H^^^y^^g^H^^K MKKKBtk r.ii n>^.XK^' University of California. ^TI K^i' OK M. %ece zAcccssions ived No./Zy^//. Class 7v • • igBOMmammmmBimmmmmmmmmn BOTANICAL COMPANION TO THE BRITISH PHARMACOP(E[A. . BY HYMAN MAEKS, L.E.C.S.I., FIRST PRIZEMAN IN THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE AND IN BOT^AJXY, LEDWICH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. DUBLIN : FANNIN & CO., 4 1, GE A F T N - S T E E E T LONDON : LONGMANS, GEEEN & CO. EDINBURGH : MACLACHLAN & STEWART. 1873. Price One Shilling. University of California. (rlWV Off 187^. BOTANICAL COMPANION TO THE BRITISH PHARMACOPEIA. BY HYMAN MAEKS, L.E.C.S.I., FIRST PRIZEMAN IN THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE AND IN BOTANY, LEDWICH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. DUBLIN: FANNIN & CO., 41, GE AF T ON - S TREET. LONDON : LONGMANS, GEEEN & CO. EDINBURGH : MACLACHLAN & STEWART, 1873, FEINTED BY J. ATKIWSON AND CO., GRAPTON-STRKKT, DUBLIN. ^cirirattir TO DANIEL TOLER THOMAS MAUNSELL, M.B. Dub., M.R.I.A., Zecturer on Botany to the Ledtcich School of Medicine, ^c, ^c.f AS A TRIVIAL BUT SINCERE MARK OP HIGH ESTIMATION OF HIS ABILITIES, AND APPRECIATION AS A FRIEND, BT THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. This Pamphlet has been written with the object of supplying, to Students of Medicine, a ready means of acquiring that special information which, heretofore, they had much trouble and attendant loss of time in searching for through cumbrous works on the subject. Charts are the usual vehicles employed for conveying this kind of information, but the want of porta- bility materially lessens their usefulness. A short sketch of the Classes and Sub- Classes of the Vegetable Kingdom has first been given, this is followed by a description of the characters, of the Natural Orders of the Plants of the British Pharmacopoeia, and the Names of the Plants, with their Orders and Officinal Parts, arranged in a tabular form. I have considered it advisable to include the Linnsean Classes and Orders, as they are frequently asked by Examining Boards. Should the object in view be attained, and the labour of the Student lightened, the earnest wishes of the Author will have been amply fulfilled. Dublin, Aprils 1873. LllMiAilY i rxi VKi;:?rrv of CAI.IFOKXIA.^ €\mm of tljt ^t^dMt ilmjgkw. EXOGENS. — Plants witli distinct bark, wood, and pith ; the wood increasing by yearly additions to its exterior ; leaves reticulated ; flowers usually in quinary or quaternary ar- rangement, and embryo dicolytedonous. ENDOGENS. — Stem increasing by internal growth, and having no distinct pith or bark ; leaves parallel veined ; flowers glumiferous, or arranged in ternary order ; embryo mono- cotyledonous. ACEOGENS. — Cryptogamic plants, with distinct stem, con- taining vascular tissue ; leaves with forked venation, or veinless. THALLOGENS.— Cellular cryptogamic plants. SUB-CLASSES OF EXOGENS. Thalamiflor^. — Flowers usually dichlamydeous ; stamens hypogynous. Cai.yciflor^. — Flowers dichlamydeous ; petals distinct or united ; stamens perigynous or epigynous. CoROLLiFLOR^. — Flowcrs dichlamydeous ; petals united ; stamens rising from the receptacle or corolla. MoNOOHLAMYDE^. — Flowors with a calyx, or achlamydeous. This sub-class has two sub-divisions — 1. Angiosperm^. — Ovules contained in a pericarp. 2. Gymnosperm^. — Ovules not contained in a true pericarp. THALAMiFLORiE contains tliG following Natural Orders : — Eaniinculaceco Oruciferoo Aurantiaceco Zygophyllaceee MagnoliacGCG Polygalaceoo Q-uttiferao Eutaceoe Menispermaceso Krameriaceao Vitace^e Simarubaceso Papaveracea? Malvaceae Linacese Calyoiplora contains : — AnacardiacesD Myrtacea) Caprifoliaceao Amyridacese Granateee Cinchonacese Leguminosse Cucurbitacese Valerianacese Eosaceae Umbelliferso Compositse Lobeliaceee Styraceae CoROLLiFLOBiE contains : — Ericaceae Logania^eae Solanaceae Labiatae Oleaceae Gentianaceao Atropaceae Asclepiadaceae Convolvulaceae Scropbulariaceae MoNOCHLAMYDEJE contains :- Polygonaceae Thymelaceae Myristicaceae Lauraceae Piperaceae Aristolocbiaceae Urticaceao Euphorbiaceae Cupuliferae Coniferae Angiospermous )". ymnospermous SUB-CLASSES OF ENDOGENS. DiCTYOGENS. — Plants with reticulated venation ; leaves usually disarticulating ; woody matter of rhizome disposed in circular, wedge-like form. PETALOiDEiE. — Plowers with a coloured perianth, or whorled Bcales. Gltjmales. — Flowers composed of imbricated bracts. DiCTYOGENS includes Smilaceae. Petaloide^ contains — Scitamineae, Iridaceae, Liliaceae, Melanthaceae. Glumat.es contains — Gramineae. ACEOGENS contains— FiHces. THALLOGENS contains—Lichens. imidwlstks jof ilrc M;(tural ©rbcrs. THALAMIFLOEAL EXOaENS. Eanunculace^e. — Herbs, rarely shrubs ; leases palmate or digitate, petioles dilated ; sepals three to five ; petals three to fifteen, often deformed ; stamens indefinite, with adnate anthers ; fruit achenes or follicles ; seeds with minute embryo and horny albumen ; containing — Aconitum Napellus, and Podo- phyllum Peltatum. MAQNOLiACEiE. — Trees or shrubs with coriaceous leaves and convolute stipules, which cover the buds, and are deciduous ; flowers fragrant ; sepals three to six ; petals three or more, imbricate ; stamens indefinite, with adnate anthers ; carpels numerous, one-celled, on an elevated receptacle ; embryo minute, in fleshy albumen ; containing — Illicmm Anisatum. MenispermaceyE. — Trailing shrubs ; leaves simple, entire ; flowers unisexual, often dioecious ; stamens monadelphous or distinct ; carpels on a ■ gynophore, one-celled ; fruit drupaceous, one-celled ; embryo large, cui-ved, in albumen ; containing — Jateorrhiza Columha, and Cissampelos Pareira. Papaveeacea/E. — Herbs abounding in milky juice ; leaves alternate, usually divided, exstipulate ; sepals two, caducous ; petals three or four, crumpled in aestivation ; stamens numerous, with adnate anthers ; ovary with parietal placentation ; fruit capsular ; seeds with oily albumen ; containing — Papaver Rhcsas, and Papaver Somniferum. Crucefeeje. — Herbs with juice affording sulphur ; leaves alter- nate ; bracts none ; flowers in corymbose racemes ; sepals four ; petals cruciate ; stamens tertradynamous ; ovary superior ; fruit a silique or silicule ; seeds attached to the replum, exalbuminous, with the radicle folded on the cotyledons ; containing — Sinapis Nigra, Sinapis Alha, and Cochlearia Armoracia. PoLYGALACE/E. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves simple, exstipulate ; bracts three ; flowers falsely papilionaceous ; sepals five, irregu- lar, the two inner ones usually petaloid ; petals united, usually three, the anterior keel larger, and sometimes crested ; stamens six to eight, monadelphous ; anthers one-celled, ovary two-celled, each with a single pendulous ovule ; seeds albuminous, with a straight embryo ; containing — Folygala Senega. KRAMERiACEiE. — Distinguished from Polygalacese, by wanting the falsely papilionaceous flowers, having a simple one-celled ovary, and seeds without albumen ; containing — Krameria Tri- andra. Malvace^. — Herbs or trees, leaves alternate, palmate, and stipulate ; flowers axillary ; calyx valvate ; petals twisted ; sta- mens monadelphous, with reniform anthers ; ovary many-celled, or of many carpels, separable when ripe ; seeds with little albu- men ; embryo curved, with twisted cotyledons ; containing — Gossypium, AuRANTiACE^. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, with oil glands, articulated to petiole ; flowers fragrant ; calyx short, bell-shaped ; petals three to five, with the stamens inserted on a hypogynous disk ; ovary free ; fruit pulpy, many-celled ; seeds exalbuminous ; containing — Citrus Bigaradia, C. Limonum, and C. Limetta, also ^.gle Marmelos. GuTTiFERJE. — Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice ; leaves opposite, coriaceous, entire ; flowers occasionally unisexual ; sepals two to eight, unequal; petals regular; stamens numerous, often united ; ovary one or many- celled ; fruit dry or succulent ; seeds exalbuminous; containing — Garcinia Morella, and Canella Alia. ViTACE^ — Climbing shrubs, with tumid joints, and tendrils ; leaves simple or compound ; flowers small, green, racemose ; calyx nearly entire ; petals four to five, induplicate ; stamens opposite the petals, inserted on a disk ; ovary two-celled, ovules erect ; fruit a uva ; embrj-o small, in horny albumen ; contain- ing — Vitis Vinifera. Linages. — Herbs, with entire sessile exstipulate leaves ; flowers regular ; sej)als three to five, imbricate ; petals three to five, contorted ; stamens united at base ; ovary three to five- celled, with three to five styles ; capsules globular ; each cell with two seeds, divided by spurious dorsal partitions ; no albumen ; containing — Linum Usitatissimum. Zygopiiyllace/E. — Herbs or trees ; leaves opposite, stipulate, usually pinnate, not dotted ; sepals four to five, convolute ; petals clawed, imbricate ; stamens eight to ten ; ovary four to five-celled, style simple ; fruit usually a capsule, opening by four to five valves; seeds usually albuminous; embryo green; containing — Guaiacum Officinale. EuTACE.E. — Herbs or trees, with exstipulate dotted leaves, and perfect flowers ; sepals four to five ; petals four to five, or none ; stamens definite, on the outside of a cup-shaped disk ; ovary three to five-lobed; style single, sometimes divided near the base ; fruit capsular, often separating when ripe ; seeds one or two in each carpel. The Bute?e have albuminous seeds ; the Barosmese are exalbuminous ; which has been considered sufii- cientto constitute them sub-orders; they contain — Rida Graveolens, BarosmaBetulina, B. Crenulata, B. Serratifolia,[aTid Galipea Cusparia. * SiMAKUBACE^. — Treos or shrubs, with bitter wood ; leaves alternate, exstipulate, without dots, usually compound ; sepals four to five ; petals imbricate ; stamens eight to ten, rising from hypogynous scales ; ovary stalked, four to five-lobed ; fruit, of drupes, round a receptacle, each with one pendulous exalbumi- nous seed ; containing — Picr(^na Exceha. CALYCIFLORAL EXOGENS. Anacardiace^. — Trees or shrubs, with resinous acrid juice, often blackening when dry ; leaves exstipulate, alternate ; flowers small, sometimes unisexual ; sepals three to five, united ; petals three to five, imbricate ; stamens usually definite ; ovary one- celled ; styles three ; ovule single, with a funicle from the base of the cell ; fruit indehiscent ; seeds exalbuminous ; containing — Pistacia Lentiscus. Amyridace.!]:. — Trees or slirubs ; leaves compound, occasionally stipulate and dotted ; calyx three to five cleft ; petals three to five, valvato ; stamens six to ten ; ovary one to five-celled, sur- rounded by an annular disk ; ovules in pairs ; fruit dry and hard ; exocarp splitting into valves ; seeds anatropal, exalbumi- nous ; containing — Balsamodendron Ifyrrha, and Canarium Com- mune. Legumiis-os.e. — Herbs or trees with alternate, usually compound, stipulate leaves; calyx five cleft; petals papilionaceous or regular; stamens variable, distinct, or united in bundles ; fruit a legume; seeds exalbuminous. This order has been sub-divided into three sub-orders — FapilionacecB, CcdsalpinecB, and Mimosece. Papilionace.^. — Petals papilionaceous, imbricate ; the vexillum external. It contains — Myroxylon Pereira, Myroxylon Toluifera^ Sarothammis Scopariiis, Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Physostigma Venenosum, Asfragalm Ferns, Pferocarpus Santalinus, Pterocarpm Marsupium, Indigofera Tinctoria. CiESALPiNE.'E. — Petals imbricate ; vexillum internal : includes — Hcematoxylum CampeacJiianum, Tamarindiis Indica, Cassia Fistula, Copaifera MnUijuga, Cassias (producing Senna).- MiMOSE.^. — Petals valvate : contains — Acacias (yielding gum). EosACEiE. — Herbs, trees, or shrubs ; leaves usually comj)ound and stipulate ; flowers showy ; calyx permanent, lined with a disk ; petals five, equal ; stamens definite or indefinite ; ovaries solitary or several, distinct or united ; styles obliquely inserted on the ovary ; fruit variable ; seeds exalbuminous ; embryo straight, with flat cotyledons. Its sub-orders are : — Amygdalecd, Roscce, and Pomece. Amygdale^e. — Trees or shrubs, with deciduous calyx tube ; fruit a drupe ; stipules not united to the petiole. It comprises — Aymjgdalus Communis, Prunus Pomcstica, and Prunm iMurocerasus. PosE.E. — Carpels not adhering to the calyx tube ; fruit achenes or follicles ; stipules united to j)etiole. Contains — Brayera Anfhdminiica, lioni Canina, llosa Cent if olio, and Rosa Gallica, PoME^. — Carpels one to five, adhering more or less to the calyx tube, and to each other ; fruit a pome ; stipules not adher- ing to petiole. It contains nothing officinal. Myetaceje. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves usually opposite with transparent dots, and often with an intermarginal vein ; calyx four or five cleft, adherent by its tube to the ovary; petals arising from the throat of the calyx, equal in number to its divisions ; stamens many ; anthers ovate, small ; ovary many- celled ; fruit dry or fleshy ; seeds numerous, without albumen ; containing — Melaleuca Minor, Caryophyllus Aroyneiticus, Eugenia Pimenta, and Funica Granatum. This latter was considered by David Don as the iy^e of a natui-al order, which he called Granatece, containing only the species of the genus Pimica. Granatecd differs from Myrfacece by its leaves not being dotted, or having a marginal vein; the ijcculiar fi'uit; the seed being involved in pulp ; and by its convoluted cotyledons. CrcxjRBiTACEJE. — Succulent climbing plants, with extra-axil- lary tendrils ; leaves scabrous, palmately veined ; flowers uni-' -sexual ; calyx five- toothed ; petals four to five, reticulated ; stamens generally five, distinct or in three parcels, with sinuous anthers ; ovary inferior, one celled, with three parietal placentae ; fruit a pepo ; seeds flat, exalbuminous ; containing — Citrullus Colocynthis, Echaliiim Officinanim. XJMBELLTEEEiE. — Hcrbs ; stcms hollow and striate ; leaves al- ternate, compound, and sheathing ; flowers in compound umbels, with involucres, and often involucels; calyx obsolete, or five- toothed ; petals five, with cleft or inflexed points ; stamens five, epigynous ; fruit a cremocarp, composed of two mericarps, separating from a forked central column, marked by longitu- dinal ridges ; seed solitary ; embryo minute, in horny albumen ; containing — Carum Carui, Pimpinella Anisum, Foeniculum Dulce, Anethum GraveolenSj Coriandrum Sativum, Narthez Assafoetida, Galbanum, Dorema Ammoniacum, Conium Maculatum. OAPRrFOLiACE^ — Shrubs or herbs, often twining; leaves opposite, ex stipulate ; flowers showy and fragrant ; calyx four to five cleft, with bracts ; corolla various ; stamens alternate 8 with its lobes ; ovary tliree to five-celled ; fruit indehiscing, one or more celled, crowned by the calyx lobes ; albumen fleshy : contains — Samhucus Nigra. CiNCH0NA.cE^. — Herbs, trees, or shrubs; leaves simple, oppo- site, with interpetiolar glandular stipules ; inflorescence cymose ; calyx adherent, entire or toothed ; corolla regular ; stamens attached to the corolla, alternate with its lobes ; ovary two celled ; fruit inferior, separating into two cocci, or indehiscent and dry, or succulent ; embryo small, in horny albumen ; con- taining — Cinchona Calisaya, Cinchona Condaminea, Cinchona Suc- cirulra, CephaeliB Ipecacuanha, and Uncaria Gamhir. YALERiANACEiE. — Horbs ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers cymose ; calyx superior, obsolete, or forming a pappus ; corolla tubular, sometimes spurred ; stamens one to five on corolla ; ovary with one perfect, and two abortive cells ; ovules pendu- lous ; fruit dry ; embryo without albumen : contains — Valeriana Officinalis. Composite. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves extipulate, alternate or opposite ; florets hermaphrodite, or unisexual ; flowers in capi- tula, surrounded by involucres, and seated on receptacles, whence palea) may arise ; calyx adherent, entire or pappose ; corolla regular or ligulate; stamens syngenesious; ovary inferior, one-seeded, with one style and bifid stigma ; ovule erect, exalbu- minous. Jussieu sub-divides Composita) into three sub-orders — ChicoracecBy Cy7iaracephalce, and CorymUferce. Chicorace^. — Florets perfect and ligulate. Examples — Taraxacum dens leonis, and Lactuca Virosa. Ctnaeacephal^. — Florets tubular, homogamous, or those of the ray neuter ; style swollen below its branches. It contains no officinal species. CoRYMBiFER^. — Florets homogamous, and usually tubular, or those of the ray filiform, or tubular and pistilliferous, or ligidate ; style not swollen. Examples — Anthemis Nohilix, Artemisia, Arnica Montana, and Anacychs Pyrethrum. 9 LoBELiACE.E. — Lactescent herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; calyx five-partite, superior ; corolla five cleft, irregu- lar ; stamens five, epigynous ; anthers cohering ; ovary inferior, one to three-celled ; stigma fringed ; fruit capsular ; seeds numerous, albuminous ; containing — Lobelia Inflata. STYRACEJi:. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate, often with stellate hairs ; calyx free, persistent ; corolla five to ten cleft ; stamens united at the base, and inserted into the bottom of corolla ; ovary three to five-celled ; ovules partly erect, partly pendulous ; fruit succulent, often unilocular ; seeds albuminous ; containing — Liquidaynhar Orientale, Styrax Benzoin, COEOLLIFLOEAL EXOGENS. EmcACE^. — Shrubs or smaU trees ; leaves rigid, evergreen ; no stipules ; calyx free, from four or five cleft ; corolla hypogy- nous, four or five parted ; stamens definite ; anthers two-celled, often with bristle-like appendages, opening at the base or apex ; ovary surrounded by a disk, becoming a berry or drupe, or half superior becoming capsular ; many-celled and seeded ; containing — Arcfostaphylos Uva Ursi. Oleace^. — Trees, or. shrubs ; leaves opposite, simple, or pinnate ; calyx persistent, sometimes absent ; corolla four-cleft or none ; stamens usually two ; ovary two-celled ; ovules two, pendulous ; fruit fleshy or dry, often one-seeded by abortion ; seed albuminous ; embryo straight ; containing — Olea Miropea^ Fraximis Ornus, and Fraxinus Rotundifolia. AscLEPiADACE^. — Lactesccnt, often twining plants, with entire, usually opposite leaves, and interpetiolar ciHse ; calyx five-divided ; corolla five-lobed, imbricate ; stamens five, fila- ments connate ; pollen in waxy masses, cohering in pairs, and attached to the stigma (which is common to the two styles), by five glands ; fruit consisting of two follicles, with numerous comose seeds, albuminous ; containing — Remidesmus Indicm. 10 LoGANiACE.'E. — Shrubs, or trees, with opposite, entire, exsti- pulate leaves ; calyx inferior, four or five-parted ; corolla four, five, or ten-cleft, convolute or valvate ; stamens varying in number ; fruit a two-celled capsule, with loose placentas, or a berry, or succulent, with one or two nucules ; seeds usually peltate, albuminous ; containing — Strychnos JVux Vomica. Gentiai^ace^. — Herbs ; leaves opposite, entire, often ribbed, no stipules ; calyx permanent and inferior ; corolla hypogynous, with twisted or plaited aestivation ; stamens inserted on corolla ; ovary one-celled, of two carpels, placed right and left of axis ; styles two, at times united ; capsule many-seeded, the margins of the valves inverted ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; containing — Gentiana Lutea, and Ophelia Chirata. CoNVOLvuLACE^. — Lactcsceut herbs and shrubs, usually twining ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers regular ; calyx persistent, imbricate ; corolla monopetalous, plaited ; stamens five, alternate with corolline lobes ; ovary free, two to four- celled ; ovules one or two in each cell ; capsules septifragal ; seeds large, with mucilaginous albumen ; embryo curved ; containing — Convolvulus Sca^mnonia, and Exogonium Purga. SoLANACEJE. — Horbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, sometimes collateral ; flowers often from the axils, no bracts ; calyx joer- sistent, inferior ; corolla usually regular, five-cleft, valvate ; stamens five on the corolla ; anthers opening by slits or pores ; ovary two-celled ; stigma simple ; fruit capsular or baccate, with two or four cells ; seeds many ; embryo usually curved, albumen fleshy ; containing — Capsicum Fastigiatum, and Solanum Dulcamara. Atropace^. — Distinguished from Solanacese by having an imbricate corolla ; stamens flve, one sometimes sterile, with anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Properties, narcotico-acrid ; containing — HyoBcyamus Niger, Atropa Belladonna, Datura Stra- monium, and Nicotiana Talacum. SoEOPHTjLAiiiACE^. — Hcrbs Or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate ; calyx tubular, four or five cleft, per- 11 manent ; corolla irregular, imbricate ; stamens didynamous, or two ; ovary bilocular ; carpels anterior and posterior ; fruit two-celled, capsular or baccate ; seeds albuminous ; containing — BigitalU Purpurea. Labiate. — Herbs, witb tetragonal stems, and opposite exsti- pulate leaves ; often aromatic ; flowers in axillary cymes ; calyx tubular, persistent ; corolla bilabiate ; stamens didynamous, or two ; ovary four-lobed ; acbenes one to four ; seeds with little or no albumen ; containing — Lavandula Vera, Mentha Viridis, Mentha Piperita, Eosmarinus Officinalis. MONOCHLAMYDEOUS EXOGENS. PoLYQONACE-E. — Herbs ; leaves alterjiate ; stipules ocbreate ; flowers occasionally unisexual ; perianth, often coloured ; stamens definite ; ovary of three carpels, forming a triangidar, one- celled, one-seeded nut ; embryo in mealy albumen ; contain- ing — Rheum. Thymelace.e. — Shrubs with tenacious bark; leaves entire, alternate, exstipulate ; flowers rarely unisexual ; perianth col- oured, deciduous, with a distinct tube, and four-cleft limb ; stamens eight, inserted in the top of the tube ; ovary free, with a single pendulous ovule ; fruit, a berry or drupe ; seed with or without albumen ; embrj'o straight ; containing — Daphne Meze- reum, and Daph?ie Laureola. Myristicace.e. — Tropical trees ; bark with red-coloured juice ; leaves exstipulate ; flowers unisexual ; perianth three to four cleft, valvate ; stamens three to twelve, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers extrorse ; female with deciduous calyx ; carpels one or many, each with an erect anatropal ovule ; fruit succulent, two- valved ; albumen runcinate ; containing — Mijristica Officinalis. Laurace^. — Tropical trees; leaves exstipulate, coriaceous and dotted ; perianth four to six cleft, in two rows ; stamens eight to twelve, three or four innermost being abortive ; anthers 12 two or four-celled, opening by valves; ovary superior, one-celled, with one or two pendulous ovules ; fruit a berry or drupe ; embryo with large cotyledons, exalbuniinous ; containing — Cin- namomum Zeylanicumj Camphora Officinarum, Sassafras Officinale, and Nedandra Uodicei. Aristolochiace^. — Herbs, or climbing shrubs ; wood arran- ged in separable wedges ; flowers brown or greenish ; perianth tubular, valvate; stamens six to twelve, epigynous, distinct, or adhering to the style and stigmas; ovary three to six-celled; ovules numerous ; stigmas radiating ; fruit a capsule or berry ; seeds albuminous ; embryo minute ; containing — Aristolochia Serpentaria. EuPHORBiACE.^. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with acrid milky juice, very varied in foliage and inflorescence ; leaves alternate, usually stipulate ; flowers unisexual, with or without a perianth ; stamens variable, distinct, or in bundles ; ovary usually of three united carpels, each with one or two pendulous ovules, separating and dehiscing when ripe ; seed with large embryo, in fleshy albumen; containing — Croton JSliiteria, Croton T-iglium, Ricinus Communis, and Eottlera Tinctoria. PiPEEACEiE. — Shrubs or herbs, stems jointed ; woody tissue, arranged in wedges ; leaves usually opposite or verticillate ; flowers hermaphrodite, in spikes, each on a bract ; no perianth ; stamens two or more ; ovary free, one-celled ; fruit somewhat fleshy, indehiscent, one-seeded ; embryo in a vitellus, outside the albumen, and at the apex of the seed ; containing — Piper Nigrum, Cuhela Officinalis, and Artanthe Elongata. Urticace^. — Herbs, trees, and shrubs ; leaves alternate, scab- rous, stipulate ; flowers unisexual or hermai)hrodite, scattered, in catkins or heads ; perianth usually divided, with the stamens inserted into it ; filaments sometimes curved ; ovary free, one or two-celled, each with one ovule. Its sub-orders are — Urticece-, Cannahinecp, Ulmacecp, Morecr., and ArtocarpacecE. Ubtice.e. — (Not uflicinal.) 13 Cannabine.e. — Scabrous plants witli watery juice ; filaments erect, indeliiscent ; seeds exalbuminous. Examples — Camialis Indica, and BJumulus Lu2mlus. Ulmacil^e. — Trees and slu^ubs ; leaves rough ; juice watery ; fruit a samara or drupe ; embryo straight or curved. Example — Ulmus Campestris. MoRE^. — Trees or shrubs, rough-leaved; juice milky; fruit a sorosis or syconus; embryo hooked. Examples — Morus Nigra and Ficus Carica. Artocahpace^. — (Not officinal.) CupuLrFERE. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, stipulate, often feather- veined ; flowers monoecious, males in catkins ; stamens five to twenty ; fertile flowers, aggregate, or on a spike ; ovary many-celled, within a capsule or involucre ; fruit a glans ; seed solitary, exalbuminous; containing — Quercus Pedunciilata and- Quercus Infectoria. CoNiFER.E. — Plants abounding in turpentine, with glandular '^voody tissue ; leaves usually acerose ; flowers unisexual ; males in catkins, monandrous or monadelphous ; females in cones, sometimes solitary ; ovules naked ; embryo with oily albumen, and two or many verticillate cotyledons. The sub-orders are — AhietinecE and Cuprissinece. AsiETiNEiE. — Fertile flowers, in cones, with one or two inver- ted ovules at base of each scale. Scales with a thickened apophysis ; leaves two to five, in bundles — Pinus. Scales without a thickened apophysis ; leaves flat, soHtary — Abies. Scales without a thickened apophysis; leaves tetragonous, solitary — Piceee. Scales without a thickened apophysis; leaves fascicled — Larix. CuPRESSiNE^. — Ovules erect ; fruit an indurated cone or galbulus. Example — Juniperus. u Abietine^ contains — Finus Tceda, Pinus Falustn's, Alies Excelsa, Abies Balsamea, and Pinus Sylvestris. CuPRESSiNEvE contains — Juniperus Communis, and Juniperiis Sahina. DICTYOGENOUS ENDOGENS. Smilace^. — Shrubby, climbing plants ; leaves petiolate, join- ted to the stem ; flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual ; perianth six-parted ; stamens six ; ovary three-celled ; ovules orthotropal ; fruit a berry, with few or many seeds ; seed albuminous ; con- tains — Smilax Officinalis. PETALOIDEAL ENDOGENS. SciTAMiNE^. — Tropical herbs, with rhizomes, simple sheathing leaves, the veins diverging from a mid-rib ; flowers rising from membranous spathes ; perianth irregular, in three rows ; calyx three-lobed ; the corolla and staminodes each three-parted ; stamens three, the two lateral abortive ; anthers two-celled ; capsule three-celled, many-seeded ; embryo in a vitellus ; con- taining — Zingiber Officinale, Curcuma Longa, JElettaria Carda- momum. iRiDACEiE. — Perrennial herbs, with bulbous, tuberous, or shortly creeping rhizomes ; leaves equitant, flattened vertically ; flowers with spathes ; perianth superior, with six-petaloid segments ; stamens three, extrorse ; ovary inferior, three-celled, with many ovules ; style one, with three petaloid stigmas ; capsule loculicidal ; seeds with hard albumen ; containing — Crocus Sativus. LiLiACE-s:. — Perennial herbs, rarely arborescent, with creeping, bulbous, or fibrous rootstocks ; flowers hermaprodite ; perianth inferior, regular, and petaloid ; stamens six ; anthers opening inwards ; ovary free, thi'ee-celled ; style single, with a simple or three-lobed stigma ; fruit a capsule or berry ; seeds usually numerous ; containing — Aloe Vulgaris, Urginea Scilla. 15 Melanthaceje. — Herbs, with fibrous or bulbous roots ; leaves sheathing ; perianth tubular, or in six pieces ; stamens six ; anthers opening outwards ; ovary three-celled, many-seeded ; styles three ; capsule dividing into three portions superiorly ; albumen dense ; containing — ColcMcum Autumnale, Asagrcea Officinalis, and Verafrum Viride. ; :^^i aLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS Gramin-ace^. — Herbs vrith hollow stems and nodes ; leaves alternate, narrow, sheathing, and ligulate ; flowers in spikelets, arranged in terminal spikes, racemes, or panicles ; inflorescence, consisting of alternately disposed bracts or glumes, the two lower usually empty, the upper one enclosing a smaller palea, within which is the minute flower, composed of two very minute scales ; stamens one to three, with versatile anthers ; and a one-celled, one- seeded ovary, having two feathery styles ; fruit a caryopsis ; embryo small, at the base of farinaceous albumen ; containing — Secale Cereale, Tritimim Vulgare, Hordeuyn Bistichon, and Sacchanim Oficinarum. AOEOGENS. FiLiCES. — Leafy plants, with rhizomes, the fronds coiled up^ before expanding, in a circinate form, and having a forked venation ; fructification consisting of capsules or sporangia, usually arranged in clusters or sori, and covered with a thin membrane when young, termed the indusium, each containing numerous minute spores. In germinating the spores produce a green leafy prothallus, upon which special antheridia and pistil- lidia are develo^oed, and from these arises the future plant j containing — Aspidium Filix Mas. 16 THALLOGENS. LiCHENES. — ^Aerial mycetals, chiefly nourished by the surround- ing medium, and producing in the thallus, green bodies re- sembling chlorophylle, termed gonidia, arranged singly, in bundles, or moniliform rows ; fruit of sporidia, contained in asci, or with secondary fructification, seated on sporophores j containing — Cetraria Islandica, and Roccella. 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