S B 931 C785 Entomol -NRLF / /rx 7/X7// GIFT OF Dr. Margaret Wythe TEACHERS' MANUAL, OB, THE BEST METHOD OF TEACHING THE NATURAL HISTORY OF INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS BY MATTHEW COOKE, \< LATE CHIEF EXECUTIVE HORTICULTURAL OFFICER OF CAL. SACRAMENTO : H. 8. CROCKER i-3; Fi g- I0 > !-5; Fig. 13, 1-40; Fig. 29, 1-20; Fig. 42, 1-22 ; Fig. 305, 1-25. 4th. Enlarged illustrations, in which the lines indicat- ing the lengths of insects are absent; Fig, 46, 4 to 16 lines (see Glossary*); Fig. 47, 4^ to 6 linesf ; Fig. 56, i linef; Fig. 63, 2 to 7 linesf; Fig. 64, 6 linesf ; Fig. 129, highly magnified; Figs. 186, 187, 333 and 334, about size indicated by cross-lines in Fig. 188. Fig. 264, i*^ to 2 linesf; Fig. 306, i to 3 linesf. * Line. f Natural length. 6 INTRODUCTORY. 5th. Illustrations in which the enlarged and natural sizes of insects are given. Examples: Figs. 12 ; 24, i and 3; J 35; 157* l and 3; i6 4- 6th. The student should be required to comply with the following rules : First. To give answers to all questions in writing, ex- cept such as are required to be memorized. Second. To learn to draw on blackboard, etc,, the ap- pendages of the head, thorax and abdomen of insects. Third. When commencing the study, to learn only the common names of insects and their several parts, except the technical names not enclosed in brackets. Fourth. When reviewing the work, to learn the tech- nical names inclosed in brackets. (See table of technical names.) TEACHERS. In schools where my book, "Injurious Insects of the Orchard," etc., is in the library, the teacher should consult it and teach, orally, the remedies given for the extermina- tion of injurious insects. Example : on page 65 of text book, Fig. 196 represents the Achemon Sphinx. On page 1 79 of the former can be found a description of this species, and Remedies Nos. 14, 33, 100 and 101 are given. This course should be followed in all public schools, re- gardless of other study of natural history, on account of the importance of the subject upon various branches of industry of the State. TEACH'ERS" MANUAL. CHAPTER I. Question What does the Science of Entomology teach V Answer The natural history of insects, Q. By what name are the divisions of the Realm of Nature known ? A. Kingdoms. Q. Into how many Kingdoms id the Realm of Nature di- vided ? A. Three. Q. Name them ? A Animal, Vegetable and Mineral. Q. Name some specimens belonging to the Animal, Veg- etable and Mineral kingdoms ? Q.-Into how many sub-kingdoms is the Animal kingdom divided ? A. Four. Q. Name them ? A. 1st, Back-boned Animals (Verte- brata); 2d, Jointed Animals (Articulata); 3d, Soft-bodied Ani- mals (Mollusca); 4th, Star Fishes (Radiata). Q. What characterizes the Animals belonging to each of the four sub-kingdoms of the Animal Kingdom ? Q. To what division of sub-kingdoms do Insects belong ? A. To the second, or Jointed Animals. Q. What is meant by Articulata ? Q. By what terms are the divisions of the sub-kingdom which comprise the Jointed Animals known ? A. Classes. Q. Into how many classes is the sub-kingdom divided ? A. Five. Q. Name them ? Q. Wherein do Animals described in each class differ from each other ? A. In the number of legs they possess. 8 TEACHERS'- MANUAL. Q. Hew trriny legs clo'the True Insects have ? Q. How many legs do the Spiders,' etc., have ? Q. How many legs do the Crabs, Lobsters, etc., have ? Q. How many legs do the Centipedes, Millepedes, etc., have? Q. Have Earth Worms legs ? Q. What examples can be given in each case ? A. 1st class, Figs. 1 and 4 ; 2d class, Figs. 5, 9 and 10 ; 4th class, Fig. 6 ; 5th class, Fig. 7. Q. Into how many regions is the body of a true insect divided ? Q. Name them ? Q. Into how many regions is the body of a Spider divided ? Q. Wherein does the body of a Mite differ from that of a Spider ? Q. What examples are given ? A. Figs. 9 and 10. Q. Are Mites always provided with eight legs ? A, No ; when young they have only six legs. Q. What example is given ? A. Fig. 11. Q. To what class do Scorpions belong ? Q. By what common name are the Centipedes and Mille- pedes known ? Q. Into how many groups are they divided ? Q. By what characters are they readily distinguished ? Q. Name the group which is considered beneficial ; also the group which is considered injurious ? Q. Define the term Insect ? Q. What examples are given to represent the rings, seg- ments, etc., by which the external skeleton is divided ? A. Figs. 1, 2, 6, 8 and 14. Q. To what class do winged insects belong ? A. To the first class. TEACHERS' MANUAL. 9 Q. Through how many states or stages do insects pass ? Q. Name them? Q. What are the changes from one state or stage to another termed ? A. Transformations (or Metamorphoses). CHAPTER II. Question What is the first state or stage of insect life ? Q. What is the usual form of insects' eggs ? Q. What examples are given of the different forms of the eggs of insects, and name them ? A. Figs. 25-31, inclusive. Q. What term is applied to those insects which deposit eggs? Q. What is meant by the term Oviparous ? Q. Name some insects which do not deposit eggs, but which bring forth their young alive ? Q. What term is applied to them ? Q. What is meant by Viviparous ? Q. What examples are given in relation to the places where insects deposit their eggs, and describe them ? A. Figs. 27, 28, 30 to 40 inclusive. NOTE. The questions should be asked separately as to each of the figures in the text. Q. Name some of the insects which deposit their eggs on the foliage of trees and plants ; on grasses ; on wheat stalks ; in wheat stalks ; in the ground ; on the bark of trees and plants ; on fruit ; also those which make an incision in the leaves of trees, etc., in which they place the eggs ? Q. What provision is made by the oviparous parent insect for the protection of their yoting ? 10 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. Of how many parts does the egg of a a insect consist, and name them ? Q. In what manner are the eggs of insects attached to foliage ? Fig. 20 c, represents the beak or sucking mouth of the insect. Fig. 23 a, larva; b, pupa; c, fly; h, tarsal claws; i, antennae; hair-lines, aver- a;:o natural length. Fig. 24 2, winged plant-louse; 4, wingless plant louse; 1 and 3 represent nat- ural size. Fig. 26 Egg of a moth ribbed. Fig. 26 Egg of a butterfly, checkered. Fig. 28 Brancli; a, eggs deposited in pith; b, punctures made by insect through which the eggs are deposited; c, egg magnified. Fig. 30 Currant leaf ; 1, eggs; 2, 3, holes made by the young larvae. Fig 31 a, larva; c, pupa; d, eggs. Fig. 34 a, showing punctures made by insects; b, irregular longitudinal row of eggs placed diagonally across the pith (unlike those of Fig 28); c, egg mag- nified. CHAPTER III. Question Name the second state or stage through which insects pass ? Q. What is meant by larva? Q. By what other names or terms are the larvae designated? Q. What is meant by worm-like ? Q. Are the larvae of all insects worm-like ? Q. Name some of the insects whose larvae are not worm- like ? Q. In what respect do they differ from the perfect insect or parent ? Q. Name some insects the larvae of which are worm-like ? Q What are the divisions termed into which the body of a larva is divided ? TEACHERS' MANUAL. 11 Q. How many segments, or rings of the larva, represent the thorax of the perfect insect, and what are they termed ? Q. What segments or rings represent the abdomen of the perfect insect, and what are they termed ? NOTE. The first segment is the segment or ring next to the head ; the divi- sions of the body of the perfect insect are represented in the larval state by the head, thoracic segments, and abdominal segments ; the last or posterior segment is termed the anal segment. Q. When there is a horny plate on top of the first segment, what is it termed ? Q. When there is a horny plate on top of the twelfth or last segment, what is it termed ? Q. When there is a horn, or spine, on top of the eleventh segment, what is it termed ? Q. What is the back or upper part of the body of a larva termed ? Q. What is the belly or under part of the body of a larva termed ? Q. Where are the breathing pores or spiracles of Cater- pillars located. Q. By what terms are the lines on the body of some Cater- pillars designated ? Q. Where are the dorsal, stigmatal and sub-dorsal lines located ? Q. Describe the appearance of some of the larvae of But- terflies and Moths, and name the examples given ? Q. When a larva is destitute of legs, by what common name is it known ? Q. Name the example given ? Q. How are Caterpillars designated ? A. As True Cater- pillars, or as False Caterpillars. 12 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. Describe the characteristics by which True Caterpillars are known, also those by which False Caterpillars are known ? Q. What are the legs attached to the thoracic segments termed ; also those attached to the abdominal segments ? Q. What are the legs attached to the anal segment termed ? Q. What figures represent the pro-leg of a Caterpillar ? Q. Describe a pro-leg ? Q. What common name is given to Caterpillars having only four, six, or eight pro-legs ? Q. From what do they derive their name ? A. From their mode of locomotion. Q. When larvae are destitute of legs and apparently head- less, what are they termed ? Q. Name the examples given ? Q. In what state or stage of life do insects increase in size ? Q. What are larvae termed which have only six legs, and to what kind of insects do they belong ? Q. Describe the example given ? Q. Do Butterflies or any other insects increase iu size after their wings and other members have acquired their proper form and degree of firmness ? [The pupil should be taught the difference between the pro- leg of a True Caterpillar, having from ten to sixteen legs, and that of a False Caterpillar, having twenty or twenty-two legs, the former having a hook on the tip, the latter having none.] Q. What is meant by dorsum ; venter ; piliferous ; tuber- cle ; thorax ; abdomen ; spiracle ? Fig. 41 a, larva; b, pupa; c, perfect insect. Fig. 42 Larva of Thrip, (natural size, one twenty-eighth of an inch in length). Fig. 43 c, egg; b, larva; a, pupa. Fig. 52 Cut-worm and joint showing piliferous spots, enlarged. Fig. 60 a, a, a, larva; b, enlarged joint of body showing black tubercles. TEACHERS' MANUAL. 13 CHAPTER IV. Question Name the third state or stage through which insects pass ? Q. What is meant by pupa? Q. What other terms are applied to the third state through which insects pass ? Q. Are all pupae capable of moving about and taking food? Q. Name the examples given of those which are capable of moving, etc. ? Q. Wherein do they differ in appearance or form from the perfect insect ? Q. Name the examples given of those which are incapable of moving and taking foot! in the pupa state ? Q. What was the appearance in the larva state of those insects which are incapable of moving in the pupa state ? Q. Wherein do the pupae of Beetles, Bees, Wasps, and many Two-winged Flies differ from the pupse of the Butterflies and Moths, and also from those of many of the Two-winged Flies, and name the examples given of each? Q. What figure represents a conical pupa? Also, what figures represent an angular pupa? Q. When the pupa is covered with the old larval skin, what is it termed ? Q. When the pupa is not covered with the old larval skin, what is it termed ? Q. What is meant by coarctate and obtected ? NOTE. For word pupa, page 15, 6th line from bottom; page 16, 5th line from bottom ; pige 17, 4th and 6th lines from bottom, read pupce. Fig. 65. a, b, eggs ; c, newly hatched larva ; d, its foot (tarsu*) ; e, the larva after first molt ; f, larva after second molt ; g, pupa (lines at the sides of 2 14 TEACHERS' MANUAL. figures showing natural length ; figure on right showing beak, or proboscis, magnified). Fig. 66. a, larva; b, pupa; c, eggs, natural size; d, e, eggs magnified. Fig. 71. Pupa of a moth with tongue case. Fig. 72. a, wings ; b, b, antennae ; t, trunk, or proboscis (as enclosed inside pupa case). CHAPTER V. Question How many states or stages through which in- sects pass have been described, and name them ? Q. What term is applied to the casting of the skin by the larva ? Q. What are the changes from one state of insect life to another termed ? Q. What is meant by transformation (or metamorphosis) ? Q. Do Caterpillars molt their skins more than once ? Q. Describe the transformations of the Archippus But- terfly? Q. What figures represent the transformations, and de- scribe them ? Q. Describe the examples given of Jarvse which spin a cocoon, or enter the earth to pass their transformations ? Q. Describe such other examples as are given in relation to transformation of insects ? Q. What is meant by a complete transformation ? Q. What is meant by an incomplete tranformation ? Q. Describe the transformations of the Lace-winged Fly ; May-flies ; Blister-beetles, and Two- winged Flies ? Q. Describe the transformations of Grasshoppers, Plant- bugs, Chinch-bugs, etc. ? Q. Describe the difference in appearance between the TEACHERS' MANUAL. 15 larvae which pass through a complete transformation and those which pass through an incomplete transformation ? Q. What is said in relation to the transformations of in- sects on page 22 ? NOTE. The pupil should commit to memory all after the sixth line on this page. CHAPTER VI. Question Name the fourth state or stage of insect life ? Answer. Imago. Q. What is meant by Imago ? A. (See Glossary). Q. By what character are the perfect insects generally known ? A. By having wings. Q. Are all insects in the perfect state possessed of wings ? A. No. Some are destitute of wings. Q. What examples can you give ? A. Plant-lice, and some kinds of Grasshoppers. Q. Into how many parts is the body of the perfect insect divided, and name them ? A. Three. The head, thorax and abdomen. Q. What figures represent these divisions ? A. Figures Nos. 8 and 89. Fig. 89. Grasshopper divided into five parts, namely : head, prothorax, meso- thorax and metathorax (the three divisions of the thorax), and the abdomen. The technical name of each part of the insect is given to assist the pupil when consulting works in which such terms are used. Q. Define the terms head, thorax and abdomen, as used in describing insects ? A. The head is that part of the insect's body which is foremost in the creature's locomotion ; thorax, (see Glos.) ; abdomen, (see Glos.). 16 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. What terms are used in describing the eyes of insects ? A. Compound eyes and simple eyes. (Ocelli, plural; ocellus, sing.) Q. What is meant by antennae and to what portion of the insect's body are they attached ? A. The antennae are two horn-like appendages attached to the head, and are usually placed in a position near the compound eyes. Q. What is meant by compound eyes ? A. (See Glossary). Q. What examples are given of the simple eyes (ocelli) in illustrations ? A. Figs. 89, 333 and 334. Q. State what is thought to be the functions of the antennae ? A. It is supposed that they are in some manner connected with the sense of hearing. Q. What are the divisions of the antennae termed, and how are they described ? A. Joints, and are designated by numbers. Q. Which of the joints are designated as the first and last joints ? A. The joint next the head is the first, or basal joint ; and the one at the tip, or apex, is the last joint. Q. Name the different forms of the antennae as given in this chapter (including the forms on pages 137 and 140) ? NOTE.- -The pupils should be required to commit to memory the name and description of the various forms of antennae; also, to draw the figures on the black-board; since a thorough knowledge of the forms, etc., of the antenna; is necessary for the classification of insects. Q. Name the parts or sets of organs of the mouth of an insect that masticates its food ? A. The upper lip, lower lip, upper jaws and the lower jaws. Q. How are they arranged ? NOTE. The pupil should draw, on paper or black-board, the arrangement of the mouth parts and draw the figures of each, and also the appendages of the lower lip and lower jaws. Fig. 103. The ventral or underside of a beetle, giving the technical name of each part. (For the same purpose as in fig. 89.) TEACHERS' MANUAL. 17 Q. What are the appendages of the lower jaws and lower lip termed ? A. Palpi (or feelers). Q. Name the other parts of the mouth not mentioned above ? A. Tongue, chin, and a second pair of appendages attached to the lower lip. Q. On what figures are shown the mouth parts of insects which masticate their food ? A. Figs. Nos. 89 and 103. NOTE, The pupils should be required to give the common name of each part, as in (fig 1 . 103) labrum, upper lip ; mandibles, upper jaws ; maxillce, lower jaws ; labium, under lip ; mentum, chin. In referring to the palpi, or feelers, append- ages of the lower jaws and lower lip, the terminating pi is plural, and pus singu- lar, as maxillary palpus (sing.); labial palpi (plural). Q. Name the figures which represent the upper jaw of an insect which masticates its food ; also, those which represent the lower jaw, upper lip, and lower lip ? A. Upper jaw, Nos. 89, 103, 107, 108, 109 and 110. Lower jaw, Nos. 89, 103, 111 and 113. Upper lip, Nos. 89, 103, 104 and 105. Lower lip, Nos. 89, 103 and 106. Q. Name the figures that represent the teeleis (palpi) and other appendages of the lower jaws and lower lip ? A. Nos. 89, 103, 106 and 111. NOTE. The above question may be divided as thought best by the teacher. Q. Of what forms are the mouth parts of insects, which obtain their nourishment by suction ? A. In some insects the mouth parts are formed as an elongated beak, or proboscis, and are fitted for piercing the substance on which they feed ; in Butterflies and Moths it is usually as long as the body, and coiled beneath the head, when not in use. Q. What class of sucking insects have their mouth parts fitted for piercing ? A. Bugs, Horse-flies, etc. Q. Name an insect with mouth fitted for lapping ? A. House-fly. 2* 18 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. Name the insects that have their mouth parts fitted for sucking the nectar of flowers ? A. Butterflies and Moths. Q. What figure represents the beak of a sucking insect ? A. Fig. No. 114, a. Q. What figure represents the proboscis of a Butterfly or Moth ? A. Fig. No. 115, g. Q. What part of the head of an insect is termed the occi- put ? A. The posterior, or that portion of the head next to the thorax. Q. Name the portions of the head as lettered on Fig. 116? A. Forehead or face, a ; vertex, b ; temples, d, d ; eyes, e, e ; cheeks, f ; clypeus, g ; upper lip, h. Q. What is the second division of the body of an insect termed ? A. The thorax. Q. What appendages are attached to the thorax ? A. The wings and legs. Q. W T hat figure represents the thorax divided into sections ; and into how many divisions is it divided ? A. No. 89. The thorax is divided into three divisions. Q. To what section is the fore (or anterior) pair of legs at- tached ? A. To the section next to the head (prothorax). Q. To what section are the upper pair of wings and the middle pair of legs attached ? A. To the second section from the head (mesothorax). Q. To what section are the hind or under pair of wings and posterior pair of legs attached? A. To the third sec- tion from the head (metathorax). Legs. Q. What appendage of an insect does Fig. 117 represent ? A.-Leg. Q. Name the divisions into which the leg (Fig. 117) is di- TEACHERS' MANUAL. 19 vided and the letters representing them? A. Thigh, e; shank, f ; foot, h. Q. Into how many joints is the foot (Fig. 117) divided ? A. Five joints. Q. What is attached at the terminal of the fifth or last joint ? A. Two claws. Wing. Q. What is the texture of the fore or anterior pair of wings of Beetles ? A. A hard, bony texture. Q. What is the line where the wings meet upon the back of the Beetle termed, and by what Fig. represented ? A. Su- ture. Fig. 118. Q. What is the character of the surface of the fore-wings, and by what Figs, are they represented ? A. Some are cov- ered with small humps (rugose), some with longitudinal ridges (strice), Fig. 119, and they are nearly always covered with small punctures as if pricked by the point of a pin, Fig. 120. Q. What are these hard, bony fore-wings termed ? A. Wing-cases, as they are never used in flying. Q. What is the texture of the anterior or fore-wings of Grasshoppers, Crickets and some kinds of Bugs ? A. They are more or less of a firm, leathery texture. Q. By what prominent character or covering can the wings of Butterflies, and nearly all kinds of Moths, be indentified ? A. They are covered with scales of various designs. Q. What is the texture of the wings when the scales are rubbed off? A, They are thin and membraneous. Q. What is the texture of the wings of Bees, Wasps, House-flies, Dragon-flies, Plant-lice, and similar insects ? A. All the wings are thin and membraneous. Q. What insects have their posterior wings thin and mem- 20 TEACHERS' MANUAL. braneous ? A. Those which have the anterior or fore- wings thickened. Q. Name some of them ? A. Beetles, Grasshoppers, Crickets, and some other kinds of Bugs. Q. Describe the lines by which the wings of Bees, Wasps, and similar insects are divided ? A. They are furnished with veins, which are more or less connected by cross veins or nerves. Q. When these veins and cross veins form enclosed spaces, what are such spaces termed ? A. Cells. Q. When is a cell said to be closed ? A. When it is sur- rounded by veins and cross veins as 2, 2, 2, Fig. 125. Q. When is a cell said to be open ? A. When the poste- rior margin of the wing forms one of its sides as 4, 4, Fig. 125. Q. By what characteristics do Naturalists determine the genera and species of Plant-lice (Aphis)? A. By the differ- ence in the vein ing of the wings. Q. What do Figs. 126, 127, and 128, represent ? A. The wings of the Rose and Grain Aphis, Apple-tree Aphis and the Woolly Aphis. Q. What is the third or posterior division of the body of an insect termed ? A. The abdomen. Q. What are the functions of this division ? A. It con- tains the organs of nutrition and of reproduction, and the spiracles through which it breathes. It is sometimes fur- nished with a sting as in Bees and Wasps, or with an ovipos- itor as in Saw-flies, Ichneumon -flies, etc. Q. On what figure of a perfect insect are the spiracles represented ? A. Fig. 89. Q. What figures represent the wings of a Moth ; Butter- fly ; Two- winged Fly ; Bee ; Wasp or Saw-fly, and also of the Plant-lice (or Aphis) ? A. Nos. 121, 122, Moths ; No. 123, TEACHERS' MANUAL. 21 Butterfly ; No. 124, Two-winged FJy ; No. 125, Bee, Wasp/but particularly the Saw-fly. Q. "What figure represents the ovipositor of the Saw-fly, also of the Ichneumon-fly ? A. No. 129, ovipositor of the Saw-fly ; No. 131, ovipositor of the Ichneumon-fly, both highly magnified. NOTE. The last two questions may be divided. CHAPTER VII. The pupils should study this chapter carefully, the teacher asking such questions as will assist them in understanding the text. True insects are those which are furnished with six legs. (See Chap. 1, page 2.) CHAPTER VIII. Question Into how many Orders are true insects divided ? Answer. Seven. Q. By what characters are the Orders named in this chap- ter determined ? A. By the number and structure of the wings. Q. Name the seven Orders, giving the technical and com- mon names, also the typical insects? A. The pupil should be required to memorize all of page 36, and also the first two lines on page 37. NOTE. The division of insects into seven orders, as given in this chapter, refers only to the true insects. I have followed the arrangement of orders by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., excepting I have omitted his eighth order, Thysanura, which com- prise the bristle-tails and xpriny -tails. 22 * TEACHERS' MANAUL. CHAPTER IX. Question Into how many sections are the Orders of true insects divided, as characterized by the difference in the mouth parts ? Answer Two. Q. Name those comprising the first section? A. Gnawing insects, or those that are furnished with jaws (for masticating their food). Q. Whatr Orders belong to this section? A. Hymenop- tera, (or membraneous- winged) ; Coleoptera, (or sheath- winged) ; Orthoptera, (or straight-winged) ; and Neuroptera, (or nerved-winged). Q. Name those comprising the second section? A. Suck- ing insects, or those that have the mouth parts formed into a beak or proboscis. Q. What Orders belong to this section? A. Lepidoptera, (or scaly-winged) ; Hemiptera, (or half-winged,) (divided in Sub-orders as in Chap. 8), and Diptera (two-winged). SECTION I. Q. Name the four Orders which comprise the first section, or gnawing insects? A. Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthop- tera and Neuroptera. Q. Name some insects belonging to the Hymenoptera? A. Bees, Wasps, Saw-flies, and Ichneumon-flies. Q. How many wings have the insects of this Order ? A. Four (excepting a few species which are wingless). Q. What characterizes the wings as to size? A. The hind or posterior pair is the smaller. Q. Describe the mouth parts of Bees, Wasps, etc. ? A. The upper jaws are fitted for biting ; the lower jaws are fitted for sucking or lapping their food. TEACHERS' MANUAL. 23 Q. Name an insect of this Order, the female of which is armed with a piercer, or saw, which she uses to puncture the leaves or twigs of plants to deposit her egg? A. The Saw-fly. Q. Name an insect of this Order, the female of which deposits her egg in the bodies or eggs of other insects ? A. Ichneumon-fly. Q. How do the young (larvae) of the insects of this Order procure their food? A. Many are provided with food stored by their parents. The larvae of the Saw-flies live upon the leaves of plants. Q. Are the larvae provided with legs? A. The larvae of the Saw-flies have twenty or twenty -two legs, but the larvae of a greater number of insects of this order are destitute of legs. Q. Are their transformations complete or incomplete ? A. Complete. Q. Describe the pupa of the Strawberry Saw-fly? A. The legs, antennae, and wings are enclosed in separate cases. Q. When do the larvae of this Order of insects pupate ? A. The larvae usually pupate, etc., (see text). Q. Name the illustrations which have been given of typi- cal insects of this Order in this and preceding chapter ? A. Fig. 1, Wasp ; Figs. 15, 130, 133 and 137, Saw-flies ; Figs. 131 and 134, Ichneumon-flies. Coleoptera. Q. Name some of the insects which belong to the Order of Coleoptera ? A. Meloe, Darkling Beetles, the Beetle which produced the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, June Beetle, and the Striped Cucumber Beetle. Q. How many wings have Beetles ? A. They are pro- vided with four wings (excepting a few species). 24 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. By what terms are the fore-wings of Beetles known ? A. Wing cases ; elytra. Q. Do the fore-wings of Beetles meet in a straight line (suture) in all species? A. No. The fore-wings of Meloe over- lap each other, and the wing-cases of some of the Darkling Beetles are united at the suture. Q. Are the hind wings of Beetles of a hard and horny texture, similar to the fore wings? A. No, they are mem- braneous. Q. How lire they folded when the insect is at rest ? A. They are folded lengthwise and crosswise, and concealed beneath the fore wings. Q. Are their transformations complete or incomplete ? A. Complete. Q. Are the larvae of Beetles termed Caterpillars? A. No ; they are commonly termed grubs. Q. How many legs have the grubs of Beetles? A. The grubs of some beetles have six legs, but a great many kinds are entirely destitute of legs. Q. Have the grubs of Beetles a distinct head ? A. Yes. Q. Where do the larvae prepare to enter the pupa state ? A. Some in the substance in which they live ; others enter the earth and spin a slight cocoon. Q. Are the appendages of the body folded on the breast, as in Fig. 67, or are they in separate cases, as in Fig. 68 ? A. They are encased 'in separate cases, as in Fig. 68. Q. Name the illustrations of typical insects of this order which have been given in this and preceding chapters? A. Fig. 4, the Goldsmith Beetle ; Figs. 19, 86 and 120, Potato Beetles ;- Fig. 118, Tortoise Beetle ; Fig. 119, Darkling Beetle ; Fig. 138, beetle which produces the grub commonly known as the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, and Fig. 139, the June Beetle. TEACHERS' MANUAL. 25 Orthoptera. Q. Name some typical insects of the Order Orthoptera ? A. Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids and Earwigs. Q. How many wings have Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc.? A. Four wings. Q. Describe the texture, folding, etc., of the wings ? A. The fore-wings are thickened or parchment-like, and overlap each other on the back. The hind wings are thinner, and when at rest are folded up lengthwise like a fan, and are nearly concealed beneath the anterior pair. Q. Are all the insects of this Order provided with wings ? A. No ; in a few species one or both pairs are wanting. Q. Are the transformations of the insects of this Order complete ? A. No ; they are incomplete. Q. Are the insects belonging to the Order Orthoptera in- jurious ? A. All are more or less injurious excepting the Mantis family. Q. What similarity of characters are there between the Earwigs of this Order and the Rove Beetles of the Order Coleoptera ? A. The fore-wings of each meet in a straight line on the back. Q. How are they distinguished from each other ? A. By the prominent anal forceps with which the Earwigs are pro- vided. (See Fig. 41, c.) Q. Name the illustrations which have been given of typical insects of this Order in this and preceding chapters ? A. Fig. 21, Jumping Tree-cricket ; Fig. 41, a, the Earwig ; Fig. 141, the Katydid, and Fig. 142, the Praying Mantis. Neuroptera. Q. Name some insects belonging to the Order Neuroptera ? A. Dragon Flies, May Flies, White Ants and Lace-winged Flies. 3 26 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. How many wings have Dragon Flies, May Flies, etc. ? A. Four ; but in some species the hind wings are wanting and several other species are entirely wingless. Q. Name a prominent character in the structure of their wings ? A.They appear like a net work of veins. Q. Are the bodies and appendages of Neuroptera of a hard and horny texture ? A. No ; they are soft. Q. What are the habits of the larvae ? A.They are mostly aquatic. Q. Are their transformations complete or incomplete ? A. Some are incomplete, having active pupae ; others are complete. Q. Name an insect belonging to this Order that is injuri- rious ? A. The White Ant. Q. Name a species that is eminently beneficial ? A. The Lace-winged Fly. Q. Are the Neuroptera beneficial or injurious ? A. Bene- ficial, generally ; the White Ants being the exception. Q. Name the illustrations which have been given of typi- cal insects of this Order in this and preceding chapters ? A. Fig. 22, Lace-winged Fly, and Fig. 143, Dragon Fly. Q. How many legs have the larvae of Neuroptera ? A. Six. SECTION II. Q. Name the three Orders which comprise the second sec- tion of Sucking Insects ? A. Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera. Lepidoptera. Q. Name the typical insects of Lepidoptera ? A. Butter- flit s and Moths. Q. How many wings have Butterflies and Moths ? A. Four. TEACHERS' MANUAL. 27 Q. Are there any exceptions in regard to the number of wings ? A. Yes ; the females of the Canker-worm Moths are wingless. Q. What are the prominent characters in the wings of Lepidoptera for classification ? A. They are covered with minute scales. Q. Describe the mouth parts of the Lepidoptera ? A. The upper lip and jaws are rudimentary, while the lower jaw is formed into a long tube or proboscis fitted for sucking. Q. Are their transformations complete or incomplete ? A. Complete. Q. In the pupa state are the appendages enclosed in sepa- rate cases ? A. No ; they are enclosed in a common sheath or covering. Q. How many legs have the larvae of Lepidoptera ? A. From ten to sixteen legs. Q. What example is given of a larva provided with ten legs ? A. The Spring Canker-worm, Fig. 150. Q. What example is given of larvae provided with six- teen legs ? A. The larva of the Achemon Sphinx, Fig. 152. Q. Are the larvae of Lepidoptera injurious ? A. They are all injurious excepting one small species. Q. Name the illustrations which have been given of typi- cal insects of this Order in this and preceding chapters ? A. Figs. 16, 81, 88 and 146, Butterflies ; Figs. 17, 147 and 148, Moths. Hemiptera. Q. What are the insects of the Order Hemipteria com- monly termed ? A. True Bugs. Q. Name some insects which belong to Hemiptera ? A. The Dotted-legged Plant Bug, the Spined Soldier Bug, the Eing-banded Soldier Bug, and the Many-banded Bobber. 28 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. How many wings have True Bugs ? A. They are usu- ally provided with four wings, but some are entirely destitute of wings. Q. What terms are applied to the mouth part of the True Bugs ? A. Beak or proboscis. Q. In how many Sub-orders is the Order of Hemiptera divided, and name them ? A. Two ; Homoptera and Heter- optera. Homoptera. Q. Name some typical insects of the Sub-order Homoptera f A. The Buffalo Tree-hopper, Vine Hoppers, Grain Aphis, Hop Aphis, Apple-tree Aphis and the Scale Insects. Q. Describe the wings of the Homoptera ? A. They have the wings of the same texture throughout, either wholly leathery or wholly membraneous. Q. What examples can be given ? A. The Buffalo Tree- hopper representing the former, and the Grain Aphis repre- senting the other. Q. Is the beak attached to the front of the head of insects of this Sub-order ? A. No ; it is attached to the posterior part of the under side of the head, and sometimes apparently arises from the breast. Q. Are the insects of this Sub-order beneficial or injuri- ous ? A. They are all injurious to vegetation. Q. Name some of the wingless forms ? A. Some of the Aphis and the females of the Scale Insects. Q. Name the illustrations which have been given of typi- cal insects of this Sub-order in this and preceding chapters ? A. Figs. 24, 156, 157 and 158, Plant-lice ; Fig. 155, Buffalo Tree-hopper ; Fig. 159, Red Scale insect. TEACHERS' MANUAL. 29 Heteroptera. Q. Name some insects belonging to the Sub-order Heter- optera? A. Plant Bugs, Soldier Bugs, Harlequin Cabbage Bugs, Tkrips, Large Belostoma and Squash Bugs. Q. How many wings have the insects of this Sub-order (see Hemiptera)? A. They have usually four, but some are wingless. Q. Describe the fore-wings of the Heteroptera? A. The fore-wings are thickened at the base, while the outer part is thin and more membraneous. Q. Is the beak attached to the breast or posterior portion of the head, as in Homoptera? A. No; the beak issues from the fore part of the under side of the head. Q. Are the insects of this Sub-order injurious to vegetation, or are they beneficial? A. Some are predacious, others par- asites, and others feed upon the juices of plants. Q. When at rest are the wings held slanting over the back like a steep roof, as in Homoptera? A. No ; they lie flatly on the back and overlap each other. Q. Name the illustrations which have been given of typical insects of this Sub-order in this and preceding chapters ? A. Fig. 20, Plant Bug ; Fig. 85, Chinch Bug ; Fig. 114, True Bug (the Spined Soldier Bug) ; Fig. 153, Ring-banded Soldier Bug ; Fig. 154, Many-banded Soldier Bug ; Fig. 160, Cab- bage Bug ; Fig. 161, Thrip ; Fig. 162, Belostoma (Water Bug) ; and 163, the Squash Bug. Diptera. Q. Name some of the insects belonging to the Order Dip- tera? A. The Wheat Midge, Onion Fly and Crane Fly. Q. How many wings have insects belonging to the order Diptera? A. -Two. 30 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. By what are the posterior wings represented, and by what name are they known? A. By a pair of thread-like organs, knobbed at the outer end. These appendages are called balancers, or halteres. Q. Name the illustrations in this aad preceding chapters in which the balancers, or halteres, are shown? A. Figs. 8, 18, 124, 164, 165 and 168 ? Q. In Diptera, are the transformations complete or incom- plete ? A. Complete. Q. Are the mouth parts adapted for gnawing? A. No ; they are fitted for piercing or lapping. Q. What are the larvae of Diptera commonly termed ? A. Maggots. Q. Name the illustrations which have been given of typical insects of this Order, in this and preceding chapters ? A. Figs. 8 and 168, Grane Flies ; Fig. 18, Hessian Fly; Fig. 23, Flesh Fly; Fig. 124, Olive Fly ; Fig. 164, Wheat Midge ; and Fig. 165, the Onion F}y. CHAPTER X. (Heference may be made to Chapter III for some of the answers). Question Name the illustrations given in this and preced- ing chapters of the larvae that closely resemble the parent when they first issue from the egg ? Answer Fig. 41a, larva of Earwig, Order Orthoptera; Fig. 42, larva of Thrip ; Fig. 43b, larva of Soldier Bug (Spined) ; Fig. 65c, larva of Chinch Bug; Fig. 66a, larva of Harlequin Cabbage Bug; Order Hem- iptera. Q. In what other Order than Orthoptera and Hemiptera TEACHERS' MANUAL. 31 do the larvae resemble the parent insect ? A. In some species of the Order Nueroptera. Q. Wherein do the larvae of Orthoptera and Hemiptera . differ ? A. The larvae of the Orthoptera are provided with jaws, capable of masticating their food ; the larvae of the Hemiptera are provided with a beak, fitted only for sucking the sap of trees, etc. Q. Wherein do the larvae of the Orthoptera and such larvae of the Neuroptera as resemble the parent insect, differ ? A. The larvae of the Neuroptera are aquatic, excepting those of the Lace-winged Flies and Ant Lions ; while those of the Orthoptera are terrestrial. Q. Wherein do the larvae that resemble the perfect insects differ from the Imago? A. In being destitute of wings. Larvae Destitute of Legs. Q. Name the illustrations given in this and preceding chapters of larvae that are destitute of legs, and having a distinct head ? A. Fig. 53, larva or grub of the Plum Cur- oulio ; Fig. 54, larva of the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer ; and Fig. 55, the larva or grub of the Bound-headed Apple- tree Borer. Q. Name the illustrations given in this and preceding chapters of larvae that are destitute of legs and without a distinct head ? A. Fig. 23a, larva of the Flesh-fly ; Fig. 56, larva of the Hessian Fly ; Fig. 63, larva of the Syrphus Fly ; Fig. 64, larva of the House-fly; Fig. 167, larva of the Helo- philus Fly; Fig. 170, larva of the Ox Bot-fly. Q. When the larva is apparently headless, and is destitute of legs, what is it commonly termed ? A. A Maggot (see page 14). Q. When the larva is destitute of legs, and provided with a distinct head, what is it commonly termed ? A. A grub (see page 11). 32 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. What other larvae are commonly called grubs? A. Those which are worm-like, and provided with six legs. Q. To what Order do the insects belong which, in the second state of their existence, are called Maggots? A. Two- winged Flies (Diptera). Q. To what Orders do the insects belong which, in the second state of their existence, are destitute of legs and are provided with a head ? A. To the Hymenoptera and Gole- optera. Q. How can the grubs or larvae of Coleoptera and Hymen- optera be distinguished from each other ? A. If the grubs are found in nests, stored with dead insects or with pollen, or in the eggs or bodies of insects, or in larva, or in a gall on the leaf, stem, or twig of a plant, they belong to Hymenop- tera ; otherwise they may belong to the Coleoptera. Q. To what Order do the insects belong that, in the second state of their existence, are worm-like and provided with six legs? A. Coleoptera ; excepting a few species that belong to Neuroptera, and are not aquatic. Q. Name the illustrations given in this and preceding chapters of the worm-like larvae, or grubs, that are provided with six legs ? A. Fig. 46, Wire- worm ; Fig. 57, grub of a Ground Beetle ; Figs. 139-2, grub of the June Beetle ; Fig. 140, grub of the Cucumber Beetle ; Fig. 169, grub of the Prionus Beetle ; Fig. 171, grub of the Asparagus Beetle ; and Fig. 172, grub of the Bose Beetle, Order Coleoptera; and Fig. 47, grub of the Lace- winged Fly, Order Neuroptera. Q.By what character can the grubs of Neuroptera and those of Coleoptera be distinguished ? A. Such grubs of the Neuroptera as are terrestrial are provided with long, prominent jaws, which project horizontally from the head, thus differing from the Coleoptera. TEACHERS' MANUAL. 33 Caterpillars. Q. Name the illustrations given in this and preceding chap- ters of worm-like larvae, which are provided with not less than ten nor more than sixteen legs? A. Figs. 78, 87 and 173 are the larvae of Butterflies ; Fig. 50, larva of the Tussock Moth ; Fig. 52, larva of the Glassy Cut-worm ; Figs. 58, 61 and 62, larvae of the Geometer Moths ; Fig. 150a, larva of the Spring Canker-worm ; Fig, 151f, larva of Fall Canker-worm ; and Fig. 152, larva of Achemon Sphinx. Q. Name the illustrations given in this and preceding chapters of worm-like larvae, that are provided with more than sixteen legs ? A. Fig. 44a, larva of the Native Currant Saw-fly ; Fig. 60a, larva of the Imported Currant Saw-fly ; Fig. 136, larva of the Eose Saw-fly; Fig. 137-4, larva of the Strawberry Saw-fly ; and Fig. 174a, larva of the Pear Slug. Q. What is meant by the term True Caterpillars ? A. Caterpillars, or larvae, having not less than ten cor more than sixteen legs. Q. What are Caterpillars having more than sixteen legs termed ? A. False Caterpillars. Q. To what Order do the insects belong which, in the second state of their existence, are provided with from ten to sixteen legs ? A. Lepidoptera. Q. To what Order do the insects belong that, in their second state of existence, are provided with more than six- teen legs ? A. Hymeuoptera. Q. Supposing you dig from the ground a larva without any visible head, and destitute of legs, to what Order of insects would it belong? A. Diptera. Q. Supposing you were chopping down a tree, and in the wood found a larva destitute of legs, to what Order of insects would ft belong ? A. Coleoptera. 34 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. Supposing that you found an insect's nest, and on examinination it contained a larva destitute of legs, and the bodies of insects apparently dead, to what Order of insects would it belong ? A. Hymenoptera. Q. Supposing you found a Caterpillar provided with twenty legs, to what Order of insects would it belong? A. Hymen- optera. Q. Supposing that you found a Caterpillar provided with ten, twelve, or sixteen legs, to what Order of insects would it belong? -A. Lepidoptera. Q. Supposing that you found a worm-like larva provided with six legs, and furnished with short, stout jaws for masti- cating its food, to what Order of insects would it belong ? A. Coleoptera. Q. Supposing that a worm-like insect was provided with long, prominent jaws, which projected horizontally in front of the head, and was also furnished with six legs, to what Order of insects would it belong? A. If terrestrial, it would belong probably to Neuroptera. Q. What are the mouth parts of the larvae of Hemiptera termed ? A. A beak or proboscis. Q. Name the illustrations by which the beak or proboscis of the Hemiptera are shown ? A. Figs. 20, 114a, 153c, and 157-2. CHAPTER XI. Classification of Insects into Orders. Question Name the divisions into which insects are classified ? Q. Describe how a genus is formed ? TEACHERS' MANUAL. 35 Q. Describe how a family is formed ? Q. Describe how an Order is formed ? Q. What is a general rule in relation to the families of insects ? Q. If, on examination, an insect is found to have mouth- parts capable of masticating food, and fore-wings of a hard, horny texture, and the under or hind wings membraneous, to what Order does it belong? A. Ooleoptera, or sheath- winged. Q. Supposing that the fore-wings are parchment-like or leathery, and the hind or under wings membraneous and folded lengthwise like a fan, to what Order does it belong ? A. Orthoptera or straight-winged. Q. Suppose an insect is provided with four membraneous wings, furnished with biting jaws, and the abdomen is armed with a piercer or sting, to what Order does it belong ? A. Hy- menoptera, or membrane-winged. Q. If an insect is provided with four membraneous wings of equal size and not alike in structure, and is furnished with biting jaws, and the abdomen is not armed with a sting or piercer, to what Order does it belong ? A. Neuroptera, nerve- winged. Q. An insect is presented for examination. It is provided with four wings covered with scales and the mouth parts fitted for sucking, to what Order does it belong ? A. Lepidop- tera, or scaly-winged. Q. Describe an insect belonging to the Order Hemiptera ? A. An insect provided with four wings which lie flat upon its back and overlap each other ; the mouth parts formed for sucking and in the form of a beak ; belongs to the Order Hemiptera and Sub-order Heteroptera. Q. Describe an insect that belongs to the Sub-order Hom- optera ? 36 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. Describe an insect that belongs to Diptera ? Q. In what Order are Fleas classed ? Q. Why are Bed-bugs placed in the Order Hemiptera ? Q. Why are Head and Body-lice placed in the Order Hem- iptera ? Q. In what Order are the Chicken-lice placed ? Q. By what characters are wingless insects classified ? A. By the structure of the mouth parts. NOTE. The pupil should be required to memorize the remainder of this Chap- ter, beginning with words : "The names of the different Orders end inptera," etc. CHAPTER XII. Classification of Insects into Families, Hymenoptera. Q. Name the families of the Order Hymenoptera ? A. Bees, Wasps, Sand Wasps or Wood Wasps, Digger Wasps, Ants, Golden Wasps, Ichneumon Flies, Egg Para- sites, Brasslets or Chalcid Flies, Gall Flies, Saw-flies, and Horn Tails. Bees. Q. Describe the characters by which Bees are distin- guished from other insects of the Order Hymenoptera ? Q. Where do Bees construct their nests ? Q. What material is used by some kinds of Bees for lining their nests ? Q. What species of this family live parasitically in the nests of those Bees that gather pollen ? Q. What is said of the larvae of this family ? TEACHERS' MANUAL. 37 Wasps. Q. Describe the characters by which Wasps are identified? Q. Of what material do Wasps build their nests? Q. With what kind of food do they store their neSts for their young to live upon ? Sand Wasps or Wood Wasps. 8, larvae ; 4, pupa ; 7, tube. Larvae injurious to the foliage of the grape-vine, etc. Leaf-rollers. Q. Describe the characters by which the Leaf-rollers are distinguished ? Q. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11. NOTE. Fig. 250, a, larva ; b, larva, enlarged. Fig. 223, a, nest ; b, pupa ; c and e, larvae. Larvae injurious, especially the larva of the Codlin Moth. Leaf-miners. Q. Describe the characters by which the Leaf -miners are distinguished ? Q. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 11. NOTE. Larvae injurious. Plume Moths. Q. Describe the characters by which the Plume Moths are distinguished ? Q. Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. NOTE. Fig. 227, a, larva ; b, pupa. Larvw injurious to the foliage of grape- vine. 46 TEACHERS' MANUAL. CHAPTER XIV. Diptera. Question. Into how many sections are the insects of this Order divided, and name them? Answer. Two ; Long-horned Flies and Short-horned Flies. Q. What are the prominent antennal characters by which the Long-horned Flies can be distinguished? A. They are composed of four or more joints. Q. Wfiat are the prominent antennal characters by which the Short-horned Flies can be distinguished? A. The an- tennae are short and are two or three jointed. Long-horned Flies. Q, Into how many Families are the Long-horned Flies di- vided, and name them? A. Four ; Mosquitoes, Gall Gnats, Crane Flies and Fleas. Short-horned Flies. Q. Into how many Families are the Short-horned Flies di- vided, and name them ? A. Four ; Horse Flies, Syrphus Flies, Bot Flies and House Flies. NOTE. The Robber Flies (Asilidce), the Forest Flies and Sheep Ticks (Hippo- boscidce), belong to Diptera. The following questions may be given for the Families of Diptera : SECTION I. (Long-horned Flies.) Q. Describe the characters by which the are distin- guished? 1. Describe the mouth parts of the ? 2. What are the habits of the larvae of the ? TEACHERS' MANUAL. 47 3. In what position are the wings when the insect is at rest? 4. Describe the antennal characters by which the - are distinguished? 5. Name the example (or examples) given of the - in illustrations? 6. Name the example (or examples) given of the larva of the - in illustrations? 7. Are the possessed of wings? 8. Which of the terms "obtected" or " coarctate " is ap- plied to the pupa of the ? Mosquitoes, Q. Describe the characters by which the Mosquitoes are distinguished? Q. Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5. NOTE. The antennae of the Mosquitoes, Gnats, etc., are feathery-like. Gall Gnats. Q. Describe the characters by which the Gall Gnats are distinguished? Q. Nos. 3, 5 and 6. NOTE. The pupae are coarctate. The larvae are injurious to growing wheat. Crane Flies. Q. Describe the characters by which the Crane Flies are distinguished? Q. Nos. 5. 6 and 8. NOTE. Fig. 168 ; 1, larva ; 2, pupa. Larvae injurious. Fleas. Q. Describe the characters by which the Fleas are distin- guished? 48 TEACHERS' MANUAL. SECTION II. (Short-horned Flies.) Horse Flies. Q. Describe the characters by which the Horse Flies are distinguished? Q. Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8. NOTE. Fig. 230 ; a, larva ; b, pupa. Syrphus Flies. Q. Describe the characters by which the Syrphus Flies are distinguished? Q. Nos. 2, 5, 6 and 8. NOTE. Fig. 231 ; a, larva ; b, pupa. Larvae beneficial. Bot Flies. Q. Describe the characters by which the Bot Flies are dis- tinguished? Q. Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8. NOTE. Fig. 235 ; 4, larva, dorsal view ; 5, larva, ventral view ; 6, younger larva; 3, pupa. Answer to question 6, Fig. 170 and Fig. 233, 4, 5 and 6, House Flies. Q. Describe the characters by which the House Flies are distinguished? Q. Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8. NOTE. Answer to question 6, Fig. 64. Q Describe the characters by which the Tachina Flies are distinguished ? TEACHERS' MANUAL. 49 CHAPTER XV. Coleoptera. (Beetles.) Q -Into how many sections is this Order of insects divided, and name the characters by which each section is distin- guished? A. They are divided into four sections, as follows: 1. Section have five joints in all of the feet. 2. Section have five joints in the anterior and middle pair of feet and four joints in the hind or posterior pair. 3. Section have four joints in all of the feet. 4. Section have three joints in all of the feet. Q. Name the examples of the first, second, third and fourth Sections in the illustrations given? A. The Gold- smith Beetle (Fig. 4), belongs to the first ; the Darkling Bee- tle (Fig. 119) to the second ; the Prionus Beetle (Fig. 227) to the third, and the True Lady Bird (Fig. 239) to the fourth. All the feet five-jointed. Pentarnera, from the Greek numeral, pente, five, and mera, parts or pieces. Pentamera. Q. Into how many Sub-sections are the Beetles having five-jointed feet divided? A. Into six Sub-sections. Q. By what characters are they distinguished from each other ? A. By the form of their antennae. Q. Name the six Sub-sections and the forms of antennae by which they are classified ? A. 1st Sub-section, antennae thread-like (filiform); 2d Sub-section, becoming thickened toward the tip, club-shaped (davate); 3d Sub-section, bead- like, (moniliform); 4th Sub-section, comb-toothed (pectinate); 5th Sub-section, composed of plates at the tip (lamellate)', 6th Sub-section, saw-toothed (serrate). 5 50 TEACHERS' MANUAL. Q. Name the examples given of the forms of antennae by which the six Sub-sections are distinguished ? A. 1st, Fig. 94; 2d, Fig. 92; 3d, Fig. 249; 4th, Fig. 102; 5th, Figs. 100 and 101 ; and 6th, Fig. 99. Q. What are the food habits of Beetles of the following Sub-sections : 1st Sub-section ; five joints in all feet, anten- ae thread-like (filiform)? A. Predaceous in both perfect and larva state, therefore beneficial. Q. 2d Sub-section ; five joints in all the feet, antennae becoming thickened at the tip (clavate) ? A. They feed upon decayed vegetable or animal matter, therefore beneficial as scavengers. Q. 3d Sub-section ; five joints in all the feet, antennae bead-like (moniliform) ? A. They usually feed upon decayed animal matter, therefore beneficial as scavengers. Q. 4th Sub-section ; five joints in all the feet, antennae comb-toothed (pectinate) f A. The larvae feed upon decayed wood. The perfect insects feed upon the sap exuding from trees. Q. 5th Sub-section ; five joints in all the feet, antennae composed of plates at tip (lamellate)? A. They feed upon excrements, or upon plants. Q. 6th Sub-section ; five joints in all the feet, antennae saw-toothed (serrate) f A. A great number of the larvae of this Sub-section live and feed within the stems or branches of shrubs and trees. NOTE. The termination comes, as filicornes, clavicornes, etc. , means thread- like, horned; club-horned, etc. SUB-SECTION I. Q. What are the characters by which the Beetles of this Sub-section are distinguished ? NOTE. Answer by giving the tarsal and antennal characters. TEACHERS' MANUAL. 51 Q. Into how many Tribes is this Sub-section divided, and name them ? A. It is divided into two Tribes ; 1st, Preda- ceous Ground Beetles, and 2d, Predaceous Water Beetles. Q. Name the Predaceous Ground Beetles? A. Tiger Beetles and Ground Beetles. TRIBE I. Q. Describe the habits, etc., of Tribe I of this Sub-section? Q. Into how many Families is Tribe I of this Sub-section divided, and name them? A. Two Families, Tiger Beetles and Ground Beetles. Q. Describe the characters by which the Tiger Beetles are distinguished ? Q. Name the examples of the Tig Le-oan-i-nse, Le-can-i-um, Lep-i-dop-te-ra, Li-bel-lu-li-dse, Lin-gu-la, Lo-cus-ti-dse, Ly-csen-i-dse, Ly-gse-i-dae, Lyt-ta, Mal-lo-phag-i-dae, Man-dib-u-la-ta, Man-ti-dse, Max-il-la (sing.), Max-il-lse (pi.), Mel-an-dry-i-d se, Me-lo-i-dse, Mel-o-lonth-i-dae, Mem-bra-na-ce-i-dse, Mes-o-tho-rax, Met-a-mor-pho-ses, 78 TECHNICAL NAMES. Met-a-tho-rax, Mol-lus-ca, Mo-nil-i-form, Mus-ci-dae, Myt-il-as-pis, Nem-oc-er-a (or e-ra), Nep-i-dae, Neu-rop-te-ra, Noc-tu-i-dae, No-to-nec-ti-dae, Nymph-al-i-dae, Ob-teet-ed, Oc-ci-put, O-cel-li (pi.), O-cel-lus (sing.), GE-soph-a-gus, (Es-tri-date, Or-thop-te-ra, Pal-pi (pi.), Pal-pus (sing.), Pa-nor-pi-dae, Pa-pil-i-on-i-dae, Par-a-glos-sa, Par-la-to-ri-a, Par-ni-dae, Pec-ti-nate, Pe-dic-u-li-d83, Per-li-dse, Pen-tam-er-a, Pha-laan-i-dae, Phil-am-pe-lis, Phryg-an-i-dse, Pi-er-i-dae, Pi-lif-er-ous, Pom-pil-i-dae, Pro-bos-cis, Proc-tu-trup-i-dae, Pro-tho-rax, Pseu-do-coo-cus, Pso-ci-dae, Psyl-li-daa, Pte-roph-or-i-dae, Pu-pa (sing.), Pu-pae (pi.), Pu-lic-i-dae, Pul-vi-na-ri-a, Py-ral-i-dae, Quer-cin-a, Ka-di-a-ta, Kap-to-ri-a, Be-du-vi-dae, Eho-pal-oc-er-a, Khi-zo-coc-cus, Ru-gose, Eu-til-i-dae, Sal-ta-to-ri-a, Sco-lyt-i-dae, Scu-tel-ler-i-dae, Ser-rate. Se-ta-ceous, Si-al-is, Silph-i-dae, Spir-a-cle, Sphing-i-dae, TECHNICAL NAMES. 79 Staph-y-lin-i-dse, Tip-u-li-dse, Stri-83, Tor-tric-i-dae, Sut-ure, Tra-che-a, Syrph-i-dae, Tri-me-ra, Ta-ba-ni-dae, Tro-chan-ter, Tach-i-na, Trog-os-it-i-dse, Ten-e-bri-on-i-dse, Tu-ber-cle, Ter-mit-i-das, Uh-le-ri-a, Tet-tig-i-nse, U-ro-cer-i-dse, Te-tram-er-a, Ven-ter, Tho-rax, Ver-te-bra-ta, Thrip-i-dse, Yes-pi-dse, Tib-i-a, Vi-vip-a-rous, Tin-e-i-dse, Zy-gaen-i-dse. INDEX. PAGE. Introductory 5 Questions, etc., Chapter 1 ; 7 Questions, etc., Chapter 2 9 Questions, etc., Chapter 3 .10 Questions, etc., Chapter 4 13 Questions, etc., Chapter 5 14 Questions, etc., Chapter 6 15 Questions, etc., Chapter 7 21 Questions, etc., Chapter 8 21 Questions, etc., Chapter 9 22 Questions, etc., Chapter 10 30 Questions, etc., Chapter 11 34 Questions, etc., Chapter 12 36 Questions, etc., Chapter 13 39 Questions, etc., Chapter 14 46 Questions, etc., Chapter 15 49 Questions, etc., Chapter 16 62 Questions, etc., Chapter 17 64 Questions, etc., Chapter 18 66 Questions, etc., Chapter 19 69 Questions, etc., Chapter 20 71 Bemarks, Chapter 21 75 Kemarks, Chapter 22 75 Table of Technical Names . . . . 76 14 JUAY UMi RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED ENTOMOLOGY UBRflRV This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. LD 21-40m-l,'68 (H7452slO)476 General Library University of California Berkeley . U JL8!