B 9^S| 7 "^ LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO The Roman Index of Forbidden Books BRIEFLY EXPLAINED FOR CATHOLIC BOOKLOVERS AND STUDENTS BY FRANCIS S. BETTEN, S.J. WITH A SUMMARY OF THE INDEX SECOND EDITION ST. LOUIS, MO., 1909 Published by B. Herder 17 South Broadway freiburg (baden) i london and edinburgh B. HERDER 1 SANDS AND CO. NIHIL OBSTAT. St. Louis, die i. Nov., 1908, R. J. Meyer, S. J. Praep. Pror. Missour NIHIL OBSTAT. St. Louis, 17 Nov., 1908. F. G. HOLWECK. Censor Librorum. IMPRIMATUR. St. Louis, 17 Nov., 1908. O. J. S. HooG, V. G. Copyright, 1909, by Joseph Gummersbach. -BECKTOLD — PRINTING AND BOOK MFG. CO. ST. LOUIS. MO. NOTE This short treatise was written for the benefit of those who cannot devote much time to the study of the Index. It ap- peared first in the " CathoHc Union and Times," Buffalo, N. Y., and was reprinted in the " CathoHc Mind " series, Fordham University Press, New York, as numbers 23 and 24 of 1907. Those who wish to make a deeper study of the subject are referred to the follow- ing books : Rev. Timothy Hurley. — A Commentary on the Present Index Legislation. Dublin, Brown and Nolan. New York, Ben- ziger Bros. $1.35. Rev. Arthur Vermeersch, S.J. — De prohi- bitione et censiira lihrorum. $0.85. Rev. Jos. Hilgers, S.J. — Der Index der verhotenen Biicher. St. Louis, Herder. $3.25. ■ — Die Biichcrverhote in Papsthriefen. St. Louis, Herder. $0.95. Rev. Jos. Hilgers, S J. — The Roman In- dex and its Last Historian. A Critical Review of "" The Censorship of the Church of Rome " by George Haven Putnam. Techny, 111. Society of the Divine Word. 10 cents. There is also a long article on '' Censor- ship," written by Rev. J. Hilgers, S.J., in vol. ni of the Catholic Encyclopedia. An English translation of the Constitu- tion " Officiorum ac munerum " is con- tained in The Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XHI, with Preface by Rev. John J. Wynne, S.J. New York, Ben- ziger Bros. $2.25, CONTENTS PAGE Section I. — Commentary. The Index i The Power of the Church .... 4 Book Prohibitions Antedating the Roman Index 7 The Roman Index 11 Books Forbidden by General or Par- ticular Decrees 13 Duties Imposed by Law and by Nature 18 Who Puts Books on the Index? . . 24 The ^Method of Examination ... 28 The Spirit of the Index Congregation 33 Further Explanations 35 a. Why an Author is not Permitted to Defend His Book ... 35 b. The Index does not Advertise Bad Books 37 c. Index Decisions not Omitted for Fear of Apostasies .... 39 d. The " Good Catholic " . . . .41 e. A Mortal Sin 43 CONTENTS. PAGE f. The Galileo Case 44 g. Non-Catholic Book-Laws ... 46 h. Some Examples of Submission to the Index 48 Section II. — A Summary of the Index. 1. Our Duties in Relation to Forbidden Books 51 2. Forbidden Books 53 a. Books Forbidden by General De- crees 54 b. Books Forbidden by Particular Decrees 57 SECTION I COMMENTARY I. The Index. In 1 90 1, a reviewer of the Roman Index of Forbidden Books opened his criticism by congratulating himself upon having before him a genuine copy of that book, of which, he says, only a very limited number were printed for the exclusive use of " the lead- ers of the Church."' Owing to its scarcity, he thinks, the owner of the volume, which he had borrowed, must have paid at least two hundred dollars for it. He could have bought a brand new copy for $2.25. The Index of which he speaks, issued by order of Leo XIII, in 1900, is for sale in this country by B. Herder, St. Louis, Mo. So I 2 COMMENTARY are the three later editions (1901, 1904, 1907), the last two issued under, and by order of, our gloriously reigning Pontiff, Pious X. When the critic felt his heart beat with joy upon being allowed to view with his own blessed eyes a book so rare, so expensive, and so jealously guarded by " the leaders of the Church," a whole edi- tion of that same book had already been sold, and a second was about to be put on the market. Its title is now: Index lihrorum prohibit or um, Leonis XIII Sum. Pont, auctoritate recognitus SS. D. N. Pii P. X iiissu editus. Pramit- tuntur Cofistitutiones Apostolicce de ex- amine et prohibitione librorum. (Index of forbidden books, revised by the authority of Pope Leo XIII, and issued by order of His Holiness Pope Pius X. Preceded by the Apostolic Constitutions on the exami- nation and prohibition of books.) A glance at the neatly printed volume will disclose the reason why it is called " Index " ; — almost nine-tenths of it con- sists of a catalogue of books condemned by the Roman authorities. Of still greater THE INDEX 3 importance than this catalogue are the first thirty-four pages, which give, in the ** Apostolic Constitutions," the general laws of the Church regarding books. There are only two '' Constitutions." But the whole work is introduced by a brief of Leo XIII, in which the Pontiff de- clares that this edition is to be the authen- tic one for the whole Church. It is to he binding on all the faithful of the universe, regardless of race or language, nationality or country, education, learning or station in life. In a preface headed '' Lectori S.," the Secretary of the Roman '' Congregatio Indicis " compares this edition of the " In- dex " with the former ones, points out the changes that were made, and explains the technical arrangement of the book. After these preliminaries follow the "Constitutions." The first is the '' Offi- ciorum ac munerum " of Leo XIII, dated Jan. 25, 1896. This document recasts the whole legislation of the Church regarding the production, dissemination, reprinting and prohibition of such books as the Church may and must concern herself with. It ab- 4 COMMENTARY rogates all former laws and regulations of General Councils as well as of Sovereign Pontiffs, with one exception : the Constitu- tion Sollicita ac provida of Benedict XIV, also reprinted here, by which this great pope established or rather sanctioned a method — the one still in use — of exam- ining and passing sentence on the books submitted to the Roman authorities. These two Constitutions contain the en- tire general legislation of the Church on the head of books. There is no " Index expurgatorius." If there were, it would consist of books con- demned conditionally, donee corrigantur, '* until amended." But such books are all entered in the ordinary Index, with those two Latin words added. In Pope Leo's edition they are, besides, marked with an asterisk. 2. The Power of the Church. That the Church has the right to legis- late on the publication and use of all books that touch on questions of faith and morals, must be evident to every Catholic. It is POWER OF THE CHURCH 5 a truth clearly contained in the words of Christ to St. Peter : '' Feed my lambs, feed my sheep," and in the duty imposed on the Apostles of '' teaching the faithful to observe all, whatsoever I have com- manded you.'' The fact that general councils as well as many popes have issued laws and de- crees regarding books, is sufficient evidence of their power and of their commission to do this. This very fact must also convince us that the observation of these laws must be salutary and conducive to the welfare of the Church at large and of the individual Christian. The inventions, discoveries and progress of our times can introduce no change in this respect. The human mind is still as prone to err and as much subject to the persuasive influence of books as it ever was. Good books are as useful to-day as they were in olden times, and objectionable writings have the same deplorable effects they had a thousand years ago. Nor can the Church, possessing the power to watch over our reading, neglect 6 COMMENTARY to make use of this power when the salva- tion of souls calls for its exercise. Bad literature is one of the worst enemies of mankind. The Church can never allow it to corrupt the hearts of her children or to undermine the foundation of their faith, without at least raising a warning voice. How great are the precautions the civil authorities take in case of an epidemic ; yet, no matter how seriously the precautions hamper traffic and trade, we find them rea- sonable. We should even censure our ex- ecutive and legislative officers if they omit- ted to take proper precautions. But, says Pope Leo, in the Constitution Officiorum ac munerum, nothing can be conceived more pernicious, more apt to defile souls than uncurbed license in the writing and dissem- inating of bad books. " Therefore," he continues, " the Church, whose office it is to watch over the integrity of faith and morals, has ever striven, as far as in her power lay, to restrain the faithful from the reading of bad books as from a deadly poison." 3. Book Prohibitions Antedating the Roman Index. " The early days of the Church witnessed the earnest zeal of St. Paul," when the Christians at Ephesus brought together all the superstitious books they had in their possession and burned them publicly. This example of loyalty to the Church cost them, as Holy Scripture says, between eight and nine thousand dollars. Such was the policy in regard to bad books at Ephe- sus at a time when the Apostle whom many love to call the most liberal and broadminded, ruled that part of the Church. Every subsequent age records similar measures of vigilance. The first General Council of Xicsea, in 325, besides proscrib- ing the heresy of Arius, also issued a de- cree prohibiting the use of Arius' book Thalia, which contained his heresy; indeed, at all times the condemnation of a heresy by the Church entailed the prohibition of the works propagating it. Pope St. Leo the Great, 440-461, does not hesitate to declare that one who reads forbidden 7 8 COAIMENTARY books cannot be considered a Catholic. In the early days the Church had to direct her attention largely to the many so-called apocryphal books, falsely claimed to have been inspired by God and to form part of Holy Scripture. In 496, Pope Gelasius issued his famous decree, in which he enumerates the true books of the Bible, a number of the writings of the Fathers, (which he recommends,) together with a 'short list of apocryphal and heretical books, the reading of which he forbids. In 745, by order of the Pope, a Roman synod examined and forbade a number of superstitious books sent by St. Boniface, who had found them among the Germans. In fact, already in those days the entire present-day book legislation of the Church existed in all its essential features, though there were few written decrees. It seems the loyal Christian's duty of avoiding bad books, and the power of the Church to pro- hibit them, were held to be so self-evident that the need of written laws was not felt. The necessity of watching over the men- tal food of the faithful became more urgent LAWS ANTEDATING THE R. IND. 9 when, in the fifteenth century, was invented printing, which popes and bishops hailed as a '' divine art '' and eulogised as the greatest blessing of God's providence in the natural order. It spread rapidly. Before the year 1500, the city of Rome alone had one hundred and ninety printing establish- ments. The oldest of them, in the first seven years of its existence, produced not less than twenty-eight works in forty-seven editions, the total number of pages being one hundred and twenty-four millions. As to the moral quality of the books printed at that period, a German, Wimphel- ing, writes wnth pardonable pride in 1507: " We Germans practically control the whole intellectual market of civilized Europe ; the hooks, hozcever, ix.'hich i\:e bring to this market are for the most part high-class zvorks, tending to the honor of God, the sal- ration of souls, and the civilization of the people/' How soon, alas, was this to change! Even while these words were written, the evil was already striking root, and steps had been taken by the civil as well as by the ecclesiastical power, to pre- 10 COMMENTARY vent the printing and spreading of noxious books. But it was not until the beginning of the so-called Reformation that the boundless increase of heretical and other pernicious literature called for radical and extensive measures. They began in 1520 with the solemn condemnation of Luther's doctrine and the prohibition of his writings. About that time the first indexes or catalogues of forbidden books appeared. They were not issued by the popes, but emanated mostly from bishops, provincial councils, or uni- versities. The civil power was expected to enforce them. In some cases the princes themselves or the magistrates of cities and republics issued their own indexes, in full harmony and after consultation with the clergy. As the object of these measures was to safeguard the faithful against imminent danger, we can easily understand that cata- logues of forbidden books were most nu- merous in those countries that were most exposed to heresy, namely, Germany, Bel- gium, France, and Northern Italy. ROMAN INDEX II It is remarkable that Henry VIII of England, who afterwards fell away from the Church, was among the first to legis- late against heretical books, his index of forbidden books appearing as early as 1526. After his apostasy he continued with in- creased severity the policy of prohibiting books which he deemed objectionable. 4. The Roman Index. ]\Iore than thirty years after the first index of Henry VIII had appeared, the first Roman Index of Forbidden Books w^as compiled and issued by order of Paul IV. It remained in force only a few years, till 1564, when the so-called Tridentine Index was published under Pius IV. It was called " Tridentine," because it had been drawn up by a commission appointed for this purpose by the Council of Trent. It was milder than the Index of Paul IV, and contained divers " Index rules," the fore- runners of the general decrees embodied in the Constitution " Officiorum ac mimerum." The Tridentine Index remained the Ro- man Index for more than three hundred 12 COMMENTARY years. Its " rules " were occasionally mod- ified, new regulations were added or old ones abrogated, other books were inserted in the catalogue; but the essential features remained the same. In 1897, Leo XIII took the matter up again. The index of forbidden books was thoroughly revised. About a thousand were dropped. The '' rules," too, were overhauled, *' to make them milder, without altering their nature, so that it cannot be difficult or irksome for any person of good will to obey them." This, then, represents the whole book legislation of the Church. There are no other documents, except the decrees by which, as occasion demanded, individual books were forbidden. The encyclical of Pius X on Modernism merely enjoins on the bishops special vigilance in regard to publications infected with modernistic views. This universal legislation, however, does not preclude the local prohibition of books by bishops or other ecclesiastical authori- ties. Thus Spain had, until 1820, its own GEXERAL AND PARTIC. DECREES I3 Index, controlled by the Spanish Inquisi- tion. 5. Books Forbidden by General or Par- ticular Decrees. As we have already mentioned, the Con- stitution " Officiorum ac munerum " estab- lishes the general laws by which books are forbidden. As will be seen in our Sum- mary, these laws deal with classes of books. The only one named expressly is the Bible. But all the books clearly contained in these classes are as strictly, and sometimes even more strictly, condemned than those listed singly in the second part of the Index. Pope Leo changed the Tridentine rules " without altering their nature.'' It is, in- deed, difficult to see hovv' the nature of these regulations could have been changed. They simply express the point of view from which the Church must look upon objec- tionable publications. While opposing and condemning spoken error, the Church surely cannot allow full sway to the printed. In regard to the second part, or Index proper, many wrong notions are current. 14 COMMENTARY One of these is, that this Index contains all the books forbidden by the Church, and that there are no others which we are obHged to avoid. From the foregoing re- marks, it must, on the contrary, be con- cluded that there are many other books for- bidden by the laws of the Church. The worst of them are not in this special Index at all, because they fall under the general decrees. It is by no means the intention of the Roman authorities to catalogue all the liter- ary virus that has been vomited forth by printing presses all over the w^orld in the course of four and a half centuries. By means of the general laws laid down in the " Officiorum ac munerum " we are in all cases able to see our duty. There are especially two purposes for which books are prohibited separately and by name. Whenever there is a doubt about the na- ture of a book, recourse may be had to Rome; sometimes the Roman authorities appointed for this purpose, will take up the GENERAL AND PARTIC. DECREES 1 5 matter without being appealed to. They will investigate and decide by putting the book on the Index, or, by dismissing it. This is the case with most books publicly censured. It was the case with the books of Schell and Loisy, which, it was strongly urged by learned men, propagated ideas contrary, or at least dangerous, to the faith, though a host of followers admired them as orthodox masterpieces. Rome had to speak, and settled the controversy by con- demning the books in question. Dismissal does not always mean that a book is unobjectionable. The authorities may refrain from pronouncing deserved condemnation for reasons of prudence and expediency. Sometimes the preservation of discipline or religious unity necessitates this step. Thus about two hundred years ago the Pope had imposed silence on two factions that were carrying on a theological feud. This silence was violated on both sides, a book appearing for the defence of either position. What was more natural than that both l6 COMMENTARY books should be put on the Index? These and similar cases could not be covered so clearly by the general decrees. What has thus far been said, offers a partial solution of another current error. The Index is not a studiously selected, not even a systematically arranged catalogue of objectionable books. It vi^as the need of the moment, doctrinal blunders, cavillations and heresies, grievous trespasses against discipline and charity, proceeding from ani- mosity or want of tact, that caused the in- sertion of most of the books. In nearly all cases the Roman authorities confine them- selves to books concerning v^hich they are appealed to; and as there is no system in the making of these appeals, there can be no system in the condemnations. In the new Leonine edition of the Index the books are enumerated alphabetically by au- thors or pseudonyms; anonymous books are listed according to titles. It must now be obvious to the attentive reader why most of the books put on the Index are works on theology, or on the his- tory and government of the Church, and GENERAL AND PARTIC. DECREES I? why (as may be expected in the case of such publications), a considerable percentage are written in Latin. However, a goodly number of books are on the Index because they are detrimental to good morals. There are very few there which treat of the nat- ural sciences. The Index will not busy it- self with publications on electricity or X-rays, unless an author on a subject of this sort devote a considerable part of his work to attacks upon religion. There are some well-meaning people who, while agreeing that the productions of Zola, Dumas and other writers of the same sort, fully deserve condemnation, can- not understand why works like Ranke's History of the Popes, which is an acknowl- edged authority in its line, should be pro- scribed. Such works are not on the Index for the good things they contain, but for the poison they mix with the wholesome food so cleverly that it takes more than ordinary scholarship and discretion to sep- arate the one from the other. The Roman Committee of Cardinals, which has charge of this part of ecclesias- l8 COMMENTARY tical discipline, is not at all bent on pro- scribing books. Works like the one men- tioned are never put on the Index unless it is quite clear that the mischief to be feared from them will far outweigh the good they may do. Scholars and students well grounded in their faith, who have a real and legitimate cause for reading a forbid- den book can easily obtain a dispensation. It is clear from the preceding explana- tions that a book may sometimes be dropped from the Index. This is done when a book has long ceased to be danger- ous, or a cause of dissension, or if it has fallen into obHvion. Thus Pope Leo XIII caused to be expunged about a thousand titles. This does not imply a reproach for the authorities of former centuries, much less the giving up of an iota of the old prin- ciples. 6. Duties Imposed by Law and by Nature. Suppose a person were so well grounded in faith and virtue, so thoroughly versed in theology, philosophy, and the natural sciences, that the reading of books e. g. LAW AND NATURE I9 on Christian Science, or the works of Vol- taire, would not harm him. The Index pro- hibits these books; would he whom they could not harm be allowed to read them? As we put the case, he would, by reading them, not commit the sin of seriously en- dangering his soul. Yet he would sin by disregarding a positive law of the Church. These laws are like the precautionary measures taken by the civil authorities in times of epidemic; if they are to have the desired effect, they must be observed by all. When the community is under quarantine, those who declare themselves free from the disease must observe the regulations as well as the rest. Let those who think they have a good reason for reading a forbidden book, and who are not mistaken in supposing that there is no danger for them, humbly ask for permission, as did the Saints. By do- ing so they declare that the standpoint of the Church is theirs, and that they willingly submit to a power which was entrusted with the care of " teaching to observe what- soever I have commanded you." " We 20 COMMENTARY have to develop a loving habit of loyalty and obedience to the Church as to Christ, our Savior." Suppose, on the other hand, there were no Church laws prohibiting pernicious reading. In that case should we be al- lowed to read any book we pleased? By no means. We should then, it is true, by reading, e. g., Zola's novels, not commit an act of disobedience to the Church. But, as already hinted, there is another duty im- posed on us by God Himself — the grave duty to guard our soul from serious danger. This duty does not depend on any positive law or decree of authority, and it equally binds the Christian and the non-Christian. It is expressed in the fifth commandment : " Thou shalt not kill." This duty corres- ponds on our part to what we ask of God in the sixth petition of the Our Father: " Lead us not into temptation." We should undoubtedly violate it by reading Zola's filthy works. The prohibition of these works by the Church merely adds another obligation to that imposed by the natural law, thereby considerably strength- LAW AND NATURE 21 ening our will and enabling us to resist every enticement to read what can be read only at a serious risk to our soul. This grave duty, therefore, is not im- posed by the Church and cannot be taken away by the Church. It is a natural duty and as such remains in force even after we are granted a formal permission, which is neither intended nor able to suppress temptations that may arise from the pe- rusal of bad books. If we have a good rea- son to apply for permission — curiosity is not a good reason — then and then only can we expect a special protection from Divine Providence. Of course, this protection does not dispense us from the necessity of using all the means of self-protection, both natural and supernatural. I know of a priest who was in every way a model man. He fell suddenly away from the Church, married, and is now a foremost champion in the ranks of the enemy. His apostasy is, not without rea- son, attributed to the reading of infidel books, though no doubt he had the neces- sary dispensation. 22 COMMENTARY There was another priest, who has mean- while died the death of the just, a cele- brated author and art critic. In writing a work on Voltaire he had to study the books of that arch-agnostic. He obtained the req- uisite permission, but, while perusing Vol- taire's writings, he was on his knees, to implore, as it were, by this humble posture the protection of God against the wicked influence to which he was exposed. St. Francis of Sales, the great and learned Bishop of Geneva, had obtained permission to read the books of heretics in order to refute them, and he is careful to let his readers know the fact, at the same time thanking God in pathetic words that his soul had suffered no harm in so great a danger. This grave natural duty in the choice of our reading matter extends much farther than the legislation of the Church. Par- ents and priests do not comply with their obligation of controlling the reading of their charges if they merely look up the In- dex to see whether a certain book is men- tioned there. If an otherwise unobjcction- LAW AND NATURE 23 able book contains an obscene passage of a page or so, no one will claim that it falls under the general law prohibiting obscene books. Nor is it likely to be put on the In- dex. Yet such a book is apt to work havoc in the innocent soul of your daughter or son, perhaps in your own. As long as that passage is in it, the book — even though it is not on the Index — cannot and must not, under pain of sin, be allowed in the hands of children. Would that this twofold duty were al- ways faithfully complied with, especially in our large cities, where books of every sort are within easy reach. Do not many, per- haps all, public libraries offer among other books such as are '' derogatory to the Church, the hierarchy, the religious state," and especially novels which '' defend as lawful or tolerable, freemasonry, suicide, divorce " ? How can we expect our young people to have Catholic views on courtship and marriage, on the priesthood, on the veneration of the saints, if we allow them to imbibe the ideas of such writers as Bal- zac or Dumas? It is deplorabla enough 24 COMMENTARY that the modern novel is the catechism of milHons outside of the Church. We must not allow it to displace the Catholic cate- chism or to unteach, totally or in part, the truths taug-ht by it. 7. Who Puts Books On The Index? The popes have at all times exercised the prerogative of their supreme office as guardians of the faith by condemning books opposed to the faith. The latest of such condemnations is that, in 1862, of the v^orks of the Munich professor, Frohschainmer, who answered this condemnation by falling away from the Church. There are in all 144 books that were individually proscribed by a papal document. In Pope Leo's edi- tion they are marked with a dagger. Yet only in cases of the utmost importance did the popes act themselves. To facilitate the government of the world-wide Church, in the course of centuries special commit- tees of cardinals were appointed, to whom part of the pontiff's various duties wxre entrusted. These committees are styled Congregations. A larger or smaller num- WHO PUTS BOOKS ON THE INDEX? 25 ber of learned priests and bishops, gener- ally called Consultors, assist the cardinals and practically do the greater part of the work, though the final decision in all cases is reserved to the cardinals. The highest of these Roman Congrega- tion is the Sacrum Officiiim or " General Inquisition," called also the " Congrega- tion of the Holy Office," of which the Pope himself is Prefect. Its purpose is especially to watch over the purity of faith. It is this august body that, after the Pope himself, is in the first place called to judge the doctrines propounded in any book. It was this Congregation that performed the preparatory work for the first Index of Paul IV, and, although another congrega- tion for the examining of books was soon after estabhshed, the Sacrum Oificium con- tinued to exercise the same power. As may be expected, especially such works as seemed to affect the integrity of the faith, were submitted to this supreme court. In our days the works of the French priest Loisy were proscribed by the Sacrum Officium. 26 COMMENTARY But the bulk of this work is at present performed by the Congregatio Indicis lib- rorum prohihitorum, or " Congregation of the Index of Forbidden Books." It was founded by Saint Pius V in 1571, seven years after the pubHcation of the Triden- tine Index. Since then about eighty per cent, of all individual prohibitions of books have emanated from it. Its Prefect is a cardinal. The present one is Cardinal Seg- na. The perpetual assistant and secretary are always members of the Dominican or- der. Besides the seven or ten cardinals there are about thirty consultors, many of whom are bishops. Though three or four prohibitions of books have emanated from other Roman authorities, the practice has been to let either the Sacrum Oificium or the Congre- gation of the Index decide in all cases. The latter Congregation, moreover, had to register all condemnations pronounced by any of the legitimate authorities and to see that they were entered in the new editions of the Index. Our present Holy Father, Pius X, has WHO PUTS BOOKS ON THE INDEX? 27 lately brought about a long desired reform in the central government of the Church. The competency of many of the Roman Congregations has been more clearly de- fined, and several of those originally in- stituted have been either suppressed or united with others. The Congregation of the Index has received a wider sphere and greater power. While formerly it passed only on books in regard to which it was expressly appealed to, it has now become a regular vigilance committee for the whole Church. The Holy Father says : " For the future it shall be the province of this Sacred Congregation not only to examine diligently the books reported to it, to pro- hibit them, if this should seem well, and to concede dispensations ; but also to offi- cially investigate in the best available way whether writings of any kind that should be condemned are being circulated; and to remind the ordinaries how strictly they are bound to condemn pernicious writings and to denounce them to the Floly See." On the relation of the Congregation of the Index to that of the Sacrum OfRcium 28 COMMENTARY (Holy Office) the Pope says: "As the prohibition of books has very frequently the scope of defense of the Faith, which is also the object of the Congregation of the Holy Office, we decree that in future in all things relating to the prohibition of books, and in those alone, the Cardinals, Consultors and officers of both congrega- tions, may communicate with one another, and that all of them shall be bound by the same secret." The Roman Congregations are not in- fallible. But they represent the Pope in his highest capacity as shepherd of the en- tire flock of Christ. Therefore we owe them obedience. Their regulations and or- ders must find us even more willing to obey than those of our bishops and pastors, to whom only a small portion of Christ's kingdom is entrusted. 8. The Method of Examination. Our confidence in the fairness of the ver- dicts of the S. Congregation of the Index will be much increased, if we acquaint our- selves with the method it follows in carry- METHOD OF EXAMINATION 29 ing out its arduous, odious and yet very important task. This method is practically the same for both the Holy Office and the Index. The usual procedure is based mainly on the regulations laid down in the Bull of Pope Benedict XIV, '' Sollicita ac provida." When a book is reported to the Index Congregation, the secretary first tries to ascertain whether it is worth examining. He also inquires by letter from bishops and other reliable persons about the advisabil- ity of a condemnation. Several consultors assist him in this preliminary investiga- tion ; but the Cardinal Prefect has to ratify their decision. If they think the book should be exam- ined, it is handed to a consultor, who has to study it carefully and to draw up a de- tailed report, noting exactly the passages which he finds objectionable, and consci- entiously pointing out all redeeming fea- tures. His report together with the book is passed on to other consultors, each of wnom can thus satisfy himself whether the first " examiner's " verdict is fair, and has 30 COMMENTARY also an opportunity to formulate his own view. One question they have to answer is, whether the condemnation is likely to have a good effect. After comparing the opinions of the con- suitors, the secretary of the Congregation draws up an official statement of the rea- sons for and against a prohibition, which statement together with the book is sub- mitted to the Cardinal Prefect, by whose orders it is printed and a copy sent to each cardinal and consultor of the Congrega- tion. Next a preparatory meeting of the con- suitors is called for a previous discussion. The consultor who examined the book speaks first, then all the others, beginning with the youngest. The secretary care- fully records the views of each consultor, together with his reasons. At least ten days must elapse between this meeting and the solemn session of the whole Congregation, in which the question is finally decided by a vote of the cardinals. The decision arrived at is commonly given in one of these four technical phrases : METHOD OF EXAMINATION 3I Damnetur, '' condemned "; dimittatur, " dis- missed " ; donee eorrigatnr, " forbidden un- til amended " ; res dilata, " the case is post- poned." The verdict donee eorrigatnr of course, can only be given when a book ad- mits of correction; when it is thoroughly bad (e. g. written for the sole purpose of eulogizing Freemasonry or maligning Cath- olic bishops), a donee eorrigatnr would have no meaning. Finally, the secretary of the Congrega- tion lays the whole matter before the Pope, who, if he sees fit, authorizes the publica- tion of the decree. Nobody will deny that this is a very ex- cellent method of procedure. Under it a book is examined at least three times, and twenty-five or thirty picked scholars par- ticipate in the proceedings, each of whom has taken a solemn oath never to allow himself to be influenced by sympathy or antipathy and to have nothing in view but the eternal welfare of souls. If the author is a Catholic, he must be informed before the decree is published. If but a few copies of the book have been 32 COMMENTARY sold, and the author promises either to sup- press it, or to issue an amended edition, if possible, the decree is not published. But even when this cannot be prevented, e. g. when a whole edition is already in circula- tion, credit is given to the author in the decree itself for declaring his submission, by adding the words : auctor laiidahiliter se subjccit, " the author has praiseworth- ily submitted." Great care is taken to have all books ex- amined by men who are not only well versed in the subject matter, but who also understand thoroughly the language in which they happen to be written. Nor does the Congregation in important cases confine itself to its regular consultors; whenever it seems advisable, the services of other competent critics are enlisted. All the members of the Congregation are bound by oath to keep absolute secrecy with regard to every detail of the official transactions, no matter whether a book un- der discussion is finally condemned or not. By this means each feels more free in giv- SPIRIT OF THE IND. CONGREG. 33 ing his opinion, and the reputation of the author is spared as long and as much as possible, 9. The Spirit of the Congregation of the Index. As to the spirit that should actuate the members of the Congregation of the Index, the rules laid down for its consultors by Benedict XIV in the Bull " Sollicita ac provida " are instructive. '' Ipsos . . . monemiis ac velienicn- ter hortamur ut in examine iiidicioque lib- roriim seqiientes regulas diligent er inspic- iant accurateque custodiant/' " We wish to admonish and exhort them most urgently to study carefully and observe accurately the following rules for examining and judg- ing books : I. Let them not imagine that it is their duty to use every means to bring about the condemnation of the books submitted to them. They ought rather to study such books conscientiously, without passion or anxiety (sedato animo), in order to fur- 34 COMMENTARY nish such well-found observations, such objective reasons, as will enable the Con- gregation to pass a just verdict. 2. Should a consultor find that he is not competent to judge a book which he is asked to examine, let him know that he will not be free from guilt, either before God or man, unless he at once confesses his incompetence. Far from damaging his rep- utation with the pope or the cardinals, such an avowal will rather gain their esteem and praise for his straightforwardness and hon- esty. 3. Let them set aside absolutely all prej- udice in favor of nation, family, school or order; let them relinquish all party spirit, and keep before their minds the undoubted doctrine of the Church, as laid down in the decrees of the councils, in papal documents, etc., knowing that there are opinions that, while they seem certain to one nation, school, or order, are, with the knowledge of the Holy See, opposed by others; the Holy See leaving all these opinions in their degree of probability. 4. It must also be borne in mind that AUTHORS 35 it is impossible to judge fairly the meaning of a passage, miless the entire book is stud- ied, and unless the various statements found in different sections are compared with one another, and the whole purpose of the book is steadily kept in view. 5. If an author who enjoys the reputa- tion of sound theological learning, has used expressions which might be under- stood in a wrong as well as in a right mean- ing, fairness demands that they be, as far as possible, interpreted in his favor. These and similar rules . . . must be kept before the minds of the consultors, in order that they may have due regard for their own conscience, the good name of au- thors, the interests of the Church, and the welfare of souls." 10. Further Explanations. A. Why an Author is Not Permitted to Defend His Book. If an author could accompany every copy of his work that leaves the bookstore or library, he would be able to explain ob- 36 FURTHER EXPLANATIONS scure passages and to show what meaning he wished doubtful phrases to convey to the reader. It is precisely because he can- not multiply himself that he employs print- er's ink to convey his ideas to others. It must, therefore, be supposed that his words mean what he intends to say. The reader, at any rate, has no corrective. He has only the book, not the author to fall back upon. It is impossible to recur to the au- thor when there is question of the correct- ness or incorrectness of a book. If the au- thor has to be called upon to explain the meaning of his book, he should have left it unprinted. Moreover, it is hardly credible, as Pope Benedict XIV points out, that anything an author might advance in his favor, should escape so many examiners without receiv- ing due attention and emphasis. The whole procedure is primarily not in- tended as a measure against the author, although pecuniary loss may ensue, but to protect the faithful. A condemnation is rather a warning to the would-be reader, than a punishment inflicted upon the au- INDEX DOES NOT ADVERTISE ^ thor. It is not an act of jurisdiction. W^ere the author's personal views under investigation, he would be summoned per- sonally before another tribunal and tried according to a method that would give him the amplest opportunity to defend himself. These considerations also show that the condemnation of a book after its author's death is not unreasonable. A book remains what it is independently of its author. Nor would it change the nature of a book were the author afterwards to prove his ortho- doxy to the satisfaction of the authorities, or to do penance in sackcloth and ashes, or for the rest of his mortal life consort with the Trappists. Were it morally cer- tain, however, that almost all the copies of a book were destroyed, a prohibitory decree would fail of its purpose. B. The Index Does Not Advertise Bad Books. Now and then there is expressed an ap- prehension lest the Index, far from sup- pressing, rather advertises bad books and arouses a desire to read them. It is even 38 FURTHER EXPLANATIONS maintained that in some cases evil-minded authors have intentionally written so as to get their books put on the Index. Now, every prohibitory law may have the effect of increasing the inclination of men towards the prohibited thing or act. Thus a person may possibly feel a stronger appetite for meat on Friday than on any other day of the week. We have inherited this tendency from Eve, who, when tempted, saw that the forbidden fruit '' ivas good to eat and fair to the eye and delight- ful to behold/' and then proceeded tc vio- late the first prohibitory law ever given. But is that a reason to do away with every prohibitory law? Who does not see at once that the Index must prove a very poor advertising me- dium ? Those who have it are certainly not the prospective buyers of immoral novels or of works which propagate heretical views in theology ; while those who hanker after sensationalism or doubtful theology will not invest $2.25 for a book list which contains, e. g. for the year 1898, fully eight FEAR OF APOSTASIES 39 titles, four of which are German, and for 1903 fifteen, all French. This side of the question, as we have re- marked elsewhere, is also in each case care- fully weighed by the Sacred Congregation, before it resolves upon a prohibition. Even if the sale of a book should be in- creased by the fact of its condemnation, the Index would nevertheless achieve its main purpose, namely, to warn the faithful that the ideas advocated in the proscribed book are contrary to faith and morals. This is enough for all men of good will to enable them to shun the poison. Those who re- fuse to heed the warning will have to blame their own ignorance or malice if the read- ing of a condemned book results in spirit- ual hurt. C. Index Decisions Not Omitted for Fear of Apostasies. A book, we are reminded, often repre- sents the opinions not only of its author, but of many of his disciples and admirers. By forbidding it and thus branding such 40 FURTHER EXPLANATIONS opinions as erroneous, it is said, many in- fluential men may become embittered and may even be driven into an attitude of open hostility. However, the Church is in duty bound to exercise her guardianship ; which she cannot do if every one is to have his own way. Nor can the Church neglect the mass of her children in order to accommodate this or that coterie or school, whose opin- ions are manifestly wrong. Moreover, to be a trustworthy guide, the Church must state the truth clearly and nn- mistakably. The faithful are not guided by ambiguous circumlocutions, by terms that may be understood in two or perhaps more ways. Neither may she keep exclu- sively in the lofty heights of theory; but she must instruct with regard to the facts of everyday life. The dangers arising from books are concrete not abstract, and they must be met by concrete measures. This can be done effectively only by an ener- getic and unmistakable " thou shalt not," which makes men realize that they are " under authority." FURTHER EXPLANATIONS 4^ No one has ever stated the truth more clearly, more unmistakably than Christ our Lord. Was it not precisely for this very fact that " many of His disciples went back and walked no more with Him " ? (John 6, 67.) D. The "Good Catholic." " I am a Catholic. I live up to my re- ligion and go regularly to the sacraments. I have had a good Catholic education and hear a sermon every Sunday. I do not see why I should be afraid to read any book, even if it belonged to those forbid- den by the Index." You may do so; but you may fare in consequence as David fared — David who was a saint and yet committed adultery and murder. If you read a forbidden book without permission, you are as good a Cath- '■ olic as one who eats meat on Friday. The object of the law of abstinence is to make' sure that every Christian performs at least a certain minimum of penance. Now there are saintly persons who, in imitation of our crucified Savior, do more penance on ordi- 42 FURTHER EXPLANATIONS nary days than the average Catholic does by abstaining from meat on twenty or more Fridays; and yet they are not exempted from the law of abstinence and would be the last to claim such an exemption. Similarly the object of the Index is to make sure that every Christian avoids at least the worst books. By obeying its laws we declare that our standpoint is that of the Church of God. This result cannot be obtained unless the prohibition is made uni- versal, exempting no one, no matter how pious or learned he may be. Therefore, all Christians, good and bad, priests, reli- gious and lay people, students and profes- sors, unless they have a dispensation, are bound by the ecclesiastical laws regarding books. By asking for a dispensation we im- plicitly acknowledge and approve of the official position of the Church on the sub- ject of wicked books, and, so far as in us lies, ratify and sanction the reasons which lead to their condemnation. You say you are a good Catholic, and therefore this law does not bind you. Are FURTHER EXPLANATIONS 43 there any commandments of the Church that bind only bad Cathohcs? E. A Mortal Sin. " I am told that a transgression of the Index law is a mortal sin. Can it be true that the Church, the kindest of mothers, should load us down with such a severe ob- ligation ? " According to the theologians, the reading of a forbidden book, or of a considerable part of it, is sl mortal sin. The selection of the books on which our souls feed is a matter of no small importance. True, the Church is the kindest of mothers ; but she is also the wisest. To direct the consciences of her children and '' to restrain them from the reading of bad books a^ from a deadly poison/' is the great object of her legisla- tion. Under the leadership of a master- mind like that of Leo XIII, the Roman authorities have labored for years in formu- lating the present ecclesiastical laws about books. These laws are the voice of the su- preme pastor, the successor of St. Peter. 44 f^URTHER EXPLANATIONS Let us not spurn it like the heathen and the pubHcan. r. The Galileo Case. The Roman Congregations are no more infalHble than our bishops and pastors. And yet there is practically but one case, during more than three centuries, in which they are accused of having made a mis- take. It is the condemnation, by both the Holy Office and the Index, of Galileo Gal- ilei Linceo (died 1639) for defending the theory that the earth moves around its own axis and around the sun. This teaching was according to the com- mon belief of Catholics and Protestants, at that time, clearly opposed to Holy Scripture, which the Church was bound to vindicate. If Galileo's theory was true, the traditional interpretation of sundry Bible texts would have had to be aban- doned. The Church had weighty reasons for not allowing this. The new theory was not at all certain. Galileo himself admitted he could not establish more than a probability. GALILEO 45 Several very obvious objections he was unable to explain satisfactorily. None of the real proofs used in our days were known to him. He was told by the Jesuit Cardinal Bellarmin, if he could advance any convincing proof for his theory, the tradi- tional interpretation of those passages would be given up. But all Galileo had to offer was an ingenious hypothesis. Had he advocated it as such with due respect for the time-honored interpretation of the Book of Books, had he not used bold, some- times bitter and defying language, no steps would have been taken against him, who had until then been a favorite of the pope and of many dignitaries. As matters stood, " the Church could wait for the education of a physical system, but she could not allow a change in the universally accepted interpretation of Scripture, before the ne- cessity of such a change was proved." ( Guggenberger, History of the Christian Era. Vol. H, pp. 456, etc.) " The marvelous unanimity of the ene- mies of the Church in concentrating all their attacks against the Roman Congrega- 46 FURTHER EXPLANATIONS tion on the case of Galileo, is a striking neg- ative testimony to the value of the decis- ions of courts which have been at work for centuries." (Rome.) G. State and Protestant Book laws. As we have already remarked, Henry VIII continued his policy of proscribing books opposed to his views long after he had constituted himself the head of the English Church. Between 1526 and 1546 there were issued by the King's authority nine catalogues of books which English- men were forbidden to read. Among these books were the works of the continental " reformers " ; for some years the English [Bible; also writings against the King's matrimonial projects. The Protestants on the continent fol- lowed the same system. Calvin condemned a Spanish physician, who happened to come to Geneva, to be burned at the stake, be- cause he had written a heretical book. The Protestant princes and republics had each its special book-legislation, which was made STATE AND PROTESTANT LAWS 47 to serve not only religious but also political purposes. After the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury, in almost all Catholic countries, the civil power usurped the monopoly of pro- scribing books, and practiced it in a truly despotic way. Thus in Austria 639 books were forbidden within five years. No book was allowed to be printed without previous permission, not even on forestry or cattle- raising. Bishops were severely reproved for enforcing the prohibitions of the Ro- man Index in their seminaries. Napoleon I had a publisher shot, prac- tically without trial, for issuing a work contrary to his political plans. One book was publicly burned because it contained the picture of Pius VII. To enable the authorities to control the book trade more effectively, no printing establishment was allowed to have, in Paris more than four, and in the provinces more than two, presses. Needless to remark, the civil authorities have the right to prohibit books that se- riously endanger the common welfare. If 48 FURTHER EXPLANATIONS they use this right in a reasonable way, their measures are hkely to bring about good and prevent evil. We all have occa- sional opportunities to observe this in the measures taken against immoral literature by the police or the post-office department. H. Some Examples of Submission to the Index. The first Roman Index, that of 1559, v^^as considered rather severe. One of the influ- ential men who tried hard to have its pro- visions softened, was Blessed Peter Can- isius, the " Second Apostle of Germany/' Yet the very letters he wrote to Rome for this purpose show that he scrupulously ob- served all the regulations, though he him- self, called the '' Hammer of Heretics," surely incurred little personal risk by read- ing forbidden books. About 1698, a book by Archbishop Fcne- lon was under investigation at Rome. Fe- nelon was a great scholar and one of the greatest preachers of all centuries, but he was also a loyal son of the Church. He knew a condemnation of his book would EXAMPLES OF SUBMISSION 49 mean his own condemnation in the eyes of CathoHc France. His friends as well as his antagonists were eagerly awaiting Rome's decision on one of the great church- man's books. At last the verdict was pro- nounced in the most solemn way by the Pope himself, and it was a condemnation. Fenelon was just ascending his pulpit, March 25, 1699, when his brother broke the news to him. The great Archbishop at once proceeded to read to his own flock the papal document and preached an eloquent sermon on the obedience every Christian owes to his superiors. We can imagine what a profound impression his words must have made. His was a truly heroic exam- ple of self-abnegation. In 1861 there died in Munich Ernest von Lasaulx, a famous professor of the Univer- sity. In his writings he had now and then been very bold, and it was rumored that the Congregation of the Index thought of cen- suring some of his books. Von Lasaulx knew this. A few weeks before his death he made an implicit retraction of the errors he might have involuntarily committed, 50 FURTHER EXPLANATIONS which was forwarded to Rome by his friends. Already some years before he had declared that he had never intended to con- travene the doctrine of the Church, but that he feared there were many errors in his books. " If Rome would think it ad- visable to put my books on the Index, I should consider the verdict perfectly just, since I -firmly believe that such measures are truly in the interest of the Catholic Church in our times/' Four of his books were really condemned after his death. In July, 1906, an Italian novel, // Santo, (The Saint) by Fogazzaro, was put on the Index. The author " submitted himself." An American edition of the book had mean- while appeared ; '' but the prohibition by the Roman authorities was duly respected by the publishers of the leading Catholic papers of America, which declined to ac- cept advertisements of the book." (Put- nam.) SECTION II A SUMMARY OF THE INDEX I. Our Duties in Relation to Forbidden Books. Rule i. We are not allowed to read forbidden books, nor any considerable por- tion of them, even if those portions be in themselves harmless. If, however, a book is forbidden merely on account of the one or other objectionable passage it contains, the objection ceases as soon as these pas- sages are expunged or rendered illegible. Rule 2. No one, whether he be the owner or not, is allowed to keep a forbid- den book. He must either destroy it, or give or sell it to some one who has permis- sion, or he must obtain permission for him- self. Rule 3. It is not lawful for a Catholic 51 52 ^SUMMARY: OUR DUTIES publisher or printer to issue, or print, or reprint forbidden books. Nor may a book- seller keep such books in stock, unless he has obtained formal leave to do so. Note I. Although all the members of a Catholic family should endeavor to keep forbidden books out of the home, the head of the household is chiefly responsible be- fore God. It is to be remarked, however, that Catholic librarians or servants do not violate this law by keeping, handhng, or cataloguing forbidden books for their em- ployers, e. g. in the latter's house, or in a public library. Note 2. If a book or any particular is- sue of a forbidden periodical calls for a speedy public refutation, and if permission to peruse it cannot be waited for, any edu- cated Catholic, who may be reasonably pre- sumed to be competent to refute it by ser- mon, lecture or newspaper article, may read such book or periodical without awaiting special permission. Note 3. In all other cases, each and every Catholic, be he priest or layman, pro- fessor or student, must first obtain permis- SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS 53 sion. Neither piety, nor learning, nor po- sition exempts one from this law. The permission is granted by bishops and their vicars general, who can also delegate this power to others. When asking for this permission the applicant should mention the book which he thinks he has good rea- sons to read. The juridical question, whether the bish- op's faculty is ordinaria, or quasi-ordinaria, or extra-ordinaria, and how far it extends, is not within the scope of this Summary. Note 4. All who are dispensed from the Church law regarding forbidden books, must apply every possible precaution, in order that they may not suffer injury to their faith or purity of heart. Such pre- cautions are: the hearing of sermons, the reading of Catholic books, the frequenting of Catholic society, regular prayers, and the frequent and humble reception of the sac- raments. 2. Forbidden Books. Rule 4. General Rule. — Translations of a forbidden book into any language, if 54 SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS they faithfully reproduce the original, are also forbidden. ^ A. The General Decrees Prohibit the Following Publications. Rule 5, a. Books defending heresies, i. e. doctrines contrary to divine revelation. b. Books derogatory to God, the Blessed Virgin, the Saints. c. Books vilifying the sacraments, the clerical or religious state, the hierarchy, the Church. Rule 6. Books professedly treating of, narrating or teaching lewdness and obscen- ity. Rule 7. Books teaching or recommend- ing sorcery, Spiritism, Christian Science, or other superstitions. Rule 8. Books defending as lawful or harmless Freemasonry, divorce, Socialism, suicide, duelling. Rule 9. Those newspapers and period- icals which, not only now and then, but regularly and of set purpose, attack reli- gion or morality, or propagate anti-Cath- olic views. SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS 55 Rule io. Episcopal approbation, to be printed in the beginning or at the end of the book, is required for all editions of the Bible or parts of the Bible in any language, likewise for all prayer books, books of de- votion and of practical piety. Without episcopal authorization such publications are forbidden, though they may have been issued by the most learned and pious men. Note I. Leaflets which are so small that they cannot be called books, or even booklets or pamphlets, do not fall under this law. But if they are not approved by the bishop, the duty of making sure that they contain nothing erroneous devolves upon those who use them. Summaries of indulgences, however, no matter how small, always need episcopal approbation and may not be circulated without it. Note 2. All editions of the Bible, ed- ited by non-Catholics, in ancient as well as modern languages, are permitted to those, and those only, who are engaged in serious -theological or biblical studies, pro- vided, however, that the prolegomena 56 SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS AND ANNOTATIONS do not of sct purpose impugn the Catholic faith. It is not enough that the text itself is faithfully and completely rendered. Note 3. An exception has also been made in favor of those classics, ancient and modern, which on account of their obscen- ity fall under rule 6. In as far as they are models of style they may be read by per- sons engaged in teaching university or higher college classes of literature, by those who are preparing for such a position in the near future, and by those who, on ac- count of their profession, e. g. as critics or authors of literary works, cannot well do without them. (See note 4 above.) Whenever we know, or discover while reading, that a book undoubtedly belongs to any one of these classes, we may be sure that it is a work which our Holy Mother the Church does not wish to see in our hands, and we must then act according to the words of Christ : " He who heareth you, heareth Me, and he who despiseth you despiseth Me." No need of first SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS 57 looking up the catalogue of forbidden books; whether the volume in question is mentioned there or not, makes no differ- ence. Xor does it matter what the literary- character of the book is. An apparently learned history of the seizure of Rome in 1870, written with the obvious intention of maligning Pius IX, is forbidden just as well as a novel written for the same pur- pose, or the prayer book of some Protestant sect. B. Books Forbidden by Particular Decrees. The following list contains a number of titles which every English-speaking Cath- olic ought to know. All the books that have been put on the Index during the last few years have been mentioned, not so much for completeness' sake, as because they contain the palmary error of our time, namely: ^lodernism, and among its doc- trines especially the unchristian treatment of the Bible. None of these books are written in English. But some have been and others may soon be translated. Their 58 SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS titles, as well as those of most other for- eign books, are given in English. Addison, Jos. Remarks on Several Parts of Italy. Bacon, Francis. De dignitate et augmentis scientiarum. (On the Dignity and Increase of Sci- ence.) Bahac, Honore de. All novels. Bentham, Jeremy. Three Tracts, etc. Deontology or the Science of Morality. Bingham, Jos. Origines Ecclesiasticse, or The Antiqui- ties of the Christian Church. Blunt, John James. Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Cus~ toms, etc. Bois, Jules. Satanism. Bruno, Giordano. The Conflict of Religion, Morals and Sci- ence in Contemporary Education. SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS 59 Bunsen, Christian Chas. J. Hippolytus and His Age, or The Doc- trine and Practice of the Church of Rome under Commodus and Alexan- der Severus, etc. Bureau, Paul. The floral Crisis in iModern Times. Preface by M. Alfred Croiset. Burgess^ Richard. Lectures on the Insufficiency of Unre- vealed ReHgion. Cudzi'orth, Ralph. The True Intellectual System of the Universe, etc. Darwin, Erasmus. Zoonomia or the Laws of Organic Life. Denis, Chas. An Apologetic Lenten Course on the Fundamental Dogmas, 1903. Church and State : The Lessons of the Present Hour, 1903. Descartes, Rene. jMeditations on Original Philosophy. Dimnet, Ernest. Catholic Thought in England. 6o SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS DoUinger, John Joseph Ignatius. The Pope and the Council. Janus. Draper, John William. History of the Conflicts Between ReU- gion and Science. Dug g an, James. Steps towards Reunion. Dumas, Alexander (father and son). All novels, except The Count of Monte- cristo. Earle, John Chas. The Spiritual Body. The Forty Days, or Christ Between His Resurrection and Ascension. Fenelon, Francois de Salignac. The Principles of the Saints. Ferriere, Emile. The Soul a Function of the Brain. The Apostles. Darwinism. The Scientific Blunders of the Bible. Matter and Energy. Paganism of the Hebrews. Life and Soul. The Myths of the Bible. SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS 6l Ffoulkes, Edmund S. Christendom's Divisions. The Church's Creed or the Crown's Creed. Fogazzaro, Antonio. The Saint (a novel). Frohschammer, Jacob. Origin of the Human Soul. Introduction to Philosophy. On the Liberty of Science. Christianity and Modern Science. The Right of One's Own Conviction. The New Knowledge and the New Faith. Gear gel, Michel. Matter: Its Deification, Its Rehabilita- tion, and Its Ultimate Destiny. Gibbon, Edzcard. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Goblet d'Alviella, Eug. The Idea of God. Goldsmith, Oliver. An Abridged History of England From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Death of George II. 62 SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS Graf^ Arthur. The Devil. Gregoroz'ius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome During the Middle Ages. The Sepulchral Monuments of the Popes. Urban VIII in Opposition to Spain and the Emperor. Athenais: The History of a Byzantine Empress. Wanderings in Italy (fifth volume), Scenes in Apulia. Hallam, Henry. The Constitutional History of England, etc. View of the State of Europe During the Middle Ages. Heine, Heinrich. De I'Allemagne. De la France. Reisebilder. Neue Gedichte. Hilairc de Paris. Exposition of the Rule of St. Francis. Hohhes, Thomas. All works. SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS 63 Houtin, Albert, The Biblical Question among the Cath- olics of France in the XIX Century. The BibHcal Question in the XX Cen- tury. My Troubles with ]\Iy Bishop. Americanism. The Crisis of the Clergy. Hugo, Victor. N'otre Dame de Paris. Les Miserables. Hume, David. All works. James I, King of England. Basilikon cloron (Royal Gift) divided into three books. Triplici nodo triplex cuneus, etc. Meditatio in Orationem dominicam. Meditatio in caput XXVII evangelii S. ]\Iatthah Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Laberthonniere, Lncicn. Essays on Religious Philosophy. Christian Realism and Grecian Idealism. 64 SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS Lacaze, Felix. To Lourdes with Zola. Lang, Andrew. Myth, Ritual and Religion. Lasserre, Henri. The Holy Gospels. Lefranc, E. (pseudonym). The Conflicts of Science and the Bible. Le Morin, Jean. Truths of Yesterday? Lenau, Nicola us. Die Albigenser. Lenormant, Frangois The Beginnings of History. LeRoy, Edouard. Dogma and Criticism. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Under- standing. The Reasonableness of Christianity, etc. Loisy, Alfred. Gospel Studies. The Gospel and the Church. The Fourth Gospel. Apropos of a Little Book. The Religion of Israel. SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS 65 Maurice^ Frederick D. Theological Essays. Mill, John Stuart. Principles of Political Economy. Milton, John. Literae pseudo-senatus Anglicani, Crom- wellii reliquorumque perduellium nom- ine conscriptse. Mivart, St. George. Happiness in Hell. Montesquieu, Chas. de Secondat de. The Spirit of the Laws. Persian Letters. Miiller, Joseph. Reform Catholicism. 'Negri, Ada. Fatalism. Olive, Jos. Letters to the Members of the Pious and Devout Society of the Heart of Jesus, etc. Osborne, Francis. Miscellaneous Works. Payot, Jides. About Faith. Before Entering Life. 66 SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS Payot, Jules (continued). Program of Modernism (a reply to the encyclical). Planchet, Franc. Regis. Episcopal' Absolutism in the Mexican Republic. Piifendorf, Samuel von. Introduction to the History of the Prin- cipal States of Europe. (Also four Latin works.) Quievreux^ Camille. Paganism in the XIX Century. Ranke, Leopold. The Roman Popes: Their Church and Their State in the XVI and XVII Centuries. Renan, Ernest. Practically all his works (the Index names nineteen). Renouf, Peter LePage. The Condemnation of Pope Honorius. Richardson, Samuel. Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded. Robertson, Wm. The History of the Reign of the Em- peror Charles V. SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS 67 Rohling, August. The Kingdom of the Future. (Der Zukunftsstaat.) RoscoCj Willi a }n. The Life and Pontificate of Leo X. Rosmini-Serhati, Antonio. The Constitution according to Social Justice. Of the Five Wounds of Holy Church. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Emile, or About Education. The Social Contract. Letter to Christopher de Beaumont, Archbishop of Paris. Letters Written from a Mountain. Julia, or the New Heloise. Sahatier, Paul. Life of St. Francis of Assisi. Saintyves, P. The Intellectual Reform of the Clergy and the Freedom of Education. The Saints as Successors of the Gods. Miracles and Historical Criticism. Miracles and Scientific Criticism. Sand, George (pseudonym). All novels. 68 SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS Schell, Hermann. Catholic Dogma (Katholische Dog- matik). Catholicism as a Principle of Progress. The Divine Truth of Christianity. The New Time and the Old Faith. Seymour, Michael H. A Pilgrimage to Rome. Soulie, Frederic. All novels. Stendhal, H. B, de. All novels. Sterne, Laurence. A Sentimental Journey. Strauss, David F. The Life of Christ. Stroud, William. Treatise on the Physical Cause of the Death of Christ. Sue, Eugene. All novels. Taine, H.-A. A History of English Literature. Tolstoy, Dmitry. Roman Catholicism in Russia. SUMMARY: FORBIDDEN BOOKS 69 V eric our, L. R. de. Historical Analysis of Christian Civiliza- tion. VioUct, Paul. The Infallibility of the Pope and the Syllabus. Vogrincc, Antou. Nostra maxima culpa (Our Greatest Fault). Voltaire, F.-M. Arouet. Practically all his works. Whateley, Richard. Elements of Logic. White, TJionias. All works. IViese, Sigismund. Jesus (drama). Zola, Emile. All works. universiiy or uaiiTornia SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 • Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed MAY012«» .: SCr^ERr. REGIONAL UBRAfiY FAOUTY B 000 019 435 7