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THE BRITISH ACADEMY 
 
 TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC 
 
 leport of the Committee appointed to 
 raw up a practical scheme for the trans- 
 teration into English of words and 
 ames belonging to Russian and other 
 Slavonic Languages 
 
 lFroi?i the Proceedings of the British Academy ^ Vol. FIJI] 
 
 London 
 
 Published for the British Academy 
 
 By Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press 
 
 Amen Comer, E.G. 
 
 Price One Shilling net 
 
THE BRITISH ACADEMY 
 
 TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC 
 
 Report of the Committee appointed to 
 draw up a practical scheme for the trans- 
 hteration into English of words and 
 names belonging to Russian and other 
 Slavonic Languages 
 
 [From the Proceedings of the British A cade my , Vol. Villi 
 
 London 
 
 Published for the British Academy 
 
 By Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press 
 
 Amen Comer, E.G. 
 
PRES^/*vrr:OM 
 COPY ADDED 
 
 0%:g<nal to be 
 
 RETAIN E:0 
 
 PEEFACE 
 
 In July 1916 the Council of the British Academy decided to appoint 
 a Committee — 
 
 * To consider and draw up a practical scheme for the transliteration 
 into English of words and names belonging to (a) Russian and other 
 Slavonic languages, and (b) the languages of the Nearer East'. 
 
 The members of the Committee were authorized to invite other 
 persons, not being Fellows of the Academy, to co-operate ; and the 
 work was divided between Sub- Committees consisting of persons 
 acquainted with the languages to be dealt with. 
 
 Schemes have now been prepared (a) for Slavonic languages and 
 (b) for Arabic and Persian. It is hoped shortly to add one dealing 
 with Turkish. The Slavonic Sub-Committee consisted of 
 Sir Frederick Pollock, F.B.A. 
 Sir Paul Vinogradov, F.B.A. 
 Dr. Hagberg Wright. 
 Mr. Minns. 
 Dr. Seton- Watson. 
 Mr. Nevill Forbes. 
 Mr. Hinks, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society. 
 
 The Sub-Committee dealing with Arabic and Persian included 
 
 Sir Charles Lyall, F.B.A. 
 
 Prof. A. A. Bevan, F.B.A. 
 
 Prof. T. Rhys Davids, F.B.A. 
 
 Prof. D. S. Margoliouth, F.B.A. 
 
 Sir Frederick Pollock, F.B.A. 
 with the addition of Mr. Hinks, representing the Royal Geographical 
 Society. 
 
 The principles which have been followed are explained in the 
 introduction to the Slavonic scheme, and, more briefly, in that to the 
 scheme for Arabic and Persian. In the case of the latter the system 
 recommended presents no novelty, but is the result of experience 
 extending over many years. It practically agrees with that adopted 
 more than fifty years ago by the Government of India for place-names 
 in official use, and for the names of soldiers in the Indian Army, 
 with such minor modifications as experience from time to time 
 showed to be desirable. 
 
 C. J. L. 
 

 THE BRITISH ACADEMY ^^^^ 
 
 U 
 
 REPORT OF COMMITTEE 
 
 ON 
 
 TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 
 
 Our terms of reference clearly point to orthographic not phonetic 
 transcription as the problem to be dealt with. Representation of 
 the native sounds for the purpose of teaching pronunciation or 
 assisting teachers is already dealt with by specialists; and in 
 particular the alphabet of the International Phonetic Association, 
 which may be seen in recent Russian Grammars, appears to furnish a 
 sufficient approximate guide, while minute scientific study is otherwise 
 provided for. Our business is with the transcription of the written 
 word from the Cyrillic to the Roman character. All that can be 
 expected from such a transcription from the point of view of pro- 
 nunciation is a normal correspondence of sound-values in the letters. 
 It cannot indicate, as a rule, euphonic modifications which the 
 original orthography does not indicate. If the system is uniform, 
 intelligible, fairly simple, and free from material ambiguity, the 
 conditions it ought to satisfy will be satisfied. Conventional it must 
 be, and those who work with it must be at the pains of mastering 
 the conventions. Obviously, we should avoid as far as possible the 
 use of symbols which are merely arbitrary, or likely to be misleading 
 to a reasonably intelligent reader. The difficulties however are 
 greater than might appear at first sight, and a perfect solution is not 
 always possible. 
 
 Russian and Bulgarian are the only Slavonic tongues using the 
 Cyrillic alphabet exclusively. The few peculiarities of Bulgarian and 
 Little Russian orthography do not offer any serious difficulty. Prac- 
 tically, therefore, our subject may be reduced to the transliteration of 
 Russian characters into Roman. As for the Cech, Polish, and Serbo- 
 Croatian languages, they have their own established methods of 
 spelling in Roman letters. The differences may be regrettable, but the 
 matter is outside our province. We have appended to the present 
 report a key to these systems, and also Magyar and Rumanian spelling, 
 which may be found useful. 
 
 384471 
 
4 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON 
 
 It may be asked why we should not adopt the regular Serbian 
 transliteration, which is used in Serbo-Croatian publications as 
 distinct from the purely Serbian literature printed in Cyrillic, and is 
 equally applicable to Russian. Unfortunately this system calls for 
 several special types with diacritical marks (c, I, &c.). Only a 
 minority of British printing offices have these. Moreover, such » 
 marks are disliked by cartographers as being too easily obscured in 
 map-work. Therefore we cannot recommend the Serbo-Croatian 
 transliteration for general adoption, though it would save us most of 
 our pains if we could. Writers on specially South Slavonic topics 
 will always be free to use the Serbo-Croatian spelling for such Russian 
 or Bulgarian names as may occur in the course of their work. 
 
 The principal subject-matters of transliteration in practice are : 
 
 (a) Proper names, and in particular place-names which have to be 
 
 rendered in Roman letters in maps and geographical works of 
 reference ; 
 
 (b) Titles of books and other bibliographical matter entered in 
 
 catalogues and the like. 
 
 Under both of these heads uniformity of indexing is a very 
 material consideration, and this alone would be sufficient defence 
 against the temptation to make orthography conform to pronunciation. 
 
 Thus, if we wrote a for an unstressed Russian o, as Arel for Orel, 
 Krapotkin for Kropotkin, we should throw the indexers work into 
 confusion, and in many cases a reader unacquainted with the rules 
 of Russian pronunciation would not know where to seek the name. 
 
 The difficulty of representing West-European names in Cyrillic 
 characters is even greater than that which we find in transcribing 
 Russian names, and they may become hardly recognizable in the 
 process. When foreign names so treated occur in a Russian document 
 under transcription, they should be restored to their original form if 
 it can be identified with certainty. Thus where FacL stands for a 
 German Haas we shall write it in its native spelling and not as ' Gas '. 
 It is a question of fact, in any doubtful case, whether the name has 
 become so far naturalized in the Cyrillic form that it should be 
 treated as Russian. Some current English forms of place-names 
 differ widely from both the native form and the Cyrillic transcription. 
 In such cases the English form may be added by way of explanation. 
 It must be understood that we do not recommend the extension of 
 this method to foreign words, not being proper names, adopted in 
 Russian. Alteration of these would be not transcription, but 
 comment better given in a note if thought proper.^ 
 
 * TTiis caution is especially applicable to derivatives of Greek and Latin 
 
TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 5 
 
 A scheme of transliteration is said to be reversible when a person 
 knowing the alphabet but not the language of a transcribed original 
 can reconstruct the original writing from the transcript with mechanical 
 certainty. Complete reversibility is no such easy matter as even 
 competent scholars may think off-hand. We do not attach great 
 value to it for any usual purpose of transcription, and as between the 
 Cyrillic and the Roman alphabet we do not think it attainable unless 
 with more trouble than it is worth. But we have indicated a few 
 supplementary signs, short of using special types or diacritical marks, 
 for cases where a closer approximation may be desired. We do not 
 think it useful to express any opinion as to the probable nature 
 or importance of such cases. 
 
 We do not think it possible to devise a practical scheme of 
 transliteration which will be conveniently applicable to the consonants 
 of both the Cyrillic and the Arabic alphabet, and it does not appear 
 to us that any trouble worth speaking of is likely to arise from the 
 treatment of Slavonic orthography on an independent footing. 
 
 It is manifest that every sign used in transcription should have 
 a fixed value, and, as far as possible, one and the same value in all 
 positions. 
 
 We follow the practically universal usage of modern scholars in 
 taking the normal Italian sounds of the vowels as the groundwork 
 of the vowel-system. 
 
 Russian, like English, has a variable stress-accent not ascertainable 
 by rule, often affecting the sense of the words, and especially 
 capricious in proper names. It appears advisable to mark this, 
 as it is marked in Russian lexicography, school books, and texts 
 printed for the use of learners, by the sign of the French acute accent. 
 No confusion can arise from the fact that the Government of India 
 and many Orientalists use this to mark the long vowels of Eastern 
 languages, for prosodiacal quantity is not recognized in Russian. 
 
 We now come to the details of our recommendations ; and we will 
 explain our treatment of disputable points in advance rather than 
 interrupt or encumber a tabular statement with long notes. 
 
 As to the Vowels : 
 
 Russian E and ^ should be transcribed uniformly as e, never ye. 
 (If any discretion were allowed it would be contrary to the principles 
 
 technical and political words. These should be dealt with as purely Russian, 
 and our conventional writing of the original forms must not be mixed up with 
 them, e. g. such hybrid spellings as anarchisticheski, tocialdemocratichetki are not 
 allowable. 
 
 A 3 
 
6 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON 
 
 laid down above, and also could be exercised only by a complete 
 master of spoken as well as written Russian.) 
 
 Any one who wishes to distinguish "B from E, which is not 
 commonly thought needful, can write e for it. In Bulgarian, however, 
 the distinction is material. 
 
 The modification of stressed E and ^ to a 2/o-sound may usefully be 
 indicated, as in Russian elementary books, in the form e. 
 
 We propose to let e stand for 9 too. It may be distinguished as e 
 if desired. This letter occurs only in words of foreign origin and in 
 a pronoun so common that no one who knows any Russian at all can 
 mistake it. 
 
 The vowel H (ery) is now usually transliterated by y. Some prefer 
 'i (so the International Phonetic Alphabet). We recommend, on 
 typographical grounds, y, the long mark (which almost all printers 
 have) being added to make a clear distinction from yu, ya^ and 3/, the 
 only working equivalents of K), fl, and S in ordinary Roman type. 
 When this vowel carries the accent, and the accent is marked in 
 transcription, the long mark may be omitted. S only occurs as the 
 second member of a . ' diphthong ', and is really consonantal y. 
 
 A more or less arbitrary convention is required for the monosyllabic 
 adjectival terminations which also constantly occur in proper names 
 of adjectival form. We propose -Hft = y, -ifi = i, -6fi = 6y. 
 
 The Semi-vowels {hard and soft signs). 
 
 The hard sign to be omitted. It is really superfluous in Russian. 
 In Bulgarian, when not final, it is still an obscure vowel, and may be 
 transcribed by ft. Most transliterators omit the soft sign also, but it 
 may be material for the sense of a word, and therefore should be 
 provided for. 
 
 We propose an apostrophe after the consonant affected: Tsar', 
 pyl', nel'zyd. 
 
 The Consonants. 
 
 In dealing with F there are two temptations. First, to transcribe 
 the anomalously written terminations -aro, -ero, -oro, -aro with a r; as 
 pronounced. We think on the whole this must be resisted altogether. 
 Secondly, to write h for Russian P where it stands for ^ in a foreign 
 word. We think this should be allowed only in proper names not 
 naturalized in Russian, as explained above. 
 
 The transcription of H ( = French J in sound) gave most trouble; 
 not because there is no plausible solution but because there are two 
 between which usage and opinion are divided. This division was 
 reflected in the Sub-Committee, where four (Mr. Hinks, Dr. Hagberg 
 
TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 7 
 
 Wright, Sir F. Pollock, and Sir Paul Vinogradov^) were for j, and three 
 (Mr. Nevill Forbes,^ Mr. Minns, Dr. Seton- Watson) for zh. The 
 question was referred to the Council of the Academy, who decided in 
 favour of zh. 
 
 X to be M, not h ; if h is used, either the combination ex (e. g. 
 cxo^HTb) is confused with m in transcription, sh standing for either, 
 or some special device must be introduced. 
 
 No special representation is provided for the phonetically superfluous 
 letters 0, V : the latter representing Greek y ( = i, f ,^ as in Modern 
 Greek) survives only in one or two church words. 
 
 Table of the Recommended Transliteration. 
 
 5 Zi^ s' 
 B B B 5 
 
 r r r^ 
 
 A A D 2>.5 
 £ e € e 
 £ e € e 
 
 3 'i 3 3 
 
 H M Ual 
 \ X J i\ 
 
 K U 
 K K A" fc 
 J\ Jl Jl ^ 
 
 M mJIm 
 
 O o Oc 
 n nTln 
 Pp9p 
 
 * These were unable to attend the meetings, but gave their opinions by letter. 
 
 * i.e. as part of the diphthongs av, ev. 
 
 RUSSIAN 
 
 
 a 
 
 CcCc 
 
 s 
 
 b 
 
 T T(mm 
 
 hi 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 lyy.y 
 
 u 
 
 |(h) 
 
 *<j>^^ 
 
 f 
 
 
 X X Jtac 
 
 kK 
 
 e 
 
 HhUh 
 
 ts 
 
 '€(^yo) 
 
 ch 
 
 zh 
 
 mmUim 
 
 sh 
 
 z 
 
 mm2«u< 
 
 M 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 -h » 
 
 emit 
 
 y 
 
 b 6 
 
 ^] 
 
 fe 
 
 "kld^t 
 
 e 
 
 I 
 
 ^[bn 
 
 
 m 
 
 3 9 S » 
 
 c 
 
 n 
 
 JO ioJOtv 
 
 yu 
 
 o 
 
 Si a A A 
 
 ya 
 
 P 
 
 e e Oe 
 
 f 
 
 r 
 
 V V 7r 
 
 i 
 
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON 
 
 LITTLE RUSSIAN BULGARIAN 
 
 discards discards 
 
 r r r t H I^I^Z((^^ sht 
 
 ^ e 6 e ye \fh'in^^idescent)s.fi 
 
 II uUu y(as iriDity) n'totz, e sounds 
 
 \lJ,i i(fure) sometimesya,^%ometim€syz, 
 
 I i / i* yi 
 
 3 C,tl be/ore e,X^>,10, (xnd ^ 
 Ofpro-x^rnate in sound to JK^JII^II. 
 
 We add as an Appendix a key to the use of the Roman alphabet 
 in Cech, Polish, and Serbo-Croatian. 
 
 F. P. 
 
 March 1917. 
 
TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 
 
 APPENDIX I 
 
 This Appendix was prepared hy Mr. Minns at the request of the 
 Sub-Committee after the last of their meetings; they are therefore not 
 collectively answerable for its details. — F. P. 
 
 The Committee agreed that languages which employ the Latin 
 Alphabet are not subjects for transliteration in the same way as those 
 which employ the Cyrillic. In view, however, of the fact that the 
 different languages of Central Europe have made different modifications 
 of the Latin Alphabet, it seemed convenient to add to this Report 
 Tables showing each System and the phonetic values attached to its 
 letters whether simple, differentiated by marks, or in conventional 
 combinations, these values being, as far as possible, expressed after the 
 fashion above suggested for Russian. Only the very roughest idea 
 of the sounds can be conveyed : accuracy would have involved complica- 
 tions. Such Tables may be particularly usefid to those who deal with 
 Maps. 
 
 The Languages included are Serbo-Croatian, Cecho- Slovak, and Polish 
 among the Slavonic tongues, the Ugrian Magyar and the Romance 
 Rumanian. The souiid system of both the latter has much in common 
 with the Slavonic. In all these languages an important feature is the 
 presence of so-called ' soft ' consonants : softness is here used for the 
 change produced in a consonant by the fact that it is followed by 
 a narrow vowel, i, to a less degree e, or by the consonant y. It is a 
 question of degree whether the resulting sound is felt to be quite distinct, 
 e.g. ch in church differs from k in kirk, or as a particular state of the 
 original consonant, e.g. t in tube as against t in took. This less 
 decided stage is generally implied by the term softness. To English 
 ears the effect is as of a very short y following or simidtaneous with the 
 consonant ; it has accordingly been expressed by consonantal y or, 
 where this might be taken to be a vowel forming a syllable, by ['], cf the 
 explanation of the Russian Table : familiar examples of soft consonants 
 are French and Italian gn { = soft n) and Italian gl (=soft 1). 
 
 Note the common feature that a fnal sonant consonant sounds as 
 a surd, and that a mixed group of surds and sonants generally cot forms 
 to the quality of its last member. 
 
10 
 
 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON 
 
 SERBIAN. CROATIAN. Value. 
 
 Aa A ci A a a 
 
 B 6B (T B b b 
 
 B h S e V V V 
 
 r r r rrz G g p* 
 
 4 4 a q7> D 3 9 
 
 "BIS 5*5 i© <t dxH 
 
 SERBIAN. CROATIAN. Value. 
 
 H h//h 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 E e JET e 
 
 Z 9 3 J 
 
 H hMu 
 J j J^/ 
 
 JijlJl A 
 
 b e 
 
 Z£ 
 Zz 
 
 I i 
 
 •^ j 
 
 L 1 
 
 Rr 
 
 5 5 
 
 zh 
 
 z 
 
 1 
 
 Mm m 
 
 Oo Oo 
 
 TT n lTa,n 
 
 P pPp 
 CtCc 
 T T Tam T t 
 
 •RtiTiTS ce 
 
 $*# 
 
 IJv^;^ Didi 
 mmllfui S § 
 
 Uu 
 Ff 
 Hh 
 
 Cc 
 
 ce 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 s 
 
 t 
 ch 
 a 
 f 
 kK 
 ts 
 ch 
 dzh 
 
 TA^ difference between c and 6 is that between ch in ' teacher ' and 
 t in 'creature' when rapidly spoken: so dz is our ^ m'jute'awi? 
 gj (d) more like d in ' during \ 
 
 iVoi^e that r is a vowel {e.g. Srbija) as well as a consonant. 
 
 CECH. 
 
 Value. 
 
 CECH. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 SLOVAK 
 
 a.,i 
 
 a 
 
 TV 
 
 tv 
 
 4tscartb 
 
 b 
 
 b 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 
 ry^n^ 
 
 V 
 
 f,U aniOlt 
 
 c 
 
 t5 
 
 0,0 
 
 0(<yym) 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 ch 
 
 ou 
 
 iuintio. 
 
 a 
 
 *i irt man 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 p 
 
 r 
 
 r. 
 
 I 
 
 asKasskuiA, 
 
 d' 
 
 dy.d' 
 
 r 
 
 asHiusianJlb. 
 
 ?'^ 
 
 c 
 
 f 
 
 ro/ndzoombtned 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 UO comlined. 
 
 V 
 
 y« 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 r 
 
 lon^wwel V 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
 S 
 
 sh 
 
 y 
 
 UkeHmstdna 
 
 § 
 
 g 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 K^ 
 
 K 
 
 e^ 
 
 ty,t! 
 
 
 
 ch 
 
 kh 
 
 u.{t 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 I'l 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 y 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 k 
 I 
 
 k 
 
 1 
 
 yy 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 V 
 
 2 
 
 zh 
 
 
 
TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 11 
 
 In Cech and Slovak ['] denotes length in a vowel not stress ; and ['] 
 denotes softness in a consonant : r and 1 can be vowels. TJie stress 
 accent is always on thejirst syllable of a word. 
 
 POLISH. Value. 
 
 POLISH. 
 
 Value. 
 
 POLISH. Value. 
 
 a a 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
 P P 
 
 ^ irench on 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 r r 
 
 h h 
 
 ^ 
 
 rz zhorsh 
 
 c(d) ts(ch) 
 
 i 
 
 i(y) 
 
 5 (si) s(sK) 
 
 ch kh 
 • cz ck 
 
 i 
 
 ^^ 
 
 i sh 
 
 c ch 
 
 1 
 
 lasinEnglisht t 
 
 d d 
 
 -t 
 
 to«2/jl 
 
 a a 
 
 di(dn)dlCdzK) 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 W V 
 
 dz dzh 
 
 n 
 
 TV 
 
 y y 
 
 z(z}) ^(zh) 
 
 dt dih 
 
 A 
 
 n' 
 
 C Q 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 i zH 
 
 f. Frvnch in 
 
 6 
 
 u 
 
 ii zH 
 
 T/t^ stress accent in Polish is almost ahcays on the penultimate 
 syllable. There is no distinction of long and short vowels. The nasal 
 vowels §, and § often sound like full vowels on and en. 
 
 The softness of a consonant is denoted in various ways : when c, dz, 
 s, z are soft before another consonant or at the end of a word they take 
 an accent as c, df , s, z and labials an apostrophe b', i\ m', p', w' ; all 
 consonants followed by i are soft, before another vowel the i has no 
 vowel-sound but merely serves as a sign that the consonant is soft, 
 before a consonant or at the end of a word i does double duty, both 
 softening the preceding consonant and sounding as a vowel. In the 
 case of c (ci-), dz (dzi-), s (si-), z (zi-) the softness goes so far that to our 
 ears they sound almost like ch, dzh, sh andz\i, cf current pronunciations 
 in 'creature, indiarubber, sinn fein, azure': sc (sci-) is heard in 
 * question \ 1 counts as soft in all positions as opposed to the strongly 
 labialized i, practically = Eiig. w. 
 
 rz has lost all trace of r and sounds zh, or if combined with a surd sh. 
 
12 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON 
 
 MAGYAR. Value. MAGYAR. Value. 
 
 
 o(ppcn) 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 a^ 
 
 a 
 
 ny 
 
 ny,n' 
 
 \> 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 oinornuf) 
 
 c,cz 
 
 ts 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 N 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 p 
 
 P 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
 5 
 
 sfv 
 
 
 Itv 
 
 S2 
 
 S 
 t 
 
 \ 
 
 K 
 
 ty 
 
 ty,t' 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
 u 
 
 ct 
 
 1 
 
 \' 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 't^jCemanu 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 v" 
 
 V 
 
 b^ 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 1 
 
 mm Z5 zh 
 
 77i^ *^ri^55 accent is always on the first syllahle : the accent-marks 
 denote long vowels, y is never a vowel but only a mark of softness in 
 gy (= Serb. ^ or Polish dz), ly, ny, ty ; ly like the French 1 mouille ^ 
 has mostly lost the 1 sound, leaving only the y. 
 
 Note that cs = ch, s=sh, sz = s are exactly opposite to Polish use. 
 
 Proper names often keep an old spelling, e.g. Zichy for Zicsi. 
 
 Slovak names are often written after this system. 
 
 ^ According to the modern Parisian use, which however is censured through- 
 out Littre's Dictionary, 
 
TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 13 
 
 RUMANIAN. RUMANIAN. 
 
 Value. Value. 
 
 a a. 1 1 
 
 a^ y (Russian hO m m 
 
 a U(3uljarian'h) n tl 
 
 b b 
 
 c.cft k P P 
 
 c,ci cfi r r 
 
 ad s s 
 
 4 ^ 5 sh 
 
 e ye,c(Kuift'ane) t t 
 
 f f tr t^s 
 
 g,gi &h(EnjUsfl\J U U 
 
 K kb V V 
 
 i i y i 
 
 1 y z z 
 
 j xh(j^ench\) 
 
 The sounds of Rumanian are very like those of a Slavonic tongue, 
 hut its spelling has been arranged to bring out its Latin acuities. 
 
 si, 1 {formerly also e, 6, u) represent nearly y (Russian u) : 
 a stands for the sound of u in but : e (like Russian e) has a y or 
 softness before it: i is y before or after a vowel, and the sign of 
 softness {Russian h) after a consonant : u, true short u, only occurs as 
 the second element of a diphthong ; it was formerly also written at the 
 end of words and was mute like Russian it. 
 
 As in Italian, c and g before hard vowels, a, a, a, i, o, u = k, g; 
 before the soft e, i, i, they = ch and dzh, expressed before hard vowels 
 by ci, gi, while ch, gh before soft vowels sound k, g : sc before soft 
 vowels =shi'' : d is a z residting from softened d. 
 
14 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON 
 
 APPENDIX II 
 
 RUSSIAN NAMES AND WORDS 
 
 Transliterated in accordance with the proposed System : they are 
 chosen either for their familiarity or because they illustrate special 
 
 points. 
 
 AcTpaxaHb, Astrakhan'. 
 
 AxTfcipKa, Akhtyrka (accented ti = y, the accent distinguishing it 
 
 completely). 
 BjiaroB^meHCK'L, Blagoveshchensk (when e has the tonic accent this 
 
 need not be marked). 
 Bijiooaepo, Belodzero (oo two syllables, not u ; 6 shows e not to have 
 
 tonic accent). 
 BiJlBlii OcipOB'L, Bely Ostrov (e again has the accent, as u if 
 
 accented would be y). 
 Bo6pyfiCKi, Bdbruysk. 
 
 Bopo6beBH FopH, Vorob'evy Gory (e shows where the accent falls). 
 BopoHeacB, Voronezh. 
 EKaiepHHOcjiaBJiL, EkaterinosMvl'. 
 EhhcM, Enisey. 
 
 HCaryjieBCKifl Fopn, Zhigulevskiya Gory. 
 3Khtomhp'B, Zhitomir. 
 
 3aKacnifiCKafl06jiacTB,Zakaspiyskaya Oblast' (iy ^br ifi when not final). 
 3eMJia BofiCKa Jl,OHCK^ro, Zemly^ VoyskA Donskago (prow. Donskdva). 
 SjiaToycTi., Zlatoust (ou two syllables, not = Eng. u or Fr. ou). 
 HBaHOBO-BosHeceHCK'B , Ivanovo- Voznesensk. 
 KasaHL, Kazan'. 
 
 KaMBHHOoCTpoBCKift npocneKTT., Kamennoostrdvski Prospekt. 
 KieBi., Kiev (ie two syllables, not = ye). 
 KHH6ypHCKaa Koca, Kinburnskaya Kos^. 
 KninHHeBt, Kishinev. 
 Jla^ora, Ladoga. 
 MHHycHHCKi., Minusinsk. 
 MoHtattCKt, Mozhaysk. 
 MypMaHCKifl Beperi), Murmanski Bereg. 
 Mhcl HejnoCKHHi,, Mys Chelyuskin. 
 HaJKHift-HoBropoAi) , Nizhni-Ndvgorod. 
 
TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 15 
 
 HiiKOJiaeB, Nikolaev. 
 
 HoBopocciftcKi), Novorossiysk (ss only when in the Russian). 
 
 HoBOqepKacCK'L, Novocherkassk. 
 
 06i>, Ob' (the locative form Obi ha^ passed into English). 
 
 Onera, Onega. 
 
 noJi-fecbe, Poles'e. 
 
 Ileqopa, Pechora. ' 
 
 Ph6iihck'l, Rybinsk. 
 
 PaaaHB, Ryazan'. 
 
 CaxaJiiiHi), Sakhah'n. 
 
 CnM$eponojiB, Simferdpor (not Sympheropol'). 
 
 CbispaHB, Syzran'. 
 
 TsepB, Tver'. 
 
 Tpofliie-CeprieBO , Troytse-Sergievo. 
 
 y$a, Ufd. 
 
 XapBKOB^, Khdr'kov. 
 
 XoJiMoropLi, Kholmogdry. 
 
 Ilapni^BiHt, Tsaritsyn. 
 
 IJapcKoe Cejio, Ts^rskoe Seld. 
 
 ''lepHaa Pfea, Chernaya Rekd. 
 
 ""lepHBiii Hp'L, Cherny Yar. 
 
 SpnBaHi), Erivdn. 
 
 lOpBeB-b, Yur'ev. 
 
 HpocjiaBJiB, YarosUvl'. 
 
 Oeoaocia, Feodosiya. 
 
 AHApeeBi, JleoHnai) ; Andreev, Leonid. 
 
 BaJiaKnpeB'L, Balakirev. 
 
 BaxMeibeBT), Bakhmet'ev. 
 
 BoSpHHCKOfl, Bdbrinskoy. 
 
 BopoanHi), Borodin. 
 
 BopoHi^OB'S, Vorontsdv. 
 
 BpoHCKitt, Vrdnski. 
 
 FjiaayHOB'L, Glazundv. 
 
 FojiimuH'B, Golitsyn. 
 
 FopBKifi, MaKCHMi. (II'fcinKOB'B) ; Gdr'ki, Maxim (Peshkov). 
 
 Evjioritt (might be spelt with b or v = v), Evldgi (final -iti as i). 
 
 Jl^ocToeBCKiit, GeAop-L MHxaiiJiOBnq'L ; Dostoevski, Fedor Mikhdylovich. 
 
 SKyKOBCKitt, Zhukdvski. 
 
 HBaHt BacHJiBeBflHt FposHBitt, Ivan Vasil'evich Grozny. 
 
 HrHaTBeB-L, Ignat'ev. 
 
 HjlioAopi., Ilioddr (not Heliodorus). 
 
16 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON 
 
 KponoTKHHt, Knasb ; Kropdtkin, Knyaz\ 
 
 JlepMOHTOB-b, Mnxanji'B lOpbefinqi. ; Lermontov, Mikhail Yurevich. 
 
 JIlbobt., LVov. 
 
 MeHflejiieB'B, Mendeleev. 
 
 Me^EHKOBi), Hjibh ; Mechnikov, Il'ya. 
 
 MnnioKOBt, XlaBeJii) HnKOJiaesHit ; Milyukdv, Pavel Nikoldevich. 
 
 MypaBBeB-B, Murav'ev. 
 
 MycoprcKifi, Musorgski. 
 
 Macoi;];oB'B, Myasoedov. 
 
 HeKpacoBt, Nekrasov. 
 
 nymKHHi), AjieKcanap'B Ceprieenqt ; Pushkin, Alexdndr Sergeevich. 
 
 PaxMaHHHOB'L, Rakhmdninov. 
 
 PHMCKitt-KopcaKOB^, Rimski-Korsakov. 
 
 PojKaecTBeHCKift, Rozhdestvenski. 
 
 CKpa6HH'B, Skryabin. 
 
 CojiOBBeBi), BjiaaHMipi) ; Solov'ev, Vladimir. 
 
 CyBOpoBT., Suvdrov {not Suwarrow !). 
 
 ToJiCTOft, rpa$i> JleBi) HnKOJiaeBHq'B ; Tolstdy, Graf Lev Nikoldevich. 
 
 TypreneB'B, HBant CeprieBnqi. ; Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich. 
 
 XpymoB'B, Khrushchdv (usually written ChrouschofF). 
 
 ^aiiKOBCKifi, nexpt Hjibh^'l ; Chaykdvski, Petr Il'ieh. 
 
 "^exoB-B, Ahtoh'b ; Chekhov, Antdn. 
 
 me^pnHt-CaiHTHKOBi, Shchedrin-Saltykdv. 
 
 lOcynoB'b, Yusupov. 
 
 Feoprifl no6'fcAOHOcei^'&, Gedrgi Pobedondsets. 
 
 Fpam^aHHH'L, Grazhdanin. 
 
 FpeMamift, Gremyashchi. 
 
 OiBaJKHBifl, Otvdzhny. 
 
 UaMflTB AaoBa, Pamyaf Azova. 
 
 noTeMKHHi., Potemkin. 
 
 Tpa CBaTHiejia, Tri Svyatitelya. 
 
 BHpjKeBHfl Bi^OMOCTH, Birzhevyya Vedomosti (fy is awkward but 
 
 inevitable). 
 EBpeflCKaa HCh3HB, Evreyskaya Zhizn'. 
 SKypHajit MnHHCiepcTBa HapoflHaro UpocBimeHia, Zhurndl Mini- 
 
 sterstva Narddnago Prosveshcheniya. 
 SanncKH OffeccKaro OdmeciBa Hcxopia h J^peBHOCiefi, Zapiski 
 
 Odesskago Obshchestva Istdrii i Drevnostey. 
 HsBiciia CoBfoa PaSoqHxi. h CojiAaicKHX'b J^enyTaTOBt, Izvestiya 
 
 Soveta Rabdchikh i Soldatskikh Deputdtov. 
 KieBJiaHHHt, Kievlydnin. 
 
TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 17 
 
 HoBafl ^H3Hb, Novaya Zhizn'. 
 HoBoe BpeMfl, Ndvoe Vremya. 
 Ot^qtb HcTopnqecKaro Myaea Bt MocKB-fe, Otchet Istoricheskago 
 
 Muzeya v Moskve (tch is xq not merely i ; Moscow does for 
 
 ordinary tise hut cannot be declined). 
 PiqL, Rech' {not Retch). 
 PyccKia B'^aomocth, Riisskiya Vedomosti. 
 TpyAu VP^° ApxeojioraiecKaro C'Lta^a , Trudy VP^o Arkheologiche- 
 
 skago S'ezda {the reversed apostrophe ' may be put for internal 'b as 
 
 in Little Russian. Russians who discard final i> use ['], but that 
 
 is wanted for h). 
 IlepKOBHoe OSospinie, Tserkdvnoe Obozrenie {where te is alternative 
 
 to ie it is most conveniently rendered by ie ; so MaTepBanu may 
 
 appear as Materidly). 
 lOacHuft Kpafi, Yuzhny Krdy (Krai must be reserved for the plural). 
 
 AjiBKoront, APkogdr {not quite so bad as B. Fioroybr V. Hugo). 
 BiJifeB, bele't' {there being two e's the accent must be inserted). 
 BiJia, 6'fejiba, 6'fejiua ; belya, bel'ya, belyya {these words look clumsy, 
 
 but the rendering is complete). 
 Mvpo, Miro {the word in which v best survives). 
 OTSUBt, Otzyv {tz for T3 not for ^ ; it is impossible to distinguish q 
 
 and TC). 
 Uani), niJiB, dlhi'l, ntiJit ; pil, piP, pyl, pyl' {these words are confused 
 
 in some systems). 
 Boacieio MnjiocTiio 6eoji;op'B AjieKcieBnq'b Bcea BejiHKia, Majiua h 
 
 BijiLia Poccin LJapb h CaMOAepHceqi. ; Bdzhieyu Milostiyu 
 
 Feddor Alexeevich Vseyd. Velikiya, Malyya i Belyya Rossii Tsar* 
 
 i Samoderzhets. 
 PoccifiCKaa Coi^iajiB-Jl^eMOKpaTHqecKaa Pa6oHaa Uapiia, Rossfyskaya 
 
 Sotsial'-Demokraticheskaya Rabdchaya Pdrtiya. 
 
 LITTLE RUSSIAN OR UKRAINIAN WORDS 
 
 Transliterated from the orthography adopted by the Ukrainian move- 
 ment. These names are generally written after the Polish manner of 
 
 uskig Latin letters. 
 Anrnia, Anglyiya. 
 Byr, Buh. 
 
 BHHHHHeHKO, Vyunychenko. 
 BoJiHHb, Volyn\ 
 
18 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON 
 
 BoJiOAHMnp-BoJiiiHCbK, Volodymyr-Volyns'k. 
 
 raJiiiiHHa, Halychyna, 
 
 FeTLMaH IsaH Maaena, Hefman Ivdn Mazepa. 
 
 rpymeBCBKiifi, Hrushevs'ky (nfl = y as in Gt. Russian titt = y). 
 
 Koro EKi];ejieHi^HH MnxponojiiT Fpa^t AHApift ElenTHi^bKHfi, Yohd 
 
 Ektselyentsyya Mytropolyit Graf Andri Sheptyts'ky. 
 SanopoHCCbKa Ci^, Zapor6zhs''ka Syich. 
 KaTepuHOCJias, Katerynoslav. 
 KiriB, Kyyiv (Kiev). 
 JIbbIb, L'viv (Lemberg). 
 MicieiKO PacHmiB KniBCbKoro noBiiy, Mistechko Rzhyshchiv 
 
 Kyyivs'koho Pdvitu (= Uezda). 
 nepeMiimji, Peremyshl (Przemysl). 
 no^ijle, Podilye (Podoira). 
 CofiM, Soym. 
 
 yKpaiHCbKHft, Ukrayins'ky. 
 XapmB, Kharkiv. 
 
 XMejiLHHi^bKHfl, BorffaH'B ; Khmernyts'ky, Bohdan. 
 ^epHiBui, Chernivtsi (Czernowitz). 
 ''lepHHriB, Chernihiv. 
 3anHCKH HayKOBoro ToBapiiciBa Imghh nieBieHKH, Zapysky Naukovoho 
 
 Tovarystva Imeny Shevchdnky. 
 
 BULGARIAN NAMES AND WORDS 
 
 B^Jio Mope, Belo More (Aegean). 
 
 Bypract, Burgas. 
 
 BxJirapHfl, Bulgdriya. 
 
 BHAHHt, Vidin. 
 
 Fopna Op'fexoBHii;a, Gdrna Orekhovitsa. 
 
 Fpti^Hfl, Grutsiya (u accented). 
 
 J^oSpyAHca, Ddbrudzha {Bulgarian maps march with Serbian^ so j is 
 
 avoided). 
 EcKH-J^jKyMaa, Eski-Dzhumayd. 
 HcK'Lp'L, Iskur. 
 KasaHJitKi), Kazanluk. 
 
 KiocTeHAH;!iCKaTa J^oJiHHa, Kyustendilskata Dolind. 
 Mapima, Maritsa. 
 OaPhh-b, Odrin (Adrianople). 
 OcMaHt-XIaaapb, Osman-Pazar'. 
 IlaHariopHme, Panagyurishte. 
 
TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 19 
 
 nnpiiHt IIjiaHnHa, Finn Flanina. 
 IIJi'fcBeH'L, Fleven. 
 Hjiobahb'B, Plovdiv (Fhilippopolis). 
 Phjickhht'L M'BHacTHpL, Rilskiyat MunastiV. 
 Fyce, Ruse (Ruschuk). 
 
 AcfcHb, lUimiMaH'B ; Asen', Shishman. 
 
 FemoBi., Geshov. ■ 
 
 J^HMUT'Lp'L, Dimitur. 
 
 KapaBGJiOB'B, JlK)6eH'B ; Karavelov, Lyuben. 
 
 IXex'Lp'b, Petur. 
 
 FaJ^ocJIaBOB'B, Radoslavov. 
 
 CiaMSonoB'B, Stambolov. 
 
 CSopHHK'B Ha Hapo^HH yMOTBopeHHfl, HayKa n KHHJKHHHa ; Sbdrnik na 
 
 narddni umotvoreniya, nauka i knizhnina. 
 CaMOKOBt, Samokov. 
 CBGia Fopa, Sveta Gora. 
 CEnmoBi., Svishtov. 
 CoJiyH'B, Sdlun (Salonica). 
 Cp^AHa Fopa, Sredna Gora. 
 Cxapa UjiaHHHa, Stara Flanina. 
 Ciapa 3aropa, Stara Zagdra. 
 Cip^Ma, Strema. 
 Thmoki., Timok. 
 Tonojmnrqa, Topdlnishta. 
 TptHOBO, Trunovo. 
 Tp-LHt, Trun. 
 ^apH^paJ^'&, Tsarigrad. 
 ^epHO Mope, Cherno More. 
 nXyMeHT*, Shumen (Shumla). 
 maTH C^eAHHeHHTi, Shtati Suedinenite = U.S.A. 
 HmSojiI), Yambol. 
 
 B-BopA^acGHHe, Vuoruzhenie. 
 
 R'Binepa, dushterya, 
 
 KA^ma, kushta. 
 
 Ar-BJit, u'gul {there being two marked letters the accent must be inserted). 
 
20 TRANSLITERATION OF SLAVONIC NAMES 
 
 APPENDIX III 
 
 NOTE OF MEETINGS OF THE SLAVONIC 
 SUB-COMMITTEE. 
 
 First Meeting. 
 January 9, 1917, at King's College, 4.30 p.m. 
 Present : Sir F. Pollock in the Chair, 
 Mr. Hinks, 
 Mr. Minns. 
 The Sub-Committee considered the preliminary questions as stated 
 in Sir C. Lyall's memorandum of July 25, 1916, and a memorandum 
 by Mr. Hinks addressed to Dr. Gollancz, November 29, 1916, and 
 unanimously agreed on the points of principle more fully stated in 
 the foregoing report. 
 
 Second Meeting. 
 February 22, 1917, at Sir F. Pollock's Chambers, 13 Old Square, 
 Lincoln's Inn, 4.30 p.m. 
 
 Present : Mr. Minns, 
 
 Dr. Seton- Watson, 
 Dr. Hagberg W^right, 
 Sir F. Pollock in the Chair. 
 The Sub-Committee considered details and instructed the Chairman 
 to draft a report. 
 
 Third Meeting. 
 March 8, 1917, at 13 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, 4.30 p.m. 
 Present ; Mr. Hinks, 
 Mr. Minns, 
 Dr. Wright, 
 
 Sir F. Pollock in the Chair. 
 The Sub-Committee considered and passed unanimously, with agreed 
 amendments, the draft report prepared by the Chairman. Mr. Minns 
 undertook to supply the table of alphabetical equivalents and a key 
 table for the use of the Roman alphabet in Cech, Serbo-Croatian, 
 and Polish. The Chairman was instructed to forward the report when 
 so completed to Sir C, Lyall as chairman of the principal Committee. 
 
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