 obstruction from the enemy, Admiral Russell set sail from St. Fle- 
 lens, and on the 19th of May got sight of the French fleet near 
 Cape iiarfleur. Admiral Tourville, having the wind, hastened up to 
 the English, but the wind slackening, the French vanguard of fif- 
 teen great men of war could not come up to the English till eleven 
 next morning. Five of the fifteen did their duty, but the other ten 
 kept out of cannon shot. The Dutch were not able to come up, the 
 wind being in their teeth. The fight lasted between them that 
 could engage about three hours, and then the French made all the 
 sail they could to get away, and the Dutch had much ado to turn 
 their ships to follow them, by reason of the calm, during which the 
 two main bodies of the fleet laboured to the utmost to come up with 
 
KING WILLIAM AND QUEEN MARY. 13:^ 
 
 the enemy, and being happily not up with them enga;^ed resolutely 
 for four hours, and then Tourville, as his vanguard had done before, 
 retreated with all speed, and, by the tUvour of a mist, got out of 
 sight. In the afternoon the English blue squadron, which could not 
 come up for the calm, fell upon the French blue squadrou, where 
 the most obstinate fight was maintained, till the night and mists 
 gave opportunity to the enemy to hasten toward their own coasts. 
 The next day being clear. Admiral Russell discovered them two 
 leagues off, but could not come up, by reason of a sudden mist. 
 About eleven at night the French weighed anchor by moon-light, 
 and the confederates pursued them, who, to save themselves, ven- 
 tured among the rocks of Jersey and Guernsey. On the ^Ist of 
 May the admiral, discovering several men of war upon a bank, 
 near Cape Barfleur, detached Vice-Admiral Delaval, with eight 
 or nine vessels and three lire ships, to set fire to them, which next 
 day was happily effected. The Royal Sun, that maijnihcent ship, 
 commanded by Admiral Tourville, which was the wonder of the 
 world, both for the exquisiteness of her carving and the beauty of 
 her shape, being twenty years in building, by the most skilful 
 shipwrights in Europe, carrying one hundred and ten guns, the Ad- 
 mirable, of one hundred and two, and the vStrong, of eightv guns, 
 with two less frigates and three transport ships, were all sacrificed 
 to the flames, and the next day twelve more were burnt in a bay 
 behind the Isle of Aldernay, and this without the loss of one Eng- 
 lish or Dutch ship; the rest of the French fleet fled to Brest, St. 
 Maloes, and other ports, to secure themselves. King James was 
 upon a hill, and through a perspective glass saw the flght; and, 
 upon the first firing of the English, he declared, that it was onU a 
 signal for them to come over to the French; but he soon found him- 
 self deceived, and that it was Admiral Russell he had to do withal, 
 and that the intrigues of his Jacobites had not succeeded. Thus it 
 pleased heaven to crown their Majesties navy with a glorious vic- 
 tory, and to preserve us from the chains prepared for us by the two 
 dear allies; for notwithstanding the specious declaration published 
 by King James, upon his assurance of being restored, yet we have 
 all the reason in the world to believe, his pardon w ould not have 
 secured the nation from Popish vengeance, but that we should have 
 all felt the utmost effects of his rage and fury, as well a^ thf ho- 
 nourable^ and worthy persons following, whom he excluded from all 
 hopes of mercy, that is, the Duke of Ormond, the Marquis of Win- 
 chester; the Earls of, Sunderland, Bath, Danby, and Nottingham: 
 
13i THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the Lords Newport, Delamere,- Wiltshire, Colchester, Cornburjr, 
 Dumblane, and. Churciull ; the bishops of St. Asaph and London; 
 Dr. Tillotson and Dr. Burnet; Knights, Sir Ro. Howard, Sir J. 
 Worden, Sir S. Grimston, Sir S. Fox, Sir George Trehy, Sir Basil 
 Dixwel, and Sir John Oxenden ; Enquires, F. Russel, H. Levison, 
 J. Trenchard, C. Duncomb, citizens of London; Edwards, Naple- 
 ton, and Hunt, fishermen, with all others that offered indignities 
 to him at Feversham, with Ashton and Crosse's judges and jury- 
 men ; also all spies, and those that have betrayed his councils in liis 
 absence. 
 
 May 15, 1692, the French army, after having made many marches 
 and countermarches, invested the strong fortress of Namur, being 
 encouraged thereto by the treaclierous Baroa de Bersey, who, being- 
 born a subject of Spain, and having received some disgust from 
 that court, was corrupted by the French, and, making his escape 
 out of the town, informed the enemy of the condition thereof, 
 which he had got full information of by his intimacy with the go* 
 vernor, the Prince of Brabancon, so as to inform them of the test 
 places for the attack, which was strong and yet weak, so that the 
 town surrendered in five days : and awhile after William's fort and 
 castle were likewise delivered up. It is very well known, that the 
 King of England took all the pains imaginable, to get his army of 
 several nations together before the siege ; and tlmt the Duke of Lux- 
 emburg, who lay with a strong detachment to cover the besiegers, 
 used all manner of caution to avoid a battle, by encamping in places 
 where he could not be assaulted, being sufficiently acquaijited with 
 the temper of King William, to whom it was natural to despise dan- 
 ger, and who pushed on the relief of the place to the utmost; for as 
 soon as he came to Mehaine, he instantly caused bridges to be built 
 in the night to cross the river next morning, and to attack Duke 
 Luxemburg in the morasses, which he had certainly done, if a very 
 extraordinary rain had not fallen, and if all the Generals had not 
 unanimously dissuaded him from it, because of the impossibility of 
 forminii a line of battle in a place so full of water. After the surren- 
 der of Namur, the King b' ing informed that the Duke of Luxem- 
 burg was upon his march from Enguien, resolved to advance, with 
 all >^peed, to the same place, but the French got there belbre him, 
 and posted themselves between that place and Steinkerken, among 
 hedges and woods : however, King Williani resolved to attack him 
 there, which much surprized Luxemburg, Avho, upon view of the 
 advantageous situation of his camp, had said, " That none but an 
 
KING AVILLTAM AND QUEEN MARY. 133 
 
 Alexander or a Caesar durst attack him in that place;" but it was 
 William the Great who ixMlormed that part, ;ind marching silrntl^y 
 all nio-ht, tell upon the French with such tury next inornini^, that, 
 in a tew hours, above seven thousand of the ent my were shiin, with 
 a great number of nobility and ofiicers, and al'terwards retreated at 
 leisure, the French not havin"' the courage to Ibliow theuj, so that 
 the attack and retreat were equally glorious, the King having ex- 
 posed himself amidst the cannon and musket shots where the fight 
 was hottest, riding continually fron^ one end to the other to give 
 necessary orders, so that it was next to a nnracle that his sacred 
 person was preserved among so many imniinent dangers. Thus his 
 Majesty gloriously ended this campaign by a signal victory over 
 the French at sea, and by having several times braved his enemies 
 by lajid, harassing them by his continual marc'»es, and attacking 
 them in their entrenchnients, seeking only an oj^portunity of putting 
 an end to the war by a general battle, and so to procure to Europe 
 a solid and durable peace. 
 
 On the contrary, the French King dares never to appear at the 
 head of his troops, but endeavours to niake himseH' renowned by 
 treachery, and violation of oaths; these are his fortress; and as- 
 sassinations, and poisonings are crimes, which in that court are not 
 prohibited, witness the valet de chambrewho poisoned the Duke of 
 Lorrain ; the French cook, who, at the instigation of the French 
 ambassador, poisoned Mr. Harbord, at lielgrade, for being vigorous 
 in procuring a peace betwixt tlie Emperor and the Turks: and, 
 lastly, the Sieur de Granval, who, with some others, was hired by 
 the Marquis of Barbesieux, secretary to the French King, to murder 
 King William, being also encouraged thereto by King .James and 
 his Queen, who told him, " If you and the rest do me this service, 
 you shall never want:" but this horrid villainy being happily disco- 
 vered, (jrranval was, about this time, deservedly executed for the 
 same. In October, his Majesty returned again to England, and the 
 parliament being met, he made a gracious speech to them, after 
 whicli they unanimously voted a supply of near live millions, for 
 carrying on a vigorous war against France. 
 
 Having thus given a brief account of the most considerable trans- 
 actions in these kingdoms, till the beginning of the year 1693, and 
 the fifth of their Majesties happy reign, I shall here conclude, and 
 that they may continue to reign long and prosperously over us, 
 ought to be the prayer of every good Protestant tliroughout the^^t 
 three nations. 
 
136 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Oy Names of Persons. 
 
 Adolphus, of Nassau, 6 
 Albert, Archduke, ^0 
 Albert, John, Count of Solms, 2^ 
 Albeville, Marquis de, 51, 52, 55 
 Allemond, Vice-Admiral, 53 
 Alva, Duke of, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 
 Alvarez, 7 
 
 Anastro, Caspar de, 14 
 Anglesey, 73 
 Angus, Earl of, 1 19 
 Anhault, J. G. Duke of, 23 
 Anjou and Alenson, Duke of, 10, 
 
 13, 15, 16 
 Ann, Princess of Denmark, 103 
 Arembergh, Count, 6 
 Argyle, Earl of, 51, 111, 112 
 Arran, Earl of, 89 
 Ashbj, Colonel, 37 
 Ashby, Capt. 116 
 Ashton, John, 129 
 Austria, Don John of, 9, 10 
 Avaux, Count de, 48 
 Aylesbury, Lord, 87 
 Aylmer, Capt. 116 
 Bakor, Major, 120, 121 
 Balcarris, Lord, 116, 117 
 
 Balfour, Lieutenant-Colonel, 117 
 Barlemont, Count, 4 
 Barnevvell, 23 
 
 Bartard, Henry, of Castille, II 
 Bath, Earl of, 64, 77, 133 
 Bavaria, Duke of, 115^ 131 
 Bentwick, the Sieur, 62 
 Berghen, Prince of, 130 
 Bergnes, Count Henry of, 21 
 Berwick, Duke of, 78, 93, 122, 
 
 126 
 Berry, 120 
 
 Bersey, Baron de, 134 
 Beverning, Monsieur, 24 
 Biron, Count, 16 
 Bourbon, Eleonora, 19 
 Brabancon, Prince of, 21 
 Brabant, Duke of, 12 
 Brandenburg, Frederic William, 
 
 Elector of, 23, 34, 44, 46, 
 
 59 
 Brandenburg, Duke of, 35 
 Brown, John, 104 
 Bucan, Colonel, 124, 125, 128 
 Burnet, Dr. Gilbert, Bishop of 
 
 Salisbury, 64, 65, 107, 134 
 
INDEX OF NAMES (3F PERSONS. 
 
 157 
 
 Calvo, 36 
 
 Cambridge, Vice Chancellor of, 
 
 54 
 Campbell, Lieutenant, 81 
 Cannon, Colonel, 118, 119, 122, 
 
 124 
 Canterbury, Archbishop of, 54, 
 
 67, 72, 73 
 Cardross, 11 
 Castillon, Admiral, 3, 7 
 Castlemain, Earl Of, 53 
 Catlierina, 23 
 Catinat, Monsieur, 51 
 Collier, Mrs. 57 
 Chalon, Philibert, Prince of 
 
 Orange, 2 
 Chamilly, Marquis of, 34 
 Charles 1. K. 22 
 Charles II. K. 26, 38, 41, 43, 51, 
 
 124 
 Charles V.K. 2, 10, 11 
 Churchill, Lord, 78, 79, 134 
 Clarendon, Earl of, 53 
 Claudia (Sister to^ the Prince of 
 
 Orange) 2 
 Claverhouse, 116 
 Cleland, Lieutenant Col. 119 
 Colchester, Lord, 75, 134 
 Cologne, Elector of, SO 
 Cologni, Admiral, 7 
 Colognv, Lovise de, 15 
 Conde,*^Prince of, 19, 28, 31, 32, 
 
 33, 35, 45 
 Copley, Colonel, Deputy Gover- 
 nor of Hull, 77 
 Cornbury, Lord, 78, 134 
 Cottrell, Sir Charles, 111 
 Courland, Prince of, 34 
 Crequi, Monsieur, 35, 36, 39 
 Crone, 129 
 Cross, Godfrey, 127 
 
 Culenburgh, Count, 5 
 Cunningham, Capt. 120 
 Ualrymple, Sir John, 111 
 D'Avaux, Monsieur, 59 
 Danby, Earl of, 77, 133 
 Delabody, Mr. 90 
 Delamere, Lord, 75, 77, 87, 134 
 Delaval, Vice-Admiral, 133 
 Denmark, King of, 44 
 Denmark, Queen of, 122 
 Denmark, William, Prince of, 122 
 Denmark, Princess of, 58, 78, 
 
 80, 122, 123 
 Denmark, George, Prince of, 78 
 Dixwel, Sir B. 134 
 Douglas, Lieutenant, J 20 
 Drumlanering, Earl of, 128 
 Dumblane, Earl of, 134 
 Dumferling, Earl of, 118, lid 
 Duncomb, C. Esq. 134 
 Dundee, Viscount, 111, 116, 118 
 Egmont, Count, 3, 4, 5 
 Elector Palatine, 1 15 
 Eliot, Edmund, 129 
 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 
 
 13, 19 
 Ely, Bishop of, 73, 86 
 Engilbert, 1 
 Everston, Admiral, 127 
 Exeter, Bishop of, 81 
 Fagel, Jasper, 24 
 Fagel, Monsieur, 26 
 Fagel, Minheer, 55 
 Fairfax, Lord, 77 
 Farieux, Monsieur, 28 
 Fenwick, Colonel, 37 
 Feurarier, Lady, 58 
 Feversham, Earl of, 40, 78, 84, 
 
 87,91 
 Florence, Duke of, 85 
 Foxe, Sir Stephen, 48, 134 
 
138 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Francis I. 2 
 Francis, Alban, 54 
 Furstemburgh, Cardinal, 59 
 Gerrard, Baltazar, 17 
 Ginkle, General, 130 
 Gloucester, Duke of, 35 
 Godolphin, Lord, 81, 82, 88 
 Gordon, Duke of, 109, 118 
 Graham, J. Esq. 129 
 Grana, Marquis, Governor of 
 
 Flanders, 48 
 Granville, Cardinal, 3, 4, 5, 11 
 Grimston, Sir S. 134 
 Grovelin, Governor of, 14 
 Guise, Duke of, 7 
 Gujon, Francis, 16 
 Hacket, Captain, 119 
 Hales, Sir Edward, 81 
 Halifax, Marquis of, 81, 82, 87, 
 
 98 
 Hamilton, Duke of, 97, 112, 118 
 Head, Sir Richard, 89 
 Hein, Vice-Admiral, 21 
 Henrietta, 23 
 
 Henrj' III. King of France, 10 
 Henry IV. 45 
 Henry Frederick, of Nassau, 
 
 Prince of Orange, 15, 21 
 Henry, Prince, 2, 8, 22, 23 
 Henry, Prince William, 23 
 Herbert, Admiral, 63, 116 
 Hermosa, Duke de Villa, 35, 36, 
 
 37 
 Hicks, Captain, 64 
 Hollo way, Judge, 58 
 Horn, Count, 3, 5 
 Howard, Sir J. 134 
 Humienes, Marshal de, 30, 36, 
 
 44 
 Huntington, Earl of, 77 
 
 Hunt, Edward, 134 
 Ingoldsby, Colonel, 12S 
 Isabella, the Infanta, 19 
 James, King, 51, 60 
 James II. King, 99, 100, 101, 
 
 105, 108, 115, 116, 117, 120, 
 
 125, 132, 135 
 James VII. King, 111 
 Jefferies, Chancellor, 81 
 Joanille, 14 
 
 Kirk, Major General, 121 
 L'Abadie, Lady, 58, 61 
 Lanier, Sir John, 118 
 Langdale, Lord, 77 
 Lauzan, 128 
 Leicester, Earl of, 20 
 Leige, Bishop of, 115 
 Levingstone, Sir Thomas, 124, 
 
 128 
 Levison, R. Esq. 134 
 Lewis, Prince, 4, 6, 8 
 Lochelly, Lord of, 122 
 Lochone, Lord, 117 
 Lodowick, Count of, 4 
 London, Lord Bishop of, 53, 54, 
 
 122, 134 
 Louis Xlll. 45 
 Louis XIV. 45,115 
 Lovelace, Lord, 75 
 Lovison, 23 
 Lucas, Lord, 85 
 Lundy, Colonel, 120 
 Luxemburg, Duke of, 27, 28, 
 
 30,38,39,41,42, 130, 134 
 Mackav, Major General, 64, 
 
 116,*^ 118, 119 
 Maraow, General, 120 
 Mansfield, Count, 20 
 Margaret, of Austria, 3 
 Marlborough, Earl of, 128 
 
INDEX OF NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 139 
 
 Mary, Queen, 103, 104, 107, 111, 
 115, 119, 123, 126 
 
 Mary, Princess, 22 
 
 Matthias, Archduke, 11 
 
 Maurice, of Nassau, Prince of 
 Orange, 19, 20, 21 
 
 Maximilian, King of the Ro- 
 mans, 1 
 
 Melfort, Secretary, 116 
 
 Middleton, 87, 88 
 
 Molineux, Lord, 77 
 
 Montal, Count, 39 
 
 Monterey, Count de, 31 
 
 Montgomery, Lord, 77 
 
 Montgomery, Sir James, 111 
 
 Monmouth, Duke of, 41, 51, 105 
 
 Montmorency, Count de, 35 
 
 Mordaunt, Lord, 64 
 
 Moscovy, Envoy of, 48 
 
 Munster, Bishop oi\ 27, 28, 30, 
 115 
 
 Napleton, Edward, 134 
 
 Nassau, Henry, 2 
 
 Nassau, Count John of, 21, 23 
 
 Nassau, Philip William of, 18 
 
 Newberg, Duke of, 115 
 
 Newport, Lord, 134 
 
 Nottingham, Earl of, 81, 82, 
 133 
 
 Orange, Prince William of, 2, 
 3,4,5,6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 
 15, 18 
 
 Orange, Princess Mary of, 40, 55, 
 100 
 
 Orleans, Duke of, 36, 38 
 
 Orleans, Duchess of, 36, 38 
 Ormond, Duke of, 133 
 Ossory, Earl of, 52 
 Otho, Count of Nassau, 1 
 Overkirk, Monsieur, 42, 62 
 Oxenden, Sir J. 134 
 
 T 2 
 
 Palatine, Count, 8 
 
 Parma. Duke of, 19 
 
 Parma, Prince of, 15, 17 
 
 Pedro, Don, 11 
 
 Pembroke, Earl of, 86, 122 
 
 Pen, W. Esq. J 29 
 
 Peters, Father, 81, 83 
 
 Philip, King, 3,5, 8, 9, 11, IS, 
 
 19 
 Philip, Archduke, 1 
 Powis, Marquis of, 126 
 Powel, Judge, 58 
 Powle, Henry, Esq. 94, 98 
 Preston, Lord, 129 
 Rabenhaupt, General, 34 
 Requesones, Lewis, 8, 9 
 Revens, Prince of Orange, 2 
 Rochefort, Marquis of, 35 
 Rochester, Bishop of, 73 
 Rodolphus, Enipcror of Ger- 
 many, 10, IJ, 115 
 Rosen, General, 121 
 Ross, Lord, 111 
 Russell, Admiral, 131, 132, 133 
 Russell, T. Esq. 134^ 
 Ruth, Monsieur, St. 130 
 Sarsfield, General, 81, 131 
 Savoy, Duke of, 51, 129 
 Saxony, Prince Elector of, 53 
 
 Schomberg, Marshal, 36, 62, 78, 
 119, 121, 125, 126 
 
 Scott, Sir Edward, 93 
 
 Sharp, Rev. Dr. 53 
 
 Sheldon, Mr. Ralph, 90 
 
 Shovel, Captain, 116 
 
 Shrewsbury, Lord, 87 
 
 Simeren, Duke of, 23 
 
 Skelton, Colonel Beril, SI, 85 
 
 Solmes, Count, 62 
 
 Souches, General, 31, 33 
 
 Spain, King of, 10, 1J5 
 
140 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Spain, Queen of, 124 
 Spinola, Marquis, S?2 
 St. Asaph, Bishop of, IH 
 Steward, James, 55, 56 
 Stirura, Count, 62 
 Sunderland, Eai4 of, 133 
 Swartzenburg", Countess of, 17 
 Teage, Governor of Regan, 125 
 Theresa, Maria, 22 
 Tillotson, Dr. 134 
 Torrington, Earl of, 116, 126, 
 
 127, 129 
 TourviDe, Vice- Admiral, I3f, 
 
 133 
 Trebj, Sir George, Recorder of 
 
 London, 89, 134 
 Trelawney, Major-General, 128 
 Trenchard, J. Esq. 134 
 Tromp, Admiral, 22 j 
 
 Turenne, General, 35 
 Turner, Dr. 129 
 Tjrconnel, Earl of, 53, 99, 108, 
 
 128 
 Vaudemont, Prince de, 31 
 Vir, Colonel Paine, 27 
 Vranden, Countess of, 1 
 WaldecJ^^ Count, 31, 34, 40 
 
 Walker, Dr. 120, 126 
 Ward, Dr. Seth, 107 
 Webb, Cornet, 81 
 Weddrington, 37 
 Weymouth, Lord, 86 
 William, Earl of Nassau, 2 
 William, Count of Bergen, 7 
 William Henry, of Nassau, 
 Prince of Orange, 23, 24, 31, 
 32, 38, 40, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 
 55, 59, 74, 81, 84, 85, 87, 91^ 
 95, 97, 98, 99, 101 
 William, King of England, 103, 
 107, 111, 114, 119, 123, 125, 
 126,130, 134, 135 
 Wiltshire, Lord, 134 
 Winchester, Marquis of, 133 
 Wirtemburg, Prince of, 130 
 Witt, Cornelius de, 23, 24, 25 
 Witt, John de, 23, 24, 25 
 Woolsey, Colonel, 122 
 Worden, Sir J. 134 
 Yarmouth, Lord, 87 
 York, Duke of, 51 
 York, Archbishop of^ 73, 86 
 Zell, Duke of, 130 
 Zulestein, Monsieur, 87, 8S 
 
Ui 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Of Names of Places. 
 
 Aeth, 39 
 
 Agram, ISO 
 
 Aire, City of, SQ 
 
 Aix, 53 
 
 Aldernay, 133 
 
 Alost, 39 
 
 America, 114 
 
 Amsterdam, 10, 23, 49 
 
 Antwerp, 9, 10, 14, 15, 48 
 
 Ardee, 125 
 
 Ardenburg, 26, 28 
 
 Artois, 2 
 
 Athlone, 130 
 
 Austria, 9 
 
 Ballimore, 130 
 
 Bantry Bay, J 16 
 
 Beachy, 64, J 26 
 
 Belfast, 121 
 
 Belgrade, 135 
 
 Bergen, 7 
 
 Bergen ap Zoom, 20 
 
 Bevesire, 126 
 
 Beumont, 33 
 
 Binch, Garrison of, 35 
 
 Blair of Athol, 118 
 
 Blair, Castle of, 119 
 
 Bodegrave, 26 
 
 Bois le Due, 21, 51 
 
 Bommel, Fortress of, SO 
 
 Boyne, River, 125 
 
 Brabant, 6, 10 
 
 Brandenburg, 59 
 
 Breda, I, 5, 19, 20, 22, 48 
 
 Brest, 108, 131, 132, 133 
 
 Brill, 7 
 
 Brinch, 31 
 
 Bruges, 15 
 
 Brussels, 5, 9, 10, 19, 34, 40, 41, 
 
 48, 130, 131 
 Burgundy, 4 
 Calais, 64 
 Cambray, 6, 38, 39 
 Cambridge, 60, 90 
 Cambron, 36 
 Carrickfergus, 121, 12^ 
 Cavan, 122 
 Centra, 131 
 Chalons, 2 
 
 Charibbee Islands, 114 
 Charlemont, Garrison of; 3, 10^ 
 
 124, 125 
 Charleroy, 39 
 
142 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 Charleville, 36 
 
 Cherbourg, 128, 132 
 
 Cheshire, 75 
 
 Chester, 77, 119, 125 
 
 Cologne, 53, 59 
 
 Conde, 49 
 
 Cork, 128 
 
 Cornwall, 77 
 
 Coverden, City of, 28 
 
 Creveceur, 30 
 
 Cuba, 21 
 
 Delph, 15, 16, 17, 23, 53 
 
 Dendermond, 15 
 
 Denmark, 106 
 
 Devonshire, 74 
 
 Dieren, 48 
 
 Dillemburg, 5 
 
 Dillemburg, Castle of, 2 
 
 Dorsetshire, 51 
 
 Dort, 24, 25, 53 
 
 Dover, 26, 64 
 
 Drogheda, 125 
 
 Dublin, 120, 125, 126, 128, 129 
 
 Dundalk, 122, 125 
 
 Dunnose, 126 
 
 Dunkirk, 15 
 
 Edinburgh, 97, 108, 111, 117, 
 
 118, 119, 128 
 England, 53, 54, 54, 55, 97, 99, 
 
 104, 106, 107, 108, 112, 119, 
 127 
 
 Exeter, 64, 65, 72, 74 
 Feversham, 13\ 
 
 Flanders, 1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, 22, 
 36,41,43,48,49,125,130,131 
 Flushing, 3, 7, 8, 28 
 France, 6, 16, 31, 43, 78, 104, 
 
 105, 106, 108, 129 - 
 Frankfort, 53 
 Friezeland, 6, 10, 28 
 Galloway, Fortress of, 131 
 
 Gaunt, 3, 41 
 
 Gemblours, 10 
 
 Germain's, St. 45 
 
 Germany, Empire of, 1, 6, 8, 10, 
 
 39, 59, 105, 115 
 Gertrudenburg, Town of, 20 
 Gilaire, St. 33 
 Gloucester, 75 
 Granville, 36 
 Grave, 20, 34, 48 
 Gravesend, 83, 89 
 Greenwich, 83 
 Groin, 124 
 Groll, 21 
 Groning, 20 
 Groningen, 27 
 Guelderland, 8, 44 
 Gueldres, 1, 10 
 Guernsey, 132, 133 
 Haarlem, 8 
 Hague, the, 37, 40, 41, 43, 48. 
 
 51, 62, 129 
 Ham, 88 
 Hampton, 109 
 Harderwick, 30 
 Harwich, 40 
 
 Henley upon Thames, 86 
 Hesse Cassel, 59 
 Heynault, 7 
 Highlake, 119 
 Holland, 4, 7, 8, 10, 15, 22, 23, 
 
 24, 25, 27, 29,31,40,43,51, 
 
 60, .99, 115, 124, 131 
 Homslaerdike, 40 
 Hounsleyrdike, 51, 53 
 Hounslow Heath, 53, 55, 72, 
 
 119 
 Hudson's Bay, 114 
 Hulst, Fort of, 22 
 Hungary, 1, 106 
 Hungerlbrd, 81 
 
INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 143 
 
 Innerlochy, 122 
 
 Inverness, Fort of, 122 
 
 Inniskilling, 100, 120 
 
 Ipre, 41 
 
 Ireland, 54, 104, 108, 115, 116, 
 
 119, 128 
 Jersey, 133 
 Kent, 96, 127 
 King-sale, 128 
 Lambeth, 83 
 Lancashire, 77 
 Languedoc, 47 
 Leige, 53 
 
 Lethindj, Castle of, 125 
 Leyden, 8, 9, 23, 27 
 Limburg, 35 
 Limerick, 128, 131 ' 
 Lisburn, 122 
 Lisnee Garvee, 122 
 Locke, 1 
 London, City of, 54, 58, 78, 82, 
 
 88, 89, 104,111, 127 
 Londonderry, 100, 120 
 Loo, 51, 130, 131 
 Lough, Lake of, 120, 121 
 Lovain, 7, 18 
 
 Luxemburg, City of, 49, 134 
 Lyme, 51 
 Maestricht, 9, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 
 
 36, 37, 38, 51, 53 
 Medway, River, 129 
 Mehaine, 134 
 Meurs, 20 
 Middleburgh, 7 
 Mocker Hyde, 59 
 Mons, 33, 41, 129 
 Montauban, 45 
 Mount Cassal, 39 
 Mull, Isle of, IIP, 122 
 Munster, 115 
 Murray, County of, 128 
 
 Naarden, 48 
 
 Namur, 9, 131, 134 
 
 Nantz, 45, 46, 49 
 
 Netherlands, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
 12, 14, 16, 18,19,21,28,52 
 
 New York, 114 
 
 Newfoundland, 114 
 
 Newmarket, 40 
 
 Newport, 20 
 
 Newry, 122 
 
 Niewerbroug, 27 
 
 Nimegen, 8, 35, 38, 42, 44, 47 
 
 NivelFe, 31 
 
 Normandy, 132 
 
 North Forelands, 63 
 
 Nottingham, 75 
 
 Odousel, 21 
 
 Omers, St. 38, 39 
 
 Ommelands, 10 
 
 Orange, 2, 47 
 
 Ostend, 20 
 
 Oudenard, 33 
 
 Oxford, City of, 60, 75 
 
 Oxford, Magdalen College, 54 
 Paris, City of, 7, 29, 35, 39, 41, 
 
 49, 108 
 Philipsburg, 38, 105 
 Philipville, 3 
 Plymouth, 77 
 Poland, 106 
 
 Portsmouth, 78, 82, 83, 116 
 Portugal, 22, 132 
 Reading, 83 
 Rhine, the, 6, 38 
 Rhineburg, 20 
 Rochel, 45 
 Rochester, 88, 89 
 Rome, 5, 53 
 Rosandael, 35 
 Rotterdam, 53 
 Ruremond, 22 
 
144 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES Ot PLACES. 
 
 Salisbury, 77, 78 
 
 Sambre, 39 
 
 Sembreef, 39 
 
 Senetfe, 31 
 
 Scotland, 51, 51, 55, 97, 98, 99, 
 
 110, 112, 117, 118, 124,1^8 
 Scheveling, 53, 62 
 Skelmerly, 111 
 Skink Scans, 22 
 Sligo, 100, 122 
 Sluce, 20, 28 
 Soestdyke, 48 
 Somersetshire, 74 
 Spain, 1, 5, 20, 43 
 St. Helens, 132 
 St. John's Town, 118 
 St. Maloes, 133 
 Stair, 111 
 
 Static, Island of, 127 
 Sterling, 118, 119 
 Strall, 22 
 Stratspey, 124 
 Swaramerdam, 27, 28 
 Sweden, 106 
 Teignmouth, 127 
 Thames, River, G3 
 Tilbury Fort, 82 
 
 Torbav, 64 
 
 Toulon, 132 
 
 Treves, 29, ^5 
 
 Turkey, 106 
 
 Turrenne, 29 
 
 Twyford Bridge, 83, 84 
 
 Utrecht, 4, 10, 21, 27, 28, 30, 44, 
 
 48 
 Valenciennes, 38, 39, 49 
 Versailles, 130 
 Veulo, 22 
 Vlye, 51 
 
 Walcheren, Castle of, 27 
 Waterford, 125, 126 
 Wessel, 21 
 Wexford, 126 
 
 Wight, Isle of, 64, 126, 1^2 
 Williamstadt, 21 
 Wincarton, 81 
 Windsor, 48, 78, 88 
 Woerden, 27 
 York, City of, 77 
 Zealand, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 23, 29, 
 
 44 
 Zurich-zee, 9 
 Zutphen, 4, 10 
 
 1 1 N I S. 
 
 VRINTF.O BY W, NMITH AND CO. KFNC STREET, SEVEN DUr3. 
 
VY MAY 11 1933 
 
 ihe police, but there is abundant evidence 
 ii has lost most of the popular sympalhy 
 h was given it in its first cxpcrimcnU)! 
 
 William the Silent 
 
 In no country outside his own arc the Dutch ! 
 ^cbrations of William the Silent likely io i 
 i\ike more sympathy than in England. Many 
 iiglish people must have stood with reverence in 
 i: dark corner of the Prinsenhof at Delft where | 
 1} founder of the Dutch nation, and ancestor 1 
 I ihe reigning sovereign, fell by the assassin's ^ 
 I llet. Among the classics in the language are 
 ij works of the American historian Motley, 
 nose presentment of William and his age, , 
 I en allowing for a bias, will long continue to 
 <nimand readers. Nor can Englishmen ever 
 rget what the name of Orange has stood for 
 their own history. Again, the 'Great War 
 List have helped to make at least parts of 
 H liam's story more vivid than they might 
 herwise be at this time : since for 
 ousands now living certain old names in 
 c cockpit of Europe, which first blazed 
 10 fame during the long and fluctuating 
 niggle between Netherlander and Spaniard, 
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