m H LB-RAItr THE BOTANICAL LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. GIFT OF MR. AND MRS. T. S. BRANDEGEE. 1906 CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, DESIGNED FOB COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SEMINARIES. In PART I. THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE. PART II. THE NATURAL ORDERS. ILLUSTRATED BT A FLORA OF THE NORTHERN, MIDDLE, AND WESTERN STATES ; PARTICULARLY OF THE UNITED STATES NORTH OF THE CAPITOL, LAT. 38. BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M, And he sp&ke of trees, from the ced&r in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springcth oat of the -wall. I Unot, 4 : 33. Consider the lilies of the field : * * even Solomon In all hig glory wag not arrayed like one of thes. MATT. 6 : 28, 20. Secontr JBtiftum, tebtsetr anti BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY CROCKER & B*REWSTER. CLAREMONT, N. H., SIMEON IDE. 1848. C\ K (5e/ca. S % X Xi. 20. iKoai. Omikron. Many, Tro/Lff. n 7T, p Pi. p P r Kho. s > f s Sigma. T T t Tau. Y V y Upsilon. \. 4> 6 Omega. PRONUNCIATION. 1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels and diph- thongs. 2. The penult (last syllable but one) is always accented in words of two sylla- bles. In words of more than two syllables, the penult, if long in quantity, is ac- cented ; if short, the antepenult (last syllable but two) is accented. A word may have, also, a secondary accent, &c. 3. A vowel before another vowel, or the letter A, or marked with this ( w ) char- acter, is short in quantity. A diphthong, a vowel before two consonants, or a double consonant, or the letter j t or marked with this ( " ) character, is long in quantity. 4. A vowel has its sAort, English sound, when followed by a consonant in the same syllable ; otherwise its long sound, without regard to quantity : a at the end of an accented syllable, has an indistinct sound, as in Columbia. 5. A single consonant or a mute and liquid between the vowels of the penult and final syllables, is joined to the latter ; in other cases, the vowel of the accented syllable takes the consonant before and after it, except u, and the vowels a, e and o, before two vowels, the first of which is e or i ; when it takes the former only. 6. Pronounce es final with the e protracted ; ch like k ; ct, ti, si, before a vow- el, like sh ; ce, ee, like e ; qu like kw ; gu, su, before a vowel in the same syllable, like gw, sw. CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS. CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION. Page 13. 1, BOTANY defined. 2, Its departments. Organography. 3, Vegetable Physiol- ogy. 4, Glossology. 5, Systematic Botany. 6, Relation to man ultimate aim. 7, Its merits and claims. 8, Natural world its divisions, a, mutual relations. 9, Mineral denned. 10, Plant denned. 11, Animal defined, a, the three king- doms blend in one. 12, Vegetation universal, a, effects of light upon it and heat, 6, elevation above the sea Peak of Teneriffe, c, soil, d, moisture, e, extremes of heat illustrations, /, extremes of cold illustrations, g, light illustrations. 13, Variety of the vegetable kingdom. 14, Causes which affect it, a, plants adapted to localities. 15, Cultivation, 16, Cabbage, &c., for illustration. 17, Species dependent on cultivation, a, conclusion. CHAPTER II. PLAN OF VEGETATION. ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 18. 18, Embryo. 19, Axis, ascending descending. .20, Bud, its development, &c. 21, Axillary buds, universal. 22, Bud a distinct individual, a, illustra- tion. 23, Branches, a, plant compound, *, reproductive. 24, Flower, origin of, 25, its nature and end, a, illustration. 26, Decay, a, a leaf the elemen- tary organ. 27, Leaf consists of, a, elementary tissues. 28, Chemical basis of the tissues organic bases, a, illustration. 29, Cellular tissue parenchyma, a, pith of elder, 3, c, cellular tissue how colored, d, size of cells, e, they become solid, /, Raphides. 30, Woody tissue its design, a, illustration. 31, Glandu- lar fibre fossil coal. 32, Vasiform tissue, a, articulated continuous, 6, illus- tration. 33, Vascular tissue, a, spiral vessels, b, spiral thread, c, its size, d, situation of spiral vessels, e, what they contain, f, ducts, g, closed annu- lar reticulated the office of these ducts. 34, Laticiferous tissue, a, size, &c. 35, Epidermis where it is not found. 36, Structure, a, illustration. 37, Stomata. 38, Form. 39, Position, a, size. 40, Surface. 41, Hairs simple branched, #, position downy pubescent hirsute rough tomentose arachnoid se- riceous velvety cili ate. 42, Stings. 43, Prickles. 44, Glands sessile im- bedded, a, glandular hairs. 45, Receptacles of secretion. CHAPTER HL PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 26. 46, Phsenogamia Cryptogamia, 47, then- distinctions of tissue, 48, of cotyle- dons. 49, Further distin ctions. 50, A species, a, illustration mimber of speciei known. 51, Varieties, a, where they occur. 52, A genus, a, illustration, , summary. CHAPTER IV. OF THE FLOWER. 1. OF ITS PARTS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 28. 53, Parts of the flower enumerated, a, essential organs perfect flower, , im perfect flower sterile fertile neutral. 54, Perianth consists of calyx co- rolla achlamydeous flowers. 55, Calyx defined sepals. 56, Corolla defined petals. 57, Stamens definition of office andrcecium. 58, Pistils office of gynoecium. 59, Receptacle order of the organs upon it. 60, Specimens. 61, A complete and regular flower, a, theoretical cumber of the parts, , their 8 CONTENTS AND theoretical position, ?, part) in its parts, has 6 stamens, evidently in two whorls, and in the flower of the cherry (No. 2,) there are 20 stamens, which may be regarded as arranged in four whorls of fives. Other illustrations will occur to the student. b. Some of the entire whorls may have been suppressed. For example, in the primrose there are 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens, but the stamens are placed opposite the petals. This is to be attributed to the absence of an intermediate whorl of stamens, for in the Samolus, a plant of the same natural order, there is a circle of sterile filaments in the place of the absent stamens (Fig. 5 ; 3, 4). c. Some of the parts of a whorl may have been suppressed. Such deficiencies are very common. In the sage, for example, and Monarda, three of the stamens are wanting, in place of which are two rudimentary filaments, and the third rudiment makes its appearance in some allied genera. In most of the Labiatse but one stamen is wanting (Fig. 5 ; 5). In the carrot, caraway, and all the Umbelliferae, the pistils are reduced from 5, the normal number, to 2. d. The parts of the same whorl may have been united. Thus the sepals may be united at their edges in different degrees, as in the phlox, pink, &c. Or the petals may be thus united, as in the morning glory : or the stamens, as in the mallows tribe ; or the pistils, which is extremely common. In short, scarcely a flower can be found in which some of these cohesions do not occur. e. The organs of different whorls may have been conjoined, causing great disturb- ances in the symmetry of the flower. The calyx often, as in the currant, coheres with the whole surface of the ovarium (97), only becoming free at the summit, so that it seems to stand upon it. It is then said (but improperly) to be superior. Again, the stamens adhere to the petals in their lower part, so as to appear to grow out of them ; they are then said (improperly) to be inserted into the corolla. In the Orchis tribe the stamens are consolidated with the pistil. The term free is used in opposition to these adhesions, just as the term distinct is used in oppo- sition to the cohesion of the same organs with each other. /. The organs of the same whorl may have been unequally developed. This is the case in the corollas of the pea and bean tribes, called papilionaceous (Lat. papilio, a butterfly), and in those of the mint tribe called labiate (Lat. labium, a lip). g. Again, organs of one kind may have been reconverted into those of another kind, or into leaves. Such monstrosities are of frequent occurrence among cultivated plants, and may be regarded as proofs of the present doctrine of the floral struc- ture. In all double flowers, as the rose, peony, tulip, &c., the stamens have been reconverted into petals. By still further changes, all parts of the flower tend towards a leafy character, rendering the resemblance of the flower to an undevel- ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 33 oped branch very obvious. Nay, in some cases, the whole flower-bud, after having given a slight indication of a floral character, is transformed into a leafy branch, showing that all parts of the flower are formed out of the same elements as the leaves. h. Sometimes the flower-stalk is not effectually checked in its growth by the development of the flower, but is prolonged through it, and produces secondary flowers in the midst of the organs of the first. This is not unfrequent in the rose. Several instances of these malformations are exhibited below. (Fig. 6.) k. Tliis mode of studying the floral structure is deeply interesting and instruc- tive, but our limits will not permit us to dwell upon it, nor is it necessary. The intelligent student will be able to extend the above illustrations by an examina- tion of almost any flower, with reference to its deviations from the normal plan. FIG. 6. 1, From Lindley, a flower of white clover, reverting to a leafy branch ; 2, here drawn from a living specimen, a tulip, 6, a leaf arising from the peduncle, takes the posi- tion, form, and color (in part) of a sepal ; 3, here drawn from a living specimen, a rose (R. damascena) with the axis prolonged into secondary rose-buds. **# In our detailed description of the flower, we shall commence with those organs which are deemed essential, their mysterious agency being indispensable to the perfection of the seed. 34 THE FLOWER. CHAPTER V. THE FLOWER. 2. OF THE STAMENS, AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 64. THE stamens and pistils are situated within the floral envelopes, and since one or both are always present, in every species, at least, of the Phamogamous plants, they were seized upon by Lmnseus^ as the basis of his beautiful arrangement, called the Artificial System. 7 is FIG. 7. Forms of stamens, anthers, pollen, &c. 1. Stamens and pistil of a flower (Rho- dodendron Lapponicum), in their natural position ; a, stigma, b, anthers, c, style, d, filaments, , ovary, /, calyx and receptacle ; 2, stamen of ginger ; 3, sage ; 4, Berberis ; 5, Vaccinium amocnum, with the terminal pores ; 6, cucumber, with the sinuous lobes of the anther ; 7, Polygonum ; 8, Lemna, anther bursting vertically ; 9, lily ; 10 Magnolia ; 17, a four-celled anther; 18, anther of Alchemilla, bursting transversely. Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, various (magnified) forms of pollen-grains. * Carl Von Linne, or Linnseus, the most eminent of naturalists, was the son of a clergy- man, born in 1707, at Rho3shult, in the province of Smaland, Sweden. In his 24th year, while a member of the University of Upsal, he conceived the idea of that system of plants which bears his name. In 1741 he became professor of medicine in the same University, and in 1761, on account of his great literary attainments, was elevated to the rank of nobility. He died in 1778. To him the natural sciences are under incalculable obligations, all of which he classified and arranged anew. But the science of botany, especially, is indebted to him for those discoveries and classifications, which have, more than any others, contri- buted to its general diffusion. In his ' immortal work,' Species Hantarum, he enriched the language of botany by a new nomenclature of species, and many new terms in the tech- nology of plants, for their more accurate description. POLLEN. dO 65. The STAMENS are those thread-like organs, seen in the midst of the flower, situated around the pistils and within the corolla, or the calyx, constituting the androBcium. 66. The stamen (Fig. 4, No. 3) consists of three distinct parts ; namely, the filament, a ; the anther, b ; and the pollen, c. The filament is sometimes wanting, the two latter are essen- tial. 67. The FILAMENT (Lat. filum, a thread) is the stem, sup- porting the anther at or near its top, and is analogous to the stem of a leaf, or to the claw of a petal. When it is wanting, the anther, like a leaf or a petal in a similar case, is said to be sessile. 68. The ANTHER is generally situated at the summit of the filament, and is composed of two parallel lobes or cells, con- nected to each other and to the filament by the connectile. It is analogous to the blade of the leaf, each half blade being trans- formed into a lobe, and the midrib into the connectile. a. Each cell of the anther usually opens by a longitudinal fissure, called the dehiscence, but sometimes, as in the potato, Pyrola, &c. by an aperture (pore) at the summit. In the Polygala, mallow, &c. the two cells are reduced to one. b. The connectile is usually a mere prolongation of the filament terminating, not at the base, but at the summit of the anthers. In some cases it is prolonged above them, into a sort of appendage, as in the violet, silk-weed, &c. c. The anther is sometimes wanting, and the filament in such cases cannot constitute a stamen, but is said to be abortive, or sterile. 69. In regard to the modes of attachment between the anther and the filament, we find the following variations ; the anthers are said to be, 1. Innate, when they are attached to the filament by the base of the connectile. 2. Adnate, when they are attached to the filament by their back, so as to appeal- lateral ; as in the Anemone, water-lily. 3. Versatile, when fixed by a single point to the connectile, from which they lightly swing : as in the grasses. 4. When the anthers are attached to the inside of the filament, or connectile, so that the line of dehiscence faces the pistils, they are called introrse (turned inward). But when they are attached to the outside of the connectile, so that the dehiscence faces the petals, they are called extrorse (turned outward). Examples of the former are seen in the violet ; of the latter in the larkspur. These distinc- tions are of importance, as will hereafter be seen. 70. The POLLEN is, in appearance, a small, yellow dust, con- tamed in the cells of the anther. When viewed with a micro- scope, it appears to consist of grains (granules) of various forms, 4 36 THE FLOWER. usually spherical, but in some plants cubical, in others triangu- lar, in others still, polygonal, &c., always being of the same form in the same species. (Fig. 7.) a. Each grain of pollen has been ascertained to consist of a membranous sack containing a fluid. In this fluid are suspended molecules of inconceivable minuteness, possessed of a tremulous motion. When the membrane is exposed to moisture, it swells and bursts, discharging its contents. (Fig. 12.) 71. Physiological structure. The filament consists of a bundle of delicate ligneous tissue, with spiral vessels, surrounded by cellular tissue, the same tissues which compose the stem of the leaf (260). The same tissues have also been traced into the connectile. The anther consists almost wholly of cellular tissue, corresponding to the fleshy substance (parenchyma) of the leaf. The pollen consists of disintegrated bladders of the same tissue. 72. Theoretical structure. Thus it is evident, as we have already seen, that however much the stamen may differ in aspect from a leaf, they both have the same original plan. This is further evident, from the gradual transition of sta- mens into petals, as seen in the water-lily or the double rose. In the former, the process is so gradual that the outer whorls exactly resemble petals, except in having the tops developed into yellow anthers, while in the rose we find organs in every conceivable state of transition from stamens to petals. That the petals are modi- fied leaves, will hereafter be more definitely shown (106). FIG. 8. Stamens of the water-lity gradually passing into petals. 73. The stamens vary in the different kinds of plants, in re- spect to their number, position, relative length, connection, and presence. Upon these five different conditions of the stamens, the TWENTY-FOUR ARTIFICIAL CLASSES of Liiinasus are founded. 74. 1st. Number. The first eleven classes are founded upon the number of the stamens the stamens being also free (63, c.), and of equal length. Their names are derived from the Greek numerals combined with a^dgeg (57, note), as follows : Class I, MONANDRIA (povog, solitary,) includes all genera (52) of plants with one stamen to each flower. LINNEAN CLASSES. 37 Class II, DIANDRIA (Sig, twice), with two stamens to each, flower. III, TRIANDRIA (rgig, thrice), with three stamens. IV, TETRANDRIA (rerga, four times), with four stamens. V, PENTANDRIA (nevrs, five), with five stamens. VI, HEXANDRIA (e', six), with six stamens. VII, HEPTANDRIA (ema, seven), with seven stamens. VIII, OCTANDRIA (OXTW, eight), with eight stamens. IX, ENNEANDRIA (ewea, nine), with nine stamens. X, DECANDRIA (dexa, ten), with ten stamens. XI, DODECANDRIA (dudexa, twelve), with twelve stamens. 2d. Position. The next two classes depend upon the posi- tion of the stamens, the stamens being free and equal. XII, ICOSANDRIA (eixoaij twenty), includes those genera of plants which have twenty or more stamens to the flower, seated on the calyx (perigynous). XIII, POLYANDRIA (nolvg, many), twenty or more stamens, seated on the receptacle (hypogynous). 3d. Relative length. The two following classes are founded upon the relative length of the stamens, together with their number. XIV, DIDYNAMIA (di>$, twice, dvu, two, riifta, a filament), includes plants with four stamens, of which two are long, and two are short. XV, TETRAD YNAMIA (TBTQCC, four times, dvca, vy/na), with six stamens, of which four are long, and two are short. 4th. Connection. The five succeeding classes depend upon the connection of the stamens, in various ways. XVI, MONADELPHIA (fiovoc, adekyog, a brother), includes plants with the filaments united into one set or fraternity. XVII, DIADELPHIA (dvw, adelyog), into two sets or fraternities. XVIII, POLYADELPHIA (nohvg, ad8h(po$), into many sets or fra- ternities. XIX, SYNGENESIA, (aw, together, yeveaig, origin), stamens united by their anthers, into a tube. XX, GYNANDRIA (ywrj, 57, note, avyg), stamens consoli- dated with the style. 38 THE FLOWER. 5th. Absence. The four remaining classes depend upon the absence of the stamens in a part or all of the flowers of the same species. XXI, MONCECIA (povog, owo$, an abode), includes plants where the stamens and pistils are in separate flow- ers, on the same individual. XXII, DICECIA (dig, otxos), in separate flowers on different individuals. XXIII, POLYGAMIA (nolvg, many, ya^og, marriage), where the stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers, and united in others, either on the same or two or three different plants. XXIV, CRYPTOGAMIA (xyvmog, concealed, ya^og), includes those genera of plants where the stamens and pis- tils are wanting, or at least invisible, commonly called FLOWERLESS PLANTS. (46 49.) a. Such are the twenty-four Linnean classes, in which all the genera of the vege- table kingdom are included. Nothing could have been more simple than the first eleven. To distinguish them, we have only to count the stamens. The other classes are founded upon distinctions less simple, though in general easy to be understood. A good specimen flower of each class should here be closely exam- ined, to illustrate the definitions, and fix them in the memory. The following simple figures are emblematic of each class, to which the pupil is required to apply the appropriate numbers and names. FIG. 9. Stamens. CARPELS. CHAPTER VI. THE FLOWER. J3. OF THE PISTIL, AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. FIG. 10. 1, Pistil of a whortleberry (Vaccinium amoenum) ; 6, the stigma; c, style j o, the epigynous disk ; e, perpendicular section of the ovary combined with the adherent (superior) calyx ; d, the placenta with the ovules ; 2, the gyncecium of a flower with 5 pistils, showing the carpels and styles distinct ; 7, cross section of the same ; 3, the carpels united and the styles distinct ; 6, cross section of the same ; 4, both carpels and styles united ; 5, cross section of the same ; 8, leaf of Bryophyllum, putting forth buds from its margin ; 9, carpel of the gar- den cherry, reverting to the form of the leaf; 10, two such carpels ; 11, two perfect carpels. 75. THE pistil (or pistils) occupies the centre of the flower, at the termination of the axis. It consists of three parts, the ovary, or germ, a, (Fig. 4.) the style, b, and the stigma, c. The style is sometimes wanting, and the stigma then becomes sessile upon the ovary. (See also Figs. 10, 11.) 76. The OVARY (Lat. ovarium, a depository, from ovum, an egg) is the tumid and hollow part of the pistil, situated at its base, containing the ovules, or young seeds within its cavities, and destined to become the fruit. 77. The ovary is either simple or compound. When com- pound, it consists of two or more lobes or divisions, called CARPELS (xctQnos, fruit), united together more or less closely. 4* 40 THE FLOWER. Sometimes these divisions are veiy evident, being but slightly connected, while in other cases, all external marks of them dis- appear. When simple, it of course consists of a single carpel. (Fig. 10.) 78. The STYLE is that prolonged columnar part of the ovary, or rather of each carpel, which bears the stigma at its top. The number of the styles, when they are not wanting, always equals the number of carpels : but when the carpels are closely united, the styles may be united also, into a single compound column, or they may even then remain distinct. 79. The STIGMA is the upper portion, or extremity, of the style, extremely various in form, but usually globular. Like the ovary and style, it is either simple or compound. When it is com- pound it consists of as many united lobes as there are carpels. 80. The number of distinct styles (or of stigmas, when the styles are wanting) constitutes the basis of the artificial orders, into which the first thirteen classes of Linnaeus are subdivided. They are named from the Greek numerals prefixed to the ter- mination gynia, (jury, 57, Note,) as follows. Order 1. Monogynia, includes all the genera of plants in either of the first thirteen classes, with one style to the flower. 2. Digynia, with two styles to the flower. 3. Trigynia, with three styles. 4. Tetragynia, with four styles. 5. Pentagynia, with five styles. 6. Hexagynia, with six styles. 7. Heptagynia, with seven styles. 8. Octogynia, with eight styles. 9. Enneagynia, with nine styles. 10. Decagynia, with ten styles. 11. Dodecagynia, with eleven or twelve styles. 12. Polygynia, with more than twelve styles.* * The orders of the remaining classes are founded upon characters not depend- ing upon the pistil, and are as follows : The orders of class 14, Didynamia, are only two ; 1. Gymnospermia, with seeds apparently naked. 2. Angiospermia, with seeds evidently in a seed-vessel, or pericarp. THEORETICAL STRUCTURE. 41 81. The OVULES are certain little globular bodies, produced in the cells of the ovary, destined to become the seeds in the matured fruit. ( Fig. 10; 1 . ) 82. The PLACENTA is that part of the ovary from which the ovules arise, and to which they are attached. It consists of a line, or fleshy ridge, placed in some angle of the cell. Its direc- tion is always vertical, that is, parallel with the axis of growth. (Fig. 10; l,d.) . 83. Physiological structure. The ovary and style are com- posed chiefly of one or more bundles of vascular tissue, imbed- ded in cellular tissue. The stigma consists of a loose cellular substance, called the conducting tissue, communicating with the placenta through the centre of the style. It is the only part of the ascending axis which is destitute of the epidermis (35). 84. Theoretical structure. The pistil, as before stated (25, a), is the modifica- tion of a leaf, or of a whorl of leaves, each leaf constituting a carpel. Each carpel has its own style and stigma, and is formed of a leaf folded together in such a way that the upper surface becomes the inner, and is turned towards the The 15th class, Tetradynamia, is divided into two orders, which are distinguished by the form of the pod : 1. Siliculosa, the fruit a silicle, or short pod. 2. Siliquosa, fruit a silique, or more or less elongated pod. The orders of the 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes are of the same name and character as the first 13 classes themselves, that is, they are founded upon the number of the stamens to the flower, thus : Order 1, Monaudria, includes all Monadelphous plants, Diadelphous plants, &c. with one stamen to each flower. 2, Diandria, with two stamens to each flower, and so on. The orders of the 19th class, Syngenesia, are five : Order 1. Equalis (equal), with the florets (flowers) of the head all perfect. 2. Superflua (superfluous), florets of the rays, or margin of the head pistil- late, the rest perfect. 3. Frnstranea (frustrated), florets of the margin neutral, the rest perfect. 4. Necessaria (necessary), florets of the margin pistillate and fertile, the rest staminate and sterile. 5. Segregata (separated), each floret having its own proper calyx. The orders of class 23d, Polygamia, are two, founded upon the same characters as the two preceding classes : 1. Moncecia, where both separated and perfect flowers are found in the same individual. 2. Dioecia, where the different flowers occupy different individuals. The orders of class 24th, Cryptogamia, are nine, the same as the natural orders of this grand division, as Filices, the ferns, Musci, the mosses, &c 42 THE FLOWER. axis, while the lower surface becomes the outer. By this arrangement the two edges of the carpel often appear like sutures (Lat. sutura, a seam), of which the outer, formed by the midvein, is called the dorsal, and the inner, formed by the united margins, the ventral. a. This view of the pistil is remarkably confirmed and illustrated by the flowers of the double cherry, where the pistil may be seen in every degree of transition, reverting towards the form of the leaf. This carpellary fez/* (Fig. 10 ; 9) stands in the place of the pistil, having the edges infolded towards each other, the midvein greatly prolonged, and a little dilated at the apex. b. If this be compared with the pistil of the cherry, seen in the figure, no doubt can be entertained that the two sides of the leaf correspond to the walls of the ovary, the margins to the ventral suture, the midvein to the dorsal suture, and the lengthened summit of the leaf to the style and stigma. Sometimes the flower contains two such leaves, which always present their concave faces towards each other, as seen in the figure. This corresponds with the position of the true carpels, in which the ventral sutures of each are contiguous. c. Many other plants, as the rose, Anemone, Ranunculus, &c. exhibit similar transformations of the pistil, so that there can be no doubt that the carpel is formed upon the same plan in all plants. The ovary, therefore, is the blade of a kaf; the style, the lengthened apex ; and the stigma, a thickened and denuded portion of the upper margin of the leaf. 85. From this doctrine of the structure of the single carpel, the student will be able and expected to demonstrate many propositions like the following. a. First. A compound ovary consists of a whorl of carpellary leaves, their united edges all meeting in the centre, and the cohering sides forming a kind of radiation from it (Fig. 9). b. Second. There must be as many cells as there are carpels. c. Third. The partitions between the cells, that is, the dis- sepiments (dissepio, to separate,) must each be double ; they must be vertical ; they must be equal in number to the carpels, and alternate with the stigma, which is also double. d. Again, the single carpel can have no true dissepiment, If any ever occur, it is regarded as an anomaly, and called spurious. Ex. flax (Fig. 11). 86. These propositions are true only when each carpellary leaf appears in its normal condition, that is, with its two edges mutually united. But cases occur where only the margins of adjacent leaves are united (Fig. 11; 1,2, 3). In this case there will be no dissepiments, and the compound ovary will, of course, become one-celled. Ex. Primula, Gentiana. OVULES. 43 87. The placentae are developed at each of the two edges of the carpellary leaf. If these edges be in their normal condi- tions, that is, united, there will be apparently but one placenta to the carpel, and that central. But if the edges be separate, there will necessarily be two placentae to each carpel, the one to the right and the other to the left of the dorsal suture and style. They are then said to be parietal (paries, a wall). FIG. 11. 1, Cross section of a one-celled, three-carpelled ovary with parietal placentae, the dissepiments partially obliterated ; 2, dissepiments wholly obliterated ; 3, dissepiments obliterated, showing a free central placenta ; 4, a five-celled ovary with 5 false dissepiments, as in the flax ; 5, vertical section of an ovary with parietal placentae ; 6, with free central pla- centas ; 7, an amphitropous ovule ; 8, vertical section of the same ; a, funiculus ; 6, raphe ; c, chalaza; d, nucleus; e, secundine ; /, primine ; g, micropyle; 9, anatropous ovules at- tached to the ovary. 88. But the placentae are sometimes found in the common centre when there are no dissepiments (Fig. 11; 3,6). This anomaly, which is called a free central placenta, is thus ex- plained. The dissepiments were at first actually formed in the usual manner, but afterwards, by the rapid expansion of the shell, they were torn away and obliterated. a. As the ovules are always developed by the placentae, they, of course, grow out of the margins of the carpellary leaf, and are, therefore, understood to be analogous to buds. For, in the Bryophyllum, and some other plants, the true leaves do habitually develop buds at their margins (Fig. 10 ; 8), and in the mign- ionette the ovules themselves have been seen transformed into leaves. 89. The ovules are almost always enclosed in the ovary. In the mignionette they are partially naked, and in the fir tribe, Coniferae, entirely so, the carpellary leaf being open or wanting. 44 THE FLOWER. a. The ovule is said to be erect when it grows from the base of the ovary ascending, when it grows from a little above the base ; pendulous, when it hangs from the summit of the cavity, and suspended, when it hangs from a little below the summit. 90. In their early state, the ovules are quite soft, consisting of two sacks or integuments, containing a pulpy mass, and open only at their apex, where there is a passage left through both, called the foramen. The outer integument is called the primine, the other the secundine, and the central pulpy mass the nucleus. (Fig. 11; 8.) a. The foramen may be detected even in the perfect seed, by soaking it in water, and then pressing out the fluid thus absorbed, which will be seen to issue from this little orifice. It has an important agency in the fertilization of the seed, which at this early period has no traces of the embryo (18). 91. The stalk by which the ovule is connected to the pla- centa, is called the funiculus, and its point of attachment to the nucleus of the ovule, the chcdaza. Through these the ovule receives its nourishment from the placenta. (Fig. 11 ; 8, 9.) 4. OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS. 92. The specific use of the stamens and pistils is the fertilization of the seed (57, 58). This ap- pears to be effected in the following manner. At the proper season, the anthers discharge the pollen con- tained iii their cavities, through their dehiscence FIG. 12. 1, Section of the uppei; part of the style Or pores, into the air. Some of the snap-dragon, the pollen tubes passing down Q f j t t h us f a ll s upO n the between the cells ; 2, 3, 4, 5, various forms of pollen, showing the tubes; 6, pollen of the O3nothera biennis, Stigma, one of its tubes descending among the cells of the style. o. The Author of nature makes special provision for the accomplishment of this function. Thus the anthers are generally placed above the stigma, the stamens being longer than the pistils when the flower is erect, as in the tulip, and shorter, when it droops, as in several species of the lily. In the mountain CALYX. 45 laurel (Kalmia), the anthers are confined in ten cavities in the corolla; at the proper season they are disengaged, and thrown forcibly against the stigma, by the elasticity of the filaments. In Monoecious and Dioecious plants, where the sta- mens are placed apart from the pistils in different flowers, the pollen is often con- veyed to the pistil by insects in going from flower to flower in search of honey. 93. Soon after the pollen falls upon the stigma, the outer coat of each granule bursts (70, a) at one or more points, allowing the inner coat to pass through it in the form of a tube. This tube insinuates itself between the cells of the stigma, and passes down between the loose cells of the style, extending itself until it reaches the ovary, even when the style is of con- siderable length. When these tubes reach the ovary, they direct themselves towards the ovules in different parts, and enter the foramen, which at this time is turned towards the base of the style, and brought in contact with its conducting tissue (83). 94. As to the further action of the pollen grains, it is conjec- tured that the molecules which they contain (69, a) are conveyed by the tubes into each ovule, and that there developing them- selves into new cells, and becoming fixed in their places, they constitute the embryo of the future plant. All that is certainly known, however, is, that the embryo first appears in the ovule shortly after the pollen tube enters it. CHAPTER VII. THE FLOWER 5. OF THE CALYX. 95. THE term calyx comes from the Greek, and signifies a cup. It is applied to the outer whorl of the floral envelopes, in reference to its common form and position. It is generally green, but is sometimes colored, that is, it is of some other coloi than green. It seems designed for the protection of the more delicate organs of the flower in aestivation (in the bud). 96. The divisions of the calyx are called sepals, which are 46 THE FLOWER. sometimes distinct, but generally cohere by their edges, to a greater or less extent, forming a cup as in the rose, or a tube as in the pink. The calyx is then said to be monoscpalous, a term which must never be literally applied, since no true calyx can consist of merely a single sepal ; when the sepals are not united in any degree, the calyx is said to be polysepalous. 123 97. If the calyx is free, that is, distinct from the ovary, as in the pink, it is said to be in- ferior, while the ovary is supe- rior ; but if the calyx be adhe- rent to the sides of the ovary, so as to appear to grow out of its summit, as in the rose, it is said to be superior. (Fig. 13 ; FIG. 13. 3, Ovary, with adherent (superior), 1 ? 3.) persistent calyx ; 1, vertical section of the same, showing the epigynous (Gr. upon the pistil) sta- 98. Ill respect to duration, mens ; 2, calyx free (inferior), stamens hypogy- it j g caduCQUS when ft fftU off nous (Gr. under the pistil)] 4, stamens on the calyx, that is, perigynous (Gr. around the pistil)- as SOOn as the flower is CX- 5, stamens on the corolla (perigynous); 6, sta- pan ded, Ex. poppy : deciduous, men with the connectile continued beyond the r . L * rj ant her. when it falls off as the flower decays, Ex. water lily; and persistent, when it remains upon the germ after the corolla has fallen ; Ex. rose, apple. 99. The calyx is sometimes reduced to a mere rim, and some- times, when there is no corolla, the calyx is entirely wanting (54). a. Again, the calyx is reduced to a whorl of mere hair-like processes, called pappus, or down. This kind of calyx is pecu- liar to the Compositae, as the Asters, sunflower, &c., where the flowers are collected in heads so compact that the calyx has no room to develop itself in the usual manner. If the pappus con- sists of simple hairs, it is said to be pilose ; if the hairs are feathery, plumose; if they are stiff, like bristles, setose; if dilated, so as to become chaffy, paleaceous. 6. OF THE COROLLA. 100. Corolla is a Latin diminutive, signifying a chaplet or MONOPETALOUS COROLLAS. 47 crown. It is fitly applied to that whorl of the floral envelopes situated between the calyx and the stamens, upon the delicate texture and hues of which chiefly depend the beauty of the flower. 101. The divisions of the corolla are called petals. Like the sepals of the calyx, they are either distinct, or united by their adjacent edges to a greater or less extent, as in the morning glory. When they are distinct, the corolla is said to be polypet- alous ; otherwise, monopetalous, a term which is as greatly mis- applied in this case as monosepalous is to the calyx, since no true corolla can consist simply of a single petal. 102. A petal consists of two parts ; the daw, which is the narrow part at the base, answering to the stalk of a leaf, and the lamina, which is the expanded portion supported by the claw, and answers to the blade of the leaf. The claw is some- times very long, as in the pink, and often is wanting, as in the rose. 103. When the petals are confluent into a monopetalous corolla, the united claws form that part of it which is called the tube, and the lamina constitute the upper, expanded portion of it, which is called the limb or border. Both of these parts are exhibited in the Phlox. 104. Monopetalous corollas are regular when all the parts correspond to each other in shape, size, and cohesion; and irregular when they do not. Both these kinds assume various forms (Fig. 14), which have received appropriate names, as follows : 1. Campanulate (bell-shaped), having the tube wide, and swelling abruptly at the base, as in the bell-flower (Cam- panula). 2. Infundibuliform (funnel-form), tubular at the base, but gradually enlarging towards the border. Ex. morning glory, tobacco. 3. Hypocrateriform (salver- form), the tube ending abruptly in a border spreading horizontally. Ex. Phlox. 4. Rotate (wheel-form), limb regular, or nearly so, spreading, with a very short or imperceptible tube. Ex. mullein. 5. Labiate (lipped). This corolla has its limb deeply cleft 5 48 THE FLOWER. into two irregular segments, called the upper and lower lip. If the lips be widely separate, they are said to be ringent (ringo, to grin). Ex. monkey-flower. If the upper and lower sides are pressed together, personate (persona, a mask) ; Ex. snap dragon. If the upper lip is arched, it is termed the helmet or galea. Ex. Lamium. This form of the corolla almost universally char- acterizes the plants of the large and important natural order Labiatse. FIG. 14. Forms of corollas; 1, Campanula rotundifolia ; 2, tobacco; 3, Convolvulus; 4, Veronica ; 5, sage ; 6, Gaultheria procumbens ; 7, Phlox ; 8, cabbage ; 9, rose ; 10, Lathyrus. 105. Several forms of polypetalous corollas have also re- ceived appropriate names, and are described as follows. The last only is irregular. 1. Cruciform (crux, a cross), consisting of four petals spread- ing at right angles to each other. Plants with this corolla con- stitute the large natural order Craciferae, which corresponds to the 15th class in the artificial arrangement. Of this kind is the mustard (Sinapis). 2. Rosaceous, like the rose. A regular corolla, consisting of five or more petals, spreading horizontally, attached to the receptacle by very short claws. Ex. rose, apple. 3. Liliaceous, like the lily. The Perianth consists of six parts, each gradually bending outwards in such a manner as to resem- ble the campanulate. Ex. lily, tulip (Fig. 4). NECTARY. 49 4. CaryophyUaceous, like the pink. This corolla consists of five petals, having long claws immersed in a tubular calyx. Ex. pink, cockle (Fig. 4). 5. Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped. This corolla consists of five dissimilar petals, which have received names as follows ; the upper and largest is called the banner (vexillum) ; the two lateral ones beneath this, the wings (alee) ; and the two lower ones cohering by their lower margins, the keel (carina). Exam- ples, pea, bean, locust. Plants with this kind of corolla consti- tute the greater part of the LeguminossB, one of the most extensive and useful of the natural families. 106. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. The floral envelopes are found, in their physical organization, to agree with leaves, of which they are only modifications. They consist of thin expan- sions of cellular tissue, traversed by veins of delicate spiral vessels, all covered with an epidermis often having stomata. Their various colors are produced by secretions contained in the little bladders of the cellular tissue. J 7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK. 107. These are terms which have been applied to certain anomalous forms of the floral organs, and are very variable in structure and position. a. The NECTAHT (nectar, honey) is properly an apparatus for the secretion of honey. In the violet, larkspur, columbine, &c., it consists of a prolongation of the petal into a spur. In the nasturtium it is a similar prolongation of the sepal. In the passion flower, grass parnassus, gold-thread, &c., the nectaries are merely abortive stamens passing into petals. In the lady's slipper and other Orchida- ceous plants, the lower petal being inflated and larger than the rest of them, was called nectary by the Linnean school, but by modern writers the labellum, or lip. b. The DISK is a term applied to certain little projections situated between the bases of the stamens and the pistils. Its more common form is that of a raised rim, either entire or variously lobed, surrounding the base of the ovary, that is, hypogynous (i/Vw, under, yvw, the pistil), as in the peony, or it appears at the top of the ovary when the calyx is superior, and is then said to be epigynous (art, upon, yuvtt), as hi the Cornus. c. The true character of the disk is little understood. It is supposed by Lindley to consist of stamens in a rudimentary state, as it is sometimes separated into a circle of glandular bodies, alternating with the true stamens. 50 THE FLOWER. 8. OF AESTIVATION. 108. ^ESTIVATION (cestivus, of summer) is a term used by botanists, to denote the relative arrangement of the several organs of the flower while yet undeveloped in the bud. It is the same to the flower-bud as VERNATION (vernus, of the spring) is to the leaf-bud. a. The different modes of aestivation may be best observed in sections of the bud, made by cutting it in a horizontal direction. The most common varieties are the following. 1. Valvate; applied to each other by the margins only; as the petals of the Umbelliferae, the valves of a capsule, &c. 2. Convolute ; when one is wholly rolled in another, as in the petals of the wall-flower. 3. Quincuncial; when the pieces are five in number, of which two are exterior, two interior, and the fifth covers the interior with one margin, and has its other margin covered by the ex- terior, as in Rosa. 4. Contorted; each piece being oblique in figure, and over- lapping its neighbor by one margin, its other margin being, in like manner, overlapped by that which stands next it, as the corolla of Apocynum. 5. Alternative; when, the pieces being in two rows, the inner is covered by the outer in such a way that each of the exterior rows overlaps half of two of the interior, as in the Liliacese. FIG. 15. JEstivation of the corolla; 1, Hydrangea; 2, Cheiranthus; 3, Rose (single); 4, Oxalis ; 5, Lilium ; 6, Pisum ; 7, Lysiraachia ; 8, Solanum ; 9, calyx of the Rose. The last form, with 4 and 5, are also termed imbricate. THE FEUIT. 51 6. VexiUary; when one piece is much larger than the others, and is folded over them, they being arranged face to face, as in papilionaceous flowers. 7. Induplicate; having the margins bent abruptly inwards, and the external face of these edges applied to each other with- out any twisting ; as in the flowers of some species of Clematis. 8. Supervolute; when one edge is rolled inwards, and is en- veloped by the opposite edge rolled in an opposite direction ; as the leaves of the apricot. Of these forms of aestivation, the 4th, 5th, and 9th, are fre- quently designated by the general term imbricate, that is, edge overlapping edge. CHAPTER VIII. THE FRUIT. 109. THE fruit appears to be the ultimate object and aim of the whole vegetable organization ; accordingly, when this is perfected, the process of vegetation ceases, the foliage withers, and the whole plant, if it be an annual, soon dies. But in the fruit, provision is made for the reproduction of the species, so that it is justly said to be ' the termination of the old individual, and the beginning of the new.' a. The fruit is, therefore, the most important part of the plant. Although it does not, like the flower, serve to adorn the face of nature by the beauty of its form and color, yet, besides its own peculiar office of perpetuating vegetable life, it affords one of the principal means of subsistence to animals and to man. b. The fructification, in respect to time, is subsequent to the flower, is always preceded by it, and, as has been sufficiently shown, is dependent upon it for its maturity and perfection. After having imbibed the pollen from the anthers, the pistil, or its ovary, continues to enlarge, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar fruit of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, the ovary brought to perfection. 110. Such being the case, it follows that the fruit is constructed on the same general plan as the ovary, and its structure may be inferred with much accuracy, by the examination of the latter at the time of flowering. In many cases, how- ever, the fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary, as to disguise its real structure ; so that an early examination would be even more safe in its results than a late one. a. For example, the oak-acorn is a fruit with but one cell and one seed, although its ovary had three cells and. six ovules. The change is produced by 5* /^c-Y;r -\ / UUIVER^ TYJ. V r^ / 52 THE FRUIT. the non-development of five of the ovules, while the sixth grows so rapidly as to obliterate the dissepiments and occupy the whole space. The same change also takes place in the hazle-nut. The ovary of the birch is two-celled and two- ovuled, but, by the suppression of one cell with its ovule, the fruit becomes one- celled. 1. OF THE PERICARP. 111. The FRUIT consists of the pericarp and the seed; the former may be wanting, but the latter is essential. a. Truly naked seeds are found in few plants, except the Coniferse, where the pollen falls directly upon the ovules without the intervention of the pistil. The seeds of the sage and the borage, with then* respective tribes, generally said to be naked, are not so in fact, for each seed being the product of an ovary with one ovule must necessarily be a one-seeded pericarp. 112. The PERICARP (rce^, around, xc^Trog, fruit) is the covering or envelope of the seeds, of whatever nature it may be. It consists of three different parts. 1. The epicarp (em, upon) is the outer integument, or skin. 2. The endocarp (evdov, within), called also putamen or shell, is the inner coat, and the sarco- carp (cr^|, flesh) is the intervening fleshy substance. a. Thus, in the peach, the skin is the epicarp, the fleshy pulp the sarcocarp, and the shell of the stone the endocarp. In the apple or pear, the endocarp forms the glazed lining of the cells, the epicarp the epidermis, and the sarcocarp the inter- vening pulp. 113. The growth of the fruit depends upon the absorption of sap from the parts below. This fluid, finding no growing axis to be prolonged in the usual manner into a branch, is accumulated in the pistil and adjacent parts, is condensed by evaporation, and elaborated into cellular matter by the external surfaces, which still perform the functions of true leaves. Thus these parts become gradually distended into the form and dimensions of the fruit. 114. The process of ripening consists of certain chemical changes, effected by the combined action of heat, light, and air. In its earliest stages, the pericarp consists of a structure similar to that of leaves, being composed of cellular and ligneous tissue, with an epidermis and stomata (35, 37). . Secondly, the fleshy pulp, or sarcocarp, is developed, and becomes sour by absorbing from the air an excess of oxygen, which is the proper acidifying prin- ciple. b. Lastly, when the fruit has attained its full growth, the pulp becomes gradu- ally sweetened and softened, by the formation of sugar at the expense of the acids and of the ligneous matter, which before rendered it both sour and hard. These transitions are exemplified by the apple, plum, currant, &c., where the greater portion of nutritive matter is stored up in the pericarp ; but in the fruit of CAPSULE. 53 the oak, chestnut, some of the grasses, &c., it is chiefly or entirely deposked in the seed. FIG. 16. Modes of dehiscence ; 1, Locu Jcidal ; 2, Septicidal ; 3, Septifragal. The straight lines represent the dissepiments. 1 15. Dehiscence. When the pericarp has arrived at maturity, it either remains permanently closed (indehiscent) as the acorn, or it separates into parts forming openings. These parts are called valves, and these openings, the dehiscence. Regular de- hiscence is always vertical, and is called, 1. Loculicidcd (loculus, a cell, ccedo, to cut), when it takes place by the opening of the dorsal suture of each carpel directly into the cell. Ex. lily. 2. Septicidal (septum, a wall, and ccedo), .when it takes place through the dissepiments (which are doubled, $ 85, c). Ex. mallows. 3. Septifragal (septum, and frango, to break), when the valves separate from the dissepiments, which remain still united in the axis. Ex. Convolvulus. 4. Sutural (sutura, a seam), when it takes place at one or both sutures, in a fruit with a simple carpel. Ex. pea. 5. An irregular dehiscence, called circumscissile (circwmscindo, to cut around), occurs in the plantain, verbena, henbane, &c., where the top of the pericarp falls off like a lid. (Fig. 18 ; 16.) 116. The forms of the pericarp are exceedingly diversified, and have been studied by botanists with great attention. The following varieties are generally described in elementary works. 1. CAPSULE (a casket), is a term applied to those pericarps which are of a hard and woody texture, proceeding from a com- pound ovary, dehiscing at the side or top, by valves, or some- times by pores only. a. The capsule consists of only one cell, or is divided within 64 THE FRUIT. by dissepiments (85, c) into many cells. The central pillar, or substance formed by the united placentae is called the colu- mella. To this the seeds are generally attached. The seed- vessels of the Lobelia, mullein, pink, poppy, bloodroot (San- guinaria), are capsules. FIG. 17. Forms of fruit: 1, capsule of Rhododendron; 2, Nicotiana; 3, Colchicum; 4, CEnothera ; 5, silique of Raphanus ; 6, silicle of Capsella ; 7, legume of the pea ; 8, jointed legume (loment) of Desmodium ; 9, follicle of Apocynum ; 10, nut of oak ; 11, drupe of Cerasus. 2. SILIQUE (a pod). This is a long, narrow pericarp of two valves, divided into two cells, by a false dissepiment formed by the extended placentas. The seeds are attached to the edges of this dissepiment, alternating with its opposite sides. Ex. mustard, wallflower, and other Craciferse. 3. SILICLE (a little pod), differs from the silique, by being shorter, and more nearly oval. Ex. pepper-grass, shepherd's purse (Thlaspi). The silique and silicle are peculiar to plants with cruciform corollas. 4. LEGUME (also a pod), two-valved, one-celled, consists of a simple carpel, and thus differs essentially from the silique. It bears its seeds attached to the margin of each valve alternately, along the ventral suture only. Ex. pea, and all other plants of the great natural order Leguminosae. The legume, therefore, accompanies the papilionaceous corolla. 5. FOLLICLE (a bag) is a pericarp with one valve and one PEPO. 55 cell, opening by a sutiual dehiscence on the inner side, and bearing seeds at the base, or along the suture. Ex. peony, col- umbine, silk-weed. 6. DRUPE (stoiie-frait) is one-celled, one or two seeded, inde- hiscent, with a hard and bony endocarp (stone), and a moist and pulpy epicarp and sarcocarp. Ex. plum, cherry, peach. It also includes those fruits which have a fibre-fleshy, or even coria- ceous epicarp, as the walnut, butternut, which kinds of fruit are called drupaceous. 7. The NUT is a hard, dry, indehiscent shell, proceeding from an ovary which is two or more celled, and two or more ovuled, but becoming by suppression one-celled, and one-ovuled ( 1 10, a). It differs from the Drupe, in wanting the soft, succulent cover- ing. Instead of this it is seated in a kind of persistent involu- cre, called a cupule. Ex. chestnut, oak, beech, hazle. 8. CARYOPSIS (kernel). This is a thin, dry, one-celled peri- carp, inseparable from the seed which it encloses. Ex. maize, wheat, Carex. When it is not inseparable from the seed, it is called a utricle, as in the pig-weed ( Chenopodium). 9. An ACHENIUM is a small, dry, hard, one-celled pericarp, dis- tinct from the seed which it contains. Ex. Borago, Ranun- culus, Aster, and the Compositse generally. 10. SAMARA (winged fruit). It consists of a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded pericarp, with a wing-like appendage. Ex. birch, maple. 11. A PYXIS (box) is a capsule which opens by a circum- sessile dehiscence (115 ; 5), so as to appear like a little cup with a lid. Ex. plantain (Plantago), purslane (Portulaca). 12. POME (apple). This is a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp, formed of the permanent calyx, containing several cartilaginous carpels, or cells, which enclose the seeds. Ex. apple, pear, quince. 13. The PEPO (gourd) is an indehiscent, fleshy fruit, proceed- ing from a compound ovary, either one-celled, or entirely filled with pulp. Ex. cucumber, melon, pumpkin. 14. Berry (Bacca), a succulent, pulpy pericarp, holding the seeds loosely within, with no other covering than its own soft 56 THE FRUIT. mass. Ex. currant, whortleberry. The orange and lemon an- swer this definition, and are therefore berries. 18, FIG. 18. Forms of fruit ; 13, naked achenia of Fragaria on the surface of the enlarged, fleshy receptacle ; 14, drupaceous achenia of a Rubus on a fleshy, deciduous receptacle ; 15, samara of Acer ; 16, pyxis of Hyoscyamus ; 17, pome of Pyrus (pear) ; 18, berry of Ribes (gooseberry) ; 19, section of the same enlarged ; 20, strobile of Pinus ; 21, cremocarp of the Umbelliferae, as Conium. a. This definition cannot include the strawberry, which consists of an en- larged, fleshy receptacle, bearing numerous achenia upon its surface. Nor does it include the blackberry, which, like the other species of the llubus, is an aggre- gate fruit composed of united drupes. These fruits are called Etseria, by Mirbel. (Eig. 18 ; 13, 14.) 15. STROBILE (cone). This is an aggregate fruit, consisting of scale-like carpels spread open, with naked seeds on their inner side, at base. Such is the fruit of the fir tribe, which is on this account called Coniferae. HILUM. 57 CHAPTEE IX. THE FRUIT. 2. OF THE SEED. 117. THE seed is the ultimate product of vegetation, and con- tains the rudiments of a new plant, similar in all respects to the original. a. The seed consists of three principal parts; the INTEGU- MENTS, the ALBUMEN, and the EMBRYO. 118. The INTEGUMENTS, or coverings, invest the seed immedi- ately exterior to all its other parts. Although apparently single, they consist of several membranes, to each of which an appro- priate name has been applied. The first, or outer membrane, is the TESTA; the second, the MESOSPERM; the third, the ENDO- PLEURA, corresponding with the primine, &c. (90) of the ovule. a. The testa is either papery (membranous), leathery (coriaceous), horny (crus- taceous), bony, fleshy, or woody. Its surface is generally smooth, sometimes beautifully polished, as in the Indian shot (Canna), or columbine, and often highly colored, as in varieties of the bean, &c. It is sometimes expanded into wings, as in the Arabis, and sometimes into a tuft of hairs at one end, called coma, as in the silk-weed, or it is entirely enveloped in hairs, as in the cotton. 6. The coma must not be confounded with the pappus (99, a), which is a modi- fication of the calyx, appended to the pericarp, and not to the seed, as in the achenia of the thistle, dandelion, and other Composite. 119. The aril is an expansion, proceeding from the summit of the funiculus, or seed-stalk (91), (or from the placenta when the funiculus is wanting) either partially or wholly investing the seed. A fine example is seen in that gashed covering of the nutmeg, called mace. In the celastrus it completely envelops the seed. In other seeds it is a mere scale, and often it is wanting. 120. The HILUM, or scar, is that point or mark left on the coats of the seed, by its separation from the funiculus (stalk). It is commonly called the eye, as in the bean, pea, maize, &c. (Fig. 11; 8, a.) 121. The hilum of the seed sometimes corresponds with the chalaza of the QS THE FRUIT. ovule. In this case the ovule, or seed, is said to be orthotropous (erect), Ex. can- dleberry (Myrica). More generally, however, the funiculus (91) extends beyond the hilum, passing under the integuments partly around the nucleus, before it is joined to it. The point of this final juncture is always the chalaza, and that part of the funiculus which then intervenes between the hilum and the chalaza is called the raphe. This form of the ovule, or seed, is called anatropous (inverted), and is exemplified in the apple. The raphe can, therefore, exist only in the ana- tropous seed, and serves to distinguish it. (See Fig. 11 ; No's 8 and 9.) 122. The ALBUMEN. Next within the integuments, there is a white substance called the albumen, consisting chiefly of starch. It constitutes the chief bulk of some seeds, as maize, wheat, rye, and serves to nourish the embryo in its nascent state. It abounds chiefly in those seeds which have but one cotyledon. It is wholesome and nutritious, even in poisonous plants. The albumen in some seeds is entirely wanting, particularly in the bean, pea, &c., the nutritious matter being all absorbed in the cotyledon. 123. The EMBRYO is an organized body, the rudiments of the young plant, situated within the integuments. To the growth of this all other parts of the seed are subservient. In somq seeds the embryo is distinctly visible. Ex. bean, Convolvulus. 124. The embryo is divided into three parts ; the radicle, the plumule, and cotyledon. a. The radicle is the descending part of the embryo, destined to form the root (radix). In respect to position, it always points towards the foramen. b. The PLUMULE is the ascending part of the embryo, or the rudiment of the ascending axis of the future plant. It is usually directed towards the chalaza. 125. The COTYLEDON is the bulky, porous, and farinaceous part of seeds, destined to form the first or seminal leaves of the young plant, as well as to afford nourishment to the plumule and radicle, before they can obtain it from the earth. In the bean, squash, cucumber, and most other plants, the cotyledons are conspicuous in rising above the ground. a. The number of cotyledons is variable ; and upon this cir- cumstance is founded the most important and distinct division Of the PlLENOGAMIA, Or FLOWERING PLANTS. 126. Monocotyledonous plants are those whose seeds have but one cotyledon, SPORES. 59 or, if two are present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants are also called ENDOGEXS (ivfov, inside, yivcfjixi, to originate or grow), because their stems increase by internal accretions (197). Such are the grasses, the palms, the Liliaceae, &c., whose leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins. 127. Dicotyledonous plants are such as bear seeds with two cotyledons. These are also called EXOGENS (a, outside), because their stems increase by external accretions, including the bean tribe, the melon tribe, all our forest trees, &c. These are also distinguished at a glance, by the structure of their leaves, which are reticulate-veined, that is, with veins dividing and uniting again, like network. 15 FIG. 19. Structure of seeds and germination ; l, v seed of a garden bean ; 2, the same after germination is commenced and the skin thrown off; 3, seed of Triglochin (magnified) ; a, fungoas chalaza, 6, raphe, c, hilum ; 4, embryo ; a, cotyledon, b, radicle, c, fissure, beneath which lies the plumule ; 5, vertical section of the same ; rf, the radicle seen beneath the fissure ; 6, germinating seed of Alisma ; a, cotyledon, ft, plumule, c, radicle ; 7, seed of Canna lutea, vertical section, a, albumen, 6, embryo ; 8, fruit of Mirabilis, showing the commence- ment of germination, the embryo protruding the radicle ; 9, the same, having thrown off the pericarp and become a young plant ; 10, germinating seed of Calla JEthiopica ; o, seed, 6, first leaf of plumule, c, radicle ; 11, section of the fruit of a grass with the embryo at base ; 12, the same after germination has commenced ; 13, the germination completed, and the young plant formed ; 14, embryo of Pinus, showing the numerous cotyledons ; 15, the same after germination has commenced ; 16, embryo of Cuscuta, having no cotyledon. 128. The pine and fir have seeds with from two to three cotyledons, while the dodder (Cuscuta) is almost the only example known of an embryo with no coty- ledon. 129. A few plants, as the onion, orange, Coniferae, &c., occasionally have two or even several embryos in a seed, while all the CRYPTOGAMIA, or flowerless plants, have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from SPORES, (48) bodies analogous to the pollen grains of flowering plants. 6 60 THE FRUIT. 3. OF GERMINATION. 130. The embryo is the most important part of the seed. It is to the protec- tion and nourishment of this alone, that all other parts of the seed, and even of the whole plant, are subservient, and if this be injured or destroyed, the ultimate object of the whole vegetable economy would seem to be defeated. a. GERMINATION is a term denoting the first stages of vital action in the seed ; the process is briefly described as follows : 131. When the seed is planted in a moist soil, at a moderate temperature, the integuments gradually absorb water, soften, and expand. The water is decomposed, its oxygen combines with the carbon of the starch which had been stored up in the tissues, carbonic acid is evolved, and the starch, at lengh con- verted into sugar for the nourishment of the embryo, which now begins to dilate and develope its parts. Soon the integuments burst, the radicle descends, seeking the damp and dark bosom of the earth, and the plumule arises, with expanding leaves, to the air and the light* (See Fig. 19, explanations.) 132. As to the cotyledons, they either remain under ground at the centre of motion, as in all Monocotyledonous plants and in the oak, or, as in almost all Dicotyledonous plants, they arise above the surface with the ascending axis, become green, and perform the functions of digestion and respiration, like leaves, for the nourishment of the young plant. 133. The conditions requisite for the germination of the seed are heat, moisture, oxygen, and darkness. a. Heat is a requisite condition of all vital actions, as well in the sprouting of a seed as in the hatching of an egg, and if it be not supplied from a source within, * The phenomena of germination, in all its stages, may be observed in an interesting ex- periment. Let a few seeds, as of the flax or the pea, be enveloped in a lock of cotton, float- ing upon water in a bulb-glass. In a few days, the plumule ascends in its genial air, while the radicle shoots downwards in long silky fibres. The ascent of the plumule in a direction contrary to gravity is a law in vegetation, as uni- versal as the law of attraction in matter, and no less difficult to explain. From the two following experiments, it would seem to result both from the influence of the light and the law of gravitation. Professor Shultz planted some seeds of cabbage, mustard, and beans, in moss, and so arranged them that the only light which they could receive was from a mirror, reflecting the solar rays upwards ; they sent their stems downwards, and their roots upwards. Mr. Knight placed vessels, containing earth with germinating seeds, upon the circumfer- ence of a large horizontal wheel, which was kept constantly and rapidly revolving for seve- ral days. The seeds grew, but instead of ascending perpendicularly, the axis of each plant was inclined at an angle of 45, or more, towards the centre of the wheel, in accordance with the combined action of the centrifugal force of the wheel, and the attraction of the earth. DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. 61 must be obtained from without. Different degrees of heat are required by dif- ferent plants, but a temperature from 50 to 80 is most favorable to those of the temperate zones. Such is the genial warmth supplied by the sun. b. Water is also requisite for softening the integuments, and for dissolving the dry nutriment stored up in the albumen, or the cotyledons. This is supplied in showers of rain and dew. c. Oxygen is requisite, as seen above, for the conversion of starch into sugar ; a process always depending upon the formation and evolution of carbonic acid, as well in the seed as in the laboratory of the chemist. This is supplied by the water and by the air. d. And, finally, darkness is favorable, because it is through the influence of light, as will hereafter be shown, that plants absorb carbonic acid from the air, decompose it, retain the carbonic acid, and give back the oxygen only. Light would therefore tend to increase the quantity of carbon, rather than diminish it. Hence the seed should be buried in the soil. 134. The ripened seeds of most plants have the power of retaining their vitality for many years, if they are placed in circumstances which Avill neither cause them to germinate nor decay, such as a low or moderate temperature, with the absence of moisture. Thus the seeds of maize have been known to grow when 30 years old, rye 40 years, kidney beans 100 years, and the raspberry and beach plum after many centuries.* 4. THE DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS 135. Is a subject highly curious and interesting 5 and when attentively consid- ered, serves, like a thousand other cases in the works of Nature, to illustrate the wisdom and design of its great Author. By means of the coma, or pappus, already described, the seeds of the thistle, dandelion, and numerous other plants, are wafted by winds to considerable distances,' across rivers, mountains, and even the ocean itself. The Erigeron Canadense, a weed now common on both sides the Atlantic, was supposed by Linnaeus to have been transported to Europe from Canada, of which country it is native. a. Seeds are also furnished with wings for the same purpose. Others are pro- vided with hooks, or beards, by which they lay hold of men or animals, and are thus scattered far and wide. b. Some seeds, as the Impatiens, which are destitute of all such appendages, are thrown to some distance by the bursting of the elastic pericarp. Rivers, streams, and the currents of the ocean, are all means of transporting seeds from country to *No instance of the longevity of seeds is more remarkable than that related by Dr. Lindley. ' I have before me,' says he, ' three plants of raspberries, raised from seeds which were taken from the stomach of a man whose skeleton was found 30 feet below the surface of the earth. He had been buried with some coins of the emperor Hadrian, and it is therefore probable that the seeds were 1600 or 1700 years old.' Several years ago, in the State of Maine, about 40 miles from the sea, some men, in dig- ging a well, threw up some sand from a remarkable layer, about 20 feet below the surface, and placed it by itself. A year or two afterwards several shrubs sprung up from this sand, grew, produced fruit, and proved to be the beach-plum. 62 THE ROOT. country. Thus, the cocoa, and the cashew-nut, and the seeds of the mahogany, have been known to perform long voyages, without injury to their vitality. Squir- rels, laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds, migrating from clime to clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to effect the same im- portant end. CHAPTER X. THE BOOT. 136. THE ROOT is the basis of the plant, and the principal source of its nourishment. It originates with the radicle of the seed ; the tendency of its growth is downwards, and it is gener- ally immersed in the soil. a. When the radicle has burst the integuments of the seed, and penetrated the soil, its body becomes divided into branches, or fibres; each of these is again divided and sub-divided into fibres, often exceedingly numerous and minute, ever extending and multiplying, until the vegetable has attained its full growth. 137. The prone direction of the root is accounted for by the extreme delicacy of the fibres, which renders them averse to the air and light, by their avidity for moisture, and by the effects of gravitation. a. Although the primary direction of the roots is downward, they are not known to extend to any great depth. After having descended to a certain dis- tance beneath the surface, they extend themselves horizontally, keeping at about a uniform depth, however great the irregularities of the surface. 138. The number and extent of the roots must always correspond to the demands of the vegetable, both for affording it nourishment, and for maintaining it in its erect position. It follows, therefore, that for every expanding leaf, or extending twig, there must be a corresponding increment of the roots and fibres beneath the soil. 139. Roots are generally distinguished from stems by their downward direction, by the presence of absorbing fibres, by the constantly irregular arrangement of their branches, and by the absence of buds, stomata, and pith. 140. To all these characteristics there are, however, exceptions. Thus, buds, in peculiar circumstances, are developed by the roots, sending up shoots, or suckers, around the parent stem. This does not happen in the natural or healthy state of the plant, but only when the life of the upper axis is partially or wholly destroyed, the roots remaining in full vigor, and elaborating more nourishment SPONGIOLES. 63 than there is now demand for. Such buds are, therefore, merely adventitious. On this account it would seem that those roots, commonly so called, which do naturally and uniformly produce buds, are with propriety described by modern writers as subterranean stems; as the root-stalk of the sweet flag (Calamus), the bulb of the tulip, or the tuber of the potato. 141. The summit of the root, or that part which connects it to the ascending axis, is designated as the cottum, or neck. a. Strictly speaking, this is the only stationary part of the plant. Occupying the centre of motion between the ascending and descending axis, every enlarge- ment that takes place upon its upper surface arises into the air, while all below it descends into the earth. 142. The parts of the root which require especial notice, are the caudex, fibrils, and spongioles. a. The CAUDEX (stock) is the main body of the root b. The FIBRILS are the finer branches of the root, sent off from the caudex. These are the true roots. c. The SPONGIOLES are the tender and delicate extremities of the fibrils ; and, since the latter lengthen only by accretions made to these extremities, these are their growing points. 143. The form of the root is much diversified in different plants, but the principal varieties which have received distinct- ive names, are the following : 144. Ramose (branching). This rbot consists of ramifications sent off from the main root, like the branches of a tree, but in no determinate order. Such are the roots of most trees and shrubs. (Fig. 20.) o. There is a strong analogy between the roots of a tree and its branches. In many instances they may be made to perform, each the functions of the other ; that is, the tree may be inverted, and the branches will become roots and the roots put forth leaves like the branches. The willow and the maple may be thus inverted without injuring their vitality. 6. A branch may often be made to put forth roots instead of leaves. If a branch (offset) of the willow or currant (Ribes) be inserted into the ground, cither by the lower or the upper end, or by both at once, it will take root and flourish. Other trees, as the mulberry (Moras) may be multiplied by layers. A branch ig bent and inserted into the ground by the apex. When it has taken root it is severed from the parent stock, and becomes a perfect tree. c. The roots of a tree extend in all directions, and to considerable distances. This distance is at least equal to the extent of the branches, and often much greater. Those of the elm embrace an area of 300 feet diameter, of the poplar, 6* 64 THE ROOT. 400. Forest trees, being less exposed to the assaults of the wind, are much less firmly rooted than those in open situations. 145. Fusiform (spindle-shaped). It consists of a thick, fleshy caudex, tapering downwards, and also, for a short space, up- wards. It sends off from the sides and extremity, thread-like fibrils, which are in fact its true roots, since they alone absorb nourishment from the ground. Ex. parsnip, radish. W FIG. 20. Forms of the root ; 7, branching root* of a tree ; 8, root of Daucus ; 9, Oxalis ; 10, Orchis. a. When the fusiform root divides into two principal branches, it is said to be forked. When it tapers from the collum downwards its whole length, it is called a conical or tap root. But its most remarkable variety is the b. Premorse, in which the caudex terminates abruptly below, as if it had been bitten off (praemorsus). This is due to the fact that the lower extremity perishes after the first year. Ex. Viola pedata, and Scabiosa succisa. c. The napiform (turnip-shaped) root is another variety of the fusiform, where the upper portion swells out, so that the diame- ter is greater than the length. Ex. turnip. 146. The fibrous root consists of numerous thread-like divis- ions, sent off directly from the base without any caudex. Such are the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres exceed- ingly in a light sandy soil. a, A fasciculated root is a variety of the fibrous, with some of its fibres thickened, as in the crow-foot (Ranunculus), peony, Dahlia, &c. 147. A tuberous root consists of one or more fleshy knobs, or ROOTS. 65 tumors, situated at the base among the fibres. Ex. Orchis. This root must be distinguished from the tuber, which, like the potatoe, uniformly bears buds, and is now classed among stems. a. A palmate (hand-shaped) root is a variety of the tuberous, where the knob is separated below into short, thickened pro- cesses, as in some species of the Orchis. b. A granulated root consists of many small tubercular knobs, connected by fibres, as seen in the common wood sorrel. Some writers call this variety moniliform (monile, a necklace). FIG. 21. Forms of the root; 1, Raphanus; 2, Brassica rapa; 3, Scabiosa; 4, Poa; 5, Paeonia ; 6, Dahlia. 148. All the above forms of fleshy roots appear to be reser- voirs where the superabundant nutriment secreted by the plant, is accumulated and kept in store for the following year, or for the time of flowering. a. To the varieties already mentioned, we may add several others, which are remarkably distinguished by their not being fixed in the soil. 149. The floating root is peculiar to plants which float loosely upon the surface of the water. Ex. Lemna, Callitriche. The latter, called water starwort, floats upon the surface only until flowering, after which it sinks to the bottom, fixes its roots in the mud, and there ripens its seeds. 150. Aerial roots are those which, instead of originating from portions of the plant beneath the surface of the ground, are pro- duced from some portion in the open air. Of these roots, seve- ral varieties are remarkable. 1st, Those which are sent forth 66 THE ROOT. from the joints of creeping or prostrate plants ; as the ground- ivy, and the twin-flower (Linnsea). 2d, The roots of certain erect plants of the endogenous structure, originating from the stem high in air, descending and entering the soil. Of this class the screw-pine (Pandanus) is a remarkable example, whose aerial roots are often several feet in length before reaching the earth. Such roots, a few inches in length, are also seen in the common maize (Zea). b. A third class of aerial roots is peculiar to the epiphytes (em, upon, cpviov, a plant). These plants are fixed upon the trunk and branches of other species, and derive their nourishment chiefly from the air. Such are the long moss (Tillandsia), pen- dent from lofty trees, and many of the Orchidaceae at the south. 4th, The roots of parasites are usually aerial. These are not only attached to other vegetables, but, penetrating their tissues, they derive nourishment from their juices. The Cuscuta and Mistletoe are examples. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT. 151. The internal structure of the root is similar to that of the stem (q. v.), except that there is often a greater proportion of cellular, fleshy matter, as in the beet. In Endogens the root is endogenous, in Exogens it is exogenous, but in the latter case it is always destitute of a pith. 152. The fibrils are in fact but subdivisions of the caudex, or main root. They consist of minute bundles of vasiform tissue (32), enclosed in a loose, cellular epidermis, except at the ex- tremities (35), where the tissue is naked and becomes exceed- ingly loose and spongy. These (spongioles) have the property of powerfully absorbing water. 153. The growth of the root does not take place by the ex- pansion of the parts already formed, but simply by the addition of new matter at the extremities, and by the formation of new layers upon the surface. This accounts for the facility with which it penetrates the crevices of the soil, and forces its way into the hardest earth. 154. The most obvious function of the root is the purely mechanical one of jfi&ing the plant in the earth, and maintaining ABSORPTION. 67 its posture. But its peculiar and most important function is ABSORPTION, or drawing from the soil that food and moisture which its growth absolutely requires. a. Let any small growing plant be taken from the earth, and immersed by its roots in a glass of water. If it be then exposed to the light of day, or especially to the sun, the water will disappear from the glass more rapidly than could be expected from evaporation alone. A plant of spearmint has thus been found to absorb water at the rate of more than twice its own weight per day. The water thus absorbed by the roots is mostly sent off again, or exhaled through the leaves (a process called EXHALATION), only a small part of it, together with the salts which it held in solution, being retained for the use of the plant 155. The activity of absorption must, therefore, depend upon the activity of exhalation ; and since the latter is dependent upon the presence of light and heat, it follows that absorption will, in general, be more active by day than by night. 156. The root does not absorb moisture by its whole surface, indiscriminately, but only by the spongioles at the extremities of the fibrils, where the pores are not obstructed by the epider- mis. From the spongioles it is conducted by the vasiform tissue of the fibril to the vessels of the main rooty and immediately carried up the stem, and distributed to all parts of the plant a. If a growing radish be placed in such a position that only the fibres at the end may be immersed in water, the plant will continue to flourish. But if the root be so bent that the fibrils shall be curved up to the leaves, and only the curved body of the root be immersed, the plant will soon wither, but will soon be again revived, if the fibres be relaxed and again submerged. b. Hence, in transplanting trees, too much care cannot be taken to preserve, uninjured, as many as possible of these tender, absorbing fibres. 157. The force with which plants absorb fluids by their roots is very great, as is proved by experiment. a. If the stem of a vine be cut off when the sap is ascending, and a bladder be tied to the end of the standing part, it will in a few days become distended with sap, even to bursting. Dr. Hales contrived to fix a mercurial gauge to a vine thus severed, and found the upward pressure of the sap equal to 26 inches of mercury, or 13 Ibs. to the square inch. 158. The causes of the absorption of fluids, by the roots, have been the subject of much inquiry. It has generally been said to be due to capillary attraction ; but, unfortunately for this theory, there are no capillary tubes in the vegetable structure, but only closed cells, more or less elongated, through the membranous walls of which the flujds must force their way. There is, however, a phenomenon 68 THE ROOT. in Natural Philosophy, discovered by Dutrochet, which bears so strong a resem- blance to absorption in Physiology, that late writers are generally agreed in ex- plaining the latter by the former. It is, briefly, as follows : a. Let the broad end of a tunnel-shaped glass be firmly covered with a piece of bladder, and the cavity within be filled with a solution of gum or sugar. If now the outer surface of the bladder be immersed in water, a passage of fluid will take place through the membrane into the glass, so that the volume of the solution will be much increased, while at the same time there will be a current in the opposite direction, the solution within passing into the water without, but in a much smaller quantity. If, on the other hand, the glass be filled with water and immersed in the solution, it will be partly emptied by this action. The principal current is termed ENDOSMOSE (flowing inwards), and the other EXOSMOSE (flow- ing outwards). 159. From the above experiment, and others of a similar nature, it is justly inferred, that the conditions requisite for the action of these two currents are, two fluids of different densities, separated by a porous septum, or partition. Wherever these conditions exist, the current exists also. a. Now these conditions exist in the root. The spongiole is the porous sep- tum ; the water around it is one of the fluids, and the other is the fluid within, rendered dense by the admixture of the descending sap elaborated by the leaves. Now if the absorption be the endosmose resulting from these conditions, there must be the counter current, the exosmose, also. That this is actually the case, is proved by the fact that the peculiar products of the species may always be detected in the soil about the roots of the plant, and also, that a plant grown in water, always communicates some of its peculiar properties to the fluid in which it is im- mersed. 160. The use of absorption in the vegetable economy is not merely the intro- duction of so much water into the plant, but to obtain for its growth those min- eral substances held in solution by the water, which constitute an important part of its food. a. Now in accomplishing this object, the roots seem to be endowed with a cer- tain power of selection or choice, which has not been satisfactorily explained. Thus, if wheat be grown in the same soil with the pea, the former will select the silex along with the water which it absorbs, for the construction of the more solid parts of its stem ; while the latter will reject the silex, and appropriate to its use the calcareous matter which the water holds in solution. b. The flowing of the sap from incisions, in early spring, depends upon the excess of absorption over exhalation. After the decay of the leaves in autumn, and the consequent cessation of exhalation, the rootlets, being deep in the ground, below the influence of the frost, continue their action for a time, and an accumu- lation of sap in the vegetable takes place. Also, in early spring, before the leaves are developed, this action recommences, and the plant becomes gorged with sap, so that it will flow from incisions, as in the sugar-maple. But this flowing ceases as soon as the buds expand into leaves and flowers. HERB CHAPTER XI. THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 161. THAT part of the plant which originates with the plum- ule (124, b), and arises above the surface, expanding itself to the influence of the air and the light, is called the ASCENDING AXIS or STEM. a. The cause of its upward tendency is unknown (131, note), but is supposed to be in some way due to the principles of light and gravitation. 162. Although the first direction of the stem's growth is verti- cal, there are many plants in which it does not continue so, but extends in an oblique or horizontal direction, either just above the surface of the ground, or just beneath it. When the stem continues to arise in its original direction, it is said to be erect. When it grows horizontally upon the surface, it is said to be procumbent, creeping, trailing, &c. When it arises obliquely it is an ascending stem, and when it continues buried beneath the soil it is a subterranean stem. a. The subterranean stem, and some varieties of the creeping, have usually been described as roots. 163. In regard to duration, the stem, like the root, is said to be annual when it lives but one season, afterwards dying, at least down to the root, and perennial when its existence is con- tinued beyond one season, to an indefinite period of time. 164. In regard to the size and duration of the stem, plants are distinguished into trees, shrubs, and herbs. a. A TREE is a plant with a perennial, woody stem, or trunk, which does not divide into branches for a certain distance above the ground. Ex. elm, palm. b. A SHRUB is a plant of smaller dimensions than a tree, hav- ing a perennial, woody stem, which divides into branches at or near the ground, like the alder. A shrub of diminished size is termed an undershrub. Ex. whortleberry. c. An HERB is a plant with an annual or perennial root, pro- V 70 THE STEM. duciiig stems which, above the ground, are of annual duration only, and do not become woody. Ex. the grasses, mullein. 165. The most distinctive property of the stem is the forma- tion and development of BUDS. At the commencement of its growth, the ascending axis is itself a bud. 166. BUDS are of two kinds, namely, the leaf-bud, containing the rudiments of a leafy branch, and the flower-bud, containing the same elements transformed into the organs of a flower, for the purposes of reproduction. 167. The leaf-bud consists of a minute, tender, growing point of cellular tissue, originating with the pith, surrounded and pro- tected by a covering of imbricated scales and incipient leaves. (Fig. 22; 1.) 168. These scaly envelopes of the bud appear to be the rudimentary leaves of the preceding year, formed late in the season, arrested in their development by the frosts and scanty nutriment, and reduced to a sear and hardened state. If the bud of the maple or horse-chestnut (JEsculus) be examined, when swollen in spring, the student will notice a gradual transition from the outer scales to the evident leaves within. a. It is an interesting illustration of designing Wisdom, that buds are furnished with scales only in wintry climates. In the torrid zone, or in hot-houses, where the temperature is equalized through the year, plants develope their buds into foliage immediately after their formation, without clothing them in scales. In annual plants, also, the buds are destitute of scales, not being destined to survive the winter. Hence it is evident that the transformation of autumnal leaves into scales, is a means ordained by the great Author of nature, to protect the young shoots, in their incipient stages, from cold and moisture, an office which they effectually fulfil by their numerous downy folds, and their insoluble coat of resin. * 169. The original bud (plumule) of the embryo is at first developed into a simple stem, and being itself continually repro- duced, is always borne at the termination of that stem ; that is, the axis is always terminated by a bud. a. Besides this, the axis produces a bud (21, a) in the axil of each leaf, that is, at the point just above the origin of the leaf-stalk. If these axillary buds remain inactive, the stem will still be simple, as in the mullein. In general, however, * In many trees the scales of the buds are clothed with a thick down. In others, as in the horse-chestnut, balm of Gilead, and other species of poplar, the buds are covered with a viscid and aromatic resin, resembling a coat of varnish. A considerable quantity may be separated from a handful of such buds in boiling water. NODE AND INTERNODES. 71 some or all of them are developed, forming leafy divisions of the axis, which thus becomes branched. b. Buds are said to be adventitious when they are neither terminal nor axillary. Such buds generally result from some unnatural condition of the plant, as maim- ing or disease, and may be formed in the internodes, or upon the roots (140), or from the trunk, or even from the leaves, as in the Bryophyllum. 170. A BRANCH, therefore, is a division of the axis, produced by the development of an axillary bud. 171. A THORN, or spine, is a leafless, hardened, pointed, woody process, with which some plants are armed, as if for self- defence. Ex. Cratsegus, locust a. The thorn appears to be an abortive growth of a bud, resulting from the im- perfect development of the growing point only, while, its leafy coverings perish. Some plants which naturally produce thorns become thornless by cultivation. In such cases the buds are enabled, by better tillage, to produce branches instead of thorns. Ex. apple, pear, gooseberry. b. The thorn is distinguished from the prickle (43) by its woody structure, and its connection with the wood of the stem, while the prickle, as of the rose, consists of hardened cellular tissue, connected with the bark only. 172. That point in the stem where the leaf, with its axillary bud, is produced, is called the NODE, and the spaces between them the INTERNODES. a. In the internodes the fibres of the stem are parallel, but at the nodes this order is interrupted in consequence of some of the inner fibres being sent off later- ally into the leaf-stalk, occasioning, more or less, a jointed appearance. Hence, also, each internode contains fewer fibres, and is of a less diameter than those below it, so that the axis gradually diminishes upwards. 173. Since the branches arise from axillary buds, their ar- rangement upon the stem will depend upon that of the leaves, which, in all young plants, at least, are arranged with great symmetry and order. 174. It is a general law in the arrangement of the leaves and indeed of all other appendages, that they are disposed spirally, that is, in a line which winds around the axis like the threads of a screw. a. But this arrangement is often so much disguised by disturbing causes that it can scarcely be recognized. The most common modification of it is the circular, which is readily explained. The spiral line is formed by the union of two motions, the circular and the longitudinal. The latter is produced in the grow- ing plant by the advancement or lengthening of the axis. Now, if the latter be 7 72 THE STEM. interrupted from any cause, a circular arrangement is the consequence, au arrangement so conspicuous in the organs of the flower (61, a, b, c), and in the leaves of the Stellatse, and other plants. 175. When a single leaf arises at a node the arrangement is more obviously spiral, and is said to be alternate. When two arise at each node they are placed opposite to each other, and at right angles to the adjacent pairs. When three or more arise at each node they are disposed, of course, in a circle, and are said to be verticillate, or whorled. 176. In like manner, the arrangement of the branches, when divested of all disturbing causes, is found to be SPIRAL ; that is, alternate in most plants, opposite in the ash, &c., or verticillate in the pine, &c. FIG. 22. 1, Buds, terminal and lateral, with their scaly envelopes ; 2, the scaly bulb of the lily, showing its analogy to the bud ; 3, vertical section of the same. a. The ascending axis is exceedingly various in form, size, position, and struc- ture, existing in every plant under some one or other of its modifications. It has already been stated, that although its tendency is at first upwards, it does not always arise above the surface. Hence the primary division of this organ into subterranean and aerial. 177. The SUBTERRANEAN STEM was deemed a root by the ear- lier botanists, and those plants which possessed such stems only were called acaulescent or stemless, terms still in use, denoting merely the absence of aerial stems. The principal modifica- tions are the bulb, corm, tuber, rhizoma, and creeper. TUBER. 73 178. The BULB partakes of the nature of the bud. It consists of an oval mass of short, thickened scales, closely compacted in concentric circles and layers, emitting a stem from their midst, and roots from the base or cottum (141). a. Bulbs are said to be timicated when they consist of concentric layers, each entire, and enclosing all within it, as in the Onion. But the more common variety is the scaly bulb, consisting of thickened concave scales, connected to- gether at the base, as the lily, tulip. b. The bulb is renewed annually, at the approach of winter, by the develop- ment of new bulbs in the axils of the scales, which increase at the expense of the old. c. Bulblets are small, aerial bulbs, formed in the axils of the leaves upon the stem, which, when matured, fall to the ground, take root, and produce a perfect plant. The tiger-lily (Lilium bulbiferum) is an example, also several species of the onion. Such plants are termed bulbiferous. 2 FIG. 23. Forms of the stem ; 1, Allium ; 2, Arum; 3, Solanum tuberosum; 4, San- guinaria ; 5, a spinous branch. 179. The CORM is the dilated, subterranean base of a stem, resembling the bulb in form and position, but differing in struc- ture, being composed of a uniform and solid mass, without dis- tinction of layers or scales. It has been improperly called a solid bulb. Ex. Arum, or Indian turnip. 180. The TUBER is an annual, thickened portion of a subter- ranean stem, provided with latent buds (called eyes), from which new plants arise the succeeding year. It is the develop- ment of buds, and the fact of its origin with the ascending axis, that places the tuber among stems instead of roots. The pota- toe is an example. 74 THE STEM. J81. The RHIZOMA, or rootstock, is a prostrate, thickened, rooting stem, either wholly or partially subterranean, often cov- ered with scales, which are the rudiments of leaves, or marked with scars, which indicate the insertion of former leaves, and yearly producing both shoots and roots. Such is the thickened, horizontal portion of the blood-root (Sanguinaria), sweet flag (Calamus), and the bramble (Rubus). 182. The CREEPER differs from the above only in size, consisting of slender branches, exceedingly tenacious of life, extending horizontally in all directions, and to considerable distances beneath the surface, sending out roots and branches at intervals. The witch-grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such plants are a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better cultivation than to be torn and cut in pieces by the spade of the angry gardener, since they are thus multiplied as many times as there are fragments. a. Kepent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They fre- quently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind down and secure against the inroads of water, and even of the sea itself. Holland is said to owe its very existence to certain repent stems, by which its shores are apparently bound together. Much of the surface of that country is well known to be even below the level of the sea. To protect it from inundation, dikes of earth have been built, with immense labor, along the coast. These dikes are overspread with a thick growth of such plants as the mat-grass, or Arundo arenaria, the Carex are- naria, and the Elymus arenarius, by the innumerable roots and creepers of which they are enabled to resist the washing of the waves. 183. To AERIAL STEMS belong the following varieties; caulis, runner, scape, vine, trunk, sucker, offset, and stolon. 184. CAULIS (stem) is the term commonly applied to the aerial stems of herbaceous plants, which are annual in duration, and destitute of woody tissue. Caulescent and acaulescent are con- venient terms, denoting, the former the presence, and the latter the absence of the caulis, or aerial stem. 185. RUNNER. This is a prostrate, filiform stem, or shoot, ex- tending itself along the surface of the ground, and throwing out roots and leaves at its extremity, which become a new plant, soon putting forth new runners in its turn. Ex. strawberry. 186. The SCAPE is a stem which springs from the summit of the root, or rootstock, and bears the inflorescence of the plant, but not its foliage. Ex. Sarracenia, daffodil, several species of the Orchis, &c. The foliage of such plants is usually radical, that is, springing from the root or subterranean stem. TRUNK. 75 a. CULM (culmus) is a term by which the peculiar stems of the grasses, and similar plants are usually designated in descriptive botany. It seems, however, an unnecessaiy distinction. 187. VINE. This is a term denoting those stems which, being too weak to stand erect, creep along the ground, or any conven- ient support, and do not throw out roots like the runner. The vine sometimes supports itself on other plants, or objects, by means of tendrils, as the gourd, and most of its tribe ( Cucurbita- cese) ; the grape-vine, &c. Such plants are called climbers. a. The tendril is a leafless, thread-like branch ; or an appendage growing out of the petiole of the leaf; or it is the lengthened extremity of the midrib of the leaf. Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it reaches some object, when it immediately winds and coils itself about it, and thus acquires a firm, though elastic hold. This beautiful appendage is finely exemplified in the Cucurbitacese and grape, above cited; also in many species of the pea tribe (Leguminosse), where it is appended to the leaves. 188. The twining vine, or stem, having also a length greatly disproportionate to its diameter, supports itself on other plants or objects, by entwining itself around them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop (Humulus) ascends into the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious fact that the direction of its windings is always the same, namely, with the sun, from right to left ; nor can any artificial training cause it to reverse its course. This appears to be a general law among twining plants. Every individual plant of the same species revolves uniformly in one direction although opposite directions may characterize different species. Thus the Convolvulus revolves from left to right, against the sun. 189. TRUNK. This is the name given to the peculiar stems of trees. It is the central colmm, or axis, which supports their branching tops, and withstands the assaults of the wind by means of the great firmness and strength of the woody or ligne- ous tissue in which it abounds. a. The trunk often attains to great dimensions. The white pine (Pinus strobus) of the American forest, with a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, sometimes attains the height of 180, or even 200 feet, with a trunk straight, erect, and without a branch for more than two thirds its length.* * At the first establishment of Dartmouth College, there was felled upon the college plain a tree of this species, measuring 210 feet in length. A Bombax of the South American forests, measured by Humboldt, was 120 feet in height, and 15 in diameter. The Dagon tree on the island of Teneriffe, is said to be 16 feet in diameter. Trees of the genus Adansonia, in Sene- gal and the Cape Verd Islands, have been found of more than 34 feet in diameter. The famous Chestnut tree on Mt. Etna, often mentioned by travellers, is 64 feet in diameter, and consequently near 200 feet circumference. 7* 76 THE STEM. b. In regard to duration, trees differ much, some attaining their growth in a few years and immediately decaying, while on the contrary, the ordinary age of trees is beyond the age of man 3 and some outlive many generations, as the oak, pine. * 190. The SUCKER is a branch proceeding from the stem, or root, beneath the surface, producing leaves, &c., and throwing out roots from its own base, becoming an independent plant. Ex. rose, raspberry. 191. An OFFSET is a short, lateral branch, terminated by a cluster of leaves, and capable of taking root when separated from the parent plant. Ex. house-leek (Sempervivum). 192. A STOLON is a branch which proceeds from an elevated part of the stem, and afterwards, descending to the earth, takes root, sends up new shoots, and finally becomes a new plant. It differs from the sucker, in originating above the ground and not below it. FIG. 24. Forms of the stem ; 1, Fragaria ; 2, Vitis ; 6, tendrils ; 3, cirrhose leaf of Pisuin ; 4, Pyrola ; 5, sucker. 193. A plurality of stems, or trunks, is observed in a few spe- cies of trees growing in tropical regions. The Banyan (Ficus *It is recorded that a live oak, in Louisiana, lived 1000 years ; a sycamore in Palestine, 1050 years ; a pine in Asia Minor, 1800 years ; a cedar on Mt. Lebanon, 2120 years, and the great chestnut on Mt. Etna, 2600 years. It is also supposed that there are yet living, in the " garden of Gethsemane," some of the olives which witnessed our Saviour's passion ; and at Terni, Italy, is an olive plantation supposed to have existed since the age of Pliny. EXOGENS AND ENDOGENS. 77 Indica), and the black Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) are men- tioned as examples of this singular conformation. a. The former originally arises with a single trunk. From the principal branches, when they have become so widely extended as to need additional sup- port, long, leafless shoots are sent down. When these shoots reach the earth, they take root, and become new trunks, in all respects similar to the first. The branches thus supported still continue to advance, and other trunks to descend, until a single tree becomes a grove or forest. There is, in Hindostan, a tree of this kind, called the Banyan, which is said by travellers to stand upon more than 3000 trunks, and to cover an area of 7 acres. The Mangrove tree is a native of the West Indies. The new trunks of this tree are said to be formed from the seeds which germinate without becoming detached from the branches, sending down remarkably long, tapering radicles to the earth. $ 1. OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM, 194. The substance of herbaceous stems is soft and succu- lent, consisting almost wholly of cellular tissue, traversed longi- tudinally by some few bundles (strings) of woody fibre and vascular tissue, which diverge from the main stem into the leaves. 195. This is essentially the structure of the first year's growth of perennial plants also. Cellular tissue constitutes the frame- work of the yearly shoots of the oak, as well as of the annual pea, but in the former it becomes strengthened and consolidated by the deposition of ligneous fibre in subsequent years. a. Plants differ in respect to the arrangement of these fibres and vessels, and in the mode of their increase ; on this difference is based that first grand distinction of Phsenogamous plants into Exogens and . Endogens, to which allusion has already been made (126 7). 196. The division of EXOGENS (outside growers) includes all the trees and most of the herbaceous plants of temperate cli- mates, and is so named because the additions to the diameter of the stem are made externally to the part already formed. 197. The division of ENDOGENS (inside growers), including the grasses, and most bulbous plants of temperate regions, and the palms, canes, &c. of the tropics, is named from the accre- tions of the stem being made within the portions already formed. 198. In the exogenous structure, the stem consists of the pith, wood, and bark. 78 THE STEM. 199. The PITH (medulla) occupies the central part of the stem. It consists of a light, spongy mass of cellular tissue, is chiefly abundant in young plants, and appears to be serviceable only in the earlier stages of growth. It is then pervaded by fluids ; but as the plant advances in age, it becomes dry, being filled with air only, and much diminished in volume. FIG. 25. Exogens, oak, fir, &c. ; Endogens, palm (American), Agave, &c. 200. Immediately around the pith is formed the MEDULLARY SHEATH, which is a thin, delicate membrane of vascular tissue (33), sending off a portion of its spiral vessels to the stalk and veins of each leaf. This, with the leaves, is the only part of exogenous stems which usually contains spiral vessels. 201. The WOOD is composed of concentric zones, or layers, pervaded and intersected by the medullary rays (204). The first, or inner layer, together with the pith and medullary sheath, is the product of the first year. One new layer is formed each successive year, during the life of the plant ; hence the whole ALBURNUM AND DURAMEN. 79 number of layers, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate the age of the tree. 202. Each woody layer is composed of ligneous fibre, vasi- form tissue, and ducts (33, /). The first gives strength and solid- ity to the trunk, and determines the direction of the cleavage. a. The ducts are always first formed and lie in the inner part next the centre, while the fibres are produced towards the end of the season, and are deposited in the outer parts of the zone. The former are distinguished by the large size of their open ends, while the woody fibres are more minute and compact. This cir- cumstance renders the limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross section of the stem. dc dc 4 a bcdcdcde FIG. 26. Sections of wood ; 1, 2, 3, horizontal, 4, 5, vertical. 1, Exogenous stem of one year's growth; a, pith, 6, bark, c, medullary rays, d, woody bundles of fibre and vessels; 2, stem of three years' growth, a, pith, e, bark, b, c, rf, successive annual layers ; 4, a, pith, b, spiral vessels of the medullary sheath, c, dotted ducts, d, woody fibre, e, bark ; 3, Endogen- ous stem, exhibiting the bundles of woody fibre, spiral vessels, and ducts, irregularly disposed in the cellular tissue ; 5, a, cellular tissue, 6, spiral vessels on inner side of c, dotted ducts, rf, woody fibre on the exterior side. 6, Laticiferous vessels of the bark. 203. The outer and more recent portion of the layers constitutes the ALBUR- NUM (albus, white), or sap-wood. This is usually of a softer structure and lighter color than the rest of the wood, and it is through the vessels of these layers alone, that the sap ascends. The interior layers of the alburnum gradually harden by the deposition of solid secretions in their vessels, until they can no longer allow the passage of fluids through them. Thus the DURAMEN (durus, hard), or heart- wood is formed, the texture of which is firm and durable. It is only the dura- men which is useful in the arts. > 80 THE STEM 204. The MEDULLARY RAYS are those fine lines which appear in a cross section of the stem, radiating from the pith to the bark, intersecting all the intervening layers. They consist of thin, firm plates of cellular tissue ; being, like the pith, the remains of that tissue, which at the first constituted the whole of the stem. a. These rays are quite conspicuous in vertical sections of the oak, or the maple, where they are sometimes called the silver grain. 205. The BARK is the extenial covering of the stem, consisting of several integuments, of which the outer is the epidermis (35), that next within the cellular integument, and the inner the liber. 206. The structure of the two outer integuments is chiefly cellular, and that of the inner, or liber, is both cellular and woody. The cellular integument is very thick in Quercus suber, and constitutes that useful substance cork. The liber (Lat. the inner bark, hence a book, because it "was manufactured into parchment) is usually thin, delicate, and strong, and has been often applied to useful purposes, as in those trees of Poly- nesia from which cloth, mats, and sails are made. 207. At the end of the spring a portion of the sap, now transformed into a viscid, glutinous matter called cambium, is deposited between the liber and the wood, becomes organized into cells, and forms a new layer upon each. Soon afterwards, the new layers are pervaded by woody tubes and fibres, which com- mence at the leaves and grow downwards. Thus the number of layers formed in the bark and wood will always be equal. a. Since the growth of the bark takes place by internal accretions, it follows that the older layers must be carried outwards arid continually expanded. Thus, although smooth and entire at first, they at length become shaggy and rough, with longitudinal furrows and ridges, and finally they are cast off, as in the hem- lock, spruce, walnut, &c. Not unfrcquently, however, the older layers are ex- tended in horizontal grains, or fibres, encircling the stem, as in the white birch (Betula papyracea). b. The peculiar virtues or qualities of the plant reside in the bark rather than in the wood ; hence this is the part chiefly used for medicine, dyes, tannin, &c. c. That vascular system which is peculiar to the bark, serving for the circula- tion of its fluids, is called the laticiferous tissue (34). It exists in the form of a complete network of vessels, through which the sap moves in all directions. 2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. 208. We have already stated (156) that the stem serves to convey the sap from the roots to the opposite extremities of the plant. ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 81 209. That portion of the stem which serves this important purpose is the alburnum (203). Through its ducts and fibres the sap is elevated to the leaves, with the vessels of which they communicate. Having been there elaborated by exhalation and decomposition into a certain nutritious fluid called latex, it de- scends by the laticiferous tissues of the liber. Of this descend- ing sap a part is carried inward from the bark by the medullary- rays, and thus diffused through the whole stem ; the remainder descends to the roots, and is in the same manner diffused through their substance, both for their nourishment, and for the purpose of maintaining the conditions requisite for endosmose (159, a). 3. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 210. In the endogenous stem there is no distinction of pith, wood, and- bark, nor does a cross-section exhibit any concentric arrangement of annual layers. (Fig. 26; 3, 5.) 211. It is composed of the same tissues and vessels as that of the exogen, that is, of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral ves- sels, and ducts; the first existing equally in all parts of the stem, and the rest imbedded in it in the form of bundles. 212. Each bundle consists of one or more ducts, with spiral vessels adjoining their inner side next the centre of the stem, and woody fibres on their outer side, as in the exogen. a. A new set of these bundles is formed annually, or oftener, proceeding from the leaves and passing downwards in the central parts of the stem, where the cel- lular tissue is most abundant and soft. After descending awhile in this manner, they turn outwards, and interlace themselves with those which were previously formed. Hence the lower and outer portions of the palms, and other endogens, become exceedingly dense and hard, even so as to resist the stroke of the axe. 6. The age of most endogenous trees, as the palms, would seem to be limited by this peculiarity of growth. The stem at length becomes incapable of further increase in diameter, and the lower portions of it so densely filled with the de- scending fibres as to become impervious to all succeeding ones, and the tree languishes and dies. c Endogenous stems, both herbaceous and woody, are often hollow, with solid joints ; as in the grasses and bamboo. 82 THE LEAF. CHAPTER XII. THE LEAP. 213. THE leaf constitutes the verdure of plants, and is by far the most conspicuous and beautiful object in the scenery of nature. It is also of the highest importance in the vegetable economy, being the organ of digestion and respiration. 214. The leaf is characterized by a thin and expanded form, presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the air and the light, which agents are indispensable to the life and in- crease of the plant. 215. The color of the leaf is almost universally green, which of all colors is the most agreeable to the eye ; but its intensity varies by infinite shades, and is often finely contrasted with the more delicate tints of the flower. Towards maturity its verdure is changed, often to the most brilliant hues, as red, crimson, orange, yellow, giving our autumnal forest scenery a gaiety, variety, and splendor of coloring, which the wildest fancy could scarcely surpass. a. The color of the leaf is due to minute globules, or grains, called chlorophyll (green leaf), adhering to the insides of the cells, just beneath the cuticle, and composed of carbon and hydrogen, with a small proportion of oxygen. Their change of color in autumn, is stated by Macaire to depend upon their oxydation. As the leaves in autumn absorb more oxygen by night than they evolve by day, an excess is gradually added to the chlorophyll, which changes the green first to yellow, then to orange, red, and crimson successively, according to the quantity absorbed. The same effect may be produced by acids. b. As flowers are modifications of leaves, it is probable that their various and splendid coloring is due to the same source, namely, the modifications of the chlorophyll by various degrees of oxydation, or by the presence of acids or alka- lies in the cells. 1. VERNATION. 216. A leaf-bud contains a collection of undeveloped leaves, folded together in such a manner as to occupy the least possible space. The particular manner in which the young leaves are folded in the bud, varies in different species, and is called VER- NATION. ARRANGEMENT. 83 a. The vernation of the leaf is exhibited in a most interesting manner, by making, with a keen instrument, a cross-section of the bud in its swollen state? just before its expansion; or it may be well observed by removing the scales. 217. The forms of vernation are mostly similar to those of aestivation (108), and are expressed by similar terms. Some of the principal are the following : 1. Equitant, overlapping each other in a parallel manner, with- out any involution, as in the leaves of the Iris. 2. Obvolute, one of the margins of each leaf interior and the other exterior to the margin of the leaf opposite. Ex. sage. FIG. 27. Forms of vernation. The numbers agree 3. Involute, having the edges with the corresponding paragraphs. rolled inwards. Ex. apple, violet 4. Revolute, the margins rolled outwards or backwards. Ex. willow, rosemary 5. Convolute, the leaf wholly rolled up from one of its sides, as in the cherry. 6. Plaited, each leaf folded like a fan. Ex. vine, birch. 7. Circinate, when rolled downwards from the apex, Ex. sundew, fern. $2. ARRANGEMENT. 218. In regard to their insertion upon the axis, the arrange- ment of the young leaves in the bud is nearly or quite circular, but by the development of the axis, this arrangement is modi- fied in various ways, and the leaves are then said to be 1. Scattered, or irregular, as in the potatoe. 2. Alternate, one above the other, on opposite sides. Ex. pea. 3. Opposite, two against each other at the same node (172). Ex. Hydrangia. 4. Verticillate, or whorled, more than two in a circle at each node. Ex. meadow lily. 5. Fasciculate, or tufted, in crowded whorls, or spires. Ex. Callitriche. 219 We have formerly shown how some of these modes of arrangement may be reconciled with the spiral (174, a), and we here add, that, in general, when the leaves are said to be scattered or alternate, they will be found, by the attentive observer, to be strictly, though perhaps irregularly, spiral; always so in the annual shoot. a. Thus in the potato-vine, above cited, or in the house-leek, poplar, &c., if we commence at the lower leaf, and draw a line to the next above it, thence to the next and so on to the sixth leaf, we shall have gone just once around the stem, 8 84 THE LEAF. describing one tarn of an elongated spire, so that each sixth leaf only is placed exactly above the first. 6. In the strictly alternate arrangement, we shall have made one complete turn on arriving at every third leaf. But this is rare. More commonly the third leaf is a little to the right or left of the perpendicular line on which the first is in- serted, so that several turns must be made before we arrive at one which is exactly in that line. c. The opposite, or whorled, arrangement may be referred to the non-develop- ment of some of the internodes ; but a better theory is that which supposes seve- ral coordinate spires arising side by side : two, when the leaves are opposite, and three, or more, when they are whorled. For the leaves of the second pair, or whorl, are never placed exactly above those of the first, but above their intervening spaces, in accordance with the alternation of the petals with the sepals, &c. (61, 6). 220. In regard to their position upon the plant, leaves are radical, when they grow out of the stem at or beneath the sur- face of the ground, so as to appear to grow from the roots ; can- line, when they grow from the stem, and ramial (ramus, a branch) when from the branches. 3. ORGANOGRAPHY. 221. A leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the two outer integuments of the bark (205) extended into a broad, thin surface by a woody framework, or skeleton, proceeding from the medullary sheath (200). This broadly expanded part is called the LAMINA, or BLADE of the leaf, and it is either sessile, that is, connected to the stem by its base, or it is petiolate, connected to the stem by a foot-stalk called the PETIOLE. 222. The petiole, therefore, where it exists, is the unexpanded part of the leaf, but like the claws of the petals (102), it is not an essential part, and is often wanting. Its form is rarely cylin- dric, but is usually flattened or channeled on the upper side. It is said to be 1. Compressed, when it is flattened in a vertical direction, so that it is agitated by the slightest breath of air, as in the aspen (Populus). 2. Winged (margined), when it is flattened or expanded later- ally into a border. Ex. orange. 3. Amplexicaul (sheathing), when it is dilated at the base into a margin which embraces or surrounds the stem, as in the Um- belliferse. VEINS. 85 223. The lamina is generally of a rounded oval outline, longer than wide, with equal sides but unequal ends. It is, however, subject to variety almost infinite in this respect. The end of the blade next the stem is the base, and that most remote, the apex. 224. A leaf is simple when its blade consists of a single piece, however cut, cleft, or divided ; and compound when it consists of several distinct blades, supported by as many branches of a compound petiole. 225. The frame-work, or skeleton, of the lamina above men- tioned, consists of the ramifying vessels of the petiole, while the lamina itself is, of course, parenchyma (29). These vessels are collectively called veins, from the analogy of their functions. 226. The manner in which the veins are divided and distrib- uted is termed venation. The organs of venation, differing from each other only in size and position, may be termed the midvein, veins, veinlets, and veinulets. ( The old terms midrib and nerves, being anatomically absurd, are here discarded.) 227. The midvein is the principal prolongation of the petiole, running directly through the lamina to the apex ; as in the leaf of the birch. If there be several similar divisions of the petiole, radiating from the base of the leaf, they are appropriately termed the veins; and the leaf is said to be three-veined, five- veined, &c. Ex. maple. 228. The primary branches sent off from the midvein or the veins we may term the veinlets; and the secondary branches, or those sent off from the veinlets, are the veinulets. 229. There are three principal modes of venation which are, in general, char- acteristic of the three grand divisions of the vegetable kingdom. 1st. Reticulate or net veined, as in Exogens. The petiole is prolonged into the leaf in the form of the midvein, or several pri- mary branches, dividing and subdividing into branchlets, which unite again, and by their frequent inosculations form a kind of network. Ex. maple, bean. 2nd. Parallel-veined, as in Endogens. In this kind of vena- tion the veins are all parallel, whether proceeding from the base of the leaf to the apex, or sent off laterally from the midvein, and ^o ' V N UNtVER '" I 86 THE LEAP. are always connected by simple transverse veinlets. Ex. grass, lily. 1 234 FIG. 28. Forms of venation. 1, 2, Exogens ; 3, Endogen ; 4, acrogen. 3d. Forked-veined, as in the Cryptogamia, when the veins divide and subdivide by forked divisions which do not unite again. Ex. ferns. 230. Of the first kind of venation, the reticulate, there are two varieties which deserve the most careful attention. The feather-veined and the radiate-veined. 1. The feather-veined leaf is that in which the venation con- sists of a midvein, giving off at intervals lateral veinlets and branching veinulets. Ex. beech, chestnut. 2. In the radiate-veined, the venation consists of several veins (227) of nearly equal size, radiating from the base towards the circumference, each with its own system of veinlets and veinulets. Ex. maple, crow-foot. 3. In parallel venation, the veins are either straight, as in the linear leaf of the grasses, curved, as in the oval leaves of the Orchis, or transverse, as in the Canna, Calla, &c. 4. FORM OR FIGURE. 231. That infinite variety of beautiful and graceful forms for which the leaf is distinguished, becomes intelligible to the student only when viewed in connection with its venation. Since it is through the veins alone that nutriment is conveyed for the development and extension of the parenchyma, it follows that there will be the greatest extension of outline where the veins are largest and most numer- ous. Consequently, the form of the leaf will depend upon the direction of the veins, and the vigor of their action, in developing the intervening ti^ue. For this interesting theory we are indebted to Alphonse De Candolle. VEINS. 87 a. In our description of individual forms, we shall select only the most remark- able, leaving others for explanation in the Glossary. The most obvious arrangement is that which is founded upon the modes of the veining ; but it should be premised that different forms of venation often give rise to the same outline. 232. Of FEATHER-VEINED leaves, the following forms depend on the length of the veinlets in relation to each other, and to the mid vein. If the middle veinlets are longer than the rest, the leaf will be 1, Orbicular (roundish), as in Pyrola rotundifolia. FIG. 29. Figures of feather- veined leaves. The numbers refer to paragraphs, a, deltate leaf of Populus. 2. Elliptical (oval), as in Lespe^eza prostrata; or 3. Oblong (narrow-oval). Ex. Arenaria lateriflora. If the lower veinlets are longer than the rest,the leaf will be 4. Ovate (egg-shaped), as in the Mitchella repens, or 5. Lanceolate (lance-shaped), narrow, and tapering to each end. Ex. sweet-william. When the veins are most developed towards the summit of the leaf, it becomes 6. Obovate (inversely egg-shaped), as in the walnut; or 7. Spathulate (shaped like a spathula), as in the daisy. Again, if the lowest veinlets are longest, sending off veinulets backwards, the leaf will be 8. Cordate (heart-shaped), like the ovate fcirm, with a hollow (sinus) at the base, as in the lilac. 9. Auriculate, having ear-shaped lobes at the base. Ex. sage. 8* 88 THE LEAF. 10. Hastate (halbert-shaped), hollowed out at the base and sides. Ex. Bitter-sweet. 11. Sagittate (arrow-shaped), with pointed, descending lobes at base. Ex. Polygonum sagittatum ; Sagittaria ; &c. 12. Reniform (kidney-shaped), broad, rounded at the apex, and hollowed at the base, as in the Asarum Canadense. a. The following forms depend less upon the proportion of the veinlets than on the imperfect development of the tissue between them. 16 izwmrmm 21 a FIG. 30. 12 16, figures of feather- veined leaves, the remainder of radiate-veined. 13. Runcinate (re-uncinate), having the margin extended at the veins into pointed segments, which curve backwards. Ex. Taraxacum. 14. Lyrate (lyre- shaped), with several deep, rounded sinuses, occasioned by deficiency of tissue between the lower veinlets ; water-cress ( Sisymbrium). 15. Pinnatifid (feather-cleft), with deep sinuses between the veinlets, separating each margin of the leaf into oblong, par- allel segments. Ex. Lepidium. 16. Sinuate, having deep, rounded openings between the veinlets, seen in the leaves of the white oak. 233. RADIATE -VEINED leaves assume many forms, depending upon the direction of the veins, and the quantity of the inter- vening tissue. Some of them are the following. 17. Palmate (palm-shaped), having five lobes, with as many veins (227) separated by deep divisions, so as to resemble the palm of the hand with the fingers. Ex. passion-flower. PARALLEL-VEINED LEAVES. 89 18. Digitate (finger-shaped), having narrower and deeper segments than the palmate, as in the hemp. 19. Pedate (foot-shaped). The same as palmate, except that the two lateral lobes are themselves subdivided, as in the peony and passion-flower. 20. Laciniate (gashed), the veins and veinlets separate, as if the blade were cut and gashed with scissors. Ex. Ranunculus. 21. Peltate (shield-like), the veins radiating in all directions, and all connected by intervening tissue. This form is gener- ally also orbicular, and appears to result from the union of the base-lobes. Ex. Podophyllum peltatum, Tropeolum, Brasenia. 22. Reniform, broad-ovate, broad-cordate, &c., may also result from the radiate veining. 234. The form of PARALLEL-VEINED leaves is less diversified than that of the preceding classes, being 23. Linear, when the veins (and fibres) are straight, as in the grasses. This form may also occur in the feather-veined leaf by an equal development of all the veinlets as in Linaria vtil- garis, &c. a FIG. 31. 23, 24, 25, figures of leaves with parallel veins ; 2 10, margins of leaves. 24. Oval, lanceolate, oblong, or some kindred form, when the veins are curved, as in Carex, Cypripedium, Orchis, &c., or it may be 25. Cordate, when some of the lower veins are curved back- wards and then upwards, as in Pontaderia, and even sagittate, when they are directed downwards at the base, as in the Sagit- taria. 90 THE LEAF. 26 Acerose (needle-shaped), when there is little or no distinc- tion of lamina, petiole, or veins, as in the leaves of the pine. 5. MARGIN. 235. The margin of the leaf is also modified chiefly by the same causes which affect the form. It is said to be 1. Entire, when even-edged. This may result from the full development of the tissue, or from a vein running parallel with the margin. Ex. lilac, lily. 2. Dentate (toothed), the tissue incomplete, having teeth with concave edges, pointing outwards from the centre. Ex. hawkweed. If the teeth are very fine, the margin is said to be denticulate. If the teeth are themselves toothed, it is doubly dentate. 3. Sen-ate, having sharp teeth pointing forward like the teeth of a saw Ex Rosa. If the serratures are very small, it is serrulate. If they are themselves serrate, it is doubly serrate. 4. Crenate, notched with rounded or convex teeth, as in Glechoma. If such notches are very small, it is crenulate. 5. Erose (gnawed), having the margin irregularly toothed, or jagged, as if hitten by animals. 6. Undulate (wavy), the margin rising and falling like waves. Ex. Amaranthus. 7. Spinous, when the veins project far beyond the tissue in sharp spines, as in the thistle. Such leaves are said to be armed, and the opposite corresponding term is unarmed. 8. Incised (cut), margin divided by deep incisions. 9. Laciniate (torn), divided by deep and irregular gashes. " 10. Crisped, margin much expanded and curled by a superabundance of tissue, as in the mallows. 11. Repand, having the margin slightly concave between the projecting veins. Ex. Solanum nigrum. 6. APEX. 236. In regard to the termination of a leaf at its apex, it is said to be 1. Acute, when it ends with an acute angle. 2. Obtuse, when it ends with a segment of a circle. 3. Acuminate, ending with a long, tapering point. 4. Emarginate, having a small notch at the end. 5. Refuse, terminating with a round end, having the centre depressed. 6. Mucronate, abruptly terminated by a short, hard, bristly point, &c. 7. SURFACE. 237. The following terras are employed in descriptive botany, chiefly to denote the modifications of the surface (epidermis) LEAFLETS. 91 of the leaf. They are, however, equally applicable to the sur- face of any other organs. (41, a.) 1. Glabrous, smooth; denoting the absence of all hairs or bristles. Hydrangea. 2. Pubescent, covered with soft hairs or down. LoniceraXylosteum. 3. Rough, with hard, short, even points. Borago officinalis. 4. Pilose, with short, weak, thin hairs. Prunella vulgaris. 5. Hoary, white, with very short, dense hairs. Gnaphalium. 6. Villose, with long, thin hairs. Solidago altissima. 7. Woolly, with long, dense, matted hairs. Mullein. 8. Tomentose, with dense, short, and rather rigid hairs. Spirea tomentosa. 9. Rugose, the tissue between the reticulated veins convex, from its superabun- dance. Sage. 10. Punctate, dotted with pellucid glands (44, a). Hypericum punctatum. 3. COMPOUND LEAVES. FIG. 32. Compound leaves. 4, Trifoliate leaves ; a, pinnately, as of the bean ; b, pal- mately, clover 238. When a simple leaf becomes a compound one, the divis- ion takes place upon the same principle as the separation of an entire leaf into segments, lobes, and teeth, namely, from a defi- ciency of parenchyma; the number and arrangement of the leaflets will therefore, in like manner, depend upon the mode of veining. 239. The divisions of a compound leaf are called LEAFLETS, and the same distinctions of outline, margin, &c., occur in them as in simple leaves. In the truly compound leaf, each leaflet 92 THE LEAF. (which is usually supported on a distinct stalk), is articulated (articula, a joint), with the main petiole, and separates from it in decay. 240. From the feather veined arrangement may result the following forms of compound leaves : 1. Pinnate (winged), where the petiole (midvein) bears a row of leaflets on each side, generally equal in number and oppo- site, as in the Acacia. 2. A pinnate leaf is said to be equally pinnate where the petiole is terminated by neither leaflet nor tendril, as the Cassia Marilandica, and unequally pinnate when it is terminated by an odd leaflet or by a tendril. Ex. rose, locust, pea. In the latter case the leaf is called cirrhose. 3. An interruptedly pinnate leaf has the leaflets alternately small and large, as in the potato, avens. 4. A pinnate leaf sometimes consists of as many as twenty or thirty pairs of leaflets, as in the Astragalus. Sometimes the number of leaflets is but three, and the leaf becomes ternate or trifoliate, as in the ash ; and, finally, it is sometimes, by the non- development of the pinnce (pairs) reduced to a single terminal leaflet, as in the lemon. Such a leaf is known to be compound by the articulation of the leaflet to the petiole. 5. A bipinnate leaf (twice pinnate), is formed when the leaf- lets of a pinnate leaf themselves become pinnate. Ex. Fuma- ria officinalis. 6. A tripinnate leaf (thrice pinnate), is formed when the leaf- lets of a bipinnate leaf become pinnate, Ex. Aralia spinosa. In the leaf of the honey -locust (Gleditschia), we sometimes find all these three degrees of division, namely, the pinnate, bipinnate, and tripinnate, curiously combined, illustrating the gradual tran- sition of the simple to the most compound leaf. 7. A biternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of the ternate leaf become themselves ternate, as in Fumaria lutea. 8. A triternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of a biteniate leaf become again ternate. Ex. Aquilegia. 241. The following forms of compound leaves may result from the division of a radiate-veined leaf; the ternate, biternate, &c., already mentioned ; ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 93 9. Quinate, when there are five leaflets radiating from the same point of the petiole, as in Potentilla argentea. 10. Septinate, when there are seven leaves from the same point in the petiole, and so on. 242. With regard to insertion, the leaf is said to be 1. Amplexicaul, when its base surrounds or clasps the stem. 124 35 FIG. 33. Modes of insertion. 2. Perfoliate, when the base lobes of an amplexicaul leaf are united together, so that the stem appears to pass through the leaf. 3. Decurrent, when the base lobes of the leaf grow to the stem below the point of insertion, so that the leaf seems to run downwards (Lat. decurro). 4. Connate, when the bases of two opposite leaves are united. 5. Stellate, verticillate, or whorled, when several leaves are arranged around the stem at the same node. 243. It is often found necessary, in the description of a plant, to combine two or more of the terms above mentioned, to express some intermediate figure or quality ; thus ovate-lanceolate, signifying between ovate and lanceolate, &c. a. The Latin preposition s6 (under), prefixed to a descriptive term, denotes the quality which the term expresses, in a lower degree, as subsessile, nearly ses- sile, subserrate, somewhat serrate, &c. 9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 244. In the teazel (Dipsacus) of our own fields, and in the Tillandsia, or wild pine of South America, there are hollows at the point of union between the leaf- stalk and the stem, capable of holding a considerable amount of water. The midrib and petiole of the leaves of the Arum, also, are channeled out in such a manner as to convey water to the axil. 245. But the most remarkable of all leaves are those which are hollowed out into the form of pitchers, called ascidia. a. In the Sarracenia, a plant common in our own peat-bogs, these pitchers are evidently fonned by the very deep channeling of the petiole, and the uniting together of the involute edges of its winged margin so as to form a complete vase, with a broad expansion at the top, which may be regarded as the true leaf. 94 THE LEAF. The ascidia thus formed are always full of water, in which insects are drowned, being prevented from escaping by the deflexed hairs at the mouth. 246. The Nepenthes is a native of the East Indies. Its proper leaves are ses- sile and lanceolate. The midvein extends beyond the apex, like a tendril, to the length of six or eight inches. The extremity of this tendril is inflated into a hol- low vessel similar to a pitcher, and usually contains about half a pint of pure water. It is furnished with a leafy lid, connected to it by a ligament which ex- pands or contracts according to the state of the atmosphere, so that the cup is open in damp weather to receive moisture from the air, and closed in dry weather to prevent its evaporation. FIG. 34. Ascidia. 1, Sarracenia purpurea; 2, Nepenthes distillatoria ; 3, Dischidia Raf- flesiana. 247. Another wonderful provision of this kind is observed in a plant growing in the forests of India, called Dischidia. It is a twining plant, ascending the tall trees to the distance of 100 feet from its roots, and destitute of leaves except near its top. These cannot, therefore, it would seem, derive much nourishment from the earth. The pitchers seem formed of a leaf with its edges rolled towards each other, and adherent, and its upper end, or mouth, is open to receive whatever moisture may descend into it, of which there is always a considerable quantity. But the greatest marvel in its structure is yet to be described. Several bundles of absorbent fibres, resembling roots (142, 6), are sent out from the nearest parts of the stem and enter the pitchers and spread themselves through the cavity. The design of this apparatus .scarcely needs be mentioned. 248. The leaf of Venus' fly-trap (Dionsea muscipula), native at the south, is also of a very curious construction. At the extremity of each leaf are two lobes, bordered with spines. In the cavity between the lobes are several sharp points projecting upwards, and a gland which secretes a liquor attractive to insects. But when an unlucky fly, in search of food, alights upon it, the irritable lobes instantly close and impale him in their fatal embrace. 249. STIPULES are certain leaf-like expansions situated on each side of the petiole, at its base. They are membranous, leathery, or spiny. They do not occur in every plant, but are pretty uniformly present in each plan* of the same natural order Ex. pea, rose, Viola tricolor. 250. Stipules are generally supposed to be accessory leaves^ although their INVOLUCRE. 95 nature is certainly obscure. They are subject to the same laws of venation and form, perform the same functions, and are sometimes almost undistinguishable from the leaves themselves. They also (very rarely) develop buds in their axils. a. When they grow from the stem itself, they may, therefore, be regarded as rudimentary leaves, but when from the base of the petiole, as is most common, they are the undeveloped leaflets of a pinnate leaf, as in the rose. 251. 'When leaves are furnished with stipules they are said to be stipulate, and when without them they are exstipulate. The stipules which are situated at the base of leaflets are called stipcls. FIG. 35. Stipules, Bracts, &c. 1, a, stipule of grass ; 2, 6, of rose ; 3, c, bract of Tilia ; 4, d, of a Campanula; 5, Sium, a, involucre, c, involucel ; 6, Cornus Canadensis, a, colored involucre, c, flowers ; 7, Arum, a spathe, c, spadix. 252. BRACTS, called also floral leaves, are leaf-like append- ages, intermediate between leaves and the floral organs. From leaves they are generally distinguished by their being placed near the flower, their smaller size, their difference in form, and often in color. 253. That bracts are of the same nature as leaves is perfectly evident, for so gradual is the transition between them that no absolute limits can be assigned. That they have a common origin with the sepals of the calyx also, is equally evi- dent, so imperceptibly do the latter pass into bracts; affording one of the strongest proofs of the doctrine of floral metamorphosis. a. Bracts have received different names, according to their arrangement and situation. They constitute an 254. Involucre, when they are arranged in a whorl, and sur round several flowers. In the Phlox, and generally, it is green, 9 96 THE LEAF. but sometimes, as in the Cornus, it is colored like petals. Situ- ated at the base of a compound umbel (305, a) it is called a general involucre, at the base of a partial umbel a partial invo- lucre, or involucel, both of which are seen in the Umbelliferas. 255. In the Compositae the involucre consists of imbricated bracts, often in several whorls surrounding the base of the heads (compound flowers), as the calyx surrounds a simple flower. 256. In the grasses, the bracts subsist under the common name of husk or chaff, to which is attached the awn or beard. The bracts situated at the base of a spikelet of flowers, are called the glume, corresponding to the involucre. Those situated at the base of each separate flower are palea, answering to the calyx, or corolla. The pieces, of which each glume or palea is composed (generally two), are called valves. 10. DURATION. 257. Leaves, although so universal an accompaniment of vegetation, are only temporary appendages. They rapidly attain their growth, and in a great ma- jority of cases flourish but a single season, at the end of which they perish, although the plant on which they grew may continue to flourish for ages. To mark their duration more accurately, leaves are said to be 1. Fugacious, when they fall off early, before the end of summer. 2. Deciduous, when they endure for a single season and fall in autumn. 3. Persistent, or evergreen, when they remain through all seasons, retaining their color until the new leaves of the following spring appear, so that the plant is always verdant. In accordance with the last two distinctions, plants are said to be DECIDUOUS, or EVERGREEN. 258. The fall of the leaf in temperate climates, occurs near the end of autumn, and marks an important era in the year. The first symptoms of decay are seen in the changes of color from green to various shades of gold and crimson. These gorgeous hues, gradually fading, at length give place to a pale russet, the com- mon color of the faded leaf. 259. Defoliation, or the separation of the leaf from the stem, is due to several causes. During the latter part of the summer, the vessels become clogged by the deposition of earthy and solid matter contained in the sap, until they can no lon- ger admit the free circulation of the fluids through them. The whole structure consequently loses its vitality, dries up, and withers, and is finally cast off at the point of articulation, as a dead part is from the living body of an animal. 11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 260. Since the frame-work of the leaf is merely a divergent portion of the medullary sheath (200), it must consist essentially of the same tissues, namely, spiral vessels accompanied by woody fibre, that is, fibro-vascular tissue. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 97 a. The tissue of the lamina, in like manner, must essentially correspond with the outer integuments of the bark, of which it is but an extension. That peculiar form of cellular tissue of which it is composed is called parenchyma. 261. The parenchyma of the leaf exists in two layers, as might be inferred from the manner in which it is produced (221). In all those leaves which are ordinarily horizontal in position, one surface being upwards and the other downwards, these two layers are dissimilar in structure ; but in those leaves where the lamina is vertical, as in the iris, they do not mate- rially differ. a. The whole structure is, of course, clothed with the epi- dermis. 262. The internal structure of the parenchyma is more complicated than would be at first supposed. A powerful microscope is necessary for its examination. Let an exceedingly thin paring be taken from a vertical section of the lamina and submitted to the solar (or compound) microscope, in such a manner that the rays shall pass from section to section. Fig. 36 represents a magnified view of such a paring of the leaf of the lily, which may be regarded as characteristic of leaves in general. e e e e FIG. 36. 1, Magnified section of a leaf of the lily ; 2, of the epidermis with stomata. 263. The upper surface (a, a) is thus seen to consist of the flattened cells of the epidermis, arranged in a single layer. Just beneath this (6, b) is the more com- pact part of the parenchyma, consisting of a layer of oblong cells placed in such a position that their longer axis is perpendicular to the leaf's surface. Next below we meet with the parenchyma of the lower surface (c, c), composed of oblong cells arranged longitudinally, and so loosely compacted as to leave larger empty spaces between. Lastly, we find again the epidermis (d, d) of the under surface with stomata (c, e), opening into air-chambers. a. Within all the vesicles of the parenchyma are seen adhering to the walls, She green globules (chlorophyll) which give color to the parenchyma, dark 98 THE LEAF. green above, where it is more compact ; but paler beneath, where the cells are more loose and separate. 264. The empty spaces between the cells, called intercellular, communicate with the external air by means of the stomata (37 39), which are generally found only in the lower surface. In those leaves, however, whose position is nat- urally vertical instead of horizontal, stomata are found equally on both surfaces. In other leaves, as in the Nymphsea, they are found upon the upper surface alone, the lower being in contact with the surface of the water. 265. The vessels of the latex (34) are distributed through the under layer of the parenchyma. These are prolongations of the ramified veins, which, having reached the edge of the leaf, double back upon themselves, pervade the lower sur- face, and are again collected into the petiole, through which they are finally returned into the bark. 266. A singular structure occurs in the Oleander of Barbary, and other plants of hot and arid regions. The epidermis on the upper surface is double and very compact, and there are few if any stomata on the lower surface, their places being supplied by cavities within its substance, opening outwards by a small aper- ture, and covered within by minute hairs. These peculiarities are adapted to the conditions of the air and soil in which the Oleander flourishes. The hairs absorb moisture from the air, which the cavities readily retain, while the double epider- mis effectually restrains its evaporation. 12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES 267. These are exhalation, absorption, respiration, and diges- tion, and the result of their combined action is the conversion of the crude sap, absorbed from the soil by the roots, into the proper juice or latex, for the nourishment and increase of the plant, with its various products. 268. The crude sap consists of water holding in solution minute quantities of various kinds of solid and gaseous matter derived from the soil. In its passage from the root to the leaves, its composition is somewhat modified by dissolving the previously formed secretions, which it meets with on its way. 269. EXHALATION is the process by which the superabundant water of the sap is given off to the atmosphere, so that the re- maining sap is reduced, as it were, by concentration, and con- tains a greater proportion of solid matter. It is analogous to perspiration in animals. 270. It is to be distinguished from evaporation; the latter depending solely upon heat and the state of the air, and being, in plants, almost wholly restrained by the epidermis. 271. Exhalation appears to take place through the stomata RESPIRATION. 99 alone. But since these are opened by the influence of the light and closed in its absence, it follows that exhalation can proceed only in the presence of the light (155). a. If a plate of glass be held near the under surface of an active leaf of the Hydrangea, in a still air, it will soon be covered with dew ; but if the experiment be repeated by holding the glass over the upper surface, it will remain dry. Again, if the light be suddenly excluded from the plant in a state of active growth, it will immediately cease to transpire, whatever be the temperature ; and if the stomata be then examined they will be found dosed. 272. That exhalation and absorption by the roots are mutually dependent upon each other, has already been stated (155). The quantity of fluid discharged by the former may therefore be inferred from that of the latter. This has also been confirmed by experiment. A sunflower 3 feet high, was ascertained by Hales to transpire from 20 to 30 oz. of water daily; a cabbage from 15 to 25 oz., &c. Experiments have also been made upon single leaves, recently plucked, with the petiole immersed in water. Thus a leaf of the sunflower, weighing 31 grains, absorbed and exhaled its own weight of water in 6 hours. 273. ABSORPTION is primarily the office of the roots (154), but in certain circumstances it is performed by the leaves also. a. When tha roots are imperfect, or wanting, or serve merely to fix the plant in its position, as in some aerial parasites, and in some of the Orchidaceae, it is evident that the plant must derive its nourishment chiefly from the absorption performed by the leaves. Experiment also proves that the leaves of plants in general are capable of this function. Every one knows how plants, when parched and withered by drought, are revived by a shower which does not reach their roots, but only moistens their leaves. 274. The lower surface of the leaf appears to be chiefly instrumental in absorp- tion. This is readily shown by experiment. Leaves with their lower surfaces in contact with the water, remain fresh much longer than others with their upper surfaces thus placed. Leaves of the white mulberry, with the upper surface only in contact with water, faded in six days, while others, reversed in position, lasted as many months. 275. RESPIRATION in plants is analogous to respiration, or breathing, in animals. In both it is equally constant and equally necessary. It is performed principally by the leaves, but is not confined to them, being partially performed by other parts also, even by the roots. 276. Respiration consists of the absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere, accompanied by the evolution of carbonic acid. a. This process must not be confounded with another which occurs, of a con- trary nature, treated of under the head of digestion. 9* 100 THE LEAF. 277. Respiration appears to be going on constantly, by day and by night, during the life of the plant, even while it is act- ively engaged in the contravening process of the fixation of car- bon. The result of it is, the removal of a certain superfluous portion of carbon, in a state of combination with oxygen,* from the nutritive substances of the plant, just as the same deleteri- ous acid is removed from the blood of animals by breathing. 278. Let a few healthy plants be placed under a bell-glass containing air from which all the carbonic acid has been previously removed. After a few hours let the air be tested by shaking it with lime-water, and it will be found to contain carbonic acid, rendering the lime-water turbid. This effect will be produced, whether the bell-glass stand in the sunshine or in darkness, but the quantity of acid evolved will be found to be much greater in the darkness. 279. Respiration is carried on with peculiar activity during the two periods of germination and flowering. a. In germination pure oxygen is absorbed, either from the ah* or water, or both, in the absence of light (133, d), and returned to the air combined with the superfluous carbon of the starch, which thus is converted into sugar for the nour- ishment of the young plant. b. It is also equally active at the time of flowering, a large quantity of oxygen being converted into carbonic acid by the flower. By this process it seems that the starch previously contained in the disk (107), or receptacle (59), is changed into saccharine matter for the nutrition of the pollen and ovules (70,81), the superfluous portion flowing off in the form of honey. And it has been ascer- tained that the quantity of oxygen evolved bears a direct proportion to the devel- opment of the disk, t 280. The life of the plant depends upon the continuance of respiration, for if it be surrounded by an atmosphere with too great a proportion of carbonic acid, or in a confined portion of air, which has become vitiated by its own action, and ex- cluded from the light, its respiration is necessarily soon suspended, and it speedily perishes. J 281. DIGESTION, in plants, consists properly of all those changes effected by the leaves in rendering the crude sap fit for the purposes of nutrition. But that process which is more par- * Carbonic acid is composed of 6 parts (by weight) of carbon, combined with 16 parts of oxygen. t Thus Saussure found that the flower of the Arum, while in bud, consumed 5 or 6 times its own volume of oxygen in 24 hours ; during the expansion of the flower, 30 times 2 and during its withering, 5 times. When the floral envelopes were removed, he found that the quantity of oxygen consumed by the stamens and pistils in 24 hours, was, in one instance, 132 times their own bulk. CARBON. 101 ticularly described under the head of digestion, consists in the decomposition of carbonic acid by the green tissues of the leaves, under the stimulus of the light, the fixation of the solid carbon, and the evolution of pure oxygen. 282. Carbon is one of the principal ingredients in the vegetable structure. The chief source from which plants obtain it is the atmosphere, which always contains it in the form of carbonic acid, evolved by combustion, by the respiration of ani- mals, from the earth, &c. a. 'Now if we place some fresh leaves in an inverted bell-glass, containing air charged with 7 or 8 per cent, of carbonic acid, and expose them to the direct light of the sun for a few hours, it will be found that a large proportion of the carbonic acid will have disappeared, and will be replaced by pure oxygen.' But this change will not be effected in the dark, or by any degree of artificial light Ac- cordingly we find that plants which grow in the dark become blanched from the want of the proper supply of carbon, on which then- green color depends. 283. "We have before stated that this fixation of carbon in the substance of the plant, contravenes the process of respiration, in which carbon is given off. The former occurs only in the light of day, the latter by night as well as by day. But as to the relative amount of carbon thus absorbed by the former process, and evolved by the latter, there can be no reasonable doubt : for when we consider how large a portion of the tissues of every plant is solid carbon, and that too, derived chiefly from the atmosphere, it is evident that much more carbonic acid is, on the whole, consumed by vegetation than is evolved. In accordance with this are the results of the experiments of Dr. Daubeny, who has recently shown, that ' in fine weather, a plant, consisting chiefly of leaves and stems, if confined in a capacious vessel, and duly supplied with carbonic acid during sunshine, as fast as it removes it, will go on adding to the proportion of oxygen present, as long as it continues healthy.' 284. Thus are the two great kingdoms of nature rendered mutually subser- vient, each to the well-being, and even the existence, of the other. Animals require an atmosphere comparatively pure, although, by then- respiration and decay, they are continually adding to the proportion of its deleterious gases. Plants, on the other hand, thrive by the decomposition of these gases and the res- toration of pure oxygen to the air in their stead. It is impossible not to admire this beautiful arrangement of Providence, by which, as in a thousand other cases, the means and ends are rendered reciprocal, affording the highest proof of wis- 'loin and design. $ Another view of respiration, different from the above, has been ably maintained ; viz. that it is not a vital action, but only a necessary result of a temporary suspension of vital action. During the absence of the vivifying stimulus of the light, a part of the carbonic acid absorbed by day is lost, from the want of power to retain it, and a small quantity of oxygen is absorbed to recombine with some of the carbon recently set free. But as this theory does not account for the loss of carbonic acid by day as well as by night, and moreover supposes imperfection in the origi- nal design of the Creator, I have not yet seen fit to adopt it. K)2 INFLORESCENCE. CHAPTER XIII. INFLOKESCENCE. 285. INFLORESCENCE is a term denoting the arrangement of the flowers upon a stem or branch. 286. In regard to position upon the stem, the inflorescence, like the leaf-bud, of "which we have shown it to be a modifica- tion, is either terminal or axillary. a. It is, however, in some plants, particularly in the potatoe tribe (Solanaceje), situated opposite to a leaf. This irregularity is accounted for, if we suppose, with Lindley, that the flower-stalk, originating in the axil of the leaf next below, ad- heres to the internode (172) in its lower part, and does not separate from it until it is opposite the succeeding leaf. 287. The PEDUNCLE (flower-stalk) is that part of the stem on which the inflorescence is immediately supported. It bears no leaves, or, at most, only such as are reduced in size, and altered in form, called bracts (252). If the peduncle is wanting, the flower is said to be sessile. 288. The peduncle, like the stem of which it is a portion, may be either simple or branched. When it is simple it bears, of course, a single flower, but when it is divided into branches it bears several flowers, and its final divisions, each bearing a sin- gle flower, are called PEDICELS. 289. A SCAPE is a flower-stalk which springs from a subter- ranean stem, in such plants as are called stemless (177). Ex. Sarracenia, Taraxacum, Hyacinthus. Like the peduncle, of which it is a modification, it is leafless, or with bracts only, and may be either simple or branched. 290. The RACHIS (?/*?, the spine) is the axis of the inflores- cence, or the main stem of a compound peduncle, along which the pedicels are arranged, as seen in the Plantago, currant, grape, and grasses. 291. The inflorescence is said to be solitary when it consists of a single terminal flower, as in Erythronium, or when but a single axillary flower is developed at the same node, as in Petu- nia, Convolvulus. CENTRIFUGAL INFLORESCENCE. 103 292. In regard to the evolution of the inflorescence, that is, the mode of succession in the development of the flowers, bota- nists have recently observed two important distinctions, namely, the centripetal and the centrifugal, the former resulting from axillary, and the other from terminal flowers. 293. In CENTRIPETAL inflorescence the evolution (blossoming) of the flowers commences with those of the circumference (or the base) and proceeds towards the centre (or the summit), as in the Umbelliferse and the Craciferas. a. The student will readily perceive that the circumference of a depressed (flat- tened, inflorescence corresponds to the base of a lengthened one; and also that the centre of the former answers to the summit of the latter. For when the axis, or rachis, is lengthened, it is the centre which it bears along with it at its apex, leav- ing the circumference at the base. 294. In CENTRIFUGAL inflorescence the blossoming com- mences with the terminal and central flower, and proceeds towards the lateral flowers, or those of the circumference. Ex. Hydrangea, elder, and the pink tribe. a. ' This mode of inflorescence is generally indicated by the presence of a soli- tary floAver seated in the axils of the dichotomous (forked) branches.' All the flowers are considered terminal, because they do in fact (except the first which terminates the axis) terminate lateral branches successively produced at the node next below the primary flower. This is beautifupy illustrated in Spergula. FIG. 37. Modes of inflorescence; 1, centrifugal inflorescence (cyme) of Cerastium maxi- mum ; 2, fascicle ; 3, centripetal inflorescence (corymb) ; 4, spike. 295. Sometimes we find these two modes of inflorescence combined in the same plant. In the Composite, as Dr. Gray remarks, the heads, which may be called the partial inflores- 104 INFLORESCENCE. cences, are centripetal, while the general inflorescence is centri- fugal, that is, the central head is developed before the lateral ones. But in the Labiatse the partial inflorescences (verticilas- ters, 309) are centrifugal, while the general inflorescence is centripetal. 296. Of centripetal inflorescence the principal varieties are, the spike, raceme, ament, spadix, corymb, umbel, head, panicle, and thyrse. 297. The SFIKE is an inflorescence consisting of several ses- sile flowers arranged along a common peduncle (rachis). Ex. Plantago, Verbascum. 298. The RACEME is the same as the spike, but having the flowers raised on pedicels, each being axillary to a bract, and blossoming in succession from the base upwards. The raceme may be either erect, as in Hyacinthus, Pyrola, or pendulous, as in the currant and black cherry. 299. The AMENT, or catkin, is a spike whose flowers are cov- ered each with a scaly bract, instead of a calyx and corolla, and fall off together, all remaining still connected with the rachis. Ex. Salix, Betula. 300. The SPADIX is a spike with a fleshy rachis enveloped in a large bract, called spathe. Ex. Arum, Calla. 301. The CORYMB is the same as the raceme, having the lower pedicels so lengthened as to elevate all the flowers to nearly or quite the same level. Ex. wild thorn (CrataDgus). 302. An UMBEL resembles the corymb, but the pedicels are of nearly equal length, and all arise from the same point in the common peduncle. Ex. Asclepias, Aralia hispida, onion. 303. A tfEAD or CAPITULUM is similar to an umbel, but the flowers are sessile or nearly so upon the summit of the pedun- cle. Ex. button-bush, clover, globe-amaranth (Gomphrena). a. But the more common kind of capitulum is that where the summit of the peduncle (rachis) is dilated into a broad disk (re- ceptacle) bearing the sessile flowers upon its surface. This is the kind of inflorescence peculiar to the vast family of the Composites, and is equivalent to the compound flowers of the earlier botanists. b. In the capitulum there is a general resemblance to the simple flower, the CYME. 105 rays answering to petals, and the involucre (254) to the calyx. The flowers are called florets, those in the outer circle, florets of the ray, and those of the central portions, florets of the disk. 304. The PANICLE is a compound inflorescence, formed by an irregular branching 'of the pedicels of the raceme. Ex. oats, Poa, and many other grasses. 305. The THYRSE is the same as the panicle, having the lower branches rather shorter than those in the midst, and all of them very compact, as in the lilac (Syringa), horse-chestnut a. The umbel becomes compound when each pedicel becomes itself an umbel, as in most of the Umbelliferae. In these cases the secondary umbels are called UMBELLETS, and sometimes partial umbels. See $ 254. By a similar decomposition, a raceme becomes a compound raceme, a corymb a compound corymb, &c. FIG. 38. Modes of inflorescence ; 1, raceme ; 2, ament ; 3, spadix ; 4, head ; 5, panicle ; 6, verticillaster} 7, thyrse. 306. Of the centrifugal inflorescence, the following varieties are described ; namely, cyme, fascicle, and verticillaster. 307. CYME. This inflorescence has the general aspect of the coiymb, but is remarkably distinguished from it by its centrifu- gal evolution, and by its branches being repeatedly 2-forked and 3 -forked, as exemplified in Hydrangea, Viburnum, cluck- weed. a. The cyme is found only in plants with opposite leaves, and its normal struc- ture and development are as follows The terminal flower, which is the first to 106 INFLORESCENCE. be opened, is borne upon a peduncle of two or more nodes, which are, of course, transverse to each other (219, c). Prom one, or two, or all of these nodes, pairs of secondary, opposite peduncles arise, each of which, like the first, is binodal or multinodal, and terminated by a flower. Again, in the nodes of these secondary peduncles, may arise, in the same manner as before, pairs of tertiary peduncles, each to be terminated by a flower, and perhaps to bear still other peduncles, and so on. b. Hence it is evident, that in each axil of the forked branches there should be a solitary flower. This, however, is often wanting. Irregularities may also be occasioned by the absence of other parts. 308. FASCICLE. This is a modification of the cyme, in which the flowers become crowded, and nearly sessile, as in sweet william, and other species of Dianthus. 309. VERTICILLASTER or VERTICIL, called also, though improp- erly, whorl, is a term denoting those reduced cymes which are peculiar to the Labiatse, where two such cymes occupy the opposite axils of each pair of leaves. a. Sometimes the peduncle, instead of producing flowers, is changed into a ten- dril, as in the vine. CHAPTER XIV. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 310. It has already been shown, in the preceding chapters, that plants consist chiefly of four simple organic elements ; viz. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The first mentioned exists in a larger proportion, the last in a smaller, than either of the others. These four elements constitute about 94 per cent of all vegetable matter. 311. CARBON (essentially charcoal) enters so largely into the composition of plants, that it retains the exact form and texture of the wood after the other ingredients have been expelled by heat. On this element chiefly depends their solidity and strength. Its proportion is from 40 to 60 per cent. NITROGEN, although perhaps equally essential, is less abundant in the tissues, and exists largely only in certain important vegetable products ; as gluten, legumine, albumen. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION 107 312. Besides these four universal elements, many other sub- stances, earthy and mineral, are found in quantities greater or less in different species : thus forest trees and most other inland plants contain potassa ; marine plants, soda, iodine, &c. ; the grasses, silex and phosphate of lime ; rhubarb and sorrel, oxalate of lime ; the Leguminosse, carbonate of lime. Now all these ingredients, being found in plants, are inferred to be essential elements in the food which they require for healthy vegetation; and an inquiry into the sources from which they may be supplied, constitutes the chief object of Agricultural Chemistry. 313. It is evident that plants do not create a particle of matter, and therefore do not originate in themselves any of the ingre- dients which compose them; consequently they must obtain them from sources without. These sources are obviously air, earth, and water. Carbon is derived from the carbonic acid which the atmosphere contains, and from the decaying vegetable matter of the soil. Oxygen is derived from the water, and from the carbonic acid of the atmosphere ; hydrogen, from water and ammonia ; and nitrogen, from ammonia alone, either drawn from the air or the soil. 314. The, ATMOSPHERE contains about TT5 Vo- part of carbonic acid, diffused throughout the whole extent ; and, as this gas con- tains 27 per cent of carbon, it may be demonstrated, that the whole atmosphere contains at least fourteen hundred billions of tons of solid carbon, derived from the sources mentioned in $ 282, an amount fully adequate to the vast and ceaseless drain made upon it by the vegetable kingdom. 315. SOIL consists of two classes of materials; viz. mineral and organic. The former, called earths, consists of disintegrated and decomposed rocks, all the various mineral substances which are found to enter into the composition of plants, as potassa, soda, silica, lime, &c. all of which are more or less soluble in water. The organic materials consist of the remains of former tribes of plants and animals, mingled with the earths, which, having access to air, are decomposed, evolving carbonic acid and ammonia both to the air and the water. 316. WATER is composed of oxygen and hydrogen, in the pro- portion of 8 to 1 by weight. Having pervaded the atmosphere 10 108 REVIEW OP THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. in the state of vapor and rain, and percolated through the soil, it holds in solution carbonic acid, ammonia, and many of the various minerals above mentioned. 317. AMMONIA consists of nitrogen and hydrogen, in the pro- portions of 14 to 3 by weight. It arises from decaying animal and vegetable matter, as above stated, and is also generated in the atmosphere, during storms, by the flashes of the electric fluid. 318. Thus it appears that the three compounds, water, car- bonic acid, and ammonia, may yield to plants their four essential organic elements. And, since all of them are contained in the air, some plants are capable of subsisting on air alone ; but most species are dependent on water, earth, and air, and demand a copious supply. The external circumstances, therefore, first requisite to healthy vegetation are, 1. Free access to an atmosphere which is often agitated by winds. 2. A proper supply of rain or river-water. 3. A soil possessing the peculiar minerals required by the species to be grown upon it, together with a certain proportion of vegetable mould. 319. The first of these is everywhere abundantly supplied by nature, and asks no aid from man. The second and third are often deficient, and are to be supplied by the labors of agricul- ture. By irrigation, streams of water are turned from their natural channels to add to the scanty moisture of fields parched with drought; while, by drainage, the inundated bog is con- verted into a luxuriant lawn. 320. The object of tillage is to pulverize and lighten the too compact soil, and thus expose every part to the oxygen of the air in order to hasten its decomposition. The object of manur- ing is mainly to increase the quantity of organic matter. By various amendments, as gypsum, lime, and pulverized charcoal, ammonia is powerfully attracted from the air, and yielded again to the water. Marl promotes the decomposition of the soil, and ashes add to the potassa which exists naturally in it being derived from the decomposition of the rocks which contain it, as granite, clay-slate, basalt, &c. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 109 321. Soils are often improved by lying fallow for a season, thus allowing time to form by decomposition a fresh supply of that particular ingredient which had been exhausted by previous crops. On the same principle is explained the beneficial effects of a rotation of such crops as require different mineral substances in their composition. 322. But when all these materials have been supplied to the plant, still two other agents are requisite, without which the great work of vegetation will not go on. These life-giving principles are light and heat, both of which emanate in floods from the sun. Under their influence the raw material is received into the ves- sels of the plant, and assimilated to its own substance, a pro- cess which can be fully comprehended only by HIM whose power is adequate to carry it on. 323. Under the influence of solar light, and a temperature above the freezing point, water is imbibed by the roots and raised into the tissues of the stem, dissolving, as it passes, small portions of gum or sugar previously deposited there. In this state it is crude sap. But passing on it enters the leaves, and is there subjected to the action of the chlorophylle (215, a), which chiefly constitutes the apparatus of digestion. Here it is con- centrated by exhalation and evaporation, sending off quantities of pure water. Meanwhile the leaves are imbibing carbonic acid, decomposing it, retaining the carbon, and returning pure oxygen to the air. 324. Thus elaborated, the sap is now termed the PROPER JUICE, and consists of course of carbon and water, with a little nitrogen, and minute portions of the mineral substances men- tioned above. From this juice are elaborated the building material of the vegetable fabric, and all its various products and secretions. 325. First, by the aid of light, chlorophylle is developed, cloth- ing the plant in living green. Next lignin is produced, the peculiar principle of tissue, whether cellular, vascular, or woody, consisting of carbon with the exact elements of water, viz. oxy- gen and hydrogen. 326. Meanwhile gum, starch, and sugar, nutritive products common to all plants, are also developed from the proper juice, 110 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. not all to be immediately employed in building up the tissues, but mostly to be stored away in reserve for future use. Such deposits are made in the root of the beet, tuber of the potato, and in the fruit of almost all plants. These three products, with lignin, are all composed of carbon with the elements of water, gum and starch containing them in the same proportions. 327. Sugar is sometimes produced directly from the proper juice, as in the root of the beet, stalk of the maize and sugar- cane ; but oftener, during germination, from the starch deposited in the seed. Its composition differs from that of starch, only in containing a larger proportion of the elements of water, or (what is the same thing) a smaller proportion of carbon. The trans- formation of starch into sugar appears to be dependent on the presence of a certain substance called "diastase; minute quan- tities of which exist in seeds, and about the eyes of the potato." 328. The similarity of these four general products, in chemical constitution, accounts for the facility with which they are con- verted into each other in the growing plant. Thus gum is converted into starch (in which state it is best adapted for pre- servation), and starch is converted into sugar ( 131 ). In flowering, sugar is rapidly consumed by the flower, a portion of it being reconverted into starch, and deposited in the seed. Both gum and sugar appear to be converted into lignin during the growth of the tissues; and this substance, in the laboratory of the chemist, has been changed again into gum and sugar. 329. Among the numerous secretions of plants which our limits forbid us to consider, are the vegetable acids, containing more oxygen than exists in water; and the oils and resins, containing less than exists in water, or none at ail These substances vary in the different species almost to infinity, taking into their con- stitution, in addition to the four organic elements, minute portions of the mineral substances introduced by rain-water. Their peculiarities of flavor, odor, color, properties, &c. although so obvious to the senses, are occasioned by differences in constitu- tion often so slight as to elude the most delicate tests of the chemist SPECIES AND GENERA. Ill CHAPTER XV. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 1. OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 330. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY relates to the arrangement of plants into groups and families, according to their characters, for the purpose of facilitating the study of their names, affinities, habits, history, properties, and uses. 331. The student in botanical science is introduced into a boundless field of inquiry. The subjects of his research meet him at every step : they clothe the hill and the plain, the mountain and the valley. They spring up hi the hedges and by the wayside ; they border the streams and lakes, and sprinkle over its sur- face; they stand assembled in vast forests, and cover with verdure even the depths of the ocean ; they are innumerable in multitude, infinite in variety. Yet the botanist proposes to acquaint himself with each individual of this vast king- dom, so that he shall be able readily to recognize its name, and all that is either interesting, instructive, or useful concerning it, whenever and wherever it is pre- sented to his view. 332. Now it is obvious, that if the student should attempt the accomplishment of this task by studying each individual plant in detail, whether with or without the aid of books, the longest life would scarcely be sufficient to make a begin- ning. 333. But such an attempt would be as unnecessary as fruitless. The Author of Nature has grouped these myriads of individuals into SPECIES (50). When he called them into existence in their specific forms, he endowed each with the power of perpetuating its own kind and no other, so that they have descended to us distinguished by the same differences of character and properties as at the begin- ning. When, therefore, the student has become acquainted with any one indi- vidual plant, he is also equally acquainted with all others belonging to the same species. a. Thus a single stalk of white clover becomes a representative of all the mil- lions of its kind that grow on our hills and plains, and a single description of the white pine will answer, in all essential points, for every individual tree of that ancient and noble species, in all lands where it is found. 334. Again, the species themselves, although separated from each other by obvious differences, still are found to exhibit many constant affinities, whereby they are formed into larger groups, called GENERA (52). Thus the white clover and the red (Trifolium rcpens and T. pratense) are universally recognized as of different species, but of the same genus ; and a single generic description of any 10* 112 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. one plant of the genus Trifolium will convey intelligence, to a certain extent, concerning every other plant belonging to its 150 species. 335. Thus the whole vegetable kingdom is grouped into species, and the spe- cies themselves into genera. But natural affinities do not stop here. The genera are still too numerous for the purpose of clear and systematic study. The natu- ralist would therefore generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer and larger tribes or groups. Accordingly he finds, on comparing the genera with each other, that they still possess some characters in common, although, perhaps, of a more general nature than those which distinguish them among each other. These general characters, therefore, serve to associate the genera into a sys- tematic arrangement of Classes and Orders. 336. There are two independent and widely different methods of classifying the genera, which have generally been approved, namely, the Artificial System of Linnaeus,, and the Natural Sys- tem of Jussieu. The former has for its basis those characters which are derived from the organs of fructification, leaving all other natural affinities out of view. The latter, on the contrary, is founded upon all those natural affinities and resemblances of plants, by which Nature herself has distinguished them into groups and families. 337. In regard to the relative merit of these two arrangements there is now no longer room for comparison. That of Linnseus is truly ingenious and beautiful, and furnishes, perhaps, the readiest means for determining the names of plants which has ever been devised; but this must be regarded as its principal use. Indeed, its author Himself did not design it for any higher end, or claim for it any higher merit. 338. But, in acquiring a thorough and accurate knowledge of the vegetable kingdom, the Natural System is not only the best, but it is the only method which can be relied upon for this purpose. The obscurity and misconceptions which formerly embarrassed the science of the vegetable structure, so as to render this system unavailable, have now been so far removed by the labors of De Candolle and Lindley, in Europe, and of Drs. Torrey and Gray, of our own country, that it is brought generally within the scope of the ordinary mind, and shown to be founded in true philosophy. Accordingly, it is now generally adopted. 339. Still, the difficulties attending analysis* by the Natural System alone, are confessedly too great to be successfully encountered at the threshold of the science, by him who has it yet to learn. These arise, partly from the obscurity of the characteristic distinctions employed, and partly from the remaining inac- curacies of their definitions. On this account it has been thought best to retain, in this work, the artificial characters of the Linnaean Classes and Orders, in the * Analysis, as used in botany, denotes the dissection and examination of the organic struc- ture of plants, in order to learn their characters, affinities, names, &c. See 344 348, THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 113 form of analytical tables, to be used simply as a guide in the analysis of plants, to point the learner to the place in the Natural System which his specimen occupies. 340. The artificial arrangement consists of classes, orders, genera, and species. The two latter are the same as in the nat- ural system (50, 51), and the two higher divisions, classes and orders, have already been seen (74, 80) to be founded upon the number, situation, and connection of the stamens and pistils. CHAPTER XVI. OF THE NATUKAL SYSTEM. 341. IT is the aim of the Natural System to associate in the same divisions and groups, those plants which have the greatest general resemblance to each other, not only in aspect and struc- ture, but also in properties. 342. While the artificial arrangement employs only a single character in classification, the natural seizes upon every charac- ter in which plants agree or disagree with each other. Thus, those plants which correspond in the greatest number of points will be associated in the smaller and lower divisions, as species and genera, while those corresponding in fewer points will be assembled in divisions of higher rank. 343. By an acquaintance, therefore, with the characters of each of the families of the Natural System, we may at once determine to which of them any new plant belongs, what are its affinities with others, and what are its poisonous or useful properties. 344. Although the aim of this System is as above stated, yet the full consummation of it is still reserved for a future age. At present, though greatly advanced, we are still obliged to call in the aid of artificial characters, where Nature is as yet too pro- found for ordinary skill. Such aid is, for example, employed in the first subdivision of Angiosperms. 114 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 345. The first and highest division of the vegetable kingdom, namely, into the Phcenogamia or Flowering Plants, and the Oryptogamia or Flowerless Plants, has already been noticed, and its distinctions explained, in Chapter III., and elsewhere. These grand divisions lie at the foundation of both the System of Linnasus and of Jussieu, and are truly founded in nature ; for The PILSSNOGAMIA 1. Consist of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages. 2. They possess a woody and vascular structure. 3. They develope flowers, and 4. They produce seeds. On the other hand The CRYPTOGAMIA 1. Are destitute of a regular axis and of true leaves. 2. They possess a cellular structure only. 3. They do not develope flowers, and 4. They produce SPORES (129) instead of seeds. 346. These distinctive characters must not, however, be regarded as decisive in all cases ; for the higher Cryptogamia. as the ferns, give indications both of a regu- lar woody axis and of a vascular structure, while some of the lower Phasnogamia can scarcely be said to produce flowers. And, universally, so gradual are the transitions from family to family and tribe to tribe, that it is impossible to fix upon characters so definite as to completely circumscribe any one group, while at the same time, they exclude every member of surrounding and approximating groups. 347. There is a small and curious order of plants of comparatively recent dis- covery, native chiefly of the East Indies, which appear, from the most authentic accounts of them, to form the connecting link between the Flowering and Flow- erless plants, combining a part of the characters of each, so that botanists are at a loss to which it belongs. They possess a cellular structure, develope flowers immediately from the root, whence they are called Rhizanths (OILTJ, a root, *v0o?, a flower) ; but their ovaries are said to be filled with spores instead of seeds, and hence they are also called Sporogens. Ex. Bafflesia. 348. Again, the Phsenogamia are very naturally resolved into two subdivisions, depending upon their manner of growth, called EXOGENS and ENDOGENS, whose distinctions are briefly as fol- lows : EXOGENS, 1. GroAving by external accretions (196). 2. Bearing leaves which have reticulated veins (229) and which fall off by an articulation. 3. Seeds with two or more cotyledons (127) or dicotyledonous. ACROGENS. 115 ENDOGENS, 1. Growing by internal accretions (197). 2. Leaves parallel-veined (229) and decaying without falling off. 3. Seeds with one cotyledon (126) or morwcotykdonous. 349. Classes. The groups above mentioned, comprising the whole vegetable kingdom, are again subdivided into six classes. The first two are formed from the subdivision Exogens, and are founded upon the presence or absence of the pericarp ; namely, Class I. AXGIOSPERMS, (as the oak, rose,) 1. Ovules produced within an ovary, and 2. Fertilized by the action of the pollen through the stigma. 3. Becoming seeds enclosed in a pericarp. 4. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons. Class II. GYMNOSPERMS, (as the pine, yew,) 1. Ovules produced naked beneath a scale-like carpel. 2. Fertilized by the direct action of the pollen without the stigma. 3. Becoming truly naked seeds, that is, destitute of a pericarp. 4. Embryo mostly with several whorled cotyledons. 350. The next two classes are formed from the subdivision Endogens, and are founded upon the presence and absence of glumes or husks ; namely, Class in. AGLUMACE^; or AGLTJMACEOUS ENDOGENS, Plants of the endogenous structure with flowers constructed on the usual plan; perianth verticillate, of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting. Ex. lily, orchis, rush. Class IV. GLUMACE^: or GLTTMACEOTJS ENDOGENS, Plants of the endogenous structure, the flowers invested in an imbri- cated perianth of glumes instead of a calyx ; as the grasses, grains, 351. The Cryptogamia are separated into two great classes, called Acrogens and Thallogens ; the former including those tribes which make some approximation towards the Phsenoga- mia, and the latter including the lowest tribes of the vegetable kingdom. As their names indicate, they are distinguished from each other by then- manner of growth ; thus, Class V. ACROGENS (growing from Used only in the Cruciferae. 0>> Cotyledons conduplicate. ) A naturalized plant. f A plant cultivated for ornament. j A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a description. In other situations they have their usual signification as marks of division or reference. In measure of length, or other dimensions, the following signs are adopted in this work : f (without the period) A foot. ' (a single accent) An inch. H (a double accent) A line (one twelfth of). ! The note of exclamation, now common in botanical works, is used in contrariety to the note of interrogation (?). It denotes, in general, certainty from personal obser- vation. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens either in or from that place. Affixed to the name of an individual, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens supplied by him. In this work the note of affir- mation is used only where the fact stated or implied is somewhat new, or might otherwise have been regarded as doubtful. Authors' names, when of more than one syllable, are usually abbreviated by writing the first syllable and the next following or last consonant. The following are nearly all the names thus abridged in this work : Adans. Adanson. Agh. Agardh. Ait. Aiton. Arn. Arnott. Bart. Barton. Benth. Bentham. Berl. Berlandier. Bernh. Bernhardi. Brongn. Brongniart. Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow. Boehm. Boehmer. Bong. Bongard. Br. Brown. Cass. Cassini. Cav. Cavanilles. Darl. Darlington. DC. De Candolle. Desf. Desfontaines. Desv. Desvaux. Dew. Dewey. Duh. Duhamel. Endl. Endlicher. Ehrh. Ehrhart. Ell. Elliot. Engel. Engelman. Forsk. Forskahl. Froel. Froelich. Gsert. Gcertner. Ging. Gingins. Gmel. Gmelin. Gron. Gronovius. Hedw. Hedwig. HofFm. Hoffmann.^ Hook. Hooker. Juss. Jussieu. Lam. Lamark. Lee. Le Conte. Lindl. Lindley. Linn.* Linnaeus. Lk. Link. Lehm. Lehmann. Mart. Martius. Mentz. Mentzel. Michx. Michaux. Mill. Miller. Mirb. Mirbel. Moench. Moenchausen. Muhl. Muhlenberg. Nutt. Nuttall. Pers. Persoon. Pall. Pallas. Pav. Pavon. Poir. Poiret. Ph. Pursh. R. Br. Robert Brown. Raf. Rafinesque. Rich. Richard. Schw. Schwenitz. Scop. Scopoli. Ser. Seringe. Schk. Schkuhr. Sm. Smith. Spr. Sprengel. Sw. Swartz. T. & G. Torrey & Gray. Torr. Torrey. Tourn. Tournefort. Traut. Trautvetter. Willd. Willdenow. Walt. Walter. ANALYTICAL TABLES. The object of scientific tables is usually twofold. First, philosophical ; to ex- hibit in one condensed view the affinities and differences of the several subjects to which they relate, by bringing them into immediate comparison and contrast. Second, practical ; to aid the student in his researches by affording him an abridged method of analysis. The analytica. tables which accompany this flora may subserve both these purposes, but they are designed chiefly for the latter ; viz. * In this flora, wherever no authority is added to the generic or specific name, Linn, is to be understood. 130 ANALYTICAL TABLES. as an expeditious method of botanical analysis. They are the result of much labor and investigation, since each character employed required a previous examination of all the species included under it. The process of analysis by these tables consists of a simple series of dilemmas or alternatives ; the decision being, in almost all cases, to be made merely between two opposite or obviously distinct characters. These decisions or dilemmas being, moreover, few in number, conduct the student with absolute precision (provided the tables be free from error, and the specimen a good one) to the order or genus to which his plant belongs, by once or a few times reading across the page. The advantages thus afforded will be duly appreciated, at least by those who have hitherto been subjected to the drudgery of reading through whole pages of dry generic descriptions, and that too, often, without arriving at any satis- factory conclusion. In regard to the generic characters employed in the tables, it will be observed that they are drawn from leaves, fruit, flower, or any portion of the plant which suited our convenience, our only inquiry being after those which appear to us the most obvious and constant. It should be remarked, however, that in many instances these characters are not strictly applicable to all the known species belonging to those particular orders or genera, but only to those which are described in this work ; that is, found in the United States, north of lat. 3S|. In our choice of terms we have always, of necessity, studied the utmost brevity of expression, but have used none but such as are explained in the glossary or in the body of the work. Although the manner in which these tables are to be used will in general be ob- vious at a glance, yet it may not be unprofitable to attend to the following directions and illustrations. We will suppose the student to be in possession of an unknown plant which he wishes to study by the aid of the Flora, in other words to analyze. To this end, he first determines to which of the six great classes of the natural "sys- tem it belongs, either by his previous knowledge of their characters, which should be thoroughly understood, or by an appeal to the first synoptical view, page 130. Thus he inquires, 1. Is the plant a flowering or flowerless one ? Ans. Flowering. It belongs there- fore to Phaenogamia. Turn next to the 2d couplet. 2. Are the leaves net-veined, &c. or parallel-veined, &c. Ans. Net-veined, and the flowers are not wholly trimerous ; that is, the petals, sepals, and stamens, are in in threes, but the carpels are single. The plant belongs, therefore, to Exogens. Turn to the 3d couplet. 3. Stigmas present, &c. or stigmas 0, &c. Ans. Stigmas present. The plant therefore belongs to Class I. Angiospermous Exogens. Next ascertain to which of the sub-classes it belongs, by synopsis 2d. 4. Are the petals distinct," or united, or 0, &c. ? Ans. Distinct. The plant will be found therefore among the Polypetalous Exogens. Now turn to the Conspectus of the Orders of this subdivision, and inquire, 7. Is the plant an herb or a shrub ? Ans. A shrub. Turn then to couplet 54. 54. Leaves opposite, or leaves alternate ? Ans. Alternate. Turn to 65. 65. Stipules present, or stipules none ? Ans. Stipules none. 70. 70. Flowers anulate in form. May, Jn. 5. C. CRISPA. Crisp-flowered Clematis. St. climbing ; Ivs. pinnate and ternate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, very acute, 3-lobed or entire ; fls. solitary ; sep. acuminate, revolute, thick, with undulate and crisped margins. Va. to Flor. Stem striate, 6 8f long. Flowers a third smaller than in C. Viorna, pale-purple, campanulate. Sepals spreading or revolute at the end. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Achenia with naked (not plumose) candae. Jl. f 6. C. FLAMMULA. Sweet Virgin's Bower. Lvs. pinnate ; Ifts. smooth, entire, orbicular-oval, oblong or linear, acute. From France. A fine climber for arbors, &c., very ornamental and sweet-scented. Flowers white. Jl. Oct. f 7. C. FLORIDA. Large-flowered Virgin's Bower. Lvs. 2-foliate and decom- pound ; segments ovate, acute, entire"; sep. acuminate, glabrous ; involucre 0. From Japan. Vine 12f long, with large, white and yellow flowers. Jn. -Sept.f 8. C. VITICELLA. Lvs. 3-foliate and decompound, lobes or segments entire ; sep. obovate. From Spain. This, as well as the preceding species, is often double-flowered. Vine 20f long. Flowers purple, f Observation. All the species are ornamental, and of easy culture. They require only a common soil, and are propagated by layers, cuttings, or from the seed. 2. ANEMONE. Gr. avsfios, wind; most of the species grow in elevated or windy places. Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves ; calyx regu- lar, of 5 15 colored sepals; corolla 0; stamens 00, much shorter than the sepals ; ovaries 00, free, collected into a roundish or oval 140 I. RANUNCULACE^E. ANEMONE. head ; achenia 00, mucronate.- ^i- Lvs. radical. Scapes with leaf- like involucres. 1. A. NEMOROSA (and quinquefolia. Linn.'). Wood Anemone. Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. undivided, or with the middle one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 2-parted, incisely dentate ; invol. similar to the leaves, petiolate ; st.\ -flowered. A common and interesting little plant, found in old woods, hedges, and some- times in open fields. Root creeping. Stem 69' high, erect. The involucre consists of 3 petiolate leaves, placed in a whorl near the top of the stem, its bracts cut-toothed and lobed, the lateral segments cleft, sometimes quite to the base, so as to render the leaf quinate. At the top of the stem is a single white flower, purplish outside. Apr. May. 2. A. CYLINDRICA. Gray. Whole plant pubescent ; his. ternate, lateral Ifts. 2-parted to the base, middle one deeply 3-cleft, segments all linear, cuneate below, cut-dentate and lobed at apex; Ivs. of invol. petiolate ; ped. 2 6, rarely 1, all naked; sep. 5; ach. woolly, in a long, cylindric head. Dry, hilly places, Mass. W. to la. Not common. Scape about 2f high. Leaves about 2 3' wide, and similar in their divisions to those of Ranunculus acris. Naked flower-stalks 8 10' long, umbellate, but little diverging. Flowers large, solitary. Petals pale yellow, obovate, obtuse. Heads of fruit If long. May, Jn. 3. A. VIRGINIANAV Virginian Anemone. Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. subpetiolate, ovate-lanceolate, cut-dentate, acuminate, lateral ones 2-lobed, middle ones 3-lobed ; invol. foliaceous, petiolate ; fr.. in oblong heads. A tall species in dry woods and hilly pastures. Can. to Car. Scape erect, 2 3 f. high, round, hairy, dividing above into about 3 long, parallel peduncles, middle one naked, lateral ones each with an invol ucel of 2 bracts. Leaves 2 3' by 3 4', on radical petioles 610' long, petioles of the bracts much shorter. Flowers solitary, yellowish-green. Fruit woolly, in heads 1' long. July. /?. alba. Oakes. Ms. larger ; sep. white. Ledges, Vt. Dr. Robbins. 4. A. HUDSONIANA. Rich. (A. multifida, DC. and 1st edit.) Hairy ; Ivs. 3 5-parted to the base, segments cuneate, laciniately dentate ; scape 1, 2 or 3-flowered ; invol. and involucels similar, 2-leaved, on short petioles; sep. 58, oval, obtuse. On rocky ledges, shores of Onion River, Colchester and Burlington, Vt. Dr. Robbins. Watertown, N. Y. Dr. Crawe. Rare. Scape 6 10' high, simple, or dividing below the middle. Leaves mostly in 5 segments distinct to the base, about I/ diam., each segment \' long, in 3. linear lobes, petioles 1 2' long. Flower small, white, varying to purple. Heads of fruit oval or globose. Jn. 5. A. PENNSYLVANIA. (A. aconitifolia. Michx. A. dichotoma. Linn.) St. dichotomous ; Ivs. 3 5-parted and incisely dentate ; invol. and involucels leaf-like, sessile, 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; sep. 5 ; fr. in globose heads. Shores and rocky places, Penn. N. to Arctic Am. Rare. Scape 15 20' high, dividing above the middle into about 3 shortish peduncles, the middle one naked, the other 2 each with a 2-leaved involucel, the involu- cre at their base. Flowers white, 12 14" diam. Carpels hairy, compressed, as long as the curved style. Jn. Jl. 6. A. PATENS. (A. Ludoviciana. Nutt.) Silky-villous ; Ivs. 3-parted or divided, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft and incised, lobes lance-linear ; invol. subulately dissected ; sep. 5 6, erect. Dry hills, 111. ! W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 6 10' high. Leaves smoothish above, seg- ments 1 3' long, 1 2" wide. The dissected involucre concave or cup-shaped. Sepals 1' long, silky outside, pale dull purple. Tail of the carpels near 2' long. 7. A. CORONARIA. Poppy-leaved Anemone. Lvs. ternate, with multifid seg- ments and linear, mucronate lobes ; sep. 6, oval, close. From Levant. A hardy, flowering plant, with large, single or double variegated flowers. May. f 8. A. HORTENSIS. Star Anemone. Lvs. 3-parted, with crenate, cut-dentate lobes; invol. sessile, of oblong, entire or cut leaflets; sep. 10 12, oblong. RANUNCULUS. I. RANUNCULACEJE. 141 From Italy. A fine garden species, with double and semi-double varieties of red, white and blue flowers. May. f Observation. Many other foreign species are ornamental, and perhaps rarely cultivated. They all prefer a fresh, loamy soil. 3. HEP ATI CA. Dill. CrT. fiirariKos, of the liver; from the fancied resemblance of the leaf. Involucre of 3 entire, ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx, situated a little below the flower ; calyx of 5 9 petaloid sepals, dis- posed in 2 or 3 rows ; corolla ; achenia awnless. H TRILOBA. Chaix. (Anemone Hepatica. L/inn.} Liverwort. L/vs. trilobate, the lobes entire ; scape 1-flowered, hairy. Woods, Can. to Car. This little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of spring, often putting forth its neat and elegant flowers in the neighborhood of some lingering snow- bank. The root consists of numerous and strong fibres. Leaves all radical, on long, hairy petioles, smooth, evergreen, coriaceous, divided into 3 lobes, which suggests all its names. Flowers on scapes 3 M long, solitary, numer- ous, generally blue, but frequently in varieties of white and flesh-color. In cul- tivation they become double. In respect to the form of the leaves there are two varieties : a. obtvsa, lobes obtuse, rounded. Prefers the south side of hills. 8. acuta, lobes acute. Prefers the north side of hills. 4. ADONIS. Feigned to have sprung from the blood of Adonis, when wounded by the boar. Sepals 5, appressed ; petals 5 15, with naked claws ; achenia in a spike, ovate and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. A. AUTUMNALIS. Pheasant's Eye. ^..branching; fls. 5 8-petaled ; carpels crowned with a very short style, and collected into an ovate or subcylindric head ; pet. longer than the calyx. A fine, hardy annual, from Europe, naturalized in some parts of N. Y. Stem thick. Leaves pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Flowers crimson, !' diam. Seeds to be sown in autumn, in a light soil. f 5. RANUNCtJLUS. Lat. rana, a frog ; from the aquatic habitat of some species. Calyx of 5 ovate sepals ; corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each with a nectariferous scale or pore at the base inside ; filaments 00. much shorter than the petals ; achenia 00, crowded in a roundish or oblong head. Herbs mostly ^ with yellow flowers. *Leaves all undivided. 1. R. FLAMMULA. Small Spearu-ort. St. declinate ; Ivs. smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, lower ones petiolate ; ped. opposite the leaves. An aquatic herb, growing in ditches and swamps, Can. to N. Car. W. to 111. ! Root fibrous. Stem 6 18' long, more or less decumbent, succulent. Leaves 3 6' in length, J 1' wide, entire or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. Flowers solitary, of a golden yel- low, on peduncles J as long as the leaves. It abounds in a very acrid juice. Jn. Aug. 2. R. REPTANS. Creeping Crowfoot. Very small, smooth ; st. creeping, geniculate, rooting ; nodes 1-flowered ; Ivs. subulate, smooth, entire, remote. A slender species, creeping on river banks and other wet places, Hanover, N. H., (Mr. T. Rickard,} W. to Oregon. Stem 6 10' long, round, rooting at the joints. Leaves fleshy, 6 12" in length, mostly very narrow, and acute at each end. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals obovate, yellow, fading to white. Nectary covered by a scale. Achenia very smooth. Jl. /?. walis. Bw. Lvs. oval and lanceolate ; pet. 5 10. 142 I. RANUNCULACE.E. RANUNCULUS, y. filiformis. DC. (R. filiformis. Michx.} St. filiform, very long, with linear leaves and small flowers. 3. R. PUSILLUS. Poir. /?. muticus. T. & G. Puny Crowfoot. Erect ; Ivs. all petiolate, lower ones ovate, upper ones linear lanceolate ; pet. mostly but 3, scarcely longer than the calyx ; carpels ovate, pointless, smooth, in small globose heads. In wet grounds, N. Y. and Penn. Stems slender, weak, 6 12' high, dichotomously branched. Lower leaves subcordate, J 1' long, i as wide, petioles 1 3" long, upper ones 1 1" long, i as wide, with minute, remote teeth. Flowers very small, yellow, on long peduncles. May. 4. R. CYMBALARIA. Ph. Sea Crowfoot. Very small, smooth ; st. filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints ; Ivs. reni- form-cordate, crenate-dentate ; ped. solitary, mostly 2-flowered ; pet. spatulate ; ach. oblong. In salt marshes on the sea-coast, N. J. to Arctic Am. and at Salina, N. Y. Stem round, sending out runners from the joints. Leaves radi- cal, J 1' diam., on long petioles. Scapes 2 6' high, each with 2 or 3 small, bright yellow flowers, and as many obtuse bracts. Nectary naked. Jn. * * Leaves divided. 5. R. ABORTlvus. Round-leaved Crowfoot. Smooth; radical Ivs. roundish, cordate at base, crenate, petiolate; cauhne Ivs. ternate or pedate, angular, with linear segments, upper ones sessile ; cal. a little longer than petals, reflexed. A very pretty species in woods, Can. to Ark., remarkable for the dissimilarity of the root and stem leaves. Stem 8 16' high, nearly naked. Root leaves 8 18" diam., quite regularly margined with crenate divisions, and on petioles 2 5' long. Lower stem leaves pedate, with a pentangular outline ; upper in 3 deep segments. Flowers small, yellow . Fruit in globose heads. May. Jn. 6. R. SCELERATUS. Ph. Celery Crowfoot. See also Addenda, p. 638. Smooth ; lower Ivs. 3-parted, segments 3-lobed, crenately subincised ; stem Ivs. 3-parted, segments crenately incised, upper ones simple, lanceolate, entire ; carpels in an oblong head. Grows in wet places, Can. to Car. Stem rather thick, hollow, much branched, 1 lf high. Lower petioles 3 5' long, with rather large, palmately 3 5-parted leaves. Floral leaves or bracts mostly simple, lanceolate and entire. Flowers numerous, small, yellow. Calyx deflexed. This is one of the most acrid of the tribe, and will raise blisters upon the skin. Jn. Jl. 7. R. RECURVATUS. Wood Crowfoot. St. erect, and with the petioles, covered with spreading hairs ; Ivs. 3-parted, hairy, segments oval, unequally incised, the lateral ones2-lobed; cal. recurved ; pet. linear-lanceolate ; ach. uncinate. About 1 f. high, in damp woods, Lab. to Ga., pale green, branching above. Leaves 1 2' long, 2 3|' wide, on peti- oles 36' long. Upper leaves subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. Flowers small, with inconspicuous, pale yellow petals. Carpels ovate, tipped with minute, hooked beaks. May. Jl. 8. R. ACRIS. Butter-cups. Crowfoot. Yellow Weed. St. erect, many flowered ; Ivs. more or less pubescent, deeply trifid, the seg- ments laciniate, upper ones with linear segments ; ped. round ; cal. hairy, spreading; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed; beak short, recurved. This is the most common species from Penn. to Hudson's Bay. in meadows and pastures, rapidly and extensively spreading. Stem 1 2f high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Leaves ! 3' diam., upper ones in 3 linear segments. Flowers large, golden yellow. Jn. Sept. /?. Fls. double, the pet. excessively multiplied. Gardens. 9. R. BULBOSUS. Bulbous Crowfoot. (Fig. 39.) Hairy ; st. erect, bulbous at the base ; radical Ivs. ternate, Ifts. petiolate, incisely dentate, each about 3-cleft; ped. furrowed; cal. reflexed. This is another acrid species, very common in pastures, mow-lands, &c. Root fleshy. Stem leafy, furrowed, 6 18' high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort of bulb, and dividing above into upright peduncles, with golden-yellow flowers. It is well distinguished from R. acris by its reflexed sepals, and its furrowed CALTHA. 1. RANUNCULACE^E. 143 peduncles. The lobes of the root leaves are also rounded rather than acute at apex. May, Jn. 10. R. FASCICULARIS. Muhl. Early Crowfoot. St. erect, branched ; Ivs. pubescent, ternate, the middle segments deeply 3- cleft, lateral ones remotely 3-lobed; col. villous, spreading, shorter than the petals. Rocky woods and hills, Penn. to Wiscon. N. to Can. Root a fascicle of fleshy fibres. Radical leaves on petioles 3 8' long, so divided as to appear almost pinnate ; upper leaves 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flowers large. Petals yellow, cuneate-obovate, with a scale at base as broad as the transparent claw. Apr. May. 11. R. PENNSYLVANICUS. (R. hispidus. Ph.) Bristly Crowfoot. St. erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff, spreading hairs ; Ivs. vil- lous, ternate, Ifts. subpetiolate, deeply 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; cal. reflexed, rather longer than the roundish petals ; carpels tipped with a. short, straight style. A very hairy species, in wet grounds, Can. and U. S. Stem li 3f high. Leaves 2 3' diam. ; leaflets strongly veined and with spreading seg- ments. Flowers numerous, small, bright yellow. Fruit in dense oblong or cy- lindrical heads. Jn. Aug. 12. R. REPENS. (R. intermedius. Eaton. R. Clintonii. Beck.') St. branching from the base, prostrate, radicating at the joints ; Ivs. trifo- liate, Ifts. petiolate, cuneiform, 3-lobed, cut-dentate ; ped. furrowed; cal. spreading ; carpels with a broad, not recurved point. In moist or shady places, Can. and U. S. Stems 1 3 or 4f long, generally nairy at base, the early flowering branches erect. Petioles hairy, long. Leaves hairy on the veins, dark green. Flowers middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. May Jl. /?. linearilobus. DC. St. very long, floriferous ; lobes of Ivs. very narrow. y. Marilandicus. T. & G. St. and petioles densely hirsute with soft hairs ; Ifts. distinctly petiolulate. 13. R. PURSHII. Richardson. Floating Crmvfoot. Floating; st. long; submerged Ivs. cleft in to numerous capillary segments, emersed ones reniform, 3 5-parted, the lobes variously divided ; sep. reflexed, half as long as the petals ; carpels smooth, with a short, straight, ensiform style ; hds. globose. Ponds, sluggish streams, and .muddy places, Can., U. S. Stem 1 2f or more in length, fistulous. Leaves pentangular in outline, f 1J' diam., those below most finely divided ; petioles J 2' in length. Flowers bright yellow, emerging on forked, striate peduncles. May, Jn. /?. (R. fluviatilis. Bw. R. lacustris. Beck.') Lvs. all capillaceous-multi- fid ; fls. as large as in R. acris. 14. R. AQUATILIS. /?. capillaceus. River Crowfoot. St. floating ; submersed Ivs. filiformly dissected ; pet. obovate, larger than the calyx, white ; carpels transversely rugose. Ponds and sluggish streams, Arctic Am. to S. Car. W. to Rocky Mts. The whole plant is submerged except the flowers, and perhaps a few of the upper leaves. Stem 1 2f or more in length, slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves divided dichotomously into numerous, hair-like segments, in outline roundish and 1' diam. Peduncles thick, 1 1J' long. Flowers smaller than in R. acris. Petals rather narrow, white, except the yellow claws. Jl. Aug. Observation. Several of the above mentioned species are double-flowered in cultivation, as Nos. 8, 9, and 12. Of foreign species, R. Asiaticus, the garden Ranunculus, with large double flowers varying to every hue, and R. aconitifolius, with white double flowers, are sometimes, but not generally, found in our gardens. 6. CALTHA. Gr. KaXflt&of, a goblet ; the yellow calyx may well be compared to a golden cup. Calyx colored, of 5 orbicular sepals, resembling petals ; corolla ; stamens 00, shorter than the sepals ; follicles 5 10, oblong, com- pressed, erect, many-seeded. %. Aquatic and very glabrous. C. PALUSTRIS. Marsh Marigold. Cowslips. St. erect ; Ivs. cordate, suborbicular, crenate. Wet meadows, Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. Root large, branching. Stem about If high, hollow, round, 13 144 I. RANUNCULACE.E. COPTIS, dichotomous. Lower leaves 2 4' wide, on long semicylindric petioles, upper ones sessile, all of a dark shining green, veiny and smooth. Flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts, 1J' diam., few and pedunculate. Outer row of filaments clavate, twice longer than the ijiner. The young leaves are in great request in spring, for greens. May. /?. integerrima. (C. integerrima. PA.) Lvs. entire; sep. obovate, obtuse. y. plena, with double flowers. Cultivated in gardens. 7. TROLLIUS. Germ, trol or trollen, globular; alluding to the form of the flowers. Sepals 5 10 15, roundish ovate, colored, deciduous; petals 5 25, small, linear, tubular at base ; stamens 00, much shorter than the sepals ; follicles 00, subcylindric, sessile, many-seeded. %. Smooth, with palmate leaves. 1. T. LAXUS. Salisb. (T. Americanus Muhl.') American Globe Flower. Sep. 5, oblong, spreading ; pet. 15 25, shorter than the stamens. In swamps, Can. to Penn. Not common. About If high. Leaves deeply cleft into 5 segments, which are lobed and cut-dentate. Sepals yellow, resembling petals, 4 5" long. Petals very small, orange-colored. Follicles about 10, crowned with the persistent styles. This is the only American species. Jn. 2. E. EUROP.EUS. European Globe Flower. Erect, branched, leafy ; Ivs. deeply cleft or divided, segments cuneate at base, acute, incisely lobed and toothed ; fls. solitary, erect, large, globular ; ped. long, naked ; sep. closely converging ; pet. equaling the stamens. Native of Europe. Stem 2 3f high. Flowers of a rich yellow. A very ornamental plant, of easy culture from seeds or roots. May, Jn.f 3. T. ASIATICUS. Asiatic Globe Flower. Erect ; Ivs. deeply divided into 5 broad segments ; segments laciniately lobed and toothed ; fls. terminal, soli- tary, pedunculate ; sep. spreading ; pet. longer than the stamens. Native of Asia. Plant about 2f high, with ample foliage and large, deep orange-color- ed flowers yellow in some of its varieties. Jn.f 8. HELLEBORUS. Adans. EXetr, to cause death ; popa, food ; the poisonous qualities are well Known. Sepals 5, mostly greenish, persistent; petals 8 10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped ; stamens 00; stigmas 3 10, orbicular; follicles cohering at base, many-seeded. % Lvs. coriaceous, divided. Fls. large, nodding. H. VIRIDIS. Green Hellebore. Glabrous ; radical Ivs. pedately divided, segments lanceolate, acute, ser- rate ; cauline Ivs. few, palmately parted, nearly sessile ; peds. often in pairs ; sep. roundish ovate, acute, green. A European plant, on Long Island. Stem 23 f. high, thick. Apr.f 9. COPTIS. Salisb. Gr. KOTTTCJ, to cut ; from the numerous divisions of the leaves. Sepals 5 6, oblong, concave, colored, deciduous ; petals 5 6, small, cucullate, obconic ; stamens 20 25 ; follicles 5 10, stipitate, rostrate, diverging in a stellate manner, 4 6-seeded. Low herbs, with radical leaves, and a long, slender, perennial, creeping rhizoma. C. TRIFOLIA. Goldthread. Lvs. 3-foliate ; scape 1-flowered ; pet. much smaller than the sepals. Penn. N. to Arctic Am. Stem subterranean, extensively creeping, golden yellow, very bitter and tonic. Leaves all radical, leaflets sessile, 4 8" long, crenate-mu- cronate, smooth, coriaceous, common petiole 1 2' long. Peduncles 3 4' high, with a single, minute bract above the middle, bearing a single white star- like flower. The 5 or 6 yellow petals are barely distinguishable by their color among the white stamens. May. Medicinal. DELPHINIUM. I. RANUNCULACE^E. 145 10. I S O P Y R U M . Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous ; petals 5, small, tubular, sometimes 0; stamens 10 40; ovaries 3 20; follicles subsessile, acuminate with the style, 2-several-seeded. Delicate herbs, with leaves 2 3-ter- nate, segments 2 3-lobed. Fls. pedunculate, axillary and terminal, white. I. BITERNATUM. Torr. and Gray. (Enemion. Raf.) Low, erect, glabrous ; petioles auricled at base ; Ivs. "membranaceous ; pet. ; carpels 36, broadly ovate, divaricate* sessile, strongly veined, 2-seeded ; sds. obovatc, compressed, smooth and shining. Tj. Damp shades, Western States. Root fibrous. Stems several!, 4 10' high. Leaves mostly biternate, petiolules longer than the petioles, segments cuneate-obovate, 4 6" long. Flowers on slender peduncles 1 2' long. May. 11. AdUILEGIA. Lat. aquila, the eagle ; the spurred petals resemble the talons of a bird of prey. Sepals 5, equal, ovate, colored, spreading, caducous ; petals 5, tu- bular, dilated at the mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the torus, extending behind into a long, spurred nectary ; stamens 30 40, the inner ones longer and sterile ; styles 5 ; fol- licles 5, many seeded. 4 Fls. nodding. 1. A. CANADENSIS. Wild Columbine. (Fig. 39.) Glabrous ; divisions of the leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely dentate ; sep. rather acute, longer than the corolla ; spurs straight, longer than the limb ; sta. and sty. exserted. This beautiful plant grows wild in most of the States, in dry soils, generally on the sunny side of rocks. It is cultivated with the greatest ease, and is much more delicate in foliage and in the hues of its flowers, than the common blue Columbine. Stem branching, a foot high, with ternate, lobed leaves. Flowers terminal, scarlet without and yellow within, pendulous, much embellished by the numerous descending, yellow stamens and styles. Fruit erect. May. 2. A. VULGARIS. Common Columbine. ^purs incurved ; sts. leafy, many- flowered ; Ivs. nearly smooth, glaucous, biternate ; sty. a little longer than the stamens. From Europe. Stem 1 2f high, with a profusion of handsome, smooth foliage, and large purple flowers. Leaflets bifid and trifid, with round- ed lobes. In cultivation the flowers become double by the multiplication of the hollow, spurred petals. They also vary in color through all shades from purple to white. Jn.f 12. DELPHINIUM. Gr. Se\tv, a dolphin ; from the fancied resemblance of the flower. Sepals 5, colored, the upper one spurred ; petals very irregular, the two upper ones terminating behind in a tubular, nectariferous spur, enclosed in the spur of the calyx ; styles 1 5 ; follicles 1 5. Showy herbs, with leaves much divided. Fls. blue, red or purple, never yellow. 1. D. CONSOLIDA. Branching Larkspur. St. suberect, smooth, with spreading branches ; fls. few, loosely racemed ; ped. longer than the bracts ; sty. 1 ; carpel solitary, smooth. The common larkspur of the gardens, sparingly naturalized, fields and roadsides. Leaves in numerous linear divisions. Jn. Jl. It has numerous varieties of double and semi-double flowers of various colors.^ f 2. D. EXALTATUM. American Larkspur. Petioles not dilated at base ; Ivs. flat, 3-cleft below the middle, segments cu- neiform, 3-cleft at the end, acuminate, the lateral ones often 2-lobed ; roc. straight ; spur longer than the calyx. Native of the Middle States, rarely of the Northern. Stem 3 if high, straight, erect. Flowers of a brilliant purplish 146 1. RANUNCULACE.^. ACTJBA. blue. It is deservedly esteemed in the flower-garden, and is of the easiest cul- ture. Jl. Aug. f 3. D. TRICORNE. Michx. Three-fruited Larkspur. Petioles slightly dilated at base ; Ivs. 5-parted, divisions 3 5-cleft, lobes linear, acutish ; pet. shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2-cleft, densely bearded inside ; spur ascending, straight, as long as the calyx ; carpels 3, spreading in fruit. Uplands, Penn. to Mo. and Ark. Plant 6 18' high, nearly smooth. Leaves roundish in outline, on long petioles. Flowers 68, light blue, in a rather loose panicle. 4. D. AZUREUM. Michx. Azure La'rkspur. Pubescent or nearly smooth ; st. erect ; Ivs. 3 5-parted, many-cleft, with linear lobes ; petioles some dilated at base ; rac. strict ; pet. shorter than sepals, lower one densely bearded, 2-cleft ; spur ascending. Native in Wis. and Ark. A very variable species, cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 4 f. high. Flowers azure-colored.f 5. D. GRANDIFLORUM. Large Blue Larkspur. Lvs. palmate, many-parted, lobes linear, distant ; pedicels lojiger than bract ; pet. shorter than calyx. A superb perennial species, from Siberia. Flowers double or single, in racemes, of brilliant dark blue, with a tinge of purple.f 6. D. ELATUM. Bee Larkspur. Lvs. downy, 5-lobed, lobes cuneate at base, trifid, cut-dentate ; spur inflexed. Native of Siberia. Stem 5 or 6f high. Flowers blue, and when viewed at a little distance, resembling the bee in form.f Observation. A. few other species may perhaps be found in gardens. All are showy plants, of the easiest culture. 13. ACONITUM. Gr. UKOVITOS, without dust; because the plants grow on dry rocks. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted; petals 5, the 3 lower minute, the 2 upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, recurved and nectariferous at the apex ; styles 3 5 ; follicles 3 5. ^\.Lvs. digitate or 'palmate. Fls. in terminal spikes. 1. A. UNCINATUM. American Wolf's-Bane. St. flexuose ; panicle rather loose, with divergent branches ; Ivs. palmate, 3 5-parted, with rhomboidal-lanceolate, cut-dentate divisions; galea (upper sepal) exactly conical, rostrate ; spur inclined, somewhat spiral ; ova. villous. A cultivated, poisonous plant, also native N. Y. to Ga. Stem 2f high. Leaves coriaceous, dark green, 4 5' wide. Flowers large, purple, 3 or 4 near the summit of each branch. Jl. Aug. 2. A. NAPELLUS. (A. delphinifolia. DC.y Monk's-Hood. St. straight, erect ; Ivs. deeply 5-cleft, cut into linear segments, furrowed above ; upper scp. arched at the back, lateral ones hairy inside ; ova. smooth. A poisonous plant, culti- vated among flowers. It is a tall, rank, perennial, making quite a consequen- tial appearance. Stem 4f high, with a long spicate inflorescence at its termi- nation. Flowers dark blue, surmounted by the vaulted upper sepal, as if hooded in a monk's cowl. Aug. There are varieties with flowers white, rose- colored, &c. 14. ACT^EA. Gr. aKTt], the elder; which plant these herbs resemble in foliage. Calyx inferior, of .4 roundish, deciduous sepals ; corolla of 4 8 spatulate, unguiculate petals; filaments about 30, dilated above; anthers 2-lobed, introrse ; stigmas sessile ; ovary ovoid ; berry glo- bose, with a lateral furrow, 1 -celled ; seeds many, smooth, com- pressed. 7J. with ternately divided Ivs. Fls. white. 1. A. RUBRA. Bigelow. (A. Americana. Pk.} Red Bane-berry. Lvs. twice and thrice ternate ; rac. hemispherical ; pet. acute ; pedicels of the fruit slender; berries red, ovoid-oblong. Not uncommon in rocky woods, Penn. to Lab. W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 1& 2f high, dividing into 2 branches, one of which usually bears leaves only, the other leaves and a cluster of flowers. THALICTRUM. 1. RANl/NCULACE^E. 147 Leaves 2 or 3-ternate, with ovate-lanceolate leaflets, variously lobed and cut. Petioles 4 1' long, smooth, and slightly glaucous, like the whole plant. Flowers 20 40, in a short dense raceme. Berries bright red, on slender pedi- cels. May. 2. A. ALBA. Bw. (A. Americana. /?. alba. Ph.} White Bane-berry. Lvs. twice and thrice ternate ; roc. oblong ; pet. truncate ; pedicels of the fruit thicker than the peduncles ; berries white. Grows in rocky woods, common, Can. to Ga., much like the last in foliage. Plant 1J 2f. high, bearing 2 com- pound leaves and a cluster of flowers. Leaflets 1 2' long, as wide, acumi- nate. Raceme 1 3' long, !' thick, the pedicels f long, at length purple, and about as thick as the purple peduncles, characters which, as well as the milk- white fruit, readily distinguish this species from the last. May. 15. CIMICIFUGA. Lat. cimex, a bug,fugo, to drive away ; alluding to its offensive odor. Sepals 4 5 ; petals 3 8, sometimes wanting ; stamens 00, anthers introrse ; follicles 18, oblong, many-seeded. 1j- Lvs. ter- nately divided. Pis. white, in long slender racemes. 1. C. RACEMOSA. Ell. (Actaea. Linn. Macrotys. Raf.} Black Snake-root. Lvs. ternately decompound ; Ifts. ovate-oblong, incisely serrate ; roc. very long; pet. 2, forked, slender; sty. 1 ; capsule follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate. A tall, leafy plant, with the aspect of an Actaea, found in upland woods. Stem 4 8 f. high, with long, panicled racemes of white sepaled and monogynous flowers. Petals 4 6, small. Stamens about 100 to each flower, giving the raceme the appearance oi a long and slender plume. Flowers very fetid. Jn. Jl. 2. C. AMERICANA. Michx. (C. podocarpa. Ell. Actaea podocarpa. DC.} Glabrous ; Ivs. triternate, segments ovate, terminal one cuneiform at base, 3-parted or 3-cleft and incised ; pet. concave, sessile, 2-lobed, nectariferous at base ; ova. 2 5, stiped, obovatr and pod-shaped in fruit ; sds. flat, scaly. Woods, Penn. to N. Car. Stem 3 6f high. Leaflets 24' long, with coarse, unequal, mucronate serratures. Flowers smaller than in C. racemosa, in a long panicle of racemes. Follicles abruptly beaked, 6 8-seeded. 16. TRAUTVETTERIA. Fisch. and Meyer. Named in honor of Trautvetter, a German botanist. Sepals 4 5 ; petals ; stamens 00, petaloid ; anthers introrse ; carpels 15 20, membranaceous and indehiscent, 3-carinate, 1 -seeded, tipped with the short, hooked style. ^ Lvs. palmately lobed. T. PALMATA. Fisch. and Meyer. (Cimicifuga. Hook.} St. slender, terete, smooth, branched above ; Ivs. few, rugose and reticulate- veined, palmately 5 9-lobed, upper ones sessile, lower on long petioles, lobes lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; fls. cymose. Prairies, la. S. to Tenn. Plant 2 5f high. Radical leaves 46' wide, 3 5' long, the petioles twice as long. Stem leaves 2 4, remote. Flowers many. Sepals orbicular, concave, cadu- cous, white. Stamens conspicuous, white. Jl. Aug. 17. THALICTRUM. Said to be from -&aXXco, to be green. Calyx colored, of 4 5 roundish, concave, deciduous sepals ; corolla ; filaments 00, compressed, dilated upwards, longer than the calyx ; ovaries numerous (4 15), with sessile stigmas ; achenia awnless, ovoid. % Lvs. ternately divided. Fls. often $ J*. 1. T. DIOICUM. Early Meadow Rue. Very smooth ; Ivs. decompound ; Ifts. roundish, with obtuse lobes ; filaments filiform ; fls. 9 tf. Herb 1 2f high, meadows and woods, British Am. to Car. Stem striate, jointed. Leaflets paler beneath, with 5 7 rounded lobes or teeth. Flowers in long-stalked panicles. Sepals 5, obtuse, purplish. The 13* 148 I. RANUNCULACE^. HYDRASTIS. barren flowers with numerous slender filaments and yellow anthers, the fertile ones smaller, with shorter stamens. Fruit oval, striate. May. 2. T. CORNUTI. (T. Corynellum. DC.} Meadow Rue. Lfts. obtusely 3-lobed, paler underneath ; fls. 9 cT 5 filaments clavate ; fr. sessile, striate. A handsome herbaceous plant, common in meadows. Stem 3 4f high, smooth, hollow, jointed, furrowed. Leaves resembling those of the columbine (Aquilegia), green above, smooth, several times compounded. Leaflets 12' long, f as wide. Petioles sheathing at base. Panicles large and diffuse. The barren flowers have numerous club-shaped stamens, with oblong yellow anthers. Fertile flowers smaller and less crowded. Jn. Jl. 3. T. ANEMONdiDES. Michx. (Anemone thalictroides. Linn.) Rue Anc- Floral IDS. petiolate, simple, whorled, resembling an involucrum ; radical Ivs. biternate ;fts. umbeled. "Woods and pastures, Northern, Middle, and West- ern States. The root of this little herbaceous plant consists of several oblong tubercles. Stem erect, 6 8' high, slender, bearing several white flowers at top in a sort of umbel. Leaves } 1' long, as wide, cordate at base, 3-lobed, on petioles J 1J' long; radical common petioles 2 1' long. Apr. May. 18. MYOStJRUS. Dill. GT. jjivs, //uo?, mouse, ovpa, tail; alluding to the long spike of carpels. Sepals 5, produced downwards at base below their insertion; petals 5, with slender, tubular claws ; stamens 5 20 ; achenia very closely spicate on the elongated torus. (D Lvs. linear ', entire, radical. Scapes \-flowered. M. MINMUS. (M. Shortii. Raf.} Mouse-tail. Prairies and bottoms, 111., Mead ! to La. and Oreg., Nuttall. A diminutive plant, remarkable for its little terete spikelet of fruit, which is often an inch long. Leaves 1 3' long, 1 2" wide. Scape a little taller, with a single minute pale-yellow flower at top. Apr. 19. ZANTHORHIZA. Gr. |ai/-&of, yellow, pia, root. Sepals 5 ; petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes, raised on a pedicel ; sta- mens 5 10; ovaries 5 10, beaked with the styles, 2 3-ovuled ; follicles mostly 1 -seeded, seed suspended. Suffruticose; st. and bark yellow and bitter. Lvs. pinnately divided. Rac. axillary, compound, Fls. small, dark purple, often 9 $ cT- Z. APIIFOLIA. L'Her. (Z. simplicissima. Michx.} River banks, Penn. to Ga. Root thick. Stem short, woody, leafy above. Leaves glabrous, about 8' long, including the long petioles. Leaflets 5, 2 3' long, sessile, incisely lobed and dentate. Racemes many-flowered, appearing with the leaves. Follicles spreading, 1|" long. March, April. 20. HYDRASTIS. Gr. iSwp, water; the plant grows in watery places. Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, equal ; corolla ; stamens 00, a little shorter than the sepals ; baccate fruit composed of numerous, aggre- gate, 1 -seeded acines. %with 2 Ivs. and 1 flower. H. CANADENSIS. Turmeric-root. The only species. It grows in bog meadows, Can. to Car. and Ky. ! Rare. Root of a deep yellow color internally. Stem 69' high, becoming purplish, hairy above. Leaves 2 only, alternate, on the upper part of the stem, petiolate, emarginate at base, palmate, with 3 5 lobes. Peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Sepals reddish white, of short duration. Fruit red, juicy, resem- bling the raspberry. Seeds nearly black. May, Jn. II. MAGNOLIACE^E. 149 21. P^EONIA. The physician Paeon, according to mythology, first used this plant in medicine, and cured Pluto with it. Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 00 (mostly changed to petals by cultivation) ; ovaries 2 5; style- 0; stigmas double, persistent ; follicles many-seeded. % Rt. fasciculate. Lvs. bilernate. Fls. large^ terminal^ solitary. 1. P. OFFICINALIS. Common Pceony. St. erect, herbaceous ; lower Ivs. bipin- nately divided ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, variously incised ; fr. downy, nearly straight. The splendid pseony has long been cultivated in every part of Europe and in this country. This species is said to be native of Switzerland. It is a hardy perennial, requiring very little pains for its cultivation. Among its varieties the double red is the most common. The white is truly beautiful. The flesh-colored and the pink are. also favorites. May, Jn. 2. P. ALBIFLORA. White-flowered Pceony. Lifts, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth ; follicles recurved, smooth. Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark, shining-green and smooth. Flowers smaller than the last, but truly ele- gant and fragrant. Petals white. Calyx brown, with 3 green, sessile bracts at base. Nine or ten varieties with flowers single and double, white, rose- colored, &c., are now mentioned in the catalogues of American gardeners. 3. P. ANOMALA. Jagged-leaved Siberian P&ony. Lfte. with many lanceo- late segments, smooth; follicles depressed, smooth; col. bracteolate. From Siberia. Distinguished by the long, narrow segments of the leaflets. Flowers concave, rose-colored. Follicles usually 5. 4. P. MOUTAN. Chinese Tree Paony. St. shrubby, Tj.; Ifts. oblong-ovate, glaucous and somewhat hairy beneath, terminal one 3-lobed; ova. 5, distinct, surrounded by the very large disk. From China. The woody stem branches into a bush 3 4f high. Leaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very large, always double in cultivation, fragrant and truly splendid. This plant is re- markable for producing the largest form of disk in the vegetable kingdom. 5. P. PAPAVERACEA. Chinese Poppy-flowered Paony. St. shrubby, 7J. ; Ifts. oblong-ovate, glaucous and slightly hairy beneath, terminal one 3-lobed ; ova. about 5, closely united into a globose head. From China. Resembles the last in foliage, but is remarkably distinguished from all the other species by its united carpels. Flowers white, with a purple centre, often single in culti- vation. Other species and varieties are cultivated, rarely in this country, amounting to about 150 in all. 22. NIGELLA. Lat. Niger, black ; the color of the seeds, which are used in cookery. Calyx of 5 sepals, colored ; corolla of 5 3-cleft petals ; styles 5 ; capsules 5, follicular, convex. European herbs. Lvs. in many line- ar and subulate segments. 1. N. DAMASCENA. Fennel Flower. Fls. in a leafy involucre; anth. obtuse; carpels 5, smooth, 2-celled, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose cap- sule. Native of S. Europe. A hardy annual of the gardens, to which have been applied the gentle names of " ragged lady," " devil in a bush," &c. Leaves twice and thrice pinnatifid, as finely cut as those of the Fennel. Flowers terminal, solitary, encompassed and over-topped by a circle of leaves divided like the rest. They are often double, white or pale-blue. Jn. Sept. 2. N. SATlVA. Nutmeg Flower. St. hairy, erect ; fls. naked ; anth. obtuse ; capsules muricate. From Egypt. Rather smaller than the last. Jn. Sept. ORDER II. MAaNOLIACEJE MAGNOLIADS. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. alternate, coriaceous, simple, entire or lobed, never serrate. Stip. membranaceous, either convolute in the leaf-bud, or placed face to face. Fls. solitary, large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect. 150 II. MAGNOLIACE^E. LIRIODENDRON. Cal. Sepals 36, deciduous, colored like the petals. Cor. Petals 612, hypogynous, in several rows, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. indefinite, hypogynous, distinct, with short filaments, and adnate anthers. Ova. several, in many rows upon an elongated torus. Fr. follicular or baccate, 1 2-seeded. Sds. attached to the inner suture of the carpels, from which (in Magnolia) they are suspended by along, delicate funiculus. An order consisting of 11 genera and 65 species, including some of the most splendid and majestic forest trees. The southern and western states seem to be the region of the most of them. China, Japan, and the Indies contain a few, Properties. The bark of the species mentioned below contains an intensely bitter principle, which is tonic and stimulating, and the corollas are aromatic beyond almost all other flowers. Genera. Carpels dehiscent by the dorsal suture, seeds pendulous Magnolia. 1 Carpels indehiscent, seeds enclosed, not pendulous Liriodendron. 2 1. MAGNOLIA. In honor of Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, author of ' Botanicum Montpeliense,' &c. Sepals 5, often or petaloid ; petals 6 12^ caducous 5 carpels 2-valved, 1 2-seeded, imbricated into a cone ; seeds baccate, sub- cordate, and suspended, when mature, by a long funiculus. A superb genus, consisting mostly of large trees with luxuriant foliage, and large, fragrant flowers. 1. M. GLAUCA. White Bay. Lvs. oval, glaucous beneath ; pet. obovate, tapering to the base. This spe- cies is native in N. Eng., particularly at Gloucester, Mass., thence to La. and Mo. The tree is about 25f in height, remarkable only for the beauty of its foliage and flowers. The leaves are smooth, entire, of a regular, elliptical form, remarkably pale beneath. Flowers terminal, white, solitary, of 3 sepals and several concave petals, appearing in July. 2. M. ACUMINATA. Cucumber Tree. Lvs. oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath ; pet. obovate, obtusish. Grows near the Falls of Niagara, but is more abundant in the Southern States. It is a noble forest tree. Trunk perfectly straight, 4 5f diam., 60 80f high, bearing an ample and regular summit. Leaves very acuminate. Flowers 5 6' diam., bluish, sometimes yellowish-white, numerous, and finely con- trasted with the rich dark foliage. Cones of fruit about 3' long, cylindric, bearing some resemblance to a small cucumber. May. 3. M. UMBRELLA. Lam. (M. Tripetala. Linn.") Umbrella Tree. Lvs. deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, silky when young ; sep. 3, reflexed ; pet. 9, narrow-lanceolate, acute. A small tree, 20 30f high ; common in the Middle and Southern States, extending north to southern N. Y. Branches irre- gular. Leaves 16 20' by 6- 8', often appearing whorled at the ends of the branches in the form of an umbrella. Flowers terminal, white, 7 8' diam. Fruit conical, 4 5' long, of a fine rose-color when ripe. The wood is soft and porous, and of little use in the arts. May, June. 4. M. GRANDIFLORA, Native of the Southern States, is the noblest species of the genus. Its great neight (80 ), its shining, dark-green leaves, its fragrant, white flowers a foot in diameter, form a combination of rare magnificence.! 2. LIRIODENDRON. Gr. Xctptov, a lily ; Sev&pov, a tree. Sepals 3, caducous ; petals 6 ; carpels imbricated in a cone, 1 2- seeded ; seeds attenuated at apex into a scale. Trees, with large and fragrant.Jlowers. L. TULIPIFERA. Tulip Tree. White Wood. Poplar. A fine tree, one of the most remarkable of the American forests. Can. to La., especially abundant in the Western States. It is ordinarily about 80f high, with a diam. of 2 or 3f, but along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers it grows much larger. Near Bloomington, la., I measured a tree of this species which had been recently felled. Its circumference, 4 feet from the ground, MEMSPERML'M. V. MENISPERMACEJE. 151 was 23f; 30 feet from the ground its diameter was 5f; the whole height 125f. The trunk is perfectly straight and cylindric. At top it divides rather abruptly into coarse, crooked, rather unsightly branches. Leaves dark green, smooth, truncate at the end, with two lateral lobes, 3 5' in length and breadth, on long petioles. In May and June it puts forth numerous large and brilliant flowers, greenish-yellow, orange within, solitary, 4 & diam. The wood is extensively used as a substitute for pine. ORDER IV. ANONACE^E. ANONADS. Trees or Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, simple, entire, -without stipules. Fts. usually green or brown, axillary, large, shorter than the leaves. CaL Sepals 34, persistent, often united at base. Cor. Petals 6, in two rows, hypogynous, aestivation valvate. Sta. indefinite, densely crowded. Fil. short. Anth. adnate, extrorse. Ova. numerous, closely packed. Sty. short or 0. Stiff simple. Fr. dry or succulent, l many-seeded, distinct or aggregated. Sds. anatropous. Genera 20, species 300 , chiefly native within the tropics of both hemispheres. Four species are found in the United States, all of the following genus. Plants generally aromatic in all their parts. UVARIA. Lat. un a, grape ; from the resemblance of the fruit of some species. Sepals 3, united at base ; petals 6, in 2 rows ; carpels oblong, baccate, often torulose, pulpy within ; seeds several. Aromatic shrubs or trees. U. TRILOBA. Torr. and Gr. (Anona. Linn.) Pawpaw. Lvs. obovate-oblong, acuminate ; pet. dark-purple, exterior orbicular, 3 or 4 times as long as the sepals. A small and beautiful tree, 15 20f high, on banks of streams, Middle, Southern and Western States. Branches and leaves nearly glabrous, the latter 8 12' by 3 4', very smooth and entire, tapering to very short petioles. Fruit about 1' thick and 3' long, ovoid-oblong, about 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October. Flowers in March, Apr. ORDER V. . MENISPERMACEJE. MENISPERMADS. Shrubs twining or climbing, with alternate, entire leaves. Fls. small, in panicles or racemes, usually dioecious. CaL Sepals 38, in adouble series, 24 in each, imbricated in aestivation, hypog., deciduous. Cor. Petals 18, hypogynous, usually as many as the sepals, rarely 0. [many. $ta. distinct or monadelphous, equal in number to the petals and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times as Anth. innate and consisting of 4 globose lobes. Ova. usually solitary, sometimes 24. Fr. a drupe, globose-reniform. Genera 11, species 175, mostof them natives of tropical Asia and America. The only northern genus is Menispermum. Properties. A few plants of this order contain a bitter principle in their roots. A foreign species of Menispermum yields the colwmbo of the shops, which is a valuable tonic; another genus, Anamirta Cocculus, of India, furnishes the Indian cockle, so intoxicating to fishes. MENISPERMUM. Gr. firii'T], the moon; o-Treftyta, seed; from the crescent form of the seed. Flowers 9cf; sepals 4 8, in a double row; petals 4 7, minute, retuse; c? Stamens 12 20. 9 Ovaries and styles 2 4; drupes 1 -seeded ; seeds lunate and compressed. M. CANADENSE. Moon-seed. St. climbing ; Ivs. roundish, cordate, angular, peltate, the petiole inserted near the base ; roc. compound ; pet. 6 7, small. In woods and hedges near streams, Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. Stems round, striate, 8 12f long. Leaves 4 5' diam., generally 5-angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3 5' long. Flowers in axillary clusters, small, yellow. Drupes about 4" diam., black, resembling grapes. The root is perennial, and in medicine has the pro- perties of a tonic. Jl. /?. lobatum, has the leaves lobed. 152 VI. BERBERIDACEjE. JEPPERSONIA. ORDER VI BEKBERIDACE^G. BERBERIDS. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, usually exstipulate, simple or compound leaves. Fis. solitary, racemose or panicled, perfect. Cat. Sepals 346, imbricate in 2 rows, often reinforced by petaloid scales. Cor. hypogynous. Pet. 13 times as many as the sepals and opposite to them. Sta. as many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite to them. Anth. generally opening by recurved valves, extrorse. Ova. l-celled, solitary, simple. Sty. often lateral. Stig. often lateral or peltate. Fr. berried or capsular. Sds. one or few, attached to the bottom of the cell, or many, attached to lateral placentae. Genera 12, species 100, inhabiting the temperate zones. Some genera, as the Podophyllum and Jeffer- sonia, possess cathartic properties. Others, as the Berberis, contain in their fruits malic and oxalic acid. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Petals 8, flowers on a scape Jeffersonia. 3 S Leaves not peltate. Petals 6, with a scale at base. . . . Leontice. 4 Herbs perennial. I Leaves peltate ; stamens 00. Podophyllum. 2 Shrubs, with yellow flowers and irritable filaments. Berberis. 1 1. BERBfiRIS. Calyx of 6, obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the three outer ones smaller ; corolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with 2 glands at the base of each ; filaments 6, flattened ; anthers 2 separate lobes on opposite edges of the connectile ; style 0; berry oblong, l-celled; seeds 2 or 3. Fine hardy shrubs. B. VULGARIS. Berberry Bush. Spines 3-forked ; Ivs. simple, serratures terminated by soft bristles ; roc. pendulous, many-flowered ; pet. entire. A well known bushy, ornamental shrub, in hard, gravelly soils, Northern States. Grows 3 8f high. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, round-obtuse at apex, tapering at base into the petiole, and remarkably distinguished by their bristly serratures. Flowers yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging cluster. Stamens irritable, springing violently against the stigma when touched. Berries scarlet, very acid, forming an agreeable jelly when boiled with sugar. The bark of the root dyes yellow. Jn.? 2. PODOPHYLLUM. Gr. irovs, xoSos, a foot ; (f>v\\oi> } a leaf; alluding to the long, firm petioles. Sepals 3, oval, obtuse, concave, caducous ; petals 6 9, obovate, concave; stamens 9 18, with linear anthers; berry large, ovoid, l-celled, crowned with the solitary stigma. % Low, rather poisonous herbs. Lvs. 2.' Fl. solitary. P. PELTATUM. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. In woods and fields, common in Middle and Western States, rare in N. Eng. Height about If. It is among our more curious and interesting plants. Stem round, sheathed at base, dividing into 2 round petioles, between which is the flower. Leaves oftener cordate than peltate, in 5 7 lobes, each lobe 6' long from the insertion of the petiole, 2-lobed and dentate at apex. Flowers pedun- culate, drooping, white, about 2' diam. Petals curiously netted with veins. Fruit ovoid-oblong, large, yellowish, with the flavor of the strawberry. The root is cathartic. May. 3. JEFFERSONIA. Bart In honor of President Jefferson, a patron of science. Sepals 4, colored, deciduous ; petals 8, spreading, incurved ; sta- mens 8, with linear anthers ; stigma peltate ; capsule obovate, stipi- tate, opening by a circumscissile dehiscence. Scape simple, l-flowered. Lvs. ^-parted or binate. J. DIPHYLLA. Barton. A singular plant, 814' high, Middle and Western States. Rhizoma horizontal. Each petiole bears at the top a pair of binate leaves, which are placed base to base, and broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, glaucous NELUMBIUM. VIIL NELUMBIACE.&. 153 beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. Flowers large, regular, "white. The capsule opens only half round, and has thersfore a persistent lid. Apr. This plant has in Ohio the reputation of a stimulant and antispasmodic, and is there significantly termed rheumatism root. 4. LEONTlCE. Gr. Acwv, a lion ; the leaf is likened to a lion's foot-track. . Calyx free from the ovary, of 3 6 green sepals ; corolla of 6 petals, each bearing a scale attached to the claw at base within ; sta- mens 6 ; cells of the anther dehiscent at edge ; pericarp membrana- ceous (caducous), 2 4-seeded ; seeds erect, globose. L. THALICTROIDES. (Caulophyllum. Michx.) Poppoose Root. Smooth ; Ivs. biternate and triternate ; Ifts. oval, petiolate, unequally lobed, the terminal one equally 3-lobed. A smooth, handsome plant, in woods, Can. to Ky. Plant glaucous, purple when young. Stem 1 2|f high, round, dividing above into 2 parts, one of which is a 3-ternate leaf-stalk, the other bears a 2-ternate leaf and a racemose panicle of greenish flowers. Leaflets galer beneath, 2 3' long, lobed like those of the Thalictrum or Aquilegia. eeds 2 (mostly 1 by abortion), naked after having burst the caducous, thin pericarp, resembling berries on thick stipes. May. ORDER VII, CABOMBACEJE. WATERSHIELDS. Herbs aquatic, with floating, entire, centrally peltate leaves. Fls. axillary, solitary, small. Sep. 34, colored inside. Cor. Petals 34, alternate with the sepals. Sta. hypogynous, either 6, or more than 17. Anth. adnate. Ova. 2 or more. Stis: simple. Fr. indehiscent, tipped with the hardened style. Sds. globular, pendulous. Embryo minute, 2-lobed, external to an abundant, fleshy albumen. Genera 2, species 3. American water-plants, extending from Cayenne, S. America, to N. England. Property Slightly astringent. BRASENIA. Schreb. Calyx of 3 4 sepals, colored within,* persistent ; corolla of 3 4 petals; stamens 18 36; ovaries 6 18; carpels oblong, 2-(or by abortion l-)seeded. 1\. Aquatic. The stem, peduncles, and under sur- face of the leaves are covered with a viscid jelly. B. PELTATA. Ptirsh. (Hydropeltis purpurea. MX.) Water Target. It inhabits muddy shores and pools, often in company with the water-lily, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Leaves peltate, elliptical, entire, 23' by 1 H', with the long, flexible petioles inserted exactly in the centre, floating on the surface of the water, smooth and shining above. Flowers arising to the surface, on long, slender, axillary peduncles. Petals purple, about 3" long. July. ORDER VIII NELUMBIACE^E. WATER-BEANS. Herbs aquatic, with peltate, fleshy, radical Ivs. Rhizoma prostrate. Fls. large, solitary, on long, erect scapes. Sep. 45. Cor. Petals 00. in many rows, arising from without the disk. Sta. 00, in several rows ; filaments petaloid ; anth. adnate, introrse. Oca. 00, separate, each with a simple style and stigma. Fr. Nuts generally l-seeded, half sunk in hollows of the very large torus. Sds. destitute of albumen, and with a highly developed embryo. This order comprises but a single genus with 3 species, two of which inhabit the still waters of tropical regions, and the other, of the U. S. The nuts are eatable, and indeed all the other parts of the plant. NELUMBIUM. Juss. Characters of the genus the same as those of the order. IN". LCTEUM. Lvs. peltate, orbicular, entire ; anth. with a linear appendage. A magnifi- cent flowering plant, peculiar to the stagnant waters of the south and west ! 154 IX. NYMPH^ACE^. NUPHAR, but occasionally met with in Ct. and N. Y. Rhizoma creeping in mud in depths of water from 2 or 3 to 6 f. From this arise the simple scapes and petioles to the surface. Leaves 10 18' diam., the petioles inserted on one side of the centre. Flowers several times larger than those of Nymphaea odorata, and without fragrance. Petals concave, of a brilliant white, becoming yellow towards the base. The nuts imbedded in the torus are about the size of acorns, and are used for food by the Indians. June. ORDER IX. NYMPH.EACEJE. WATER LILIES. Herbs aquatic, with peltate or cordate leaves from a prostrate rhiz oma. Fls. large, showy, often sweet-scented. CaL Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, gradually passing into each other. Sep. persistent. Cor. ( Pet. inserted upon the disk which surrounds the pistil. Sta. numerous, in several rows upon the disk. Fil. petalqid. Anth. adnate, introrse. Ova. many-celled, many-seeded, surrounded by a fleshy disk. Sds. attached to the spongy placentae, and enveloped in a gelatinous aril. Genera 5, species 50, inhabiting the northern hemisphere. Their general aspect is that of an endogen. but they have two foliaceous cotyledons. The stems of Nymphaoa contain a powerful astringent princi- ple, which is removed by repeated washing in water, after which they are tasteless and may be used for food. Genera. Flowers white or rose-color, ' Nymph&a. \ Flowers yellow , Ntt^phar. 2 1. NYMPH^A. The Greek Nymph or Naiad of the waters. Sepals 4 5 ; petals 00, inserted on the torus at its base ; stamens gradually transformed into petals ; stigma surrounded with rays ; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded.^ Aquatic. N. ODORATA. Water Lily. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, entire, with veins prominent beneath ; cal. 4-se- paled, equaling the petals; stig. 15 20-rayed. One of the loveliest of flowers, possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. Ponds and slug- gish streams, N. Am. E. of R. Mts. Rhizoma thick, in mud where the water is of 3 8 or lOf in depth, sending up leaves and flowers to the surface. Leaves 5 6' diam., dark shining green above, cleft at the base quite to the insertion of the long petiole. Sepals colored within. Petals lanceolate, 1 2' long, of the most delicate texture, white, tinged with purple. Filaments yellow, dilated gradually from the inner to the outer series so as to pass insensibly into petals. ($72.) July. 0. rosea. Ph. Petals stained with purple. Mass. 2. NUPHAR. Smith. Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within ; corolla of numerous small petals furrowed externally, and inserted with the numerous, truncated, linear stamens on the torus ; stigma discoid, with promi- nent rays ; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. 7|. Aquatic. 1. N. ADVENA. Ait. (Nymphaea Adv. Me.) Yellmv Pond Lily. Lvs. oval, rounded at apex, with rounded, diverging lobes at base ; scp. 6 ; pet. 00 ; stig. 12 15-rayed, margin crenate. Very common in sluggish streams 7.nd muddy lakes, Can. to Ga. W. to Oreg. A well looking and very curious plant, but from its filthy habits it has been called, with some justice, the frog lily. The rhizoma is large, creeping extensively. Leaves large, dark green, shining above, and, when floating, pale and slimy beneath. Petioles half round. Flowers rather large and globular in form, erect, on a thick, rigid stalk. Three outer sepals yellow inside, and the three inner entirely yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. Jn. Jl. 0. tomentosa. T. & G. (N. tomentosa. Nutt.) Lvs. canescently tomer> tose beneath. SAKOUIXARU. XI. PAPAVERACEJ2. 155 2. KALMIANA. Ait. (Nymphasa Kalmiana. Michx. Nuphar lutea, 0. Kalmiana. T. fy G.) Kalm's Pond Lily. "Floating Ivs. oblong, cordate, lobes approximate ; submersed Ivs. membra- naceous, reniform-cordate, the lobes divaricate, margin waved, apex retuse ; " stig. 8 12-rayed, somewhat crenate. A smaller species, with small yellow flowers, growing in similar situations with the last, N. States. Dr. Robbins, from whose MSS. the above is quoted, thinks it wholly distinct fromN. lutea, Smith, or any other species. Petiole subterete; upper leaves 2 3' long 1J 2' wide, lower leaves 34' diam. Jl. ORDER X. SARBACENIACEJE. WATER PITCHERS. Herbs aquatic, perennial in bogs, with fibrous roots. Lvs. radical, with a hollow, urn-shaped petiole and lamina articulated at summit. F Is. large, solitary, or several on scapes. Cal. Sepals 5, persistent, with a 3-leaved involucel at base. JEst. imbricate. Cw. Petals 5, unguiculate, hypogynous, concave. Sta. 00, hypogynous. Anth. oblong, adnate, introrse. Ova. 5-celled, placentas central. Sty. single. Stiff, dilated, peltate, 5-angled. FT. capsular, 5-celled, 5-valved, crowned with the broad persistent stigma. Sds. 00, minute. An order consisting of only 2 genera, (one inhabiting the bogs of N. America, the other in Guiana, ) and 7 species. SARRACENIA. Tourn. In memory of Dr. Sarrazen of Quebec, the discoverer of the genus. Calyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bracts at base ; petals 5, deciduous; stigma very large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and sta- mens ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. S. PURPUREA. Side-saddle Flmver. Z/ys.(ascidia) radical, decumbent, inflated, contracted at the mouth,winged on the inner side, ending in a broad-cordate, erect lamina. One of the most curious of plants. Grows in wet meadows and about mud lakes, Lab. to Flor. Leaves 6 9' long, rosulate, ever-green, composed of a hollow, pitcher-form petiole (1) swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage extending the whole length inside, from \ V wide, and extended on the outside of the mouth into a lamina (!), covered above with reversed hairs. Their capacity when of ordinary size is about a wine-glass, and they are generally full of water with drowned insects. Scape 14 20' high, terete, smooth, supporting a single large, purple, nodding flower, almost as curious in structure as the leaves. Jn. 0. hetcrophylla. Torr. (S. heterophylla. Eaton.} Scape rather shorter; sep. yellowish-green; pet. yellow. Northampton, Ms. Mr. R. M. Wright! Leaves scarcety different. ORDER XI. PAP AVERAGES. POPPYWORTS. Plants herbaceous, generally with a colored juice. Lvs. alternate, simple or divided, without stipules. Fls. solitary, on long peduncles, never blue. Cal Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous, imbricated in aestivation. Cor. Petals 4, rarely 5 or 6. hypogynous. Sta. often 00, but some multiple of 4, rarely polyadelphous. Anth. innate. Ova. solitary. Sty. short or 0. Stig. 2, or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of ovary. FT. either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placentae, or capsular with several. Sds. 00, minute, Embryo minute, at the base of oily albumen. An order consisting of 18 genera and 130 species, more than two-thirds of which are natives of Europe. The order is characterized by active narcotic properties, principally resident in the turbid juices. The Beeds are commonly rich in fixed oil. Several of the species are highly ornamental in cultivation. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Stigmas concave. ; . . Argemone. 3 $ Leaves armed with prickly teeth. Stigmas convex. . . . Meconoptris. 4 f yellow. ( Leaves unarmed, entirely green, cauline Crieltdonnvm. 2 I orange-red. Leaves radical, reniform. Capsule terete Sangmnaria. 1 ] white. Leaves unarmed, cauline. Capsule globose Papaver. 5 Juice (colorless. Leaves multifid with linear segments. Capsule terete. . . Eschscfioltzia. 6 1. SANGUINARIA. Lat. sanguis, blood ; all parts abound in a red juice. Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 8, in 2 series, those of the outer series 14 156 XI. PAPAVERACE^E. MECONOPSIS. longer ; stamens 00 ; stigma 1 2-lobed, sessile ; capsule pod-like, oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, many-seeded. 1\. Juice orange red. S. CANADENSIS. Blood-root. An interesting flower of woods, groves, &c., appearing in early spring. Rhizoma fleshy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised exudes a blood-colored fluid, as also does every other part of the plant. From each bud of the root- stalk there springs a single large, glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6' high, with a single flower. Whole plant glabrous. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish lobes separated by rounded sinuses. Flower of a quadrangular outline, white, scentless, and of short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. Apr. May. 2. CHELIDONIUM. [its departure. Gr. Xe\iiuv, the swallow; being supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish with Sepals 2, suborbicular ; petals 4, suborbicular, contracted at base ; stamens 24 32, shorter than the petals; stigma 1, small, sessile, bifid ; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valved, 1 -celled ; seeds crested. 1[. with yellow juice. C. MA jus. Celandine. Livs. pinnate ; Ifts. lobed, segments rounded ; fls. in umbels. A pale green, fleshy herb found under fences, by road-sides, &c., arising 1 2f high. Leaves smooth, glaucous, spreading, consisting of 2 4 pairs of leaflets with an odd one. Leaflets 1J 2j' long, f as broad, irregularly dentate and lobed, the par- tial stalks winged at base. Umbels thin, axillary, pedunculate. Petals ellip- tical, entire, yellow, and very fugacious, like every other part of the flower. The abundant bright yellow juice is used to cure itch and destroy warts. May. Oct. 3. ARGEMONE. Gr. apyefjia, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure. Sepals 3, roundish, acuminate, caducous ; petals 6, roundish, larger than the sepals ; stamens 00, as short as the calyx ; stigma sessile, capitate, 6-lobed ; capsule obovoid, opening at the top by valves. Herbs with yellow juice. A. MEXICANA. Horn Poppy. Las. repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth ; /. solitary, erect, axillary ; cal. prickly ; caps, prickly, 6-valved. A weed-like plant, native at the south and west, at the north. Stem 2 3f high, branching, armed with prickly spines. Leaves 5 7' or 8' long, sessile, spinose on the margin and veins beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, on short peduncles, about 2' diam., yellow. The juice becomes in air a fine gamboge-yellow, and is esteemed for jaundice, cutaneous eruptions, sore eyes, fluxes, &c. July. 0. Fls. ochroleucous. y. Fls. larger, white. 4. MECONOPSIS. Viguier. Gr. prjKUv, a poppy; ot//tf, resemblance. Sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 00 ; style distinct ; stigmas 4 6, radiating, convex, free ; capsule obovate, 1 -celled, opening by 4 valves at apex. ^Herbs with a yellow juice. M. DIPHYLLA. DC. (Chelidonium. Michx. Stylophorum. Nutt.) las. pinnately divided, glaucous beneath, segments 5 7, ovate-oblong, sinuate, cauline 2, opposite, petiolate ; ped. aggregated, terminal ; caps. 4-valved, echinate-setose. Woods, Western States ! Plant 12 18' high. Leaves large, 8' by 6', on petioles about the same length ; terminal segments somewhat con- fluent. Peduncle about 3' long. Petals deep yellow. May. XII. FUMARIACE^E. 157 5. PAPAVER. Celtic, papa , pap ; a soporific food for children, composed of poppy-seeds, &c: Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 4 ; stamens 00 ; capsule 1 -celled, open- ing by pores under the broad, persistent stigma. Exotic herbs, mostly (D, with white juice abounding in opium. 1. P. SOMNIFERTJM. Opium, Poppy. Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. clasping, incised and dentate; sep. glabrous; cap. globose. A plant with large, brilliantly white flowers, double in cultiva- tion. Stem 1 1 3f high. Leaves 4 8' by 2 3', with rather obtuse dentures. Every part, but especially the capsule, abounds with a white juice powerfully narcotic, and which when hardened in the sun, forms the opium of the shops. For this drug, it is extensively cultivated in Europe and southern Asia. Jn. ji.n 2. P. DUBIUM. Dubious Poppy. Caulescent ; st. hispid with spreading hairs ; Ivs. pinnately parted, seg- ments incised ; ped. clothed with appressed hairs ; sep. hairy ; caps, obovoid- oblong, glabrous. Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds, Penn. Stem about 2f high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Jn. Jl. $ 3. P. RH^EAS. Common Red Poppy. St. many-flowered, hairy: Ivs. incisely pinnatifid ; capsules smooth, nearly globose. Distinguished from the last spe- cies chiefly by its more finely divided leaves and its globular capsule. About 2 f high. Flowers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet red. Varieties are produced with various shades of red and particolored flowers, more or less dou- ble. Jn. Jl.f 4. P. ORIENTALS. Oriental Poppy. St. 1-flowered, rough; Ivs. scabrous, pinnate, serrate ; capsules smooth. Native of Levant. Stem 3 f high. Flowers very large, and of a rich scarlet color, too brilliant to be looked upon in the sun. Jn. f 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Named for Eschscholtz, a German botanist, well known for his researches in California. Sepals 2, cohering by their edge, caducous ; petals 4 ; stamens 00, adhering to the claws of the petals ;> stigmas 4 7, sessile, 2 3 of them abortive ; capsule pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many- seeded. CD Leaves pinnatifid, glaucous. The juice, which is colorless, exhales the odor of hydrochloric acid. 1. E. DOUGLASII. Hook. (Chryseis Califoraica, of Lindl. and of 1st edit.) St. branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; cal. ovoid, with a very short, abrupt acu- mination; pet. bright yellow, with an orange spot at base. A very showy annual, common in our gardens. Native of California, Oregon, &c. The foliage is smooth, abundant and rich, dividing in a twice or thrice pinnatifid manner into linear segments. Flowers 2' broad, f 2. E. CALIFORNIA. Hook. (Chryseis crocea, Lindl. and of 1st edit.') St. branching, leafy ; torus funnel-form, with a much dilated limb ; cal. obconic, with a long acumination; fls. orange-yellow. From California. Leaves and color of flowers as in the preceding, except the latter are more of a reddish- orange hue. f ORDER XII. FUMARIACEJE. -FUMEWORTS. Plants herbaceous, with brittle stems and a watery juice. Lvs. usually alternate, multifid, often furnished with tendrils. Fls. irregular, purple, white or yellow. Sep. 2, deciduous. Cor. Petals 4, hypogynous, parallel, one or both of the outer saccate, 2 inner cohering.at apex. Sta. 6, diadelphous ; Jil. dilated ; anth. adnate, extrorse, 2 outer l-celled, middle 2-celled. Ova. superior, l-celled ; sty. filiform ; stig. with one or more points. Fr. either an indehiscent nut l 2-seeded, or a pod-shaped capsule many-seeded. Sds. shining, ariled. Albumen fleshy. Genera 15, species 110,-some of them beautiful and delicate, inhabiting thickets in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. They possess no remarkable action upon the animal economy. 158 XII. FUMARIACEJS. CORYDALIS. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Fruit a pod-shaped capsule. . . Corydalis. 3 $ only 1 of the outer, sace. or spurred. (Fruit a subglobose nut. . . . Fumaria. 4 distinct, ( 2 outer equally saccate or spurred Dielytra. 1 Petals ( united, base bigibbous, apex 4-lobed. Climbing herbs. Adlumia. 2 1. DIELYTRA. Borkhausen. Gr. Sis, double ; e\vrpov, wing-case ; in allusion to the two spurs. Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, the 2 outer equally spurred or gibbous at the base ; stamens united in 2 sets of 3 in each j pod 2-valved, many-seeded. %. 1. D. CUCTJLLARIA. DC. (Corydalis Cucullaria. Pm.) Dutchman's Breeches. Rt. bulbiferous ; rac. 4 10-flowered, secund ; spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight. Woods, Can. to Ky. A smooth, handsome plant. Rhizoma bearing triangular, small, pale-red bulbs under ground. Leaves radical, mul- tifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong-linear segments, the petioles rather shorter than the scape. Scape slender, 6 10' high. Flowers scentless, nodding, whitish, at summit yellow. Pedicels short, axillary to a bract, and with 2 minute bracteoles near the flower. Spurs about as long as the corolla. April, May. 2. D. CANADENSIS. DC. (D. eximia. Beck. Corydalis Canadensis. Goldie.} Squirrel Corn. Dutchman's Breeches. St. subterranean, tuberiferous ; tubers globose ; rac. simple, secund, 4 6- flowered ; spurs short, rounded, obtuse, slightly incurved. A smooth, pretty plant, common in rocky woods, Can. to Ky. The rhizoma bears a number of roundish tubers about the size of peas, and of a bright-yellow color. Leaves radical, subglaucous, biternatc, the leaflets deeply pinnatifid, segments linear- oblong, obtuse, 5 8" long. Scape 6 8' high, bearing a few odd-looking flowers. Corolla white, tipped with yellow, 5" long. Calyx minute. Sta- mens 3 on each lip. May, Jn. 3. D. EXIMIA. DC. (Corydalis formosa. Ph.} Choice Dielytra. Rhizoma scaly-bulbiferous ; Ivs. numerous; rac. compound, the branches cymose ; spurs very short, obtuse, incurved ; stigma 2-horned at apex. A fine species, on rocks, &c., found by Dr. Sartwcll, in Yates Co., N. Y. (S. to N. Car.} Leaves radical, 10 15' high, somewhat triternate, with incisely pin- natifid segments, but quite variable. Scape 8 12' high, with several (4 8) cymes, each with 6 10 purplish, nodding flowers. Corolla 8 10" long, oroad at base. Bracts purplish, at base of pedicels. Jn. Sept. f 2. ADLUMIA. Raf. Named for John Adlum, Washington, D. C., a cultivator of the vine. Sepals 2, minute ; petals 4, united into a fungous, monopetalous corolla, persistent, bigibbous at base, 4-lobed at apex ; stamens united in 2 equal sets ; pod 2-valved, many-seeded. (D Climbing. A CIRRHOSA. Raf. (Fumaria fungosa. Willd. Corydalis. Pers.) Moun- tain Fringe. A delicate climbing vine, native of rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. Stem stri- ate, many feet in length. Leaves decompound, divided in a pinnate manner, ultimate divisions 3-lobed, smooth, their foot-stalks serving for tendrils. Flowers very numerous, in axillary, pendulous, cymose clusters, pale-pink. Calyx minute. Corolla slightly cordate at base, of 4 petals united into a spongy mass, cylindric, compressed, tapering upwards, 2-lipped. Fine for arbors. Jn. Aug.j- 3. CORYDALIS. DC. Greek name of the Fumitory, from which genus this was taken. Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, one of which is spurred at the base ; XIII. CRUCIFER^E. 159 stamens 6, diadelphous ; filaments united into 2 equal sets by their broad bases which sheath the ovary ; pod 2-valved, compressed, many- seeded. Lvs. cauline. Pedicels racemose, bractless. 1. C. GLAUCA. Ph. (Fumaria glauca. Curtis.') Glaucous Corydalis. St. erect, branched ; Ivs. glaucous, bipinnate, segments cuneate-obovate, 3- lobed ; pods linear, as long as the pedicels. (g). A smooth, delicate plant, in mountainous woods, Can. to N. Car., covered with a glaucous bloom. Root fusiform. Stem 1 4f high. Leaflets nearly 1' long and f wide, cut into 3 obtuse lobes. Flowers terminal, on the subpaniculate branches. Calyx of 2, ovate, acuminate sepals, between which, placed crosswise, is balanced the cylindrical, ringent corolla, beautifully colored with alternating shades of red and yellow. May Aug. 2. C. AUREA. Willd. (Fumaria aurea. Muhl.) Golden Corydalis. . branching, diffuse; Ivs. glaucous, bipinnate, lobed, the lobes oblong- linear, acute ; bracts linear-lanceolate, dentate, 3 times as long as the peduncle ; roc. secund, opposite the leaves and terminal ; pod terete, torulose. In rocky shades, Can. to Mo. S. to Ga. Stem 8 12' high, with finely divided leaves. Flowers bright yellow, about half as long as the torulose pods which succeed them. May Aug. 4. FUMARIA. Lat. fumus, smoke ; from its disagreeable smell. Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 4, unequal, one of them spurred at the base, filaments in 2 sets each with 3 anthers ; nut ovoid or globose, 1 -seeded and valveless. Lvs. cauline, finely dissected. F. OFFICINALIS. Fumitory. St. suberect, branched, and spreading ; Ivs. bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, cut into linear segments ; roc. loose ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the globose, retuse nut. A small, handsome plant, in sandy fields and about gardens, introduced from Europe. Stem 10 15' high, smooth as well as the leaves. Leaflets cut into segments dilated upwards. Flowers small, rose- colored, nodding, the pedicels becoming erect in fruit, and twice as long as the bracts. July, Aug. ORDER XIII. CRUCLFER^. CRUCIFERS. Plants herbaceous, very rarely suffruticose, with alternate leaves. Fls. yellow or white, rarely purple, without bracts, generally in racemes. Cal. Sepals 4, deciduous. [a cross. Cor. of 4 regular petals, their claws inserted into the receptacle, and their limbs spreading in the formol Sta. 6, 2 of them upon opposite sides, shorter than the other 4. [sepiment, stiff, two. Ova. cpmposed of two united carpels, with two parietal placentas united by a membranous ialse dis- Fr. a silique or silicle usually 2-celled. Sds. attached in a single row to each side of the placentas : -albumen 0. Embryo, with the two cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. Genera 173, species 1600. This is a very natural order, larger than any of the preceding. The greater part of the species are found in the temperate zones. About 100 are peculiar to this continent. Proper tics. The Cruciferae as a class are of much importance to man. They furnish several alimen- tary articles which are very nutricious, as the turnip, cabbage, cauliflower; several others are used as C9ndiments ; as mustard, radish, cochlearia, &c. They all possess a peculiar acrid, volatile principle, dispersed through every part, often accompanied by an etherial oil abounding in sulphur. They are also remarkable for containing more nitrogen than other vegetables, for which reason ammonia is generally evolved in their putrefaction. In medicine they are eminently stimulant and antiscorbutic. ISone are really poisonous, although very acrid. The root of Isatis tinctoria affords a blue coloring matter. 14* 160 XIII. CRUCIFER^. FIG. 40. 1. A flower of Sinapis nigra. 2. The stamens (4 long and 2 short) and pistil. 3. Plan of the flower, stamens in 2 rows, outer row half wanting. 4. A silique, 5, partly open, showing the septum with seeds attached. e.Cross section of aseed, cotyledons conduplicate (0>. 7. Flower (enlarged) and leaf of Capsella. 8. A silicle, 9, open, showing the narrow septum with seeds. 10. Cross section of a seed, cotyledons incumbent (0 ti). 11. Section of a winged seed of Arabis Canadensis, cotyledons acc umbent li. Conspectus of the Genera. * Ornamental exotics not culinary.' f Silicle \ Some of the stamens toothed. . . Alyssum. 8 < 2-celled . ( Stamens all toothless Lunaria. 9 < Petals eaual. f Silicle 1-celled, 1-seeded. . Isatis. li Fruit siliculose ; 1 Petals unequal, the 2 outer ones larger Iberia. 10 C Sti(Tmn panitntp C'.'h pirn nth tut 91 { Seeds flat(0 ) \ Stigmas cornute Matthiolft. 22 Fruit siliq ii/yap / Stppria nvniH ^Oi!> Hnlvv fnrrnwp.fi nt, bflSfi. JJwnp.r-J.t 1ft ** Plants native or naturalized, and culinary exotics. < 4 00-seeded. . Thlasvi. \ f ovate and $ emarginate, (. 2-seeded. Lepidiutn. 3 1 compressed, { entire at the apex. Draba. 4 < ovoid or <, Leaves cauline. Cochlearia. 5 ( Silicle j globose. Leaves radical. Subularia. 6 Fruit . . Cardamine. 16 < bordered, ( OH. . Sisymbrium. 19 f Seeds in a ^ Pods linear. * Seeds bordered. Cheiranthus. 21 ) single row. I Pods lanceolate. Leaves few. Dentaria. 17 ("Valves | Seeds in a $ wingless Nasturtium. 12 Flowers i veinless. . I double row, winged on the margin. . Fruit j Valves with one central vein, flat, linear Turritis. 14 Arabis. 15 cyanic. .siliquose. 1 Valves 0. Silique indehiscent, transversely celled. Pods dehiscent. Raphanus. 6 Brassica. 4 ( globose. ( Pods indehiscent. Kaphamis. 26 ( Seeds in a < oblong (0-). Leaves lyrate. Barbarea. 13 f Calyx erect < single row, ( oblong (OH). Leaves undivided. 1 or closed. ( Seeds in a double row Erysimum. 20 Turritis. 14 'Fruit ) ( Seeds ovoid or oblong (Oil). Sisymbrium. 19 siliquose. 1 Calyx spreading. . ? Seeds globose (0). , Sinapis. 23 Flowers yellow. $ oblong or somewhat terete L Fruit siliculose, . . obovoid or subglobose Nasturtium. 12 Camelina. 7 SECTION I. SILICTJLOSJE. (^ 80, note.) 1. THLASPI. Dill. Gr. $AStf. taller; kds. subramose ; branches fleshy at the summit, consisting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. e. capitata. (Head Cabbage. York Cabbage.} St. short ; Ivs. concave, packed in a dense head before flowering ; roc. paniculate. % SECTION 3. L.OMENTACEJB. 25. CAKILE. Silicle 2-jointed, the upper part ovate or ensiform ; seed in the up- per cell erect, in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortive. (D Mari- time herbs. C. MARITIMA. Scop. (Bunias edentula. Bw.} Sea Rocket. Upper joint of the silicle ensiform or ovate-ensiform. Native of the sea- coast ! and of the lake shores of N. Y. A smooth, succulent plant, branching and procumbent, 6 12' long. Leaves sinuate-dentate, oblong-ensiform, cadu- cous. Flowers on short, fleshy peduncles, in terminal spikes or racemes, co- rymbosely arranged. Petals purple, obtuse at end. Silicle smooth, roundish, lower joint clavate- obovate upper with one elevated line on each side. Jl. Aug. 26. RAPHANUS. Gr. pa, quickly, (fat i/w, to appear from its rapid growth Calyx erect ; petals obovate, unguiculate ; siliques terete, torose, not opening by valves, transversely jointed or divided into cells; seeds large, subglobose, in a single series, . 15* 172 XIV. CAPPARIDACE^E. POLANISIA. 1. R. RAPHANISTRUM. Wild Radish. Lvs. lyrate; silique terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in maturity 1-celled, longer than the style. Naturalized in cultivated fields and by road-sides, but rare. Stem glaucous, branching, 1 2f high, bristly. Leaves rough, den- tate, petiolate or sessile. Calyx bristly. Pods yellow, blanching as they de- cay. Jn. Jl. 2. R. SATIVA. Garden Radish. Lower Ivs. lyrate, petiolate; silique torose, terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. A well-known salad root, from China. Stem 2 4f high, very branching. Lower leaves 6 10' long. Flowers white or tinged with purple. Pods 1 2' long, thick and fleshy. The principal varieties are the turnip radish, root subglobose ; common radish^ root oblong, terete ; black Spanish radish, root black outside. Jn. Aug. $ ORDER XIY. CAPPARIDACE^E. CAPPARIDS. Herbs, shrubs or even trees, destitute of true stipules. Lvs. alternate, petiolate, either undivided or palmately divided. Fls. solitary or racemose. Sep. 4. Cor. Petals 4, cruciate, unguiculate, hypogynous, more or less unequal. Sta. 612, or some multiple of four, almost perigynous. Toms small, often elongated, bearing a single gland. Ova. often stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Sty. united into one. Stig. discoid. Fr. either pod-shaped, and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Placenta usually 2. Sets, many, reniform. Albumen 0. Embryo curved. Cotyl. foliaceous. Genera 28, species 340, chiefly tropical plants. They are more acrid in their properties than the Cru- ciferae, but otherwise much resemble them. One species of Polanisia is used as a vermifuge. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Stamens 6 Cleome. 2. Torus minute ( Stamens 832 Polanisia. 3. Torus linear and elongated like a stipe. Stamens 6 Gynandropsis. 1. 1. GYNANDROPSIS. DC. Gynandria, a Linnean class, DI//IJ, appearance. Sepals distinct, spreading ; petals 4 ; stamens 6, the filaments ad- nate below to the linear, elongated torus its whole length ; pod linear- oblong, raised on a long stipe, which rises from the top of the torus. G.) than sepals, lateral ones bearded, lowest with 5 striae. May. i 21. V. TRICOLOR. Tricolored Violet. Pansey. Heart 1 s-ease. St. angular, dif- fuse ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, lower ones ovate-cordate, deeply crenate ; stip. runci- nately pinnatifid or lyrate, the terminal segment as large as the leaves ; spur short, thick. Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring, and latest in autumn. Flowers variable in size, the 2 upper (lower) petals purple, the 2 lateral white and with the lower, striate, all yellow at base, f 22. V. GRANDIFLORA. Great Purple Violet. St. 3-cornered, simple, procum- bent; Ivs. ovate-oblong, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; stip. lyrate-pinnati- fid ; fls. large. Native of Switzerland. A large and beautiful species, with dark purple flowers, 1 2' diam. Whole plant smooth, 612' long. Stipules J 1' long. Flowering all seasons but winter, f 2. SOLEA. Gingins. Sepals nearly equal, not auriculate ; petals unequal, the lowest 2- lobed and gibbous at base, the rest emarginate ; stamens cohering, the lowest 2 bearing a gland above the middle ; capsule surrounded at base by the concave torus ; seeds 6 8, very large. n\. Lvs. cau- line, alternate. S. CONCOLOR. Gingins. (Viola concolor. Ph.) Green Violet. A strictly erect plant, in woods, Western N. Y. to Mo., S. to Car. Stem DROSEFU. XVIII. DROSERACE^E. 179 1 2f high, simple, and, with the leaves, somewhat hairy. Leaves 46' by 1 j 2J', lanceolate, acuminate, subentire, tapering to short petioles. Peduncles very short, 1 5-flowered, axillary. Flowers small, greenish white. Calyx about as long as the corolla. Lower petal twice larger than the others. Cap- sule nearly I' in length. Apr. May. ORDER XVIII. DEOSERACE^E. SUNDEWS. Plants herbaceous, delicate, often covered with glands. Lvs. alternate, with stipulary fringes, circinate in vernation. _ Fed. when young, circinate. Sep. 5, persistent, equal, imbricate in aestivation. Cor. Petals 5, hypogynous, marescent. Sta. distinct, marescent usually equal in number to the petals. Ova. single. Sty. 35, either wholly distinct or slightly united, bind or branched. Fr. a capsule, i 3-celled, usually many-seeded. Sds. sometimes ariled. Genera 7, species 90, scattered over the whole globe, wherever marshes are found. Their leaves are usually furnished with glandular hairs, and are entire, alternate or crowded. Attached to this order is the genus Parnassia, regarded by some as forming a separate order. It is variously located by different botanists. We follow Torrey and Gray, after De Candolle, in placing it here. Some peculiarity exists in the arrangement and structure of the stamens in this genus, which will be mentioned farther on. No remarkable properties have been discovered belonging to plants of this order. Conspectus of tli/e Genera. ( 5 in number. Styles 35 Drosera. I $ hypogynous, all perfect and (. 1015 in number. Style 1 Dioneza. 2 Stamens { perigynous, inner row 5 perfect ones, outer row 5 groups of imperfect ones. . Parnassia. 3 1. DROSfiRA. Gr, fyoaos, dew; from the dew-like secretion. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, with ad- nate anthers ; styles 3 5, each 2-parted ; capsule 3 5-valved, 1- celled, many-seeded. Small aquatic herbs. 1. D. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Round-leaved Sundew. Lvs. radical, nearly round, depressed ; petioles hairy ; scapes erect, bear- ing a simple raceme. ( i|_ This curious little plant is not uncommon in bogs and muddy shores of ponds and rivers. It is at once distinguished by the red- dish glandular hairs with which the leaves are beset, and which are usually tipped with a small drop of a clammy fluid, appearing like dew glistening in the sun. Leaves small, lying flat on the ground, narrowed into the elongated petiole. Scape 5 8' high, at first coiled inward. Flowers arranged on one side, very small, white. Aug. 2. LONGIFOLIA. Long-leaved Sundew. Lvs. radical, spatulate and obovate, tapering at base into a long, smooth petiole ; scape bearing a simple raceme. Tj. A more slender and delicate spe- cies, in similar situations with the last. Leaves slender, ascending, cuneiform, oblong, crenate, beset with numerous hairs tipped with dew-like drops, length including the petiole 1 3'. Scape ascending at base, bearing a cluster of small, yellowish-white flowers, and arising 3 8'. Jn. Aug. 3. D. FILIFORMIS. Thread-leaved Sundew. Lvs. filiform, very long ; scape nearly simple, longer than the leaves, many-flowered ; pet. obovate, erosely denticulate, longer than the glandular calyx ; sty. 2-parted to the base. 7J. Grows in wet sandy places, much larger than the preceding species. The leaves are destitute of a lamina, are suberect, nearly as long as the scape, beset with glandular hairs except near the base. Scape about a foot high, with large, purple flowers. Aug. Sept. 4. D. LINEARIS. Goldie. Linear-leaved Sundew. Lvs. linear, obtuse ; petioles elongated, naked, erect ; scapes few-flowered, about the length of the leaves ; col. glabrous, much shorter than the oval cap- sule ; sds. oval, shining, smooth. (I) Borders of lakes, Can., Mich, to the Rocky Mts. Hooker. T. fy G. Scape 3 6' high, with about 3 small flowers. Leaves about 2" wide, clothed with glandular hairs, which are wanting on the petiole. Jl. Aug. 16 180 XIX. CISTACE^E. LECHEA. 2. DION^EA. Ellis. Dionaea is one of the names of Venus. Sepals 5, ovate, oblong, spreading ; petals 5, obovate, with pellucid veins ; stamens 10 15 ; style 1 ; stigmas 5, connivent, many-cleft ; capsules indehiscent, breaking irregularly, 1 -celled, many-seeded. ^ glabrous. JLvs. radical, sensitive, closing convulsively when touched. Scape umbellate. D. MUSCIPULA. Ell. Venus' Fly-trap. Native of the Southern States. Some- times cultivated in a pot of bog earth placed in a pan of water. Leaves rosu- late, lamina roundish, spinulose on the margins . and upper surface, instantly closing upon insects and other objects which light upon it. (See Part 1. 248.) Scape 6 12' high, with an umbel of 8 10 white flowers. Apr. May. j- 3. PARNASSIA. Tourn. Named for Mount Parnassus, the abode of the Muses, Graces, &c. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent; petals 5, persistent, nearly perigynous ; stamens perigynous, in 2 series, the outer indefinite in number, united in 5 -groups, sterile, the inner 5 perfect; capsule 1- celled. 4-valved ; seeds very numerous, with a winged testa. % herbs with radical Ivs. and \-flowered scapes. 1. P. CAROLINIANA. Grass of Parnassus. Sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, sur- mounted with little spherical heads ; pet. much exceeding the calyx, marked with green veins ; Ivs. radical or sessile on the scape, broad-oval, with no sinus at the base. An exceedingly elegant and interesting plant, growing in wet meadows and borders of streams, U. S. to Can. Root fibrous. Leaves about 7-veined, broad-oval or ovate, smooth, leathery, radical ones long-stalked, cau- line ones sessile, clasping, a few inches above the root. Scapes about If high, with a handsome regular flower about V diam. Jl. Aug. 2. P. PALUSTRIS. Lvs. all cordate, the cauline one (if any) sessile ; scales (bundles of sterile stamens) smooth, with numerous slender, pellucid setae. Bogs and lake shores, Mich, to Lab. and W. to the Rocky Mts. Scapes about 6' high, naked or with a single clasping leaf near the base. Flowers white. Sepals oblong-lanceo- late. Petals marked with 3 5 green or purple veins. Each scale is distin- guished by 10 15 whitish hair-like bristles. ORDER XIX. CISTACEJE. ROCK ROSES. Plants herbaceous or shrubby. Branches often viscid. Lvs. entire, opposite or alternate, usually feather-veined. F/s. white, yellow, or red, very fugacious, in one-sided racemes. Cal. Sepals 5, unequal, the 3 inner with a twisted aestivation. Cor. Petals 5, hypogynous, crumpled in aestivation. Sta. indefinite, hypogynous, distinct. Anth. innate. Ova. distinct, or many-celled. Sty. single. Stig. simple. [ceeding from the middle of the valves. Fr. capsular, either l-celled with parietal placentas, or imperfectly 3 5-celled, with dissepiments pro- Genera 7, species 1S5, found most abundant in the north of Africa or south of Europe. They possess no interest on account of their properties. Conspectus of the Genera. $ large and showy, or wanting HeHanthetnum. 2 Petals 5, ? minute. Delicate shrubs Htidsonia. 3 Petals 3, linear-lanceolate Lechea. 1 1. LECHEA. In memory of John Leche, a Swedish botanist. Sepals 5, the 2 outer minute ; petals 3, lanceolate, small ; stamens 3 12; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; pla- centae nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1 2-seeded. % Suffruticose^ branching plants. Stipules 0. HUDSONIA. XIX. CISTACE^E. 181 1. L. MAJOR. Michx. (L. villosa. Ell. L. minor. Linn.) Larger Pinweed. Erect, hairy ; branches villous, radical ones prostrate ; cauline Ivs. ellipti- cal, mucronate, those of the radical branches roundish, minute ; fls. small, nu- merous, in fasciculate racemes, somewhat 1-sided. In dry woods^ U. S. and Can. Stem 1 2f high, rigid, brittle, hairy, purple, paniculately branched. Leaves of the stem about 1' long, alternate, opposite, or even verticillate on the prostrate branches, crowded. Flowers brownish-purple, inconspicuous. Capsule roundish, about the size of a large pin-head. Jl. Aug. 2. L. MINOR. Lam. Smaller Pinweed. Erect, smoothish, branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle leafy, its branches elongated ; fls. in nearly simple racemes ; caps, rather large. Grows in dry, sandy grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 8 12' high, often decumbent at base. Stem leaves, 610" by 2 3", alternate, sparingly ciliate and revolute at the margin, those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers nearly twice as large as in L. major. Petals brownish purple, cohering at apex. Cap- sule also rather larger than in L. major. Jn. Sept. 3. L. THYMIPOLIA. Ph. Thyme-leaved Pinweed. Frutescent ; sts. decumbent at base, hoary with appressed hairs, very branching and leafy ; root Ivs. on the short radical branches, imbricate, ellipti- cal, very small ; cauline Ivs. linear or oblanceolate, often whorled. Sea-coasts, Mass. ! to N. J. Stem about If high, rigid and very bushy. Upper leaves about 1' long, erect and crowded. Flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, on very short pedicels. Petals brown. Capsules globose. Jl. Sep. 2. HELIANTHEMUM. Gr. lyXtof, the sun, avSos . a flower. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller ; petals 5, or rarely 3, sometimes abortive ; stamens 00 ; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule triangu- lar, 3-valved, opening at top ; seeds angular. Fls. yellow. 1. H. CANADENSE. Michx. (Cistus Canad. Willd.} F^rost Plant. Rock Rose. St. ascending ; branches erect, pubescent ; Ivs. alternate, without stipules, lanceolate, acute, hairy; petaliferous fls. few, large, terminal, apetalous ones late- ral, solitary or racemose. In dry fields and woods, Can. to Flor. Stem about If high, at length shrubby at base. Leaves 8 12" long, i as wide, entire, sub- sessile. Flowers with large bright yellow petals, in a terminal corymb. The axillary flowers later, very small, with very small petals, or apetalous. Sta- mens decimate. Capsule smooth, shining, those of the apet. fls. not larger than a pin's head. Seeds few, brown. Jn. Sep. 2. H. CORYMBOSUM. Michx. (Heteromeris cymosa. Spach.) St. branching, canescent, erect ; Ivs. lance-oblong, canescently tomentose beneath ; fls. in crowded, fastigiate cymes, the primary ones on elongated, filiform pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the calyx; sep. villous-canescent, outer ones linear, obtuse, inner ovate, acute. Sterile sands, N. J. to Ga. Plant somewhat shrubby, very tomentose when young, at length diffusely branched, about If high. Primary flowers about 1' diam. Secondary ones small, apeta- lous. Jn. Aug. 3. HUDSONIA. In honor of Wm. Hudson, author of " Flora Anglica." Sepals 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones at dase ; pe- tals 5 ; Stamens 9 30 ; style filiform, straight ; capsule 1 -celled, 3- valved, many-seeded. Low shrubs with very numerous branches, and minute exstipulate Ivs. 1. H. TOMENTOSA. Nutt. Doicny Hudsonia. Hoary-tomentose ; Ivs. ovate, imbricate, acute, shorter than the intervals of the stem ; fls. subsessile ; pet. obtuse. Shores of the ocean and lakes, N. J. to N. H. ! and Wise., &c. Plant consisting of numerous slender, ascending 182 XX. HYPERICACE^E. HYPERICUM. stems from the same root, and a multitude of tufted branches, all covered with whitish down. Leaves about 1 2" in length, closely appressed to the stem. Flower small, yellow, on pedicels not longer than the leaves. May. 2. H. ERicolDES. Heath-like Hudsonia. Hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. acerose-subulate ; ped. longer than the leaves, fili- form, hairy ; sep. acutish. A very delicate shrub, found in pine barrens, Mass, to Va. Stem f high, erect, with numerous short, compound, procumbent branches. Leaves needle-like, scattered, 2 4" long. Flowers yellow, shorter than the peduncles. Capsule oblong, pubescent. May. ORDER XX. HYPERICACEJE. ST. JOHN'S-WORTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with a resinous juice, and often with angular branches. Lvs. opposite, entire, mostly punctate with pellucid dots, and black glands. Slip. 0. Fls. perfect, mostly yellow, with cymose inflorescence. Cal. Sepals 4 5, distinct or cohering, persistent, unequal, dotted. Cor. Petals 45, hypogynous, aestivation twisted, veins oblique, dotted. Sta. hypogynous, indefinite, in 3 or more parcels. Anthers versatile. Ova. single, superior. Style slender. Stigma simple. Fr. a capsule or berry, many-celled. Seeds indefinite, minute. Genera 13, species 276, very generally distributed, presenting a very great variety in habit, and flourish- ing in all kinds of localities. The juice of many species is considered purgative and febrifugal. Conspectus of the Genera. $ o Hypericwm. 2. $5. Hypogynous glands (3 Elodea. 3. Petals and sepals ( 4. Hypogynous glands Ascyrum. 1. 1. ASCYRUM. Gr. a, privative, axvpos, roughness; i. e., a smooth plant. Sepals 4, the 2 outer usually larger ; petals 4 ; filaments slightly united at base into several parcels ; styles 2 4, mostly distinct ; cap- sule 1 -celled. Plants suffruticose. Lvs. punctate with black dots, Fls. yellow, 1 3, terminal on each branch. Pedicels bibracteolate. 1. A. CRUX- ANDREW. (A. multicaule, Michx.} St. Peters-wort. St. much branched at base ; branches suberect, ancipital above ; Ivs. obo- vate or linear-oblong, obtuse ; inner sep. minute, roundish ; pet. linear-oblong ; sty. 1 2. Sandy woods, N. J. to La. Stem about l&high, thickly clothed with leaves which are If' long, of very variable width. Flowers pale-yel- low, on very short pedicels, with 2 bracteoles close to the calyx. Petals ex- ceeding the sepals and stamens. July. 2. A. STANS. Michx. (A. hypericoides. Linn.) St. straight, erect, ancipital or winged, branched above ; Ivs. oblong, ob- tuse, sessile ; outer sep. cordate, orbicular, longer than the 2 lanceolate, interior ones; sty. 3. Swamps in pine barrens, N. J. to La. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 1 1J' long, J as wide, somewhat glaucous. Flowers usually 3 ^together, much larger than in the preceding. Yellow. Jl. Aug. 2. HYPERlCUM. Sepals 5, connected at base, subequal, leaf-like ; petals 5, oblique ; Stamens 00 (sometimes few) united at base into 3 5 parcels, with no glands between them ; styles 3 5, distinct or united at base, per- sistent. Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Lvs. punctate, with pellucid dots, opposite, entire. Fls. solitary, or in cymose panicles, yellow. * Stamens 20 100, polyadelphous. Herbs. 1. H. PYRAMIDATUM. Ait. (H. ascyroides. Willd.) Giant Hypcricum. St. branching, somewhat quadrangular; Ivs. sessile, oblong-ovate, acute, smooth; sty. as long as the stamens. 7J. A large flowering species, found on dry hills, also on river banks, Ohio and Penn. to Car. Stem 3 5f high, scarce- ly angular, smooth, rigid, herbaceous. Branches corymbose and erect, or late- HYPERICUM. XX. HYPERICACE^E. 183 ral, axillary, opposite. Leaves acute, not acuminate, those of the stem 2J 5' long, $ as wide, of the branches about half these dimensions. Flowers !' diam. Petals obovate, ' wide. Stamens capillary, 100 or more. Capsules 1' long, ovoid-conical, tipped with the 5 styles. Seeds 00. Jl. Aug. 2. H. PERFORATUM. Common St. John's-wort. St. 2-edged, branched ; Ivs. elliptical, with pellucid dots ; sep. lanceolate, half as long as the petals. Tj. A hardy plant, prevailing in pastures and dry soils, Can. and U. S., much to the annoyance of farmers. Stem 1 21 high, brachiate, erect, round, with 2 opposite, elevated lines extending between the nodes. Leaves 6 10" long, { as wide, ramial ones much sm?ller, all obtuse, the dots as well as veins best seen by transmitted light. Flowers numerous, deep yellow, in terminal panicles. Petals and sepals bordered with fine dark color- ed glands. Jn. Jl. 3. H. CORYMBOSUM. Muhl. (H. punctatum. Beck.) Spotted St. John's. St. erect, round, smooth, branching ; Ivs. clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, covered with black dots ; cymes terminal, brachiate, dense-flowered, corymbose ; sep. ovate, acute. Tj. In wet meadows and damp woods, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 1 2' long, nearly J as wide, with pellucid punctures be- sides the black dots. Flowers small, numerous, pale-yellow, petals nearly 3 times as long as the sepals, with oblong black dots. Stigmas orange -red, on distinct styles. Jn. Jl. 4. H. ANGULOSUM. Michx. St. simple below, corymbosely branched, above, sharply 4-angled ; Ivs. somewhat ovate, closely sessile, scarcely punctate ; cymes leafless, compound ; fls. alternate, solitary on the ultimate branches ; sep. lanceolate, acute, half as long as the petals. Tj. Cedar swamps, N. J. to Flor. Stem nearly 2f high. Leaves nearly 1' long, '- as wide, rather distant. Petals obovate, brownish-red, with a single lateral tooth near the apex. Jn. Aug. 5. H. ELLIPTICUM. Hook. (H sphaerocarpon. Bart.) Penn. Stem 816' high, slender, colored at base. Leaves 813" by 24", somewhat erect, about as long as the internodes. Cymes of about a dozen flowers, generally 1 2' above the highest pair of leaves. Central flowers sub- sessile. Petals acutish, orange-yellow, 2 3" long ; sepals shorter. Stigmas minute. July. * * Stamens 20 100, polyadelphous. Shrubs. 6. H. KALMIANUM. Kalm's St. Johrfs-vJart. St. corymbosely branched ; branches somewhat 4-sided, two of the angles slightly winged ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, very numerous, obtuse, attenuate at base ; cymes 3 7-flowered, fastigiate ; sep. half as long as petals. Rocks below Niagara Falls ! &c. A shrubby species a foot or more in height. Leaves an inch in length, slightly revolute on the margin, 1-veined, minutely and thickly punctate, sessile. Branches slender and delicate. Flowers yellow. Stamens very numerous. Aug. 7. H. PROLIFICUM. Branching ; branches ancipital; smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at base, crenulately waved at edge ; cymes compound, leafy ; sep. un- equal, leafy, ovate, cuspidate; pet. obovate. a little larger than sepals; sty. at length distinct. A highly ornamental shrub, 2 4f high, prairies and creek shores, Mid. and West. States ! Leaves 2 2' long, 4 -6" wide. Flowers f diam., orange-yellow, in an elongated inflorescence. Stamens 00. Jl. Aug. -f 0. T. & G. Lvs. much smaller ; capsule attenuate at summit. 8. H. ADPRESSUM. Barton. St. shrubby at base, 2- winged above ; Ivs. oblong-linear, sessile, with pellucid punctures ; fls. 15 20, in a leafless cyme ; sep. unequal, half as long as the oblong-obovate petals; sty. united: caps. 3-celled. Swamps, R. I.! Pa. 16* 184 XX. HYPERICACE^E. ELODEA. to Ark. About 2f high. Leaves 1 2' by 2 4", often somewhat lance-shaped. Flowers about 6" diam., with very numerous stamens. Aug. Sept. 9. H. AUREUM. Bertram. (H. amoenum. Ph.) Golden Hypericum. Branches spreading, ancipital ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base, glaucous beneath ; fls. few together, subsessile ; pet. coriaceous, reflexed ; sty. 3, connate, persistent on the ovoid- conic capsule. A beautiful shrub, 2 4f high, native of S. Car. and Ga. Flowers large, orange-yellow. Stamens 100 or more. Capsule red. Jn. Aug. 10. H. NUDIFLORUM. Michx. St. shrubby at base ; branches winged ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, sessile, obtuse ; cymes leafless, pedunculate; central Jis. shortly pedicellate; pet. obovate, longer than the linear sepals ; sty. united. Wet grounds, Penn. to La. Plant 1 2f high, with numerous 4-sided branches. Leaves thin, about 2' long, with minute reddish dots. Flowers small and rather loose in the cyme. Aug. j- * * * Stamens 5 20, distinct. 11. H. MUTiLUM. (H. quinquenervium. Walt.} . Small St. John j s-wort. St. erect, usually much branched, often subsimple, quadrangular ; Ivs. obtuse, ovate-oblong, clasping, 5-veined, minutely punctate ; cymes leafy ; pet. shorter than the sepals ; sta 612. Damp, sandy soils, Can. to Ga. W. to la ! Stem 3 6 9' high. Leaves closely sessile, apparently connate, 4 8" by 2 5", outer veins obscure. Flowers minute. Jl. Aug. 12. H. CANADENSE. Canadian St. John's-wort. St. quadrangular, branched ; Ivs. linear, attenuated to the base, with pel- lucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse ; sep. lanceolate, acute, longer than the petals ; sta. 510. Wet, sandy soils, Can. to Ga. Stem 815' high, slightly 4- winged. Lower branches opposite, upper pair forked. Leaves about 1' by 1 2", sometimes linear-lanceolate, radical ones obovate, short. Flowers small, orange-colored. Ovary longer than the styles. Capsule red, longer than the sepals. Jl. Aug. 13. H. SAROTHRA. Michx. (Sarothra gentianoides. Linn.} St. and branches filiform, quadrangular ; Ivs, very minute, subulate ; Jis. sessile. Dry fields and roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem 4 8' high, branched above into numerous, very slender, upright, parallel branches, apparently leaf- less, from the minuteness of the leaves. Flowers very small, yellow, succeeded by a conical, brown capsule which is twice the length of the sep. Jl. Aug. 14. H. DRUMMONDII. Torr. & Gray. (Sarothra. Grev. fy Hook.) Branches alternate, square above ; Ivs. linear, very narrow, acute, longer than the in tern odes ; /s. pedicellate; sta. 10 20; sep. lanceolate, shorter than the petals, but longer than the ovate capsule. Near St. Louis, &c. Plant more robust than the last, nearly If high, very branching. Leaves \' long. Flowers about 4" diam. 3. ELODEA. Adans. Gr. eXwdrjs, marshy; from the habitat of the plants. Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base ; petals 5, deciduous, equilateral ; stamens triadelphous, the parcels alternating with 3 hy- pogynous glands ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3-celled. % Herbs with peUiucid-punctate leaves, the axils leafless. 1. E. VIRGINICA. Nutt. (E. campanulata. Ph. Hypericum. Linn.) St. erect, somewhat compressed, branching ; Ivs. oblong, amplexicaul ; sta. united below the middle, with 3 in each set. Swamps and ditches, U. S. and Can. Whole plant usually of a purplish hue, 9 20' high. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, upper ones lanceolate, lower oblong-ovate, all very obtuse, glaucous beneath. Cymes terminal and axillary. Flowers 5" diam., orange- yellow. Petals about twice longer than the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange- colored. Capsules ovoid-oblong, acutish. Jl. Sept. 2. E. PETIOLATA. Pursh. (Hypericum. Walt.) Lts. oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole ; fls. mostly in 3s, axillary, SPERGULA. XXII. ILLECEBRACE^E. 185 nearly sessile ; JU. united above the middle ; capsules oblong, much longer than the sepals. Swamps, N. J. to Ky. Stem about 2f high. Leaves 13' long, rounded-obtuse. Flowers smaller than in the last, of a dull orange-color. Aug. Sept. ORDER XXII. ILLECEBRACE^E. KNOTWORTS. Plants herbaceous or auffruticose, branching. Lvs. sessile, entire. Stipules and bracts scarious. Fls. minute. Cat. Sepals 5, distinct or coherent at base, persistent. Cor. Petals minute, inserted between the sepals, often wanting, Sta. equal in number to the sepals (sometimes less or more) inserted into the pengynous disk. Ova. superior, l-relled. Sty. 25, either partially or wholly combined. Fr. a utricle, sd. solitary, attached to base of cell; or a many-seeded capsule. Genera 24, species 100, found mostly around the Mediterranean. Seven of the genera have been found in N. America. A slight astringency is their only known property. Conspectus of the Genera. 1 (or sterile filaments none Anycfna. 1 ^minute, resembling sterile filaments Paronychia. 2 Petals ( conspicuous, white or rose-colored Spergula. 3 1. ANYCHIA. Michx. Gr. ovv^j the finger nail ; a supposed remedy for the maladies of that organ. Calyx of 5, ovate-oblong, connivent sepals, callous, subsaccate at the apex ; corolla ; filaments 2 5, distinct ; stigma subcapitate ; utri- cle enclosed in the sepals. CD Small herbs, with dichotomous branches. Lvs. stipulate. A. DICHOTOMA. Michx. (dueria Canadensis. Linn.} Forked Chickweed. St. at length much branched, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, cauline ones oppo- site, ramial ones alternate ; fls. about as long as the stipules, terminal ones subfasciculate. Dry woods and hills, Can. and N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 4 10' high, round, slender, pubescent above, with dichotomous, filiform branches. Leaves 2 8" by 2", acute or obtuse, with ovate-acuminate, scarious stipules at base situated at each fork of the stem. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in ter- minal clusters of 3 or more, very small, white. Jn. Aug. /?. capittacea. Torr. Smooth ; branches capillary ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, cunei- form at base. la. ! 111. ! 2. PARONYCHIA. Tourn. Etymology similar to the foregoing. Sepals united at base, acuminate-cuspidate at apex, the lining membrane colored and cucullate or saccate at summit ; petals (sterile fil. ?) very narrow and scale-like ; stamens 5 ; styles more or less united ; stigmas 2 ; utricle 1-seeded included in the calyx. 1. P. JAMES ii. Torr. & Gray. Caespitose, much branched; Ivs. linear-subulate, scabrous fls. few, in small, dense, dichotomous cymes, the central ones sessile ; pet. (or setae) alter- nate with the fertile filaments; sep. linear, with a minute cusp. Prairies, Mason Co., 111. Mead. R. Mts. James. Nutt. Stems about f long. Flowers small. 2. P. DICHOTOMA. Nutt. (Achyranthes. Linn.} Caespitose, densely branching ; Ivs. acerose-mucronate, glabrous, 2-grooved each side ; cymes compound, diffuse, without central fls. ; setce much shorter than the stamens. Rocks, Harper's Ferry. Stems 6 12' high. Leaves 1' by i", crowded. Style bifid i its length. Jl. Nov. 3. SPERGULA. Lat. spergo, to scatter ; from the dispersion of the seeds. Sepals 5, nearly distinct; petals 5, entire ; stamens 5 10; styles 3 5 ; capsules superior, ovate, 3 5-valved, many-seeded. CD Herbs with flowers in loose cymes. Lvs. stipulate. 186 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 1. S. ARVENSIS. Corn Spurry. Lvs. verticillate, linear-subulate ; sta. 10 ; sty. 5 ; ped. reflexed in fruit ; sds. reniform, angular, rough. A common weed in cultivated grounds, Can. to Ga. Root small. Stem round, branched, with swelling joints, beset with copious whorled leaves, somewhat downy and viscid. Two minute stipules under each whorl. Cyme forked, the terminal (central) peduncles bending down as the fruit ripens. Petals white, longer than the calyx, capsule twice as long. Seeds many, with a membranous margin. May Aug. $ 2. S. RUBRA. T. & G. (Arenaria rubra. Linn.) St. decumbent, much branched ; Ivs. linear, slightly mucronate ; stipules ovate, membranous, cleft ; sep. lanceolate, with scarious margins ; pet. red or rose-color ; sty. 3 ; sds. compressed, angular, roughish. A common and varia- ble species, found in sandy fields ! Can. to Flor. &c. Stems a few inches in length, slender, smooth, spreading on the ground, with small, narrow leaves and dry, sheathing stipules. Flowers small, on hairy stalks. May Oct. ORDER XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^l. CLOVEWORTS. Herbs, with the stems swelling at the nodes. Lvs. opposite, entire, destitute of stipules. FIs. regular. Cal. Sepals 45, distinct, or cohering in a tube, persistent. Cor. Petals 45, (sometimes none) either unguiculate and inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or without claws and inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk. Sta. twice as many as the petals, rarely equal or few ; anthers introrse. Ova. often stipitate. Styles stigmatose the whole length of their inner surface. Fr. a l-celled capsule or imperfectly 2 5-celled, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there are stigmas. Seeds numerous. Genera 53, species 1055. Eleven of the genera are North American, the remainder are found in the temperate and frigid climates of the Eastern Continent. Properties unimportant. The order is noticeable chiefly for the beauty of a few of the cultivated species. FIG. 41. 1. Lychnis diurna. 2. Vertical section, exposing the 5 styles, the placenta and seeds of the l-celled capsule. 3. A petal, with its long claw, its bind lamina, and its 2-toothed crown. 4. Cross sec- tion of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 5. Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading cyme. 6. A flower enlarged calyx not tubular. Conspectus of the Genera. Calyx fnot tubular. ' Styles 3. Styles 4. , Styles 5. [ Styles 2. <> Sepals partly united. < entire. I Sepals entirely distinct. < Petals 5 ,\ bifid. ..... J Petals Petals 45 or 0, entire Petals 5, bifid < Calyx calyculate with 24 scales at base. ( Calyx without scales at the base . Adenarinm. 4 . Arenaria. 3 . Stellaria. l , Mollugo. 6 . Sagina. 5 . Cerastium. 2 . Dianthus. 10 . Saponaria. 9 Styles 3. . Silene. 7 .tubular. Styles 5. . Lvchnis. 8 CERASTIUM. XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 187 TRIBE 1. ALSINEJ3. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without daws inserted on the outside of the disk. Stainens inserted on the margin of the disk. 1. STELLARIA. Lat. Stella, a star : from the stellate or star like flowers. Sepals 5, connected at base ; petals 5. 2-parted ; stamens 10, rarely fewer; styles 3, sometimes 4; capsule superior, 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Small grass-like herbs^ in moist, shady places. Fls. in forked cymes. 1. S. MEDIA. Smith. (Alsine. Linn.} ChicTcweed. Lvs. ovate ; st. procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line ; sla. 3 5 or 10. A common weed in almost every situation N. of Mex., flowering from the beginning of spring to the end of autumn. Stems prostrate, branched, brittle, round, jointed, leafy, and remarkably distinguished by the hairy ridge extending from joint to joint, in an alternate manner. Flowers small, white. The seeds are eaten by poultry and the birds. 2. S. LONGIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. graminea. Bto.) Lvs. linear, entire; cyme terminal, spreading, with lanceolate, scarious bracts; col. 3-veined, about "equal to the petals. U. S., N. to Arc. Circ. The stems are of considerable length, very slender and brittle, supported on other plants and bushes. Leaves alternate at base. Flowers in a divaricate, naked cyme, very elegant, white, appearing in 10 segments like the other species. Three acute, green veins singularly distinguish the sepals. Jn. Jl. 3. S. PUBERA. Michx. St. decumbent, pubescent in one lateral or two ppposite lines ; Ivs. ob- long-oval, acute, sessile, somewhat ciliate ; fls. on short, filiform, recurved pedi- cels. 7J. In rocky places, Penn. and Ky. to Ga. Stem 6 12' long, often dif- fusely spreading. Leaves 1 2f' by 4 10", with minute, scattered hairs. Flowers ' diam., axillary and terminal, large, with 10 stamens and 3 styles. Apr. Jn. 4. S. LONGIPES. Goldie. (S. palustris. Rich. Micropetalon. Pm.) Smooth and shining; st. more or less decumbent, with ascending branches ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, broadest at base, acute ; peduncles and pedicels filiform, cymose, with ovate, membranous bracts at base ; sep. with membran- ous margins, obscurely 3-veined, scarcely shorter than the petals. Ij. Lake shores, N. Y. ! and Mich. Petals white, 2-parted. Flowers in loose cymes, the terminal peduncle, or the middle one, the longest. Jn. Aug. 5. S. BOREALIS. Bigelow. (S. lanceolata. Torr. Micropetalon. Pers.) St. weak, smooth ; Ivs. veinless, broad-lanceolate, acute ; pe'd. at length axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; pet. 2-parted (sometimes wanting), about equal to the veinless sepals. (J) Wet places. N. H., N. Y., N. to Artie Am. A spread- ing flaccid plant. Stem 6 12 15' long, with diffuse cymes both terminal and axillary. Leaves 8 15" long, 1-veined. Petals when present white, small, at length about as long as the lanceolate, acute sepals. Capsules longer than the calyx. Jn. Jl. 6. S. AauATiCA. Pollich. (S. borealis. Darl.} Nearly glabrous; st. slender, decumbent; Ivs. .oblong, acute, with mani- fest veinlets ; sep. lanceolate, very acute, 3-veined, rather longer than the bifid petals ; caps, ovoid, about equaling the calyx ; sty. 3. Tj. Swampy springs, Penn. Dr. Darlington. Md. Dr. Robbins. Also Rocky Mts. A very slender plant, 6 12' long, with inconspicuous flowers. Leaves 6" by 2 3". May. 2. GERASTIUM. Linn. Gr. Kepas, a horn ; from the resemblance of the capsules of some of the species. Calyx of 5, ovate, acute sepals ; corolla of 5 bifid petals ; stamens 188 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. ARENAHIA. 10, sometimes 5 or 4, the alternate ones shorter; styles 5; capsule superior, cylindrical or roundish, 10-toothed; seeds numerous. * Petals scarcely longer than the calyx. 1. C. VULGATUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Hairy, pale green, csespitose; Ivs. attenuated at the base, ovate, or obo- vate-obtuse ; fls. in subcapitate clusters ; sep. when young, longer than the pedi- cels. (D Fields and waste grounds, Can. and U. S., flowering all summer. Stems 6 12 7 long, ascending, mostly forked. Leaves 5 8" by 3 5", mostly very obtuse, lower ones tapering to the base. Flowers in dense, terminal clus- ters, the terminal (central) one solitary, always the oldest. Sepals mostly green, a little shorter than the corolla. Petals white, appearing in 10 segments. 2. C. VISCOSUM. (and C. semidecandrum. Linn.*) Sticky Chickweed. Hairy, viscid, spreading; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute; fls. in loose cymes ; sep. scarious and white on the margin and apex, shorter than the pedicels. 1\. Fields and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Plant more deeply green than the last. Stems many, assurgent, dichotomously-cymose. Leaves 5 9" long, i as wide, radical ones subspatulate. Flowers white, in diffuse cymes. Petals hardly as long as the sepals, obovate, bifid. Jn. Aug. 0. semidecandrum. T. & G. Stamens 5. Mass, to la. ! ** Petals much longer than the calyx. 3. C. ARVENSE. (C. tenuifolium. Ph.) Field Chickweed. Pubescent, somewhat caespitose ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, often longer than the intern odes ; cyme on a long, terminal peduncle, few flowered ; pet. more than twice longer than the calyx ; cap. scarcely exceeding the sepals. Rocky hills. Stems 4 10' high, decumbent at base. Leaves 9 15" long, 1 2" wide. Flowers white, rather large. Capsule usually a little longer than the calyx. May Aug. 4. C. OBLONGIFOLIUM. Torr. (C. villosum. Muhl.} Villose, viscid above ; st. erect or declined ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, most- ly obtuse, and shorter than the internodes ; fls. numerous, in a spreading cyme ; pet. twice as long as the sepals; cap. about twice as long as the calyx. 1\. Rocky places. Stems 6 10' high, thick. Leaves 9 12" by 3 5", tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Flowers larger than either of the fore- going, white, in two or three-forked cymes. Apr. Jn. 5. C. NUTANS. Raf. Viscid and pubescent ; st. weak, striate-sulcate, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, narrow, shorter than the internodes ; fls. many, diffusely cymose, on long, filiform, nodding pedicels ; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx. (D Low grounds, Vt. to 111. ! and La. Pale green and very clammy. Stems 8 15' high, branched from the base. Leaves 1 2' long, % as wide. Flowers white. Cap- sules a little curved, nearly thrice longer than the calyx. May. 3. ARENARIA. Lat. arena, sand ; in which most species grow. Sepals 5, spreading; petals 5, entire; stamens 10, rarely fewer; styles 3 ; capsule 3-valved, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Fls. terminal. Sty. rarely 2 or 4. 1. A. SQARROSA. Michx. Caespitose ; si. few-flowered ; lower Ivs. squarrose-imbricate, crowded, upper ones few, all subulate, channeled, smooth; pet. obovate, three times longer than the obtuse, veinless sepals. 1|_ In sandy barrens, N. Y. Bobbins, to Ga. Stems 6 10' high, pubescent, much divided at base into simple branches. Leaves about J' long, obtuse, sessile. Flowers white, in small terminal cymes. Sepals green. Capsules obtuse. Apr. Sept. 2. A. STRICTA. Michx. Straight Sandwort. Glabrous, diffuse ; st. branched from the base ; Ivs. subulate-linear, erect ; pet. much longer than the calyx ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3- veined ; cymes SAGINA. XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 189 few-flowered, with spreading branches. QJ. Sterile grounds, Arc. Am. to Car. Stem 810' high. Leaves 5 8" long, very narrow and acute, rigid, sessile, 1-veined, much fasicled in the axils. Petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as the sepals, white. May, Jn. 3. A. GREENLANDICA. Spreng. (A. Glabra. Bw.} Greenland Sandwort. Glabrous ; sts. numerous, low, filiform, suberect ; Ivs. linear-subulate, flat, spreading; pedicels 1-flowered, elongated, divaricate; sep. veinless, ovate, obtuse, membrane-margined, much shorter than the petals. 7J- Summits of high mountains, N. H ! N. Y., N. to Greenland. It grows in tufted masses, con- sisting of exceedingly numerous stems about 3' high, and sprinkled over with large (8" diam.) white flowers with yellow stamens. Aug. 4. A. SERPYLLIFOLIA. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. St. dichotomous, spreading ; Ivs. ovate, acute, subciliate ; cal. acute, sub- striate ; pet. shorter than the calyx ; caps, ovate, 6-toothed. By roadsides, and in sandy fields, Ms. to Ga. Stems numerous, downy, with reflexed hairs, a few inches in length. Leaves 2 3" long, J as wide. Flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. Petals white, oval, mostly much shorter than the 3 5-veined, acuminate, hairy sepals. Jn. 5. A. LATERIFLORA. Side-flowering Sandwort. Erect., slightly pubescent ; Ivs. oval, obtuse ; ped. lateral, 2 3-flowered. Tj. A slender, upright species, found in damp, shady grounds, N. States, and Brit. Am. Stem 6 10' high, nearly simple. Leaves elliptical, rounded at each end, 6 10" long, as wide, on very short petioles. Peduncles terminal and lateral, 23' long, dividing into 2 or more filiform pedicels, one of them with 2 bracteoles in the middle. Flowers 4" diam., white. Petals more than twice as long as sepals. Jn. 3. ADENARIUM. Raf. Sepals 5, united at base ; petals 5, unguiculate^ entire ; stamens 10, inserted into a glandular disk ; styles 3 5 ; capsule 3 5-valved, many-seeded. (D Herbs of the sea-coast^ with fleshy leaves. A. PEFLolDEs. DC. (Arenaria. Linn. Honckenya. Ekrk. and 1st. edit.} Sea Chickweed. Very fleshy ; st. creeping, with erect, subsimple branches ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, veinless, exceeding the petals. Abundant on the Atlantic coast ! N. J. to Lab. Upright stems a foot high. Leaves 5 7 10" long, as wide, abruptly pointed, clasping at base, shorter than the internodes. Flowers small, white, axillary, on short pedicels. Jl. 5. SAGlNA. Lat. sagina, any kind of food or nourishment, Sepals 4 5, united at base ; petals entire, 4 or 5, or ; stamens 4 10 ; styles 4 5 ; capsule 4 5-valved, many-seeded. Fls. solitary. 1. S. PROCUMBENS. Creeping Pearlwort. St. procumbent ; glabrous ; pet. very short ; sta., sep. and pet. 4 or 5. greenish Drupes acid. Jl. . ft. leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate. N. Y. Barratt. 4. R. VENENATA. DC. (R. vernix. Linn.') Poison Sumac. Dog-wood. Very glabrous ; Ifts. 3 6 pairs, oval, abruptly acuminate, very entire ; panicles loose, pedunculate ; drupes greenish-yellow, smooth. A shrub or small tree of fine appearance, 10 15f high, in swamps, U. S. and Can. Trunk seve- ral inches diam., with spreading branches above. Petioles wingless, red, 6 10' long. Leaflets about 3' long, nearly as wide, sessile, except the odd one. Panicles axillary, 9 fasicled; Jr. subglobose, 4-seeded. A shrub, 10 I5f high, in mountains and woods, Mass, and N. Y., rare. Leaves nearly smooth, 1 2' long, as wide, in crowded clusters at the ends of the branchlets. Flowers small, numerous, green. Sepals reflexed, petals entire. Fruit black, globose, and with the inner bark, powerfully cathartic. This shrub is sometimes used for hedges. XL VII. LEGUMINOS^E. 217 2. R. ALNIFOLIUS. L'Her. (R. franguloides. Michx.} Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Shrub erect, with unarmed branches; Ivs. oval, acuminate, serrate, pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; ped. aggregate, 1-flowered ; fls. mostly pentan- drous ; cat. acute; sty. 3, united, very short ; fr. turbinate, black. A shrub 2 4f high, common in rough pastures and hills, Penn. to Can. Leaves 1 3' long, J as wide, acute at base. Flowers mostly apetalous. Berries about as large as currants, black, 3-seeded. May, Jn. 2. CEANOTHUS. Calyx tubular, campanulate, 5-cleft. separating transversely after flowering ; petals 5, saccate-arched, with long claws ; stamens mostly exserted ; style mostly 3-cleft ; capsule obtusely triangular, 3-celled, 3-seeded, surrounded at base by the persistent tube of the calyx. Shrubby and thornless. 1. C. AMERICANTJS. Jersey Tea. Red-root. L/vs. oblong-ovate, serrate, 3- veined; panicles axillary, elongated. A small shrub, with a profusion of white blossoms, found in woods and groves, U. S. Very abundant on the barrens at the West. Stems 2 4f high, slender, with reddish, round, smooth branches. Leaves thrice as long as broad, very downy, with soft hairs beneath. Flowers minute, white, in crowded panicles from the axils of the upper leaves. Stamens enclosed in the curiously vaulted corolla. The root, which is large and red, is sometimes used for coloring. The leaves have been used as a substitute for tea. Jn. 2. C. OVALIS. Bw. Oval-leaved Ceanothus. Lies, oval-lanceolate, with glandular serratures, 3-veined, veins pubescent beneath ; thyrse corymbose, abbreviated. Burlington, Vt, Bobbins, W. to Mich. Shrub 2 3f high. Leaves smooth and shining, 1 3' long, as wide, most- ly acute at each end, crenately serrate, the serratures tipped with black, glan- dular points. Thyrse short, almost hemispherical, !' diam. Flowers white, larger than those of the last. May. ORDER XL VII. LEG-UMINOS.3E. LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Lvs. alternate, usually compound, ^margins entire. Stipules 2, at the tumid base of the petiole. Stipels commonly 2. Cal. Sepals generally 5, more or less united, often unequal. Cor. Petals 5, either papilionaceous or regular, perigynous. Sta. diadelphous, monadelphous or distinct. Anthers versatile. Ova. superior, single and simple. Style and stigma simple. Fr. a legume, either continuous (1-celled), or (a lament) jointed into 1-seeded cells. Sds. solitary or several, destitute of albumen. The genera and species of this vast order were estimated by Mr. Bentham, in 1845, as follows Suborder 1. Papilionaceae, 350 genera, 4800 species. 2. Cffisalpineae, 88 ' 700 ' 3. Mimoseae, 29 1000 ' Total, 467 " 6500 " Geography. The Leeuminoseae are distributed throughout all lands, with the exception of a few unimportant islands, from the equator to either of the frigid zones. Of its 6500 species now known, about 350 are natives of the United States and Territories. Properties. No family of the vegetable kingdom possesses a higher claim to the attention of the naturalist than the Leguminosae. whether we regard them as objects of ornament or utility. Of the former we might mention the splendid varieties of Cersis, with their purple flowers, the Acacias, with their airy foliage and silky stamens, the pride of India, Colutea and Cassalpina, with a host of others, which, like the sweet pea, are redolent with perfume. Of the latter, the beans, peas, lentils, clover and lucerne, are too well known to require particular commendation. Among timber trees the Rosewood (a Brazilian species of Mimosa), the Laburnum, whose wood is durable and of an olive -green color, and the locust (Robinia) of our own country, are pre-eminent. The following are a few of the important officinal products of this order. In medicine : liquorice is the product of the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra of S. Europe. The purgative senna consists of the leaves of Cassia senna, C. acutifolia, C. JEthiopica and other species of Egypt and Arabia. C. Marylandica is also a cathartic, but more mild than the former. The sweet pulp tamarind, is the product of a large and beautiful tree (Tamarindus Indica) of the E. and W. Indies. Resins and balsams : Gum Senegal is yielded by Acacia Verek of the river Senegal; Gum Arabic, by several species of Acacia of Central Africa : Gum Tragacynth, by Astragalus verus, &c., of Persia. Balsam Copaiva is the product of several species of Copaifera, natives of Brazil and W. India ; Balsam Tolu of Myospermum toluiferum, of Peru, and balsam Peru of M. peruiferum of the same country. Dyes, &c. : Indigo, the most valuable of all, (buta violent poison,) is the product of several southern species of Indigofera, as I. anil of the W. Indies, and I. argentea of Egypt. Brazil-wood, from Csesalpina Braziliensis. Log-wood, from Haematoxy- ion Campeachianum.of Campeachy, and Red-sandal-woodfrom Pterocarpus santalinus of Egypt, &c.,&c. 218 XLVII. LEGUMINOSJ3. FIG. 43. 1. Lathyrus odoratus. 2. The stamens, the upper one free, and with the style, turned upwards. 3. The legume. 4. A seed, showing the embryo with the two large cotyledons. 5. Hedysa- rum boreale, a leaf and jointed legumes (loments). 6. One of the joints open, showing the seed. 7. Trifolium pratense. 8. The legume and part of the calyx. 9. Section of the seed. 10. A flower enlarged. Conspectus of the Genera. * Corolla papilionaceous. l-celled. . Phaca.. 22 (turgid, . sub-2-celled. Astragalus. 21 Stem erect. Tephrosia. 13 C 00-seeded, . ( compr's'd. St. twining. Apios. 6 ( Stamens 5. ... Petalostemon. 17 ( Legumes ( l-seeded. .. {Stamens 10. . . . Dalea. 16 ( Sta. 5 & 5. . JEschynomene. 25 | $ Fls. racemed. . . ( Sta. 9 & 1. . Hedysarum. 26 f Herbs. . LLoment 2 10-jnt. (Flowers umbellate. . . . Coronilla. 24 ( Fls. yellow. Colutea. 12 ( Erect. . . ( Fls. blue. . Amorpha. 15 ( unarmed. . . ( Twining. Bracts colored. Wistaria. 7 I Shrubs and trees, .. (armed with stipular spines. . . . Robinia. 11 ( Seeds oval. Vicia. 2 (outside. . ( Sds. globose. Pisum. 4 \ < Style villous ( inside, next the free sta. Lathyrus. 1 Leaves I $ cirrhose. ( Style glabrous Ervum. 3 pinnate I abruptly, . (not cirrhose. Stem erect Vicia. 2 ( Calyx bibracteolate. . Lespedeza. 28 l-seeded, indehiscent. . Calyx naked. . .- . Psoralea. 14 2-seeded. None of the flowers apetalous. . . MeUJotus. 19 2-seeded in the apetalous flowers Amphicarpcea. 10 ( Keel and sta. circinate. i Cal.5-tootb.ed ( Keel long-clawed, . 00-seeded. ( Calyx 4-toothed i 2-jointed and one-seeded c several-jointed, several-seeded ( Leg. falcate or spiral. ( Stamens diadelph. (9 i : around, KCtprros, fruit; in reference to the ovary sheathed at base. Calyx tubular, campanulate, 4-toothed (or 5-toothed, the upper 2 united) with nearly equal segments ; petals oblong ; vexillum with the sides appressed ; stigma capitate ; ovary on a sheathed stipe ; legume flat, 2 4-seeded. (D Slender, twining. Lvs. pinnately trifo- liate. The upper Jls. complete, but usually barren, the lower apetalous and fruitful. A. MONOICA. Nutt. (Glycine monoica. Linn.') Pea Vine. St. hairy ; Ifts. ovate, acute, smooth ; roc. of the stem with pendulous, 224 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. TEPHROSIA. petaliferous, barren flowers ; radical ped. with apetalous, fertile flowers. A very slender vine, in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. Stem twining, rough backwards, 4 8f in length. Leaflets very thin, 1 3' long, | as wide, lateral ones oblique at base. Racemes axillary, few-flowered. .Flowers pale purple. CcPuline legumes smoothish, with 3 4 dark purple seeds. Radical legumes often subterraneous, with one large, compressed, brown seed. Jl. Sept. 11. ROBINIA. In memory of John Robin, herbalist to Louis XIV. Calyx short, campanulate, 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments more or less coherent ; vexillum large ; alee obtuse ; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ) ; style bearded inside ; legume compressed, elongated, many- seeded. Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Lvs. unequally 'pin- nate. Fls. showy, in axillary racemes. 1. R. PSEUDACACIA. Locust Tree. Branches armed with stipular prickles; Ifts. ovate and oblong-ovate; roc. pendulous, smooth, as well as the legumes. Native in Penn. and the more Southern and Western States, and abundantly naturalized in N. Eng. In the durability, hardness and lightness of its timber, and the beauty of its foliage and flowers, it is exceeded by few trees of the American forest. West of the Alleghanies it sometimes attains the height of 80f with a diameter of 3 or 4. In N. England it seldom exceeds half these dimensions. The pinnate leaves have a beautiful symmetry of form, each composed of 8 12 pairs of leaflets, with one at the end. These are oval, thin, nearly sessile, and very smooth. Flowers in numerous, pendulous clusters, diffusing an agreeable fragrance. Pod narrow, flat, with 5 or 6 small brown seeds. When young, the tree is armed with thorns which disappear in its maturity. May. 2. R. VISCOSA. Vent. Clammy Locust. Slipular spines very short ; branch- lets^ petioles and leg. glandular- viscid; Ifts. ovate; roc. crowded. This beauti- ful tree is from the South, where it attains the height of 40f. The flowers numerous, rose-colored, in erect, axillary clusters, with the thick, dark green foliage, "render this tree one of the most brilliant ornaments of the park or the garden. Apr. 3. R. HISPIDA. Rose Acacia. Stipular spines almost wanting ; shrub mostly hispid ; roc. loose, suberect. A beautiful shrub, native of the Southern States. It is cultivated in our gardens for the sake of its numerous, large, red flowers. Height 3 5f. May. 8. rosea has its branches nearly smooth. 12. COLUTEA. Calyx 5-toothed ; vexillum with 2 callosities, expanded, larger than the obtuse carina ; stigma lateral, under the hooked summit of the style, which is longitudinally bearded on the back side ; legume in- flated, scarious. Shrubs with unequally pinnate leaves. C. ARBORESCENS. Bladder Senna. Lfts. elliptical, retuse ; vex. shortly gib- bous behind. A hardy, free-flowering shrub, native of Italy, &c., growing almost alone on the summits of Mt. Vesuvius. Stems 8 12f high. Leaflets about 9. Flowers large, yellow, with a broadly expanded banner. In medi- cine the leaves are used instead of senna. Jn. Aug. -f 13. TEPHROSIA. Gr. retypes, ash-colored; in allusion to the color of the foliage. Calyx with 5, nearly equal, subulate teeth ; bracteoles ; vexillum large, orbicular ; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings ; stamens dia- delphous (in the following species) or monadelphous ; legume linear, much compressed, many-seeded. Herbs and shrubs, with unequally pinnate haves. AMORPHA. XL VII. LEGUMINOSJ3. 225 T. VIRGINIANA. Pers. (Galega. Linn.) Goat's Rue. Catgut. Erect, villous; Ifts. numerous, oblong, acuminate; roc. terminal, subses- sile ; Ug. falcate, villous. Tj. Plant 1 2f high, with beautiful white and pur- ple flowers, found in dry sandy soils, Can., la., 111., S. to Flor. Stem simple. Leaflets 1527, 10 13" by 2 3", mucronate, straight-veined, odd one oblong- obcordatc, petiolules 1" long. Stipules subulate, \' long, deciduous. Flowers large, in a dense, terminal raceme. Calyx very villous. Banner white, keels rose-colored, wings red. Jl. 14. PS OR ALE A. Gr. i//a>poAsoj, leprous or scaly ; alluding to the glandular dots. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate , segments acuminate, lower one longest ; stamens diadelphous, rarely somewhat monadelphous ; legume as long as the calyx, 1 -seeded, indehiscent. % or h Often glandular. Lvs. various. Stip. cohering with the base of the petiole. Fls. cyanic. 1. P. FLORIBUNDA. Nutt. Canescent, much branched, destitute of glands ; Ivs. palmately 3 5- foliate; Ifts. oblong-obovate, varying to linear; slip, setaceous; roc. slender, 40 50-flowered, twice longer than the leaves; pedicels as long as the flowers and longer than the small, ovate, acuminate bracts; vex. roundish; leg. smooth. Alluvial soil, 111. Mead. ! and Ark. W. to the Rocky Mts. Stem 2 4f high, the branches spreading. Leaflets 1 2' by 2 4", common petiole } 1' long. Flowers bluish purple, nearly as large (3" long) as in the two following. Jn. 2. P. ESCULENTA. Ph. Hirsute, erect, branching ; Ivs. palmately 5-foliate, Ifts. lanceolate ; spikes axillary, dense ; cal. seg. lanceolate, a little shorter than the corolla ; leg. ensi- form, beaked ; rt. thick and fusiform. 0. (P. ESCULENTA. Nutt.) Nearly acaulescent; Ifts. oblong-obovate. Mo. near the lead mines. Stem a few inches high. Leaflets 1 2' long, nearly half as wide. Flowers pale blue. The root is about 1' diam., rather insipid, but is eaten by the Indians, either raw or boiled. Jn. Jl. 3. P. EGLANDULOSA. Ell. (P. melilotoides. Mickx.} Si. much branched ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, finely dotted with glands ; spikes oblong ; bracts broadly-ovate, acuminate, and with the calyx hairy ; leg. roundish, transversely wrinkled. Dry soils, la. ! to Ark. Slender, 2f high, spreading. Leaflets 2 2i' long, as wide, obtuse, longer than the petioles. Flowers blue. Pods 2" diam. Jn. Jl. 4. P. ONOBRYCHIS. Nutt. Pubescent; Ifts. ovate, acuminate; roc. elongated; cal. much shorter than corolla, teeth small, obtuse, equal ; leg. ovate, transversely wrinkled. Low grounds and thickets, Western States ! Stem rigidly erect, nearly simple, 3 5f high. Leaflets 2 4' long, nearly as wide. Flowers small, pedicellate, blue. Pods exceeding the calyx, rostrate. Jn. Jl. 15. AMORPHA. Gr. a, privative, popQri, form; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla. Calyx subcampanulate, 5-cleft ; vexillum concave, unguiculate, erect ; wings and keel ; stamens exserted ; legume oblong, some- what curved at the point, scabrous with glandular points, 1 2-seeded. Shrubs or half-shrubby American plants. Lvs. unequally pinnate, punctate. Pis. bluish white, in virgate racemes. 1. A. FRUTICOSA. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, shrubby or arborescent ; Ifts. 9 13, oval, petiolulate, very obtuse, the lower pair remote from the stem ; cal. teeth obtuse, short, lower one acuminate and rather the longest ; leg. 2-seeded. A shrub or small tree, 6 16f higk, Wis. LapJiaml to La. and Flor., W. to Rocky Mts. Leaves 3 5' long, leaflets about 1' by ', rather remote from each other and 226 XLVII. LEGUMINOS.E. TRIPOLIUM. from the stem, petiolules scarcely 2" long. Spicate racemes terminal, solitary or fascicled, 34' long. Vexillum purple, emarginate. Jn. 2. A. CANESCENS. Nutt. Lead Plant. Suffruticose and canescently villose ; Ifts. small, numerous, and crowded, ovate-elliptical, subsessile, mucronate ; spikes aggregate ; fls. subsessile ; col. teeth equal, ovate, acute ; vex. bright blue ; leg. 1-seeded. A beautiful species, 2 4f high, in dry, sandy soils ! Wis. to La. and Rocky Mts., and is supposed to prefer localities of lead ore. Leaves 2 3' long. Leaflets coriaceous, 16 24 pairs, obtuse at base, 46" by 12". Spikes 23' long. Jl. Aug. 16. DALE A. In honor of Thomas Dale, an English botanist of the last century. Calyx subequally cleft or toothed ; petals unguiculate, claws of the wings and keel adnate to the staminate tube half way up 5 vexillum free, the limb cordate ; stamens 1 0, united into a cleft tube ; ovary 2- ovuled ; legume enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Mostly herbaceous and glandular-punctate. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stipels 0, stipules- minute, setaceous. Spikes mostly dense. D. ALOPECURolDEs. Willd. (D. Linnsei. Michx. Petalostemon. Ph.} Glabrous and much branched ; Ifts. 8 14 pairs, linear-oval, obtuse or retuse, mucronate, punctate beneath; spikes pedunculate, oblong-cylindric, ter- minal, silky ; bracts about equaling the acuminate segments of the calyx. Prairies and bottoms, 111. ! Mo., Car. Plant about 2f high, bushy and leafy and pale green. Leaflets not more than 4" by I 7 ', sessile, and nearly in mutual contact. Spikes 1 2' long. Vexillum white, -wings and keel pale violet. 17. PETALOSTEMON. Michx. Alluding to the union of the petals and stamens. Calyx 5-toothed, nearly equal ; petals 5, on filiform claws, 4 of them nearly equal, alternate with the stamens and united with the staminate tube; stamens 5, monadelphous ; tube cleft; legume 1- seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. 1\- Lvs. unequally pinnate, ex-stipellate. Fls. in dense, pedunculate, terminal spikes or heads. 1. P. CANDIDUM. Michx. ("Dalea. Willd.} Glabrous, erect; Ifts. 79, all sessile, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, glandular beneath; spikes on long peduncles; bracts setaceous; vex. broadly cordate, the other petals ovate. A fine-looking plant, in dry prairies Southern and Western States ! Stem 2 4f high, sparingly branched, slender. Leaflets 9 18" by 3 5", terminal one largest. Flowers small, white, crowded in dense spikes which are 1 3' long. Jl. 2. P. VIOLACEUM. Michx. (Dalea. Willd.} Minutely pubescent, erect; Ifts. 5, linear, glandular beneath; spikes pedunculate, oblong or subglobose ; vex. cordate, the other petals oblong, obtuse at base. A beautiful plant, of similar habits with the last. Stem slender, stri- ate, subsimple, 1 2f high. Leaflets about 1' by 1", all sessile. Spikes 18, very dense, !' long. Petals of a bright violet purple. Jl. Aug. 18. TRIFOL1UM. Tourn. Gr. TjOt^vXXoj/, (three-leaved); Lat. trifolivm; Fr. trejle; Eng. trefoil. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed, persistent ; petals more or less united at the base, withering ; vexillum reflexed ; alse oblong, shorter than the vexillum ; carina shorter than the alse ; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1) ; legume short, membranous, mostly indehiscent, covered by and scarcely longer than the calyx, 2 4-seeded ; seeds roundish. Herbs. Lvs. palmately trifoliate ; Ifts. with straight, scai reticulated veins. Flowers in dense heads or spikes. TRIFOLIUM. XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. 227 * Heads not involucrate. Flowers pedicellate, deflexed when old. 1. T. REPENS. Creeping or White Clover or Trefoil. Shamrock. St. creeping, diffuse; l/ts. obcordate, denticulate; stip. narrow, scarious; /ids. subumbellate, on very long, axillary peduncles ; leg. about 4-seeded ; col. teeth, shorter than the tube. 7J. In all soils, mountainous, meadow or rocky, throughout N. Am. Stems several from the same root, extending 6 12', root- ing at the joints. Peduncle angular, much longer than the leaves. Flowers white. May Sep. Highly valued for pasturage. 2. T. REFLEXUM. Buffalo Clover. Pubescent ; ascending or procumbent ; If is. obovate or oblong-obovate, serrulate, some of them emarginate; stip. leafy, semi-cordate; Ms. many-flow- ered; leg. about 4-seeded Tj-l Prairies and meadows, Western! and Southern States. Stem 8 16' high. Leaflets subsessile, 7 8" by 4 5"; petioles 1 2' long. Heads large and handsome. Peduncles 1 3' long. Vexillum rose- red. Apr. Jn. 3. T. STOLONIFERUM. Muhl. Running Buffalo Clover. Glabrous, creeping; branches axillary, ascending, short; Ifts. broadly obcordate, denticulate ; stip. leafy, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; fls. loose, um- bellate-capitate ; leg. about 2-seeded. 1\. Fields and woods, Western States ! Stems 6 12' long, several together. Branches 3 4' high, generally with one head, which is V diam. Leaflets 6 10" by 5 9". Flowers white, erect, but in fruit all reflexed. May, Jn. * * Heads not involucrate. Flowers never deflexed twr yellow. 4. T. ARVENSE. Hare's-foot Trefoil. Hds. cylindrical, very hairy ; calyx teeth setaceous, longer than the corol- la ; Ifts. narrow-obovate, (j) A low plant, abundant in dry, sandy fields. Stems much branched, round, hairy, 6 12' high. Leaves hairy, on short petioles, of 3 narrow leaflets, 1' long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, often red. Heads of white or pale red flowers, spiked, g !' long, very soft and downy, the slender, equal calyx teeth being densely fringed with fine, silky, reddish hairs, and projecting far beyond the corolla. Jl. Aug. Common in N. Eng. 5. T. PRATENSE. Common Red Clover. (Fig. 43, 7.) Spikes dense ; sts. ascending ; cors. unequal ; lower tooth of the calyx lon- ger than the four others, which are equal ; Ifts. oval, entire. (g) This is the common red clover, so extensively cultivated in grass lands, with herds-grass (Phleum pratense} and other grasses, and often alone. Stems several from the same root, hairy. Leaves ternate, the leaflets ovate, lighter colored in the cen- tre, entire and nearly smooth. Stipules ovate, mucronate. Flowers red, in short, ovate spikes or heads, sweet-scented. Corollas monopetalous. Flowers all summer. 6. T. MEDIUM. Zig-Zag Clover. St. suberect, branching, flexuous, nearly glabrous ; Ifts. oblong or ellipti- cal, subentire ; stip. lanceolate, acuminate ; hds. of fls. ovoid-globose, peduncu- late ; col. teeth setaceous, hairy. 7J. In meadows, Danvers, Mass. Oakes. Heads of flowers larger than in T. pratense. Corollas deep purple. Leaves of a uni- form green. 7. T. INCARNATUM. Fksh-colored Clover. St. erect, flexuous ; Ifts. ovate- orbicular, obtuse or obcordate, sessile, crenate, villous ; spikes dense, oblong, obtuse, leafless ; cal. teeth setaceous, villous. (I) A fine species from Italy, oc- casionally cultivated as a border flower, and has been proposed (Dr. Dewey, Rep. Herb. PI. Mass.) for cultivation as a valuable plant for hay. * * * Heads not involucrate. Flowers never deflexed, yellow. 8. T. PROCUMBENS. Yellow Clover or Trefoil. St. procumbent or ascending ; Ifts. obovate-cuneate, or obovate-orbicular, obtuse or retuse, denticulate, terminal one petiolulate ; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, much shorter than the petioles ; hds. small, subglobose, on shortish pe- duncles ; cor. yellow ; sty. 3 or 4 times shorter than the 1-seeded legumes. In dry soils, N. H. ! to Va. Stems many from the same root, slender, more or 20 228 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. MEDICAGO. less pubescent, striate, 3 10' long, often suberect. Leaflets 4 8" long, $ equally as wide, lateral ones placed 1 2" below the terminal one, petiole \ 1^' long. Heads about 20-flowered, 2 3" diam., on slender peduncles J !' long. Flowers at length reflex ed. Jn. Jl. 9. T. AGRARIUM. Field or Hop Trefoil. Yellmo Clover. St. ascending or erect ; Ifts. obovate-oblong, or oblong-cuneate, denticu- late, all subsessile ; stip. linear-lanceolate, cohering with and longer than the petiole ; hds. ovoid-elliptic, on long peduncles ; 2 upper col. segments shorter ; cor. yellow ; sty. about equaling the 1-seeded legume. (T) Sandy fields, N. Eng ! Stems 6 15' high, branched, minutely pubescent. Leaflets 5 10" by 13". Common petiole 3- 10" long, the upper ones shorter than their stipules. Heads of flowers twice larger than in the last, on peduncles !' long. Flowers at length reflexed. Jl. Aug. $ 19. M E LI L T U S. Tourn. Lat. mel, honey, and lotus ; in drying it exhales a sweet odor. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla deciduous, keel pe- tals completely united, shorter than the alse or vexillum ; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); legume rugose, longer than calyx, 1 few- seeded. Genus taken from Trifolium. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate, veins of the leaflets simple or forked. Fls. in racemes. 1. M. OFFICINALIS. Willd. (M. vulgaris. Ea.) Yellow Melilot. St. erect, with spreading branches ; Ifts. obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate ; rac. spicate, axillary, paniculate, loose; cal. half as long as the yellow corolla ; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid. Alluvial meadows. Stem sulcate, about 3f high. Leaf- lets smooth, with remote, mucronate teeth. Flowers in long, 1-sided, slender racemes. Petals of nearly equal length. The whole plant is sweet-scented. Jn. 2. M. LEUCANTHA. Koch. (Trifolium omcinale, /?. Linn. M. officinalis, 13 . alba, Nutt. and of 1st. edit.} White Melilot. Sweet-scented Clover. St. erect, branched; Ifts. ovate-oblong, truncate and mucronate at the apex, remotely serrate ; stip. setaceous ; cal. less than half as long as the white corolla; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid. (g) Alluvial soils. Stem robust, very branching, sulcate, 4 6f high. Leaflets 1 2' long, more obtuse at the apex than at base, mucronately serrate. Flowers numerous, the racemes more loose and longer than in the last. Petals unequal, banner longer than wings or keel. Very fra- grant when dried. Jl. Aug. $f 20. MEDICAGO. Name derived from Medea, its native country? Calyx 5-cleft, subcylindric ; keel of the corolla deflexed from the vexillum by the falcate or spirally coiled legume. Herbs with pal- mately trifoliate leaves. 1. M. LUPULINA. None-such. Spikes ovate ; kg. reniform, 1-seeded, veiny, rugose ; sts. procumbent. (1) Common in fields and road-sides, Can. to Flor. Stems angular, leafy, 6 16' long. Leaves resembling those of clover. Leaflets obovate, serrulate, mucro- nate. Spikes small, of yellow flowers. Pods somewhat spiral, a form which characterizes the genus. May Oct. 2. M. SATIVA. Lucerne Medick. Ped. racemed ; leg. smooth, spirally twisted ; stip. entire ; Ifts. oblong, toothed. 1\. A deep-rooting plant, sending up numerous, tall and slender clover- like shoots, with spikes of blue or violet flowers. Native of Europe, where it is highly valued as a forage plant. It has been naturalized and cultivated to some extent with us, but has hitherto proved of less value than clover. July. $ 3. M. INTERTEXTA. Hedge-lwg. Ped. about 2-flowered ; leg. cochleate, oval, with downy, setaceous, pubescent, reflexed, appressed prickles ; Ifts. rhomboidal, toothed. (J) Native of S. Europe. Cultivated as a garden flower for the curi- osity of its pods. About a foot in height. Flowers yellow. Jn. Aug. f STYLOSANTHES. XLV11. LEGUMINOS.E. 229 4. M. SCUTELLATA. Snail. Ped. 2-flowered; leg. unarmed, cochleate, or- bicular, convex at the base, flat above, with concentric, spiral folds. Q Native of S. Europe. Cultivated among flowers for the curiosity of its pods, which much resemble snail shells. July, f 06s. Several other species are equally curious with the above, and are sometimes found in our gardens. 2t. ASTRAGALUS. Calyx 5-toothed ; keel of the corolla obtuse ; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ) ; legumes 2-celled by the introflexion of the lower suture. Herbaceous or suffruticose, with unequally pinnate leaves. " Hairs often fixed by the middle" (T. $ G.) 1. A. CANADENSIS. Canadian Milk Vetch. Canescent, erect, diffuse ; stip. broad-lanceolate, acuminate ; Ifts. about 10 pairs with an odd one, elliptical, obtuse at both ends, the lowest ovate-obtuse ; ped. about as long as the leaves, when in fruit shorter ; spikes oblong ; fls. spread- ing, somewhat reflexed ; leg. ovate-oblong, terete, suberect, smooth, 2-celled, many-seeded, abrupt at the end and tipped with a permanent style. 1[. River banks, &c., Can to Flor. At the ferry, Niagara Falls ! Stem bushy, about 3f high, very leafy. Flowers greenish-yellow, in short, dense spikes. Pods ' in length, leathery. Jl. Aug. 2. A. OBCORDATUS. Ell. 1 Nearly smooth, procumbent, branched; Ifts. 8 12 pairs, obcordate or oblong- obovate ; ped. about as long as the leaves ; rac. 6 12 flowered, round- ish; leg. oblong, triangular, a little curved, acute at each end, the lower suture sulcate. Prairies and bottoms, 111. Me^dl N. Car. to Flor. Baldwin. Plant but 4 6' long, branched at base. Leaves about 3' in length. Leaflets 3 6" by 1 1 ", lower ones roundish. Flowers blue, 4 5" long, fruit about 1'. 22. PHACA. Gr. a.K}], lentil, derived from 0Kis, a weaver's shuttle ; from the form of the legumes. Calyx broadly campanulate, 5-toothed ; petals scarcely papiliona- ceous, all distinct ; wings longer than the vexillum and smaller than the keel petals ; stamens 1 0, distinct ; legume compressed, with the seed-bearing suture winged ; seeds obovate. Trees with simple, cor- date leaves and rose-colored flowers. C. CANADENSIS. Judas Tree. Red-bud. Lvs. broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, villous on the veins beneath. A handsome tree, 20 30f high, Mid. and W. States. The wood is finely veined with black and green, and receives a fine polish. Leaves 3 4' by 4 5', entire, smooth, 7- veined, on petioles 1 2' long. The flowers appear in advance of the leaves, usually in abundance, in small, lateral clusters. Corolla bright purple. May. The young twigs will dye wool a nankeen color. The old author Gerarde in compliance with the popular notion of his time, says " This is the tree whereon Judas did hang himself, and not on the elder tree, as it is said." SUBORDER 2. C ^ESALPIIVJE. Corolla not papilionaceous, irregular. Stamens 10 or fewer, all distinct. 35. CASSIA. From the Hebrew word Katzioth. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal ; petals 5, unequal, but not papilionaceous ; stamens 10, distinct; 3 upper anthers often sterile, 3 lower ones beaked; legume many-seeded. Trees, shrubs or herbs. Lvs. simply, abruptly pinnate. 1. C. MARILANDICA. American Senna. Plant smooth ; Ifts. G 9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, an obovoid gland near the base of the common petiole ; fls. in axillary racemes and termi- nal panicles. ?|_ This beautiful plant is frequently met with in alluvial soils, (U. S.) growing in close masses, 3 5f high. Stem round, striate, often with GLEDITSCHIA. XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. 237 scattered hairs. Petioles channeled above, and distinguished by the pedicelled gland near the base. Leaflets 1 2' by 4 9". Racemes in the upper axils, forming a leafy panicle. Petals bright-yellow, 3 erect and 2 declined. In medi- cine it is a mild cathartic. Aug. 2. C. CHAMJECRISTA. Sensitive Pea. Dwarf Cassia,. St. erect or decumbent ; Ifts. 8 12 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ; gland on the petiole subsessile; fascicks , of flowers supra-axillary, subsessile; anthers 10, all fertile. An elegant plant, in dry soil, Mass. Mid. W. and S. States. Stem 2f high, round, pubescent. Leaflets crowded, 4 8" by 1 2i", smooth, subsessile. Flowers large, 2, 3 or 4 in each fascicle. Bracts lance- subulate, as are also the stipules, persistent. Petals bright yellow, the 2 upper ones with a purple spot. Aug. The leaves possess considerable irritability. 3. C. NICTITANS. Wild Sensitive Plant. St. erect or procumbent ; Ifts. 6 15 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucro- nate, sessile ; gland mi the petiole slightly pedicellate ; fls. small, 2 or 3 in each supra-axillary, subsessile fascicle ; sta. 5, subequal. In dry sandy soils, Mass, to La. Stem about If long, slender, a little branching. Leaflets crowded, 4 6" by 1 2", common petiole 12' long, with the gland a line or two below the -owest pair of leaflets. Flowers very small, pale yellow, on short pedicels. Jl. The leaves are quite sensitive, closing by night and when touched. 36. GYMNOCLlDUS. Lam. Gr. yvpvos, naked, /cAaJoj, a shoot; for its coarse, naked shoots in winter- Flowers 9 cT- cT Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, equal ; petals 5, inserted into the summit of the tube; stamens 10, distinct. 9 Calyx and corolla as above ; style 1 ; legumes 1 -celled, oblong, very large, pulpy within. A slend er , unarmed tree, with unequally bipinnate Ivs. Lfts. ovate^ acuminate. G. CANADENSIS. Lam. Coffee Tree. Grows in Western N. Y., Ohio, la. ! &c., on the borders of lakes and riv- ers. Height 50f, with a trunk 15' diam., straight and simple to the height of 25f, covered with a rough, scaly bark, and supporting a rather small, but regu- lar head. The compound leaves are 2 3f long, and 15 20' wide, being doubly compounded of a great number of dull green leaflets. Single leaflets often oc- cupy the place of some of the pinnae. Flowers large and white, succeeded by large, curving pods containing several hard, gray seeds. The wood is reddish, fine- grained and strong, and is valuable in architecture, and cabinet-work. May Jl. 37. GLEDITSCHIA. In honor of John G. Gleditsch, a botanical writer, Leipzig, about 1750. Flowers 9 $ cT. Sepals equal, 3 5, united at base ; petals 3 5 ; stamens 3 5, distinct, opposite the sepals, sometimes by abortion fewer or ; style short ; legume continuous, compressed, often inter- cepted between the seeds by a quantity of sweet pulp. Trees, with supra-axillary, branched spines. Lvs. abruptly pinnate and bipinnate often in the same specimen. G. TRI ACANTHUS. Honey Locust. Branches armed with stout, triple spines ; Ifts. alternate, oblong-lanceo- late, obtuse ; leg. linear-oblong, compressed, intervals filled with sweet pulp. This fine tree, native from Penn. to Mo. and La., is becoming common in cul- tivation. In favorable circumstances it attains the height of 70f, undivided half its length, with a diameter of 3 4f. The thorns with which its branches are armed in a most formidable manner, are 23' long, ligneous, often having 2 secondary ones branching from the sides. Foliage light and elegant. Leaflets about 18^ 1 l|'long, $ as wide, 1, 2 or 3 of them frequently transformed, either partly or wholly, into smaller leaflets ( 240, 6). Flowers small, white, suc- ceeded by flat, crooked, hanging pods 1218' long, of a dull red. Seeds flat, hard, brown, imbedded in a fleshy substance, at first sweet but becomes sour. Jn. 238 XL VII. ROSACE^E. SUBORDER 3. M I M O S E M . Sepals and petals valvate in aestivation, subregular. Stamens 5 200. Embryo straight. Leaves abruptly pinuate or bipinnate. 38. MIMOSA. Gr. ^t//o, a buffoon ; the leaves seems sporting with' the hand that touches them. Flowers 9 $ G. (P. microcarpa. DC. Sorbus microcarpa. PA.) Fr. smaller. 7. P. AUCUPARIA. English Mountain Ash. Lfts. as in P. Americana, except that they are always smooth on both sides, and, with the serratures, less acute at apex ; fls. corymbose ; fr. globose. Native of Europe. A tree 20 40f high, often cultivated as well as the last species, for its ornamental clusters of scar- let berries. It is a tree of larger size and rougher bark than the last, but is hardly to be distinguished by the foliage, flowers or fruit, -f 8. CYDONIA. Tourn. Named for Cydonia, a town in Crete, from whence it was brought. Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; styles 5 ; pome 5-carpeled ; carpels cartilaginous, many-seeded ; seeds covered with mucilaginous pulp. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple. Fls. mostly solitary. C. VULGARIS. Pers. (Pyrus Cydonia. Willd.} Quince. Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire, smooth above, tomentose beneath ; ped. solitary, and, with the cal., woolly ; pome tomentose, obovoid. Shrub 8 I2f (rarely 20f ) high, with crooked, straggling branches. Leaves about as large as those of the pear tree. Flowers white, with a tinge of purple, large, termi- nal. Fruit large, lengthened at base, clothed with a soft down, yellow when ripe, highly esteemed for jellies and preserves. The plant is reared from layers. 10. AMELANCHIER. Medic. Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate ; stamens short ; st}^les 5, somewhat united at base ; pome 3 5-celled ; cells partially divided, 2-seeded. Small trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple, ser- rate. Fls. racemose, white. A. CANADENSIS. Torr. & Gray. (Mespilus. Linn. Aronia. Pers. Pyrus Botryapium. Linn. f. Mespilus arborea. Michx.} Shad Berry. June Berry. Wild Service Berry. Lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, often cordate at base, acuminate or cuspidate or mucronate, sharply serrate, smooth ; roc. loose, elongated; seg. of the cal. triangular-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube; pet. linear-oblong or oblanceolate ; fr. purplish, globose. A small tree or shrub, found in woods, U. S. and British Am., rarely exceeding 35f in height. Leaves alternate, 2 3' long, downy-tomentose when young, at length very smooth on both sides, very acute and finely serrate. Flowers large, white, in terminal racemes, appearing in April and May, rendering the tree quite conspicuous in the yet naked forest. Fruit pleasant to the taste, ripening in June. 246 XL VIII. ROSACEJE. ROSA. /?. oblongifolia. T. & G. (A. ovalis. Hook.") Shrubby; Zw. oblong-oval, mu- cronate, and with small, sharp serratures ; roc. and fls. smaller ; pet. oblong- obovate, thrice longer than the calyx. v. rotundifolia. T. & G. (Pyrus ovalis. Willd.} Lvs. broad-oval ; pet. linear- oblong. Shrub 10 20f high. <5. almfolia. T. & G. (Aronia alnifolia. Nutt.} Shrubby or arborescent ; Ivs. orbicular-oval, rounded or retuse at each end, serrate only near the apex ; pet. linear-oblong; sta. very short. SUBORDER III. R OSACEJE PROPER. Ovaries solitary or several, distinct ; fruit achenia or follicular. 10. ROSA. Celtic rhos, red ; Gr. poSov ; Lat. rosa; Eng. rose. Calyx tube urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, limb 5-cleft, the segments somewhat imbricated in aestivation, and mostly with a leafy appendage ; petals 5, (greatly multiplied by culture) ; achenia 00, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the inside of the fleshy tube of the calyx. Shrubby and prickly. Leaves unequally pinnate. Stipules mostly adnate to the petiole. * Native species. 1. R. CAROLINA. (R. Caroliniana. Bw.*) Carolina Rose. Swamp Rose. St. glabrous, with uncinate, stipular prickles ; Ifts. 5 9, oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, sharply serrate, glaucous beneath, not shining above, peti- oles hairy or subaculeate ; fls. corymbose ; fr. depressed-globose, and with the peduncles hispid. A prickly (not hispid) shrub, in swamps and damp woods, Can. and U. S., 4 8f high, erect and bushy, with reddish branches. Prickles mostly 2 at the base of the stipules. Leaflets 1 2' long, J as wide, rather vari- able in form. Flowers in a sort of leafy corymb of 3 7. Petals obcordate, large, varying between red and white. Fruit dark red. Jn. Jl. 2. R. LUCIDA. Ehrh. (R. Caroliniana. MX. not Bw.) Shining or Wild Rose. St. armed with scattered, setaceous prickles, those of the stipules straight ; Ifts. 5 9, elliptical, imbricate, simply serrate, smooth and shining above ; peti- oles glabrous or subhispid; fls. generally in pairs (1 3) ; fr. depressed-globose, and with the peduncles, glandular hispid. Shrub 1 3f high, in dry woods or thickets throughout the U. S., slender, with greenish branches. Leaflets 1 If long, as wide, acute or obtuse, odd one petiolate, the others sessile. Sepals often appendiculate, as long as the large, obcordate, pale red petals. Fruit small, red. Jn. Jl. /?. T. & G. (R. parviflora. Ehrh.} Lifts, ova , mostly very obtuse, paler be- neath ; petioles smooth or pubescent. 3. R. NITIDA. Willd. Shining or Wild Rose. St. low, densely armed with straight, slender, reddish prickles ; Ifts. 5 9, narrow-lanceolate, smooth and shining, sharply serrate ; slip, narrow, often reaching to the lower leaflets ; fls. solitary ; col. hispid ; fr. globose. In swamps, N. Eng. States. Stems 1 2f high, reddish from its dense armor of prickles. Leaflets 1 \\' long, \ as wide, subsessile, odd one petiolulate. Stipules 5 S" long, adnate to the petiole, each side. Flowers with red, obcordate petals. Fruit scarlet. Jn. 4. R. BLANDA. Ait. (R. gemella. Linn.) Bland Rose. Taller ; st. armed with scattered, straight, deciduous prickles ; Ifts. 5 7, oblong, obtuse, serrate, smooth, but not shining above, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath, petiole unarmed; stip. dilated; fl,s. mostly in pairs (1 3); fr. globose, smooth, as well as the short peduncles. Shrub found on dry, sunny hills, Northern and Middle States. Stems 2 3f high, with reddish bark. Flowers rather large. Sepals entire, shorter than the reddish, emarginate petals. Bracts large, downy. Jn. 5. R. SETIGERA. Michx. (R. rubifolia. R. Br.} Michigan or Prairie Rose. Branches elongated, ascending, glabrous; spines few, strong, stipular ; Ifts. ROSA. XLVIII. ROSACES. 247 large, 3 5, ovate ; stip. narrow, acuminate ; fls. corymbose ; cat. glandular, seg- ments subentire ; sty. united ; fr. globose. This splendid species is a native of Michigan, and other States W ! and S. About 20 varieties are enumerated in cultivation. They are hardy, of rapid growth, and capable of being traiaed 12 20f. Flowers in very large clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless, and of short duration. * * Naturalized species. 6. R. RUBIGINOSA. (R. suaveolens. Ph.} Eglantine. Sweet Brier. St. glabrous, armed with very strong, recurved prickles ; Ifts. 57, broad- oval, with ferruginous glands beneath; fls. mostly solitary; fr. ovoid, oval or obovoid ; ped. glandular-hispid. A stout, prickly shrub, 4 lOf high, natural- ized in fields and road-sides, throughout the U. S. The older stems are bushy, much branched, 1' diam., the younger shoots nearly simple, declined at top. Leaflets I' long, as wide, unequally and sharply serrate, acute, bright green above, rusty beneath, and when rubbed, very fragrant. Flowers light red, 1 2' diam., fragrant. Fruit orange-red. Jn. Of this beautiful species there are about 25 cultivated varieties, single and double. 7. R. CINNAMOMEA. Cinnamon Rose. St. tall, with ascending branches ; spines of the younger stems numerous, scattered, of the branches few, larger, stipular ; Ifts. 5 7, oval-oblong, rugose, cinerous-pubescent beneath ; stip. undulate ; sep. entire, as long as the petals ; fr. smooth, globose. Native of Oregon. Stem 5 12f high, with .reddish bark. Flowers mostly double, purple. * * * Exotic species. "\ Prickies straight, mostly acerose. 8. R. GALLICA. Common French Rose. St. and petioles armed with numerous, fine, scattered prickles ; Ifts. mostly 5, elliptical or broad-oval, thick ; fls. erect ; pet. 5 or more, large, spreading; sep. ovate ; fr. ovoid, and with the ped., hispid. The common red rose of gardens, from which have originated not less than 200 varieties, known in cultivation, and registered in catalogues, as the velvet, carmine, carnation, &c. Many of them are beautifully variegated, as the tri- color and picotee. The dried petals are used in medicine, and irom them are ex- tracted tinctures for cookery. Jn. Jl. 9. R. PIMPINELLIFOLIA. Ser. (R. spinosissima. Linn.} Scotch or Burnet Rose. St. densely armed with straight, acerOse prickles : Ifts. 5 9, roundish, obtuse, smooth, simply serrate ; fls. small, usually roseate, but changing in the numerous varieties to white, red or yellow. Native of Scotland and other parts of Europe. These shrubs are but 2 3f high, with small, delicate leaflets. Flowers numerous, globular, very fine. May, Jn. 10. R. EGLANTERIA. Ser. (R. lutea. Mill.} Yellow Rose. Austrian Eglantine. St. with a cinerous bark, branches red, both armed with straight, slender, scattered prickles ; Ifts. 57, small, broad-oval or obovate, smooth, shining above, sharply serrate ; cal. nearly naked and entire ; pet. large, broad-obcor- date. From Germany. Shrub about 3f high, bushy. Flowers numerous, of a golden-yellow, very fugacious, of less agreeable fragrance than the leaves. There are many varieties, both single and double, variegated with red. Jn. 11. R. ALPlNA. Alpine or Boursault Rose. Younger shoots echinate with nu- merous weak prickles, older ones smooth, rarely armed with strong prickles ; Ifts. 5 11, ovate or obovate, sharply and often doubly serrate; stip. narrow, apex diverging ; ped. deflexed after flowering, and with the calyx hispid or smooth ; sep. entire, spreading ; fr. ovoid, pendulous, crowned with the conni- vent calyx. Hardy, vigorous, climbing, with pink, red or crimson flowers. * * * Exotic species, ff Prickles falcate, strong. 12. R. DAMASCENA. Damask Rose. St. branching and bushy, armed with un- equal spines, mostly stipular, cauline ones broad, falcate or hooked ; Ifts. large, broadly elliptical, downy-canescent ; sep. reflexed ; fr. ovoid, elongated. Native of the "Levant. Shrub 3 4f high. Flowers rather numerous, of a delicate, pale roseate hue, usually with very numerous petals, and a delicious fragrance. Among its numerous varieties is the common monthly, low, blooming at all seasons. 248 XL VIII. ROSACES. ROSA. 13. R. CANINA. Dog Rose. Prickles remote, strong, compressed, falcate ; Ifts. 5 9, with acute, incurved, and often double serratures ; stip. rather broad, ser- rulate ; ped. and cal. smooth or hispid ; sep. after flowering, deflexed and de- ciduous ; fr. ovoid, red. Native of Europe. Shrub 4 8f high. /?. Burboniana. Ser. Lfls. ovate, subcordate, simply dentate ; fls. purple, double and semi-double ; pet. concave ; sep. entire. A splendid class of roses, of which more than 100 varieties are cultivated. They are hardy, with am- ple and glossy foliage. 18 other varieties are described by Seringe in DC. 14. R. CENTIFOLIA. Hundred-leaved or Provens Rose. Prickles nearly straight, scarcely dilated at base ; Ifts. 5 7, ovate, glandular-ciliate on the margin, sub- pilose beneath; flower-bud short-ovoid; sep. spreading (not deflexed) in flower; fr. ovoid ; cal. and ped. glandular-hispid, viscid and fragrant. From S. Europe. Shrub 2 -4f high, very prickly. Flowers usually of a pink color, but varying in hue, form and size, &c., through a hundred known varieties. 15. R. MOSCHATA. Musk Rose. Shoots ascending and climbing ; prickles cau- line, slender, recurved ; Ifts. 5 7, lanceolate, acuminate, smoothish, discolored ; stip. very narrow, acute ; fls. often very numerous ; ped. and cal. subhispid ; sep. subpinnatifid, elongated and appendiculate ; fr. ovoid, red. Native of . Stems trailing or climbing 10 I2f. Flowers peculiarly fragrant, rather large, white, produced in panicles. 16. R. ALBA. White Garden Rose. Slightly glaucous ; prickles slender, re- curved, sometimes wanting ; Ifts. roundish-ovate, shortly acuminate ; petioles and veins subtomentose, glandular ; sep. pinnatifid ; pet. spreading ; fr. ovoid, nearly smooth. From Germany. Shrub 5 8f high. Flowers large, corym- bose, sweet-scented, generally pure white, but often, in its numerous varieties, tinged with the most delicate blush. 17. R. MULTIFLORA. Many-flowered or Japan Rose. Branches, ped. and cal. tomentose ; shoots very long ; prickles slender, scattered ; Ifts. 5 7, ovate-lance- olate, soft and slightly rugose ; stip. pectinate ; fls. corymbose, often numerous ; flo^oer-bud ovoid-globose ; sep. short ; sty. exserted, scarcely cohering in an elon- fated, pilose column ; pet. white, varying through roseate to purple. Japan, hrub with luxuriant shoots, easily trained to the height of 15 20f. 18. R. INDICA. Chinese Monthly or Bengal Rose. Erect or climbing, pur- plish ; prickles strong, remote ; Ifts. 3 5, ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, shining, smooth, serrulate, discolored; stip. very narrow ; fls. solitary or paniculate; ped. often thickened, and, with the cal. smooth, or rugose-hispid ; sta. inflexed ; fr. turbinate 1 Splendid varieties, blooming from Apr. to Nov. Flowers of every hue from pure white to crimson. /?. Lawrenciana. (R. Lawrenciana. Lindl. R. Ind. t. acuminata. Ser.) Miss Lawrence's Rose. St. and branches aculeate, bristly and subglabrous ; Ifts. ovate, purplish beneath ; pet. obovate-acuminate. A class of varieties with very small flowers, pink to deep purple. 19. R. BRACTEATA. Macartney Rose. Branches erect, tomentose ; prickles re- curved, often double ; Ifts. 5 9, obovate, subserrate, coriaceous, smooth and shin- ing ; stip. fimbriate-setaceous ; fls. solitary, terminal ; ped. and cal. tomentose ; fr. globose, large, orange. Varieties with cream-colored, white, to scarlet flowers. 20. R. sEMPERVlRENs. Evergreen Rose. St. climbing ; prickles subequal ; Ifts. persistent, 5 7, coriaceous; fls. subsolitary or corymbose; sep. subentire, elongated ; sty. coherent into an elongated column ; fr. ovoid or subglobose, yel- low, and with the ped. glandular hispid. Allied to the following, but its leaves are coriaceous and evergreen, persistent until January. 21. R. ARVENSIS. Ayrshire Rose. Shoots very long and flexile; prickles une- qual, falcate ; Ifts. 5 7, smooth or with scattered hairs, and glaucous beneath, deciduous ; fls. solitary or corymbose ; sep. subentire, short ; sty. cohering in a long, glabrous column ; fr. ovoid-globose, smoothish. England. The shoots grow 15 20f in a season and are very hardy. Flowers white to blush, crim- son and purple. * * Exotic species, fff Unarmed. 22. R. BANKSIJE. Banks' Rose. Smooth ; Ifts. lanceolate, crowded, 3 5, RUBUS. XLV1J1. ROSACES. 249 scarcely serrate ; slip, deciduous ; fls. umbellate ; fr. globular, nearly black. From China. Thornless shrubs, with small, cup-shaped flowers. Not hardy. Oba. This beautiful genus includes, according to Seringe, 146 species ; but .the varieties produced by cultivation amount to near 2000. 11. RUBUS. Celtic rub, red ; the color of the fruit of some species. Calyx spreading, 5-parted ; petals 5, deciduous ; stamens 00, in- serted into the border of the disk ; ovaries many, with 2 ovules, one of them abortive ; achenia pulpy, drupaceous, aggregated into a compound berry ; radicle superior. ^ Half shrubby plants. Siems usually (D, and armed with prickles. Inflorescence imperfectly centrifugal. Fr. esculent. Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacle. BLACKBERRIES. 1. R. VILLOSUS. Ait. High Blackberry. Pubescent, viscid and prickly ; si. angular ; Ifts. 3 5, ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy both sides ; petioles prickly ; cat. acuminate, shorter than the petals ; roc. loose, leafless, about 20-flowered. A well known, thorny shrub, Can. and U. S. Stems tall and slender, branching, recurved at top, 3 6f high. Leaflets 2 4' by 1 2', terminal one on a long petiolule, the others on short ones or none. Pedicels slender, I' long. Petals white, obovate or oblong, obtuse. Fruit consisting of about 20 roundish, shining, black, fleshy carpels, closely col- lected into an ovate or oblong head, subacid, well-flavored, ripe in Aug. and Sept. /?. frondosus. Torr. (R. frondosus. Bw.~) Lfts. incisely serrate ; roc. with a few simple leaves or leafy bracts at base ; fls. about 10 in each cluster, the ter- minal one opening first, as in all the species, the lowest next, and the highest but one last. Fruit more acid and with fewer carpels. 2. R. HISPIDUS. (R. sempervirens. Bw.} Bristly Blackberry. St. slender, reclining or prostrate, hispid with retrorse bristles ; Ivs. 3-foliate, rarely quinate, smooth and green both sides ; Ifts. coarsely serrate, obovate, mostly obtuse, subcoriaceous ; ped. corymbose, many-flowered, with filiform pedicels and short bracts ; fls. and fr. small. In damp woods, Can. to Car. Stems slender, trailing several feet, with suberect branches 8 12' high. Leaflets 1 2' long, as wide, nearly sessile, persistent through the winter, on a (1 3') long, common petiole. Flowers white. Fruit dusky-purple, sour. May, Jn. /?. setosus. T. & G. (R. setosus. Bw.}Lfts. oblanceolate, rather narrow, li 2i' long, tapering, and (like the variety a) entire at base, sharply serrate above. Fruit red. 3. R. CANADENSIS. (R. trivialis. Ph.} Low Blackberry. Dewberry. St. procumbent or trailing, subaculeate ; Ivs. 3-foliate, rarely quinate ; Ifts. elliptical or rhomboid-oval, acute, thin, unequally cut-serrate ; pedicels solitary, elongated, somewhat corymbed ; fr. large, black. Common in dry, stony fields, Can. to Va., trailing several yards upon the ground. Leaflets light green and membranaceous, nearly sessile, 1 !' long, as wide, common petioles 1 2' long, pubescent or a little prickly. Flowers large, on slender pedicels. Petals obovate, white, twice as long as the calyx. Fruit 1' diam., very sweet and juicy, in July and Aug. Fl. May. 4. R. CUNEIFOLIUS. Ph. Wedge-leaved Blackberry. St. erect, shrubby, armed with recurved prickles ; Ivs. 3-foliate, and with the young branches and petioles pubescent beneath ; Ifts. cuneate-obovate, en- tire at base, dentate above, subplicate, tomentose beneath ; roc. loose, few-flow- ered. A low shrub, 2 3f high, in sandy woods, Long Island, Torrey, to Flor. Petioles often prickly. Leaflets rarely 5, 1 2' long, as wide, obtuse, or with a short acumination. Petals white or roseate, 3 times as long as the calyx. Fruit black, juicy, well-flavored, ripe in Jl. Aug. Fl. May. Jn. Fruit concave beneath^ separating from the dry, conical, persistent receptacle. RASPBERRIES. * Leaves simple. 5. R. ODORATUS. Rose-flowering Raspberry. Mulberry. St. erect or reclining, unarmed, glandular-pilose ; Ivs. palmately 3 5-lobed, 250 XL VIII. ROSACES. RUBUS. unequally serrate ; fls. large, in terminal corymbs ; pet. orbicular, purple. A fine flowering shrub, 3 51 high, in upland woods, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. Leaves 4 8' long, nearly as wide, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, petioles 2 3' long, and, with the branches, calyx and peduncles, clothed with viscid hairs. Flowers nearly 2' diam., not very unlike a rose, save the (100 200) sta- mens are whitish. Fruit broad and thin, bright red, sweet, ripe in Aug. FL Jn. Jl.f 6. R. CHAMJEMORUS. Dwarf Mulberry. Cloudberry. Herbaceous; st. decumbent at base, erect, unarmed, 1 -flowered; Ivs. cor- date-reniform, rugose, with 5 rounded lobes, serrate ; sep. obtuse ; pet. obovate, white. An alpine species with us, found by Dr. Robbins on the White Mts. and by Mr. Oakes in Me. Flowers large. Fruit large, yellow or amber color, sweet and juicy, ripe in Aug. FL May, Jn. 7. R. NUTKANUS. Mofino. Nootka Sound Rubus. St. shrubby, somewhat pilose, with glandular hairs above ; Ivs. broad, 5- lobed, unequally and coarsely serrate ; ped. few-flowered ; sep. long-acuminate, shorter than the very large, round-oval, white petals. A fine species, Mich., Wis. to Oreg., &c., with very large, showy, white flowers. It has received some notice in cultivation, and a few other species of this section also, f * * Leaves 31-foliale. 8. R. IDJETJS. Garden Raspberry. Hispid or armed with recurved prickles ; Ivs. pinnately 3 or 5-foliate ; Ifts. broad-ovate or rhomboidal, acuminate, unequally and incisely serrate, hoary- tomentose beneath, sessile, odd one petiolulate ; fls. in paniculate corymbs ; pet. entire, shorter than the hoary-tomentose, acuminate calyx. Many varieties of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit. Stems shrubby, 3 5f high. Leaflets smoothish above, 2 4' long, as wide. Flowers white, in lax, termi- nal clusters. Fruit red, amber color or white. Plants essentially agreeing with the above described were found at Cambridge, Vt., in woods, also at Cole- brook, Ct., by Dr Robbins. 9. R. STRIGOSUS. Michx. (R. Idaeus. Nutt.} Wild Red Raspberry. Plant shrubby, strongly hispid ; Ivs. pinnately 3 or 5-foliate ; Ifts. oblong- ovate or oval, obtuse at base, coarsely and unequally serrate, canescent-tomen- tose beneath, odd one often subcordate at base, lateral ones sessile ; cor. cup- shaped, about the length of the calyx. In hedges and neglected fields, Can. and N. States, very abundant. Stem without prickles, covered with strong bristles instead. Leaflets 1 2J' long, f as wide, terminal one distinctly petiolulate. Flowers white. Fr. hemispherical, light red, and of a peculiar rich flavor, in Jn. Aug. FL. May. 10. R. OCCIDENTALIS. Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. Plant shrubby, glaucous, armed with recurved prickles ; Ivs. pinnately 3- foliate; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, sublobate or doubly serrate, hoary-tomentose beneath, lateral ones sessile ;fls. axillary and terminal ; fr. black. A tall, slen- der bramble, 4 8f high, in thickets, rocky fields, &c., Can. and U. S. Plant not hispid. Leaflets 2- 3' long, J as wide, nearly white beneath, odd one distinctly petiolulate, common petiole terete, long. Flowers white, lower ones solitary, upper corymbose. Fruit roundish, glaucous, of a lively, agreeable taste, ripe in July. FL May. 11. R. TRIFLORUS. Rich. (R. saxatilis. BW.} Three-flowered Raspberry. St. shrubby, unarmed, declined; branches herbaceous, green; Ivs. 3 or 5- foliate ; Ifts. nearly smooth, thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, unequally cut-dentate, odd one petiolulate ; stip. ovate, entire ; ped. terminal, 1 3-flowered ; pet. erect, oblong- obovate. Moist woods and shady hills, Penn. to Brit. Am. Stems flex- uous, smooth, reddish. Petioles very slender, 1 2' long. Leaflets 1 2' by 1', lateral ones sessile, oblique or unequallv 2-lobed. Petals white, rather lon- ger than the triangular-lanceolate, reflexed sepals. Fruit consisting of a few large, dark-red grains, acid, ripe in Aug. FL May. 12. R. ROS.KFOLIUS. Rose-leaved Rubus or Bridal Rose. Erect, branching, armed with nearly straight prickles; Ivs. pinnately 3 7-foliate; Ifts. ovate- lanceolate, subplicate, doubly serrate, smooth beneath, velvety above; stip. POTENTILLA. XL VIII. ROSACES. 251 minute, subulate; sep. spreading, long-acuminate, shorter than the narrow-obo- vate, emarginate petals; sty. 00. A delicate house-plant, with snow-white double flowers. Native of Mauritius. 12. POTENTILLA. Lat. potentia, power; in allusion to its supposed potency in medicine. Calyx concave, deeply 4 5-cleft, with an equal number of alter- nate, exterior segments or bracteoles ; petals 4 5, obcordate ; sta- mens 00 ; filaments slender ; ovaries collected into a head on a small, dry receptacle ; styles deciduous ; achenia 00. Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. pinnately or palmately compound. Fls. solitary or cymose, mostly yellow. * Leaves palmately trifoliate. 1. P. NORVEGICA. Norwegian Potentilla or Cinquefoil. Hirsute ; st. erect, dichotomous above ; Ifts. 3, elliptical or obovate, den- tate-serrate, petiolulate ; cymes leafy ; cat. exceeding the emarginate petals. Old fields and thickets, Arc. Am. to Car. Stem 1 4f high, covered with silky hairs, terete, at length forked near the top. Cauline petioles shorter than the leaves. Leaflets H' by i J', '(lower and radical ones very small,) often incised. Stipules large, ovate, subentire. Flowers many, crowded, with pale yellow petals shorter than the lanceolate, acute, hairy sepals. Jl. Sept. /?. ? hirsuia. T. & G. (P. hirsuta. Michx.) Hairs loose, silky ; st. slender, erect, subsimple ; lower and middle Ivs. equal, long-petiolate ; Ifts. roundish-obo- vate, sessile, incisely dentate ; fls. few, petals rather conspicuous, nearly as long as the calyx. Dry fields. With reluctance I adopt the views of Torrey & Gray in regard to this plant. 2. P. TRIDENTATA. Ait. Trident or Mountain Potentilla. Smooth ; st. ascending, woody and creeping at base ; Ifts. 3, obovate-cune- ate, evergreen, entire, with 3 large teeth at the apex ; cymes nearly naked ; pet. twice longer than the calyx. On the White Mts. ! and other alpine summits in the N. States. Flowering stems 6 12' high, round, often with minute, ap- pressed hairs. Petioles mostly longer than the leaves. Leaflets sessile, 9 18" by 4 6", coriaceous, smooth. Flowers with white, obovate petals. Carpels and achenia with scattered hairs. Jn. Jl. 3. P. MINIMA.. Haller. St. pubescent, ascending, mostly 1-flowered ; Ivs. trifoliate ; Ifts. obovate, obtuse, incisely serrate, with 5 9 teeth above ; pet. longer than the sepals. Alpine regions of the White Mts. Stems numerous and leafy, 1 3' high. Leaflets with the margins and veins beneath hairy. Flowers small. Petals obcordate. Bracteoles oval-obtuse, narrowed at the base. * * Leaves palmately 3 or ^-foliate. 4. P. CANADENSIS. (P. sarmentosa. Willd.} Common Cinquefoil. Villose pubescent ; st. sarmentose, procumbent and ascending ; Ivs. pal- mately 5-foliate, the leaflets obovate, silky beneath, cut-dentate towards the apex, entire and attenuate towards the base ; stip. hairy, deeply 2 or 3-cleft, or entire; pedicels axillary, solitary; bracteoles of the calyx longer than the seg- ments, and nearly as long as the petals. Common in fields and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stems more or less procumbent at base, from a few inches to a foot or more in length. Flowers yellow, on long pedicels. Calyx segments lanceo- late or linear. Apr. Aug. &. pumila. T. & G. (P. pumila. PA.) Very small and delicate, flowering in Apr. and May. I cannot perceive any difference between this and the above, except its diminutive size and early flowering. In dry, sandy soils. Stems about 3' high. y. simplex. T. & G. (P. simplex. Michx.} Plant less hirsute ; st. simple, erect or ascending at base ; Ifts. oval-cuneiform ; flowering in June Aug. In richer soils. Stems 8 14' high. Leaflets about I 7 long, | as wide. 5. P. ARGENTEA. Silvery Cinquefoil. St. ascending, tomentose, branched above ; Ifts. oblong-cuneiform, with a 22 352 XLVIII. ROSACES. FRAGARIA. few large, incised teeth, smooth above, silvery-caneseent beneath, sessile ; fls. in a cymose corymb ; pet. longer than the obtusish sepals. A pretty species, on dry or rocky hills, Can. and N. States, remarkable for the silvery whiteness of the lower surface of the leaves. Stems 6 10' long, at length with slender branches. Leaflets 5 9" by 1 2", with 2 or 3 slender, spreading teeth each side ; upper ones linear, entire. Flowers small. Calyx canescent. Petals yel- low. Jn. Sept. * * * Leaves pinnate, 6. P. FRUTICCSA. (P. floribunda. Ph.*) Shrubby Cinquefoil. St. fruticose, very branching, hirsute, erect ; Ifts. 5 7, linear-oblong, all sessile, margin entire and revolute; pet. large, much longer than the calyx. A low, bushy shrub, in meadows and rocky hills. Northern States and Brit. Am. Stems 1 2f high, with a reddish bark ; petioles shorter than the leaves. Leaf- lets f If (mostly I'} by 2 3" wide, acute, crowded, pubescent. Stipules nearly as long as the petioles. Flowers | If diam., yellow, in terminal. clus- ters. Jn. Aug. 7. P. ANSERINA. Silver-weed. Goose-grass. St. slender, creeping, prostrate, rooting ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; Ifts. many pairs, oblong, deeply serrate, canescent beneath ; ped. solitary, 1-flowered, very long. A fine species on wet shores and meadows, N. Eng. to Arctic Am. Stems subterraneous, sending out reddish stolons 1 2f long. Petioles mostly radical, 6 10' long. Leaflets 1 If by 3 6", sessile, with several minute pairs interposed. Peduncles as long as the leaves. Fls. yellow, 1' diam. Jn. Sept. 8. P. ARGUTA. Ph. (P. confertiflora. Hitchcock. Boottia sylvestris. Bw.} False Avens. White-flowered Polentilla. St. erect; radical Ivs. on long petioles, 7 9-foliate, cauline few, 3 7-foliate ; Ifts. broadly ovate, cut-serrate ; fls. in dense, terminal cymes. Along streams, &c., Can. and N. States, W. to the Rocky Mts. Stems 2 3f high, stout, terete, striate, and with nearly the whole plant very pubescent. Radical leaves If or more long. Leaflets 1 2' long, | as wide, sessile, odd one petiolulate. Fls. about 8" diam. Petals round- ish, yellowish white, longer than the sepals. Disk glandular, 5-lobed. May, Jn. 9. P. PARADOXA. Nutt. (P. supina. MX.} Decumbent at base, pubescent; Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. 79, obovate-oblong, incised, the upper ones confluent; slip, ovate; ped. solitary, recurved in fruit; pet. obovate, about equaling the sepals ; ach. 2-lobed, the lower portion chiefly composed of starch-like albumen. River banks, Ohio to Oregon. Nuttall in T. & G. Fl. p. 437. 13. COM ARUM. Gr. KOfjLapos, the strawberry tree, which this plant resembles. Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with, bracteoles alternating with the seg- ments ; petals 5, very small ; stamens numerous, inserted into the disk ; achenia smooth, crowded upon the enlarged, ovate, spongy, per- sistent receptacle. ^ Lvs. pinnate. C. PALUSTRE. Marsh Cinquefoil. In spagnous swamps, N. States ! Wise. ! to the Arctic Circle. Stems creep- ing at base, 1 2f high, nearly smooth, branching. Leaflets 3, 5 and 7, crowded, 1J 2f long, $ as wide, oblong-lanceolate, hoary beneath, obtuse, sharply ser- rate, subsessile ; petiole longer than the scarious, woolly, adnate stipules at base. Flowers large. Calyx segments several times la'rger than the petals. Petals about 3" long, ovate-lanceolate, and, with the stamens, styles and upper surface of the sepals, dark purple. Fruit permanent. Jn. 14. FRAGARIA. Lat. fragrans, fragrant ; on account of its perfumed fruit. Calyx concave, deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate, exterior segments or bracteoles ; petals 5, obcordate ; stamens 00 ; achenia smooth, affixed to a large, pulpy, deciduous receptacle. '*! Stems stoloniferous. Lvs. trifoliate. Fts. on a scape, white. GBUM. XL VIII. ROSACE^E. 253 1. F. VIRGINIANA. Ehrh. (F. Canadensis. Michx.) Scarlet or Wild Straw- berry. Pubescent ; col. of the fruit erect-spreading ; ach. imbedded in pits in the globose receptacle ; ped. commonly shorter than the leaves. Fields and woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stolons slender, terete, reddish, often If or more long, rooting at the ends. Petioles radical, 2 6' long, with spreading hairs. Leaflets 3, oval, obtuse, coarsely dentate, subsessile, 1 2$' long, f as wide, lateral ones oblique. Scape less hairy than the petioles, cymose at top. Flowers in Apr. and May. Fruit in Jn. JL, highly fragrant and delicious when ripened in the sun. 2. F. VESCA. Alpine, Wood, or English Strawberry. Pubescent; calyx of the fruit much spreading or reflexed; ach. superficial on the conical or hemispherical receptacle which is without pits ; ped. usually longer than the leaves. Fields and woods, Northern States, &c. Stolons often creeping several feet. Leaves pubescent, and flowers as in F. Virginiana. Numerous varieties are cultivated in gardens, where the fruit is sometimes an ounce or more in weight. Fl. Apr. May. Fr. Jn. JL 3. F. CHILENSIS. Ehrh. Chili Strawberry. Lfts. villose-silky beneath, ru- gose, coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtuse, serrate ; ped. and cal. silky ; pet. large, spreading. From Oregon and California. Not generally cultivated. Obs. Other species with varieties are sometimes found in gardens; as F. elatior, the hautbois S., with tall, thin leaves, tall and strong scapes, and fruit greenish white tinged with purple ; F. grandiflora, the pine-apple S. (made a synonym of F. Chilensis by DC.) with firm, crenate leaves, large flowers and large, globose fruit, varying from whitish to purple. 15. DAL1BARDA. Named by Linnaeus, in honor of Dalibard, a French botanist. Calyx inferior, deeply 5 6-parted, spreading, 3 of the segments larger ; petals 5 ;.. stamens numerous ; styles 5 8, long, deciduous ; fruit achenia, dry or somewhat drupaceous. 1\. Low herbs. St. creep- ing. Lvs. undivided. Scapes 1 %-flowered. D. REPENS. False Violet. Diffuse, pubescent, bearing creeping shoots ; Ivs. simple, roundish-cordate, crenate ; stip. linear-setaceous ; cal. spreading in flower, erect in fruit. In low woods, Penn. to Can. Creeping stems 1 or 2' to 10 or 12' in length. Leaves 1 2' diam., rounded at apex, cordate at base, villose-pubescent, on petioles 1, 2 or 3' long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles. Petals white, obovate, longer than the sepals. Jn. 16. WALDSTEINIA. Willd. Named by Willdenow, in honor of Franz de Waldstein, a German botanist. Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bracteoles ; petals 5 or more, sessile, deciduous ; stamens 00, inserted into the calyx ; styles 2 6 ; achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle. % Acaulescent herbs, with lobed or divided radical Ivs., and yellow fis. W. FRAGARiolDES. Traut. (Dalibarda. Michx. Comaropsis. DC.} Dry Strawberry. Lvs. trifoliate ; Ifts. broad-cuneiform, incisely dentate-crenate, ciliate ; scapes bracteate, many-flowered ; cal. tube obconic. A handsome plant, in hilly woods, Can. to Ga., bearing some resemblance to the strawberry. Rhi- zoma thick, scaly, blackish. Petioles 3 6' long, slightly pubescent. Leaflets 1 y diam., nearly sessile, dark shining green above, apex rounded and cut into lobes and teeth. Scape about as high as the leaves, divided at top, bearing 2 6 flowers ' diam. Petals varying from 5 10 ! Jn. 17. GEUM. Orr.ysvo), to taste well ; in allusion to the taste of the roots. Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate segments or bracteoles, smaller and exterior ; petals 5 ; stamens 00 ; achenia 00, aggregated on a dry receptacle" and caudate with the persistent, mostly jointed, genicu- late and bearded style. % 254 XL VIII. ROSACE^E. GEUM. * Styles articulated and geniculate, upper joint deciduous. 1. G. RIVALE. Water Avens. Purple avens. Pubescent ; st. subsimple ; radical Ivs. lyrate ; slip, ovate, acute ; fls. nod- ding; pet. as long as the erect -calyx segments; upper' joint of the persistent style plumose. A fine plant, with drooping, purple flowers, conspicuous among ihe grass in wet meadows, Northern and Mid. States. Rhizoma woody, creep- ing. Stem 1 2f high, paniculate at top. Root leaves interruptedly pinnate, inclining to lyrate, 46' long, terminal leaflet large, roundish, lobed and cre- nate-dentate. Stem leaves 1 3, 3- foliate or lobed, subsessile. Flowers sub- globose. Calyx purplish-brown. Petals broad-obcordate, clawed, purplish- yellow, veined. Jn. The root is aromatic and astringent. 2. G. STRICTUM. Ait. Yellow Avens. Hirsute ; radical Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; cauline 3 5-foliate ; Ifts. obo- vate and ovate, lobed and toothed ; stip. large and erect ; bracteoles linear, shorter than the sepals ; pet. roundish, longer than the calyx ; sty. smooth, upper joint hairy. Fields moist or dry, N. States and Brit. Am. Stem hispid at base, 2 3f high, dichotomous, and with spreading hairs at summit. Root leaves 5 8' long, inclining to lyrate, the terminal leaflet largest, obovate and lobed. Flow- ers numerous, rather large, yellow. Receptacle densely pubescent. Jl. Aug. 3. G. VIRGINIANUM. (G. album. Gmel.} White Avens. Pubescent ; radical Ivs. pinnate, ternate, or even rarely simple ; cauline 3 5-foliate or lobed, all unequally and incisely dentate, nearly smooth or softly pubescent ; fls. erect ; pet. not exceeding the calyx ; sty. glabrous ; recep. densely hirsute. Hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S. Stem simple or branched, smoothish above. Leaves very variable in form, lower ones often 3-foliate, with long, (6 8') appendaged petioles. Stipules mostly incised. Upper leaves simple, acute, sessile. Flowers rather small, white. Peduncles in fruit long and diverging. Jl. 4. G. MACROPHYLLUM. Willd. Large-leaved Yellow Avens. Hispid; radical Ivs. interruptedly lyrate-pinnate, the terminal leaflet much the largest, roundish-cordate ; cauline with minute, lateral leaflets, and a large, roundish, lobed, terminal one, all unequally dentate ; pet. longer than the calyx ; recep. nearly smooth. White Mts. ! Stem 1 2f high, stout, very hispid and leafy. Terminal leaflets 3 5' diam. Flowers yellow. Jn. Jl. 5. G. VERNUM. T. & G. (Stylipus vernus. Raf.} Slender and slightly pubescent ; st. ascending at base; radical Ivs. pin- nately 5 9-foliate, with incised leaflets, or often simple and cordate, incisely lobed and dentate ; cauline Ivs. 3 5-foliate or lobed ; stip. large and incised ; fls. very small ; scp. reflexed ; head of carpels globose, raised on a slender stipe. Shades and thickets, Ohio ! to 111. and Tex. Stem 820' high, striate, di- or trichotomous at top, few-leaved and few-flowered. Petals yellow, and with the sepals hardly more than 1" in length. Stipe of the head of carpels f long. Apr. Jn. * * Styles not articulated, wholly persistent. SIEVERSIA. R. Br. 6. G. TRiFLORUM. Pursh. Three-flowered Geum. Villous ; st. erect, about 3-flowered ; Ivs. mostly radical, interruptedly pin- nate, of numerous cuneate, incisely dentate leaflets ; bracteoks linear, longer than the sepals ; sty. plumose, very long in fruit. Brit. Am. and the Western States ! rare in the Northern. Stems scarcely a foot high, with a pair of oppo- site, laciniate leaves near the middle, and several bracts at the base of the long, slender petioles. Radical leaves 5 -6' long, the terminal leaflet not enlarged. Flowers rather large, purplish white. Styles 2' long in fruit. May, Jn. 7. G. PECKII. Pursh. Peck's Geum. Nearly glabrous; st. erect, several-flowered, nearly naked; radical Ivs. iyrate-pinnate, the terminal leaflet very large, roundish, truncate at base, the lateral ones minute ; pet. much longer than the calyx. White Mts. ! Scape 9' high (45, Bw. 12 18, T. fy G.), with several small, incised bracts. Petioles 3 5' long, bearing 4 or 6, dentate, lateral leaflets 14" long, and ending in a half-round leaflet 24' wide, lobed and dentate. Flowers 8" diam., yellow, ter- minal on the elongated branches. Jl. Aug. SPIRJBA. XL VIII. ROSACE^E. *6b 18. SANGUISORBA. Lat. sanguis, sorbere, q. d. to absorb blood ; the plant is esteemed a vulnerary. Calyx tube 4-sided, 2 or 3-bracted at base ; limb 4 parted ; petals ; stamens 4, opposite the calyx segments ; filaments dilated upwards ; style 1, filiform; achenium dry, included in the calyx. Herbs with unequally pinnate haves. S. CANADENSIS. Burnet Saxifrage. Glabrous; Ifts. oblong, cordate, obtuse, serrate; spikes dense, cvlindric, very long ; sta. much longer than the calyx. Tj. in wet meadows, tf . S. and Brit. Am., and cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 3f high, smooth, striate, spar- ingly branched. Stipules leafy, serrate. Leaflets 2 4' long, \ i as wide, petiolate, mostly stipellate. Spikes 36' long, terminating the long, naked branches. Bracteoles 3. Calyx greenish white, resembling a corolla. Aug. 19. POTERIUM. Literally a drinking vessel, and hence a beverage ; from the use of the plant. Fls. c? Calyx tube contracted at the mouth, 3-bracteate, limb 4- parted ; petals ; stamens 20 ^0 ; ovaries 2 ; style filiform ; ache- ilia dry, included in the calyx. Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves. P. SANGUISORBA. Burnet. Herbaceous; st. unarmed, angular, and with the leaves, smooth; Ifts. 7 11, ovate or roundish, deeply serrate ; spikes or /ids. subglobose, the lower flowers staminate. 7|. Occasionally cultivated as a salad, but is now less valued in medicine than formerly. It is said by Hooker to be native about Lake Huron. 20. AGRIMONIA. Gr. aypos, a field, /xovos, alone ; a name of dignity for its medicinal Qualities. Calyx tube turbinate, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles above, limb 5-cleft; petals 5 ; stamens 12 15 ; ovaries 2 ; styles terminal ; achenia included in the indurated tube of the calyx. % Lvs. pinnately divided. Fls. yellow, in long, slender racemes. 1. A. EUPATORIA. Agrimony^ Hirsute ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate, upper ones 3-foliate ; Ifts. ovate, oval or oval-lanceolate, coarsely dentate ; slip, large, dentate ; pet. twice longer than the calyx. Road sides, borders of fields, Can. and U. S., common. Stem 1 3f high, branching, leafy. Leaflets 3, 5, 7, with small ones interposed, nearly smooth beneath, 1 3' long, as wide, sessile, terminal one with a petiolule 1 3" long. Racemes 6 12' long, spicate. Flowers yellow, about 4" diam., on very short pedicels. Calyx tube curiously fluted with 10 ribs, and sur- mounted with reddish, hooked bristles. Jl. /?. hirsuta. Torr. Smaller and more hairy. y. parviflora. Hook. (A. parviflora. DC.) Less hairy ;fls. smaller, on longer pedicels. 2. A. PARVIFLORA. Ait. (A. suaveolens. Ph.) St. and petioles hirsute ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; Ifts. numerous, crowded, pubescent beneath, linear-lanceolate, equally and incisely serrate ; slip, acutely incised ; roc. spicate-virgate ; fls. small : pet. longer than calyx ; fr. hispid. Woods and dry meadows, Penn. ! to S. Car. W. to la. and Tenn. Stem 3 4f high, the hairs spreading, brownish and glandular. Leaflets 2 3' by J ', with smaller ones intermixed. Petals yellow. The plant has an agreeable balsamic odor. Aug. 21. SPIRAEA. Gr. cnrsipa, a cord or wreath ; the flowers are, or may be used in garlands. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent; petals 5, roundish; stamens 10 50, exserted ; carpels distinct, 3 12, follicular, 1 --celled, 1 2-valved, 1 10-seeded ; styles terminal. % Unarmed shrubs or herbs. Branches and Ivs. alternate. Fls. white or rose-color, never yellow. 22* 256 XLVIII. ROSACES. SPIRAEA. * Leaves without stipules, 1. S. TOMENTOSA. Hardback. Ferruginous-tomentose ; ITS. simple, ovate-lanceolate, smoothish above, unequally serrate ; rac. short, dense, aggregated in a dense, slender, terminal panicle ; carpels 5. A small shrub, very common in pastures and low grounds, Can. and U. S. Stem very hard, brittle, consequently troublesome to the scythe of the hay-maker. Leaves l\ 2' long, J as wide, dark green above, rusty white with a dense tomentum beneath, crowded, and on short petioles. Flowers small, very numerous, with conspicuous stamens, light purple, forming a slen- der, pyramidal cluster of some beauty. The persistent fruit in winter furnishes food for the snow bird. Jl. Aug. 2. S. SALICIPOLIA. (S. alba. 23w.) Queen of the Meadow. Meadow-sieeet. Nearly glabrous ; Ivs. oblong, obovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate ; rac. forming a more or less dense, terminal panicle ; carpels 5. A small shrub in meadows, thickets, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stems 3 4f high, slender, purplish, brittle. Leaves smooth, 1 3' long, | as wide, acute at each end, petiolate, often with small leaves in the axils. Flowers white, often tinged with red, small, numerous, with conspicuous stamens, in a more or less spreading pani- cle. Jl. Aug.f 3. S. ARUNCUS. Goafs Beard. Herbaceous ; Ivs. membranaceous, tripinnate ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, acu- minate, the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, doubly and sharply serrate ; fls. of, wine, Sripw, to hunt; the root is said to cause a thirst for wine. Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous, segments 4. reflexed ; petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top of the tube ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-celled. 4-valved ; stigma 4-lobed ; seeds many, naked. Herbs with alternate leaves. 1. CE. BIENNIS. Common Evening Primrose. Scottish: (Fig. 45.) St. erect, hirsute ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; fls. sessile, in a terminal, leafy spike ; calyx tube 2 or 3 times longer than the ovary ; sta. shorter than petals ; caps, oblong, obtusely 4-angled. and (g) Common in fields and waste places, U. S. and British Am. Stem mostly simple, 2 5f high, with whitish, scattered hairs. Leaves 3 6' by i i', roughly pubes- cent, slightly toothed, sessile on the stem, radical ones tapering into a petiole. Flowers numerous, opening by night and continuing but a single day. Petals large, roundish, obcordate. Seeds very numerous, 2 rows in each cell. Jn. Aug. /?. muricata. (CE. muricata. Ph.} St. muricate or strigosely hirsute, red; pet. scarcely longer than the stamens. Stem 1 2f high. y. grandiflora. (CE. grandiflora. Ait.') Pet. much longer than the stamens, rather deeply obcordate. Stem branched, f 2. CE. FRUTICOSA: Perennial Evening Primrose. St. pubescent or hirsute ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; roc. leafy, or naked below, corymbed ; caps, oblong-clavate, 4-angled, pedicellate. %. In sterile soils, Mass., Ct., N. Y. to Flor. and Western States. Stem hard, rigid, (not shrubby) branched, purple, 1 3f high. Leaves variable in pubes- cence, form and size., 1 3' by 3 8", sessile, minutely punctate. Flowers few or many, 1 J'diam. in a terminal, bracteate, mostly pedunculate raceme. Calyx tube longer than the ovary. Petals broad-obcordate, yellow. Jn. Aug. /?. ambigua. Lvs. membranaceous ; pet. longer than broad. 3. CE. PUMILA (& CE. pusilla? Michx.} Dwarf Evening Primrose. Low, pubescent ; st. ascending ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, obtuse, attenuate at base ; spike loose, leafy, naked below ; calyx tube shorter than the subsessile, ing in succession 1 or 2 at a lime. Jn. Aug. 23 264 LV. ONAGRACE^:. CLARKIA. 4. CE. CHRYSANTHA. Michx. Golden Evening Prim/rose. St. ascending, slender ; fls. small, crowded, spicate ; calyx tube equal in length to the ovary, longer than the segments ; pet. broadly obovate, emarginate, longer than the stamens ; caps, smooth, pedicellate, clavate, the alternate angles slightly winged. Western N. Y. to Mich. Stem 1218' long, purple. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate at base, denticulate, radical ones spatulate. Flowers 5" diam., orange-yellow. Jn. Jl. 5. CE. LINEARIS. Michx. St. slender, often decumbent at base, much branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, obtuse, somewhat denticulate ; fls. large, in terminal corymbs ; calyx tube longer than the ovary; pet. longer than the stamens; caps, canescent, with slightly winged angles, tapering at base. 1\. Montauk Point, L. I. Torrey, to Flor. ! and La., rare. Stem 1 2f high. Flowers yellow, 1' diam. Capsules obovoid, tapering to a slender pedicel. May Jl. 6. CE. SINUATA. St. pubescent, diffusely branched or subsimple, assurgent ; Ivs. pubescent, oblong-oval, sinuate-dentate or incised ; fls. axillary, solitary, sessile ; cal. vil- lous, the tube longer than the ovary; caps, prismatic. Fields, N. J. to La. Stems 3 8' high. Leaves often pinnatifid. Flowers about ' diam., terminal, yellow. 0. minima. Nutt. (CE. minima. PA.) Low, simple, 1-flowered ; Ivs. nearly entire. Pine barrens, N. J., &c. 7. CE. SPECIOSA. Nutt. Minutely pubescent, mostly erect and branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at base, lower ones petiolate ; fls. large, in a long, loose spike ; calyx tube longer than the ovary ; caps, obovoid-clavate, pedicel- late. ^ From Ark. and Tex. Stem 2 3f high. Flowers white or rose-colored, fragrant, f 8. CE. RIPARIA. Nutt. Nearly smooth ; st. erect and virgately branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obscurely and remotely denticulate, somewhat petiolate ; fls. in a long raceme ; calyx tube much longer than the ovary ; caps, oblong-ovoid, 8-grooved ; valves dorsally ridged. Swamps, Gluaker Bridge, N. J., &c. Stem 2 3f high, slen- der, and often with virgate branches. Leaves 2 4' by 2 4", almost entire, thick, obtuse. Flowers !' diam., yellow, scentless. 9. CE. MISSOURIENSIS. Sims. Simple, decumbent ; Ivs. coriaceous, lanceolate, acute, or short-acumi- nate, petiolate, subentire, downy-canescent when young ; fls. very large, axilla- ry ; calyx tube 3 or 4 times longer than the ovary ; caps, very large, oval, de- pressed, with 4 winged margins. Dry hills, Mo. ! Remarkable for the mag- nitude of its flowers and fruit. Petals yellow, 2 3' long. Calyx tube 4 7' long ! Capsule 2' long. Seeds large, crested, in one row in each cell. Jl. Oct. f 3. CLARKIA. Ph. In honor of Gen. Clark, the companion of Lewis across the Rocky Mountains. Calyx (deciduous) tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, limb 4-parted ; petals 4, unguiculate, 3-lobed or entire, claws with 2 mi- nute teeth ; stamens 8; style 1, filiform; stigma 4-lobed ; capsule largest at base, 4-celled, 4-valved ; many seeded. Annual herbs (from Oregon and California) with showy, axillary flowers. 1. C. PULCHELLA. Ph. Beautiful Clarkia. Lvs. linear-lanceolate; pet. large, broadly cuneiform, tapering into a slender claw, with 2 reflexed teeth, limb with 3 spreading lobes ; alternate sta. abortive ; caps, pedicellate. Gar- dens. A handsome annual, with lilac-purple or white flowers, of easy culture, f 2. C. ELEGANS. Lindl. Elegant Clarkia. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticu- late, on short petioles; pet. undivided, rhombic or triangular-ovate, with a toothless claw ; sta. all fertile, with a hairy scale at the base of each ; stig. hairy ; caps, subsessile, hairy. Gardens. Flowers smaller than in the last. Pe- tals and stigma purple. Hairs at base of stamens red. f IUDWIGIA. LV. ONAGRACE^E. 265 4. FUCHSIA. In honor of Leonard Fuchs, an excellent German botanist of the 15th century. Calyx tubular-infundibuliform, colored, deciduous ; limb 4-lobed ; petals 4, in the throat of the calyx, alternate with its segments ; disk glandular, 8-furrowed 5 baccate capsule oblong, obtuse, 4-sided. Mostly shrubby. S. American plants of great beauty. 1. F. COCCINEA. Ait. (F. Magellanica. Lam.) Ladies' Ear-drop. Branches smooth ; Ivs. opposite and in verticils of 3s, ovate, acute, denticulate, on short petioles ; fls. axillary, nodding ; sep. oblong, acute ; pet. convolute, half as long as calyx. Native of Chili. A very delicate and beautiful green-house shrub, 1 6f high. Flowers on long, filiform pedicels. Calyx scarlet, much longer than the included, violet-purple petals. Stamens crimson, much exsert- ed. Berry purple. 2. F. GRACILIS. Lindl. St. suffruticose, often simple ; Ivs. opposite, ovate, petiolate, slightly acuminate, glandular-dentate ; fls. opposite, solitary, pendu- lous, longer than the leaves ; pet. nearly as long as the sepals and much broad- er. Chili. A beautiful parlor plant, quite common. Stem 2 3f high, thick. Flowers larger, but less elegant than in the former, with a red calyx and crim- son corolla, f 5. GAURA. dr. yavpoj, superb; a term characteristic of the flowers. Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary, cylindrlc ; limb 4- cleft ; petals 4, unguiculate, somewhat unequal, inserted into the tube ; stamens 8, declinate, alternate ones a little shorter ; ovary ob- long, 4-celled, one only proving fruitful ; nut usually by abortion 1-celled, 1 4-seeded. Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. alternate. Fls. white and red, rarely trimerous. 1. G. BIENNIS. Biennial Gaura. St. branched, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, remotely dentate ; spike crowded; calyx tube as long as the segments ; pet. rather declinate and shorter than sepals ; fr. subsessile, 8-ribbed, alternate ribs minute. A beautiful biennial, on the dry banks of streams, Can. to Ga. rare. Stem 3 5f high. Leaves sessile, pale green, acute at each end. Flowers numerous, sessile. Calyx reddish. Corol- la at first rose-color, changing to deep red. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit rarely ma- turing more than 1 seed. Aug. 2. G. FILIPES. Spach. Slender-stalked Gaura. St. pubescent, paniculate and naked above ; Ivs. linear-oblong, repand-den- tate, lower ones almost pinnatifid ; branches of the panicle very slender, naked, with tufted leaves at their base ; calyx canescent, longer than the petals. Dry grounds, S. and W. States ! Stem rigid, 3 5f high, very leafy just below the panicle. Leaves 1 3' long, 2 6" wide, tapering at each end. Petals oblong- spatulate, rose-color, or white. July, Aug. 6. LUDWIGIA. In honor of C. D. Ludwig, prof, of botany at Leipsic, about 1750. Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, limb 4-lobed, mostly persistent ; petals 4, equal, obcordate, often minute or ; stamens 4, opposite the sepals ; style short ; capsule short often perforated at top, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded, and crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. % Herbs, in wet grounds. Lvs. entire. 1. L. ALTERNIFOLIA, Seed-box. Bastard Loosestrife. Erect, branched, nearly or quite smooth ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, sessile, pale beneath ; ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, 2-bracted above the middle ; pet. scarcely as large as the spreading, acuminate sepals ; caps, large, with 4 winged angles, crowned with the colored calyx. Shady swamps. Stem 1 3f 266 LV. ONAGRACE^E. CIRCJEA. high, round, with a strong bark and several branches. Leaves with margin- al veins, 2 3' long, | 1' wide. Capsule convex at apex, the angles conspic- uously winged. Sepals large, purplish. Petals large, yellow, showy. Jl. Aug. 2. L. HIRTELLA. Raf. (L. hirsuta. Ph.} Hairy, erect, sparingly branched ; Ivs. alternate, ovate-oblong, sessile, ob- tuse ; Jl. axillary, solitary, pedicellate, with two bracteoles below it ; sep. nearly as long as the petals ; cap. subglobose, 4 angled and winged. Moist soils, N. J. to Flor. Stem 1 3f high. Leaves numerous, hairy both sides, If by 2 8". Flowers yellow, about f ' diam. Calyx spreading, and, with the cap- sule, villous. Jn. Sept. 3. L. LINEARIS. Walt. (Isnardia. DC.) Glabrous, slender, with angular branches ; Ivs. lance-linear, acute at each end ; fls. axillary, solitary, sessile ; pet. obovate-oblong, slightly longer than the sepals, but much shorter than the elongated, obovoid-clavate, 4-sided capsules. Swamps, N. J. and S. States. An erect, smooth plant, 1 2f high, often send- ing out runners at the base with obovate leaves. Fls. sometimes apetalous. JL Sept. 4. L. SPH.EROCARPA. Ell. (Isnardia. DC.} Erect, smooth or nearly so ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, acute, attenuate at base ; fls. axillary, subsolitary, on very short pedicels ; pet. minute or wanting, as well as th* bracteoles ; sep. as long as the small, subglobose capsule. In water, S. to Ga., partly submerged, or in very wet grounds, near Boston, Ms. Stem 2 3f high, branching, angular. Margin of the leaves rough, sometimes remotely aad obscurely denticulate. Fls. greenish, inconspicuous. Jl. Sept. 5. L. POLYCARPA. Short & Peter. Glabrous, erect, much branched and often stolonif erous ; Ivs. lance-linear, gradually acute at each end ; fls. apetalous, axillary, solitary, with two subu- late bracteoles at base ; caps. 4-angled, truncated above, tapering below, crown- ed with the 4-lobed stylopodiu'm. Swamps, Western States ! Stem 1 3f high. Leaves 2 3' by 2 4", ten times longer than the flowers. Aug. Oct. 6. L. PALUSTRIS. Ell. (Isnardia. Linn.} Water Purselain. Prostrate and creeping, smooth and slightly succulent ; Ivs. opposite, ovate, acute, tapering at base into a petiole; fls. sessile, axillary, solitary; pet. 0, or very small. In U. S. and Can., creeping in muddy places, or floating in water. Stem round, reddish, 10 18 7 long, often sparingly branched. Leaves, including their slender petioles, about 1J' by %', ovate-spatulate. Calyx lobes and style very short. Petals when present, flesh-color. Capsule 1 2" long, abrupt at each end, with 4 green angles. Jn. Sept. TRIBE 2. CIRC^EJB. Flower regular, all its parts in 2s. 7. CIRC^EA. Circe was supposed to have used these plants in her enchantments. Calyx slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous, limb 2-parted ; petals 2, obcordate ; stamens 2, opposite the sepals ; capsule obo- void, uncinate-hispid or pubescent, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; styles united. ^ Lvs. opposite. 1. C. LUTETIAN A. Larger Enchanters-Nightshade. (Fig. 45.) St. erect, pubescent above ; Ivs. ovate, subcordate, acuminate, slightly re- pand-dentate, opaque, longer than the petioles; bracts none; fr. reflexed, hispid- uncinate. Damp shades and thickets, Can. to Car. W. to 111. ! Stem 1 2f high, sparingly branched, tumid at the nodes. Leaves dark green, smooth or slightly pubescent, 2 4' long, as wide, petiole 815" long. Flowers small, rose-color, in long, terminal and axillary racemes. Fruit obcordate, with con- spicuous hooks. Jn. Jl. 2. C. ALPlNA. Alpine Enchanter's- Nightshade. Smooth ; st. ascending at base, weak ; Ivs. broad-cordate, membranaceous, dentate, as long as the petioles; bracts setaceous ; capsule pubescent. A small, MYRIOPHYLLUM. LV. ONAGRACE^E. 267 delicate plant, common in wet, rocky woodlands in mountainous districts, N. Eng., Brit. Am. W. to Or. Stem diaphanous, juicy, 5 10' high. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, acute or acuminate, with small, remote teeth, pale green and shining. Flowers white, rarely reddish, minute, in terminal racemes. Jl. SUBORDER, H ALiORAGEJE. Plants small, aquatic. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile. Calyx entire, or 3 t-lobed. Petals 3 4, often 0. Stamens 1 8, inserted with the petals into the summit of the calyx. Ovary inferior, 1 4-celled. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 4-celled. Seed pendulous, 1 in each cell. 8. PROSERPINACA. Lat. Proserpina, a Roman goddess ; from some fancied resemblance. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 3-sided, limb 3-parted ; petals ; stamens 3 ; stigmas 3 ; fruit 3-angled, 3-celled, bony, crowned with the permanent calyx. 1|- Aquatic. Lvs. alternate. 1. P. PALUSTRIS. Spear-leaved Mermaid-weed. 'Livs. linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate above the water, those below (if any) pinnatifid. Ditches, swamps and ponds, often partly submersed, N. Eng. ! to Ark. Root creeping. Stems ascending at base, 6 20"' high, striate, round- ish. Leaves 10 15" by 2 3", acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles, and if growing in water, pinnatifid with linear segments. Flowers greenish, sessile, 1 3 together in the axils of the upper leaves, succeeded by a very hard, triangular nut. Jn. Jl. 2. P. PECTINACEA. Lam. (P. palustris, 0. MX.) Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed. Las. all pectinate, with linear-subulate segments ; fr. obtusely 3-angled. Sandy swamps, in Ms. ! (rare) S. to Flor. Stems 5 10' high, ascending at base from long, creeping roots. Leaves all finely and regularly divided into very narrow segments. Styles 0. Stigmas attenuate above. Fruit rather smaller (less than I" diam.) than in P. palustris, rugose when mature. Jl. Aug. 9. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill. Gr. pvpios, a myriad, v\\ov, a leaf; from the numerous divisions of the leaf- Flowers c? , or frequently $ ; calyx 4-toothed in the $ and 9 , 4- parted in the c? ; petals 4, often inconspicuous or ; stamens 4 -8 ; stigmas 4, pubescent, sessile ; fruit of 4 nut-like carpels cohering by their inner angles. % Submersed, aquatic herbs. Submersed Ivs. parted into capillary segments. Upper fis. usually cT, middle ones $, lower $. 1. M. SPICATUM. Spiked Water-Milfoil. Lies, in verticils of 3s, all pinnately parted into capillary segments ; fls. in terminal, nearly naked spikes ; floral Ivs. or bracts ovate, entire, shorter than the flowers ; lowest ones subserrate and larger; pet. broadly ovate ; sta. 8; carpels Smooth. N. Eng. to Ark., in deep water, the flowers only rising above the sur- face. Stems slender, branched, very long. Leaves composed of innumerable, hair-like segments, always submerged. Flowers greenish, sessile. Jl. Aug. 2. M. VERTICILLATCM. Water- Mil foil. Lvs. in verticils of 3s, lower ones pinnately parted into opposite, capillary or setaceous segments : fls. in terminal, leafy spikes ; floral Ivs. pectinate-pin- natifid, much longer than the flowers; pet. oblong-obovate ; sta. 8; carpels smooth. In stagnant water, Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. Stem long, less slen- der than in the last, only the upper part emerging. Flowers small, green, ax- illary, with conspicuous floral leaves. Sepals acute. Anthers oblong. Jl. Aug. 3. M. HETEROPHYLLUM. Mickx. (Potamogeton verticillatum. Walt.) Lvs. in verticils of 5s, the lower ones pinnately parted into capillary lobes ; spikes terminal, nearly naked ; floral Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, longer than the flowers, crowded; pet. oblong; sta. 4 r6; carpels scabrous, with 2 slight ridges on the back. In sluggish water. Can. to Flor. and Tex., rare. Stem 23* ^68 LVI. LOASACE^E. MENTZELIA. thick, branching. Leaves very various, lowest floral ones pectinately divided. Petals somewhat persistent. Sepals minute. Bracteoles serrulate. Jn. Sept. 4. M. AMBIGUUM. Nutt. (M. natans. DC.} Water Milfoil. Lvs. alternate, submersed ones pinnate, with capillary segments, middle ones pectinate, upper linear, petiolate, toothed or entire ; fls. mostly $ ; pet. ob- long, somewhat persistent ; sta. 4 ; carpels smooth, not ridged on the back. In ponds and ditches, Penn. to Mass. ! Stems floating, upper end emerged with the minute flowers, and linear floral leaves. But in other situations it varies as follows : 0. limosum. Nutt. (M. procumbens. Bw.} St. procumbent and rooting; leaves all linear, rigid, often entire. Muddy places ! where it is a small, creep- ing and branching plant. y. capillaceum. Torr. Lvs. all immersed and capillary. Ponds ! 5. M. TENELLUM. Bw. Erect and almost leafless ; floral Ivs. or bracts alternate, minute, entire, ob- tuse ; fls. ; pet. linear ; sta. 4 ; carpels smooth, not ridged. About the edges of ponds and rivers, Providence, R. I. Olney! northern part of N. Y. to New- foundland. Rhizoma prostrate, creeping, sending up several stems or scapes, which are simple, and 4 12' high. Flowers small, purplish-white, sessile, al- ternate, a little shorter than the bracts, the upper ones J*. Jl. 6. M. SCABRATUM. Michx. Lvs. pinnatifid, in whorls of 4s and 5s ; fls. verticillate, axillary ; upper fls. (^, with 4 stamens ; lower ones 9 ; fr. 8-angled, the ridges tuberculate. Plymouth, Mass. Oakes. Block Island, Robbins, S. and W. States. Stem 6 12' high. Segments of the leaves linear-capillary. 10. HIPPURIS. Or. iniros, a horse, ovpa, tail. Calyx with a minute, entire limb, crowning the ovary ; corolla ; stamen 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx; anther 2-lobed, compressed; style 1, longer than the stamen, stigmatic the whole length, in a groove of the anther ; seed 1. Q Aquatic herbs. St. simple. Lvs. verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary ', minute. H. VULGARIS. Mare's-tail. (Fig. 45.) Lvs. in verticils of 8 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire ; fls. solitary, often g^ cT- I n tne borders of ponds and lakes, Penn. to Arctic Am., very rare, hizoma with long, verticillate fibres. Stem erect, jointed, 1 2f high. The flowers are the simplest in structure of all that are called perfect, consisting merely of 1 stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed in a 1-celled ovary, and with neither calyx, lobes or corolla. May, Jn. ORDER LVI. LOASACEJE. LOASADS. Plants herbaceous, hispid, with pungent hairs secreting an acrid juice. Lvs. opposite or alternate, usually more or less divided. Stipules 0. Fed. axillary, 1-flowered. Sep. united, 5, persistent, equal. Cor. Petals 5 or 10, cucullate, inserted into the recesses of the calyx. Sta. 00, inserted with the petals, distinct or adhering in several sets. Ova. adherent to the calyx more or less, l-celled, with 35 parietal placentae. Sty. 1. Sds. many or few, anatropous. Genera 15, species 70, natives of America. MENTZELIA. Named by Linn, in honor of C. Mentzel, physician to the Elector of Brandenburg. Calyx tubular, limb 5-parted ; petals 5 10, flat, spreading ; sta- mens indefinite, 30 200 ; ovary inferior ; styles 3, filiform, connate, and often spirally twisted ; stigmas simple, minute ; capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. Branching herbs. Lvs. alternate. 1. M. LINDLEYI. Torr. & Gray. (Bartonia aurea. Lindlcy.} Golden Barlo- n i a> Hispid; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, lobes often dentate; fls. solitary LVIII. BEGONIACE^E. 269 or nearly so, terminal ; pet. broadly obovate, very abruptly acuminate ; filaments filiform, and, with the seeds, numerous. Native of California. Stems decum- bent, branching, 1 3f in length, with golden yellow flowers 2 3 inches in diameter, the beauty of which is greatly heightened by the innumerable thread- like, yellow stamens. 2. M. OLIGOSPERMA. Nlltt. Very rough with barbed hairs; st. dichotomous; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, tapering to very short petioles, lobed or incisely dentate ; pet, entire, cuspidate, expanding in sunshine ; sta. 20 or more, shorter than the petals ; caps. 3 5- celled. 7|_ Dry or rocky places, Pike Co., 111., Mead, and Mo. to Tex. Root tuberous. Stems If high, divaricately branched. Leaves 10 15" by 6 8", upper ovate. Flowers solitary, of a deep, golden yellow, 8 10" diam., very fugacious. Capsule cylindric, very small. May Jl. ORDER LYII. PASSIFLORACE^E. PASSIONWORTS. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, usually climbing. Lvs. alternate, often glandular. Slip, foliaceous. Fls. axillary or terminal, often with a 3-leaved involucre. Cal. Sepals 4 5, united below into a tube, the sides and throat of which are lined with a ring of fila- mentous processes, which appear to be metamorphosed petals. Cor. Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx outside the crown. Sta. 5, monadelphous, surrounding the stipe of the ovary. Ova. superior, on a long stipe, 1-celled. Styles 3. Fr. stalked, within the calyx, many-seeded. Genera 12, species 210, natives of tropical America, but cultivated in many other countries as ornamen- tal flowers. The fruit of the Granadilla (Passiflora multiformis) is eaten in the W. Indies, and highly valued as a dessert, but the root is poisonous. PASSIFLORA. [theSiriOT , pas . io , Lat. flos passionis; the several parts of the flower were superstitiously compared to the instruments of Calyx colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat with a complex, filamen- tous crown ; petals 5, sometimes ; stamens 5, connate with the stipe of the ovary ; anthers large ; stigmas 3, large, clavate, capitate ; fruit a pulpy berry. Climbing herbs or shrubs. 1. P. CCERULEA. Common Passion-floiver. Shrubby; Ivs. palmately and deeply 5-parted; segments linear-oblong, entire, lateral ones often 2-lobed; ^.glandu- lar, with a 3-bracteolate involucre near the flower ; bracteoles entire ; fil, of^ the crown shorter than the corolla. Native of Brazil, where it grows to the thick- ness of a man's arm and the height of 30f. Flowers large and beautiful, blue externally, white and purple within, continuing but one day. Fruit ovoid, yel- low. Admired in cultivation. 2. P. INCARNATA. Flesh-colored Passion-flower. Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, lobes oblong, acute, serrate ; petioles with 2 glands near the summit; bracteoles of 'the involucre 3, obovate, glandular; crown triple. Native from Va. to Flor. Stem climbing 20 30f. Flowers large and showy. Petals white. Two outer rows of filaments long, purple, with a whitish band, the inner row of short rays, flesh-colored. Berry pale yellow, of the size of an apple, eatable. May July. 3. P. LUTEA. Yellow Passion-flower. Lvs. glabrous, cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse ; petioles without glands ; ped. mostly in pairs ; pet. narrower and much longer than the sepals. A slender climber, 5 lOf long, in woods and thickets, Ohio and S. States. Leaves yellowish- green, nearly as broad as long. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Corona in 3 rows, the inner row a membranous disk with a fringed border. Fruit dark- purple. May Jl. ORDER LVIII. BEGONIACE^E. BEGONIADS. Herbaceous plants, or succulent undershrubs, with an acid juice. Lvs. alternate, toothed, rarely entire, oblique at the base. Stipules large, scarious. Fls. pink-colored, in cymes, monoecious or dioecious. Cal. adherent, colored. [pistillate. Sep. in the staminate 2, in the pistillate 3 or 4. Pet. smaller than sepals, 2 in the staminate, 2 or 4 in the Sta. (stam. fls.) indefinite, distinct or combined. Anth. collected into a head, 2-celled. 270 LIX. CUCURBITACE^E. ECHINOCYSTIS. Ova. (pist. fls.) winged, 3-celled, with 3 large placentae meeting in the axis. Stig. 3, 2-lobed, somewhat Fr. capsuJar, winged, 3-celled, many-seeded. Sds. minute, without albumen. [spiral. Genera 3, species 159, common in the "West Indies, S. America and East Indies none N. American. The roots are astringent and slightly bitter. DIPLOCLINIUM. Lindl. Gr. 6in\oos, double, K\IVT], couch; alluding to the double placentas. Fls. c? c? Sepals orbicular, colored like the petals, but larger ; pet. oblong, acute ; sta. combined in a column ; anth. in a globose head. $ Sepals 3, lanceolate, larger than the 2 petals ; stig. lobes distinct, spiral, erect ; caps, wings unequal ; placentae double, or two in each cell. Evergreen, succulent undershrubs. D. EVANSIANUM. Lindl. (Begonia discolor. Willd. and 1st edit.") Glabrous ; st. branched, tumid and colored at the joints, succulent ; Ivs. large, slightly an- gular, mucronate-serrate, cordate-ovate, very unequal at base, petiolate, with weak, scattered prickles, and straight, red veins, the under surface deeply red- dened ; fls. pink-colored in all their parts except the golden yellow anthers and stigmas ; 9 larger than the J* and on peduncles twice as long. From China, f ORDER LIX. CUCURBITACEJE. CUCURBITS. Herbs succulent, creeping or climbing by tendrils. Lvs. alternale, palmately-veined, rough. Fls. monoecious or polygamous, never blue. Cal. 5-toothed. [reticulated veins. Cor. Petals 5, united with each other and cohering to the calyx, very cellular, strongly marked with Sta. 5, distinct, more generally cohering in 3 sets. Anth. very long and wavy or twisted. Ova. inferior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae often filling the cells. Fr. a pepo or membranous. Seeds flat, with- no albumen, often ariled. Genera 56, species 270, natives of tropical regions, only a few being found in the temperate zones of Europe and America. A highly important order of plants, affording some of the most delicious and nutritive of fruits. A bitter, laxative principle pervades the group, which is so concentrated in a few as to render them actively medicinal. The officinal colocynth is prepared from the pulp of Cucumis Colo- cynthis, a powerful drastic poison. Conspectus of the Genera. ( 1-seeded. Fruit membranaceous, echinate, ( 4-seeded. f white. ( Fruit a pepo with a ligneous, smooth rind. ^ Seeds thin at edge. 1 <, indehiscent, ^ Seeds thick at edge, i Fruit a pepo, ( dehiscing elastically on one side. Sicyos. 1 Echinocystis. z Lagenaria. 6 Cucumis. 5 Cucurbtta. 7 Momardica. 4 ru a , . . . . c. Flowers I yellow. Fruit a small, oval, many-seeded berry Melothria. 3 1. SICYOS. GT. ffiKVos, the ancient name of the cucumber. Flowers 2' diam.) Flowers small, yellowish. Style short, surrounded by a cup-shaped disk. Fruit small, oval. Jl. 4. MOMORDICA. Lat. mordeo, momordi, to chew ; from the chewed appearance of the seeds. Flowers 8 . $ Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, united at base ; stamens 5, triadelphous. 9 Calyx and corolla as in the cT ; style 3-cleft ; pepo fleshy, bursting elastically ; seeds compressed, with a fleshy arillus. M. BALSAMINA. Common Balsam Apple. Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, dentate, naked, shining ; ped. solitary, filiform, 1-flowered, with an orbicular-cordate, dentate bract above the middle ; fr. roundish-ovoid, angular, tuberculate, burst- ing elastically on one side. From E. Indies. Occasionally cultivated for the balsamic and vulnerary fruit. Stem slender, climbing by simple tendrils. Flowers pale-yellow. Fruit orange-color, as large as a goose-egg. Aug. 5. CUCtfMIS. Said to be from the Celtic cuce, a hollow vessel. Flowers c? or $ . Calyx tubular-campanulate, with subulate seg- ments ; corolla deeply 5-parted. cT Stamens 5, triadelphous. 9 Style short ; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed ; pepo fleshy, indehiscent ; seeds ovate, flat, acute and not margined at the edge. Creeping, or climb- ing by tendrils. Fls. axillary, solitary, yellow. 1. C. SATIVUS. Cucumber. St. prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; Ivs. sub- cordate, palmately 5-angled or lobed, lobes subentire, acute, terminal one long- est ]fr. oblong, obtusely prismatic, prickly, on a short peduncle. (J) Native of Tartary and India, whence it was first brought to England in 1573. It is now universally cultivated for the table, either fresh or pickled. Gathered and eaten before maturity. Jn. Sept. Many varieties. 2. C. MELO. Musk Melon. St. prostrate, rough ; tendrils simple ; Ivs. sub- cordate, roundish, obtuse, palmately 5-angled, lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely denticulate ; fls. 9 $ (?> tne on short peduncles ; fr. oval or subglobose, longitudinally torulose. (T) Native of Asia, whence it was first brought to Eng- land in 1570. Generally cultivated for the juicy, yellowish, delicately flavored flesh of the mature fruit. Jn. Jl. Varieties numerous. 272 L1X. CUCURBITACE^E. CUCURBITA. 3. C. ANGURIA. Pricldy Cucumber, St. prostrate, slender, hispid; tendrils simple ; Ivs. palmately and deeply sinuate-lobed, cordate at base ; jr. oval-ovoid or subglobose, echinate. Native of Jamaica. Cultivated for the green fruit, which is about the size of a hen's egg, and used for pickles. Jl. Aug. 4. C. CITRULT.US. Ser. (Cucurbita. Linn.') Water Melon. St. prostrate, slen- der, hairy ; tendrils branching ; Ivs. palmately 5-lobed, very glaucous beneath, lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse ; fls. solitary, on hairy peduncles, bracted at base;//-, elliptical, smooth, discolored. Native of Africa and India. Generally cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. Jn. Aug. 5. C. COLOCYNTHIS. Colocynth. St. prostrate, subhispid ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, cleft into many obtuse lobes, hairy-canescent beneath; tendrils short; fls. axillary, pedunculate; Q with a globose, hispid calyx tube and campanulate limb, with small petals ; fr. globose, yellow when ripe, about as large as an orange, and intolerably bitter. The extract is the colocynth of the shops, poisonous, but medicinal. From Japan. 6. LAGENARIA. Ser. Gr. \aysvos , a flagon or bottle ; from the form of the fruit. Flowers Sepals and petals numerous, often indefinite and confounded with each other, the sepals from Car. \ the surface, and the petals from the summit of ovary. Sta. indefinite. Fil. long and filiform. Antli. ovate, versatile. Ova. inferior, fleshy, 1-celled, with parietal placentas. Sty. single, filiform, with several anthers in a star-like cluster. Fr. succulent, 1-celled, many-seeded. Sds. without albumen, with thick, foliaceous cotyledons, or often with scarcely any. Genera 16, species about 800, all peculiarly American, no one having ever been found in any other quarter of the globe. They are chiefly confined within the tropics, only two or three species having been found beyond them. The prickly Pear (Opuntia vulgaris) is the only species found native as far north as New York. Conspectus of the Genera. \ Axis cylindric Cereus. 2 \ tubular-campanulate, rose-colored, &c. (. Axis globose Melocactus. 3 Flowers (. somewhat rotate, yellow Opuntia. 1 1. OPUNTIA. Tourn. Opuntiana was a country near Phocis, where this was said to be naturalized. Sepals and petals numerous, adnate to the ovary, not produced into a tube above it ; stamens 00, shorter than the petals ; style with numerous, thick, erect stigmas ; berry umbilicate at apex, tubercu- late ; cotyledons semiterete. Shrubby plants, with articulated branches, the joints usually broad and flattened, with fascicles of prickles regularly arranged upon the surface. LXI. CACTACE^. 275 O. VULGARIS. Mill. (Cactus opuntia. Linn.} Prickly Pear. Prostrate, creeping; joints ovate; prickles numerous in each fascicle, of- ten with several subulate spines ; fls. yellow. A curious, fleshy plant, native in rocky and sandy places, Mass, to Flor. W. to la. ! It is often cultivated. The singular form resembles a series of thick, fleshy leaves, 4 6' long, f as wide, growing from the tip or sides of each other, and armed with orange-col- ored spines. The flowers come forth from the edge of the joints, large, bright- yellow, and succeeded by a smooth, crimson, eatable fruit, f 2. CEREUS. DC. Sepals very numerous, imbricated, adnate to the base of the ovary, and united into a long tube above it, the outer shorter, the inner pe- taloid ; stamens 00, coherent with the tube ; style filiform, with many stigmas ; berry scaly, with the remains of the sepals ; cotyledons none ? Fleshy shrubs, with woody, cylindrical, grooved axes, armed with clusters of spines. Fls. from the clusters of spines. 1. C. PHYLLANTHTJS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.} Spleenwort. Branches ensiform, compressed, serrate ; fls. with the terete, slender tube much longer than the limb of the petals. From S. America. The articulations of the stem are 2f or more long, 2' wide, weak, bordered with large, obtuse serratures, and trav- ersed lengthwise by a central, cylindrical, woody axis. Flowers white, 9 12' long, expanding by night, fragrant, f 2. C. PHYLLANTHolDEs. DC. (Cactus. Linn.} Branches ensiform, com- pressed, obovate, with spreading, rounded teeth ; fls. arising from the lateral crenatures of the branches ; tube shorter than the limb of the petals. From Mexico. A splendid flowerer, with leaf-like, fleshy joints, each 6 10' long, 1 2' wide. Flowers rose-colored, 4' in length,, expanding by day. f 3. C. TRTTNCATUS. (Cactus. Linn.} Branching; joints short-compressed, serrate, truncate at the summit ; j#s. arising from the summit of the joints ; sty. longer than the stamens or reflexed petals. From Brazil. A very distinct spe- cies, a foot or more high. Joints 23' long, 1 !' wide, leaf-like. Flowers 23' long, pink-colored, f 4. C. GRANDIFLORUS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.} Creeping, rooting; st. with about 5 angles ; fls. terminal and lateral, very large, nocturnal ; pet. spreading, shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals. From the W. Indies. Stems cylin- dric or prismatic, branching, the angles not very prominent. Flowers expand- ing by night, and enduring but a few hours, 8 12' diam. Sepals brown without, yellow within ; petals white. A magnificent flower, but of difficult culture, f 5. C. FLAGELLIFORMIS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.} Snake Cactus. St. creeping, with about 10 angles, hispid ; fls. lateral, diurnal ; tube slender, longer than the limb of the petals. From S. America. Stem about the size of the little finger, cylindric, indistinctly articulated, 2 5f long. Flowers of a lively pink color, smaller than those of the last, and continuing in bloom several days.f Obs. Many other species of this curious genus are occasionally reared in the parlor or the green-house, so many that to notice them individually would transcend our limits. 3. MELOCACTUS. Compounded of melon and cactus ; from its form. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, lobes 5 6, petaloid ; petals as many as sepals, united with them into a long cylindric tube ; stamens and style filiform ; stigma 5-rayed ; berry smooth, crowned with the withered calyx and corolla. Suffruticose, fleshy, leafless. Spadix sim- ple, crowning the globular, deeply furrowed axis. Flowers terminal. M. COMMUNIS. Turk's Cap. Melon Thistle. Axis ovate-subglobose, dark green, 12 18-angled ; ribs straight ; spines fasciculate, subequal. Native of the Caribbean Islands. This remarkable plant appears like a large, green melon, with deep furrows and prominent ribs, and is full of juic< It is surmounted 24 276 LX1V. CRASSULACE^E. SEDUM. with a spadix (cephalium), which is cylindric, tuberculate, densely tomentose, bearing the red flowers at summit, f ORDER LXII. MESEMBRYACEJE. FICOIDS. Plants fleshy, of singular and various forms, yet often beautiful. Lvs. mpstly opposite, thick and oddly shaped. [tion. Fls. solitary, axillary and terminal, remarkable for their profusion, numerous, brilliant, and of long dura- Cal. Sepals varying from 4 to 8, but usually 5, somewhat connected at base. Cor. Petals indefinite, colored, in many rows. Sta. indefinite, distinct, arising from the calyx. Ova. inferior or nearly superior, many-celled. Stigmas numerous. Caps, many-celled, opening in a stellate manner at the apex. Sds. more commonly indefinite, attached to the inner angle of the cells. Genera 5, species 375, chiefly natives of the arid, sandy plains of the Cape of Good Hope. The species are much cultivated for ornament. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. Gr. pecrriiJi/jpia, mid-day, avSos ] flowers expanding at midday. Character essentially the same as that of the order. 1. M. CRYSTALLINUM. Ice-plant. RL biennial ; Ivs. large, ovate, acute, wavy, frosted, 3-veined beneath. A popular house plant, from Greece. It has a creeping stem, If or more in length, and, with the leaves, is covered over with frost-like, warty protuberances, giving the plant a very singular aspect. Flowers white, appearing all summer. } 2. M. CORDIFOLIUM. Heart-Udved Ice-plant. Procumbent, spreading; Ivs. petiolate, opposite, cordate- ovate; cal. 4-cleft, 2-horned. 7J. An interesting plant in house cultivation, from Cape Good Hope. The whole plant fleshy and suc- culent like others of its kind. Flowers pink-colored. Calyx thick, green, the horns opposite. Capsule translucent, marked at summit with cruciform lines, f ORDER LXIV. CRASSULACEJE. HOUSELEEKS. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Lvs. entire or pinnatifid. Slip, 0. Fls. sessile, usually in cymes. Cal. Sepals 320, more or less united at base, persistent. Cor. Petals as many as the sepals, distinct, rarely cohering. Sta. as many as the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many. Ova. as many as the petals and opposite them. Fil. distinct. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fr. Follicles as many as the ovaries, each opening by the ventral suture, many-seeded. Genera 22, species 450. chiefly natives of the warmer regions of the globe, particularly the Cape of Good Hope. About 20 are lound in North America. They grow in the thinnest and dryest soil, on naked rocks, sandy deserts, &c. Thev have no peculiar property except a slight acridity. Many are highly ornamental. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Stamens 4 Till&a. 1 $ i 4s ; ( Stamens 8 Bryophyllum. 5 ( Carpels distinct. Sedum. 2 s in 5s ; stamens 10 ; ( Carpels united. Penthorum. 4 Floral organs arranged ( in 12s Sempervivum. 3 1. TILL^A. Michx. In memory of Mich. Ang. Tilli, an Italian botanist ; died 1740. Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base ; petals 3 or 4, equal; sta- mens 3 or 4 ; caps. 3 or 4, distinct, follicular, opening by the inner surface, 2 or many-seeded. Very minute, aquatic herbs. Lvs. opposite. T. SIMPLEX. Nutt. (T. ascendens. Eaton.} Pigmy-weed. St. ascending or erect, rooting at the lower joints ; Ivs. connate at base, linear-oblong, fleshy ; fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4s ; pet. oval or oblong; carpels 8 10-seeded. Near East Rock, New Haven, Ct. (Dr. Robbins), and Philadelphia, on muddy banks, rare. Stem 1 3' high. Leaves 2 3" long. Flowers as large as a pin's head. Petals oval, flat, acute, twice as long as the oval, minute calyx, longer than the stamens and fruit, and of a greenish- white color. Jl. Sept. 2. SEDUM. Lat. sedere, to sit; the plants, growing on bare rocks, look as if sitting there. Sepals 4 5, united at base ; petals 4 5, distinct ; stamens 8 BRTOPHYLLUM. LXIV. CRASSULACE^E. 277 10; carpels 4 5, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each. Mostly herbaceous. Inflorescence cymose. Fls. mostly penlamerous. 1. S. TELEPHIOlDES. MicllX. Lvs. broadly lanceolate, attenuate at base, subdentate, smooth; cymes dense, corymbose ; sta. 10, the petals, sepals and carpels in 5s. Found on rocks, lake and river shores, N. Y., N. J., Harper's Ferry, Va. ! &c. Stem a foot high. Leaves 1 2' long, f as wide. Flowers numerous, purple, in a terminal, branching cyme. Jn. Aug. Like the other species, very tenacious of life. My specimens, gathered several months since at Harper's Ferry, are still grow- ing in the dry papers. 2. S. TERNATUM. Michx. Stone-crop. Lrs. ternately verticillate, obovate, flat, smooth, entire, the upper ones scattered, sessile, lanceolate ; cyme in about 3 spikes ; fis. secund, the central one with 10 stamens, the rest with only 8. 1\. In Can. West, Penn. the South- ern and Western States, Plummer ! Cultivated in N. Eng. Stems 3 8' long-, branching and decumbent at base, assurgent above. Cyme with the 3 branches spreading and recurved, the white flowers loosely arranged on their upper side. Jl. Aug. f 3. S. TELEPHIUM. Common Orpine. Live-forever. Rt. tuberous, fleshy, white ; st. 1 or 2f high, erect ; Ivs. flattish, ovate, obtuse, serrate, scattered ; cyme corymbose, leafy. 7]. From Europe. Cultivated and nearly naturalized. Stems simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves sessile, fleshy. Flowers white and purple, in dense, terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. f 4. S. ANACAMPSEROS. Evergreen Stone-crop. Rt. fibrous; st. decumbent; Ivs. cuneiform, attenuate at base ; cymes corymbose, leafy. 7J. Native of Eu- rope, growing there in crevices of rocks. "Stems reddish and decumbent at base, erect and glaucous above. Lvs. fleshy, bluish green. Fls. purple. Jl. f 5. S. ACRE. English Moss. Wall Pepper. Procumbent, spreading, branch- ing from the base ; Ivs. very small, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse, nearly erect; cyme few-flowered, trifid, leafy. From Great Britain. In cultivation it spreads rapidly on walls, borders of flower- beds, &c. densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow. The whole plant abounds in an acrid, biting juice, -f 3. SEMPERVlVUM, Lat. semper vivere, to live forever ; in allusion to their tenacity of life. Sepals 6 20, slightly cohering at base ; petals as many as sepals, acuminate ; stamens twice as many as petals ; hypogynous scales la- cerated ; carpels as many as the petals. Q Herbaceous plants or shrubs, propagated by axillary offsets. Lvs. thick, fleshy. \. S. TECTORUM. House-leek. Las. fringed ; offsets spreading. A well known plant of the gardens, with thick, fleshy, mucilaginous leaves. It sends out runners with offsets, rarely flowering. It is so succulent and hardy that it will grow on dry walls, and on the roofs of houses (tectorum). It is sometimes placed in the borders of flower-beds. 2. S. ARBOREUM. Tree House-leek. St. arborescent, smooth, branched ; Ivs. cuneiform, smoothish, bordered with soft, spreading cilise. A curious and or- namental evergreen, from the Levant. Stem very thick and fleshy, branching into a tree-like form, 8 lOf high (1 3f in pots). Fls. yellow, rarely appearing. 4. B'RYOPHYLLUM. saiisb. Gr. 6pvw, to grow, 0vAXoi/, a leaf; i. e. germinating from a leaf. Calyx inflated, 4-cleft scarcely to the middle ; corolla monopeta- lous, the tube long and cylindrical, 4-sided and obtuse at base ; limb in 4, triangular, acute lobes ; seeds many. An evergreen, fleshy, 278 LXV. SAXIFRAGACE.E. SAXIFHAGA. suffruticose plant, native of the E. Indies. Lvs. opposite, unequally pinnate, part of them sometimes simple. Fls. greenish-purple. B. cALYClNUM. Salisb. Not uncommon in house cultivation, requiring but little water, in a well-drained pot of rich loam. Stem thick, green, about 2f high. Leaves 3 5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate leaflets. Flowers in a loose, terminal panicle, pendulous, remarkable for the large, inflated calyx, and the long, tubular, exserted corollas. This plant is distinguished in vegetable physiology. See Fig. 10, 1, and 88, a. 5. PENTHORUM. Gr. TTEVTC, five; on account of the 5-parted, angular capsule. Calyx of 5 sepals united at base ; petals 5 or ; capsules of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 5-celled and 5-beaked ; seeds 00, minute. % Erect (not succulent) herbs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. yellowish, cymose. P. SEDolDES. Virginia Stone-crop. St. branched and angular above ; Ivs. nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute at each end, unequally serrate ; fls. in unilateral, cymose racemes. A hardy plant of little beauty, in moist situations, Can. and U. S. Stem 10 16' high, with a few, short branches. Leaves 2 3' by 1', membranaceous, smooth, sharply and unequally serrate. Racemes several, ^curved at first, at length spreading, with the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corym- bose, scentless, pale yellowish-green cyme. Pet. generally wanting. Jl Sept. ORDER LXV. SAXIFRAGACEJE. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Cal. Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, persistent. Cor. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. Sta. 510. Anthers 3-celled, opening longitudinally. Ova. inferior, usually of 2-carpels, cohering at base, distinct and divergent above. JV. generally capsular, 1 2-celled, many-seeded. Genera 38, species 440, native of temperate and frigid climes in both continents. As a tribe their roots are astringent. Several species are among our most ornamental, cultivated plants. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Capsule 2-celled Saxifraga. 1 ( Stamens 10. ( Capsule l-celled. . . Tiarella. 5 . Capsule 2-celled. entire. ( Stamens 5. I Capsule l-celled. i Petals 5, I pectinately pinnatifid. Herbs. I Petals 0. Leaves opposite. Aquatic, depressed. I Petals valvate in aestivation, i Leaves opposite. (. Petals convolute in aestivation. Sullivantia. 2 Heuchera. 3 Mitella. 4 Chrysosplemum. 6 Hydrangea. 8 Philadelphia. 9 Shrubs, i Leaves alternate Itea. 7 SUBORDER 1. SAXIFRAGEJE. Petals imbricate in aestivation ; carpels united, the summits dis- tinct, forming a beaked capsule. Herbs. 1. SAXIFRlGA. Lat. saxum, &rock,frangere, to break ; often growing in the clefts of rocks. Sepals 5, more or less united, often adnate to the base of the ova- ry ; petals 5, entire, inserted on the tube of the calyx ; stamens 10 ; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence ; capsule of 2 connate carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acuminate beaks (styles) ; seeds 00.^ 1. S. VIRGINIENSIS. Michx. (S. Virginica. Bin.} Early Saxifrage. Lsvs. mostly radical, spatulate-obovate, crenately toothed, pubescent, short- er than the broad petiole ; scape nearly leafless, paniculately branched above ; fls. many, cymose ; cal. adherent to the base of the ovary ; pet. oblong, much exceeding the calyx. An early and interesting plant, on rocks and dry hills, Can. and U. S. Scape 4 12'^high, pubescent, annual. Leaves rather fleshy, 9 13" by 6 12''. Flowers in rather dense clusters, white or tinged with pur- ple, in early spring. HEBCHBRA. LXV. SAXIFRAGACEJS. 279 2. PENNSYLVANIA. Tall Saxifrage. Las. radical, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, denticulate; scape nearly leafless ; branches alternate, with close cymes forming a diffuse panicle ; fls. pedicellate ; pet. linear-lanceolate, but little longer than the calyx. Larger than the foregoing, common in wet meadows, Me. to Ohio. Leaves fleshy, pale green, 5 8' by 1 2', on- a broad petiole. Scape 2 3f high, gross, hollow, hairy and viscid, branched into a large, oblong panicle of yellowish green flowers of no beauty. May. 3. S. AIZOON. Jacq. Lies, mostly radical, rosulate, spatulate, obtuse, with cartilaginous, white teeth, and a marginal row of impressed dots ; fls. corymbose-paniculate ; col. (and ped. glandular- viscid) tube hemispherical, as long as the 5-toothed limb ; pet. obovate ; sty. divergent, longer than the calyx. Southern shores of Lake Sup. (Pitcher, in T. & G. 1. p. 566) on shady, moist rocks. Stem 5 10' high. Fls. white. Jl. 4. S. AIZOlDES. Caespitose, leafy ; Ivs. alternate, linear-oblong, more or less ciliate, slight- ly mucronate, thick, flat, mostly persistent ; flowering stems annual ; fls. panicu- late, sometimes solitary ; sep. ovate, slightly coherent with the ovary ; pet. ob- long, longer than the sepals ; stigmas depressed ; caps, rather thick, as long as the styles. In the clefts of rocks, Willoughby Mt., Westmore, Vt. 500f above W. Lake, Wood, N. to the Arctic sea. Barren stems short, with densely crowded leaves; flowering ones ascending, 2 4' long, with scattered leaves. Leaves 4 6" long, about 2" wide. Pedicels bracteate. Flowers yellow, dotted. 5. S. OPPOSITIFOLIA. Opposite-leaved Saxifrage. Lvs. opposite, rather crowded, obovate, carinate, ciliate, obtuse, punctate, persistent; fls. solitary; cal. free from the ovary; pet. large, obovate, 5- veined, longer than the stamens. In the same locality as the above, Wood. Stems purplish, very branching and diffuse. Leaves bluish-green, 1 2" in length, narrowed and clasping at base. Flowering stems annual, 1 3' long. Flow- ers light purple, large and showy. Obs. I discovered this and the foregoing species in the above locality, in Aug. 1845, when they had passed flowering. 6. S. RIVULARIS. St. weak, ascending, 3 5-flowered; radical Ivs. petiolate, reniform, cre- nately lobed ; cauline lanceolate, subentire ; calyx lobes broad-ovate, nearly as long as the ovate petals, but much shorter than the thick, short-beaked capsules. White Mts., N H., Oakes, N. to Arc. Am. A very small species, with white, bracteate flowers. Stems about 2' high, annual, with alternate leaves. 2. SULLIVANTIA. Torr. In honor of Wm. S. Sullivant, author of Musci Alleghanensis, &c. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary ; segments ovate, acute ; petals oval-spatulate, unguiculate, inserted on the sum- mit of the calyx tube, and twice as long as its lobes ; stamens 5, in- serted with the petals, shorter than the calyx ; capsule 2-beaked, 2- celled ; seeds 00, ascending ; testa wing-like, not conformed to the nucleus. ^J- Lvs. mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fls. in a loose pani- cle, small, ichite. S. OHIONIS. Torr. A diffuse, weak-stemmed plant, first discovered in Highland Co., Ohio ! by him whose name it bears. Stem annual, very slender, 8 16' long, ascend- ing, glandular. Radical leaves roundish, cordate, lobed and toothed, 12' diam., on long petioles. Cauline leaves mostly very small, bract-like, cuneate at base, 3 5-toothed at summit. May, Jn. 3. HEUCHfiRA. In honor of Prof. Heucher, botanic author, Wittemberg, Germany. Calyx 5-cleft. coherent with the ovary below, segments obtuse; co- 24* 280 LXV. SAXIFRAGACE^:. TIARELLA. rolla inferior, of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded. % Lvs. radical^ long-petioled. 1. H. AMERICANA. Alum-root. Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. roundish, cordate, somewhat 7-lobed, lobes short and roundish, crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate ; -panicle elongated, loose ; pedi- cels divaricate ; cal. short, obtuse ; pet. spatulate, about as long as the calyx ; sta. much exserted. A neat plant, rare in the southern parts of N. Eng. and N. Y., frequent at the W. ! and S. Leaves all radical, 2 3' diam., on peti- oles 2 8' in length. Scape 2 4f high, paniculate, nearly | this length. Pe- duncles 2 3-flowered. Calyx campanulate, more conspicuous than the purplish- white petals. May, Jn. Root astringent, hence the common name. 2. H. PUBESCENS. Ph. (H. grandiflora. Raf.} Scape naked, minutely-pubescent above, and with the long petioles, gla- brous below; ITS. glabrous, orbicular-cordate, 7 9-lobed, lobes rounded, and with rounded, mucronate, eiliate teeth ; ped. cymose, dichotomous, joints flexu- ous, almost geniculate ; fls. large ; pet. longer "than the included stamens ; sty. exserted. Mts. Penn., Md ! Va. Scape 1 2f high. Leaves 3 5' diam., the veins beneath with a few scattered hairs. Flowers 5 6" long, purple. May, Jn. 3. H. RICHARDSONI. R. Br. Scape (naked) and petioles hairy and rough ; Ivs. orbicular-cordate, with a deep sinus, 5 7-lobed, lobes obtuse, incisely crenate, ciliate ; panicle rather contracted ; cal. somewhat oblique ; pet. ciliolate, somewhat unequal, about the length of the sepals; sta. a little exserted; sty. included. Prairies and bottoms, la. ! to Mo., N. to Can. Scape 1 2f high. ' Leaves glabrous above, veins be- neath hairy. Flowers 6 7" long. May. 4, MITEL LA. Tourn. A Lat. diminutive from mitra, a mitre. See Tiarella. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate; petals 5, pectinately pinnatifid, insert- ed on the throat of the calyx ; stamens 5 or 10, included ; styles 2, short ; capsule 1 -celled, with 2 equal valves. '4- 1. M. DIPHYLLA. Currant-leaf. Bishop's Cap. Lvs. cordate, acute, sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on long peti- oles, cauline 2, opposite, subsessile. Very common in the woods of N. Eng. to Can. and Ky. Stem a foot or more high, bearing the pair of leaves near the midst. Leaves 1 3' long, nearly as wide, hairy, on hispid petioles 2 6' long. Flowers on short pedicels, arranged in a long, thin spike or raceme, and most beautifully distinguished by the finely divided white petals. Seeds black and shining. May Jn. 2. M. NUDA. (M. prostrata, MX. M. cordifolia. Lam.') Dwarf Mitella. Lvs. orbiculate-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above ; scape filiform, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with filiform segments. A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shady woodlands at Potsdam, N. Y., and in Northern N. Eng. Leaves and stems light green, pellucid. Scape 4 6' high, terminating in a thin raceme of white flowers, with finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate, and send out creep- ing stolons from the base. Leaves ' long and of nearly the same width. Jn. 5. TIARELLA. Lat. tiara, a mitre or some other head-dress, from the resemblance of the capsule. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes obtuse ; petals 5 ; entire, the claws in- serted on the calyx ; stamens 10, exserted, inserted into the calyx ; styles 2 ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. % Flow- ers white. T. CORDIFOLIA. Mitre-wort. Gem-fruit. Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucronate-dentate, pilose ; scape racemose ; HYDRANGEA. LXV. SAX1FRAGACE.E. '281 stolons creeping. Common in rocky woods Can. to Penn., and generally asso- ciated with Mitella diphylla, which plant, in its general aspect, it much resem- bles. The scape arises from a creeping root-stock about 10' high, often bear- ing a leaf. Leaves 2 3'long,-f-as wide, hairy, and on hairy petioles 4 6' long. Racemes 1 2' long ; fls. wholly white, with minute bracts. May, Jn. 6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tourn. Gr . ypvtros, gold, /v, the spleen; on account of the medicinal qualities. Calyx adnate to the ovary, 4 5-lobed, more or less colored inside ; corolla 0; stamens 8 1 0, superior, short ; styles 2 ; capsule obcor- date, compressed, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. S?nall, aquatic kerbs. C. AMERICANUM. Schw. (C. oppositifolium. Michx.} Watej-carpet. Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to the petiole. A small plant, in springs and streams, spreading upon the muddy surface. Stem square, 3 6 inches long, divided in a dichotomous manner at top. Leaves opposite, ' in length, smooth. Calyx 4-cleft, greenish-yellow, with purple lines. Corol- la 0. Stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, which are the only conspicuous part of the flower. The terminal flower is sometimes decandrous. Apr. May. SUBORDER 2 E SCALL.OHTIEJE. 7. I T E A . Gr. name for the willow ; from a resemblance of foliage. Calyx small, with 5, subulate segments ; petals 5, lance-linear, in- flexed at the apex, inserted on the calyx ; stamens 5, inserted into the calyx ; styles united ; capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 8 12-seeded. A shrub with alternate, simple leaves, and a simple, spicate, terminal raceme of white, flowers. I. VIRGINICA. Margins of swamps and sluggish streams, N. J. and Penn. to Flor. Shrub about Gf high. Leaves 1 3' long, qval-acuminate, serrulate, on short petioles. Capsule oblong, acuminate with the style, its two carpels separating in maturity. May, Jn. SUBORDER. 3. H YDRAKTGEJE. Petals valvate. Capsules 2-celled. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. SHRUBS. 8. HYDRANGEA. Ch . vfiwp, water, a-yytov, & vessel ; because the cultivated species require so copious a supply of water. Marginal flowers commonly sterile, with a broad, rotate, 4 5-cleft, colored calyx, and with neither petals, stamens nor styles, fertile fl. Calyx tube hemispherical, adherent to the ovary, limb 4 5-toothed, persistent ; petals ovate, sessile ; stamens twice as many as the petals 5 capsule 2-beaked, opening by a foramen between the beaks ; seeds numerous. Shrubs with opposite leaves. Fls. cymose, generally radiant. 1. H. ARBORESCENS. (H. vulgaris. Michx.} Common Hydrangea. Lvs. ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate-dentate, nearly smooth ; fls. in fastigiate cymes. An elegant shrub, native in the Middle and Western States ! cultivated in the Northern, attaining the height of 5 or 6f on its native shady banks. Fertile flowers small, white, becoming roseate, very numerous. The cultivated varieties have either the marginal flowers radiate or all sterile and radiate, f 2. H. auERCiFOUA. Bartram. Oak-leaved Hydrangea. Lvs. deeply sinuate- lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath ; cymes paniculate, radiant, the stcrtie flmcers very large and numerous. A beautiful shrub, native of Flor., not uncommon 282 LXVI. HAMAMELACE^E. HAMAMELIS. in gardens. Height 4 5f. Leaves very large. Sterile flowers with roundish sepals, dull white, becoming reddish, very showy, f 3. H. HORTENSIS. Changeable Hydrangea. Lvs. elliptical, narrowed at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth ; cymes radiant ; Jls. mostly sterile. Probably native of China, where it has long been cultivated. Stems 1 3f high. Leaves large. Barren flowers very numerous and showy, at first green, passing successively through straw-color, sulphur-yellow, white, purple, and pink. The perfect flowers are central and much smaller. It thrives in large pots of peat mixed with loam, abundantly watered. The flowers endure sever- al months, f SUBORDER 4, P HIL.ADELPHEJS. Petals convolute in aestivation. Capsule 3 4-celled, loculicidal. Shrubs. 9. PHILADELPHIA. Name from Philadelphia, king of Egypt. Calyx 4 5-parted, half-superior, persistent : corolla 4 5-petaled ; style 4-cleft ; stamens 20 40, shorter than the petals ; capsule 4- celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence ; seeds many, arilled. Handsome flowering shrubs. Lvs, opposite, exstipulate. 1. P. GRANDIFLORUS. Willd. (P. inodorus. Michx.) Large-flowered Syringa. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy ; stig. 4, linear ; sty. undivided. A very showy shrub, 6f high, native at the South, cul- tivated in shrubberies. Branches smooth, long and slender. Flowers large, in a terminal umbel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Calyx divisions conspicu- ously acuminate, and much longer than the tube. Jn. -The upper leaves are often entire and quite narrow, f 2. P. CORONARIUS. False Syringa. Lvs. ovate, subdentate, smooth ; sty. dis- tinct. Native of S. Europe. A handsome shrub, often cultivated in our shrub- beries. The flowers are numerous, white, showy, resembling those of the orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect. It grows 5 8f high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked leaves, and opposite, reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters of flowers, f ORDER LXVI. HAMAMELACE.E. Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, dentate, the veinlets running direct from the mid-vein to the margin. Stip.de- Cal. adherent to the ovary, 4-cleft. [ciduoua. Cor. Petals 4, linear. Sta. 8, those opposite the petals barren (or many and all fertile, with no petals.) Ova. 2-celled, ovules solitary. PV. Capsule coriaceous, the summit free from the calyx, 2-beaked, 2-celled. Genera 10, species 15, natives of N. America and Japan. No remarkable properties have been dis- covered. HAMAMELIS. Gr. apa, with, jurjXoi', fruit; i. e. flowers and fruit together on the tree. Calyx 4-leaved or cleft, with an involucel of 23 bracts at base ; petals 4, very long, linear ; sterile stamens scale-like, opposite the petals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones ; capsule nut-like, 2-celled, 2-beaked. Shrubs or small trees. H. VIRGINIANA. Witch Hazel. Lvs. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate-dontate, obliquely cordate at base, on short petioles ; Jls. sessile, 3 4 together in an involucrate, axillary, subses- sile glomerule. U. S. and Can. A large shrub, consisting of several crooked, branching trunks from the same root, as large as the arm, and 10 12f high. Leaves nearly smooth, 3 5' long, | as wide. Petioles 4' long. Calyx downy. Petals yellow, curled or twisted, f long. Capsule woody, containing 2 nuts. This curious shrub is not unfrequent in our forests, and amidst the reigning LXVII. UMBELLIFERjE. 283 desolations of autumn and winter, this alone puts forth its yellow blossoms. The small branches were formerly used for " divining rods," to indicate the presence of the precious metals and of deep springs of water, and there are even at this day, persons who deem a denial of these virtues to the witch hazel, an oifence little short of heresy. ORDER LXVII. UMBELLIFEKJE. UMBELLIFERS. Lvs. usually divided, simple or compound, with sheathing petioles. Fts. arranged in umbels, mostly whits, often yellow, pink, blue, Cal. adhering to the ovary, entire or 5-toothed. , or greenish. Cor. Petals 5, usually inflected at the point, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. 5, alternate with the petals and inserted with them upon the disk. Ova. inferior, 2-celled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears the stamens and petals. Sty. 2, distinct, or united at their thickened bases. Stig. simple. Fr. dry, consisting of 2 coherent carpels, separating from each other by their faces (commissure) into two halves (merocarps). Carpophore, the slender, simple, or forked axis by which the carpels are borne, cohering to it by the faces of the commissure. Ribs. A definite number of ridges traversing the carpels, the larger ones (primary) alternating with the smaller (secondary). Vittcc. Little linear receptacles of colored volatile oil, imbedded in the substance of the pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs and the commissure. Genera 267, species 1500. This is a vast and well defined natural order, native of damp places, way- sides, groves, &c., in the cool parts of the world. Very few are found in tropical countries except upon the mountains. Properties aromatic, stimulant and carminative, depending upon a volatile oil residing in the vittaB of the fruit, in the roots, simple leaves, ...... Viburnum. 7 Corolla ( rotate, regular. Shrubs with 5 pinnate leaves ....... Sambucus. 6 TRIBE 1. Corolla tubular, the limb often irregular. Style filiform. 1. LONICERA. In honor of Adam Lonicer, a physician of Frankfort, in the 16th century. Calyx 5-toothed, tube subglobose ; corolla infundibuliform or cam- panulate, limb 5-cleft, often labiate ; stamens 5, exserted ; ovary 2 3- celled ; berry few-seeded ; stigma capitate. A genus of climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate leaves. Stems climbing. Flowers sessile, verticillate. CAPRIFOLIUM. 1. L. HIRSUTA. Eaton. (C. pubescens. Goldie.') Hairy Honeysuckle. L/vs. hairy above, soft-villose beneath, veiny, broad-oval, abruptly acumi- nate, the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; fls. in verticillate spikes ; cor. ringent ; fil. bearded. A shrubby climber, rather rare, in woods, N. Eng. to Mich, and Can., twining about trees to the height of 15 20f. The whole plant is more or less hairy. Leaves pale green, not shining, the edges and the upper side ciliate with scattered hairs. The flowers are large, numerous, greenish-yellow, in whorled, axillary and terminal clusters. Limb of corolla spreading. Style and stamens exsert. Jn. 2. L. PARVIFLORA. Lam. (C. parviflorum. PA.) Small-flowered Honeysuckle. I/vs. smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong, all sessile or con- nate, the upper pair perfoliate ; fls. in heads of several approximate whorls ; cor. ringent; tube short, gibbous at base ; fil. bearded. A small, smooth, shrubby climber, in rocky woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 8 1 Of long. Leaves wavy and revolute on the margin, very glaucous on the under side. Flowers rather small. Corolla 1' in length, yellow, tinged with dull red, gibbous at the base, the short limb in curled segments. Stamens and style exserted. Berries orange-colored. May, Jn. /?. ? Sullivantii. L-vs. pubescent beneath, all except the upper pair distinct. the lower ones petiolate. Ohio, W. S. Sullivant! S. Car. Miss Carpenter! Per- haps distinct. LONICERA. LXX1. CAPRIFOLlACEjE. 299 3. L. PLAVA. Sims. (C. Fraseri. Ph.} Yellow Honeysuckle^ Lvs. ovate, glaucous beneath, with a cartilaginous margin, upper pair connate-perfoliate ; spikes terminal, of close whorls ; cor. smooth, tube slender, gibbous at base, limb somewhat ringent; fll. smooth. A beautiful shrub, scarcely twining, mountains, N. Y. to Ga. W. to Wisconsin. Often cultivated. Leaves deciduous, obtuse, abruptly contracted at base, except the upper perfo- liate pair. Flowers in heads of about 10, fragrant. Corolla an inch or more in length, the tube much longer than the limb, bright yellow. Upper lip much broader than the lower, in 4 segments. Jn. Jl. f 4. L. GRATA. Ait. (C. gratum. Ph.} Evergreen Honeysuckle. Lvs. evergreen, obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pair con- nate-perfoliate ; flu. in sessile, terminal and axillary whorls ; cor. ringent, tube long, slender, not gibbous at base. A beautiful climbing species, damp wood- lands. N. Y., Penn. and Western States. Leaves opposite or in 3s, margin revolute. Flowers large and very fragrant, 5 or 6 in each whorl; Corolla pale yellow within, becoming reddish without. Stamens exserted. Berries red. The leaves are very obtuse, ending in a short, abrupt point. Jn. 5. L. sEMPERvlRENs. Ait. (C. sempervirens. Michx.} Trumpet Honeysuckle. Lvs. oblong, evergreen, the upper ones connate-perfoliate ; fls. in nearly naked spikes of distant whorls ; cor, trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, ventricose above. In moist groves and borders of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Com- mon in cultivation, where few flowers are found more beautiful, although they are deficient in fragrance. Stem woody, twining with the sun. Leaves ovate or elliptical, oi a dark, perennial green above. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly 2' long, dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular segments, of a fine scarlet without and yellow within. May Aug. f 6. L. PERICLYMENUM. Tourn. (C. Periclymenum. Linn.} Woodbine Honey- suckle. Lvs. deciduous, all distinct, elliptical, on short petioles; fls. in ovate, imbricate, terminal heads ; cor. ringent. A woody climber, native of Europe, cultivated and nearly naturalized. Flowers yellow and red, fragrant, succeeded by red berries. May Jl. f /?. quercifolia. (Oak-leaved Honeysuckle.} Lvs. sinuate-lobed. 7. L. CAPRIPOLIUM. (Caprifolium Italicum. R. <$ .) Italian Honeysuckle. Lvs. deciduous, the upper pair perfoliate-connate ; fls. in a terminal verticil ; cor. ringent. Native of Europe. Greatly admired in cultivation for its beauty and fragrance. Flowers of various hues, red, yellow and white. Jn. Aug. f Stem erect. Flowers pedunculate, geminate. XYLOSTEUM. 8. L. CILIATA. Muhl. (Xylosteum ciliatum. PL) Fly Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, ciliate ; corolla limb with short and subequal lobes; tube saccate at base ; sty. exserted ; berries distinct. A branching, erect shrub, 3 4f high, found in woods, Me. to Ohio and Can. Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, often cordate at the base, somewhat ciliate on the margin, and villose beneath when young. Flowers pale straw-yellow, in pairs at the top of the peduncle, with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs, but not connate, 3 5-seeded. June. 9. L. OBLONGIFOLIA. Hook. (X. oblongifolium. Goldie.} Lvs. oblong or oval, velvety-pubescent beneath ; corolla limb deeply bila- biate; tube gibbous at base; ped. long, filiform, erect; berries connate or united into one, globose, purple, bi-umbilicate. A shrub 3 4f high, in swamps, Can. and N. Y. Leaves almost sessile, 1 2' long, peduncles of equal length.' Co- rolla hairy, greenish- yellow outside, purplish inside, the lower lip nearly entire, the upper one 4-lobed, erect. Berries marked with the remains of the two calyces. Jn. 10. L. COERULEA. (X. villosum. MX. X. Solonis. Eat.} Blue-fruited Honeysuckle. Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at length smoothish ; ped. short, reflexed in fruit ; bracts longer than the ovaries ; berries connate or united into one, deep blue. A low shrub, in rocky woods Mass and N. Y., N. to Hudson's Bay. Stem 2f high, with small leaves and pairs of 26 300 LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE./E. SYMPHORICARPU. small, yellow flowers, which are longer than their peduncles. Leaves ovate, oval, obovate and oblong, ending abruptly. May, June. 11. L. TARTARICA. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Stems erect, much branched; Ivs. ovate, cordate, obtuse, smooth, shining and dark green above, paler beneath, entire, on short petioles ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 2-flowered ; segments of the corolla oblong, obtuse, equal. An elegant and much admired shrub, from Rus- sia. Grows from 4 to 1 Of high. Leaves 1 2' by | !', coriaceous. Flowers small, pale purple, varying to pure white, fragrant. Apr. Jn. } 2. DIERVILLA. Tourn. In honor of Dierville, a French surgeon, discoverer of the original species. Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft; corolla twice as long, funnel- shaped ; limb 5-cleft and nearly regular ; stamens 5 ; capsular fruit 2-celled (apparently 4-celled from the projecting placentae), many- seeded. Shrubs, with opposite, serrate, deciduous leaves. D. TRIFIDA. Mcench. (D. Tournefortii. Michx. D. Canadensis. Muhl.') Bush. Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, on short petioles ; ped. axillary and terminal, 1 3 flowered ; caps, attenuate above. A low shrub, not uncommon in hedges and thickets, Can. to Car. Stem about 2f high, branching. Leaves 2 4' by 1 !', finely serrate, ending in a long, narrow point. Ovaries slender, 4 5" long, about half the length of the greenish yellow corolla. Stamens and style much exserted. Stigma capitate. Jn. 3. TRIOSTEUM. Gr. Tpetg, three, OVTEOV, a bone; from the three bony seeds. Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, segments linear, nearly as long as the corolla ; corolla tubular, gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, subequal ; stamens 5, included ; stigma capitate, lobed ; fruit drupaceous, crown- ed with the calyx, 3-celled, 3-seeded ; seeds ribbed, bony. ^ Herba- ceous, rarely suffruticose. T. PERFOLIATUM. Fever-wort. IJKS. oval-acuminate, connate ; fls. axillary, verticillate or clustered. A coarse, unattractive plant, growing in rocky woods. Stem simple, stout, erect, round, hollow, 3 4f high, covered with soft, clammy hairs. Leaves 6' by 3', entire, abruptly contracted at base, yet always connate, nearly smooth above, pubescent beneath. Flowers sessile, in clusters of 5 or 6. Corolla dull pur- ple, viscid-pubescent, the limb in 5 rounded lobes. Fruit a rather dry drupe, somewhat 3-sided, crowned with the long, leafy, spreading calyx segments, orange-colored when mature, containing 3 bony nuts or seeds. June. The root is large and fleshy, and in much repute in medicine, having many of the properties of Ipecacuanha. 4. SYMPHORICARPUS. GT. trvv, together, ^pw, to bear, xapiros, fruit; bearing fruit in close clusters. Calyx tube globose, limb 4 5-toothed ; corolla funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, the limb in 4 5 subequal lobes ; stamens 4 5, inserted on the corolla ; stigma capitate ; berry globose, 4-celled, 2-seeded (2 opposite cells abortive). Small shrubs, with entire Ivs. and small fls. 1. S. RACEMOSUS. Michx. (Symphoria. Pm.) Snow-berry. Fls. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy racemes ; cor. campanu- late, densely bearded within ; sty. and sta. included. A smooth, handsome shrub, 2 3f high, common in cultivation, and native in Western N. Y., Canada, &c. Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler beneath, on short petioles. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Ber- ries large, round or ovoid, of a snowy white, and very ornamental when ma- ture. July, Aug. 2. S. OCCIDENTALIS. R. Br. Wolf-berry. IA>S. ovate, obtusish ; spikes dense, axillary and terminal, subsessile, nod- VIRURNUM. LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 301 ding ; cor. somewhat funnel-form, densely bearded inside ; st-a. and bearded style exserted. Woods, Mich, to Wis. Lapham! and Can. Shrub 2 If high. Leaves 13' by 2'; pubescent or nearly glabrous, paler beneath. Corolla rather larger and more expanded than in the last, purplish-white. Berries white. July. 3. S. VULGARIS. Michx. (Lonicera symphoricarpus. Linn. Symphoria glomerata. Nutt.} Lvs. roundish-oval ; spikes axillary, subsessile, capi- tate and crowded ; cor. campanulate, lobes nearly glabrous ; sta. and bearded style included. River banks, Penn. to Mo. and S. States. Shrub 2 3f high. Branches purplish and often pubescent. Leaves 1 2' by f !', somewhat pubescent. Corolla greenish-red. Berries purple. 5. LINN^E A. Gron. In honor of Carl Von Linne, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or modern. Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous ; bracteoles at base 2 ; corolla campanulate, limb subequal, 5-lobed ; stamens 4, 2 longer than the other 2 ; berry dry, 3-celled, indehiscent, 1 -seeded (2 cells abortive). A trailing, evergreen herb, widely disseminated throughout the northern temperate zone. L. BOREALIS. Gron. Twin-flower. The only species, native of moist, shady, rocky soils, generally in evergreen woods, from lat. 39 to the Arc. Sea. It has long, creeping, filiform, brownish stems, rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large patches. Leaves small, opposite, petiolate, roundish, with obtuse lobes or teeth, and scattered hairs. Peduncles filiform, slightly hairy, about 3' high (the only erect part of the plant), the lower part leafy, the upper furnished with a pair of minute, linear, opposite bracts, and terminating with 2 pedicellate, nodding flowers. The corolla is rose-colored and very fragrant. Jn. TRIBE 2. SAMBUCE^E. . Corolla regular, rotate. Stigmas 3 5, nearly sessile. 6. SAMBUCUS. Lat. sambuca, a musical instrument, said to have been made of the elder. Calyx small, 5-parted ; corolla 5-cleft, segments obtuse ; stamens 5 ; stigma obtuse, small, sessile ; berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with pinnate, or bipinnate Ivs. Fls. in cymes. 1. S. CANADENSIS. Common Elder. St. shrubby; cymes 5-parted; Ivs. nearly bipinnate ; Ifts. oblong-oval, acu- minate, smooth. A common, well known shrub, 6 lOf high, in thickets and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem filled with a light and porous pith, espe- cially when young. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs with an odd one, serrate, the lower ones often binate or trifoliate. Petioles smooth. Flowers numerous, in very large (2f broad in la !) level-topped cymes, white, with a heavy odor. Berries dark purple. May Jl. 2. S. PUBENS. Michx. Panicled Elder. St. shrubby ; cymes paniculate or pyramidal ; Ifts. oval-lanceolate, acumi- nate, in 2 or 3 pairs, with an odd one, and, with the petiole, pubescent beneath. A common shrub, in hilly pastures and woods, Hudson's Bay to Car., growing about 6f high, often more or less. Leaves simply and unequally pinnate. Leaflets sharply serrate, very pubescent when young. Flowers in a close, ovoid thyrsus or panicle. Corolla white. Berries scarlet, small. Jn. /?. leiccocarpa. Berries white. Catskill Mountains. T. <$ G. 7. VIBURNUM. Lat. viere, to tie ; for the pliancy of the twigs of some of the species. Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla limb 5-lobed, segments obtuse ; stamens 5, equal, longer than the corolla ; stigmas mostly 302 LXX1. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. VIBURNUM. sessile ; drupe 1 -seeded. Shrubs or small trees. Lvs. simple, petiolate. Fls. cymose^ sometimes radiant. * Cymes radiant, the marginal flowers muck larger than the others and neutral. 1. V. LANTANOIDES. Hobble-bush. Wayfaring Tree. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; pet. and veins covered with a ferruginous down ; cymes sessile ; jr. ovate. A shrub, very ornamental when in flower. It is rather common in the rocky woods of N. Eng. and N. Y., which it adorns in early spring with its large cymes of bril- liant white flowers. Height about 5f. Branches long and crooked, often trail- ing and rooting. Leaves very large, covered with a rusty pubescence when young, at length becoming green, the dust and down remaining only upon the stalk and veins. The radiant, sterile flowers of the cyme are near 1' diam., from a greenish color becoming white, flat, with 5 rounded lobes. Inner flowers much smaller, fertile. May. 2. V. OPULUS. /?. Americana. Ait. T. & G. (V. Oxycoccus. PA.) High Cranberry. Smooth ; Ivs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long, rounded at base, lobes divaricate, acuminate, crenately toothed ; petioles glandular ; cymes pedunculate. A handsome shrub, 8 12f high, in woods and borders of fields,' N. States and Brit. Am. Stems several from the same root, branched above. Leaves with large, remote, blunt teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at base, channeled above. Cymes bordered with a circle of large, white, barren flow- ers, like the preceding species. Fruit resembles the common cranberry in fla- vor, and is sometimes substituted for it. It is red, very acid, ripens late, re- maining upon the bush after the leaves have fallen. June. /?. roseum. Guelder Rose. Snow-ball. Lvs. rather acute at base, longer than broad, lobes acuminate, with acuminate teeth ; petioles glandular ; fls. all neu- tral, in globose cymes. Native of Europe. This variety is the popular shrub so generally admired and cultivated as a companion of the Lilac, Snowberry, Philadelphus, &c. Its dense, spherical cymes are wholly made up of barren flowers. * * Cymes not radiant. Flowers all similar and fertile. Leaves lobed or incised. 4. V. ACERIFOLIUM. Maple-leaved Viburnum. Dockmackic. Lvs. subcordate, acuminate, 3-veined, 3-lobed, acutely serrate ; pet. with- out glands ; cymes on long peduncles. A shrub, 4 6f high, with yellowish green bark, growing in woods, Can. and U. S. Leaves broad, rounded and sometimes cordate at base, divided into 3 acuminate lobes with sharp serra- tures, a form not very unlike that of the maple leaf, the under surface, as well as the younger branches a little downy. Branches straight, slender, very flexi- ble, ending with a pair of leaves and a long-stemmed, cymose umbel of white flowers. Fruit oval, compressed. Stamens much exserted. June. 5. V. PAUCIFLORUM. Pvlaie. Few-flowered Viburnum. Nearly smooth in all its parts ; Ivs. roundish, slightly 3-lobed or incised at summit, mostly 5- veined from the base; cymes small and pedunculate, termi- nating the very short lateral branches ; fil. much shorter than the corolla. A small shrub, with white flowers, Mansfield Ml., Vt. Macrae, White Mts., N. H. Bobbins, N. to Newfoundland. 6. V. LENTAGO. Sweet Viburnum. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely and finely uncinate-serrate ; petiole with undulate margins. A common, tree-like shrub, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Height 10 15f. Leaves smooth, conspicuously acuminate, about 3' long and half as wide, their petioles with a curled or wavy, dilated border on each side. Flowers white, in broad, spreading cymes, succeeded by well-fla- vored, sweetish berries of a glaucous black. Jn. 7. V. NUDUM. Naked-stalked Viburnum. Withe Rod. Smooth ; Ivs. oval-oblong, revolute at the edge, subcrenulate ; pet. naked ; cymes pedunculate. A shrub or small tree, 10 15f high, in swamps, U. S. Leaves elliptical, punctate, coriaceous, the margin more or less rolled, nearly entire, smooth as well as every other part, and when full grown, 3 or 4 inches LXXII. RUBIACE^E. 303 long. Cymes large, on peduncles an inch or two in length, with caducous bracts. Flowers' numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, sweetish when ripe. June. /3. cassinoldes. (V. pyrifolium. Lam.) Lvs. ovate, oval or often rhomboidal, acuminate, acute, obtuse or even emarginate on the same twig ; margin finely serrate ; fr. oblong-ovoid. 8. V. PRUNIFOLIUM. Black Haw. Sloe. Lvs. smooth, roundish-obovate, acutely serrate, with uncinate teeth ; peti- oles margined with straight, narrow wings. In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ga. A shrub or small tree, 10 20f high, the branches spreading, some of them often stinted and naked, giving the plant an unthrifty aspect. Leaves about 2' long and nearly as wide, on short petioles, slightly margined. Cymes rather large, terminal, sessile. Flowers white, succeeded by oval, blackish berries which are sweet and eatable. June. 9. V. DENTATUM. Arrow-wood. Nearly smooth ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, on long stalks; cymes pedunculate. A shrub, 8 12f high, not uncommon in damp woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. It is called arrow- wood from the long, straight, slender branches or young shoots. Leaves roundish, 2 3' diam., the upper pair .oval, the veins beneath prominent, parallel and pubescent in their axils. Flowers white, succeeded by small, roundish, dark blue berries. June. 10. V. PUBESCENS. Downy Viburnum. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, villous beneath and somewhat hairy above, on short stalks ; stipules 2, subulate ; cymes pedunculate ; fr. oblong. In dry, rocky woods and thickets, Can. to Car. rare. A shrub, about 6f high. Leaves about 2' long, each with a pair of short, hairy, subulate appendages (stipular V\ at the base of the very short petiole. Cymes small, few- flowered. Flowers rather larger than those of the foregoing species, white. Jn. 11. V. TINUS. Laurestine. Lvs. ovate, entire, their veins with hairy tufts beneath. An exceedingly beautiful evergreen shrub, from Europe. Height 4 5f. Leaves acute, veiny, dark shining green above, paler beneath. Flowers white, tinged with red, very showy. Degrees of pubescence variable. ORDER LXXII. RUBIAC^JE. MADDERWORTS. Trees, shrubs, and herbs. Lvs. opposite, sometimes verticillate, entire. Stip. between the petioles, sometimes resembling the leaves. Cal. Tube more or less adherent (superior or half-superior), limb 4 5-cleft. Cor. regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same number of divisions. Sta. inserted upon the tube of corolla, equal in number and alternate with its segments. Ova. 2- (rarely more) celled. Style single or partly divided. Fr. various. Seeds one, few or many in each cell. Genera 299, species 2982. It is generally divided into two Suborders, viz., KtellattR and Cinchonecz, to which a third, Loganiecc. (which has no representatives at the North) is appended by Torrey and Gray. The species of the first Suborder, Stellatao, are common in the northern parts of both continents ; the two other Suborders chiefly prevail in warm or torrid regions. Properties. A very important family, furnishing many useful products. The madder, one of the most important of dyes, is furnished by the root of Rubia tinctoria. A similar coloring matter is possessed by several species of Galium. Among the CincJiomcB we find Cinchona and Cephaelis furnishing two of the most valuable of all medicines. Peruvian bark, a powerful febrifuge, well known and appreciated everywhere, is the product of several species of the former, viz., Cinchona micranthia, C. condaminea, C. lanceolata, C. magnifolia. &c., all natives of Peru. Their febrifugal properties depend upon the pres- ence ol two alkalies, Cinchonia and Quinia, both combined with Kinicacid. Ipecacuanha, the prince of all emetics, is the product of the root of CephSelisIpecacuanha, a little shrubby plant with creeping roots, in the damp forests of Brazil. Several other species of Cinchoneae afford substitutes for the true Cqffeeis the hard albumen of the seeds of Coffea Arabica, a tree of moderate size, with a light brown trunk and a conical shaped head. Leaves shining, light green. Flowers white, fragrant. The berries are black when ripe. Coffee is said to have been used in Ethiopia from time immemorial. In Paris and London it seems not to have been in general use earlier than the year 1700. but since that time, enough has been drank in Europe and America to float the British navy. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Leaves (and interpetiolar leaf-like stipules) in verticils. . . . Galium. i ( Ovary with 2 corollas ! MitcheUa. -2 I Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. . Hedyotis. 3 1 Ovary < Carpels 2, l-seede,d, l indehiscent. . Spermacoce. 4 I Leaves $ Herbs, t simple. ( Carpels 2, l-seeded, both indehiscent. Diodia. 5 s adherent. L opposite. (Shrubs, v.-ith flowers m globose heads Cephalanthus. 6 Ovary ( nearly free from the calyx. Leaves opposite. .... Kvi^clia 7 26* 304 LXX11. RUBIACE^E. GALIUM. SUBORDER 1. S T E tr L< A T JE . Calyx wholly adherent (superior) to the ovary which is two-celled, two-seeded. Leaves verticillate. Herbs. 1. GALIUM. Gr. yaAa, milk; the flowers of one species (G. verum) are used in coagulating milk. Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; corolla rotate, 4-cleft ; stamens 4, short ; styles 2 ; carpels 2, united, 1 -seeded, indehiscent. Herbs, with slen- der , ^-angled stems.- Lvs. verticillate. * Fruit smooth. 1. G. ASPRELLUM. Michx. Rough Cleavers or Clivers. St. diffuse, very branching, rough backwards; Ivs. in 6s, 5s or 4s, lanceo- late, acuminate or cuspidate, margin and midvein retrorsely aculeate ; ped. short, in 2s or 3s. l|-Common in thickets and low grounds, Can. and Northern States. Stem weak, 2 5f long, leaning on" other plants, and closely adhering to them by its minute, retrorse prickles. Leaves 5 8" by 2 3". Flowers white, small and numerous. Fruit minute, smooth, often slightly hispid when young. Jl. 2. G. TRIFIDUM. Dyers' Cleavers. Goose-grass. St. decumbent, very branching, roughish with retrorse prickles ; Ivs. in 5s and 4s, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, rough-edged ; parts of the flower mostly in 3s. Tj. In low, wet grounds, Can. and U. S. It is one of the smallest of the species. Leaves 3 6" by 1 2", often cuneate at base. Peduncles mostly in 3s, and axillary. Flowers small, white. Jl. (3. tinctorium. Torr. (G. tinctorium. Linn.} St. nearly smooth ; Ivs. of the stem in 6s, of the branches in 4s ; ped. 2 3-flowered ; parts of the flower in 4s. A somewhat less slender variety than the first. The root is said to dye a perma- nent red. y. latifolium. Torr. (G. obtusum. Bw.) Lvs. in 4s, oblanceolate, obtuse ; ped. 3-flowered ; parts of the flower in 4s. 3. G. VERUM. Yellow Bedstraw. Erect ; Ivs. in 8s, grooved, entire, rough, linear ; fls. densely paniculate. n\. Found in dry, open grounds, in the vicinity of Boston, probably introduced. Bigelow. Root long, fibrous. Stem slender, erect, 1 2f high, with short, op- posite, leafy, unequal branches. Leaves deflexed, linear, with rolled edges. Flowers numerous, small, yellow, in small, dense, terminal panicles. Jn. The roots dye red. The flowers are used in England to curdle milk. 4. G. CONCINNUM. Torr. & Gray. St. decumbent, diffusely branched, retrorsely scabrous on the angles ; Ivs. in 6s, linear, glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upwards on the margins ; ped. fili- form, twice or thrice trichotomous, with short pedicels; lobes of the corolla acute. Dry woods and hills, Mich., Ky. T. fy G. la. ! Stems very slender, 10 15' high. Leaves in numerous whorls, 5 8" by 1", slightly broader in the middle. Flowers minute and numerous, white. Jn. * * Fruit hispid. 5. G. APARINE. Common Cleavers. St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly ; Ivs. in 8s, 7s or 6s, linear-oblan- ceolate, mucronate, rough on the midvein and margin; ped. axillary, 1 2-flow- ered. In wet thickets, Can. and Northern States to la. Plummer! Stems several feet long, leaning on other plants, and closely adhering by their hooked prickles to everything in their way. Leaves 12 20" by 2 3". Flowers nu- merous, small, white. Fruit rather large, armed with hooked prickles. Jn. The root will dye red. The herbage is valued as a domestic remedy. 1 6. G. TRIFLORUM. Michx. Tri-flowering Galium. St. weak, often procumbent, smoothish, shining ; Ivs. in 5s and 6s, lanceo- late, acuminate-cuspidate, 1-veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin; ped. elon- gated, axillary, 3- (rarely 2 ) flowered at the extremity ; fls. pedicellate ; Jr. HEDYOTIS. LXXII. RUBIACE./E. 305 hispid with hooked hairs. 7J. Grows in moist thickets and woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 1 3f long, slightly branched. Leaves 1 2' long, \ as broad, often obovate. Flowers greenish- white, small. Fruit whitish with its uncinate clothing. Jl. 7. G. BOREALE. (G. septentrionale. Z?w.) Northern Galium. St. erect, smooth ; Ivs. in 4s, linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-veined, smooth ; fls. in a terminal, pyramidal panicle. % Grows in rocky, shady places, Northern States and Brit. Am. Stems If or more high, several together, branched above. Leaves 12 20" by 2 9", tapering to an obtusish point. Flowers numerous, small, white, in a thyrse-like panicle at top of the stem. Fruit small. Jl. 8. G. PILOSUM. Ait. (G. puncticulosum. Michx.} Hairy Galium. St. ascending, hirsute on the angles ; Ivs. in 4s., oval, indistinctly veined, hirsute both sides and punctate with pellucid dots ; ped. several times forked, each division 2 3-flowered ; fls. pedicellate. % A rare species, found in dry woods and sterile soils, Mass. ! to la. ! and Tex. Stem 1 2f high, acutely 4- angled, mostly with few, short, spreading branches, sometimes much branched. Leaves 9 12" by 4 8", obtusish, very hairy as well as the stem and fruit. Flowers purplish. Jn. 9. G. ciRCjEZANs. Michx. Circaa-like Galium. St. erect or ascending, smooth ; Ivs. in 4s, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3- veined, smoothish, ciliate on the margins and veins ; ped. divaricate, few-flow- ered ; jr. subsessile, nodding. 1\. Grows in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem about If in height, with a few short branches near the top, or simple. Leaves 1 2' by 4 8". Flowers on very short, reflexed pedicels, scattered along the (usually 2) branches of the dichotomous peduncle. Fruit covered with little hooks as in Circaea. Jl. The leaves have a sweet taste like liquorice. #. 1 lanceolatum. Torr. (G. Torreyi. BW.} Very smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate ; fr. sessile. A fine variety 7 with larger leaves (2' or more in length). Flowers purple. y . 7 montanum. T. & G. (G. Littelli. Oakes.} Dwarf; Ivs. obovate. White Mts. Oakes. SUBORDER 2. C I N C,H O M" E JE . Calyx adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite (rarely verticillate). Stipules between the petioles, often united with them into a sheath. 2. MITCHELLA. In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, an English resident in Virginia. Flowers 2 on each double ovary ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla funnel- shaped, hairy within ; stamens 4, short, inserted on the corolla ; stig- mas 4 ; berry composed of the 2 united ovaries. Evergreen herbs, smooth and creeping, with opposite leaves. M. RE PENS. Partridge Berry. St. creeping ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, petiolate. A little prostrate plant found in woods throughout the U. S. and Can. Stem furnished with flat, coriaceous, dark green leaves, and producing small, bright red berries, remarkably distin- guished by their double structure, and remaining on the plant through the win- ter. The corollas are white or tinged with red, very fragrant. Fruit well fla- vored but dry and lull of stony seeds. Jn. 3. HEDYOTIS. Gr. rfvs, sweet, (ctvff) oro?, the ear; said to cure deafness. Calyx tube ovate, limb 4-parted ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4, in- serted on the corolla ; stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Herbs, rarely shrubs. Lvs. opposite. Stip. connate with the petiole. 306 LXXII. RUBIACE^E. SPERMACOCB. Corolla hypocrater-iform, with a long tube, limb glabrous. Peduncles 1-flowered. HOUSTONIA. Linn. 1. H. CCERULEA. Hook. (Hous. coerulea. Linn.} Dwarf Pink. Innocence. Radical Ivs. ovate-spatulate, petiola.te ; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous ; ped. filiform, 1 2-flowered. An elegant little plant, found in moist grounds, fields and road-sides, Can. and U". S. Its blossoms appear early, and are usu- ally found in patches of considerable extent, covering the surface of the ground with a caruUan hue. The cauline leaves are small, opposite, lance-ovate. Stems very slender, forked, 3 5' high, each branch bearing a flower. Corolla pale blue, yellowish at the centre. May Aug. 2. H. MINIMA. T. & G. (Houstonia. Beck.} Glabrous, simple or dichotomously branching ; Ivs. linear-spatulate, much attenuated to the base ; ped. axillary and terminal, often longer than the leaves ; sds. 10 15 in each cell, oval, smooth, concave on the face. Prairies, &c., Mo. ! Tenn. ! to La. Very small and delicate, 1 3' high. Leaves about 5" by 1". Flowers rose-color. Mar. May. Corolla infundibuliform, often hairy inside. Flowers in terminal racemes. AMPHIOTIS. DC. 3. H. CILIOLATA. Torr. (Hous. Canadensis. Muhl.') Clustered Dwarf Pink, Radical Ivs. ovate, obtuse, narrow at the base, ciliate on the margin ; cau- line ones ovate-spatulate, sessile ; corymbs terminal, pedicellate ; ped. tricho- tomous ; divisions of the calyx lance-linear. Banks of lakes and rivers, Onta- rio ! Niagara ! W. to Ohio. A little plant, stouter than the last. Root-leaves numerous, stem-leaves few. Stems smooth, 4-angled, branched above, and bearing a corymbose cluster of numerous pale purple flowers. Calyx half-ad- herent, its lobes about half as long as the tube of the corolla. May July. 4. H. LONGIFOLIA. Hook. (Houstonia longif. Gaert.') Long-leaved Dwarf Pink. Radical Ivs. oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end ; cauline linear or lance-linear, 1-veined ; fls. in small, paniculate cymes. 1\_ Dry hills, N. and Mid. States ! to Ark. and Flor. Much more slender than the next, Stems erect, 5 12' high, 4-angled, smooth or ciliolate on the angles. Leaves 9 15" by 2 -3 /x , cauline sessile, rather acute at each end, all smooth. FloAvers 2 or 3 together, on very short pedicels, pale-purple, with deeper-colored striae in the throat. Jn. Jl. /?. 1 (H. temiifolia. Null.') St. very branching ; Ivs. very narrow; ped. fili- form ; fls. smaller. 5. H. PURPUREA. Torr: & Gray. (Houstonia. Linn.) St. ascending, clustered, branching, 4-angled ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3 5- veined, closely sessile ; cymes 3 7-flowered, often clustered ; calyx segments lance-linear, longer than the capsule. Mid. and W. States ! in woods and on river banks. A very delicate flowerer, about If high. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide. Corolla (purple, T. ($ G 1 .) white, scarcely tinged with purple. May Jl. Corolla rotate, tube very short. Seeds 50 60 in each cell. Flowers mostly glomerate in the axils of the leaves. ELATINELLA. Torr. those of the disk c?; involucre simple ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. "4- Lvs. radi- cal. Fls. yellow, with very narrow rays. T. FARFARA. CoWs-foot. A low plant, in wet places, brook sides, N. and Mid. States, and is a cer- tain indication of a clayey soil. Scape scaly, about 5' high, simple, appearing with its single, terminal, many-rayed, yellow head, in March and April, long before a leaf is to be seen. Leaves arising after the flowers are withered, 5 8' by 3 6', cordate, angular, dentate, dark green above, covered with a cotton- like down beneath, and on downy petioles. ? 9. NARDOSMIA. Cass. Gr. vapdog, spikenard, 00-^77, smell; from the fragrance of the flowers. Heads many-flowered, somewhat 9 cT; flowers of the ray 9> of the disk , but abortive in the sterile plant ; involucre simple ; recep- tacle flat, naked ; pappus capillary. % Lvs. radical. Fls. cyanic. The ray flowers of the sterile heads are in a single row ; of the fertile heads in several, but very narrow. N. PALMATA. Hook. (Tussilago. Ait.') Scape -with a fastigiate thyrse or corymb ; Ivs. roundish-cordate, 5 7-lobed, tomentose beneath, the lobes coarsely dentate. In swamps, Fairhaven, Vt., Robbins. Sunderland, Mass.* Hitchcock. W. to R. Mts. Very rare. A coarse, acaulescent plant, with large, deeply and palmately-lobed leaves, and a stout scape covered with leaf-scales and 1 2f high. The heads are fragrant, nume- rous, with obscure rays, those of the barren plants almost inconspicuous. May. TRIBE 3. ASTEROIDEJE. Heads radiate, rarely discoid. Branches of the style more or less flattened and linear, equally pubescent above outside. Leaves mostly alternate. Section 1. Heads radiate. Rays cyanic. 10. ASTER. Gr. affrrjp, a ttJUufc- from the radiated flowers. Involucre oblong, imbricate ; scales loose, often with green tips, the outer spreading ; disk flowers tubular, $ ; ray flowers 9 > in one row, generally few (6 100), ligulate, oblong, 3-toothed at apex, finally revolute ; receptacle flat, alveolate ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous ; achenium usually compressed. A large genus of % herbs, very abundant in the V. S., flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. alternate. Disk fls. yellow, changing to purple, ray flowers blue, purple 01" white, never yellow. Scales imbricate, with appressed, greenish tips. Rays 6 15. Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads corymbose. BIOTIA. DC. 1. A. CORYMBOSUS. Ait. (Eurybia corymbosa. Cass.} Corymbcd Aster. St. corymbose-fastigiate, smooth ; branches hairy; tvs. ovate, acutely ser- ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 319 rate, acuminate, the lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles naked ; invol. oblong, imbricate with closely appressed, obtuse scales. Common in dry woods, N. and Mid. States. Stem 2f high, smooth, often reddish, more or less flexuous. Leaves large, mostly smooth, lower ones cordate-acuminate, with sharp serra- tures, middle ones ovate, upper ones becoming lanceolate. Flowers in a broad, flat-topped corymb, large, very open, with about 6 long, narrow, white rays. Aug. 2. A. MACROPHYLLUS. Willd. (Eurybia macrophylla. Coss.) Large-leaved, Aster. St. branched, diffuse ; Ivs. ovate, petiolate, serrate, rough, upper ones ovate-lanceolate, sessile, lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles somewhat winged ; invol. cylindric, closely imbricate with oblong, acute scales. Distin- guished for its very large root leaves which are 6 10' by 3 5'. Grows in woods, N. States and Can. Stem furrowed, 1 2f high. Leaves nearly smooth. Rays about 13, white or pale blue. Sept. Scales imbricated, with spreading, green tips. Rays 12 30. Pap- pus bristles rigid, some of them thickened upwards. Heads large, corymbose. Lower leaves never cordate, cauline sessile, rigid. CALLI- ASTRUM. T. & G. 3. A. RADULA. Ait. Rasp-leaved Aster. St. erect, simple below, angular ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base, sessile, serrate, rugose and rough ; invol. imbricate, scales appressed, with small, spreading green tips. Moist groves and hedges, Me. to Penn. ! Not common. Height 1 3f. Distinguished for its stiff, narrow, sharply serrate leaves which abundantly clothe the straight, smooth stem. Branches nearly naked, undivided, each having a single large head, rarely more. Rays numerous, short, white or purplish. The lower leaves are some- times ovate-lanceolate. Aug. Sept. 4. A. SPECTABILIS. Ait. Shovry Aster. St. erect ; Ivs. somewhat scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, lower ones serrate in the middle ; branches corymbose ; hds. hemispherical, with nu- merous, squarrose-spreading, ciliate scales. A low Aster of pine barrens, Mass. ! to Ky. Stem straight, 1 2f high, branching above into a nearly simple co- rymb of 10 15 heads, which are large and showy, with many long, blue rays. Sept. Nov. 5. A. GRACILIS. Nutt. Slender Aster. St. minutely-pubescent, corymbose at summit ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, in- cisely and remotely serrulate, narrowed to the sub-clasping base; corymb loose, spreading; scales linear-oblong, whitish, with green, spreading tips ; rays about 12. Pine barrens, N. J. Stems clustered, 12 14' high, purplish, leafy, slender. Leaves 1 2' long, glabrous, opaque, lower ones somewhat spatu- late. Corymb simple or compound. Rays pale violet, about as long as the involucre. Sept. Scales green, or with green tips. Rays 00. Pappus bristles soft, none of them thickened upwards. Achenia compressed. ASTER proper. * Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads paniculate. 6. A. CORDIFOLIUS. Heart-leaved Aster. St. paniculate, smoothish ; lower Ivs. cordate, hairy beneath, sharply ser- rate, acuminate, petiolate ; petioles winged ; invol. closely imbricate, the scales with short, green tips. Common in rocky woods, N. and- W. States. Stem smooth below, more or less pubescent above, a little flexuous, striate, 2f high, with a handsome panicle of racemes at top of numerous, rather small flowers. Rays 10 15, pale blue varying to white. Lower leaves large, cordate, with a deep sinus at base, the serratures very acute, the summit ending in a long, acute point, slightly rough above, hairy and paler beneath. Petioles more or less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves are gradually reduced to small or mi- nute bracts. Sept. 7. A. SAGITTIFOLIUS. Arrow-leaved Aster. St. with racemose branches above, smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, sessile, serrate in the middle, radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate-sagittate, 320 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. serrate, petiolate ; invol. scales loose, lanceolate. Low woods, N. and W. States and Can. Stem 2 4f high, dividing into many ascending, rigid branches, with numerous and crowded heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads small, each with about 12 rays, which are white or with various shades of blue. Leaves becoming smaller above, lanceolate and even linear. Sept. 8. A. UNDULATUS. Wave-leaf Aster. St. paniculate, hispid; branches secund, leafy, 1-flowered; Ivs. oblong- cordate, amplexicaul, very entire, hairy, somewhat undulate or crenate-serrate, lower ones ovate, cordate, subserrate, with winged petioles. Native of dry woods, U. S. Plant rough, about 2f high, with slender branches. Lower leaves on long winged petioles, cordate, acuminate, upper ones becoming nar- row-ovate and clasping. Flowers pale blue, solitary, fdrm'ing a loose panicle of somewhat one-sided racemes. Aug. Sept. 9. A. AZUREUS. Lindl. (A. Oolentangiensis. Riddcll.} Scabrous ; st. and racemose paniculate branches rigid ; Ivs. lance-ovate, cor- date, slightly serrate, on hairy petioles, middle and upper ones lanceolate and linear, acute at each end, sessile, entire, highest subulate ; hds. broadly obconic ; scales oblong-linear, acute, appressed. Woods and prairies, Western States. Stem about 2f high. Leaves of several forms between the lowest cordate to the small, subulate, numerous iloral .ones . of the slender branches. Racemes rather remote, panicled, with middle-sized heads. Rays blue. 10. A. SHORTII. Hook. Short s Aster. Slender and nearly glabrous, simple or somewhat branched above ; Ivs. lance-ovate, cordate, petiolate, long-acuminate, subentire, upper ones sessile and obtuse at base ; /ids. middle-size, racemose or racemose-paniculate, rather numerous; invol. broad-cam panulate; scales scarious, close, green-tipped, shorter than the disk flowers. A distinct and beautiful species, on rocky banks of streams, Ohio ! to Ark. Stem a little flexuous, 2 4f high. Lower leaves about 5' by H', the others successively diminished upwards to the flowers where they are minute. Rays violet blue. * * Lower leaves never cordate. Cauline leaves clasping and cordate or auriculate at base. 11. A. PATENS. (A. amplexicaulis. Willd.') Spreading Aster. St. simple, paniculate .above, pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, clasping the stem, acuminate, scabrous on the margin, pubescent ; panicle loose, few- flowered ; scales imbricate, lanceolate, lax, the points herbaceous. Grows in moist grounds, Northern States. Stem 2 3f high, slender, branching above into a loose, terminal panicle. Leaves large, (36' long) on the stem, becom- ing small and bracteate on the branches. Heads solitary on the ends of the leafy branchlets, large, with 20 30 violet-colored rays. Aug. Nov. 12. A. LJEVIS. (A. muta-bilis. Linn. A. amplexicaulis. Muhl.} Smooth Aster. Very smooth ; st. angular ; branches simple, 1-flowered ; Ivs. subamplexi- caul, remote, oblong, entire, shining, radical ones subserrate ; invol. closely imbricate, the scales broadly-linear, rigid, thickened and herbaceous at the apex. A very smooth and beautiful species, 2 3f high, growing in low grounds. Stem polished, green, often somewhat glaucous. Leaves rather fleshy, broadest at base, the lower ones tapering to a winged petiole. Flowers large and showy, with numerous rays of a fine blue, becoming purple. Sept. Nov. 0. levigatus. (A. laevigatus. Willd.} Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate. Y. cyajieus. (A. cyaneus. Ph.} St. and Ivs. conspicuously glaucous. These are beautiful varieties, especially the latter, which is perhaps the most beauti- ful of all the asters. 13. A. CONCINNUS. Willd., not of Nees. Elegant Aster. St. simple, paniculate at the summit, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate and lance- linear, narrowed and clasping at the base, remotely serrate, upper ones entire ; invol. closely imbricate, scales green at the tip. Woods, Northern States! A slender species, 1 2f high. Branches of the panicle rather short and re- mote. Leaves 3 5' long, acuminate, varying from i 1' in width, smooth ex- ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 321 cept the mid- vein beneath ; branch leaves few and much smaller. Heads mid- dle-size, with 10 15 bluish purple rays. Sept. Nov. 14. A. PUNICEUS. Red-stalked Aster. St. hispid, paniculate ; Ivs. amplexicaul and more or less auriculate at base, lanceolate, serrate, roughish above ; invol. loose, longer than the disk, the scales linear-lanceolate, long and revolute, nearly equal and 2-rowed. A large, handsome aster, common in swamps and ditches, sometimes in dry soils, N. States and Can. Stem 4 6f high, generally red, (at least on the south side), furrowed, hispid. Lower leaves with remote serratures, rough-edged and rough on the upper surface, all acuminate and narrowed at base. Flowers large and showy. Rays 50 80, long and narrow, pale purple. Aug. Oct. 15. A. FRENANTHolDES. Muhl. Prenanthes-liJce Aster. St. hairy or pubescent above, corymbose-paniculate ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, attenuate at base into a long winged petiole which is au- riculate at the insertion ; invol. imbricated with several rows of linear, green- tipped, spreading scales. Grows in low woods, N. Y. to Ky. Stem 2 3f high, with a terminal, corymbose panicle of large heads on short peduncles. Rays showy, pale blue. Leaves remarkable for the long, winged petiole, which is dilated at its base into rounded, auriculate segments. Branch leaves smaller, nearly entire. Sept. Nov. 16. A. AMETHYSTlNus. Nutt. Amethystine Aster. Hirsute ; st. racemose-paniculate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, rough, acute, with somewhat auriculate appendages at the clasping base ; invol. of equal scales. Eastern Mass., Nuttall, &c. Heads small, with azure rays. Aug. Oct. 17. A. NOVJE ANGLIC. New England Aster. Fls. terminal, crowded, somewhat fastigiate ; st. hispid, paniculate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, auriculate at base ; scales of involucre equal, lax, linear-lanceolate, rather longer than the disk. A large and beautiful aster, in fields, meadows and shades, more common in the W. States ! than in N. Eng. ! Stem 4 6f high, straight, erect, viscidly hairy, colored. Leaves very numer- ous, narrow, entire, with 2 auricular appendages at base. Flowers large, in a kind of loose, paniculate corymb. Ray-flowers deep purple, numerous (75 100). Sept. f * * * Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the margin serrate. t Scales not spreading. 18. A. TRADESCANTI. Tradescanfs Aster. Branches virgate, paniculate; Ivs. lanceolate, remotely serrate, sessile, smooth ; invol. closely imbricate ; st. round, slender, smooth. A fine species, with numerous leaves, growing in fields, Mass, to La. Stem rigid, brownish, about 3f high, with numerous slender, racemose branches. Lower stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate, 4' long, gradually reduced in size upwards. Heads small, numerous, with pale purple rays. Aug. Oct. (l.fragilis.T.&Gr. (A. fragilis. Willd.} Cauline leaves serrulate or entire, short ; heads much scattered on the branches. 19. A. MISER. Ait. T. & G. (A/miser, divergens, diffusus and pendulus. Ait.') Starved Aster. St. racemose-paniculate, hairy or pubescent ; Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle ; invol. imbricated with acute scales; rays short. A very variable species common in old fields, hedges, TJ. S. and Can. In. height it varies from 6 to 30', and in luxuriance proportionately to the moisture or fertility of the soil. The stem is very branching or nearly simple, bearing a large, compound, racemose panicle or a few simple racemes. Leaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-oval, 1 5' in length. Heads usually numerous, small, with small white or purple rays. /?. diffusus. Branches spreading, diffuse ; Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate, more or less narrowly so, midvein hairy beneath; hds. often sessile, forming short, crowded spikes or long virgate ones. Y. hirsuticaulis. T. & G. (A. hirsuticaulis. Lindl.} St. hirsute ; Ivs. long 322 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. and narrow, midvein hirsute ; hds. racemose or spicate, upper in short, dense bunches; scales linear. 20. A. SIMPLEX. Willd. (A. salicifolius. Darl.) Willow-leaved Aster. Glabrous ; st. racemose-paniculate above ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, en- tire, the margins scabrous, lower ones serrate ; scales loosely imbricated, linear- subulate. Another variable species in low grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem ] 51' high, somewhat corymbose. Leaves 2 4' by 5 10", very smooth both sides, tapering to a slender point ; those of the branches and branchlets propor- tionately smaller. Heads rather few, middle size, on the short branchlets. Sept. ft. altior. Branches hirsute or pubescent ; hds. above the middle size, with blue rays. Stem 4 6f high. y. humilior. Branches pubescent, with short, crowded spikes of small heads ; rays pale blue. Stem 1 2f high. i. recurvatus. Diffuse, with long, spreading or recurved branches ; hds. loosely racemed ; rays bluish- white. Western ! 21. A. TENUIFOLIUS. Narrow-leaved Aster. St. smooth, erect, paniculate-branching, with 1-flowered branchlets; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, long-acuminate, entire, with roughish margins, the lower ones often serrate in the middle ; invol. scales lax, acute. Grows in moist fields, Can. to Va. Stem leaves 2 4' long, those of the branches and branchlets proportionately smaller. Heads small, with numerous (2030), long, pale purple rays. Sept. 22. A. GREENEI. Torr. & Gray. Greene's Aster. St. glabrous, racemosely branched; Ivs. glabrous, subclasping, remotely appressed-serrulate, scabrous above, lower narrow-lanceolate, upper short, nu- merous, ovate-lanceolate; hds. rather small, on short, bracted peduncles." Near Boston. Dr. B. D. Greene, Dr. Pickering. Cauline leaves 3 5' long, ramial leaves much smaller. 23. A. NOVI-BELGII. New York Aster. Glabrous ; st. terete, stout, often glaucous ; Ivs. rather rigid, lanceolate, acute, the lower subserrate and subclasping ; hds. racemose or corymbose ; scales rather loosely imbricated, lanceolate, subequal, with acute green tips ; rays numerous. A smooth, handsome Aster in Western and Southern States, not common. Stem 2 4f high, with few, straight, somewhat corymbose branches. Leaves 4 6' long, tapering to each end, rough-edged, upper ones much smaller. Heads rather large. Rays pale blue, expanding 9 12". Aug. Oct. 1 1 Scales spreading or squarrose at tip. 24. A. LAXUS. Loose-stalked Aster. St. loosely corymbose-panicled above ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rough-edged, lower ones subserrate, those of the stem subreflexed, of the branches much spreading ; invol. imbricate, scales lanceolate, acute, reflexed at the apex. Fields, Mass., N. Y. Stem 2 3f high, with small, bluish flowers. Sept. Oct. 25. A. LAXIFOLIUS. Nees. Loose-leaved Aster. St. scabrous ; roc. compound ; branches racemose at the summit or slightly compound; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, elongated, mucronately serrulate, attenuate at each end. clasping at base, scabrous above ; scales squarrose. y. Icetiflorus. T. & G. St. slender, with long, filiform, spreading branches ; Ivs. rather rigid and very scabrous ; roc. loose, the pedicels nearly leafless. Ohio and Wis. Described by Drs. Torrey fy Gray as a very graceful plant of considerable size, with very long, narrow leaves, and numerous, long, showy, pale purple rays. 26. A. LONGIPOLICTS. Lam. (A. laevigatus. Ph.} Long-kaved Aster. Glabrous ; st. very branching, branches many-flowered ; Ivs. subamplexi- caul, linear-lanceolate, lower ones serrate, smooth; invol. scales lax, lanceolate, nearly equaling the disk. Fields and thickets, N. Y. to Car. Stem 3f high. Leaves pale below, shining above, smooth both sides, the lower ones 46' long. Heads numerous, showy, with 2530 light blue rays. Nov. ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 323 * * * * Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the margin entire or subentire. t Scales erect. 27. A. SERICEUS. Vent. (A. argenteus. Michx.} Silk-leaved Aster. Sts. slender, clustered, glabrous below, silky-pubescent and branched above ; Ivs. clothed on both sides with a dense, appressed, silky-canescent pubes- cence, lance-oblong, entire, acute and mucronate, sessile ; hds. large, mostly solitary, terminal on the short, leafy branchlets ; scales lanceolate, silky-canes- cent like the leaves, spreading at tip. A singularly elegant Aster, with shin- ing, silvery foliage, prairies ! and river banks! Wis. and Iowa, to Miss. Stem 1 2f high. Lower leaves 2 3' by f If, the upper much smaller. Rays deep violet-blue. Aug. Oct. f 28. A. coNcSLOR. One-colored Aster. St. subsimple, erect, pubescent ; Ivs. lance-oblong, entire, mucronate, gray- ish, with a minute, silky pubescence both sides, upper ones cuspidate-acumi- nate ; roc. terminal, virgate, simple or somewhat compound, elongated ; scales lanceolate, silky, acute, appressed. Pine barrens, N. J. to Flor. A slender and virgate plant, 1 3f high, sometimes branched below. Root often tuberous. Leaves !' by J 7 , reduced in size upwards. Heads in a long raceme, with blue rays and a rust-colored pappus. 29. A. TURBINELLUS. Lindl. Smooth or slightly scabrous ; branches and branchlets very slender ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, acute, slightly clasping, entire, those of the branches linear, and of the branchlets subulate ; invol. turbinate, acute at base, as long as the disk flowers ; scales imbricated in many rows, linear, obtuse, with short green tips. Woods and river bottoms, 111. Mead, Mo., &c. to La. Stems 2f high, with the branches numerous and somewhat corymbose. Lower leaves 3 5' by f It', the others gradually reduced upwards to the scales of the obconic or top-shaped involucre. Heads middle-size, with blue rays and brownish pappus. Sept. 30. A. DUMOSUS. Bushy Aster. Nearly smooth ; branches racemose-panicled ; Ivs. numerous, smooth, li- near, sessile, entire or subserrate, those of the branches very short ; invol. cyl- indrical, closely imbricate. About 2f high, in dry shades and borders of woods, U. S. Stem much branched, smooth or slightly pubescent, with long, linear leaves, those of the branches smaller and becoming very minute. Heads mid- dle sized, scattered, solitary, with about 24 purplish white rays. Ctuite varia- ble. Sept. 0. foliosus. (A. foliosus. Ait.) St. racemose-compound; Ivs. acute, often ser- rulate ; scales narrower, subacute. y. strictior. (A. fragilis. Lindl.} Somewhat paniculate ; branch leaves rather numerous and appressed. 31. A. CARNEUS. Flesh-colored Aster. Smooth ; st. dividing into many straight, racemose, leafy branches ; Ivs. uniform, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, the lower ones tapering to a ses- sile base, the upper amplexicaul ; scales acute, much shorter than the disk. A handsome bushy Aster by fences, &c. (Claremont !) N. H., W. to la. Rare. Stem about 2f long, often purple. Stem leaves 3 5' by ', branch leaves much smaller. Heads numerous, middle-size, somewhat secund, each with 20 30 pale purple, narrow rays. Sept. Oct. 32. A. GRAMINIFOLIUS. Ph. Grass-leaved Aster. Subpubescent ; st. slender, branched above ; lower Ivs. very numerous, nar- row-linear; ped. slender, 1-flowered; scales linear-subulate, loose, scarcely im- bricated. N. H. Eddy, in the N. Am. Fl., Vol. II., p. 503. Branches simple, leafy, naked at the end, 1-flowered, somewhat corymbose. Rays 1525, much longer than the disk, purple or rose-colored. 1 1 Outer scales spreading or squarrose. 33. A. ERicolDES. Heath-like Aster. Nearly or quite smooth; branches virgate, spreading, paniculate; Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, verv smooth, those of the branches subulate and ap- 28 324 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. proximate, short, of the stem long, of the root oblong-spatulate ; invol. some- what squarrose, Grows in rocky fields, in most of the States. Stem 1 3f high, with numerous brittle branches and branchlets forming a thick bush and terminated each by a single pale purple flower. Leaves rather numerous, the cauline ones 3' in length. Heads small, about 20-rayed. Sept. 34. A. MULTIFLORUS. Many-flowered Aster. Hairy or pubescent ; st. diffusely branched ; Ivs. linear, entire, sessile, pu- bescent, margins subciliate ; invol. imbricate, squarrose, linear or spatulate, with oblong, ciliate scales. A very branching, diffuse species, with very nu- merous, small flowers crowded on the racemose branches, each with abo'ut 12 white rays. Stem variously pubescent, 1 2f high. Leaves 1 2' long, obtuse, very narrow. Rocks and dry fields, U. S. Variable. Sept. 35. A. PRJEALTUS. Poir. (A. salicifolius. Ait.} Willow-leaved Aster. St. corymbosely-paniculate, with hairy lines above ; Ivs. lanceolate, close- ly sessile or subamplexicaul, smooth and shining above, with a rough margin, subserrate or entire, acute, the lower ones narrowed towards the base ; invol. loosely imbricated with acute, green-tipped, linear scales. Common in moist woods and by streams (N. H. toWis. Laphamf), varying from 2 to 3f in height. The stem is slender, often flexuous, green or often purple, dividing above into flowering branches, arranged in a sort of corymbose panicle of large and showy blue flowers. Aug. Oct. 36. A. ELODES. Torr. & Gray. Swamp Aster. Glabrous and very smooth; branches corymbose-paniculate; Ivs. linear- lanceolate, entire, shining, thick, upper ones somewhat clasping; invol. closely imbricated in several rows of linear, green-pointed, spreading scales. In swamps, Mass, to Va. Stem 1 2f high, with very smooth foliage and large, showy, blue flowers. Aug. Sept. 37. A. OBLONGIFOLIUS. Nutt. (and A. graveolens. Nutt.} Oblong-leaved Aster. St. rigid, diffusely branched, hairy ; brandies spreading, with loose and irregular branchlets ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, partly clasp- ing, entire, rough-edged, abruptly reduced on the branches and branchlets ; has. solitary, terminal on the slender branchlets ; involucre scales nearly equal, green, spreading. Prairies, &c. Western States! Plant 1 2f high, often glandular- viscid. Cauline leaves 1220" by 35" ; those of the branches 6" by 2", of the branchlets 3" by ", indistinguishable from the scales. Rays purple. Pap- pus brownish. Sept. Oct. Scales imbricated, scarious on the margins, destitute of green tips. 38. A. ACUMINATUS. Michx. Acuminate Wood Aster. St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbose panicle above ; Ivs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acuminate ; invol. scales lax, linear. Mountains and woods, Can., N. Eng., N. Y. Stem a foot high, rough, downy. Leaves large, unequally and remotely serrate above, and ending in a long, acuminate point. Panicle corymbose, terminal, few- flowered, nearly or quite naked. The leaves are mostly situated just below the corymb, sometimes scattered. Heads rather large, with about 15 long, white rays. Aug. 39. A. NEMORALIS. Ait. (A. Isedifolius. Ph. A. uniflorus. MX.} Wood Aster. Branches corymbed or ; ped. 1-flowered, nearly naked, filiform ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, revolute-margined, roughish; scales of the involucre very acute, loose, shorter than the disk ; rays about 20. A handsome plant, in swampy woods, N. H. Starrs! Mass. Robbins! to N. J. Rather rare. Stem slender, 10 20' high. Leaves numerous, 10 18" by 2 4", rarely subdentate. Heads large, few, often but one, terminating the simple axis. Rays large, white or pale purple. Sept. Oct. 40. A. FTARMicdlDEs. T. & G. (Heliastrum album. DC. Chrysopsis alba. Nutt.} St. corymbose-fasti giate above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole ; rays short. A very distinct Aster, low and leafy, found in rocky soils, by streams and lakes, Vt. Bobbins, to Mo. Rare. Stems clustered, simple, each bearing DIPLOPAPPUS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 325 a spreading panicle of heads which are below the middle size and furnished with snow-white rays. July Sept. 41. A. FLEXUOSUS. Nutt. (A. sparsiflorus. Ph.} Few-flowered Aster. St. branching, slender, flexuous, very smooth ; Ivs. long and succulent, the lower ones sublanceolate-linear, upper ones subulate; branches leafy, 1-flow- ered; invol. scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed; rays numerous, shorter than the involucre. Grows in salt marshes, Mass, to Flor. The whole plant very smooth, If high, with large, purple flowers; disk yellow. Aug. Oct. 42. A. LINIFOLIUS. (A. subulatus. Michx.} Sea Aster. St. paniculate, much branched from the base ; Ivs. long, linear, very acute, the uppermost subulate ; mwZ.^cylindric with subulate scales ; radical hds. mi- nute. An annual species, found in salt marshes, Mass, to Car. Stem 12 18' high, very smooth, thick, reddish. Leaves smooth, sessile. The plant is very branching, with numerous short-rayed, small, purple flowers. Aug. 11. SERICOCARPUS. Nees. Gr. oriptKos, silken, ap7roj, fruit; from the character of the genus. Heads few-flowered; ray-flowers 4 6, 9; disk-fls. 6 10, $; in- volucre oblong, imbricated ; scales appressed, with green, spreading tips ; receptacle alveolate ; achenium obconic, very silky ; pappus simple. ^ Herbs with alternate leaves and close corymbs. Rays white. 1. S. SOLIDAGINEUS. Nees. (Aster solidaginoides. Michx.} Smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile, obsoletely 3- veined, rough on the margin ; corymb fastigiate ; Ms. aggregate, subsessile, 5-rayed ; scales obtuse, white, with green tips. In woods, Can. to La. Not common. Stem slender, simple, about 2f high. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1 2' by 3 5". Heads rather small, in a level-topped corymb. Involucre oblong. Scales imbricate, appressed, with conspicuous green tips. Rays long, white. Jl. Aug. 2. S. coNYzolDEs. Nees. (Aster. Willd. Conyza asteroides. Linn.} St. somewhat pubescent, simple, corymbose at top ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, smooth beneath, slighly 3-veined, narrowed at base, acute, the upper ones ses- sile, nearly entire, the lower narrowed into the petiole, serrate ; invol. cylindri- cal, the scales oval, obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at summit ; rays 5, short. Common in woods and thickets, Mass, to Flor. Stems somewhat 5-angled, 1 2f high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Ray short, but longer than the disk, white. July, Aug. 12. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass. Gr. JiTrXooj, double, TTaTTTrof, pappus; from the character. Heads many-flowered: ray-fls. about 12, 9; disk-fls. ; involucre imbricate ; receptacle flat, subalveolate ; pappus double, the exterior very short, interior copious, capillary ; achenium compressed. % Lvs. entire, alternate. Rays cyanic. Disk yellow. 1. D. LINARIIFOLIFS. Hook. (Aster linariifolius. Linn.} St. straight, roughish ; branches 1-flowered, fastigiate ; scales of invol. im- bricate, carinate, as long as the disk ; Ivs. linear, entire, 1-veined, mucronate, carinate, rough, rigid, those of the branches recurved. A handsome species, in dry woods, along streams, U. S. and Can., rather rare. Stems subsimple, purplish, about a foot high, decumbent at base. Leaves numerous, rigidly up- right or recurved, obtuse, with a small, mucronate point, pale beneath, shining above. Branchlets near the top, leafy, each with one rather large and showy, violet-colored head. Aug. Sept. 2. D. UMBELLATUS. Hook. (A. amygdalinus. Michx. A. umbellatus. Ait.} St. smooth, straight, simple; corymb fastigiate; Ivs. long, lanceolate, smooth, attenuate-acuminate at each end, rough on the margin ; invol. scales obtusely lanceolate. A tall, handsome plant, growing in low grounds, river banks and fields, N. Eng. to La. Stem 3 4f high (in dry fields but 12), 326 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ERIGERON. purplish, channeled, simple, smooth, branching above into a large, level-topped, compound corymb of showy flowers. Leaves narrow, entire, 46' in length, those of the branchlets smaller. Rays about 12, white. Disk yellow. Aug. Sept. /?. amygdalinus. St. roughish above, green ; branches of the corymb divaricate; Ivs. broader. Gluite different in aspect from variety a. Common. 3. D. CORNIFOLIUS. Less. (Aster cornifolius. Muhl.} St. smooth below, scabrous and slightly paniculate above, few-flowered ; Ivs. elliptical, acuminate, entire, tapering to the base, with scattered hairs, rough-edged ; invol. scales imbricate, shorter than the disk. Grows in woods, N. and Mid. States. Whole plant nearly smooth, erect, 1 2f high. Leaves acute at the base, paler beneath, on very short stalks. Flowers few, large ; outer scales very short. Rays about 10, white. July, Aug. 13. ERIGfiRON. Gr. rjp, the spring, yspwv, an old man ; because it is hoary early in the season. Heads many-flowered, subhemispherical ; ray-flowers 9 very nu- merous (40 200), narrow, linear ; flowers of the disk $ ; receptacle flat, naked ; involucre nearly in 1 row ; pappus generally simple. Herbs with alternate leaves. Rays cyanic. Rays longer than the involucre. Mostly i\.. 1. E. BELLIDIFOLIUM. Muhl. (E. pulchellum. MX.} Robin's Plantain. Hirsute ; radical Ivs. obovate, obtuse, subserrate ; stem Ivs. remote, mostly entire, lance-oblong, acute, clasping ; Ads. 3 7, in a close, terminal corymb ; rays- nearly twice longer than the involucre, linear-spatulate. Dry fields and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, simple, sometimes stoliniierous, \ 2f high. Leaves 2 3' by 6 9", mostly broadest above the middle. Rays 60 100, bluish (rarely reddish)-purple. This is our earliest species, flowering in May and June. Resembles the following. 2. E. PHILADELPHICUM. (E. purpureum. Ait.} Narrow-rayed Robin's PI. Pubescent or hirsute ; Ivs. thin, lower spatulate, crenate-dentate, upper ob- long-oblanceolate, narrowed to the clasping (sometimes cordate-auriculate) base, subserrate ; hds. few, on long, slender peduncles ; rays very numerous, filiform, more than twice longer than the involucre. Woods and pastures throughout N. Am. Stem slender, 1 3f high. Leaves 2 4' by 6 9", lower much attenuated at base, upper acute. Rays 150 200 ! reddish-purple or flesh- colored, nearly as slender as hairs. Jn. Aug. (3. 1 Ricardi. Cauline Ivs. cordate-ovate. Meriden, N. H. Richard ! y. St. stout, with coarsely serrate leaves. 3. E. HETEROPHYLLUM. Muhl. (E. annuum. Pers.} Common Fteabane. White-weed. St. hispid with scattered hairs, branching ; Ivs. hirsute, coarsely serrate, the lowest ovate, contracted at base into a winged petiole, stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, the highest lanceolate; rays very numer- ous and narrow. A common weed, in fields and waste grounds, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Stem thick, 2 4f high, striate, terminating in a large, diffuse, co- rymbose panicle of large heads. Rays white or purplish, 100 or more, short. June. Aug. 4. E. STRIGOSUM. Fleabane. White-weed. Daisy. Hairy and strigose ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire or with a few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 3- veined and petiolate ; panicle co- rymbose ; pappus double. A rough weed in grassy fields, Can. and U. S. Stem about 2f high, slender, furrowed, with close, short, stiff hairs, and bearing a large, loose corymb. Leaves also with close-pressed bristles, sessile. Rays very narrow, white. June Oct. (3. (E. integerrifolium. Bw.} St. simple, smooth ; Ivs. entire, pubescent ; fis. corymbed. Rays 100150. ' Rays shorter than the involucre. Plants CD or @. 5. E. DIVARICATUM. Michx. Decumbent and diffusely branched, hirsute ; Ivs. linear and subulate; hds. DAHLIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 327 very small, loosely corymbose ; rays minute. Dry soil, Western States ! S. to La. Plant of a greyish or bluish aspect, 3 6' high, but at length spreading 1 2f. Leaves 4 12" by 1". Rays purplish. June Aug. 6. E. CANADENSE. Canadian or Common Fleabane. Invol. oblong ; rays numerous, (40 50), crowded, minute ; pappus simple ; st. hairy, paniculate ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower ones subserrate. A very common an- nual plant of no beauty, growing by roadsides, and in fields, throughout N. Am. Stem i 9f ! high, branching, hairy and furrowed. Leaves very narrow, with rough edges. Flowers white, very numerous, small, of mean appearance, ir- regularly racemose upon the branches, and constituting a large, oblong panicle. The plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil. Aug. Nov. 14. CALLISTEPHUS. Cass. Gr. KaXXoj, beautiful, credos, a crown; characteristic of the pappus. Kay-flowers 9 , numerous ; disk-flowers $ ; involucre hemispheri- cal ; receptacle subconvex ; pappus double, each in 1 series, outer series short, chaffy-setaceous, with the setae united into a crown ; in- ner series of long, filiform, scabrous, deciduous setae. (D Exotics. Lvs. alternate. C. CHINENSIS. Ness. (Aster Chinensis. Linn.) China Aster. St. hispid; branches divergent, 1-flowered ; Ivs. ovate, coarsely dentate, petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base. Said to be originally from China. Stem about 18' high, with long branches, each terminated by a single, large head. Rays dark purple. Disk yellow. July Sept. Cultivation has produced many beau- tiful and even splendid varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue, red, flaked and mottled rays, f 15. BELLIS. Lat. lellus, pretty ; a term quite appropriate to the genus. Heads many-flowered ; rays $ ; disk $ ; involucre hemispherical, of equal scales ; receptacle subalveolate, conical ; pappus 0. Low herbs, either (D and caulescent or % and acaulescent. Hds. solitary. B. PERENNIS. Garden Daisy. Root creeping ; scape naked, single-flowered ; Ivs. obovate, crenate. 7|_ Native of England and other parts of Europe, nearly naturalized in some parts of N. England in cultivated grounds. Scape 3 or 4' high, with a single white flower which is single, double or quilled in the differ- ent varieties. Blossoms in the spring and summer months. 16. DAHLIA. In honor of Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linnaeus. Involucre double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus 0. % SpkndM Mexican herbs. Lvs. pinnate, opposite. 1. D. VARIABILIS. Desf. (D. superflua. Ait.) St. green; rachis of the Ivs. winged; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, serrate, puberulent or nearly smooth; outer wye! reflexed ; ray fls. 9, sterile or fertile. These superb and fashionable plants are natives of sandy meadows in Mexico. They have coarse andrough- ish leaves, resembling those of the common elder, but the flowers are large and beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties, single and double, of every con- ceivable shade of scarlet, crimson, purple, red, rarely yellow, blooming from July until arrested by frost. 2. D. COCCINEA. Cav. (D. frustranea. Ait.) St. frosty, or hoary, hollow; Ivs. with the rachis naked; Ifts. roughish beneath; outer invol. spreading; rays neuter. Stems about 4f high. Foliage rather glaucous. Rays scarlet, saffron- color or yellow, never purple or white. The Dahlias are generally cultivated by the divisions of the tuberous roots, which, as soon as the frost blackens the tops, are to be taken up and preserved through the winter in a drv place, free from frost: ^o?V'*' i t .i Ji r PT T V^'; V V 328 LXXV. COMPOSITE. SOLIDAQO. 17. BOLTONIA. In honor of J. B. Bolton, author of" Ferns of Great Britain," &c., 1788. Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers 9 > in a single series, those of the disk tubular. ; scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous margins ; receptacle conic, punctate ; achenia flat, 2 or 3-winged : pappus of minute setae, 2 ( 4) of them usually lengthened into awns. 1J. Glabrous, branching herbs. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, sessile. Hds. loosely corymbose. Rays purplish-white. 1. B. GLASTIFOLIA. L'Her. Lvs. lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, tapering to the narrow base, lower ones sometimes serrate ; Ms. on short peduncles, in a somewhat contracted corymb ; branches leafy ; ach. obcordate, conspicuously winged, pubescent, with 2 awns nearly its own length. Prairies and banks of streams, 111. Jenney! Penn. to N. Car. This plant resembles an Erigeron, but is very smooth, 3 6f high. Stem leaves 2 4' by i f ' ; branch leaves of the same form but smaller. Rays about 30, expanding 9". Jl. Aug. 2. B. ASTERolDEs. L'Her. (B. diffusa, Ett.? Chrysanthemum Caroli- nianum. Walt.') Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, all entire, nar- rowed to the base, those of the branches subulate, minute ; Ms. on long pedun- cles, in a diffuse and loosely paniculate corymb ; branches and branchkts very slender and nearly naked; ach. ovate or somewhat obcordate, smooth, 2-awned. Prairies, &c. la. ! 111. to Ga. and La. A very smooth plant, between an Aster and an Erigeron, with a diffusely branched summit, 3 7f high. Leaves 2 5' or 6' by \ ', reduced upwards to setaceous bra.cts 1 2" in length. Heads terminating the filiform branchlets. Rays expanding 1". Aug. Sept. Section 3. Heads radiate* Rays yellow. 18. SOLI DA GO. Lat. solidari, to unite ; from the vulnerary qualities of the plants. Flowers of the ray about 5, 9 > remote, of the disk ; involucre ob- long, imbricate, with appressed scales ; receptacle punctate, narrow ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous. % Herbs, very abundant in the U. S. Stem erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hds. small, with 1 15 (very rarely 0) small rays. Fls. yellow (one species whitish), expanding in the autumnal months. 1. Stems much branched, corymbose. Leaves all linear, entire, sessile. 1. S. LANCEOLATA. Ait. Grass-leaved Goldenrod. St. angular, hairy, much branched; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, 3-veined, rough-margined, slightly hispid on the veins beneath ; corymbs terminal, fasti- giate. In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Distinguished from most other species by its flat-topped corymb. Stem 2 4f high, with numerous, very long and narrow leaves, which are distinctly 3-veined and acutely pointed, smaller ones often fascicled in the axils. Flowers in terminal, crowded clusters. In- volucre ovate. The whole plant is fragrant. Sept. 2. S. TENUIFOLIA. Ph. St. angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches ; Ivs. linear, spread- ing, obscurely 3-veined, scabrous on the margin, the axils leafy ; corymb ter- minal, consisting of clustered heads ; rays about 10, scarcely as long as the disk. Meadows near the sea-coast, Mass. ! to La. AlsoWis. Dr. Lapham! A very slender species, distinguished from S. lanceolata by the extreme narrowness of the leaves and the thinner, more open corymb, which is often reduced to a few heads. The leaves bear tufts of smaller ones in their axils, and are punctate with resinous dots. Aug. Oct. 2. Stem simple, corymbose above. Lower leaves lanceolate, petiolate. 3. S. RIGIDA. Hard-leaved Goldenrod. St. stout, rough and hairy ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, rough with minute hairs, SOLIDAGO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 329 those of the upper part of the stem very entire, lower ones serrate ; flowering branches paniculate, with close, short racemes ; rays elongated ; involucre scales obtuse. A tall species, in dry fields and rocky woods, Ct. to Mo. and Tex. Abundant in the western prairies ! Stem 3 5f high, round, striate, with rigid leaves, of which the radical ones are sometimes near a foot long. Heads larger than in any other species described in this Flora. Rays 7 9, about 3" by 1", deep yellow. Aug. Sept. 4. S. OHIENSIS. Riddell. Glabrous ; lower Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, entire or serrulate above, tapering to long petioles, upper oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acute, sessile, entire ; Ms. numerous, 15 20-flowered, rather large, in a dense, fastigiate corymb. Mead- ows and prairies, western N. Y. to la. ! A perfectly smooth species, 2 Sfhigh. Stem simple, reddish, leafy. Leaves of a firm texture, the radical 6 8' by 1 11^ on petioles of equal length, middle cauline, about 2' by 5". Heads about 6-rayed. Sept. Oct. 5. S. RIDDELLII. Frank. (S. Mexicana. /?. Hook.} RidMVs Solidago. Stout and nearly glabrous, corymbosely branched; radical Ivs. very long, lance-linear, entire, acute, on long, margined, carinate petioles, cauline Ivs. clasping at base, arcuate, carinate, narrow, acute, entire ; branches leafy ; hds. 20 24-flowered, densely clustered in a compound, fastigiate corymb. Wet prairies Ohio ! Wis. to Mo., not uncommon. A well marked species, 15 30' high. Radical leaves 12 18' long, almost grass-like, cauline 3 6' by ', with a strong mid-vein, and generally much recurved. Rays small, 6 9. Sept. 3. Heads in glomerate, axillary clusters. 6. S. SGIUARROSA. Muhl. Ragged Goldenrod. St. stout, simple, erect, thickly pubescent above; Ivs. smooth, lower ones very broad, oval-spatulate, serrate, acute, upper ones lanceolate-elliptic, high- est, entire ; roc. glomerate, rigid and pubescent ; scales squarrose with spread- ing green tips ; hds. many-flowered ; rays 10 12, elongated. A handsome spe- cies, found on rocky hills, Can. to Penn. Stem 3 5f high. Heads very large, forming a long terminal spike of short, dense, axillary fascicles or ra- cemes. Sept. 7. S. C.ESIA. Ait. (S. axillaris. PA.) JBlue-stemmed Goldenrod. St. erect, round, smooth and glaucous, often flexuous ; Ivs. smooth, linear- lanceolate, lower ones serrate ; roc. axillary, erect. A very elegant species, in thickets and dry woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 1 3f high, of a bluish-purple color, terete and slender, somewhat flexuous, simple or branched. Leaves 2 5' long, ending in a long point, sessile, glaucous beneath. Racemes axilla- ry, numerous, short. Flowers of a deep, rich yellow. Rays 5 7, once and a half the length of the involucre. Aug. /?. flexicaulis. (S. flexicaulis. Ph. not of Linn.} St. flexuous, angular; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, longer than the subcapitate racemes. Leaves about 2' by '. Rays pale yellow. 8. S. LATIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. macrophylla. Bw. S. flexicaulis. 0. Ph.} St. somewhat flexuous, angular, stnooth ; Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate at each end, deeply serrate, smooth ; petioles marginal ; roc. axillary and ter- minal. A singular and very distinct species, common in dry woods and by rocky streams, U. S. and Can. Stem slender, not always perfectly smooth, about 2f high. Leaves 3 5' by 2 4', with acute, often long-acuminate serra- tures. Clusters very short, axillary, the stem ending with a long terminal one. Heads few. Sept. 9. S. BICOLOR. (Aster bicolor. Nees.} Two-colored Goldenrod. Hairy ; st. simple ; Ivs. elliptical entire, acute at each end, lower ones ser- rate, short-stalked ; roc. short, dense, leafy, erect ; invol. scales obtuse. In woods and dry hills, Can., N., Mid. & W. States. A species remarkably dis- tinguished among the solidagos by having white rays. Stem generally simple, 2f high, a little hairy. Leaves hairy on both sides, mostly entire, gradually re- duced in size upwards. Flowers in numerous close, short, axillary clusters, 330 LXXV. COMPOSITE. SOLIDAGO. forming a long, terminal, interrupted spike. Rays about 8, very short, yellow- ish-white, obscure. July. Aug. 0. concolor. T. & G. (S. hirsuta. Nutt.} Flowers all yellow. Penn. 4. Heads in erect, terminal^ simple or compound racemes, not secund. 10. S. PUBERULA. Nutt. Plant puberulent; st. simple, terete; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, attenuated at each end, radical ones subserrate ; rac. spicate, axillary, erect and condensed ; ped. pubescent ; invol. scales linear-lanceolate, acute ; rays about 10, elongated. Found in low woods, Maine, Ms. Stem straight, purplish, 2 3f high, ter- minating in a long, thyrsoid spike of dense, appressed racemes. Leaves very minutely pubescent both sides, the lowest on dense, winged stalks. Heads rather large, bright yellow. Aug. Oct. 11. S. STRICTA. Ait. Upright Goldenrod. Smooth; st. strict, erect, simple; caulinelvs. lanceolate, very entire, rough- edged, radical ones serrate, very long ; rac. paniculate, erect ; ped. smooth. In wet woods, Northern States. Stem (and every other part) very smooth, about 2f high. Leaves 2 4 8' by i 1', lower attenuated at base into a long, winged petiole. Panicle terminal, close, composed of short, dense, appressed racemes. Heads 12 18-flowered. Aug. 12. S. SPECIOSA. Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. St. smooth, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire and scabrous on the margin, thick, the radical and lower ones subserrate, very broad ; rac. erect, numerous, ibrming a terminal, thyrsoid panicle ; pedicels shorter than the involucre, pu- bescent; rays large, 6 8. Woods, Mass.! to Ohio and Ga. A very tall, showy species, sometimes 6f high. Stem stout, often purple, iurrowed. Leaves ample, some of them 6' by 3'. Heads exceedingly numerous, with conspicu- ous rays of a rich yellow, in a large, showy, pyramidal panicle. Aug'. Oct. /?. angustata. T. & G. (S. erecta. DC.} Panicle slender, spicate. N. J. 13. S. THYRSOIDEA. Meyer. (S. virgaurea. Bw.} T/iyrsoid Goldenrod. St. simple, flexuous, very smooth, pubescent above ; Ivs. smooth, ovate, sharply serrate, acute, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper ones subses- sile, lanceolate ; rac. mostly simple, short ; hds. large, with conspicuous rays. A very fine goldenrod. in woods on the sides of the White Mts., and at Fran- conia Notch, N. H. ! ' Also " on the sides of Killington Peak and Mansfield Mt., Vt." Robbins. It is remarkable for the long, slender stalks of the lower, ovate leaves, and for the large, deep yellow heads which exceed in- size those of most other species. Stem 1 3f high, racemes axillary and terminal, usu- ally in a thyrse-like panicle. Aug. 14. S. VIRGAUREA. European Goldenrod. St. flexuous, furrowed, pubescent at top; ?tem Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, lower ones oval, attenuated at both ends ; rac. erect, ray elongated, flowers large. This is the only species common to the two continents. One of its numerous varie- ties is seen scattered here and there on the lower summits of the White Mts. ! scarcely on Mt. Washington peak. The flowers are very few, often one only, but larger than those of most other species, and of a rich, golden-yellow. Stem often purple, 2 3' high, simple, with axillary and terminal flowers. Aug. 15. S. HUMILIS. Ph. Low or Humble Aster. Glabrous ; st. simple, erect ; radical Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, obtuse and crenate-serrate at apex, the cauline lanceolate, acute, the upper linear, en- tire; rac. simple or paniculate ; scales oblong; rays short. On limestone rocks, at Winooski Falls, Colchester, also on the Winooski and Onion rivers, Vt. Robbins. Stem 6 12' high, somewhat glutinous. Raceme slender, strict. Leaves of the stem about 2' by 3 4", serrulate. Heads middle size, 6 8- rayed. Aug. Sept. /?. Taller; hds. more numerous, in short, glomerate clusters, forming a dense, slender, interrupted raceme. Near the Willey House ! White Mts. 5. Heads in secund racem.es. Leaves evidently tripli-veined. 16. S. NEMORALIS. Field Aster. St. subtomentosc; cauline Ivs. oblanceolate, sessile, hispid, nearly entire, SOUDAGO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 331 commonly with tufts of smaller ones in their axils, radical ones subcuneiform, serrate; rac. paniculate, secund; rays 5 7. A common, starved-looking spe- cies with a greyish, dusty aspect, bearing a dense panicle of deep yellow flow- ers. Height 1 2f. In dry, sterile fields and by roadsides, U. S. and Can. Heads small, but with conspicuous rays. Panicle composed of many short racemes, inclining to one side, or often of a single, terminal, recurved one. Often the stem divides into branches, each bearing a panicle. Sept. 17. S. CANADENSIS. Canadian Goldenrod. St. downy; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, 3- veined, rough; rac. paniculate, secund, recurved ; rays short. In old fields, hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Com- mon. From 18' to 5f high. Stem furrowed, terminated by a copious panicle which inclines to one side. Leaves sessile, 3' long, sometimes nearly entire, and perhaps a little downy. Heads almost innumerable, very small, with very obscure, yellow rays. Aug. Oct. /?. procera. T. & G. (S. procera. Ait.) St. villous ; Ivs. rough, villous be- neath ; hds. larger and with larger rays. In low grounds, 4 7f high. Leaves distinctly 3-veined. 18. S. sERorlNA. Willd. Smooth Goldenrod. St. round, striate, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; rac. secund, recurved, paniculate; ped. pubescent; hds. small, 15 20-flowered. A smooth species, in meadows and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem 3 6f high, very smooth, often glaucous or purple. Leaves 3 5 7' long, about | as wide, smooth, margin scabrous, slightly toothed, upper ones entire. Flowers nu- merous, forming a more or less compact panicle inclined at summit. Rays about 8, small. Sept. Variable. 19. S. GIGANTEA. Ait. Gigantic Goldenrod. St. smooth, striate ; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, margin rough, scabrous above and on the margin and on the veins beneath ; rac. paniculate ; branches pubes- cent; ped. and pedicels hairy. A large, showy species, in low. open grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem green, sometimes purplish, 4 7f high, often much branched above. Leaves 2 4 7' long, about as wide, acuminate at each end, often with divergent teeth. Heads about as large as in the last. Panicle often diffuse, on spreading, leafy branches. Aug. Oct. 20. S. CILIARIS. Willd. St. angular, smooth ; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, subserrate and scabrous on the margin, smooth both sides, sub-3- veined ; rac. paniculate ; pedicels (elon- gated) smooth ; bracts (often) ciliate ; rays short. In the public lands about Ft. Niagara, N, Y. In these specimens the whole plant is smooth except the mar- gins of the leaves. Stem 2 3f high, striate. Leaves subcoriaceous, radical ones petiolate. Racemes thin, spreading. Aug. Sept. 21. S. MISSOURIENSIS. Nutt. Glabrous, low, simple, slender ; Ivs. lance-linear, tapering to each end, very acute and rough-edged, lower ones with acute, slender serratures, radical oblanceolate, petiolate ; rac. small, in a dense, pyramidal or somewhat corym- bose panicle ; hds. small, 12 15-flowered. A delicate species, 1 2f high, in dry prairies, 111. and Mo. ! Leaves smooth and shining, lower 3 4' by 3 5", the others gradually reduced upwards to minute bracts. Rays about 8.- Jl. Aug. 6. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves feather-veined, all entire. 22. S. SEMPERVlRENs. (S. Isevigata. Ait.) Evergreen Goldenrod. St. smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, somewhat succulent, smooth, entire and sca- brous on the margin, closely sessile ; rac. paniculate ; pedicels scabrous-pubes- cent ; rays elongated. Marshes along the coast, and river banks, within the influence of the water. Stem 3 6f high, purplish, somewhat glaucous, with numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads large. Rays about 8, long and narrow. Sept. 23. S. ODORA. Ait. Sweet-scented Goldenrod. St. round, pubescent, slender ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, abrupt, and sessile at base, very entire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots, rough-ef rac. paniculate. In dry, fertile woodlands and sunny hills, U. S. and 332 LXXV. COMPOSITE. SOLIDAGO. Stem 2 3f high, yellowish-green. Leaves 1| 3' by 35", with a strong, yel- lowish midvein, but no veinlets. Panicle inclined. Racemes 2 3' long, spreading, each generally with a leaf at base, and a simple row of small heads on the upper side. Jl. Sept. The only species of solidago which has proper- ties generally considered either agreeable or useful. The leaves are aromatic and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil from the pellucid reservoirs. They are a good substitute for tea, and have been exported to China: 7. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves feather-veined, the lower serrate. 24. S. PA TULA. Muhl. Spreading Goldenrod. St. smooth, angular-striate ; Ivs. elliptic, acute, serrate^ very scabrous above, smooth beneath, lower ones oblong-spatulate ; rac. paniculate, spreading ; pedicels pubescent. In wet places, Can. N. and W. States, not common. Stem 2 4f high, virgate, often purple, strongly angled, with leafy branches at top. Stern leaves 1 2' long, as wide, radical ones 2 or 3 times larger, all perfectly smooth beneath, although quite rough backwards above. Racemes short, on the ends of the spreading branches, with large heads. Sept. 25. S. NEGLECTA. Torr. & Gray. Neglected Solidago. Si. smooth ; Ivs. rather thick, smooth, varying from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower and radical ones serrate ; rac. secund, dense, somewhat spreading, on elongated, slender, suberect branches, which are somewhat leafy at base ; ach. smooth. Grows in swamps, N. H. ! to ku, rather rare. Stems 2 4f high, straight, round, dividing at top into several nearly erect branches, forming an elongated panicle. The leaves are sometimes nearly tripli-veined, often very scabrous on the margin. Racemes short. Heads middle-size, 10 20-flowered. Scales obtuse. Aug. Sept. 26. S. ARGUTA. Ait. Sharp-notched Goldenrod. St. erect, straight, smooth; Ivs. smooth, acutely and unequally serrate, with diverging teeth, cauline ones elliptical, sessile, highest ones entire and small, radical ones oblong-ovate, attenuate at base into winged petioles; rac. paniculate, secund, dense ; hds. middle size ; rays about 10. In meadows and woods, U. S. (from lat. 38) N. to the Arc. Circle. A smooth plant 2 3f high, with a large, dense, corymbose panicle of very numerous heads. Racemes recurved, a ringer's length, the compound pedicels roughish, bracted. Aug. Sept. B. juncea. (S. juncea. Ait.) Lvs. lanceolate, lower ones serrate, upper ones entire ; st. brownish, striate ; rays twice as long as the involucre ; 'panicle Jess dense. 27. S. MUHLENBERGII. Torr. & Gray. (S. arguta. Muhl.) St. furrowed, glabrous ; Ivs. smooth both sides, strongly and sharply ser- rate, the radical ones ovate, petiolate, cauline ones elliptical-lanceolate, acumi- nate at each end ; rac. secund, short, remote, axillary, spreading ; pedicels pubescent; hds. 15 20-flowered; scales linear, obtuse. In damp woods and thickets, N. H. ! to Penn. Stem 2 3f high, generally simple, bearing a long, open panicle. Leaves large, notched with very acute or acuminate teeth, feather- veined. Heads middle size, with 6 8 rather large rays. Aug. Oct. 28. S. ALTISSIMA. (S. rugosa. Willd.) Tall Goldenrod. St. erect, hairy; Ivs. lanceolate, lower ones deeply serrate, rough and wrinkled. A very variable species, the tall, rough varieties of which are com- mon about the borders of fields, in hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem rough with hairs, erect, 3 5f high, much branched at top. Leaves variously toothed or serrate, numerous both upon the stem and branches. Branches widely spreading, each terminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning up- wards. Scarcely two of the plants look alike. The branches are very widely spread, or but little diverging, with few and scattered heads, or with numerous heads ; the leaves are equally or unequally serrate, hairy or woolly. Aug. Oct. 29. S. LINOIDES. Solander. Smooth ; st. slender, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, finely serrate and scabrous on the margin, radical ones petiolate, upper entire ; hds. small, in short, secund, at length spreading racemes; scales oblong-linear, obtuse, appressed ; rays 1 4, CHRYSOPSIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 333 short. A small species, near Boston, Greene in N. Am. PI., ii. 216. Stem 12 20' high. Leaves 1 5' by 3 6" wide. Panicle small, usually turned to one side. Sept. Oct. 30. S. ULMIFOLIA. Muhl. Elm-leaved Solidago. St. glabrous, with hairy branches ; Ivs. thin, elliptic-ovate, serrate, acumi- nate, sessile, tapering to the base, smooth above, villous beneath ; roc. panicu- late, recurved-spreading ; ped. villous ; rays 3 5, short. In woods and low f rounds, Northern and Western States ! A very distinct species, more resem- ling the elm in its slender, arched branches than in its leaves. Stem striate, about 3f high, rarely with scattered hairs. Radical leaves tapering to winged petioles, and hairy both sides, with coarse and unequal serratures, upper ones entire, middle ones about 3' by H'. Rays deep yellow. Aug. Sept. 31. S. ELLIPT1CA. Alt. St. erect, glabrous, leafy ; Ivs. elliptical, acute at each end, obscurely ser- rate, glabrous, upper ones sessile, entire ; racemes short, recurved, paniculate ; hds. middle size, about 7-rayed; scales narrow, acute. Salt marshes, R. L Olney ! Near New York, T. <$ G. Stem 3 5f high, bearing a close, somewhat leafy, pyramidal panicle. Leaves 2 4' by \ H', rough-edged, the serratures appressed and rather remote. Rays oblong, rather large, pale yellow. Oct. 19. ECLIPTA. Heads many-flowered ; ray fls. 9 numerous narrow ; disk $ tubu- lar, mostly 4-toothed ; scales 10 12, in 2 rows, leafy, lance-ovate ; receptacle flat ; chaff bristly ; achenia somewhat angular or 2-edged ; pappus 0. Herbs strigose with rigid hairs, erect or procumbent. Lvs. opposite, axillary and terminal^ solitary. Fls. white. E. ERECTA. (E. procumbens. Michx.} St. often decumbent ; Ivs. lanceolate or lance-oblong, tapering to each end, subserrate ; ped. much longer than the heads ; scales or leaves of the involucre acuminate. Damp soils, Md. to 111. Mead! S. to Flor. Stem often rooting at the lower joints, 1 3f long, with an elastic, thread-like fibre. Leaves 8 14" by 25", rough, obscurely tripli-veined. Heads small, with minute flowers and short rays. The juice turns black, and is said to dye wool black. Jn. Sept. /?. brachypoda. T. & G. (E. brachypoda. Michx.} Ped. scarcely longer than the heads. 20. CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt. Gr. icpvffos, gold, oi//tj, appearance; for the showy, yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 9 > disk-flowers $ ; involucre im- bricate; receptacle subalveolate, flat; pappus double, the exterior short, interior copious, capillary ; achenium hairy, compressed. % Hairy herbs, with alternate and entire leaves. 1. C. FALCATA. Ell. (Inula falcata. PA.) Woolly and villous ; Ivs. sessile, linear, very acute, subfalcate, spreading, veins pilose on both sides ; hds. in axillary corymbs ; invol. pilose. A low, leafy plant, in dry, sandy soil, near the sea, Mass, to N. J. Stem thick, leafy, about 8' high. Heads small, bright yellow, in crowded, axillary corymbs. Rays 3-toothed at the apex. Sept. Oct. 2. C. MARIANA. Nutt. (Inula Mariana. Linn.} Hairy Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, the upper ones sessile, acute, the lower ones spatulate and generally obtuse ; corymb simple ; invol. viscidly pu- bescent. Sandy barrens, N. J., Md. ! to Flor., common. The stem and leaves are clothed with scattered, long, silky hairs. Plant about 2f high. Lower leaves taper at base into petioles. The corymb of flowers is terminal, nearly or quite simple. Heads large, 16 20 rayed, yellow, on viscid glandular pe- duncles. Aug. Oct. 3. C. VILLOSA. Nutt. (Amellus. Ph. Diplopappus. Hook.} Erect, leafy, villous-pubescent and strigose ; Ivs. entire, sessile, ciliate be- 334 LXXV. COMPOSITE. BACCHARIS. low, lower ones oblong-spatulate, upper ones oblong-linear or lanceolate ; hds. large, solitary and terminal, somewhat fastigiately corymbose ; scales linear- subulate. Prairies, 111. to Oreg. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 12' by 35", whitish and rough. Rays about 25, oblong-linear, entire, golden yellow. Jl. Sept. 21. INIJLA. Heads many-flowered ; involucre imbricate ; ray-flowers numerous, 9 , disk flowers ; receptacle naked ; pappus simple, scabrous ; an- thers with 2 bristles at base. ^ Coarse European herbs, with alter- nate leaves and yellow flowers. I. HELENIUM. Elecampane. Lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, rugose, downy beneath ; invol. scales ovate. A large herbaceous, coarse-looking plant, common by road-sides, N. Eng. to 111. Stem 4 6f high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical leaves very large (1 3f by 6 12'), serrate, those of the stem clasping. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, of a bright yellow. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. The medicinal virtues of the plant have long been esteemed. These are tonic and expectorant. Flowers in July and Aug. Section 3. Heads discoid. 22. BIGELO VIA. DC. In honor of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, the well-known author of " Florula Bostoniensis," &c. Heads 3 4-flowered, the flowers all tubular, ; involucre cylin- drical, as long as the flowers ; scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated ; receptacle pointed by a scale-like cusp ; achenia obconic, hirsute ; pappus bristles in one series. ^J- Glabrous, slender. Lvs. alternate, entire. Hds. fastigiately corymbose, with yellow fls. and colored scales. B. VIRGATA. DC. (Chrysocoma virgata. Nutt.} Smooth in all its parts ; st. virgately branched from near the base ; branch- es corymbose-fastigiate above ; Ivs. narrowly linear, 1-veined, the cauline line- ar-spatulate ; scales glutinous. Swamps, N. J., &c. A plant resembling Soli- dago tenuifolia in aspect, I 2f high. Leaves 2 3' by 1 2", rather firm and somewhat remote. Fls. bright yellow, the scales also yellowish. Aug. Oct. 23. PLUCHEA. DC. Heads many-flowered, those of the margin 9, of the centre ? but sterile ] involucre imbricated ; receptacle flat, naked ; style undivid- ed ; pappus capillary, simple. Strong-scented herbs, with alternate leaves and corymbs of purple flowers. 1. P. CAMPHORATA. DC. (Conyza camph. Muhl. C. Marilandica. Michx.} Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, serrate, ser- ratures mucronate ; fls. in crowded corymbs. 7J. A fleshy, strong-scented plant, native of salt marshes, Mass, to Flor. Stem a foot high, thick, downy, with al- ternate leaves and axillary branches. Flowers light purple. Aug. 2. P. FCBTIDA. DC. (Baccharis. Linn. Conyza camphorata. PA.) Erect, nearly glabrous, very leafy ; Ivs. broadly lanceolate, acute or acu- minate at each end, petiolate, feather- veined, obtusely subserrate ; hds. numer- ous, in paniculate corymbs ; scales ovate-lanceolate," acute. A strong-scented plant, in open, hilly grounds, Western States. Stem 1 2f high, subsimple. Leaves 4 T by 1 3', sprinkled with minute dots ; petioles 1' long. Heads numerous. Aug. Oct. 24. BACCHARIS. From Bacchus, wine ; from its fragrance resembling that of wine. Heads many-flowered, 9 c? ; involucre imbricate, cylindric or ovate, with subcoriaceous, ovate scales ; sterile flowers with the stamens ex- SILPHIUM. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 335 serted ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. Shrubby plants, with alternate leaves and white flowers. B. HALIMIFOLIA. Groundsel Tree. Shrubby; Ivs. obovate, incisely dentate above, the highest ones lanceo- late ; panicle compound, leafy ; fascicles pedunculate. This is almost the only arborescent plant of this order found in the Northern States. It is 6 12f high, growing on sea-coast and river alluvion. Every part is covered with white dust. The fertile heads growing upon separate plants are in large, loose, ter- minal panicles, and furnished with very long, slender pappus. Corollas white. Sept. The beauty of this shrub entitles it to cultivation. TRIBE 4. SENECIONIDEJE. Heads radiate or discoid. Branches of the style linear, hairy or hispid at the apex, which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated ap- pendage. Leaves opposite or alternate. Section 1. Heads radiate. 25. ARNICA. Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, I or 2 rowed; ray-flowers 9, disk?; receptacle flat, with scattered hairs ; pappus single, rigid and serrulate. % St. simple. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. A. MOLLIS. St. pubescent, erect ; Ivs. pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous, thin, veiny, dentate, ovate-lanceolate and oblong; radical ones stalked, cauline sessile; hds. few ; invol. hairy, with acuminate scales ; ach. hairy. An alpine plant found in ravines on the White Mts., and also, according to Torrey <$ Gray, on the Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y. Stem 1 2f high, with several pairs of sessile leaves, and 1 5 yellow heads of middle size. Leaves 25 inches in length, the upper ones broad at the base, the lower tapering to a winged petiole, often acute but not acuminate. 26. POLYMNIA. The name of one of the ancient Muses ; why applied to this plant is not obvious. Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 large, leafy scales, inner of 10 leaflets, concave ; ray-flowers pistillate, few ; disk sterile ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus none. % Clammy herbs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. 1. P. CANADENSIS. Leaf-cup. Viscid- villous; ITS. denticulate, petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid, up- per 3-lobed or entire. A coarse, broad-leaved, hairy-viscid plant, 3 5f high, Niagara Falls ! Stem with opposite leaves and spreading branches. Flowers light-yellow, the rays short, surrounded by the concave leaflets of the double calyx in such a manner as to form a sort of cup, hence called leaf-cup. Leaves feather-veined, 3 8' long, and nearly as wide, lobes deeply divided and acu- minate. Heads i' diam. June. 2. P. UVEDALIA. Yellow Leaf-cup. Lvs. opposite, 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the petiole, lobes sinuate- angled; rays elongated. In highland woods. Stem 3 6f high. Lower leaves very large. Flowers large, yellow, the rays much longer than the involucre. July. Neither of these plants has been found in N. Eng., and they are rare in N. Y., but not uncommon in the Western States ! 27. SILPHIUM. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers numerous, in 2 or 3 rows, fer- tile, outer row ligulate ; disk flowers sterile ; involucre campanulate, scales in several series, leafy and spreading at summit ; receptacle small, flat, chaffy ; achenia broad, flat, obcompressed, crowned with a 336 LXXV. COMPOSITE. PARTHENIUM. 2-toothed pappus. % Stout, coarse, resinous herbs. Hds. large. Fls. yellow. 1. S. LACINIATUM. Rosin-weed. Polar Plant. Very rough, with white, hispid hairs; Ivs. alternate, pinnately parted, lower petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire ; hds. spicate, distant ; scales of involucre ovate, appendaged and squarrose at apex. Western States ! to Tex., producing columns of smoke in the burning prairies by its copious resin. Stem 3 lOf high. Lower leaves 1 2f long, much divided, resembling those of some thistles. Heads 4 8, very large, with large, yellow rays. Jl. Sept. 2. S. TEREBINTHINACEUM. Prairie Burdock. St. andped. glabrous; Ivs. mostly radical, ovate and ovate-oblong, cor- date, dentate-serrate, obtuse, scabrous, on long petioles ; hds. few, paniculate ; scales roundish and oval, glabrous. Prairies, Western ! and Southern States. Plant exuding resin. Stem 4 8f high, nearly naked and simple. Leaves erect, scabrous, rigid, 1 2f long, 7 16' wide. Involucre globose. Rays 15 25, 1' long. Achenia narrowly 2-winged. July Sept. /?. pinnatifidum. T. & G. (S. pinnatifidum. Ell.} Las. more or less deeply lobed or pinnatifid. 3. S. TRIFOLIATUM. Ternate-leaved Silphium. St. glabrous and often glaucous, terete or 6-sided ; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, smooth below, remotely dentate, on very short petioles, verticillate in 3s or 4s ; upper ones opposite ; hds. loosely cyinose, on rather long peduncles ; scales broadly ovate, rather obtuse, smooth ; ach. oval, with 2 short teeth. Dry woods and prairies, Ohio, Sullivant ! and Southern States. Stem 4 6f high. Leaves 4 6' by 12". Rays 1216, expanding about 2J'. 4. S. INTEGRIFOLIUM. Michx. Scabrous ; st. quadrangular, striate, simple ; Ivs. opposite, sessile, ovate- lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate ; hds. in a close corymb ; scales squarrose ; ach. roundish, broadly winged, with 2 long teeth. Western States ! S. to Ga. Stem very rigid, 3 7f high. Leaves rigid, broad and clasping at base, 36' long, | as wide, rather variable in form. Heads middle-size. Rays 1220, 1' in length. Achenia twice as large as in the preceding species. July, Aug. /5. ternatum. Wood. St. 6-sided; Ivs. ternately verticillate. Prairies! with the common form ; apparently connecting this with S. trifoliatum, from which it is nevertheless quite distinct in habit. 5. S. PERFOLIATUM (and S. connatum. Linn.} Cup-plant. St. square ; Ivs. large, thin, opposite, connate-perfoliate, ovate, coarsely toothed, narrowed towards the base ; hds. in a trichotomous cyme, the central on a long peduncle ; scales ovate, obtuse, squarrose ; ach. broadly obovate, winged, emarginate. Along streams, &c., Mich. ! to Tenn. A coarse, unattractive plant, quite distinct, although variable. Stem 4 7f high. Leaves 8 14' by 47', the upper pairs forming a cup with their connate bases. Heads large, with 1525 ravs. 28. PARTHENIUM. Gr. TrapSsvos, a virgin ; from its medicinal efficacy. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 5, somewhat ligulate, fertile ; disk-flowers tubular, sterile : involucre hemispherical ; scales in 2 series, outer ovate, inner orbicular ; receptacle conical, chaffy ; ache- nia 5, compressed, cohering with 2 contiguous paleaB. American herbs with alternate leaves. P. INTEGRIFOLIUM. St. pubescent, striate, erect; Ivs. hispid-scabrous, lance-ovate, coarsely dentate- crenate, coriaceous, lower petiolate, upper sessile; hds. many, tomen- tose, corymbed TJ. Dry soils, Middle and Western States ! Stem rigid, 3 5f high. Radical petioles If long. Leaves 4 12' long, as wide. Heads white, with 5 very short, cucullate, white rays. July Sept. RUDBECKIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 337 29. HELIOPSIS. Gr. r/Aioj , the sun, oi//ij, appearance ; flowers radiant like the sun. Involucre imbricate, with ovate, subequal scales ; rays linear, large, 9 ; disk $ ; receptacle chaffy, conical, the paleae lanceolate ; achenia 4-sided ; pappus 0. ^ Lvs. apposite. Hds. large. Fls. yellow. H. L.KVIS. Pers. (Helianthus. Linn.} Ox-eye. St. smooth ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 3-veined, smooth beneath, upper ones usually lanceolate, lower ones more or less truncate at base. A large, symmetrical plant, in hedges and thickets, U. S. Stem an- gular, striate, di- or trichotomously branched above, 3 5f high. Leaves 2 6' by 1 4', acute, distinctly 3-veined. Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head. Rays lanceolate, broad at base and obtuse at summit, June, Jl. 0. gracilis. T. & G. (H. gracilis. Nutt.} Small and slender ; Ivs. scabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at base. 2f high. y. scabra. T. & G. (H. scabra. Hook.} St. and Ivs. scabrous and yellowish- green ; Ivs. somewhat deltoid, distinctly truncate at base. 6f high. Common in la. ! 30. RUDBECKIA. Dedicated to the celebrated Olaus Rudbeck, prof, of Botany at Upsal, Sweden. Involucre scales nearly equal, leafy, in a double row, 6 in each ; ray-flowers neutral ; disk perfect ; receptacle conic, with unarmed palese or chaff; pappus 0, or a 4-toothed margin. ^ Lvs. alternate. Hds. large. Rays yellow. * Disk pale green or purplish. 1. R. LACINIATA. Glabrous; lower Ivs. pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper ones ovate ; pappus crenate. In the edges of swamps and ditches, Can. and U. S. A tall, showy plant, resembling Helianthus, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its conical disk. Stem round, branching, 6 8f high. Leaves alternate, ample, rough, upper ones generally ovate, the rest variously divided, toothed or cut, petiolate. Flowers large, terminal. Rays 1 2' long, oblanceolate, bright yellow, spreading or drooping. Aug. 2. R. SUBTOMENTOSA. Ph. St. branching, tomentose-pubescent ; Ivs. petiolate, hispid-scabrous above, softly subtomentose beneath, serrate, the lower deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted, up- per undivided, ovate, acuminate ; hds. corymbose ; scales numerous, spreading ; disk purplish-brown ; rays large, spreading. A coarse, rough species, 3 4f high, prairies, &c., Western and Southern States. Stem angular, marked with brown lines. Leaves 3 5' long, on petioles 1 24" long. Rays deep or orange yellow, 10 15, about 1' long. July, Aug. * * Disk dark 'purple. 3. R. TRILOBA. Hirsute ; branches panicled, spreading ; lower cauline Ivs. mostly 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, acuminate ; upper ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, ser- rate or entire ; radical ones ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-dentate or incisely lobed, petiolate ; hds. rather small, disk dark purple, ovoid ; rays about 8, broad- oval, rather longer than the linear, reflexed scales. Fields, Middle and Western States. A handsome species, 2 4f high, very branching. Leaves 2 4' long, 3-veined. Rays deep yellow, 6 10" long, f as wide. Chaff cuspidate-awned at the summit. Aug. Sept. 4. R. HIRTA. Rough Cone-flower. Very hirsute or hispid ; st. simple or somewhat branched; ped. naked; Ivs. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petiolate, denticulate, the upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate ; invol. scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3 rows ; rays spreading. A showy plant, in dry soils, Mass. Richard ! Western N. Y. ! to La. and la. ! Stems subsimple or branching from the base, covered with prickly 338 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ZINNIA, prominences, each branch leafless towards the summit and bearing a large head with 12 15 bright yellow rays. These are an inch long, and surround a broad- ly conical disk of dark purple or dark brown chaif and flowers. July Sept. f 5. R. FULGIDA. Ait. (R. chrysomela. Michx. R. spatulata. PA.) SL hirsute, with rigid hairs ; branches slender, naked above ; Ivs. strigose- pubescent, remotely denticulate, radical petiolate, ovate, cauline lance-oblong, tapering to the sessile, subclasping base ; scales oblong, spreading, as long as the spreading rays ; chaff linear-oblong, obtuse. Mountains, Penn. to Ohio ! and Ga. Stem 1 3f high. Rays 12 14, scarcely longer than the leafy invo- lucre, deep orange-yellow. July, Oct. f 6. R. SPECIOSA. Wender. St. hispidly hirsute ; branches slender, elongated, naked above ; Ivs. sca- brous-pubescent, strongly dentate, radical ones broadly ovate, 5-veined, on long petioles, cauline ovate and lanceolate, 3-veined, upper sessile; scales lance-lin- ear, much shorter than the spreading rays ; chaff linear-oblong, acute. Bor- ders of woods, 111. Jenney ! Ohio! to Penn. A large and very showy species, 2 4f high. Leaves rather thin, radical 4 5' by 3 4', the teeth mucronu- late ; petioles 6 10' long. Rays about 18, oblong,linear, bright yellow. Aug. Oct. t 31. EC H IN ACE A. Mrench. Gr, %ivo$, the hedgehog ; from the character of the paleae. Involucre scales imbricated in 2 rows ; ray-flowers neutral ; disk- flowers ; receptacle conic, with rigid, mucronate paleae ; pappus 0. ^1- Lvs. alternate. Rays purple, pendulous. 1. E. PURPUREA. Moench. (Rudbeckia Linn.} Purple Cone-flower or Comb-flower. Very rough ; lower Ivs. broad-ovate, attenuate at base, remotely toothed ; cauline ones lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, nearly entire ; rays very long, deflexed, bifid. Thickets and barrens, Western ! and Southern States. A tall, handsome plant, often cultivated. Stem 4f high, branched, sulcate. Leaves 4 8' long, -- as wide, rough, with short, stiff bristles, 3-veined. Heads large, solitary, on long peduncles. Disk thickly beset with the stiff, pointed, brown chaff. Rays about 15, 2 3' long, pendulous. July Sept. Root black, pungent, medicinal, j- (3. Rays nearly white. 111. Dr. Mead in T. fy G. Fl. Am. 2. E. ANGUSTIFOLIA. DC. (Rudbeckia. pallida. NiM.} St. hispid, subsimple, slender, naked above ; Ivs. entire, hispidly pubescent, 3-veined, lower ones lanceolate, petiolate, upper lance-linear, sessile ; scales in about 2 rows, short ; rays 12 20, slender, drooping. Prairies and marshes, 111. Mo. to Tex. Plant of a more slender habit than the last, 2 3f high. Leaves 3 6' by 3 6". Petioles 8" long. Heads on long, naked peduncles. Rays 1 2' long, purple, varying to white. Disk brown. May July. 32. LEPlCHYS. Involucre in one series of linear scales ; ray flowers few, neutral, disk perfect ; receptacle columnar, chaffy ; chaff obtuse and bearded at apex ; pappus ; fertile achenia compressed, 1 2-winged. ^ Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. lids, of Jiowers yellow, with long, droop- ing rays. L. PINNATA. Torr. & Gray. (Rudbeckia. MX. Obeliscaria. Cass.) Scabrous; Ivs. all pinnate, the divisions 3 7, some of the lower ones 2- parted, the rest undivided ; rat/s elongated. In dry soil, Western N. Y., West- ern ! and Southern States. Stem 2 4f high, slender, furrowed and hispid. Heads very showy. Rays yellow, about 2' in length, pendulous, the disk ovate, purple. 33. ZINNIA. Dedicated to John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1557. Involucre scales oval, margined, imbricate ; rays 5, persistent, en- HELIANTHUS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 339 tire, 9 ; disk flowers $ ; receptacle chaffy, conical ; pappus of the disk of 2 erect awns. Native at the South, fyc. Lvs. opposite, entire. 1. Z. ELEGANS. Hds. on long peduncles ; Ivs. cordate, ovate, sessile-amplexi- caul ; st. hairy ; chaff serrated. Native of Mexico. Jl. Aug. Several varie- ties are known in cultivation; viz. a. violacea, with violet-colored flowers; /?. alba, flowers white ; y. purpurascens, flowers purple ; Heads discoid and radiate in the same genus. 44. ACTINOMfiRIS. Nutt. Crr. otKTtv, a ray, pripig, apart; partially radiate. Heads many-flowered, ray flowers 4 14, rarely ; involucre scales foliaceous, subequal, in 1 3 series ; receptacle conical or convex, chaffy ; achenia compressed', flat, obovate, 2-awned. % Plants tall. St. winged with the decurrent leaves. Hds. corymbose, yellow. 1. A. HELIANTHOIDES. Nutt. (Verbesina. MickxJ) St. hirsute, winged except near the base ; Ivs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, acuminate, serrate, hirsute and scabrous ; corymb contracted ; rays 6 14, long and narrow ; scales erect. Rather common in barrens and prairies, Western States ! It is a rough plant, with the aspect of a Helianthus. Stem conspicuously winged with the decurrent leaves, 2 4f high. Leaves 2 4' by 6 14", grayish. Rays often irregular, 1' long. Jn. Jl. 2. A. SQUARROSA. Nutt. (Coreopsis alternifolia. Linn.} St. tall, winged, branching above, somewhat pubescent; Ivs. alternate, often opposite, oblong-lanceolate, elongated, tapering to each acute or acumi- nate end, scabrous, decurrent on the petiole and stem ; hds. small ; scales spread- ing or reflexed ; rays 4 8 : receptacle very small. Dry, alluvial soils western N. Y., and Western States ! common. It is a tall, unsightly weed, 5 lOfhigh. Leaves 6 14' by 1 3', sharply serrate, especially the lower. Rays ' long. Aug. Oct. 45. COREOPSIS. Gr. Kopis, a bug, oipis, appearance; from the concavo-convex, 2-horned achenia. Involucre double, each 6 10-leaved; receptacle chaffy; achenia compressed, emarginate, each commonly with a 2-toothed pappus. Lvs. mostly opposite. Rays rarely wanting. Rays 0: 1. C. DISCOIDEA. Torr. & Gray. Rayless Tick-seed. Glabrous, much branched, erect ; Ivs. ternate, long-petiolate ; Ifts. ovate- lanceolate, strongly dentate, petiolulate ; hds. loosely paniculate, on slenderj3e- duncles ; outer involucre 3 5 linear-spatulate, leaf-like bracts, inner of many linear, appressed scales ; ach. linear-oblong, tapering below, twice longer than the 2 erect awns which are hispid upwards ! Ohio, Sullivant ! to La. Stem and branches purplish. Terminal leaflets 35' by li', lateral much small- er. Heads small (i' diam.), about 30-flowered. Jl. Sept. COREOPSIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 345 Rays and disk yell&w. 2. C. TRICHOSPERMA. Michx. Tick-seed Sunflower. St. glabrous, square, dichotomous ; Ivs. pinnately 5 7-parted, briefly pe- tiolate, segm. lanceolate, incised or serrate ; scales of the outer invol. ciliate, linear, long as the inner ; rays entire,, large ; ach. narrow-cuneate, 2-awned. (1) in wet grounds, N. Y., Mass, to Car. A smooth, branching plant, 1 2f high, with a panicle of large, showy, yellow heads. Branches and leaves mostly op- posite. Leaves thin, the upper 3-cleft, subsessile. Leaflets narrow, tapering to a long point, with a lew unequal, remote serratures. Achenia ' long, crowned with stout, hispid awns. Jl. Aug. 3. C. ARISTOSA. Michx. Sparingly pubescent ; Ivs. pinnately 5 9-parted, segments lance-linear, incisely serrate or pinnatifid ; hds. small, with conspicuous rays ; outer invol. of 10 12 linear, green scales, about as long as the inner, villous at base ; awns about as long as the achenium. Low woods, Western States ! Stem obtusely 4-angled, 2 3f high. Leaves thin, 4 6' long, petioles 1'. Rays 8, orange- yellow, expanding !'. /?. (C. involucrata. Nutt. ?) Scales of the outer involucre about 13, a third longer than those of the inner. la. ! 4. C. TRIPTERIS. (Chrysostemma. Less.) Glabrous; st. simple, tall, corymbose at summit; Ivs. coriaceous, opposite, petiolate, 3 5-divided, divisions linear-lanceolate, entire, acute ; Ms. small, on short peduncles. A tall, smooth, elegant species, in dry soils, Southern and Western States, common in la. ! Stem 4 8f high, slender, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 5' by f If. Rays spreading, J' long. Outer scales linear, obtuse, spreading, as many as the inner. Jl. Oct. 5. C. VERTICILLATA. Whorl-leaved Coreopsis. Glabrous, branched; Ivs. 3-divided, closely sessile, divisions pinnately parted, segments linear, obtuse ; rays acute or (in cultivation) obtuse and 2 or 3-toothed ; ach. obovate, slightly 2-toothed. 1\. Moist places, Md. and Western States ! Stem 1 3f high. Leaflets apparently verticillate in 6s. Heads with bright yellow rays, near 1' long. Outer scales oblong-linear, obtuse, united at base. June Aug. 6. C. PALMATA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Spreng.) Nearly smooth ; st. branched, angled and striate, very leafy to the sum- mit ; Ivs. sessile, deeply 3-cleft, rigid, lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft ; rays obovate-oblong ; ach. linear-elliptic, incurved. Dry prairies, W. States ! Stem 1 2f high, sometimes much branched. Leaves 1 2' long, some of them undivided, lobes 2 4" wide. Heads 1 or several, with yellow rays. Outer scales linear-oblong, obtuse. Jn. Jl. 7. C. LANCEOLATA. Lance-leaved Coreopsis. St. ascending, often branched below ; lower Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, the tipper lanceolate, sessile, all entire, with scabrous margins; hds. solitary, on very long, naked peduncles ; rays 4 5-toothed at apex ; ach. suborbicular, with 2 small teeth. 7J. Native of the Southern States ! Heads showy. Rays about 8,1' by I'. Jn.-Aug.f $ Rays or disk purple. 8. C. DRUMMONDII. T. & G. (Calliopsis. Don.) Drummond's Coreopsis. Pubescent; Ivs. pinnately divided, sometimes simple, segments (or leaves) oval, entire ; scales lanceolate-acuminate ; rays unequally 5-toothed, twice longer than the involucre ; ach. obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. From Texas. Stems 10 20' high. Rays large, yellow, with a purple spot at base, f /?. atrosanguinea, a garden variety, with dark orange flowers. 9. C. TINCTORIA. Dyer's Coreopsis. Lvs. attenuate, radical ones subbipinnate ; Ifts. oval, entire, smooth; cauline subpinnate, Ifts. linear; rays two-colored ; ach. naked. A handsome border annual, native of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1 3f high, with light, smooth foliage. Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored with purple at their base. Flowering all summer, f 346 LXXV. COMPOSITE. BIDENS. 10. C. ROSEA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Spreng.} Rose-red TicTcseed. St. branched ; Ivs. opposite, 1-veined, linear, entire ; ped. short ; outer scales very short ; rays obscurely tridentate. Tj. A very delicate species, in wet grounds, Mass. Dr. Bobbins I to N. J. Stem slender, erect, 8 16' high. Leaves 1 2' long, scarcely 1" wide, clothing the stem. Heads few, small. Rays rose- color, varying to white. Disk light yellow. Jl. Aug. 46. BIDENS. Lat. lidens, two-toothed ; the achenia have 2 (or more) barbed teeth. Involucre nearly equal, double, scaly or leafy at the base ; rays few, neutral ; disk perfect ; receptacle chaffy, fiat ; pappus of 2 4 awns, rough backwards ; achenia quadrangular. Lvs. opposite. Rays * Rays inconspicuous or 0. 1. B. FRONDOSA. Leafy Burr-Marigold. Fls. discoid ; outer invol. 6 times as long as the flower, its leaflets ciliate at base; Imver Ivs. pinnate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate. A com- mon weed, in moist, cultivated fields throughout Can. and U. S., often called beggar ticks, from the 2-horned achenia which adhere to every one who passes by it. Stem 2f high, sending out many spreading branches. Lower leaves in 3s or 5s. Flowers in clusters at the end of the, branches, without rays, yellow, surrounded by a large and leafy involucre. Aug. Sept. 2. B. CONNATA. Willd. (B. tripartita. BwJ Trijid Burr-Marigold. Smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, slightly connate at base, lower ones most- ly trifid ; outer scales longer than the head, leafy ; ach. with 3 awns. (|) I n swamps and ditches, Can., N. Eng. to Mo. Stem 1 3f high, smooth and4-fur- rowed, with opposite branches. Leaves opposite, smooth, serrate, the lower ones often divided into 3 segments, the rest generally entire, lanceolate, sharply serrate and somewhat connate. Flowers terminal, solitary, without rays, con- sisting only of the tubular, yellow florets, surrounded by a leafy involucre. Aug. 3. B. CERNUA. Water Burr-Marigold. Ms. subradiate, cernuous ; outer invol. as long as the flower ; Ivs. lanceo- late, subconnate, dentate. In swamps and ditches, Can. to Penn. Stem 1 2f high, purplish, branched, round at base, striate above, branches opposite, leaves opposite, somewhat connated at base. Flowers yellowish-green, finally droop- ing, generally with yellow rays about 8 in number. Aug. Oct. 4. B. BIPINNATA. Spanish Needles. Smooth ; Ivs. bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; Ms. subradiate ; outer invol. the length of the inner. Grows in waste places, N. Y. Sartwell, Conn. Robbins. Stem 2 4f high, branching, smooth. Leaves bipinnately dissected, nearly smooth. Heads of flowers on long peduncles, each with 3 4 (or 0) ob- scure, obovate, yellow rays. Jl. Sept. * * Rays conspicuous. 5. B. CHRYSANTHEMolDEs. Radiate Burr- Marigold. Fls. radiate ; rays 3 times as long as the nearly equal involucre ; Ivs. ob- long, attenuate at each end, connate at base, dentate. A low plant, with large, yellow-rayed flowers, in muddy places, Can. and U. S. Stern 6 20' high, round and smooth. Leaves smooth, with few remote teeth, narrow, oppo- site, with narrow, connate bases. Flowers commonly erect, rays about 8, large, spreading. Scarcely distinct from B. cernua. Sept. Oct. 6. B. BECKII. Torr. Beck's Burr-Marigold. Si. subsimple ; submersed Ivs. capillaceous-multifid ; emersed ones lanceo- A ate, connate, acutely serrate or laciniate ; fls. radiate ; rays, longer than the involucre. 1\. In water, N. Y. Sartwell, &c. Vt. Chandler, N. to Can. Stem 2 3f long, simple or with minute, slender branches above. Lower leaves dis- sected as in Ranunculus aquatilis ; upper 12' long, as wide, deeply serrate. f lead solitary, terminal, yellow. July. Aug. SENECIO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 347 47. VERBESINA. Heads few or many-flowered ; rays 9 , few or ; disk 5 ; scales in 2 or more series, imbricated, erect ; chaff concave or embracing the flowers ; achenia compressed laterally, 2-awned. ^ American plants, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. often decurrent, serrate or lobed. Hds. solitary or corymbose. 1. V. SIEGESBECKIA. Michx. (Coreopsis alata. Ph. Actinomeris alata. Nutt.} St. 4- winged ; Ivs. opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, serrate, acumi- nate, tripli- veined, tapering to a winged petiole ; hds. radiate, in trichotomous cymes ; rays 1 5 ; ach. wingless. Roadsides and dry fields, Western and South- ern States, common. Stem 4 6f high. Leaves 5 8' by 3 4', thin. Heads about 25-flowered, with yellow corollas and yellow, lanceolate rays, the latter about f long. Aug. Sept. 2. V. VIRGINICA. Virginian Crown-beard. St. narrowly winged, pubescent above ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate or lance- ovate, subserrate, scabrous, acute or acuminate, tapering to the sessile base ; lower ones decurrent ; corymbs compound, dense ; rays (oval) and diskfls. white ; ach. winged. Dry woods, Penn. to La. Stem (3 5f high) and leaves beneath often more or less tomentose. Heads about 20-flowered, the 3 or 4 rays scarce- ly I' long. Aug. Sept. 48. DYSODIA. Cav. Heads many-flowered; rays 9; disk cT; involucre of a single series of partially united scales, usually calyculate ; achenia elongated, 4- angled, compressed ; pappus scales chaffy, in one series, fimbriately and palmately cleft into bristles. (D Lvs. mostly opposite andpinnate- ly parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or corymbose. Fls. yellow. D. cHRYSANTHEMolDEs. Lagasca. (Tagetes papposa. Vent. Boebera chr. Willd.} St. glabrous, much branched ; Ivs. pinnately parted, lobes linear, toothed; hds. terminal ; scales campanulate, united at base ; bracts at base 7 9, linear; pappus bristles slender, as long as the involucre. Prairies, &c., 111., Mo. to La. An ill-scented plant, above If high, resembling a Tagetes. Flowers bright yellow. 49. SENECIO. Lat. senex, an old man ; the word is synonymous with Erigeron. Involucre of many equal leaflets or invested with scales at base, the scales withered at the points ; receptacle not chaffy ; pappus simple, capillary and copious. A vast genus, embracing 600 species of herbs and shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow, exceeding the involucre. * Heads discoid. 1. S. VULGARIS. Common Groundsel. St. paniculate, erect, angular ; Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, amplexi- caul. A common weed growing about houses, in waste grounds, rubbish, &c. Introduced from Europe. Stem 18' high, leafy, branching, generally smooth. Leaves alternate, thin, bright green, the radical ones stalked. Flowers without rays, terminal, scattered, yellow, appearing all summer. * Heads radiate. 2. S. ATTREUS. Golden Senecio. Radical Ivs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones pinnati- fid, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate ; ped. subumbellate, thick ; rays 8 12. Tj. A handsome and very variable plant, in meadows, woods, &c. (U. S. and Brit. Am.) with golden-yellow flowers. Stem smoothish. striate, erect 1 2f high, simple or branched above, terminating in a kind of umbellate, simple or compound corymb. Lower stem leaves lyrate, upper ones few and slender. oU 348 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CAOALIA. Peduncles more or less thickened upwards. Scales linear, acute, purplish at apex. Rays 4 5" long, spreading. May Aug. ft. Balsamita. (S. Balsamitae. Mutt.} St. villous at base ; Ivs. few, small and distant, pubescent, radical ones oblong-lanceolate ; ped. villous at base. Rocky hills and pastures. y. gracilis. (S. gracilis. Ph.} Radical Ivs. orbicular, on long petioles, cau- line few, linear-oblong, incisely dentate ; ped. short, pilose, with small, few- rayed heads. A slender state of the species, on rocky shores. J. obovatus. (S. obovatus. Wittd.} Radical Ivs. obovate ; ped. elongated. Meadows, &c. t. lanceolatus. Oakes. Radical Ivs. lanceolate, acute, cauline lanceolate, pin- natifid at base. Shady swamps, Vt. Robbins. 3. S. PSEUDO-ELEGANS. DC. (S. elegans. Linn.} Purple Jacobeza. Lvs. equal, pinnatifid, pilose-viscid, spreading ; ped. somewhat scaly ; invol. calyc- ulate with leafy scales ; scales mostly withered at the tips. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. A beautiful plant in cultivation. Flowers of the disk yellow, of the rays of a most brilliant purple. A variety has double flowers, with colors equally brilliant. Another variety has white flowers. Jn. Aug. f Section 3. Heads discoid. 50. HYMENOPAPPUS. L'Her. Gr. V//W, a membrane, TraTTTrofjpappus; from the character. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all 5, tubular; scales 6 12, in 2 series, oval, obtuse, membranaceous, colored ; receptacle small, naked ; anthers exserted ; achenia broad at the summit, attenuate to the base ; pappus of many short, obtuse, membranaceous scales in one se- ries. (D or % North American, villose herbs. St. grooved and angled. Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. H. SCABIOS^US. L'Her. Hoary-villose, or nearly glabrous ; Ivs. pinnately or bipinnately parted, segments linear or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed ; hds. collected in simple corymbs; scales of the invol. obovate, 7 11, white, greenish at base, undulate on the margin, longer than the disk ; cor. deeply lobed ; ach. pubescent. 111. Mead ! and Southern States. Stem 1 2f high, whitish with soft cotton when young, at length purplish and glabrous. Segments 1 \\' by 1 2", rather acute. Heads whitish, about 21-flowered. (Apr. May. T. <$ G. Aug. Mead.} 51. CACALIA. An ancient Gr. name of an uncertain plant. Flowers all $ involucre cylindric, oblong, often calyculate with small scales at the base ; receptacle not chaffy ; pappus capillary, scabrous. M?s% %.. ' Smooth. Lvs. alternate. Hds. offls. corymbed. mostly cyanic. 1. C. SUAVEOLENS. Wild Caraway. Glabrous; st. striate-angular ; Ivs. petiolate, hastate-sagittate, serrate, smooth, green on both sides Jls. corymbed, erect; invol. many-flowered. Tj. Western N. Y. to Conn., Robbins ! to Ga. ! and 111. Stems 4 5f high, striate, leafy. Radical leaves on long stalks, pointed ; cauline ones on winged stalks. Flowers whitish, in a terminal, compound corymb. Scales and peduncles smooth, with setaceous bracts beneath the involucre, and beneath the divisions of the peduncles. Aug. Resembles a Nabalus. 2. C. ATRIPLICIFOLIA. OrocJte-leaved Caraway. St. herbaceous ; Ivs. petiolate, smooth, glaucous beneath, radical ones cor- date, dentate, cauline ones rhomboid, sub-bidentate on each side ; Jls. corymbed, erect ; invol. 5-flowered. N. Y. to Ga. and 111. ! Stem 3 5f high, round, leafy, subramose. Leaves alternate, the lower ones as large as the hand, with large, unequal teeth. Heads of flowers small, ovoid-cylindric, whitish, loosely corymbose at the tops of the branches. Jl. Sept. ARTEMISIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 349 3. C. RENIFORMIS. Muhl. St. sulcate-angled ; Ivs. palmately veined, nearly smooth, green both sides, petiolate, lower ones reniform, upper flabellifbrm ; corymb compound, fastigiate ; hds. 5-flowered. Woods la. ! 111., Penn., S. to Car. Stem 3 6f high, nearly simple, glabrous. Leaves 3 12' by 5 18', repand-dentate, lower petioles very long. Scales of involucre 5, obtuse, whitish. July. 4. C. TUBEROSA. Nutt. St. angular-sulcate; Ivs. oval or ovate, strongly 5 7-veined, obtuse or subacute, entire or repand-denticulate, not glaucous, lower ones tapering into long petioles, upper ones on short petioles ; /ids. in compound corymbs. Marsh- es, Western States ! Stem 2 5f high, branched above. Leaves rather thick, 3 7 long, f as wide, veined like those of the plantain. Heads oblong, 5-leaved and 5-flowered, white. May Jl. 5. C. COCCINEA. Curt. (Emilia sagittata. DC.} Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel Flcncer. Radical Ivs. ovate-spatulate, cauline amplexicaul, crenate; invol. ovate-cylindric, scales linear, at length reflexed ; ach. ciliate ; pappus in several rows. A pretty garden flower, native of the E. Indies, &c. Stem If or more high. Flowers bright scarlet. Jn. Sept. A bed or patch sown thickly makes a fine appearance. 52. ARTEMISIA. Probably from Artemis, one of the names of the goddess Diana. Involucre ovoid, imbricate, with dry, connivent scales ; receptacle naked or subvillous ; disk flowers numerous, , tubular, ray flowers few, often without stamens, and with a subulate corolla or ; ache- nia with a small disk ; pappus 0. Bitter herbs. Lvs. alternate. Cor. yellow. 1. Receptacle naked. Disk flowers sterile. 1. A. DRACUNCULUS. Taragon. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, acuminate at each end ; hds. subglobose, pedunculate, erect. A culinary herb, native of S. Eu- rope. Stem herbaceous, 2 3f high. Jl. Aug. It is of the easiest culture, and is used for pickles, salad, and for seasoning soup. 2. A. DRACUNCULOIDES. Ph. (A. cernua. Nutt.} Erect, much branched, whitish pubescent when young ; lower Ivs. 3-cleft, upper entire, narrowly linear, attenuated at both ends ; hds. globose, small, nod- ding, pedicellate, in paniculate racemes; scales with scarious margins. St. Louis, Mo. to the Saskatchawan. Stem shrubby, 6 8f high, with numerous slender branches. Leaves I 4' by 1 3", radical trifid or sometimes 2 or 3 times trifid. 3. A. BOREALIS. Pallas. (A. spithamsea. Ph.} Caespilose, silky- villose or smoothish; st. simple (6 10' high); lower Ivs. petiolate, linear-lanceolate, entire towards the base, ternately, pinnately or bi- pinnately parted above, with linear lobes, upper Ivs. linear, 3 5-cleft or entire ; hds. hemispherical, spicate or racemose-paniculate. Keweena Point, Lake Su- perior. Dr. Houghton in T. & G. PL ii. 417. 4. A. CANADENSIS. Michx. Sea Wormwood. St. erect or decumbent ; Ivs. pinnatifid with linear segments ; As. subglo- bose, sessile, in crowded panicles resembling spikes. 7J. Shores of the great lakes. Plum Island, Bigelow. Near Amherst College, Hitchcock. Willoughby Mt., Vt., Wood. Stem 2 4f high, much branched, sulcate, brownish, mostly erect. Leaves all much divided into linear-setaceous segments. Heads nume- rous, small, forming a large panicle of racemes. Scales with a membranous margin. Aug. 5. A. CAUDATA. Michx. St. herbaceous, simple, densely and pyramidally paniculate ; radical and lower cauline Ivs. subbipinnate, pubescent, upper ones subpinnate, segments sub- setaceous, alternate ; hds. ovoid-globose, pedicellate, erect. On the sea coast, N. H. to R. I. Stem 3 6f high, strict. Leaves in many attenuated and some- 350 LXXV. COMPOSITE. GNAPHALIUM. what fleshy segments. Heads small. Outer scales ovate, inner scarious, ellip- tical. Aug. Sept. 2. Receptacle naked. Flowers all fertile. 6. A. ABROTANUM. Southernwood. St. erect ; lower Ivs. bipinnate ; upper ones capillary, pinnate ; invol. downy, hemispherical. A well known shrubby plant in gardens, about 3f high. Leaves alternate, much divided into very narrow, linear segments. Flowers numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of S. Europe. ^ 7. A. LUDOVICIANA. Nutt. Herbaceous, canescently tomentose ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower incisely and remotely serrate or subpinnatifid, upper entire ; hds. ovoid, subsessile, arranged in a simple, slender, leafy panicle. Lake and river shores, Mich, to Mo. W. to Oreg. Stem 2 5f high, simple or branched. Leaves quite variable in size, and also in pubescence, sometimes nearly smooth. Heads small and crowded. Aug. Sept. 8. A. VULGARIS. Common Artemisia or Mugwort. Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline ones pinnatifid, segments lanceolate, acute, subdentate, floral ones entire, linear-lanceolate ; Ms. erect, ovoid, sub- sessile ; invol. tomentose. 7J. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in fields, roadsides, banks of streams, &c., Vt. N. H. Stem 2 3f high, branching into a panicle of spicate racemes. Leaves very variable, but never nearly so attenuated as in A. Canadensis. Heads lew, purplish. 9. A. BIENNIS. Willd. Erect, herbaceous, smooth ; Ivs. bipinnately parted, upper ones pinnatifid, all with linear, acute and mostly incised lobes ; Ms. sessile, arranged in a close, narrow, leafy panicle of short spikes. Ohio to Mo. and the Saskatchawan. T. <$ G. Aug. Oct. 3. Receptacle mllous or hairy. Flowers all fertile. 10. A. ABSINTHIUM. Common Wormwood. Lvs. multifid, clothed with short, silky down, segments lanceolate ; hds. hemispherical, drooping ; receptacle hairy. Naturalized in the mountainous dis- tricts of New England, growing among rubbish, rocks and by roadsides. Stems angular, branched, with erect racemes of nodding, yellow flowers. The whole plant is proverbially bitter, and of powerful medicinal qualities as a tonic, stomachic, &c. 11. A. PONTICA. Roman Wormword. Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline ones bipinnate, leaflets linear ; hds. roundish, stalked, nodding. Common in gar- dens, where it arises 3 or 4f, with simple branches and racemes of yellow flow- ers. Head with 24 flowers, those of the ray about 6. From Austria, f 53. TANACETUM. Said to be a corruption of a 6a.va.Tos, deathless; for the durable flowers. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, the scales all minute j recep- tacle convex, naked ; pappus a slight, membranous border ; achenia with a large, epigynous disk. Lvs. alternate, much dissected. Fls. yellow. T. VULGARE. Tansey. Lvs. pinnately divided, segments oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid and incisely serrate; hds. fastigiate-corymbose. 7J. Native of Europe, and naturalized in old fields and roadsides. Stems clustered, 2 3f high, branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Aug. The whole plant has a strong and aromatic smell and a very bitter taste. The seeds are anthelmintic. A variety called double tansey occurs, with dense and crisped leaves. 54. GNAPHALIUM. Gr. yva.(f>a\ov, cotton or wool ; from the soft, cottony surface of the herbage. Heads discoid, heterogamous ; involucre imbricate with scarious, colored scales ; marginal flowers subulate, pistillate, in several rows ; ANTENNARIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 351 central flowers ; receptacle flat, naked ; pappus simple, scabrous, capillary. Lvs. alternate, entire. 1. G. POLYCEPHALUM. Michx. Fragrant Life-everlasting. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, whitish totnentose beneath, as well as the paniculate stem ; has. capitate, corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acute. Common in fields, &c., Can. and U. S. It is dis- tinguishable by its strong, agreeable odor, and its brownish color. Stem 1 2f high, whitish, with a cottony down, much branched. Leaves sessile, cottony beneath. Flowers in crowded clusters at the ends of the branches. Involucre with whitish scales and yellow flowers. Aug. 2. G. DECURRENS. Ives. Decurrent-leaved Life-everlasting. St. erect, stout, much branched, viscidly pubescent ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, very acute, decurrent, naked above, white and woolly beneath ; fls. in dense, roundish, terminal clusters. 7J. A stout species, covered with a dense, hoary pubescence. It grows in hilly pastures, &c., N. H., Vt. to N. J. Stem 2f high, with scattered leaves and spreading branches. Leaves on the upper side green, scabrous and viscid. Scales whitish, with yellow corollas. Aug. 3. G. PURPUREUM. (G. Americanum. Willd.) Purple Life-everlasting. St. erect, simple or branched from the base, tomentose ; Ivs. linear-spatu- late or obovate-spatulate, downy-canescent beneath, green above ; hds. sessile, crowded, terminal and axillary. Grows in sandy fields and pastures, N. H. to la. and La. Stem 812' high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads with purplish scales and yellow corollas. June. 4. G. ULIGINOSUM. Mud Life-everlasting. St. diffusely branched, woolly; Ivs. linear-lanceolate; Ms. in terminal, crowded, leafy clusters ; involucre scales one-colored, inner acute ; ach. smooth. (J) A small, spreading plant clothed with whitish down, common in sandy places where water occasionally stands, N. Mid. and W. States. Stem 4 6' high. Leaves numerous, acute, narrowed at the base. Scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, yellowish. Aug. 55. ANTENNARIA. Br. Name in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble antenna. Heads dioecious ; involucre of imbricate, colored scales ; pistillate corollas filiform ; receptacle subconvex, alveolate ; pappus simple, bristly. % Tomentose. Lvs. alternate, entire. Hds. corymbose, with white scales. 1. A. MARGARITACEA. Br. (Gnaphalium. Linn.') Common Life-everlasting. St. erect, simple, corymbosely branched above ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined, sessile, and beneath the stem woolly ; corymbs fastigiate ; invol. scales elliptic, obtuse, opaque, white. 7J. Named for its dry, imperishable, pearl- white flower-scales. In fields and pastures, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem 1 2f high, and with its numerous, scattered 'leaves, clothed with white and cotton- like down. Heads of flowers numerous, hemispherical, much adorned by the fadeless, imbricated scales of which the outer are downy at the base. Flowers yellow. July. The plant. is slightly fragrant. 2. A. PLANTAGINIFOLIA. Br. (Gnaphalium. Linn.) Mouse-ear Life-ever- lasting. Stolons procumbent ; st. simple ; radical Ivs. ovate, mucronate, 3- veined, silky-canescent ; stem Ivs. small, lanceolate ; invol. scales ovate, obtuse. 7|. Borders of woods, &c., U. S. and Brit. Am., common. Whole plant, whit- ish with down. Stem 5 8' high, often branched at base into several from the same root. Root-leaves much larger than those of the stem, rounded at apex, tapering to a petiole. Stem-leaves few, bract-like. Heads clustered, terminal, purplish- white. May Aug. ^.dioica. (A. dioica. Br.) Radical Ivs. much smaller, spatulate; stem Ivs. linear-lanceolate ; inner scales linear, acute. Abundant in old pastures. Apr. July. A variety (too ?) strongly marked. 30* 352 LXXV. COMPOSITE. XANTHIUM. 56. FILAGO. Tourn. Apparently from the Lat. Jlla, on account of the cottony fibres or hairs. Heads heterogamous ; involucre of a few villous scales ; marginal flowers 9 5 receptacle columnar, naked at the apex, chaffy at base ; achenia terete ; central ones with a hairy pappus. Downy-canescent herbs. Lvs. alternate, entire. F. GERMANICA. (Gnaphalium. Linn.} German Cud-weed. St. dichotomous or proliferously branched above ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, crowded, erect ; hds. few-flowered, in dense, capitate clusters, terminal and lateral ; scales cuspidate, passing insensibly into the palese of the receptacle, each with a pistillate flower in the axil. A European plant, sparingly natu- ralized in fields and roadsides, Ms. Stem 6- 10' high. Scales straw-color, with a green line outside. July Oct. 57. ERECHTITES. Raf. Gr. pe%$(>), to trouble ; the species are troublesome weeds. Flowers all tubular, those of the margin pistillate, of the disk per- fect ; involucre cylindrical, simple, slightly calyculate ; receptacle naked ; pappus of numerous fine, capillary bristles. CD Lvs. simple, alternate. Fls. corymbose, whitish. E. HIERACIFOLIUS. Raf. (Senicio hieracifolius. Linn.) Fire-weed. St. paniculate, virgate ; Ivs. oblong, amplexicaul, acute, unequally and deeply toothed with acute indentures ; invol. smooth ; ach. hairy. (I) A well known, rank weed, growing in fields, (Can. and U. S.) particularly and abun- dantly in such as have been newly cleared and burnt over, and hence it is called fire-weed. Stem thick and fleshy, branching, 3f high, roughish. Leaves of a light green, large, irregularly cut into many deep and acute teeth. Flowers terminal, crowded, destitute of rays, white. Involucre large and tumid at base. Aug. Sept. 58. XANTHIUM. Heads heterocephalous. Sterile. Involucre imbricate ; anthers approximate, but distinct ; receptacle chaffy. Fertile. Involucre 2- leaved, clothed with hooked prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, 2-flowered ; sta- mens 0. (D Coarse weeds with alternate leaves. 1. X. STRUMARIUM. Clotweed. St. unarmed, branching ; Ivs. cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate, rough ;fr. elliptical, armed with uncinate, stiff thorns, and ending with 2, spread- ing, straight horns. A coarse, rough plant, in old fields, &c., N. Eng, and Mid. States. Stem branched, bristly, spotted, 2 3f high. Leaves large, on long stalks, rigid. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular, green. Fertile, in sessile, axillary tufts. Fruit a hard, 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff, hooked prickles, which, like those of the common burdock, serve to disperse the seeds. Aug. 1 2. X. ECHINATUM. Murray. (X. macrocarpon. DC.) St. rough and strigose, spotted ; Ivs. scabrous, obscurely lobed, obtuse, "broad and subcordate at base, repand-toothed ; fr. oval, densely armed with ri- gid, uncinate bristles ; horns incurved. A very coarse plant in marshes near the seacoast, Mass, to Car. Stem thick, 1 2f high. Fruit very large, hairy. Aug. Oct. 3. X. SPINOSUM. Prickly Clotweed. St. branched ; spines at base of the leaves triple, slender ; Ivs. ovate-lanceo- late, cuneate at base, petiolate, 3-lobed or dentate or entire, under surface and veins above whitish, twice longer than the spines ; invol. oblong, with slender, uncinate spines. Roadsides and fields, Mass, to Penn. ! and Ga. Plant about If high, very conspicuously armed with straw-colored spines 1' long. Heads sessile, sterile in the upper, fertile in the lower axils. Sept Nov. CALENDULA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 363 59. AMBROSIA. Gr. a///?poeria, food of the gods ; a term strangely applied. Heads heterocephalous. Sterile. Involucre of several united scales, hemispherical, many-flowered ; anthers approximate, but dis- tinct ; receptacle naked. Fertile. Involucre 1 -leaved, entire or 5- toothed, 1 -flowered, corolla ; styles 2 ; stamens 0. Herbaceous plants with mostly opposite Ivs. and unsightly flowers. 1. A. TRIFIDA. Tall Ambrosia. Hairy, rough ; Ivs. three-lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolote, acumi- nate ; fr. with 6 lines below the summit. (T) A very tall, herbaceous plant, not very common in N. Eng., found in hedges and low grounds in the valley of Connecticut river. In the W. States it is abundant! Stem 5 lOf high, erect, branching, furrowed. Leaves opposite, in 3 large, deep lobes with long points and close serratures. Flowers mean and obscure, in long, leafless spikes, axil- lary and terminal. Aug. 0. integrifolia. T. & G. (A. integrifolia. Muhl.) Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, bristly on both sides, ciliate at base, often some of them 3-lobed ; roc. terminal, single or ternate. 2. A. ARTEMISI.EFOLIA. (A. elatior. Ph.) Hog-weed. Lvs. twice-pinnatifid, nearly smooth ; petioles ciliate ; roc. terminal, pani- cled; st. virgate. A common and troublesome weed of the gardens, fields, &c. (Can. to Ga.) far more worthy of its English than its Latin name. Stem 2 3f high, branching, pubescent when young. Leaves with segments acute and parallel. Barren flowers, small, green, in terminal racemes, the fertile ones sessile about the axils of the upper leaves. Aug. Sept. 3. CORONOPIPOLIA. Torr. & Gray. Canescent-strigose, branched ; Ivs. crowded, rigid, the lower opposite, bi- pinnatifid, upper lanceolate, sessile, pinnatifid ; sterile hds. spicate, fertile clus- tered at the base of the sterile spikes, in the axils of the upper leaves; fr. hairy. (I) Prairies, Wis. to Tex. Stem 1 5f high, at length very branching and leafy. Aug. Sept. 4. A. BIDENTATA. MlChX. Very hirsute ; st. branching ; branches simple ; Ivs. crowded, mostly alter- nate, closely sessile or partly clasping, undivided, oblong, with a single tooth or short lobe on each side near the base; sterile hds. densely spicate, fertile axil- lary ; fr. 4-angled, acutely pointed, the 4 ribs produced in 4 short spines. Prairies, 111. to La. Stem 1 3f high, with numerous leaves and very dense, terminal spikes. Jl. Sept. 60. I V A . A name of barbarous origin. Heads discoid ; involucre 3-leaved ; marginal flowers 5, fertile, the others sterile ; receptacle hairy ; achenia obconic, obtuse ; pappus 0. Herbs or shrubs. Lower Ivs. opposite. I. FRUTESCENS. High-water Shrub. Marsh Elder. St. shrubby ; Ivs. lanceolate, punctate, deeply serrate, rough. 1\. In the borders of salt marshes, Mass, to La., common. Stem thick, 3 8f high, with numerous opposite branches. Leaves numerous, 3-veined, upper ones entire. Flowers green, small, drooping, in close, leafy clusters. Aug. TRIBE 5. CYNAREJB. Heads ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, homogamous (rarely dioecious), or hete- rogamous with the marginal flowers in a single series. Style in the perfect flowers often tumid near the summit. 61. CALENDULA. Lai. calenda, the first day of the month ; some species blossom monthly. Heads radiate ; involucre of many equal leaves, in about 2 series ; 354 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CARTHAMUS. receptacle naked ; achenia of the disk membranaceous ; pappus 0. An oriental genus of annual kerbs. Lvs. alternate. C. OFFICINALIS. Pot Marigold. Viscid-pubescent ; st. erect, branched ; Ivs. oblong, acute, mucronate, sessile, subdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the mar- gin ; hds. terminal, solitary ; ach. carinate, muricate, incurved. A common and handsome garden plant, from S. Europe. It has double, lemon-colored, and other varieties. Flowers large and brilliant, generally orange-colored. Jn. Sept.f 62. CENTAUREA. The centaur Chiron, it is said, cured with these his foot wounded by Hercules. Heads discoid ; involucre imbricate ; ray flowers larger than the rest, sterile, often wanting ; receptacle bristly ; pappus of filiform, scabrous bristles in several series. A genus of oriental herbs, with al- ternate leaves. 1. C. NIGRA. Black Knapweed. St. erect, branched, pubescent above ; lower Ivs. angular-lyrate, upper lan- ceolate, dentate ; scales of the involucre ovate, with an erect, capillary fringe. 1\. A troublesome weed in meadows and pastures, Mass. Introduced from Eu- rope. Stem about 2f high, simple or oftener divided into elongated branches. Heads few, large, terminal, solitary. Scales dark brown. Flowers purple. Jl. Aug. 2. C. CYANUS. Blue-bottle. Bachelor's-button. St. erect, branching, downy ; Ivs. linear, entire, downy, the lowest subden- tate ; invol. scales serrate. (I) Introduced from Europe, cultivated and sparingly naturalized in old fields. It is a hardy annual, justly popular for its handsome flowers, which are very variable in color. Heads ovoid, solitary on the ends of the branches. JL Sept. 3. C. AMERICANA. Nutt. (C. Nuttallii. Spreng.) St. erect, sulcate, sparingly branched ; lower Ivs. oblong-ovate, repand-den- tate, upper ones lanceolate, acute, all sessile and glabrous ; hds. few or solitary, very large ; ped. thickened at summit ; invol. depressed-globose, scales with a pectinate-pinnate, reflexed appendage. (T) Native in Ark. and La., naturalized in 111. Mead. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 4f high, with very showy, pale- purple heads. { 63. AMBERBOA. DC. Heads discoid ; involucre imbricate ; ray-flowers wanting or larger than the rest, sterile ; pappus of oblong or obovate paleae, attenuated to the base, all similar, rarely small or 0. Eastern herbs, with alter- nate leaves. -1. A. MOSCHATA. Willd. (Centaurea. Linn.} Sweet Sultan. Lvs. lyrate- dentate ; invol. subglobose, smooth ; scales ovate ; ray-Jlowers scarcely enlarged, not exceeding the disk ; pappus 0. A handsome border annual from Persia. Flowers purple. A variety has white flowers. July Oct. 2. A. ODORATA. a. amboracea. DC. (Centaurea suaveolens. Willd.) Yellow Sweet Sultan. Lower Ivs. broadly subspatulate, dentate, upper lyrate at base ; hds. globose ; ray-fls. enlarged upwards, longer than the disk-; pappus chaffy, a little shorter than the fruit. From Levant. Leaves scarcely pinnatifid. Flow- ers yellow. 0. glaiica. (Centaurea glauca. Willd.) Lvs. often deeply pinnatifid ; Jlowers purple. 64. CARTHAMUS. Arabic qorthom, to paint ; from its coloring property. Heads discoid ; involucre imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous ; flowers all tubular and $ , filaments smooth ; pappus ; receptacle with setaceous palese; achenia 4-angled. Oriental herbs. CYNARA. LXXV. COMPOSITE". 355 C. TJNCTORIUS. Common Saffron. St. smooth ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, spinose-denticulate. CD Native of Egypt, but long cultivated in other lands on account of its orange-colored flowers. Stem branching, striate, 1 2f high. Leaves subamplexicaul, smooth and shining. Heads large, terminal, with nu- merous long and slender flowers. The latter are useful in coloring, and as a nursery medicine. July. 65. XERANTHEMUM. Gr. ripos, dry, avSos; on account of its dry, imperishable flowers. Heads discoid ; involucre hemispherical, with radiant, colored, opaque, scarious scales ; receptacle paleaceous ; pappus paleo-setace- ous. (D Native of S. Europe. X. ANNUUM. Willd. Eternal Flower. St. erect, branched ; Ivs. oblong-lan- ceolate, obtusish, alternate, entire ; hds. large, terminal, solitary ; scales of the involucre obtuse, scarious, inner ones of the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. A singularly beautiful plant, half hardy, of easy culture. Stem 2 3f high. The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there are varieties with red, white, blue and yellow rays. The splendid flowers retain their beauty through the winter. 66. C NIC US. Vaill. Gr}'. KVi$b>, to prick; well applied to these herbs. Heads discoid ; involucre ventricose, imbricate with doubly spi- nous scales ; ray-flowers sterile ; receptacle very hairy ; pappus in 3 series, the outer 10-toothed, the 2 inner each 10-bristled. Oriental herbs. C. BENEDICTUS. Blessed Thistle. Lvs. somewhat decurrent ; dentate and spiny ; invol. doubly spinous, woolly, bracteate. (T) Native of Persia, Tauria and Greece. About 2f high, with yellow -flowers. Sparingly naturalized. June. It was formerly in great estimation in medicine, but is now considered worthless. $ 67. ONOPERDON. Vaill. Gr. ovo$, and rrspjo), the application to the present noble genus is not obvious. Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre ventricose, imbricate with spreading, spinous scales ; receptacle deeply alveolate ; pappus copi- ous, capillary, scabrous ; achenia 4-angled. Large, branching herbs, with decurrent leaves. 0. ACANTHIUM. Cotton TTiistlc. Invol. scales spreading, subulate; l-vs. ovate-oblong, decurrent, sinuate, spinous, woolly on both sides. (g) This fine looking thistle occurs naturalized in waste grounds, and is about 3f in height. The whole plant has a white, cottony appearance. Stem winged by the decurrent leaves, which are unusually large. Involucre round, cottony, spinous. Flowers purple. July, Aug. 68. CYNlRA. Gr. Kvav, a dog ; the stiff, hard spines of the invol. resemble a dog's teeth. Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre dilated, imbricate, scales fleshy, emarginate, pointed ; receptacle setaceous ; pappus plumose ; achenia not beaked. Natives of the Old World. 1. C. SCOLYMUS. Garden Artichoke. Lns. subspinose, pinnate and undivided ; invol. scales ovate. ^ Native of S. Europe, naturalized in gardens and cultivated grounds. A well known. garden esculent. The parts used are the receptacle, the lower part of the in- volucre and the upper portion of the stalk. It is cultivated from suckers placed in rows. 3 feet apart. Aug. Sept. 2. C. CARDUNCULUS. Cardoon. Lvs. spiny, all pinnatifid ; invol. scales ovate. 7J. Native of Canada. Flowers purple. This plant is blanched by 356 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CIRSIUM. having earth heaped up around it, and then the petioles become tender, crisp, eatable, like celery. Aug. Sept. 69. CIRSIUM. Tourn. Gr. Kipffos, a swelling of the veins, which this plant was supposed to heal. Heads discoid, homogamous ; involucre subglobose, of many rows of spinose-pointed, imbricated scales ; receptacle bristly ; style scarce- ly divided ; pappus copious, plumose ; achenia compressed, smooth. Herbs with alternate leaves, generally armed with spinose prickles. Fls. cyanic. 1. C. ARVENSE. Scop. (Cnicus arvensis. Ph.) Canada Thistle. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, spinous ; st. panicled ; invol. round or ovate, with minute spines, scales close-pressed, ovate-lanceolate. 9]. A very common this- tle in fields, roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Ohio. It is one of the severest pests of the farmer, requiring his constant vigilance to extirpate it from his fields. In England it is called cursed thistle. Root creeping, very long and exceedingly tenacious of life. Stem 3f high, with a branching panicle at top. Leaves alternate, thickly beset with thorns. Heads rather small, purple, the involucre nearly thornless, and is the only part of the plant that can be safely handled. July. 2. C. DISCOLOR. Spreng. (Cnicus discolor. Muhl.) Tall Thistle. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy beneath, the segments 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose ; invol. globose, the scales ovate, appressed, with spreading spines at the tips. -() A slender thistle, 3 5f high, much branched, and leafy at the summit. Found in thickets, N. Eng. to 111. Heads terminating the branches, an inch in diameter, with reddish-purple corollas. July, Aug. 3. C. MUTICUM. Michx. (Cnicus glutinosus. Bw.) Glutinous Thistle. Lvs. pinnatifid with divaricate segments ; invol. ovate, with unarmed, villous-arachnoid, glutinous scales. (g) A fine looking thistle found in damp soils, Can. and U. S. Stem branching, 3 7f high. Leaves armed with spines at each angle. Heads ' diam., with deep purple corollas, the scales webbed and glutinous on the back. Aug. Sept. 4. C. HORRIDULUM. Michx. (Cnicus horridulus. Linn.) Yellow Thistle. Lvs. sessitej pinnatifid, acutely cut, spinose ; hds. invested with an exter- nal involucre of about 20 very spinose bracts scales unarmed. (g) Found in meadows and hills, N. Eng. to Flor. The stem is 1 3f high, invested with wool. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed with stiff spines. Heads large, with yellowish- white corollas surrounded by a whorl of lanceolate or linear leaflets tipped with stiff thorns, the scales webbed. Aug. 5. C. PUMILUM. Spreng. (Cnicus odoratus. Muhl.) Pasture Thistle. Hairy; Lvs. green on both sides, clasping, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the segments irregularly lobed, ciliate, spinose; invol. round-ovate, spinose, naked. () A common, low, turgid thistle in roadsides, pastures, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Stem 1 2f high, stout, striate, with 1 3 very large heads of fragrant, purple flowers. Aug. 6. C. LANCBOLATUM. Scop. (Cnicus. Ph. Carduus. Linn.) Common Thistle. Lvs. decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the segments divaricate and spinose ; invol. ovate, villous ; scales lanceolate, spreading. (g) Common in borders of fields, roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States, always distinguished by the decur- rent leaves. Stem 3 4f high, winged by the decurrent leaves which are white and woolly beneath, armed with formidable spines at all points. Fls. numerous, large, purple. Involucre scales webbed, each ending in a spine. July Sept. 7. C. ALTISSIMUM. Spreng. (Carduus. Linn. Cnicus. Willd.) Tall, branched, villose-pubescent, leafy; Ivs. whitish beneath, spinose- ciliate, sessile, lanceolate-oblong, sinuate-dentate, lower ones pinnatifid, petio- late : lobes or teeth spinescent ; invol. ovoid-oblong ; scales close-compressed, ovate- lanceolate, outer ones with a spreading spine at apex. Fields and barrens, Penn. and Western States ! common. Stem 3 8f high. Leaves 6 8' by 1 6'. KRIGIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 357 Heads about 1' diam., with linear-lanceolate bracts at base. Flowers purple or purplish-white. Aug. 8. C. VIRGINIANUM. Michx. (Carduus. Linn. Cnicus. Ph.') Slender and mostly simple ; Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, margin revolute, entire or repand-dentate, teeth spinescent, or sometimes remotely sinuate-lobed or pin- natifid, upper surface glabrous, under surface tomentose-canescent ; hds. small; inxol. subglobose ; scales tipped with a short, spreading prickle. Woods, Ohio, T. ua. Azalea. 11 Rhododendron.^ te.C/ethra. S e. Leiophyllum. 14 Ledum. 15 Rhodora. 12 Pyrola. 17 Moneses. 18 Chimaphila. 19 Monotropa. 20 . Hypopltys. 2t . Pterospora. 22 .free. 1 Petals subdistinct, \ very irresrular (. Flowers racemed < Flowers solitary 'verdant, leaves mostly all radical. (Flowers corymbed. . . \ Flower solitary. $ Petals distinct. { Flowers racemed. . , destitute of leaves or verdure. ( Petals united. Flowers racemed. SUBORDER 1. VACCINEJE. Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a berry or drupe- like fruit. Shrubs with scattered leaves. 1. VACCINIUM. Calyx superior, 5-toothed ; corolla urceolate, campanulate or cyl- indric, limb 4 5-cleft, reflexed ; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, generally included ; anthers with 2 awns on the back, or awnless ; style erect, longer than the stamens ; berry invested with the calyx, 4 or 5 (rarely 10)-celled, cells many-seeded. Shrubs or undershrubs with scattered Ivs. Pis. solitary or racemose, white or red- dish. Fr. generally eatable. ^ Flowers racemose. Corolla urceolatc, ovoid or oblong-cylindric. 1. V. RESINOSUM. Ait. Black Whortleberry or Huckleberry. Branches cinerous-brown, villose when young ; Ivs. oblong-ovate or ob- long-lanceolate, rather obtuse, entire, petiolate, with resinous dots beneath ; roc. lateral, secund ; pedicels short, subbracteolate ; cor. ovoid-conic, at length sub- campanulate, 5-angled ; berries black. This common shrub of our woods and pastures is about 2f high, very branching. Leaves 1 2' long, | as wide, rare- ly acute, shining beneath with resinous patches and spots. Petioles 1" in length. Flowers in lateral, dense, corymbose clusters, small, drooping. Corol- las contracted at the mouth, greenish or yellowish-purple, longer than the sta- mens but shorter than the style. Berries black, globose, sweet and eatable, ripe in August. May. /3. Lvs. and berries covered with a glaucous bloom. y. Lvs. larger ; pedicels longer than the corolla. 2. V. CORYMBOSUM. (V. fuscatum. Ait.} Blue Bilberry. High Wimilc- berry. Flowering branches nearly leafless ; hs. oblong-oval, acute at each end, mucronate, subentire, pubescent when young; roc. short, sessile; cor. ovoid-cylindrical. A tall shrub, 4 8f high, growing in shady swamps and by mud ponds. Branches few, the young ones green or purplish. Leaves smooth on both sides except a slight pubescence on the veins beneath, tipped with a glandular point, formed by the prolonged midvein. Flowers numerous, nod- ding, generally appearing in advance of the leaves. Pedicels shorter than the corollas, with colored scales or bracts at base. Corolla large for the genus, pur- plish-white, slightly contracted at the mouth. Stamens included. Style often exserted. Berries large, black, often with a tinge of purple, subacid. Jn. j3. 1 (V. dismorphum. Michx.} Fls. and/;-, much smaller; cat. very obtuse ; sty. exserted; berries black. Grows with the other; frequent! VACCINIUM. LXXVIII. ERIC ACE JE. 369 3. V. VIRGATUM. Muhl. (V. Pennsylvanicum. DarL Beck, and 1st. edit, in part.} Blue Whortleberry. Branches angular, green ; Ivs. oblong or elliptic- lanceolate, sessile, mucronate, often serrulate, smooth and shining on both sides; rac. numerous, dense-flowered, subterminal, sessile, mostly naked ; cor. ovoid. Hilly woods and thickets, N. Eng. ! to Va. W. to Wis. Lapham ! Stem 1 3f high, bushy. Leaves pale green, 12 18" by 7 10", often slightly pubes- cent when young, thin, at length very smooth. Flowers in numerous, small racemes, on the upper, nakedish branchlets ; pedicels shorter ("1 3") than the corolla. Corolla yellowish and reddish-white, longer than me stamens, but equaling or shorter than the styles. Berries bluish-black, sweet. May, Jn. 4. V. PENNSYLVANICUM. Lam. (V. tenellum. Ait.) Common Low Blue- berry. Branches green, with 2 pubescent lines ; Ivs. subsessile, crowded, elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, minutely serrulate, thin, glabrous and shin- ing, with the veins beneath puberulent ; fls. in short, bracteate, dense, subter- minal racemes ; cor. ovoid-cylindrical. Thickets and pastures in hard soils, Can. to Penn., common in N. Eng. A low under-shrub, 612' high, growing in dense patches. Leaves 8 12" by 4 6". Flowers reddish-white, 3" long. Bracts mostly colored. Berries large, blue, sweet and nutritious. May. (3. Lvs. dark green ; berries black and shining, destitute of bloom. With va- riety a. 5. V. LiausTRlNUM. Michx. Privet Whortleberry. Branches angular, slender, strict, erect ; Ivs. subsessile, erect, thick, lance- olate, veiny, pubescent, mucronate, serrulate; fascicles sessile; pedicels very short, glomerate; cor. ovoid-oblong. Mountains, Penn. to Va. Pursh, who re- marks that the leaves are very variable, the corolla reddish-purple, and the berries black. May, June. 6. V. BUXIFOLIUM. Salisb. St. low ; Irs. obovate, crenate-aentate, smooth ; rac. axillary and terminal, dense, subsessile; cor. orbicular-ovoid; fil. glandular; stig. capitate. Near Winchester, Va. Stem 6 10' high. Corolla white, with purple lines. Calyx braoteate. fy Flowers solitary. Corolla urceolate. 7. V. ULIGINOSUM. Mountain Blueberry. Procumbent ; Ivs. obovate, very obtuse, entire, smooth, glaucous and veiny beneath ; fls. mostly solitary, axillary ; cor. ovoid-globose, 4-cleft ; sta. 4 ; anth. awned at the base. A low, alpine shrub, White Mts. Stems with numerous, rigid branches. Leaves 3" by 2", broadest near the apex, scarcely petiolate, crowded near the ends of the branches, and of a bluish-green. Flowers half as long as the leaves, subsessile, sometimes 2 together. Berries oblong, deep- blue, crowned with the style. June, July. (Apr. May. Beck.) 8. V. c.ESPiT6suM. Michx. Turfy Vaccinium. Dwarf, caespitose ; Ivs. obovate, attenuate at the base, thin, serrate, reticu- late with veins, shining; ped. subsolitary, 1-flowered; cal. very short; cor. ob- long, suburceolate ; pores of the anthers long-tubular. White Mts., N. H. Oakes, N. tc Hudson's Bay. Stem a few inches high. Flowers numerous, nodding, on short pedicels. Anthers with 2 long awns at the back. Berries large, gla- brous, blue, eatable. $ Corolla campanulate. Leaves deciduous. 9. V. STAMINEUM. (V. stamineum and album. Ph.) Deerberry. Young^ branches pubescent ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, acute, glaucous beneath ; pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding; cor. campanula te-spreading, segments acute, oblong ; anth. exserted, 2-awned near the base. Dry woods, Can. to Flor. Shrub 2 3f high, very branching. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, broadest in the upper half, mostly rounded at base and on very short petioles ; those on the slender, flowering branches very much smaller. Flowers on long, slender pedicels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spreading, stamens conspicuously exserted, but shorter than the style. Berries large, greenish-white, bitter. May, June. /?. (V. elevatum. Banks.) las. pale, pubescent beneath ]fls. smaller. N. J. 370 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. OXYCOCCUS. 10. V. FRONDOSUM. Willd. (V. glaucum. Mr.) Blue Tangles. High Blueberry. -^-Lvs. oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, glaucous beneath, covered with minute, resinous dots ; rac. loose, bracteate ; pedicels filiform, bracteate near the middle ; cor. ovoid-campanulate, including the stamens. Grows in open woods, N. Eng. to Car. A shrub 3 5f high, with round, smooth and slen- der branches. Leaves twice as long as wide, tapering to each end but broadest in the upper half, the margin slightly revolute. Racemes lateral, few-flowered. Pedicels 5 10" in length. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish- white, suc- ceeded by large, globose, blue and sweet berries, covered with a glaucous bloom when mature. May, June. 11. V. CANADENSE. Rich. Canadian Blueberry. Branches reddish-green, pubescent, leafy ; Ivs. subsessile, elliptic-lanceo- late or oblong, acute at each end, villose beneath, tomentose on the veins above, entire ; rac. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal ; corymb campanulate ; col. lobes acute. A shrub 8 12' high, not uncommon in rocky fields and thickets, N. H. ! Me. ! to Hudson's Bay and to the Rocky Mts. Leaves 8 12" by 35". Flow- ers about 3" long. Style and stamens included. Berries blue and sweet, simi- lar to those of V. tenellum. May. 12. V. DUMOSUM. Andrews. (V. frondosum. Michx. V. hirtellum. Bw.~) Branchlets, Ivs. and pedicels sprinkled with minute bristles and resinous dots ; Ivs. obovate-oblong, subsessile, subcoriaceous, obtuse, mucronate, entire or ciliate-serrulate ; rac. bracted with small, floral leaves ; pedicels bracteolate in the middle ; cor. cylindric-campanulate, including the stamens and style. Swamps and thickets, Uxbridge, Mass. Bobbins ! S. to Flor. A small shrub If high, with leafy racemes. Leaves about 16" by 7", cuneate at base, shining but minutely hispid above. Flowers white or purplish, each from the axil of a small, roundish-ovate leaf. Berries black, insipid, large (shining, Don., hairy, Bw). 2. OXYCOCCUS. Pers. Gr. ovs, acid, KOKKOS, berry. Calyx superior, 4-cleft ; corolla 4-parted, with sub-linear, revolute segments ; stamens 8, convergent ; anthers tubular, 2-parted, open- ing by oblique pores ; berry globose, many-seeded. Slender^ prostrate shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous Ivs. and eatable fruit. 1. O. PALUSTRIS. Pers. (O. vulgaris. Ph. and 1st. edit. Vaccinium Oxy- coccus. Linn.) Common Cranberry. St. filiform, prostrate ; Ivs. ovate, entire, revolute on the margin ; pedicels terminal, 1-flowered ; segments of the corolla ovate. A prostrate under shrub, found in alpine bogs, Can. and N. States. Stems creeping extensively, smooth, purple, with erect branches. Leaves somewhat remote, 2 3' long, and half as wide, smooth and shining above, paler beneath. Flowers several together on the summits of the branches. Pedicels red, an inch in length, with 2 nearly opposite bracts in the middle. Corollas light pink, the 4 segments abruptly reflexed. Stamens purple. Fruit smaller than in the next species, crimson, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June. 2. O. MACROCARPUS. Pers. (V. macrocarpon. Ait.) Larger Cranberry. St. creeping, filiform; Ivs. oblong, scarcely revolute, obtuse, glaucous be- neath ; pedicels axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; segments of the corolla linear-lan- ceolate. A prostrate, shrubby plant, in sphagnous swamps and meadows. Stems 8 15' in length, brown, with ascending branches. Leaves numerous, 4 6" by 2 3", rounded at each end, on very short petioles, smooth both sides, subentire. Flowers flesh-colored, pedicels 5 15" long, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, the 4 segments generally abruptly reflexed. Berry large, bright scarlet, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June. 3. CHIOGENES. Salisb. Gr. %ton>, snow, yi'of, offspring; in allusion to its evergreen habit. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent ; cor. broadly campanulate, limb deeply 4- cleft ; stam. 8, included, anth. fixed by the base, the 2 cells awnless ANDROMEDA. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 371 on the back, bicuspidate at apex, opening longitudinally ; ovary ad- herent, except at the summit, 4-celled ; fruit white, 4-celled, many- seeded. A prostrate, evergreen under shrub, with alternate haves. FLs. solitary, axillary, C. IIISPIDULA. Gray. (Vaccinium hispidulum. Linn. Gaultheria hisp. Muhl. and 1st. edit. Phalerocarpus serpyllifolia. Don. Glyciphylla hisp. Raf. &c. &c.) Mountain Boxberry. A delicate woody creeper, in old shady woods, mountains, N. Eng. to Newfoundland, W. to the R. Mts. Stems ligne- ous, slender, creeping extensively, with numerous branches, and clothed with short, appressed, reddish hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, roundish-oval, 4 6" by 3 1", abruptly acute, dark evergreen above, paler beneath. Corolla white, its parts in 4s. The leaves and white berries have an agreeable spicy flavor like those of Gaultheria procumbens. May, June. SUBORDER 2. E RICIXE^. Ovary free from the calyx. Testa conformed to the nucleus of the seed. Mostly shrubs. Leaves often evergreen. 4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adans. Gr. apKTOf, a bear, ora^vXoj, a cluster of grapes ; that is, bear-berry. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; corolla ovoid, diaphanous at the base, limb with 5 small, recurved segments ; drupe with a 5-celled puta- men, the cells 1 -seeded. Trailing shrubs, with alternate leaves. 1. A. UVA-URSI. Spreng. (Arbutus Uva-ursi. Linn.') St. procumbent; Ivs. entire, obovate, smooth, alternate, on short petioles, evergreen, coriaceous, shining above, paler beneath ; fls. in short, terminal, drooping clusters ; drupe globular, about as large as a currant, deep red, nearly insipid, the nucleus consists of 5 bony seeds firmly united together. A shrub growing on mountains, in the N. States and British America. Stem prostrate except the younger branches, which arise 3 8'. The leaves are about an inch in length, 2 3" wide, often spatulate in form ; medicinally they are astringent, and much valued in nephritic complaints. 2. A. ALPINA. Spreng. (Arbutus alpina. Linn.y Alpine Bear-berry. Procumbent ; Ivs. thin, deciduous, obovate, acute, serrate, ciliate when young ; fls. in short, terminal racemes ; bracteoles ovate, broad, ciliate, about equaling the pedicel. On the alpine regions of the White Mts., Robbins. Flow- ers white. Berries black. 5. ANDROMEDA. Named for Andromeda of ancient fable. Calyx minute, 5-parted, persistent ; corolla ovoid-cylindric ; the limb 5-cleft. reflexed ; stamens 8 10 ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, the dissepiments produced from the middle of the valves. Shrubs pros- trate or erect. Lvs. mostly alternate. 1 . Col. naked. Caps, valves bifid. Minute evergreen shrubs. CASSIOPE. 1. A. HYPNolDES. (Cassiope. G. Don.") Moss-like Cassiope. St. filiform, spreading ; Ivs. evergreen, subulate, smooth, crowded ; ped. solitary, terminal ; cor. globose, campanulate. One of the smallest and most delicate of shrubs, a tree in miniature, resembling some of the mosses, found on the alpine summits of the White Mts. ! Stems woody, much branched at base, 2 3' high. Leaves minute, evergreen, spirally arranged, and so closely as to conceal the stems. Flowers small, but large in proportion, nodding ; pe- duncles colored, smooth, round, an inch long in fruit. Calyx purple. Corolla light red, twice as long as the calyx, lobes erect. Stamens included. June. 32 372 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. ANDROMEDA. 2. Cal. bracteate at base. Capsule valves double. Lvs. evergreen, entire. CASSANDRA. 2. A. CALYCULATA. (Cassandra. G. Don.) Bracted Cassandra. Erect ; Ivs. oval-oblong, obtuse, obsoletely serrulate, subrevolute, ferrugi- nous beneath; roc. terminal, leafy, subsecund. An evergreen shrub, 2 4f high, flowering early, in wet situations, Can. and most of the U. S. The leaves are coriaceous, shining, dotted, about an inch long and half as wide, those of the racemes not half as large. Flowers numerous, 20 30 in each raceme, white, each from the axil of a small leaf. Calyx double, the outer of 2 bracts, the inner of 5 acute sepals. April, May. $ 3. Cal. naked. Anth. 2-awned. Lvs. evergreen, revolute. EUANDROMEDA. 3. A. POLIPOLIA. Marsh, Andromeda. Wild Rosemary. Erect; Ivs. entire, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, revolute on the margins, glaucous beneath ; fls. subglobose, in a dense, terminal corymb. A beautiful evergreen shrub, 1 2f high, growing by the side of ponds and in swamps, N. Eng. to Wise. Lapham! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very smooth, 2 3' long and less than ' wide, on very short petioles, dark green and smooth above, bluish- white beneath. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with red. Corolla rose-colored. June. 4. Cal. naked. Anthers Pawned. Leaves mostly deciduous. ZENOBIA. 4. A. RACEMOSA. (Zenobia. G. Don.) Clustered Zenobia. l/vs. oval-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, serrulate; rac. terminal, secund elongated, sometimes branched; cal. acute; eor.cylindric; anth. 4-awned at the summit. A shrub 4 6f high, growing in wet woods, Can. to Flor. W. to Ky. It is remarkable for its naked racemes, 2 4' in length, consisting of about a dozen flowers, which are arranged in a single row, with much regularity. Leaves 1 2' in length, as wide, minutely notched. Pedicels short, with two ovate-acuminate bracts at the base of the colored calyx. Corolla white, 4 or 5 times as long as the calyx. Anthers 2-cleft, about half as long as the corolla. Jn. Jl. $ 5. Cal. naked. Anthers aivnless. Caps, valves simple. Leaves (mostly) deciduous. LEUCOTHOE. 5. A. MARIANA. (Leucothoe. G. Don.) Maryland Lcucothoe. Glabrous ; Ivs. oval, subacute at each end, flat, entire, subcoriaceous, paler beneath ; flowering branches leafless ; pedicels fasciculate ; calyx lobes linear, foli- aceous ; cor. ovate-cylindric ; sta. 10; fll. villous. Woods and dry, sandy soils, N. J. to Flor., common. A beautiful shrub, 2 3f high, with very smooth, deciduous foliage, and large, white or pale red flowers. Capsule depressed-glo- bose. Seeds angular. June, July. 6. Corolla subglobose. Capsule with 5 supernumerary valves. LYONIA. 6. A. LiousTRlNA. Muhl. (Lyonia paniculata. Nutt.) Panicled Lyonia. Pubescent ; Ivs. obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrulate ; fls. some- what paniculate, in terminal, leafless racemes ; anth. awnless. A deciduous shrub, 4 8f high, in swamps, &c., Middle and Southern States. Leaves ab- ruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2- 3' long and nearly half as wide, on short petioles. Flowers small, nearly globose, white, in dense panicles, succeeded by globular capsules. June. 7. Sepals acuminate. Capsule pyramidal^ pentangular. Leaves acid. OXYDENDRON. 7. A. ARBOREA. (Oxydendron. DC. Lyonia. Don.) Sorrel Tree. Arborescent ; branches terete ; Ivs. petiolate, oblong, acuminate, serrate ; panicles terminal, consisting of numerous spicate racemes ; fls. pedicellate, secund, spreading, at length reflexed ; cor. ovate-oblong, pubescent externally. Ohio, Penn., along the Alleghany Mts.Jo Flor. A fine tree, 40 50f high, trunk 1015' diam. Bark thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves 4 5 7 by H 2', villous when young, at length smooth, with a distinctly acid taste. Flowers white. Capsule pyramidal, 5-sided. June, July, f EPIQJSA. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 373 G. MENZIESA. Smith. In honor of Menzies, companion of Vancouver in his voyage round the world. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla ovoid 4 5 cleft; stamens 8 10, inserted into the receptacle ; capsule 4 5-celled, the dissepiments made by the introflexed margins of the valves ; seeds many. Low, heath-like, shrubby plants, with evergreen leaves. \. M. TAXIFOLIA. Robbins. (M. coerulea. Swartz. Phyllodoce tax. Salisb, Andromeda tax. Pall. Andromeda coerulea. Linn.} Mountain Heath. St. prostrate at base ; Ivs. linear, obtuse, with minute, cartilaginous teeth ; ped. terminal, aggregate, one-flowered ; fls. campanulate, decandrous ; cal. acute. A small shrub, a few inches high, found on the summit of the White Mts. It resembles a Heath in its flowers and some of the fir tribe in its leaves and stems. Stem decumbent at base, with crowded, scattered leaves above, which are 5 7" in length. Flowers drooping, purple, at the top of the highest branch, on colored peduncles. Calyx in 5 segments, purplish. Corolla of 5 segments, emarginate, rather longer than the stamens. July. 2. M. GLOBULARIS. Salisb. Branches and pedicels with scattered hairs ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, ciliate above and on the veins beneath, apex tipped with a gland; cal. 4-cleft; cor. globose ; sta. 8 ; caps. 4-celled, 4-valved. Mountains Penn. to Car. Abundant near Winchester, Va. Pursh. Shrub 4f high. Flowers yellowish-brown, nod- ding and mostly solitary on each terminal pedicel. June. 7. GAULTHERIA. Kalm. Named for one Gaulthier, a French physician at Quebec. Calyx 5-cleft with 2 bracts at the base ; corolla ovoid-tubular, limb with 5 small, revolute lobes ; filaments 10, hirsute ; capsule 5-celled, invested by the calyx which becomes a berry. Suffruticose. mostly American plants. Lvs. alternate, evergreen. Pedicels bibracteolate. G. PROCUMBENS. Box-berry. Checker-berry. Wintergreen. St. with the procumbent branches erect or ascending ; Ivs. obovate, mucro- nate, denticulate, crowded at the top of the stem ; fls. few, drooping, terminal. A little shrubby plant, well known for its v spicy leaves and its well-flavored scarlet berries. Common in woods and pastures, Can. to Penn. and Ky. The branches ascend 3' from the prostrate stem, or rhizoma, which is usually con- cealed. Leaves thick, shining, acute at each end, with remote and very obscure teeth. Corolla white, contracted at the mouth. Filaments white, bent towards the corolla. Fruit well flavored, consisting of the capsule surrounded by the enlarged calyx, which becomes of a bright scarlet color. June Sept. 8. CLETHRA. Gaert. Gr. name of the alder, which these plants somewhat resemble. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 10, exserted ; style persistent ; stigma 3-cleft ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, enclosed by the calyx. 'Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. white, racemose. C. ALNIFOLIA. Sweet-pepper Bush. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both sides, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath ; fls. in terminal, elongated, simple or branched racemes ; bracts subulate. A deciduous shrub, 4 8f high, growing in swamps. Leaves 2 3' long, as broad above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short petiole. Racemes 3 5' long. Peduncles and calyx hoary-pubescent, the former 3" in length, and in the axil of a bract about as long. Corolla white, spreading, about equaling the stamens and styles. Jl. Aug. 9. EPIG^EA. Gr. errt, upon, and yr), the earth ; from its prostrate habit. Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base ; corolla hypocrateri- 374 LXXV1II. ERICACEAE. AZALEA. form, tube villous within, limb 5-parted, spreading; stamens 10; anthers dehiscent by 2 longitudinal openings ; capsule 5-celled, 5- valved. Suffruticose. trailing. Lvs. evergreen. *'' ". E. REPENS. Trailing Arbutus. May Flower. Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire ; cor. tube cylindrical. 1\. Woods, Newfound- land to Ky. and Penn. This little shrubby plant grows flat upon the ground, 10 15' in length, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts. Leaves alternate, 2 2' by !', roundish at the end and abruptly tipped with a very short point. Flowers very fragrant, white or tinged with various shades of red, in small clusters on short stalks. Calyx green, supported by 3 large bracts at base. Tube of the corolla hairy within, longer than the calyx, the border in 5, rounded, spreading segments. Apr. May. 10. KALMIA. Named by Linnaeus in honor of Peter Kalm, prof at Abo, Finland. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla with 1 prominences beneath and 1 cor- responding cavities within, including the 10 anthers; border 5-lobed ; filam. elastic ; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Beautiful shrubs, na- tives of N. America. Lvs. entire, evergreen, coriaceous. Fls. in racemose corymbs, white and red. 1. K. LATIFOLIA. Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush. Lvs. alternate and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscidly pubescent. One of our most beautiful shrubs, sometimes attaining the height of a small tree. It is found in all the Atlantic States from Maine to Georgia, and W. to Ohio and Ky. in woods. The wood is usually very crooked, fine-grained and compact. 'The leaves are 2 3' long, smooth and shining, acute at each end and entire. Flow- ers in splendid corymbs, white or variously tinged with red, abundant. The corolla has a short tube with a spreading limb 9 10" diam. and a 5-lobed mar- gin. Leaves narcotic, and poisonous to some animals. May, June. 2. K. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Narrow-leaved Laurel. Sheep-poison. Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse at each end, smooth ; corymbs lateral ; bracts linear-lanceolate. A beautiful little shrub, smaller than the foregoing, 2 4f in height, in marshes and by ponds, Can. to Car. W. to Ky. The leaves are acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends, entire, smooth, 1 2' long and as wide, on short petioles. The flowers are of a deep purple, growing in small, axillary fascicles and apparently whorled among the leaves, in structure resembling those of the last species, but about half as large. Bracts minute, about 3 at the base of each pedicel. This is also said to be poi- sonous to cattle. June. 3. K. GLAUCA. Glaucous Kalmia. Swamp Laurel. Branches ancipitous ; Ivs. opposite, subsessile, lanceolate, polished, glau- cous beneath, revolute at the margin ; corymbs terminal, the peduncles and bracts smooth. A delicate shrub, 2f high, found in swamps, &c., Penn., Ky., N. Eng. N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, the branches rendered distinctly 2-edged by an elevated ridge extending from the base of each opposite leaf to the next node below. Leaves smooth and shining, white underneath, about an inch in length. Flowers 8 10 in each corymb. Corolla about \' diam., pale purple. Calyx red, as is also the very slender peduncle. At the base of each peduncle is a pair of concave, obtuse bracts. June. B. rosmarinifolia. Leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath. 11. AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted, lobes equal ; cor. subcampanulate, 5-parted, regu- lar ; sta. equal, erect, shorter than the corolla ; anth. dehiscing late- rally from the apex ; ovary roundish ; sty. straight, included ; cap- sule 2 3-celled, 2 3-valved, many-seeded. A little branching, pro- RHODODENDRON. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 375 cumbent shrub, with opposite, petiolate, evergreen, entire Ivs. Pedicels terminal, solitary, I -flowered. Cor. rose color. A. PROCUMBENS. (Loiscleuria. Dcsv. Rhododendron. 1st edit.') An exceedingly delicate shrub, native on the alpine summits oi the White Mts., N. H. ! Stems 3 6' long, very branching and leafy. Leaves elliptical, thick, shining, not more than 3" By 1", margin strongly revolute. Flowers glabrous, on very short, purple pedicels, in the midst of the leaves. Jn. Jl. 12. RHODORA. Gr. poSov, a rose ; the shrub bears only flowers at flowering time. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent ; cor. adnate to the calyx, deeply divided into 3 segments, upper one much the broadest, 2 3-lobed at the apex, in aestivation enfolding the 2 lower, entire segments ; sta. 10, declinate ; fil. unequal ; anth. opening by 2 pores ; caps. 5-celled, 5- valved ; cells many-seeded ; dissepiments formed by the introflexed margins of the valves. A shrub with deciduous, alternate leaves, and pale purple flowers. R. CANADENSIS. (Rhododendron Rhodora. Don.) A handsome, flowering shrub, in bogs, mountain or plain, Can. to Penn., frequent. Stems 2 3f high, clothed with a smooth brown bark, each dividing at top into several erect, flowering branches. Each branch, while yet naked of foliage, bears a terminal cluster of 3 5 sessile flowers. Corolla 1' long, about equaling the deflected stamens and style. Leaves obovate-oblong, downy- canescent beneath. Apr. May. 13. RHODODENDRON. Gr. fiotiov, arose, dsvfyov, a tree. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent ; cor. infundibuliform or cam- panulate, regular or irregular, 5-lobed ; sta. 5 10, mostly declinate and exserted; anth. opening by 2 terminal pores; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the summit : dissepiments introflexed from the margin of the valves. Shrubs with alternate, entire, evergreen or decidu- ous leaves. Fls. mostly in terminal, corymbose clusters. Cor. variously shaded from blue through purple to white. 1. Corolla infundibuliform, tube long, cylindric, more or less viscid ; limb unequal, spreading ; stamens 5 or 6. Lvs. deciduous. AZALEA. 1. R. NUDIFLORUM. Torr. (Azalea nudiflora. Linn.} Swamp Pink. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate ; fls. rather naked, slightly viscid ; lube of the corolla longer than the lobes ; sta. much exserted. A beautiful and fragrant flowering shrub, 4 6f high, rather frequent in the forests and thickets of the Northern States as well as the Southern. Stems crooked, much branched. Leaves 2 3' by 1J', margins ciliate, upper surface with minute, scattered hairs, lower paler and pubescent, with the mid vein hispid. Flowers appearing before the leaves are fully grown, in rather naked umbels. Pedicels 68" long. Calyx minute, with rounded, ciliate segments. Corolla tube 8 10'' in length, hairy, and, with the spreading, unequal limb variously shaded from pale pink to purple. Stamens purple, declinate, twice as long as the corolla. Style nearly 3 times as long. It varies in the number of stamens, color of corolla, &c. Apr. May. -f 2. R. VISCOSUM. Torr. (Azalea viscosa. Linn.') Clammy Swamp Pink. Lvs. obovate and oblong-lanceolate ; fls. accompanied with leaves, very viscid ; tube of the corolla, twice as long as the lobes ; sta. a little exserted. Less frequent than the last, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Ky. Shrub 4 6f high, much branched above, the branches hispid. Leaves 1 2' long and about half as wide, smoothish, hispid, ciliate on the petiole midvein and margin. 32* 376 LXXVII1. ERICACEAE. RHODODENDRON. Flowers fragrant, in terminal umbels, on hairy pedicels, not appearing until the leaves are fully grown. Calyx minute and ciliate. Corolla white, tube an inch in length, clothed with glandular hairs, and very clammy, limb unequal. Stamens and style declined, the latter longest. May, June, -f /?. glaucum. Ph. (Azalea glauca. Lam.) Lvs. glabrous, glaucous beneath. 3. R. NITIDUM. Torr. (Azalea nitida. Linn.) Shining Swamp Pink. Lvs. oblanceolate, coriaceous, smooth both sides, shining above, margins revolute ; fls. accompanied with leaves, viscid ; tube much longer than the seg- ments ; sta. exserted. In mountain swamps, N. Y. Starrs ! to Va. Shrub 3 6f high, with nearly smooth branches. Leaves dark green above, 1 2' in length, J as wide, roundish and submucronate above, tapering at the base into very short petioles, midvein hispid beneath. Flowers large, pale pink, fragrant. " Tube an inch or more long, glandular-hairy. Pedicels ' long. Calyx segments ob- solete. Style 2' long. Jn. Jl. 4. R. CALENDULACEUM. Torr. (Azalea calendulacea. MX.) Flame Azalea. Branchlets subvillose ; fas. oblong, attenuated to the base, mucronate, pu- bescent both sides, ciliate on the margin ; corymbs nearly leafless ; cal. teeth oblong ; tube of the cor. hirsute, not viscid, shorter than the lobes. A splendid flowering shrub, in mountains and woods, Penn. to Ohio, Sullivant! and Ga. Stems 3 6f high. The leaves at flowering time are about 3' by !' or smaller. Flowers large and numerous, the corolla 2J' in length, limb expanding nearly 2', usually yellow and bright crimson, showing at distance like flame. May. Cultivation has produced numerous varieties, of every shade from golden-yel- low to dark crimson, single and double, f 5. R. ARBORESCENS. Torr. (Azalea arborescens. Ph.) Tree Azalea. Branches smooth ; Ivs. obovate, obtuse, both sides glabrous, glaucous be- neath, margin ciliate, veins nearly glabrous ; corymbs leafy ; cal. lobes oblong, acute ; cor. tube not viscid, longer than the lobes ; sta. and sly. exsert. Rivulets near the Blue Mts., Penn., Pursk. Shrubs 10 SOf high. Flowers large, rose color, scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, with a fringed, white border. May Jl. 6. R. HispiDUM. Torr. (A. hispida. Ph.) Hispid Azalea. Branches hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate at each end, hispid above, glabrous beneath, glaucous both sides, ciliate, midvein beneath hispid; corymbs leafy; pedicels glandular-pilose; cal. teeth oblong, obtuse; cor. very viscid, tube scarcely longer than the lobes ; sta. and sly. exsert. Shrub of a bluish appear- ance, very upright, 10 15f high, mountains and lake shores, N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. Flowers white, bordered with red, tube reddish-white. Stamens often 10. Jl. Aug. 7. R. FLAVUM. Don. (Azalea pontica. Linn.) Yellow Azalea. Lvs. oblong- obovate ; rac. corymbose, with deciduous bracts ; cor. viscid-pilose without, not leafy ; sta. exsert, declinate. Native of the Caucasian Mts. A splendid shrub, with golden-yellow flowers, varying to orange, copper-color or ochroleucous. f 2. Corolla campanulate, tube short, smooth, lobes rounded-obtuse, spread- ing. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 8. R. MAXIMUM. American Rose Bay. Lvs. obovate-oblong, smooth, coriaceous, discolored beneath, subrevolute on the margin ; corymbs terminal ; cor. somewhat campanulate, unequal ; pet. roundish. A splendid flowering shrub, not uncommon in N. England, but most abundant in the Middle States. The stems are crooked, 6 15f or more in height. The 3 r oung leaves are downy, becoming very smooth when full grown and 4 7' long, entire, thick and leathery, permanent, remaining on the stem 2 or 3 years. Corymbs 15 20-flowered, in the midst of the evergreen leaves. At first each cluster appears in the form of a large compound bud enveloped in numerous bracts. These bracts are near an inch long, abruptly acuminate. Corolla pink or rose-colored, sometimes dotted with yellow, 1 2' diam. The wood is hard and fine grained. July, Aug. /?. album. Ph. (R. Purshii. Don.) Cor. white, segments oblong-obtuse. ERICA. LXXVII1. ERICACEAE. 377 9. R. LAPPONICUM. Wahl. (Azalea Lapponica. Linn.) Lapland Rhodo- dendron. Dwarf; Ivs. elliptical, roughened with excavated punctures ; fls. in terminal, leafy clusters, carnpanulate, limb spreading, 5-lobed ; sta. 5, ex- serted. An erect" shrub 8 10' high, native of the White Mts. ! Branches nume- rous, with a rough bark. Leaves about 5" by 2J", acute, with an obtuse angle, revolute, ferruginous beneath, all fasciculated at the summits of the branches. Flowers 7 9" diam. Peduncle bracted at base. Calyx pubescent. Corolla deep purple, regular, lobes roundish, as broad as the leaves. Style very long, ascending. June, July. 10. R. ARBOREUM. Smith. St.- arborescent; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, with shining white spots beneath ; fls. densely corymbose ; caps, pubescent, 8 10- celled. A most beautiful tree or shrub, from the Himmaleh Mts. Flowers purple, red, white, cinnamon-color, &c. f 11. R. PONTICUM. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to each end, smooth and scarcely paler beneath ; corymbs short, terminal ; cor. campanulate-rotate ; col. lobes subacute, very short. From Asia Minor. Flowers large, often 2' diam., purple but in cultivation very variable, f 12. R. INDICUM. Sweet. (Azalea Indica. Linn.} Branchlets, petioles, veins and sepals strigose, but not glandular ; Ivs. cuneate-lanceolate, ciliate, acumi- nate at each end ; fls. terminal, 1 3 together, on short pedicels. From Java. Flowers scarlet, purple, crimson, flame-color, &c., in cultivation very brilliant, f 14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Pers. Gr. \eioS) smooth, 0vXXoj>, leaf. Calyx 5-parted, equaling the length of the capsule ; pet. 5, ovate- oblong; sta. 10, exserted ; fil. subulate; cells of anthers dehiscing by a lateral cleft ; ovary globose ; sty. filiform ; caps 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Small, smooth shrubs, with, erect branches. Lvs. alter- nate, entire, oval, coriaceous. Corymbs terminal. Fls. white. L. BUXIFOLIUM. Ell. St. erect ; Ivs. oval or obovate, subsessile ; caps, glabrous. Pine barrens, N. J. to Car. Shrub 812' high, much branched. Leaves 45" by 2 or 3", very smooth and shining, margin strongly revolute. Flowers numerous and small. May, June. 15. LEDCTM. Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; corolla 5-pefcaied, spreading ; stamens 5 10, exserted; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores ; capsule 5- celled, 5-valved, opening at the base. Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, ever- green, entire, ferruginous-tomentose beneath, coriaceous. Fls. in terminal corymbs, white. L. PALUSTRE (andL. latifolium. Ait.') Labrador Tea. Lvs. elliptic-oblong or oblong-linear ; sta. 5 10, more or less exserted. Mountain bogs, Penn. to Lab and Greenland, White Mts. ! Not uncommon. A shrub 2 3f high, readily known by its leaves, which are smooth above, clothed beneath with a dense, ferruginous down, and strongly revolute or repli- cate at the margin. The petioles and the younger twigs are also covered with down. Leaves 1 2' long, nearly as wide. Corymbs terminal, of about a dozen flowers. Petals 5, white. Pedicels nearly as long as the leaves. Sta- mens 5 10, as long as the petals. Style somewhat declined. July. 0. angustifolium. Lvs. narrower, almost linear ; sta. mostly 10. 16. ERICA. Gr. epiKb), to break; in allusion to the brittleness of the branches and stems. Calyx 4-cleft ; cor. tubular, globose, ovoid, urceolate, campanulate or hypocrateriform, limb short, 4-lobed ; stam. 8 ; style filiform ; caps. 4, rarely 8-celled, 4-valved, loculicidal ; seeds 2 00 in each cell, 378 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. PYROLA. affixed to the axillary placentae, usually conformed to the smoothish or shining testa. European, or chiefly South African shrubs, branch- ing, mostly brittle. Lvs. linear, acerose, margin revolute, verticillate, rarely alternate. Fls. axillary, solitary, verticillate, or terminal, corym- bose or capitate, mostly nodding. Cor. of the cyanic series, from purple through red to white, very rarely orange or yellow. Ofts. Of this vast and beautiful genus, 429 species are described by Mr. Bentham in the Prodromus of DC., Part vii., pp. 613693. All these species have been cultivated in Europe, and many in this country, but their successful culture is attended with more care than that of most other plants, and they have never as yet received general attention. To describe so few species as the limits of this work would permit, where BO many are rarely and none generally met with, would be of little satisfaction to the student. SUBORDER 3. P Y R O L< E JE . Ovary free from the calyx. Petals nearly distinct. Fruit a capsule. Mostly herbaceous. 17. PYROLA. Salisb. Lat. diminutive from Pyrus; as the leaves (of P. elliptica) resemble those of the pear-tree. Calyx 5-parted ; pet. 5, equal; sta. 10; anth. large, pendulous, fixed by the apex, 2-horned at base, opening by 2 pores at top ; sty. thick ; stig. 5-rayed, 5-tubercled at apex ; caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the angles, many-seeded. Low, scarcely suffruticose, ever- green herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. Scape mostly racemose. 1. Stamens ascending. Style declinate, longer than the petals. 1. P. ROTUNDIFOLIA. R&und-leaved Pyrola. Lvs. orbicular-ovate, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole; scape 3-angled ; segments of the cal. lanceolate, acute ; stig. clavate, obscurely 5- toothed. Common in woods, Can. to Car. W. to Wise. Leaves all radical, round or inclining to ovate, nearly 2' in diameter, smooth and shining, with conspicuous, reticulate veins. Petioles margined, as long as, and sometimes much longer than, the leaf. Scape 6 12' high, bracteate at base and in the middle. Flowers drooping, large, fragrant, white, in an oblong, terminal raceme. 2. P. ASARIFOLIA. Michx. Asarum-leaved Pyrola. Lvs. renifbrm-orbicular, coriaceous, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole; scape angular, furrowed; roc. lax, many-flowered; segments, of tJie cal. ovate, acute, appressed; stig. clavate, with the disk elongated and 5- lobed. In old woods, Can. and N. States. Leaves all radical, 1J If diam., smooth and shining, conspicuously cordate at base, longer than, but not twice as long as, the margined petioles. Scape 510' high, purplish, bracteate at base and near the middle, racemose one half its length. Flowers nodding, re- mote, large, deeply tinged with purple in all their parts. Style of about the same length and curvature as pedicel. June. 3. P. CHLORANTHA. Swartz. Green-flowered Pyrola. Las. orbicular, crenulate, half as long as the narrow petiole ; roc. few- flowered ; segments of the cal. very short, obtuse ; pet. oblong ; pores of the anth. tubular; stig. clavate, with the disk elongated, and 5-lobed. In woods, Can. and N. States, common. Leaves smaller than in either of the preceding species, often perfectly orbicular, but more frequently inclining to ovate, 1' diam., smooth, shining, coriaceous. Petioles 1 2' long. Scapes erect, angular, 8 12' high, bearing a long, open raceme. Flowers nodding, large, remote, pedicels J' long, each in the axil of a very short bract Petals greenish- white. Anther tubes conspicuous. June, July. 4. P. ELLIPTICA. Nutt. Pear-leaved Wintergreen. Lvs. elliptical, membranaceous, obscurely dentate, longer than the peti- oles; scape mostly naked; cal. small, with ovate, obtuse segments; pores of the anth. short, tubular. In woods, Can. and N. States to Wise. Leaves 12' long, more than half as wide, mostly acute and subentire, thin, smooth and light. CHIMAPHILA. LXXVIII. ERICACE^. 379 green. Scape 5 9' high, slender, seldom bracteate, bearing short racemes. Flowers nodding, very fragrant. Pedicels longer than the bracts, but only half as long as the declinate, recurved style. Petals white. July. (See Appendix.} 2. Stamens erect. Style straight. 5. P. SECUNDA. One-sided Pyrola. Lvs. ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the petiole; rac.secund. In dry woods, Can. and N. States. Stem 2 3' high, bearing one or two fascicles of leaves near the summit. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at each end, with ap- pressed, pointed serratures. Petioles 1' long. Peduncles scape-like, 5 7 high, bearing a 1-sided cluster of 10 15 greenish-white flowers. Petals oblong, . shorter than the style. June, July. 6. P. MINOR. Smaller Pyrola. Lvs. roundish-ovate, coriaceous, repand-crenulate ; petiole dilated at base, shorter than the lamina; rac. subspicate ; bracts equaling or exceeding the pedi- cel; col. lobes short, subacute; sty. included; s^g-. 5-lobed. White Mts., N. H., Mich, and Brit. Am. Scape angular. Leaves mucronulate at apex. Corolla globose, white, slightly tinged with purple. 18. MONESES. Salisb. Calyx 5-parted; cor. 5-parted, rotate ; sta. 10, regular, 2-spurred at base, at length inverted, opening by 2 pores at apex ; sty. rigid ; stig. peltate, radiately 5-cleft or lobed ; caps. 5-valved, 5-celled, many- seeded. % Low, simple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem roundish, crenu- late, petiolate, veiny. Peduncle terminal, one-flowered, longer than the stamens. Fls. white. M. GRANDIFLORA. Salisb. (Pyrola uniflora. Linn, and 1st edit.') Woods, among mosses, &c., Keene, N. H., Bigelow. Dexter, Jeff. Co., N. Y., Vasey! Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stem ascending, very short. Leaves 7 9" diam. Scape or peduncle about 3' high, slender, with a bract near the middle. Flower 9" diam. June. 19. CHIMAPHILA. Gr. %^a, winter, i\eo}, to love; equivalent to the English name, Wintergreen. Calyx 5-parted; pet. 5, spreading; sta. 10; fil. dilated in the middle ; anth. as in Pyrola ; sty. short, thick ; caps. 5-celled, open- ing from the summit ; seeds 00. Small, suffruticose, evergreen plants, with the habit of Pyrola. Lvs. cauline, serrate, evergreen, opposite or irregularly verticillate. Fls. terminal. 1. C. UMBELLATA. Nutt. (Pyrola. Linn.) Prince's Pine. Pipsissiwa. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in 4s 6s ; fls. corymbose ; bracts linear- subulate ; sty. immersed in the ovary. 7J_ In dry woods, flowering in July. A common and beautiful evergreen, N. Eng. to Ohio 1 and Can. Leaves in 2 or more irregular whorls, 2 3' long, i as wide, remotely and distinctly serrate, on short petioles, coriaceous, shining, of a uniform dark green color. Pedun- cle terminal, erect, 3 4' long, bearing 4 7 light purple flowers on nodding pedicles 8" long. Both this and the following species are tonic and diuretic. Bio. July. 2. C. MACULATA. Pursh. (Pyrola. Linn.) Spotted Wintergreen. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely serrate, discolored, opposite or in 3s ; ped. corymbose, 2 3-flowered ; fil. woolly. Can. to Car., Ohio, in sandy woods. Habits much like the last, but it is readily distinguished by its variegated leaves. Stem 3 4' high. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, marked with a whitish line along the midvein and veinlets. Flowers purplish- white, on nodding pedicels. June, July. 380 LXXVIII. ERICACE^S. PTEROSPORA. SUBORDER 4. M ONOTROPEJB. Ovary free from the calyx. Leafless herbs, destitute of verdure. 20. MONOTROPA. Gr. JJLOVOS, one, Tf>Eiru, to turn ; term inapplicable, as the genus is now modified. Calyx represented by 1 3 bracts ; pet. 5, erect, persistent, gib- bous at base ; sta. 10 ; fil. persistent, alternating with 10 reflexed ap- pendages of the torus ; stig. orbicular, naked ; caps. 5-celled. Para- sitic herbs. St. or scape l-flowered, scentless. M. UNIFLORA. Indian Pipe. Bird's-nest. St. short ; scales approximate ; /. nodding ; /;-. erect. Common in woods, Can. to Car. W. to 111. A small, succulent plant, about 6' high, yellowish- white in all its parts. Stem furnished with sessile, lanceolate, semi-transpa- rent leaves, or bracts, and bearing a large, terminal, solitary flower. Common in woods, near the base of trees, on whose roots it is said to be parasitic. Jn. 21. HYPOPITYS. Dill. Gr. 7J7ra>, under, KITVS, a pine tree ; its place of growth. Sepals 4 5, colored ; pet. as many as sepals, a little longer and of the same color, erect, deciduous, gibbous at base; sta. 8 10; fil. subulate, persistent ; anth. 2-celled, small ; stig. discoid, umbilicate ; caps. 4 5-celled, 4 5-valved, many-seeded. Parasitic herbs, of a tawny white. Root scaly. St. simple. Fls. racemed, lateral ones tetra- merous, terminal one pentamerous. 1. H. MULTIFLORA. Scop. (H. Europsea. Don. Monotropa. Linn.') Pet., sta. and sty. hirsute ; caps, oval-oblong. /?. Americana. DC. (H. Europaea. Nwtt.) Plant smaller, yellowish-brown. In pine woods, Can., Penn.,*Car., DC. Is not this rather a variety of the fol- lowing 1 It seems to be lost to recent botanists. 2. H. LANUGINOSA. (Monotropa. Michx. and 1st edit.} Pine Sap. Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence ; pedicels much longer than the flower ; caps, subglobose. Woods, N. Y. ! Can to Car. W. to Wise. ! The whole plant is of a tawny white, similar to the last. The root is a tangled mass of fibres. Sc"a"pe 6 10' high, with many concave scales, covered with down. Flowers 7 12, in a terminal raceme, yellowish, drooping at first, becoming erect. Pedicels 1 2" long, bracts and flowers 3 times as long. Only the ter- minal flower is generally decandrous ; the lateral ones have 8 stamens and 4 petals. Woods. Aug. 22. PTEROSPORA. Gr. irrepos, a wing, -9-o? ; that is, a flower on a filiform peduncle. Calyx minute ; petals 5, distinct, linear, oblong ; stamens 5 ; ovary hemispherical ; stigmas 3 4, sessile ; fruit a 3 4-celled, subglobose berry. Shrub, with alternate, entire, deciduous leaves. Fls. mostly dicecw-polyga?nous by abortion. N. CANADENSIS. Raf. (Ilex. Michx.) Canadian Holly. Lvs. deciduous, oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate-pointed ; ped. nearly solitary, very long ; fr. somewhat 4-sided. A shrub, 4 6f high, with smooth branches, growing in damp or rocky woods, Can., N. Eng. ! to Mich. Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, about 2' long, on petioles f as long. The flowers, grow- ing on long, slender, axillary peduncles which are seldom divided, are small, greenish-white. Segments of the corolla acute, long as the stamens. Ovary of the barren flowers pointed, of the fertile with a 4-lobed stigma. Berries dry, red. May, June. 3. PRINOS. Gr. Trptw, to saw; alluding to the serrated leaves. Flowers often cf 9 or & $ 9 ; calyx mostly 6-cleft ; cor. 6-parted ; sta. 4 6 ; berry roundish, much longer than the calyx ; seeds bony, convex on one side, angular on the other. Shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Pedicels axillary, \-flowered. 1. P. VERTICILLATUS. (P. Gronovii. Michx.} Winter Berry. Black Alder. Lvs. deciduous, oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath; fls. axillary, the fertile ones aggregate, the barren subumbellate. This shrub is found in moist woods or swamps, Can. and most of the States, usually growing about 382 LXXX. EBENACEvE. DIOSPYROS. 8f high. Leaves narrowed at base into a short petiole, uncinately serrate, with prominent, pubescent veins beneath. Flowers white, dioecious," small, in im- perfect umbels or heads, sometimes monoecious. Berries scarlet, in little bunches (apparently verticillate), roundish, 6-celled and 6-seeded, permanent. Jl. 2. P. AMBIGUUS. Michx. Dubious Winter Berry. Lvs. deciduous, oval, entire, acuminate at both ends; parts oftliejls. in 4s, the sterile ones crowded, the fertile solitary. A shrub or small tree, 8 15f high, in wet grounds, Mid. States. B.ark whitish, smooth. Leaves elliptic-oval, mucronate-pointed, petiolate, subpubescent beneath, 1 2' long and half as wide. Flowers polygamous, 4 5-cleft, the fertile ones on long peduncles. June. 3. P. LJEVIGATUS. Pursh. Lvs. deciduous, lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, glabrous on both sides, shining above, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath ; fls. hexamerous, 9 axillary, subsessile, ^ scattered,pedicellate. In swamps and marshes, Northern and Western States ! S. to N. J. Shrub 6 91 high, with grayish and warty branches. Leaves 23' by 8 12", acute at each end ; petioles 6 10" long. Flowers mostly solitary, the sterile on pedicels near 1' long, the iertile pedicels scarcely \ as long. Berries large, red. June. 4. P. LANCEOLATUS. Pursh. Lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, finely and remotely serrulate, glabrous both sides; tf flowers aggregated, triandrous, 9 generally in pairs, peduncu- late, 6 numerous ; berries small, scarlet. Barrens and marshes, Western (fiid- fallj and Southern States ! Shrub 6 8f high. 1 am wholly unacquainted with this species as a western plant, but have specimens collected in N. J. 1 by Dr. Robbins. The leaves are paler beneath, 2 3' (including the petiole 3 6") by | 1 1', veins beneath pubescent, ferruginous. Pedicels of the barren flowers are J' long, of the fertile %' long. June. 5. P. GLABER. Ink Berry. Evergreen Prinos. Lvs. evergreen, coriaceous, cuneate-lanceolate, glabrous, shining, serrate at the end. A beautiful shrub 3 4f high, found in swamps, Mass. ! R. I. ! to N. Y. and Car. Leaves very smooth, leathery, shining, 1 !' by 5 7", broad- est above the middle. Pedicels subsolitary, 1 3-flowered. Flowers white, mostly 6-parted. Berries roundish, black and shining. June, July. ORDER LXXX. EBENACEJE. EBONADS. Trees or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood. Lvs. alternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary. Fls. by abortion dioecious, seldom perfect. Col. free, 3 6-cleft, divisions nearly equal, persistent. Cor. regular, 3 6-c|eft, often pubescent, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. twice or four times as many as the lobes of the corolla, Ova. with 3 or more cells. Style with as many divisions. Fr. a fleshy, oval or globose berry. Genera 9, species 160, mostly natives of the Indies and the tropics, one only being found as for north as New York. Properties. Diospyrus is remarkable for the hardness and dark color of the wood. Ebony is the wood of D. Ebenus, Ebenaster, and other species, natives of Africa. The fruit of the species below is eatable when fully ripe, although extremely bitter and astringent before maturity. The bark is eminently febri- fugal and astringent. DIOSPYROS. Gr. Atos nvpos, the fruit of Jove ; the fruit, although excellent, hardly merits the name. Fls. c? 9. Cal. 4 6-lobed; cor. tubular or campanulate, 4 6- cleft, convolute in aestivation. cT sta. 8 50, mostly 16 ; fil. shorter than the anthers ; ova. abortive ; sty. 0. 9 sta. mostly 8, without anthers; sty. 2 4-cleft; berry ovoid or globose, 4 12, mostly 8- celled, cells 1 -seeded. A large genus of shrubs or trees : mostly tropical. D. VIRGINIANA. Persimmon Tree. Lvs. elliptic, abruptly acuminate, entire, smooth, petiole, veins and mar- gin puberulent ; rac. axillary, 3 1 -flowered, pedicels shorter than the flowers ; cat. 4-parted ; sta. 8. In woods, lat. 42 to La., frequent. A shrub or small LXXX1I. PRIMULACEjfc. 383 tree at the North, a tree of large dimensions at the South. Leaves 3 5' long, entire, glaucous beneath. Flowers obscure, psde greenish-yellow, the fertile ones succeeded by a round, orange-red fruit as large as the garden plum, and containing 68 stony seeds. They are rendered sweet and palatable by the frost, although very austere when green. The bark is tonic and astringent. Jn. ORDER LXXXI. STYRACACE^E. Tiees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves destitute of stipules. Fls. or racemes solitary, axillary, bracteate. Cat. 5, rarely 4-lobed, imbricated in .aestivation. Cor. 5, rarely 4 or 6-lobed, imbricated in aestivation. Sta. definite or 00, unequal in length, usually cohering. Anth. innate, 2-celled. Ova. adherent, 2 5-celled, the partitions sometimes hardly reaching the centre. Fr. drupaceous, generally with but one fertile cell. Sds. 51. Genera 6, species 115, sparingly distributed through the tropical and subtropical regions of both conti- nents, only a few in colder latitudes. Stnrax and benzoin, two fragrant gum resins, regarded as stimu- lant and expectorant, are the products of two species of Styrax, viz. of S. officinale, a Syrian tree, and S. benzoin, native of Malay and the adjacent Islands. HALESIA. Ellis. In honor of the learned and venerable Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S., 1730. Calyx obconic, briefly 4-lobed ; cor. inserted into the calyx, cam- panulate, with a narrow base. 4-cleft or 4-parted ; sta. 8 12, connate into a tube below ; sty. filiform, pubescent ; fruit dry, 4-winged, wings equal or alternately smaller ; seeds 1 3. N. American shrubs. 1. H. TETRAPTERA. Four-winged Snowdrop Tree. Lvs. elliptic-acuminate, serrulate; fascicles 3-flowered, lateral, leafless, from the wood of the preceding year ; cal. subentire ; sta. 12 ; fr. with 4 equal wings. Native of S. Car. to Flor., Miss E. Carpenter! Branches leafy at the summit. Leaves thin, 2 5' by 1| 2', obtuse or acute at base. Flowers pen- dulous, white, about 10" long, f 2. H. UIPTERA. Two-winged Snowdrop Tree. . Lrs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, acuminate at each end, serrulate, softly pubescent beneath ; fascicles 2 3-flowered, lateral ; pedicels and cal. pubescent ; sta. 8 ; fr. with the alternate wings half as large or obsolete. Native in Car. and Ga. Leaves somewhat larger than in the last, with rather smaller flowers. Corolla white, f ORDER LXXXII. PKIMULACEJE. PRIMWORTS. Plants herbaceous, annual or perennial, sometimes suffruticose. Lvs. usually radical, otherwise mostly opposite. Stipules 0. Fls. on scapes and in umbels or variously arranged in the axils of 4. the leaves. Cal. 5 (rarely 4)-cleft, inferior, regular, persistent. Cor. 5 (rarely 4)-cleft, regular. Sta. inserted on the tube of the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite to them. Ova. 1-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style and Stigma simple. Fr. Capsule many-seeded, the fleshy placenta attached only to the base of the cell. Genera 29, species 215, common in the northern temperate regions, growing in swamps, groves, by rivulets and often among the snow of cloud-capped mountains. Many are beautiful, and highly prized in culture. Properties unimportant. __ FIG. 49. 1. Primula Mistassinica. 2. A flower laid open, show- ing the 5 stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. 4. Plan of the ftower. 6. Ovary and calyx. 5. Vertical section of the ovary, showing the free central placenta. 33 384 LXXXH. PRIMULACEJE. PRIMULA. Conspectus of the Genera. ( 7-cleft. Leaves in one whorl. Trientalw. 4 < 5-cleft. Flowers paniculate, f Corolla white, ( 4 -cleft. Plants 2 inches high. Stamens 6. Racemes axillary. ] Corolla yellow. ( Stamens 5 I Corolla scarlet. Plant prostrate. Fls. solitary, axillary Samoltts. 10 Csntunculus. 9 Nawnburgia. 6 Lysimachia. 7 Anagallis. 8 j undivided. Corolla wanting, calyx colored, white Glaux. 5 f cauline, pectinate-pinnatifid, submersed in water Hottonia. 1 < $ Corolla segments spreading. .... Primula. 2 Leaves ( all radical. Scape umbellate. ( Corolla segments reflexed Dodecathe&n. 3 1. HOTTONIA. In honor of Peter Hotton, professor in the University of Leyden, died 1709. Calyx 5-parted ; cor. salver-form, with a short tube and a flat, 5- lobed limb ; sta. inserted on the tube of the corolla, included ; stig. globose ; caps, globose-acuminate. ^ Fleshy, aquatic herbs, with pec- tinate-pinnatifid, submersed, radical Ivs. H. INFLATA. Ell. (H. palustris. Ph. not Linn.) Water Feather. Scape articulate, the internodes and lower parts inflated; fls. verticillate, pedunculate. A curious aquatic plant, in swamps and stagnant waters, Ms., R. I. and Ct., N. Y. to Flor. Stem immersed, round, thick, spongy, with a whorl of long and beautifully pectinate leaves at or near the surface of the water. Peduncles or scapes several (610) together, arising in a sort of umbel from the top of the stem, 8 10' long, inflated between the joints, forming the most remarkable feature of the plant. Flowers small, white, in numerous verticils, generally 4 in each. Pedicels ' long. June. 2. PRIMULA. Lat. primus, first ; because its blossoms appear earliest in spring. Corolla salver-form, with an open orifice ; capsule opening with a 10-cleft dehiscence; stamens 5, not exserted; stigma globose. Herbs (mostly European) with radical Ivs. Fls. in an involucrate umbel on a scape, showy. 1. P. MISTASSINICA. Michx. (Fig. 49.) Lvs. spatulate, dentate or crenate, obtuse or acute, attenuate at base ; invol. 1 8-flowered ; bracts 3 times shorter than the pedicels, linear-subulate ; cal. much shorter than the tube of the corolla; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate. Shores of Seneca Lake, N. Y., Dr. Sartwell ! Lake Mistassins, Can. and through- out Brit. Am. A very delicate plant, about 3' high. Leaves about 5, 5 8" by 3 4", almost petiolate. Flowers 5" diam., white. Pedicels 7" in length. 2. P. FARINOSA. /?. Americana. Torr. Bird's-eye Primrose. Lvs. narrow, veiny, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate at apex, attenu- ate at base, under surface covered with a yellowish- white, farinaceous dust ; invol. farinaceous, 3 20-floAvered, shorter than the pedicels ; bracts long-acumi- nate ; cal. segments lanceolate, acute ; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate, bifid, obtuse. Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, Nutt., Houghton, N. to lat. 66. Scape 6 12' high. Flowers purple or flesh-color. 3. P. AURICULA. Aurided Primrose or Auricula. Lvs. obovate, entire or ser- rate, fleshy ; scape many-flowered, central, as long as the leaves ; invol. of short leaves ; cal. powdery. 1 Native of the Alps. A well known favorite of the florist. The cultivated varieties are innumerable, and many of them of exqui- site beauty and fragrance. May. f 4. P. ELATIOR. Jacq. Oxlip Primrose. Lvs. toothed, rugose, hairy on each side ; umbel many-flowered, with the outer flowers nodding ; cor. flat. 1|_ Native of Britain. Flowers yellow, scentless, in a simple umbel elevated upon a scape a foot high. Apr. May. f 5. P. OFFICINALIS. Jacq. (P. veris. Cam.) Cowslip Primrose. Lvs. toothed, rugose, hairy beneath ; umbels many-flowered, flowers all nodding ; .cal. angular ; cor. concave, 7J. Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. The plant smells strongly TRIENTALIS. LXXXIL PRIMULACE^E. 385 of anise. Leaves are used as a potherb, and are recommended for feeding silk- worms. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seed. June, -f 6. P. PURPUREA. Royl. Purple Primrose. Lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, very smooth, covered beneath with yellowish farina, margin undulate, revolute ; scape thick, glabrous, longer than the leaves ; invol. 00-flowered, as long as the pedicels, fari- naceous beneath ; cor. segments obovate, obtuse, not emarginate. Native of the Mountains of Napaul, Asia. Flowers dark purple, f 7. P. cALYClNA. Duby. Double-cupped Primrose. Lvs. lanceolate, thin, smooth, entire, acute, surrounded with a white margin ; invol. 3 5-flowered, as long as me pedicels ; col. tube ventricose ; cor. lobes obcordate, emarginate. Native of Mts. in Austria. Flowers purple, very beautiful, f 8. P. GRANDIFLORA. Lam. (P. vulgaris. Huds.} Common Primrose. Lvs. obovate, oblong, rugose, villous beneath, toothed ; umbel radical ; fl. stalks as long as the leaves; CJT. flat. 1\. Native of Europe. An interesting garden plant, esteemed for its early flowering, and for its being prolific in variation. In its wild state its flowers are yellow and single, but by cultivation they be- come double, and in the numerous varieties, red, pink, white, orange, purple, &c., and the umbels, in numerous instances, are on a scape. The roots and leaves smell of anise seed, and when dried and powered, are used as a sn~uff, and also as an emetic. The number of varieties is vast, and is readily increased by cultivation from seed. April, f 3. DODECATHEON. G-r. )vri, a tortoise ; from a fancied resemblance of the flower to the head of that animal. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with three bracts at base ; corolla inflated, bilabiate, the fifth filament abortive, smooth above, shorter than the rest ; anthers woolly ; caps, valves entire ; seeds broadly membrana- ceous, winged. ^ with opposite Ivs., distinguished from Pcntstemon chiefly by the seeds. C. GLABRA. Snake-head. Salt-rheum Weed. Smooth ; Ivs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; fts. densely spiked. A plant of brooks and wet places (Can. and U. S.), with flowers shaped much like the head of a snake, the mouth open and tongue extended. Stem mostly simple, 2f high, erect. Leaves opposite, of a dark and shining green above, with irregular serratures, and sessile or nearly so. Flowers large, in a short, terminal, dense spike. Corolla white, often tinged with red, inflated, contracted at the mouth, with short, gaping lips. Filaments hairy. Style long, exsert, bending downwards. Aug. Sept. /?. purpurea. (C. purpurea. MM?) Lvs. distinctly petiolate, acuminate; cor. rose-purple. This variety prevails in the Western States ! It is larger in its leaves and flowers. Petioles | 1' long. Flowers very beautiful. 9. PENTSTEMON. Gr, irevrc, O-TJJ//OJ/, five stamens (4 perfect and 1 abortive) ; from the character of the flower. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla ventricose, bilabiate ; the fifth filament sterile, bearded, longer than the rest ; anthers smooth ; seeds 00, angular, not margined. ^ rarely h, of N. America, branching, pa- niculate. Lvs. opposite. Pis. showy, red, violet, blue or white. 1. P. PUBESCENS. Soland. (Chelone Pentstemon. Linn.) Beard-tongue. Hirsute or glabrous ; radical Ivs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, cauline lanceo- late-oblong or lance-ovate, serrulate, sessile ; panicle loose ; cor. lube dilated up- wards, upper lip shortest; sterile sta. longitudinally bearded. River banks, bluffs, hills and barrens, Western N. Y. ! to Ohio ! la. and 111. A handsome plant, 1 2f high. Stem round, smooth below, supporting a loose, oppositely branched panicle of bluish-purple flowers. Corolla 1' in length, the barren fila- ment broadest at end. June. a. Lvs. narrow and thinly pubescent. /?. (P. lasvigatus. Soland.) . Lvs. dilated and subamplexicaul, glabrous. 2. P. DIGITALIS. Nutt. (Chelone digitalis. Sweet.) Fox-glove Pentstemon. Very glabrous or rarely puberulent ; radical Ivs. petiolate, oval-elliptic or oblong, cauline lanceolate, dilated and amplexicaul at base, serrate or rarely entire ; panicle loose ; ped. erect, spreading ; cor. tube campanulate-dilated up- wards, upper lip scarcely shorter than the lower; sterile sla. longitudinally bearded. Rich soils, Ohio, la. ! to Tenn., Miss Carpenter! Large and splen- did, 3f high. Leaves 6' by 2', broadest at base and tapering to a long point. Flowers numerous. Corolla 15" long, bluish-purple, varying to white. Jn. Jl. I am strongly inclined to regard this also as a luxuriant variety of P. pubescens. MIMULUS. XC1. SCRQPHULARIACE^. 401 3. P. GRACILIS. Nutt. (Chelone gracilis. Spreng.) Slender Beard-tongue. Glabrous; radical Ivs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong or lance-oblong, cauline linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire or remotely serrulate; panicle pubescent, slender; ped. erect; cal. segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; cor. tube long and narrow, scarcely dilated upwards, upper lip shorter than the lower ; sterile sta. longitudinally bearded. River bottoms, near Chicago, 111., Mead, also Mo. and C. W. Plant simple, glaucous, 2f high. Peduncles 3 7-flowered. Flow- ers nodding, 910" long, pale blue. June. 4. P. GRANDIFLORUS. Fraser. (Chelone grandiflora. Spr.) Great-flowered Beard-tongue. Erect, glabrous and glaucous ; radical Ivs. petiolate, obo- vate-oblong, cauline broadly ovate, the highest orbicular, amplexicaul, not con- nate ; panicle long, slender and racemose, interrupted ; ped. short, solitary or fasciculate, rigid ; cor. broadly campanulate ; sterile fil. dilated and puberulent at apex. 111. near Prairie du Chien, RiddeU, Mo., Nuttall. Stem 3f high. Flowers 1 3 together in the upper axils. Corolla 15" long, much dilated at the mouth, variously shaded with blue and purple. 5. P. SPECIOSUS. Doug. Showy Pentstemon. Erect, glabrous, glaucous; radi- cal Ivs. petiolate, oblong-spatulate, cauline sessile, lanceolate ; panicle elongated, slender, virgate, secund; cal. segments ovate-oblong, acuminate, margin mem- branaceous ; car. tube enlarged upwards ; 'sterile fil. filiform, glabrous. Oregon. Height 3 4f. Flowers !' long, blue, f 6. P. CAMPANULA-TUB. Willd. (Chelone campanulata, augustifolia, rosea, atropurpurea, of authors.) Glabrous; Ivs. acutely serrate, lance-linear or lance- ovate, long-acuminate, often dilated at base ; panicle long, loose and secund ; cor. tube ventricose above, lobes subequal ; sterile fil. bearded. Mexico. A very variable species, 2 3f high, with large flowers varying from light purple to dark red or purple, t 7. P. BARBATUS. Nutt. Scarlet Pentstemon. Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. en- tire, lower oblong, upper lance-linear ; panicle long and loose ; cor. tube long, scarcely dilated upwards ; lower lip and sterile fil. densely bearded. Mexico. Height 2 3f. Corolla scarlet, 13" long, f Obs. P. gentiairoides, with the panicle long, leafy at base, flowers violet, scarlet, &c., and a few other species are rarely found in gardens. TRIBE 5. GRAT1OL.EJE. Corolla tubular, not saccate or spurred. Capsule bivalved, rarely indehiscent. Calyx lobes or segm. imbricate in sest. Inflor. centripetal, uniform. Benth. 10. MIMtJLUS. Gr. fit pa, an ape ; from the resemblance of the ringent or grinning corolla. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed ; corolla ringent, the upper lip reflected at the sides ; palate of the lower lip prominent ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded ; stigma thick, bifid. Herbs prostrate or erect, with square stems and opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary, I -flowered. 1. M. RINGENS. Monkey Flower. Las. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers. Tj. A common inhabitant of ditches and mud soils, Can. and U. S., with large, blue, ringent flowers. Stem erect, square, smooth, about 2f high. Leaves sessile, opposite, serrate, acute, lanceolate. Peduncles about as long as the leaves, square, curved upwards, axillary and opposite. Calyx tubular, 5- angled and 5-toothed. Corolla pale blue, yellow within. Jl. Aug. 2. M. ALATUS. Wing-stem Monkey Flower. Lvs. petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, shorter than the flowers; st. winged at the 4 corners. l\. In N. Y. to la., Plummer ! and S. States. This, like the last species, inhabits ditches and other wet places, and grows to nearly the same height. The square stem, erect, smooth and winged at the 4 angles, affords an adequate distinction. Leaves stalked, ovate. Flow- ers ringent, on short stalks, light purple. Calyx teeth rounded, mucronate. Aug. 3. M. LUTEUS. (M. rivularis, lyratus, variegatus and guttatus of authors.} 402 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE.E. HERPESTIS. Yellow Monkey Flower. Ascending or erect ; Ivs. orbicular-ovate or oblong, lower long-petiolate, sublyrate, upper sessile or clasping, many- veined ; ped. longer than the leaves ; col. tube ovoid, upper tooth largest ; cor. tube broad, twice longer than the calyx. California and Chili. Flowers yellow, often spotted with rose or purple, f 4. M. CARDINALIS. Doug. Cardinal Monkey Flower. Erect, branched, vil- lous; Ivs. ovate, erose-dentate, narrowed and amplexicaul at base, many- veined ; ped. longer than the leaves ; cal. tube large, inflated ; cor. lobes reflexed. California. Stem loosely branched, 2 3f high. Corolla scarlet, the tube hardly longer than the calyx, limb large and brilliant, f 11. CON QBE A. Aublet. Calyx 5-parted, equal ; upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, lower lip 3-parted ; fertile sta. 4 ; anth. approximating by pairs, cells parallel ; caps, globose, ovoid, valves breaking away from the placentiferous dis- sepiment ; seeds 00, ovoid. American, branching herbs, with opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary or. in pairs, 1 -flowered, 2 bracteoles near apex. C. MULTIFIDA. Benth. (Capracia. Michx. Leucospora. Nutt.) Low, diffusely branched, puberulent ; Ivs. petiolate, pinnately dissected, segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse ; cor. lobes entire ; caps, ovoid, valves at length 2-parted. (I) 1 Along the banks of the Ohio, (Clark!} and other western rivers, common. A plant 4- 6' high, with finely divided leaves, and of a grayish aspect. Leaves 1' long, in 5 or 7 segments, the petiole as long as the flowers. Corolla greenish, hardly exceeding the calyx. Capsule 1" long. Jl. 12. HERPESTIS. Gaert. Gr. lf)7r>7 with oppo- site lvs.j and axillary, \-flowered ped., resembling Gratiola in habit. I. GRATioLolDEs. Benth. (Lindernia dilatata. Ell. L. attenuata. MuJd. L. pyxidaria. Ph. Gratiola anagalloidea. Michx.} Glabrous, ascending, much branched; Ivs. ovate or oblong, obtusish, subdentate, lower attenuated to a petiole ; cor. erect, twice longer than the calyx, on bractless peduncles ; sterile fit. bearing the glabrous, acute lobe below the middle. In wet places, Can., N. Y. ! Ohio. ! la., 111. ! to Tex., frequent. A lofr, inconspicuous plant, 3 6 or 8' high. Leaves 5 8" long, sometimes mostly sessile, commonly the lower distinctly petiolate. Corolla bluish-white, much exserted, 5" long. July, Aug. Varies with the leaves somewhat dilated at base and sessile, and the pedun- cles longer or shorter, being sometimes a little longer than the leaves. 15. HEMIANTHUS. Nutt. Gr. fyii, half, avSoj, flower; alluding to the absence Of the upper lip. Calyx 4-toothed ; cor. upper lip very short or obsolete, lower 3- cleft, the middle segment long, spreading; cells of the 2 anthers divaricate ; sterile fil. ; caps. 1 -celled, 2-valved. Minute gla- brous, creeping. Lvs. opposite. 404 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE.E. DIGITALIS. H. MICRANTHEMOIDES. Nutt. (Herpestis micrantha. Ell.) Inundated banks, Del., Nuttall. Stems a few inches in length, dichoto- mously branched." Leaves roundish-ovate, opposite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary, minute. Aug. Sept. TRIBE 6. SIBTHORPEJ3. 16. LIMOSELLA. Lat. limus, mud ; the plant grows by the edge of puddles and muddy places. Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla shortly camparmlate, 5-cleft, equal ; stamens approximating in pairs; capsule partly ,2-celled, 2-valved, many- seeded. Minute, aquatic herbs. Scape l-floivered. L. TENUIFOLTA. Nutt. (L. subulata. Ives and 1st edit.') Mudwort. Acaule'scent ; Ivs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole ; scape as long as the leaves ; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the calyx. R. I. ! Mass. ! N. Y., Penn. A minute plant, an inch in height, growing on the muddy banks of rivers. Leaves and flower-stalks radical. Flowers very small, blue and white. Aug. TRIBE 7. DIGITALEJ3. Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Leaves all alternate, the lower crowded, petiolate. Benth. 17. SYNTHYRIS. Benth. Calyx 4-parted ; cor. subcampanulate. segments 4, erect-spreading or ; sta. 2, inserted into the tube of the corolla, exserted ; anth. cells parallel, distinct ; caps, compressed, obtuse or emarginate, locu- licidal, seeds plano-convex. % N. American, with a thick root. Radi- cal Ivs. petiolate, cauline bract-like, on the scape-like stem, alternate. Pis. racemed or spicate. S. HOUGHTONIANA. Benth. (Gymnandra Houghtoniana. Torr. fy Gray, in edit.') Hirsute ; radical Ivs. ovate, subcordate at base, crenulate, obtuse ; scape erect, clothed with foliaceous bracts, dense-flowered above ; cor. as long as the calyx, upper segment longer than the other very short ones. Dry hills, Wis., Lapham! Leaves 2 3' by 1J 2', on petioles about I' long, some of the leaves often suborbicular. Bracts much smaller, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, clasping. Scape 9 12' high. Spike elongating in fruit. 18. DIGITALIS. Lat. digitabulum, a thimble ; from the form of the flowers. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanulate, ventricose, in 5 subequal lobes ; capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment. Herbs or shrubs of Europe arid Asia. Lower Ivs. crowded, petiolate, upper alternate. Fls. in showy racemes. 1. D. PURPUREA. Purple Foxglove. Lvs. oblong, rugose, crenate ; cal. seg- ments ovate-oblong; cor. obtuse, upper lip entire ; ped. as long as the calyx. Native of Europe. A well known, showy border flower of easy culture. It is a biennial plant 2 3f high, with large, rough, downy leaves. Flowers nume- rous, in a long, simple spike, large, crimson, often white, with beautiful eye- like spots within. The whole plant is a violent and dangerous poison when taken in considerable quantities, producing delirium, convulsions and death. But in the hand of the judicious physician it becomes a valuable medicine, act- ing as a sedative and diuretic. July. $ f 2. D. FERRUGINEA. Iran-colored Foxglove. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, very smooth; rac. many-flowered ; cal. segments oval-elliptical, obtuse ; cor. limb subglobose, woolly, lower segment ovate. 7J. in Greece, Armenia and Circassia. Corolla rust-colored, 16" long, lower lip longest, densely bearded, f VERONICA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 405 3. D. GRANDIFL5RA. Allioni. Great Yellow Foxglove. Lvs. ovate or oblong- lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, amplexicaul ; roc. tomentose, lax; col. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. ventricose-campanulate, segments broader than long, lowest twice broader than the lateral. %. in Europe. Plant 2 3f high. Flow- ers !' long, yellow, varying to brownish or orange, f 4. D. LUTEA. Small Yellow Foxglove. Very smooth ; Ivs. oblong or lanceo- late, denticulate; roc. secund, many-flowered; col. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. glabrous, tube subventricose, lower segment half as long again as the rest. 7J. Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers 810" long, yellow, varying to white, f 5. D. ORIENTALIS. Lam. Oriental Spotted Foxglove. St. and lance-linear Ivs. glabrous ; spike interrupted, glandular- villose ; pedicels very short ; col. segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; cor. pubescent, lower segments oblong, obtuse. Tj. Bythinia. Height 3f. Corolla purplish, spotted. Obs. Several other species are sometimes seen in gardens, among which are D. Thapsi,with mullein- like lea vea all radical and flat on the ground; D. leucophaa, with very large, dense, leafy racemes of dusky white fls. Numerous hybrids also occur in gardens, produced between the above species which are often difficult to distinguish. TRIBE 8. VERONICEJ3. 19. VERONICA. Etymology doubtful ; perhaps named for St. Veronica. Calyx 4-parted ; corolla subratate, deeply 4-cleft, lower segments mostly narrow ; sta. 2, inserted into the tube, exserted ; sterile fil. ; caps, compressed, 2-sulcate, often obcordate, 2-celled, few-seeded. Herbs or shrubs (the following species herbs}. Lvs. opposite. Fls, solitary ', axillary or in racemes, blue, flesh-colored or white. 1. Erect, tall. Lvs. verticillate ; racemes dense, terminal, often pani- cled ; corolla tube longer than the limb. LEPTANDRA. Benth. 1. V. VIRGINICA. (Leptanclra Virginica. Nutt.) Culver's Physic. Erect, tall, glabrous ; Ivs. briefly petiolate, in 4s, 5s or 6s, lance-ovate to , lance-linear ; spikes mostly several, paniculate, Woods, thickets and barrens, Can. to Ga., W. to the Miss. ! A conspicuous plant arising 2 5f. Stem sim- ple, straight, smooth, with whorls of lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate leaves which are subpetiolate and glaucous beneath, and 4 6 in a whorl. Flowers numerous, nearly sessile, in long, terminal and verticillate, subterminal spikes. Corolla white, tubular, pubescent inside. Stamens and style twice as long as the corolla. Jl. 2. Leaves opposite. Corolla tube very short. * Racemes axillary. 2. V. ANAGALLIS. (V. tenerrima. Schmidt.) Glabrous, erect ; Ivs. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, acutish, entire or serrulate ; rac. in opposite or alternate axils ; caps, orbicular, slightly notched. f l\. A smooth, succulent plant, frequenting the borders of brooks and pools, Can. and U. S. ! not common. Stem fleshy, 12 20' high. Leaves about 2 3' by 5 1". Racemes longer than the leaves, loose, pedicels (2 3") scarce- ly longer than the bracts. Flowers bluish-purple, small. Jn. Jl. 3. V. AMERICANA. Schwenitz. (V. Beccabunga Am. authors.) Brooklime. Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect above; Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong,. acute or obtusish, serrate, petiolate, abrupt at base; rac. opposite, loose; ca.ps. roundish, turgid, emarginate. 7J. in brooks and clear waters, Can. and U. S. Plant rather fleshy, very smooth, 12 18' long, more or less decumbent and rooting at base. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, petioles 1 3" long, mar- gined. Racemes longer than the leaves. Pedicels (35") twice longer than the bracts. Flowers blue or bluish-purple. Jn. Jl. This plant is variable, some of its species approaching V. Anagallis, others V. Beccabunga, of Europe. a. Lvs. ovate, acute, acutely serrate, truncate or subcordate at base. Fre- quent ! ft. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, rounded at base, petiolate. Common ! 406 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEjE. VERONICA. 4. V. SCUTELLATA. Skull-cap or Marsh Speedwell. Glabrous, ascending, weak ; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute, re- motely denticulate ; roc. in alternate axils, very loose ; pedicels divaricate ; caps. compressed, broadly obcordate. Tj. slender and weak, in swamps and marshes, N. Eng. and Western States, and Brit. Am., common. Stem 1016' high. Leaves (2 3' by 2 3") much longer than the internodes. Peduncles and ped- icels filiform, the latter (6 9") six times longer 'than the bracts. Flowers rather large, flesh-color, with purple lines. Jn. Aug. 5. V. OFFICINALIS. Officinal Speedwell. Roughish-pubescent ; st. prostrate, branched; Ivs. briefly petiolale, and subsessile, obovate-elliptic or oblong, obtuse, serrate, mostly narrowed to the base ; rac. dense, many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; caps, puberu- lent, obovate-triangular, slightly emarginate. Tj. in dry woods and open fields, Can. to Ga. Plant trailing, 6 12' long, with ascending branches. The leaves vary from ovate to obovate, but are generally elliptical, 1 1 \' in length. The flowers are pale blue, forming rather long, axillary, erect, pedunculate spikes. Found in dry woods and open fields. May Jl. * * Raceme terminal. 6. V. SERPYLLIFOLIA. Thyme-leaved or Smooth Speedwell. Subglabrous, much branched below ; s/s. ascending; Ivs. oval, subcrenate, obtuse, lower roundish and petiolate, upper sessile, passing abruptly into ob- long, entire, alternate bracts ; ped. as long as the ovate sepals ; caps, obcordate, broader than long. 1\. Meadows and mountain valleys, in grass, &c., U. S. and Can. Plant varying in height from 3' to 12'. Leaves rather fleshy, 3-veined, orbicular and oval and ovate, 4 12" long, petioles 2". Racemes bracted, rather close in flower, elongating in fruit to 25'. Corolla scarcely exceed- ing the calyx, blue and white, beautifully penciled with purple lines. May August. * ** Annual. Flowers axillary, solitary, scarcely racemed. 7. V. jpEREGRlNA. (V. Marilandica. Willd.} Purslane Speedwell. Ascending, subglabrous ; lowest Ins. petiolate, oval-oblong, dentate-serrate, obtuse, upper sessile, oblong, obtuse, serrate or entire, floral ones oblong-linear, entire, longer than the subsessile flowers ; caps, suborbicular, slightly notched,, the lobes rounded. Throughout N. America, in fields or clayey soils. Plant often branched from the base, 4 10' high. Leaves rather fleshy, the upper cauline 6 11" long, floral much smaller. Sepals oblong, longer than the pale blue or white corolla. Capsule hardly broader than long. May, June. 8. V. ARVENSIS. Field Veronica. Corn Speedwell. Puberulent-pilose, simple or branched, erect or assurgent ; Ivs. cordate- ovate, incisely crenate, lower ones petiolate, upper and floral alternate, lanceo- late, crenate, sessile. Frequent in dry fields, N. H. to Car. W. to the Miss. A small, pubescent, pale green plant, 2 6' high. Stem nearly erect, branching from the base, the leaves assurgent. Flowers on short peduncles, corolla shorter than the calyx, pale blue, beautifully penciled with purple lines. May, June. /?. 1 (V. renitbrmis. Raf.} Lvs. sessile, reniform, entire. 9. V. AGRESTIS. Neckweed. Field Speedwell. St. procumbent, diffusely branching ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, petiolate, deeply serrate, floral ones lanceolate ; ped. as long as the leaves. In cultivated fields, Can, to Ga. and La. A small, pilose plant, 2 8' long, with a round, leafy, hairy stem, branching mostly at the base. The leaves are roundish- ovate, shorter than their petioles, the upper alternate. Flowers small, light blue, veined, their stalks recurved in fruit. Segments of the calyx fringed, ovate, equal. Seeds concave beneath. May Sept. 10. V. HEDER.KFOLIA. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Prostrate, pilose ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, mostly 3 5-toothed or lobed; ped. scarcely longer than the leaves; sep. triangula'r, subcordate, acute, at length erect. Dry or rocky soils, L. I. to Del. Stem diffusely branched. Leaves rather fleshy, the lower smaller, opposite, upper cauline broadly cor- date or truncate at base, alternate as well as the floral. Calyx somewhat 4- GERARDIA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 407 angled in fruit, segments ciliate at edge. Corolla smaller than the calyx, blue, caducous. Capsule turgid, broader than long, 4-seeded. Mar. May. 11. V. SPICATA. Spiked Speedwell. Erect, tall; Ivs. petiolate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse, crenate, upper acute, crenate-serrate, entire at apex; roc. mostly solitary ; pedicels much shorter than the sepals; cal. mostly hoary-pubescent. 1\. Europe and Asia. A beautiful garden species with nu- merous varieties. * Flowers blue, roseate, &c. f TRIBE 9. BUCHXEREJE. 20. BUCHNERA. Named by Linnaeus, in honor of J. G. Buchner, a German botanist, 1743. Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla tube slender, limb flat, in 5 cordate, sub- equal lobes ; capsule 2-valved. Herbs with the lower Ivs. opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers in a terminal spike (sta. 4, included). B. AMERICANA. Slue-hearts. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, scabrous, 3-veined, sessile ; fls. remotely spiked. 7J. In low grounds, N. Y. to Mo. and Ga. Stem 1 2f high, simple or slightly branched, slender and terete, ending in a long, loose and somewhat virgate spike of purple flowers. Leaves 1 2' long, very rough, appressed to the stem. Flowers axillary and sessile. Stamens inserted, 2 in the throat of the corolla, and 2 in the middle of the tube. Calyx half as long as tube of corolla. Aug. TRIBE 10. GERARDIE^J. Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Corolla tube dilated, limbs spreading, lobes flat, subregulaj. Stamens ap- proximating in pairs. 21. SEYMERIA. Pursh. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; cor. tube short, dilated, 5-lobed, lobes ovate or oblong, entire, equaling or longer than the tube ; sta. 4, subequal ; valves of the capsule loculicidal, entire ; seeds 00. Herbs erect, branching. Cauline Ivs. mostly opposite and incised.. Fls. yellow. S. MACROPHYLLA. Nutt. Large-leaved Seymeria. Erect, tall, sparingly pubescent; Ivs. large, the lower deeply pinnatifid, segments lance-oblong, incised, terminal one the largest, upper lanceolate, ser- rate or entire ; cor. tube incurved, scarcely longer than the limb ; sty. short, di- lated and slightly bifid at apex ; caps, ovate-acuminate. 1\. In woods, White River Valley, la. ! Ohio, Clark ! to Ark. The plant has much the aspect of Dasystoma. Height, 4 6f. Lower leaves (5 7' by 2 3') lance-ovate in outline, floral (2 3') mostly opposite. Corolla J' long, very woolly within. Capsule a little shorter and broader. July. 22. GERARDIA. Named by Linnaeus, in honor of John Gerard, an English botanist of the 16th century. Calyx campanulate, briefly or narrowly 5-toothed ; cor. tubular, ven- tricose or subcampanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire lobes ; sta. didynamous, in pairs, shorter than the corolla, anth. all equal ; caps, obtuse, or briefly acuminate ; seeds 00. American herbs, rarely suffruticose. Lvs. opposite. F^s. axillary, solitary, purple or rose-color. . 1. G. PURPUREA. Large-flowered Purple Gcrardia. SL angular, much branched ; Ivs. linear, narrow, acute ; fls. subsessile, scattered ; cal. segments subulate. (T) Found in wet pastures and swamps, N. Eng. to 111. and Ga. Stem slender, branching, erect, smooth, obtuse-angled, 1 2f high. Leaves entire, roughish, 8 15" long, and about 2" wide, coiled up in drying. Flowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple, on very short stalks. Aug. 35 408 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE.E. DASYSTOMA. 2. G. MARITIMA. Raf. Marsh Gerardia. St. angular; Ivs. linear, fleshy, short, rather obtuse; fls. stalked; cal. truncate ; upper segments of the corolla fringed. Native of salt marshes, Mass, to N. J., also shores of L. Mich. Houghton. This species resembles the foregoing, of which Pursh describes it as a variety. It is a smaller plant 6 12' in height, "and with smaller flowers. The leaves -are shorter and thicker. The calyx segments are cut square off, not acute as in the preceding. Corolla purple. Flower-stalks axillary and terminal. July Sept. 3. G. TENUIFOLIA. Vahl. Small-flowered Purple Gerardia. Branching ; Ivs. linear ; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers ; cal. teeth short, acute. A slender and delicate species, usually very branching, but often simple, in fields and woods, U. S. Stem 6 12' high. Leaves about an inch long, very narrow (scarcely a line in width), entire, rough, obtuse, often coiled. Flowers opposite, axillary, on slender stalks an inch or more in length. Corolla purple, spotted within, the border much spreading, smooth and nearly equal. Calyx teeth short and acute. Aug. Sept. 4. G. ASPERA. Doug. Rough Gerardia. St. a little branched ; Ivs. long and narrowly linear, floral ones exceeding the calyces ; ped. twice longer than the calyx ; calyx teeth lanceolate, acute, about as long as the tube; cor. glabrous. Illinois, Buckley in DC., Prod. x. 518. Peduncles sometimes but little exceeding the calyx, sometimes twice as long. Flowers as large as those of G. purpurea, to which species this is perhaps too nearly allied. 5. G. SETACEA. Walt. Branches slender, roughish; Ivs. setaceous, roughish; fls. few; ^.alter- nate and opposite, very long ; cal. teeth short and setaceous ; caps, ovate, larger than the calyx. Penn. 1 to Car. NuttalL? Scarcely darkens in drying. 6. G. SKINNERIANA. Wood. (G. aphylla. Benth. in part, not Nutt.} Scabrous, pale green ; st. erect, sparingly branched, slender, 4 angles mar- gined ; Ivs. remote, linear, acute at each end, the floral ones 2 or 3 times shorter than the very long peduncles ; cal. teeth very short, glandular- acute ; cor. infun- dibuliform-campanulate, lobes short, spreading ; caps, roundish-ovoid, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Barrens, la. ! Plant 12 18' high, the stem and few- branches quite slender and rough on the slightly winged angles. Leaves (8 12" by f") much shorter than the internodes, margin slightly revolute. Pedun- cles 1 If long, erect. Corolla (5 6") glabrous, light purple or rose-color. Capsule loculicidal, about 30-seeded. Jl. Aug. Obs. I detected this delicate species in July, 1846, in Greene Co., la., on land belonging to Dr. A. G. Skinner, whose zeal in botanical pursuits deserves more than this slight notice.- It does not turn black in drying. 23. OTOPHYLLA. Benth. Gr. ovs (oroj), ear, v\\ov, leaf; alluding to the auriculate leaves. Calyx deeply 5-parted, sepals leafy, unequal ; cor. tube enlarged upwards, lobes broad, entire ; sta. didynamous, the upper pair with smaller abortive anthers ! caps, subglobose, many-seeded. Erect, hairy herbs with opposite leaves. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile. O. MICHAUXII. Benth. (Gerardia auriculata. Michx.} Mickaux's Gerardia. Scabrous-hirsute, subsimple; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, lower entire, upper mostly auriculate-lobed ; fls. sessile. Penn. to 111., Rev. E. Jenny! in prai- ries and low grounds. A rough, rigid plant, 9 18' high. Leaves (1- If by t- I') entire on the margin, sessile; floral ones with an oblong-lanceolate lobe each side at base. Flowers alternate or mostly opposite, calyx deeply cleft, corolla purple or rarely white, pubescent, dilated at the mouth, 9 12" long. Aug. Sept. 24. DASYST<3MA. Raf. Gr. 6aavs, hairy, ffTopa, mouth ; alluding to the character of the corolla. Calyx campanulate, halt 5-cleft, imbricate in aestivation ; cor. tube CASTILLEJA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE. 400 dilated, longer than the 5 entire lobes ; sta. included, didynamous ; anth. all equal, awned at base ; caps, ovate, acute, 2 valves bearing the septum in the middle, seeds 00. ^ erect, N. American. Lower Ivs. opposite, upper generally alternate and entire. Cor. large, yellow, villous within as well as the stamens. 1. D. QUERCIFOLIA. Benth. (Gerardia quercifolia. Ph. G. flava. Linn. G. glauca. Eddy.} Oak-leaved Dasystoma. Glabrous ; st. paniculate- branched; Ivs. paler beneath, petiolate, lower ample, bipinnatifid, upper oblong- lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire . fls. pedunculate ; cal. lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the tube. Woods and barrens, Northern and Western States ! fre- quent. It has a tall, smooth, glaucous, branching stem 3 5f high. Leaves sinuate-pinnatifid; the upper ones only cut-dentate, all acute at each end, stalked, paler beneath. Flowers large and of a brilliant yellow, opposite and axillary, near the top of the stem, forming a loose spike. Corolla trumpet- shaped. The flowers resemble in form those of the foxglove, while the leaves may be likened to those of the oak. The whole plant turns black in drying, making but a shabby appearance in the herbarium. Aug. /?. integrifolia. Benth. Lv s. lanceolate, entire ; cor. smaller. Ohio. 1. D. PUBESCENS. Benth. (Gerardia flava. Ph.} Downy Dasystoma. (Fig. 50.) Pubescent ; st. subsimple ; Us. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, entire or sinu- ate-lobed ; cal. segments oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tube. In woods through- out the U. S. A tall and very showy plant. Stem 2 3f high, erect, pubescent. Lower leaves variously pinnatind, or cut and toothed ; upper ones very entire or toothed, obtuse ; all opposite and sessile. Flowers large," yellow, opposite, axillary, trumpet-shaped. This also with the next species, turns black in dry- ing. Aug. Sept. 3. D. PEDICULARIA. Benth. (Gerardia pedicularia. Linn.} Lousewort Da- systoma. St. panicled, pubescent; Ivs. oblong, pinnatind, the segments serrate ; cal. seg. leafy, cut-dentate. One of the most elegant species, found in woods and mountains, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Stem tall and bushy, 2 3f high, covered with a scattered, woolly pubescence. Leaves numerous, pinnatifid with serrate lobes, opposite, on short, hairy stalks. Flowers large. Corolla trumpet-shaped, yellow, with roundish, spreading, leaf-like segments. The leaves have the general appearance of those of the lousewort, or some of the ferns. Aug. TRIBE 11. EUPHRASIES. Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Corolla upper lip galeate or concave, erect or incurved. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip. 25. CASTILLEJA. Named for one Castillejo, a Spanish botanist. Calyx tubular, 2 4-cleft ; cor. galea (upper lip) linear, very long, crenate-concave, lower short, 3-lobed ; sta. beneath the galea, didyna- mous ; anth. oblorfg-linear, with unequal lobes, cohering in the form of an oblong disk, the exterior fixed by the middle, interior pendu- lous. Herbaceous or suffruticose. Lvs. alternate, thejloral often colored at the apex. Fls. subsessile, in terminal, leafy bracts. 1. C. COCCINEA. Spreng. (Euchroma Nutt. Bartsia. Linn.} Painted-cup. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, with linear and divaricate segments ; bracts about 3-cleft and colored at the summit, longer than the corolla; cal. 2-cleft, nearly equal with the corolla, segments retuse and emarginate. 7|_ Wet meadows, Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. A very beautiful plant, remarkable for its large, bright scarlet bracts. Stem angular, simple, 8 12' high. Leaves alter- nate, sessile, with about 2, long, linear segments on each side. Bracts crowded near the summit of the stem, in 3 segments, the middle onPlarger than the linear lateral ones. Flowers one in the axil of each bract. Calyx and corolla tubular, dull yellow, the former tinged with scarlet towards thlfcip. May, Jn. 410 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. PEDICULARIS. 2. C. SESSILIFLORA. Ph. (Euchroma grandiflora. Nutt.} Great-flowered Painted-cup. Pilose-pubescent; Ivs. sessile, clasping, oblong-linear, mostly cuneate-trifid, lobes divaricate ; cat. sessile, elongated ; spikes dense ; cor. long, exserted, arched, segments of the lower lip acuminate. A plant of curious ap- pearance, prairies, Wis., Lapham ! to the plains of the upper Missouri. Stem 8 14' high, several from the same root, simple, leafy. Leaves grayish, 2 2' long. Flowers crowded, pubescent. Corolla tube slender, 2 3' in length, greenish-white, with a slight tinge of purple. Style and stamens enfolded by the upper lip, and a little exserted. May. 3. C. SEPTENTRIONALIS. Lindl. (Bartsia pallida. Ph. not 1 of Linn.} Lvs. alternate, linear, undivided, the upper ones lanceolate, the floral ones subovaje, subdentate at the end, all 3-veined ; cal. with acute teeth. 7J. This hardy plant inhabits the alpine regions of the White Mts. in N. H. ! particular- ly the heights of Mt. Clinton, where it may be found in blossom in Aug. It is also a native of Siberia and Hudson's Bay. Stem about a foot high, furrowed, simple. Leaves alternate, sessile, smoothish, the lower ones linear, becoming broader towards the upper part of the stem, where they are lanceolate and all usually with but 3 veins. Tuft of flowers at top of the stem. Bracts broader and shorter than the leaves, 5 7- veined, with about 3 teeth at the end, of a pale straw-color, tipped with purple. Flowers straw-colored, nearly concealed by the bracts. 26. SCHWALBEA. Named by Linnaeus in honor of Schwalbe, a German botanist. Calyx tubular, inflated, obliquely 4-cleft, upper division small, lower division large, emarginate or 2-toothed ; corolla ringent, upper lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobed ; seeds many, chaffy. % with al- ternate leaves and flowers in a terminal spike. S. AMERICANA. Chaff-seed. In sandy barrens and marshes, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 1 2f high, pubes- cent, square, simple. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 3-veined, with a -ciliate margin. Bracts ovate, acuminate, diminishing upwards. Flow- ers on simple, alternate, very short pedicels, in a long spike. Corolla dull purple or brownish-yellow, twice as long (1 1|') as the calyx. Jn. 27. RHINANTHUS. GT. fitv, nose, avSos ; alluding to the singular appearance of the compressed galea. Calyx 4-toothed, ventricose : cor. tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, limb ringent, galea appendaged, compressed, lip broader, deeply divided into 3 obtuse segments ; caps. 2-valved, compressed, obtuse. (D erect , with opposite Ivs. R. MINOR. Ehrh. (R. Crista-galli. Linn.) Yellow Rattle. Mostly glabrous ; Ivs. oblong or lanceolate ; cor. scarcely a third longer than the calyx ; appendages of^tlie galea transversely ovate, broader than long. (T) Meadows and pastures, Mass., N. Y. to Arc. Am. Stem a foot high, smooth, branching. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, cordate-lanceolate, acute- ly serrate, rough. Flowers axillary, crowded into a leafy spike. Calyx in- flate*, contracted at the mouth, with 4 nearly equal teeth, and much shorter than the yellow, ringent corolla, but becoming very large after flowering. July. 28. PEDICULARIS. Lat. pediculus, a louse ; probably from its efficacy in destroying that insect. Calyx ventricose, 2 5-cleft, the segments leafy, or sometimes ob- liquely truncate ; corolla vaulted, upper lip compressed, emarginate ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; capsule 2-celled, oblique, mucronate ; seeds angular. Herbs. Lvs. alternate, rarely sub-opposite,' often pinna- tiftd. Fls. s&ate. VERBENA. XC1I. VERBENACE^E. 411 1. P. CANADENSIS. (P. gladiata. Michx.) Lausewort. Hirsute; st. simple; Ivs. alternate, petiolate, lance-oblong, pinnafifid, lobes oblorjg-ovate, crenate-dentate ; spike short, dense, leafy; cal. truncate downwards ; cor. galea abruptly incurved, with 2 setaceous teeth ; caps, acu- minate. 1\. Pastures and low grounds, U. S. ! & Can. Stem erect, afoot high. Leaves 3 6' by 1 2', chiefly radical. Spike short, hairy, with a few small leaves at the base. Calyx truncated in an oblique direction downwards. Co- rolla yellowish and purple ; the upper lip long, erect, forming a galea or helmet cut square off at the end, with a bristle-like tooth at each corner. Capsule pro- longed into a lanceolate point f long. May July. /?. gladiata (P. gladiata MX.). Caps, prolongated into an ensiform point which is 1' in length. Plant rather taller. 2. P. LANCEOLATA. Michx. (P. pallida. PA.) Branching Lousewort. Nearly glabrous ; st. branched ; Ivs. subopposite, briefly petiolate or ses- sile, oblong-lanceolate, doubly incised-crenate ; spike rather dense ; cal. 2-lobed ; cor. galea as long as the lip, incurved at apex, ending in a short, conical beak. 1\. In alluvial woods, &c. N. Y. ! to Wis. Lapham ! S. to Va. Stem 1 2f in height, smooth, with pubescent lines, nearly opposite leaves and a few axilla- ry branches. Leaves 3 5' by 1 !'. Spikes 1 2' in length, with ovate-lan- ceolate bracts. Calyx and corolla smooth, the latter greenish-yellow, an inch in length, with the galea somewhat emarginate at the end. Capsule short, broadly ovoid. Sept. 29. MELAMPYRUM. Gr. //eXaf, black, irvpos, wheat ; the seeds blacken the flour of wheat if ground with it. Calyx 4-cleft ; upper lip of the corolla compressed, the margin folded back; .lower lip grooved, . trifid ; capsule 2-celled, oblique, opening laterally, cells 2-seeded ; seeds cylindric-oblong, smooth. Herbs with opposite Ivs. Fls. solitary in the upper axils. M. PRATENSE. 0. Americanum. Benth. CM. Americanum. Me.) Cow \Vheat. Lvs. linear and lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, the upper ones toothed at base ; fls. axillary, distinct. (j) Inhabits woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Ky. Stem with opposite branches, 8 10' high, round, erect. Leaves opposite, 1 U' by 3 5", the flbral ones broader, with setaceous teeth at base "and taper- ing to an obtuse point. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, yellowish, slender, the corolla twice the length of the calyx. Capsules acute, declined, 4- seeded. Jl. ORDER XCII. YERBENACE^]. VERVAINS. Trees and shrubs, sometimes herbs. Lvs. generally opposite, simple or compound, exstipulate. Fls. in axillary corymbs or dense heads, or alternate-spicate. Cal. tubular, 4 5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Cor. tubular, the limb bilabiate or irregularly 4 5-cleft, de'ciduous. Sta. 4, didynamous, seldom equal, occasionally only 2. Ova. 2 4-celled ; ovules erector pendulous, solitary or twin. Style I. Fr. drupaceous, baccate or dry, dividing into 2 or 4 1-seeded portions. Seeds with little or no albumen. Genera 56, species 610, the herbs chiefly natives of temperate regions and the shrubs and trees of the tropics, where they are in some instances very large. The teak-wood (Tectona grandis), native of India, justly styled the " Oak of the East," is a timber tree of immense size and great durability, often attaining the height of 100 feet. The wood contains silex. The medicinal properties of the tribe are little known or unimportant. Conspectus of the Genera. < Corolla subequal, funnel-form Verbena. 1 $ in spikes or spiked corymbs. (Corolla bilabiate, nodding in fruit Phryma. 3 Flowers in small pedunculate, axillary heads Lippia. 2 I. VERBENA. Celtic farfaen, to remove stone, hence Ehg. vervain and Lat. verbena. Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often truncate ; corolla funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, nearly equal ; stamens 4 (rarely but 2) ; seeds 2 4, enclosed in a thin, evanescent pericarp. Herbs with op- posite lus. Fls. mostly alternately spicate, rarely capitate or corymbed. 35* 412 XCI1. VERBENACE2E. VERBENA. . . 1. V. HAST ATA. Vervain. Simpler 's Joy. Erect; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate, petiolate, the lower oneslobed or hastate ; spikes erect, slender, panicled \fls. tetrandrous. 7J. An erect, tall and elegant plant, frequent by roadsides and in low grounds, mostly through- out the U. S. and Can. Stem 3 4f high, with paniculate, opposite branches above. Leaves rough in appearance and to the touch, opposite, lower ones often somewhat hastate. Flowers small, blue, arranged in long, close, imbri- cated spikes, which are somewhat fascicled at the summit of the stem, erect and parallel to each other. Seeds 4. July Sept. /?. pinnatijida. Lvs. incisely pinnatifid and coarsely dentate. Western States ! common. y. oblongifolia. Nutt. (V. paniculata. Lam.} Lvs. lance-ovate or lance-ob- long, sharply serrate ; spikes filiform, loosely paniculate ; fls. smaller. Penn. to la. ! and Mo. I have frequently observed this tall (4 6f) variety, and many others, on the sandy prairies of Indiana. They appear to be hybrids between V. hastata and V. urticaefolia. 2. V. URTJC.EFOLIA. Nettle-leaved Vervain. Erect, subpubescent ; Lvs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, petio- late ; spikes axillary and terminal, loose, filiform ; fls. tetrandrous. 1 About roadsides and rubbish. A weed of uninviting appearance, 2 3f high, with leaves resembling those of the nettle. It has long, slender, weak, green, diver- gent spikes, remotely filled with small, white, distinct flowers. Seeds 4. Jl. Aug. 3. V. SPURIA. Spurious or Jagged-leaved Vervain. St. decumbent at base, divaricately branching, hairy ; Ivs. ovate-lanceo- late, petiolate, laciniately lobed and toothed ; spikes slender, loose ; bracts a little longer than the calyx. Conn. Eaton, Md. ! to Ga. and Western States. An unsightly plant, with a square stem 1 2f high, half erect, di- and tricho- tomous above. Spikes 3 6' long, the bracts and flowers minute. Calyx 1' in length. Corolla blue. Aug. Sept. This plant appears to be constantly though slightly different from V. oflicinalis of Europe. 4. V. BRACTEOSA. Michx. (Zapania. Lam.} Prostrate Verbena. St. decumbent, branched, divaricate, pilose ; Ivs. laciniate, hirsute, ru- gose ; spikes terminal, thick, many-flowered ; bracts, linear, squarrose, much longer Itfan the calyx. Dry fields and roadsides, Middle and Western States ! Whole plant hairy, 8 16' long, remarkable for its squarrose-bracteate spikes. Leaves 1 2' long. Flowers small, blue. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds bony. June Sept. 5. V. STRICTA. Vent. Mullein-leaved Verbena. Hirsute and hairy ; st. thick, rigidly erect, branched above ; Ivs. ovate, oval or obovate, unequally dentate, sessile, acute, rugose ; spikes erect, strict, imbricate, subfalcate. An erect, rigid, and rather handsome species,' in dry fields, Western States ! common. Very hirsute, 1 3f high. Leaves 2 3' by 1 2', numerous, veiny and whitish beneath. Corolla blue, thrice larger than in V. hastata. July. 6. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Michx. (V. rugosa. Willd.) Narrow-leaved Vervain. Erect, mostly simple ; Ivs, lanceolate-linear, tapering to the base, remotely serrate, with furrowed veins ; spikes fililbrm, solitary, axillary and terminal. A small, hairy species, found on rocky hills and in other dry soils, N. Y. to Va. ! W. to the Miss. Stem not more than a foot high, with narrow (3' by 5"), rough leaves and slender spikes of deep blue flowers. July. 7. V. AUBLETIA. Garden Verbena. SI. weak, assurgent; spikes solitary, imbricate, long-pedunculate; divisions of the cor. emarginate ; Ivs. oval, deeply serrate and divided, petiolate. Native at the South. A slender and delicate plant of the green-house, producing numerous, successive clusters of rose- colored or scarlet flowers. Stem square, viscidly pubescent, 1 2f high, with opposite branches and leaves. Leaves deeply cut and toothed, rhombic- oval, on short stalks. Flowers larger than others of the genus, in corymbose spikes. Bracts nearly as long as the calyx, narrow, permanent, downy as well as the calyx. May. XCill. LABIATE. 413 2. LIPPIA. In honor of Augustus Lippi, a French physician. Flowers in dense, pedunculate heads ; calyx 2-parted, compressed? erect, membranaceous, shorter than the tube of the corolla; cor- funnel-shaped, limb subbilabiate, upper lip entire or emarginate? lower 3-lobed ; sta. 4, didynamous, included ; drupe dry, thin, en- closed in the calyx, 2-seeded. Shrubs or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves. Heads on axillary peduncles. L. NODIFLORA, Michx. (Zapania nodiflora. Ph. and authors.) Fog-fruit. Glabrous, procumbent ; si. 4-angled, geniculate, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate, cuneate at base, petiolate, shorter than the pe- duncles. Tf. On river banks, Penn. to la. ! 111. and La. Stems If or more long. Leaves with conspicuous veins, 1 2' long, as wide, petioles 3 6". Pe- duncles 2 3'. Heads ovoid or roundish. Flowers small, purplish-white. July, Aug. (3. lanceolata. (Lippia lanceolata. MX.) Lvs. linear-lanceolate. 3. PHRYMA. Calyx cylindric, bilabiate, upper lip longer, 3-cleft, lower lip 2- toothed ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, much smaller than the 3-lobed lower one ; seed solitary. Herbs with opposite Ivs. Fls. opposite, spicate, dejlexed in fruit. P. LEPTOSTACHYA. (Priva. Lindl.) Sander-spiked Phryma or Lopseed. bvs. stalked, ovate, serrate ; spikes long and slender; col. in fruit reflexed. 0|_ Found in rocky woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 2 3f high. Leaves large, (3 6' long), thin and coarsely toothed, on short stalks. Flowers small, oppo- site, light-purple,- in very long and slender spikes, of which one is terminal, the rest opposite and axillary, each often with a pair of bracts below. After flowering the calyx closes upon the fruit and becomes reflexed backwards close to the stem. Hence the common name lopseed. The specific name refers to the slender spikes. Seeds solitary, rather large, invested with a thin, membra- nous capsule, and enclosed in the matured calyx. July. ORDER XCIII. L ABI AT M LABIATE PLANTS. Herbs or undershrubs with 4-cornered stems and opposite branches. Lvs. opposite, without stipules, replete with receptacles of aromatic oil. Fls. in axillary, subsessile verticillasters, sometimes as if in whorls, spikes or heads. Color almost always ofthe cyanic series, blue, purple, red, white, &c. Cal. tubular, regularly 5-toothed or cleft, or bilabiate, persistent. [3-cleft one Cor. bilabiate (rarely regular, 5-toothed), the upper lip bifid or entire, overlapping in aestivation the lower fSta. 4, didynamous, or sometimes only 2, the upper pair being abortive or wanting, situated on the corolla tube. Anth. mostly 2-celled. Ova. free, deeply 4-lobed, the single style arising from the base ofthe lobes. Fr. 14 hard nuts or achenia. Sds. erect, with little. or no albumen. Embryo erect. Cotyledons flat. Genera 125, species 2350, chiefly natives of temperate regions, being most abundant between latitudes 40 and 50 of the northern hemisphere. Properties. This well-known family is universally pervaded by an aromatic, volatile oil, and a bitter principle ; the former rendering them eminently tonic, cordial and stomachic ; the latter, where it pre- vails, febrifugal. The pennyroyal, lavender, sage, hoarhound, thyme, spearmint, peppermint, horse- mint, rosemary, $-c., $-c., plants whose qualities are toowejl known to require particular mention here, are all members of this useful family. Not one species is poisonous or even suspicious. XCIII. LABIATE. 11 FIG. 51. 1. Monarda didyma. 2. An anther enlarged. 3. Flower of Galiopsis Tetrahit. 4. One of its stamens, much enlarged. 5. The calyx opened, showing the 4 achenia. 6. Flower of Salvia Sclarea. 8. Flower of Ocimum basilicum. 9. Flower of Nepeta Glechoma. 10. A pair of the anthers forming a cross. 11. Flower of Physostegia Virginica seen from beneath. 12. One of its stamens. 13. The ovaries with the rudimentary filament. 14. Flower of Teucrium Canadense. 15. Flower Nepeta Cataria. 16. One of its anthers. 17. Cunila Mariana. 18. A calyx and style. * Flowers diandrous. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Bracts whitish. $ Corolla not yellow. ( Bracts green. . $ Connectile erect short ( Corolla yellow Blephilia. Hedeoma. Collinsonia. s 18 If) {bilabiate. ( Connectile transverse, long ; anthers dimidiate. . <> Herbs. ! Upper lip emarginate. if Shrubs. $ Corolla bilabiate. ( Upper lip linear, embracing the filament, subequal. ( Corolla subregular, 4-lobed Salvia. Cunila. Rosmarinus. Monarda. Lycopus. 9 17 10 7 G * * Flowers didynamous. ( Lips of calyx <, Filaments simple. Melissa. 20 < toothed . . . \ Filaments forked. Prunella. 22 ("Tube of corolla < Stamens ascending. ( Lips of the calyx entire. . . Scutel/aria. 21 I exserted. ... (Stamens very long, arching the 5-cleft limb of corolla. Trichostemma. 35 Calyx (, Stamens scarcely exsert. Thymus. 13 bilabiate. L Tube of the corolla scarcely longer than calyx. Stamens exserted. , Origanum. 12 J equal. Hyssopus. 15 ( Cal. 15-nerVed, ( oblique. Lophanthus. 24 5 { Dracocephalum. 25 Satureja. 14 Pycnanthemum. \ l Flowers f Bracts < spicate. ( Calyx 10-nerved. . < green. ' Flowers capitate, involucrate. . ( Bracts colored Ill (Corolla bilabiate S f Stamens erect< Corolla limb of 4 subequal lobes, one of them emarginate. " or divergent. ( Corolla limb of 5 equal lobes $ Calyx 5-ribbed. . . fLeaves crenate. (Calyx 15-ribbed. J $ Plants glabrous. C included beneath j Leaves sharply serrate. ( Plants hairy. Stamens as-< the upper lip. . . (.Leaves entire, lance-linear and elliptic. . cending and ( exserted through I he fissure of the upper lip of corolla. . $ Upper lip of the corolla 2-!obed. J Corolla not spurred. ( Upper lip of the corolla 4-cleft. Stamens declinate. ( Corolla tube spurred ( Leaves J Lower lip of the corolla with 2 lateral teeth. Origanum. Mentha: Isanthus. Lamium. Nepeta. Phyftostegia. Ballota. Microrneria. Teucrium. Lavandula. Ocimum. Plectranthus. Galeopsis. ~3 . \ undivided. (Lower lip of ^the cor. with lateral lobes reflexed. Stachys. O Uhe teeth spinescent. ( Leaves mostly 3-lobed Leonurun. Calyx 4-toothed. Upper pair of anthers cohering, half empty Synandra. Calyx subentire, very large, campanulate Molucella. Calyx 10-toothed, the alternate teeth shorter. . . Marrubium. MENTHA. XCIII. LABIATE. 415 TRIBE 1. OCIMOIDEJE. Corolla subbilabiate, the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lower one declinate, flat or concave, carinate or saccate. Stamens 4, declined. 1. OClMUM. Gr. oa, to smell; on account of the powerful scent of the plants. Upper lip of calyx orbicular, lower 4-fid ; corolla resupmate, one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided ; exterior filaments with a process at their base. O. BASILICUM. Royal Ocimwn. Sweet Basil. Lvs. smooth, ovate-oblong-, subdentate, petiolate ; cal. ciliate. An exotic from Persia, cultivated. Plant about a foot high, with peculiarly smooth and soft leaves variously colored, ex- haling a delightful odor. Stem retrorsely pubescent above, branched. Flow- ers white, in simple, terminal racemes. Jl., Aug. 2. LAVANDULA. Lat. lavare, to wash. The use of the distilled water of this plant is well known. Calyx ovoid-cylindric, with 5 short teeth, the upper one often largest ; corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, lobes all nearly equal ; tube exserted ; stamens included. L. SPICA. Lavender. Lvs. linear-oblanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, re volute at the edge, the upper ones linear-lanceolate, the highest shorter than the calyx ; spike interrupted ; bracts subulate. 7J. Plant 12 18' high, suffruti- cose, branching, from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the branches, clothed with a whitish down. Calyx villose. Corolla much exserted and of a lilac color. The plant is well kno'wn as an aromatic of a delightful fragrance. It is stimulant and tonic, and the oil extracted by distillation enters into many compositions in medicine. Jl. 3. PLECTRANTHUS. L'Her. Gr. -K\r)KTpovj a cockspur, avSos ', from the spur-like appendage of the corolla. Calyx upper lip largest ; cor. resupinate, ringent, with the tube gibbous or spurred on the upper side at base. Half shrubby plants, with purple flowers. Natives of hot climates. P. PARVIFLORUS. " Sage Geranium." St. suffruticose, smoothish, branched ; roc. compound, terminal, leafless ; peduncles 1-flowered, verticillate ; corolla gibbous. S. America. Sometimes seen in house cultivation and called Sage Geranium! It is a large, coarse plant. 2 3f high, with large, soft, ovate, cre- nate leaves, and terminal racemes of very delicate bluish-purple flowers. TRIBE 2. MEXTHOIDEJE. Corolla somewhat campanulate or funnel- form ; tube scarcely exserted, limb subequally 4 5-lobed. Stamens 4, some- times 2, distant, straight, diverging. 4. MENTHA. Mintha, the daughter of Cocytus, is fabled to have been changed into one of these plants. Calyx equally 5-toothed ; cor. nearly regular, 4-cleft, the broadest segment emarginate ; sta. 4, straight, distant ; anth. cells parallel ; filaments naked. 1. M. CANADENSIS. (M. borealis. Michx.} Horsemint. Ascending, pubescent; Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate, serrate, acute at each end; fls. in axillary cymes; sta. generally exserted. 7J. Can. to Ky. and Penn. An herbaceous, grayish plant, 1 2f high, growing in muddy situations. The stem is square and usually branched, the angles beset with reversed hairs. Leaves serrate, on opposite, downy footstalks, and punctate with resinous dots at each end. Flowers apparently in whorls, pale purple, usually distinguished by the projecting stamens which are sometimes twice as long as the corollas. Calyx hairy. Aromatic like the other species. June, July. 0. stamens equaling the corolla. 416 XCIII. LABIATE. LYCOPUS. j 2. M. VIRIDIS. (M. tenuis. Michx. M. gracilis. MiM.} Spearmint. Jjvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; bracts setaceous, and, with the teeth of the calyx, somewhat hairy ; spikes slender, interrupted, attenuate above. Tj. Can. and U. S. A well known plant, highly esteemed for its agreeable, aromatic properties. It grows in wet soils, rapidly spreading by its creeping roots, with erect, branching, 4-angled stalks, 1 2f high. The spikes are somewhat panicled, long, composed of distinct, axillary cymes, ap- parently whorled, a little remote from each other. Peduncles smooth, round, shining. Corollas pale purple. Styles much exserted. 3. M. PiPERlTA. Smith. Peppermint. Lvs. smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate ; bracts lanceolate ; cat- quite smooth at base, punctate. 7J. This species, introduced from Europe, has become naturalized in wet places, and cultivated in gardens. It has a more penetrating taste and stronger smell than the other species, pungent to the tongue followed by a sensation of coldness. The essence of peppermint is a well known medicine, acting as a cordial, used in flatulency, nausea, &c. It has a purplish stem, 2 3f high, with scattered, deflexed hairs. Leaves sharply serrate, dark green. Corolla purplish. July. 4. M. ARVENSIS. Corn Mint. Field Mint. St. ascending, much branched; Ivs. ovate, serrate, petiolate, acute, hirsute; verticils axillary; pedicels smooth; cat. hirsute. Naturalized in Penn. Ohio, &c., native in Europe. Stem stout, often erect, about If in height. Leaves varying to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly smooth, about twice longer (1 2') than wide, several times longer than the petioles. Flowers small, numerous, pale purple. Stamens exserted. The plant smells like de- cayed cheese. July. 5. ISANTHUS, DC. Gr. to-of, equal, cu/Sof, the flowers being regular, a character very rare among the labiates. Calyx subcampanulate ; corolla 5-parted, tube straight and narrow, segments of the border ovate and equal ; stamens subequal ; stigma linear, recurved. I. CCBRULEUS. Blue Gentian. Viscid, hairy ; ITS. oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 3-veined ; ped. 1 2-flowered. 7J. A branching, leafy herb, in dry fields, Northern and Western States ! with the aspect of the pennyroyal. Stem rounded, slender, 12 18' high with branches and leaves opposite. Leaves an inch or less in length, and a fourth as wide, distinctly triple-veined. Flowers numerous, blue, with in- cluded stamens. Calyx leaves lanceolate, longer than the tube. July. 6. LYCOPUS. Gr. AvKOf, a wolf, TTOVJ, a foot ; a fanciful name. Calyx tubular, 4 5-cleft ; cor. subregular, 4-cleft, the tube as long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, emarginate ; sta. 2, dis- tant, diverging, simple ; sty. straight, as long as the stamens ; ach. 4, obliquely truncate at apex. % 1. L. SINUATUS. (L. Europasus. Michx. L. Americanus. Muhl.} Water Hoarhound. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, lower ones incised ; teeth of^ the calyx acuminate-spinescent ; st. square, 1 2f high \fls. small, white, many in a whorl. A perennial plant, widely diffused throughout the U. States, growing in damp grounds. In habits and general appearance it resembles the Menthoe, but is sufficiently distinguished by the number of stamens, form of the flattened triquetrous achenia, and its being inodorous. Stem sharply 4- angled, the sides concave, 1 2f high. Lower leaves deeply and pinnatifidly toothed. Verticils dense. Calyx teeth longer than the achenia. It dyes a permanent black. Aug. 2. L. VIRGINICUS. Virginian Water Hoarhound. Bugle-weed. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire at the base ; calyx leet/i MONARDA. XCIll. LABIATE. 417 spineless, usually 4, shorter than the achenia. A plant as widely diffused as the preceding, growing in wet soils. Stem smooth, obtusely 4-angled, with the sides concave, 12 18' high, usually simple, bearing small whorls of minute, purplish flowers. Leaves with coarse, tooth-like serratures, sessile. The whole plant often changes to purple. It is reputed a remedy for blood-spit- ting. July, Aug. TRIBES. MONARDEJE. Corolla bilabiate ; tube exserted. Stamens 2, fer- tile, ascending, the upper pair abortive ; anthers linear with the 2 cells con- tiguous, or halved with the 2 cells widely separated on opposite ends of a long, transverse connectile. 7. MONARDA. Name in honor of Monardus, a Spanish botanist of the 16th century. Calyx elongated, cylindric, striate, subequally 5-toothed ; cor. rin- gent, tubular, upper lip linear, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrowest ; sta. 2, fertile, ascending beneath the upper lip, and mostly exserted ; anth. cells divaricate at base, connate at apex. ^i- 1. M. DIDYMA. (M. purpurea. Lam. M. coccinea. Michx.} Mountain Mint. St. acutely 4-angled ; Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate, somewhat rough and villous, on short petioles, veins and veinlets hairy beneath ; fls. in terminal, often proliferous heads; bracts colored. A handsome, fragrant plant, 2 3f high, with crimson or scarlet flowers. Stem mostly branching. Leaves 2 5' long, very broad at base, often cordate, serrate, with scattered hairs above, and prominent, hairy veins beneath. Flowers in heads which are often proliferous, with large, ovate-lanceolate bracts tinged with the same color as the corollas. Calyx colored. Corollas large and showy. Styles 4, 2 of which are minute and abortive ; hence the specific name. A beautiful plant in cultivation Swamps, Can. to Ga'. 2. M. FISTULOSA. ("M. oblongata,rugosa, clinopodia, allophylla, mollis, pur- purea, of authors?) Horsemint. Wild Bergamot. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, petiolate, more or less pubescent ; hds. of fls. terminal, few, but many-flowered ; bracts sessile ; cal. slightly curved with the throat hirsute. A handsome, variable plant, growing in hedges, thickets, rocky banks, Mass, to Ga. W. to the Saskatchawan. The stem is 2 4f high, quadrangular with the sides somewhat concave, hollow in various degrees, nearly smooth or pubes- cent above, simple or with a few opposite branches. Leaves obtuse at base, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, acutely serrate, nearly smooth, 2 4' long and on petioles their length. Flowers in involucrate, terminal heads, 20 50 in a head. Outer bracts leafy, often partially colored. Calyx slender, ' in length. Corolla much exserted, varying from greenish- white and pale purple to blue, the upper lip long and linear, enfolding the 2 stamens, which, with the style are somewhat exserted at its end. Jl. Aug. a. St. simple, hollow; hds. simple qr proliferous; cor. pale yellow. /?. (M. allophylla. Me.) St. branched, hollow, or solid with pith ; Ivs. oblong- lanceolate ; hds. simple ; bracts partially colored ; cor. pale blue. y. (M. clinopodia. L.} St. solid; Ivs. tapering at base, remotely serrate; hds. simple; cal. short; cor. pale purple. t. purpurea. St. tall (3 5f ), glabrous, dark purple.- la. ! common. . mollis. Lvs. softly pubescent ; upper lip of cor. densely bearded. 3. M. PUNCTATA. (M. lutea. Michx.} Horsemint. Nearly glabrous ; st. obtusely angled, hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. oblong-lan- ceolate to oblong, remotely and obscurely serrate; verticils axillary, dense; bracts lanceolate, colored, longer than the verticils ; cal. teeth unequal. Pine barrens, N. J., common, to Car. and Western States. Stem 2 3f high, branched. Leaves punctate. Corolla yellow, with brown spots, upper 1 ip villous at the apex. Bracts large, yellow and red. Sept. It contains an essential oil which is valuable in medicine. 418 XCIII. LABIATE. SALVIA. 4. M. BRADBURIANA. St. simple, glabrous ; Iv s. ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, rounded at base, hirsute-pubescent both sides, margin subdentate, apex acute ; cal. pilose, densely bearded at throat, segments subulate-spinose ; hds. large, terminal, outer bracts broad-lanceolate, ciliate, colored. Ohio to 111. Mead ! Stem slender, about 3f high. Leaves sometimes slightly petiolate, 2 3' long. Bracts purple. Corolla purple. Jl. 8. BLEPHILIA. Raf. Gr. @\E(papis, the eyelash ; probably referring to the ciliate bracts. Calyx 13-ribbed, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip short, erect, oblong, obtuse, entire ; lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the lateral ones orbicular ; stamens 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. 1. B. HIRSUTA. (Monardahirsuta. Ph. M. ciliata. Michx.} Hairy Blephilia. Whole plant hirsute ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate ; fls. in axillary verticillasters and terminal heads ; bracts colored, shorter than the flowers, oblong, acuminate. 7{. In damp woods, rare N. Eng., common in the W. States. Stem 1 2f high, diffusely branching, roughly pubescent. Peti- ole i J' long, leaves 3 or 4 times as long, somewhat rounded at base. Flowers small, forming several dense whorls near the ends of each branch. Corolla scarcely %' long, pale purple with spots of a deeper hue. Style longer than sta- mens or corolla. Jn. Jl. 2. B. CILIATA. (Monarda ciliata. Linn, not Michx.} St. hirsute, simple, acutely 4-angled ; Ivs. few, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to an obtuse point, subsessile, serrate, minutely pubescent ; fls. in dense, ap- proximate, inyolucrate, terminal and subterminal verticils ; bracts ovate, veiny, glabrous, ciliate, as long as the calyx. Fields, barrens, Penn. to the Miss., very abundant in the Western States ! Plant 2 4f high, generally simple, rarely with 1 or 2 branches. Leaves 1 2' long, 1' wide. Flowers small, numerous. Verticils subglobose. Outer bracts 5" by 3 4", whitish. Calyx subbilabiate. Jn. Aug. 9. SALVIA. Lat. salveo, to be in health ; probably from its salutary qualities. Calyx striate, bilabiate, upper lip 2 3-toothed or entire, lower lip divided ; corolla ringent ; stamens 2 ; connectile transversely articu- lated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the dimidiate anther ; achenia 4. A large genus of which but few species are native. The transverse connectile constitutes the essejitial character. 1. S. LYRATA. Wild or Meadow Sage. Cancer-weed. Radical Ivs. lyrate, erosely dentate ; upper lip of the cor. very short, straight. 7J. in shady woods, Can. to Ga. Stem erect, quadrangular, nearly leafless, 1 2f high, branching above and covered with hairs pointing downwards. Radi- cal leaves oblong, lyrate or sinuate-pintiatifid, petiolate. Cauline leaves but 1 2 pairs, just below the raceme. Flowers in whorls of about 6, distant, con- stituting a long, interrupted raceme. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. Native of shady woods. May, June. 2. S. OFFICINALIS. Common Sage. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose ; whorls few-flowered ; cal. mucronate ; upper lip of the cor. as long as the lower and somewhat vaulted. A well known garden plant, with a shrubby stem, rugose leaves of a dull green color and an aromatic fragrance. Flowers in whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringent, blue, with a lengthened tube and viscid calyx, somewhat brown. Native in the south of Europe. Very useful in domestic economy and medicine. July. ^ 3. S. SCLAREA. Clarry. Lvs. oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, villous, serrate : bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx. (g) A strong-scented exotic, 1 3t high, with viscid leaves as large as the hand. The flowers and bracts are PYCNANTHEMUM. XC1II. LABIATE. 419 variegated Vith pale purple and yellowish- white, in whorled spikes. Calyx with spinous teeth. Native in Italy. 4. S. MEXICANA. Willd. 'I Mexican Salvia. St. branching at base, weak, ascending, pubescent ; Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, crenate- ' dentate, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; fls. opposite, in terminal racemes ; bracts deciduous ; col. slightly colored, upper lip truncate, subentire ; cor. fim- briate-ciliate, 34 times longer than the calyx ; sty. exserted. 1|_ Mexico. A beautiful and popular house plant. Flowers bright crimson or scarlet, near 2' long. There are several varieties, f 5. S. SPLENDENS. Ker. 1 St. erect, glabrous ; Ivs. broad-ovate and ovate, peti- olate, rounded or acute at base, glabrous both sides, dent-serrate, acuminate ; fls. opposite, racemose ;- bracts deciduous ; cal. scarlet, and, with the corolla, pubescent, upper lip entire, acuminate, lower lip 2-toothed. 1\. Mexico. Gar- dens. Plant 2 4f high, branched. Flowers large, scarlet. After flowering the calyces enlarge, and become as showy as the corollas, f 10. ROSMARlNUS. An ancient Latin name, compounded of ros, dew, and marinus, of the sea. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divis- ions of which the middle is the largest ; fil. 2 fertile, elongated, as- cending towards the upper lip, having a tooth on the side. R. OFFICINALIS. Rosemary. Lvs. sessile, linear, margins revolute. An erect, evergreen shrub, 4f high, much branched. Leaves opposite, obtuse, linear-ob- long, entire, smooth, dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes whitish beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, of a bright blue color, having, like the leaves, a strong aromatic fragrance like camphor. It yields by distil- lation a large proportion of fragrant oil. TRIBE 4. SATUREINEJB. Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate with the upper lip trifid and the lower bifid. Corolla subbilabiate, upper lip erect, flat, entire or bifid, lower spreading, trifid, lobes subequal ; tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 24, distant, straight, diverging. 11. PYCNANTHfiMUM. Benth. Gr. VVKVOS, dense, avSos, alluding to the dense, capitate inflorescence. Calyx tubular, striate, 5-toothed ; upper lip of corolla nearly en- tire, lower lip trifid, middle lobe longest ; sta. distant ; anth. with parallel cells. 1. P. INCANUM. Michx. (Clinopodium^ Willd.') Mountain Mint. Wild Basil. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, rounded at the base with short petioles and hoary tomentum ; hds. of fls. compound, terminal and lateral pedunculate ; bracts subulate. Tj. Grows in rocky woods and hills, Can N ' Mid. and W. States. Stem 2 4f high, obtusely 4-angle.d, erect, and, like the rest of the plant, covered with soft, whitish down. Leaves whitish beneath * lowers pale red with purple spots, on white, tomentose peduncles, in dense heads, and with numerous bracts, of which the inner ones are setaceous beard- ed at the end ; the outer ones are lanceolate. Plant aromatic. Jl. Aug. 0. St. taller, branched ; upper Ivs. with white blotches. Ind. ! 2. P. ARISTATUM. Michx. (Nepcta Virginica, Linn. ?) Wild Basil, _ St. hirsute-pubescent, brachiate-corymbose ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate briefly petiolate, acute at base, subserrate, pubescent, acuminate ; verticils terminal capitate and subterminal, hirsute ; bracts lance-subulate, and with the calvx terminated by awns. -Woods and barrens, N. Y, Mass, to Miss. ! Stem l-3f high subsimple or much branched. Leaves 12*' by _f ' srenerallv with small, remote serratures and ciliate on the margin. Each branch terminates in a small ($ diam.) head with one or two dense whorls just below it It is a more spreading and hairy plant than P. muticum. Jl. Aug. 36 420 XCIII. LABIATE. THYMUS. 3. P. PILOSUM. Nutt. Hairy Pycnanthemum. St. and Ivs. beneath pilose ; st. subsimple ; Ivs. lanceolate, nearly entire, sessile ; fls. in large, terminal, sessile heads ; bracts lanceolate, and, with the calyx, canescently villous and awnless; cor. pubescent; sta. exserted. 7J. Low grounds, 111. Mead, to Tenn. Nuttall. I am unacquainted with this species, but it is probably distinct, closely allied to the last. " Stem a little branched at the summit. Bracts shorter than the calyx, acute but not awned. Calyx teeth minute. Corolla white,' without spots." 4. P. MUTICUM. (Brachystemum muticum. Michx.') Awnless Pycnanthe- mum. St. pubescent, paniculate-branching above ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, subdentate, sessile, nearly smooth ; hds. terminal ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, awnless; sta. included. i\. Found in woods and dry hills, Penn. toGa. and W. States. Stem 2f high, square, with larger, opposite leaves and white flowers. Leaves large, the width a third of the length, entire or denticulate. Heads mostly terminal, and with the bracts and upper leaves, whitish pubes- cent. Corolla tinged with purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Aug. 5. P. LANCEOLATUM. Pursh. (P. verticillatum. Pers. Brachystemum Virginicum. MX. ?) St. straight, corymbosely branched, pubescent on the angles ; Ivs. subsessile, ovate -lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, feather- vein- ed, entire ; verticils sessile, fasciculate-corymbed ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acu- minate ; sta. exserted. 7J. This species much resembles the next, but is distinct in several important characters. Grows in dry woods and hills, abundant "W. and Mid. States. Stem 2 or more feet high, square, with obtuse angles, somewhat scabrous. Branches corymbed, downy above. Leaves varying in width from one-sixth to one-half of their length. Flowers collected in dense, canescent heads. Corolla purplish- white with darker spots. Aug. 6. P. LINIFOLIUM. Pursh. Flax-leaved Pycnanthemum. St. straight, smooth ; branches trichotomous, fastigiate ; Ivs. linear, very entire, 3-veined, smooth ; hds. terminal, dense, in a fasciculate corymb. 9| An erect plant with fastigiate branches, l^f high, growing in exsiccated swamps, Penn., N. Y. to the Miss, and S. States. Stem often purplish, slightly 4-an- gled, corymbose at the summit. Leaves very narrow, entire, smooth and punc- tate, with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils. Flowers small, white, in nu- merous, small, roundish heads, mostly terminal, and with imbricated bracts. Aug. I have generally found this species nearly destitute of the mint-like fla- vor of the foregoing. The statement in a former edition was made on the authority of others. 12. ORIGANUM. Gr. opos, a mountain, and yavof, joy. Flowers collected into dense clusters, imbricated with bracts ; up- per lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip with 3 nearly equal segments. 1. O. VULGARE. Wild Marjoram. Lvs. ovate, entire, hirsute, petiolate ; spikes roundish, panicled, fascicu- late, smooth, erect ; bracts ovate, longer than the calyx, colored. 7J. grows in fields and thickets. Stem 12 18' high, purple, leafy, branching above. Leaves a very little serrate, opposite, hairy, sprinkled with resinous dots, paler beneath. Petioles hairy one-fourth as long as the leaves. Bracts tinged with purple. Flowers purplish-white. The plant has a highly aromatic taste. Jl. Aug. 2. O. MAJORANA. Ph. (Majorana hortensis. Maznch.) Sweet Marjoram. Lvs. oval or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, hoary-pubescent; spikes roundish, compact, pedunculate, clustered at the end of the branches; bracts roundish. 7J. Native of Portugal, cultivated in gardens. It has a pleasant aromatic fla- vor, and is employed in various ways as a seasoning. Plant soft-downy, a foot high. Flowers pink-colored. Jl. Aug. ^ 13. THYMUS. Gr. Svpos, courage ; on account of its invigorating smell. Flowers capitate or verticillate ; calyx subcampanulate, bilabiate, CUNILA. XCIII. LABIATE. 421 10-ribbed, the throat closeAwith hairs ; upper lip of the corolla flat, emarginate, shorter than IR lower. 1. T. VULGARIS. Garden Thyme. Si. procumbent at base, erect; Ivs. revo- other species, and is peculiarly attractive to bees. Blossoms in summer. 2. T. SERPYLLUS. Wild Thyme. Mother of Thyme. St. decumbent; Ivs. flat, elliptical, obtuse, ciliate at base; fls. capitate. 7J. Mass., N. Y. and Penn. An aromatic plant, similar to the preceding, but milder and rather more pleasantly flavored. Sterns suffruticose, wiry, slender and wavy, with leafy, downy and ascending branches, each terminating in a small, dense, oblong head of purple flowers, much frequented by bees. Leaves entire, petiolate, punctate, smoothish, ciliate. Corolla purple, spotted. June. Cultivated and naturalized. 14. S A T L T R E J A. Arabic tsaiur the general name for labiate plants. Calyx tubular, 1 0-ribbed ; segments of the bilabiate corolla nearly equal ; stamens diverging, scarcely exserted. S. HORTENSIS. Summer Savory. Si. branching; Ivs. linear-oblong, entire, acute at the end; ped. axillary, cymose. 7|_ Native of Italy. Cultivated as a culinary aromatic. Stem branching and bushy, lf high, woody at base, fre- quently changing to purple. Leaves numerous, small and narrow, with axil- lary cymes of pink-colored flowers. Calyx about as long as the corolla. Jl. Aug. $ 15. HYSSOPUS. Hebrew ezol; Arabic azzof; Eng. hyssop. Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment largest, tube about as long as the calyx ; stamens exserted, diverging. H. OFFICINALIS. Hyssop. DCS. linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile ; cal. teeth erect; fls. in racemose, secund verticils, middle division of the corolla 2- lobed, entire. Ti The common hyssop is a native of S. Europe, often met with in our gardens, being cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. It is a handsome plant, growing in tufts, 2f high, with delicate foliage and bright blue flowers. July. 16. COLLINSONIA. Name in honor of John Collinson, an English botanist. Corolla exserted, campanulate-ringent, upper lip in 4 subequal lobes, lower lip longer, declined, fimbriate ; stamens 2, (rarely 3) much exserted, divergent. C. CANADEXSIS. Horse Balm. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, petiolate. glabrous ; teeth of the cal. subulate, shorter than the tube ; rac. paniculate, terminal. 7J. A tall herb with large leaves and yellow flowers, woods and fields, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem 4- sided, 3 4f high, smooth or a little pubescent. Leaves thin, 6 8' long and 3 4' wide. Flowers ' in a large, compound raceme, with opposite branches and pedicels. Corolla greenish-yellow, the lower lip elongated and fringed. Style and stamens very long. Flowering in summer. 17. CUNlLA. The ancient Roman name for pennyroyal. Calyx 10-ribbed, equally 5-toothed. throat densely villose ; upper lip of corolla flat, emarginate : stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. C. MARIANA. (Ziziphora. R. <$ &) Dittany. Lvs. ovate, serrate, subsessile ; cymes pedunculate, corymbose, axillary and 422. XCIII. LABIAT^E. MELISSA. termiaal. 7]. Grows on rocks and in dry woods, N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 4-angled, mostly purple, branching, smooth**, 1 2f high. Leaves small, nearly smooth, roundish or subcordate at base^apering to a point and punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers with subulate bracts at the base of the 3-iorked pedicels. Calyx punctate. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, pubes- cent, pale red. Stamens and style much exserted, of the same hue as the corolla. The herb is delightfully fragrant, and used in febrifugal infusions. Jl. Aug. TRIBE 5. MELISSIIVEJE. Calyx bilabiate ; .corolla bilabiate ; upper lip straight, lower lip spreading, cleft into 3 flat lobes, of which the middle one is often broadest. Stamens 4, sometimes 2, ascending. 18. HE DEO MA. Pers. Gr. fifcta, sweet or agreeable, coy/;?, smell; on account of the fragrance. Calyx gibbous beneath at base, 13-ribbed, throat hairy ; upper lip of corolla erect, flat, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; stamens 2, fertile, ascending. H. PULEGIOIDES. Pers. (Cunila. Linn. Ziziphora. R. <$ S.) Pennyroyal. Lvs. oblong, few-toothed ; Jls. axillary, whorled. A small, strong-scented herb, held in high repute in the domestic materia medica. Stem erect, branch- ing, half a foot high. Leaves opposite, with 1 2 teeth each side, on very short petioles, smooth on the upper surface, roughish beneath. Calyx ciliate, 2 lower divisions spined. Abundant in dry pastures, N. Eng., Can. to Ga. and Ark. Flowering all summer. 19. MICROMERIA. Benth. Gr. ntxpog, small, ^epos, division; on account of the slightly 2-!ipped calyx and corolla. Calyx 13 (rarely 15)-ribbed, 5-toothed, nearly equal ; corolla sub- bilate, tube exserted, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower subequally 3-lobed ; stamens ascending, the upper pair shorter. M. GLABELLA. Benth. (Cunila. Michx. Hedeoma glabra. Nutt.) Glabrous ; st. branching above, and mostly surculose at base ; Ivs. entire, those of the suckers elliptic-ovate, of the stem linear-oblong, obtuse ; verticillas- ters about 6-flowered. 1}. A delicate little herb nearly or quite smooth, growing on lime-stone rocks near the base of Niagara Falls ! W. to the Falls of St. An- thony. Rare. It has the general aspect and fragrance of pennyroyal. Stem erect (prostrate at base), 4-angled, slender, 6 10' high. Suckers at the base often numerous and se-veral inches in length, with leaves about 3" by 2 /7 , brown- ish-purple beneath. Stem leaves 9 12"" long, very narrow, the lowest some- times with a few teeth. Flowers somewhat regular, on pedicels ' long, with linear bracts at the base. Corolla pale purple. Stamens 4, the upper pair much the shortest, all antheriferous. July, Aug. 20. MELISSA. Benth. Gr. name of the bee, from /<^, honey, which is sought in these flowers by bees with avidity. Calyx 13-ribbed, flattish above, the upper lip 3-toothed, lower bifid ; upper lip of the corolla erect, flattish, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe mostly broadest ; stamens ascending. 1. M. OFFICINALIS. Balm. Pubescent ; st. erect, branching ; Jls. in dimidiate verticils, subsessile ; Ivs. ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose ; bracts few, ovate-lanceolate, pe- tiolate. r 4 N. Eng. ! to la. ! found in the deepest forests ! A well known gar- den plant. Stem 1 2f high. Flowers white or yellowish. The plant is a stomachic and diuretic, generally administered in the form of tea. For medi- cinal use it should be cut before flowering, which occurs in June and after. $$ 1 2. M. CLINOPODIUM. Benth. (Clinopodium vulgare. Linn.') Wild Basil. Villose ; Ivs. ovate, subserrate ; verticils many-flowered, hairy ; bracts, nu- merous, subulate. 7J. Low woods, Northern and Western States. A common plant, 1 2f high. Stem square, simple or sparingly branched, and, as well SUUTELLARIA. XCIII. LABIATE. 4-23 as the whole plant, clothed with a whitish wool. Leaves petiolate. taper- ing to an obtuse point, pale, with whitish down beneath. Flowers purplish, in very hairy, mostly terminal whorls or heads. Peduncles cymosely branched, short. Involucre of narrow and bristle-like bracts, about equaling the hairy, subulate calyx teeth. July. TRIBE 6. SCUTELLiARINEJE. Calyx bilabiate, upper lip truncate. Co- rolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, tube ascending, exserted. ' Stamens 4, ascending beneath the upper lip of the corolla. 21. SCUTELLARIA. Lat. scutella, a small vessel ; from the resemblance of the calyx with its appendages. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, lips entire, upper one appendaged on the back and closed after flowering ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, lower dilated, convex, tube much exserted, ascending ; sta. ascending beneath the upper lip; anth. approximate in pairs. * Flowers axillary, solitary. 1. S. GALERICULATA. Common Scull-cap. St. erect, simple, or branched ; Ivs. lanceolate-cordate, remotely crenate- serrate ; fls. axillary, solitary. 7J. Meadows and ditches, Can. to Penn. Abun- dant. The whole plant glabrous. Stem square, 12 18' high. Leaves trun- cate-cordate at base and acutish at apex, scarcely petiolate, !' by '. Flowers much larger than the preceding, rarely more than 1 from the same axil, with a vizor- like calyx like that of the other species. Cor. an inch in length, blue. Aug. 2. S. NERVOSA. Pursh. (S. gracilis. Nutt.} St. slender, erect, subsimple, stoloniferous ; Ivs. broad-ovate, subcordate, crenate-serrate, sessile, glabrous, 3 5-veined, lower roundish-ovate, upper ovate and lance-ovate, slightly petioled ; fls. axillary, solitary. Rocky shades, along streams, Penn. ! to 111. ! and La. Roots creeping, often sending out long, fili- form stolons. Stem 8 15' high, weak, often with a few filiform branches. Leaves 2 15" by 5 12", the middle pairs largest, acute or obtusish. Floral leaves entire, small. Flowers few, sometimes on the slender branches only. Corolla pale blue, 4 6" long. May Jl. 3. S. PARVULA. Michx. (S. ambigua. Nutt.) Si. simple or branching at base, square, puberulent ; lower Ivs. suborbicu- lar, petiolate, upper oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile, axillary, opposite. Pastures, Mid. ! and Western States ! Plant 3 6' high. Root generally (not always 7) with tuberous internodes, and fibrous at each joint. Leaves 3 6" long, as wide, lower 3" diam. Flowers 4 6" long, rather numerous, longer than the leaves, blue. June. * * Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 4. S. LATERIFLORA. Mad-dog Scull-cap. St. branching, nearly glabrous ; Irs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate ; roc. lateral, axillary, leafy. Meadows and ditches, lat. 38 to Arc. Am. Stem square, 1 2f high, very branching. Leaves opposite, rounded at base, acuminate or acute, coarsely serrate, on petioles an inch in length. Ra- cemes opposite, axillary, somewhat one-sided, on long stalks, and consisting of numerous small, blue flowers intermixed with small leaves. The English name is due to the singular form of the calyx, which after flowering, closes upon the seeds like a cap or vizor. July, Aug. 5. S. PILOSA. Michx. Darl. (S. ovalifolia. Bart.') St. erect, mostly simple, hirsute-pubescent; Irs. pubescent, rhomboid- ovate or oval, crenate-serrate, petiolate, in remote pairs ; rac. terminal, rather short ; bracts elliptic-ovate. Open woodlands, Penn. to Car. Stem 11 $f high, purplish. Leaves few, 1 2 by f H', cuneately narrowed to the petiole, rather obtuse. Raceme generally simple and few-flowered, with opposite, el- liptical bracts. Pedicels and calyx hairy. Corolla tube nearly white below, blue at summit, 6 9" long. June Aug. 36* 424 XCIII. LABIATE. NEPETA. 6. S. RUG&SA. Wood. (Nov. sp.) St. decumbent at base, diffusely branched, pubescent ; Ivs. oval and ovate, rugose, pubescent, petiolate, obtuse at each end, subcordate, crenate-serrate ; roc. simple, elongated, terminal on the stem and branches ; bracts broad-ovate, petiolate, subcordate, as long as the calyx. At Harper's Ferry, on the rocky shores of the Shenandoah ! A rough, diffuse plant, about If high. Stem with the angles obtuse and the sides grooved. Leaves rather numerous, 12 18" by 9 13", scarcely longer than the petioles, the bracts 2 3" diam. Racemes 5 8' long, rather dense-flowered. Corolla 8" long. July Sept. 7. S. INTEGRIFOLIA. (S. hyssopifolia. Pcrs. S. Caroliniana. Ph.} St. erect, nearly simple, and, with the whole plant, densely pubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, and linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, subacute. entire, subsessile ; roc. loose, leafy ; bracts lanceolate ; fls. large. 7J. Mid. States to Ark., on dry hills. Stem 1 2f high, with large, blue flowers in terminal ra- cemes. The leaves (1 2' long) vary in breadth and margin, the lowest being sometimes ovate arid crenate. Corolla bright blue at the summit, nearly white at base, 8 9" long. June, July. The plant is intensely bitter. 8. S. CANESCENS. Nutt. (S. serrata and S. incana. Spr. fide Hook.} St. erect, tall, pubescent ; Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, rounded or attenuate at base, minutely pubescent both sides, paler beneath, margin crenate, apex acute, the lower cordate ; rac. terminal and axillary, pedunculate, panicu- late ; bracts lanceolate and lance-linear ; fls. canescent. Dry grounds, Middle and Western States, abundant. Stem usually purple, 1 3f high. Leaves 2 3' long, | as wide, often with a purple margin and purplish spots. Flowers rather numerous, large and showy. Corolla 10" long, tube white, lips blue. 9. S. CORDIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. versicolor'? Nutt.) Stout, branching, clothed with a soft, glandular pubescence in all its parts; Ivs. broadly cordate, large, obtusely dentate, nearly smooth ; petioles very long ; rac. ternate, terminal ; bracts ovate ; fls. smaller. Nuttall. Open woods and prairies, Western States. I have specimens essentially agreeing with the above, in which the leaves are 3 4' long, 2 3' wide. Flowers in a large, dif- fuse panicle, less showy than in the last species. Bracts broad-ovate and near- ly sessile, viscidly pubescent. Corolla 8" long, upper lip blue, lower white. 22. PRUNELLA. Calyx about 10-ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth, lower lip with 2 lanceolate teeth ; filaments forked, one point of the fork bearing the anther. P. VULGARIS. Self-heal. Blue-curls. St. ascending, simple ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate ; upper lip of cor. truncate, with 3 awns. 7J. A very common plant, in meadows and low grounds, N. Am., lat. 33 to the Arc. Sea. The stem is nearly a foot high, (2f in la. ! and 111. !) obtusely 4-angled, hairy, simple or slightly branched. Leaves few, opposite, slightly toothed, the stalks gradually becoming shorter from the lower to the upper pair which are sessile. Flowers blue, in a large ovate spike of dense verticils. Bracts imbricated, reniform, 2 beneath each verticil. Flowering all summer. TRIBE 7. NEPETE.E. Calyx oblique, upper teeth longer. Corolk bilabi- ate, upper lip vaulted, lower spreading, throat mostly inflated. Stamens as- cending or diverging, the upper pair longer. 23. NEPETA. Said to be from Nepet, a town in Tuscany. Calyx arid, striate ; upper lip of the corolla emarginate, lower 3- lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the orifice re- flected ; stamens approximate. DRACOCEPHALUM. XCIII. LABIATE. 425 1. N. CATARIA. Catnep. Catmint. (Fig. 51.) Erect, tall, hoary-tomentose ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, coarsely crenate-ser- rate ; fls. spiked, the whorls slightly pedunculated. 1\. This common plant is naturalized everywhere about old buildings and fences. Cats are very fond of it and will often devour it with the greatest avidity. Stem square, pubescent, branching, 2- 3f high. Leaves very evenly bordered by tooth-like or crenate serratures, and as well as the whole plant, covered with a soft, hoary down, paler beneath. Flowers many, white or purplish, the lower lip dotted with crimson. July. 2. N. GLECHOMA. Benth. (Glechoma hederacea. Linn.} Gtil-over-the- ground. Ground Ivy. (Fig. 51.) Lvs. reniform, crenate; cor. about 3 times as long as the calyx. 7L A creeping plant, naturalized about hedges, walls, &c. Stems prostrate, radicating at base, square, varying in length from a few inches to 1 2f. Leaves petiolate, opposite, roundish, cordate-reniform, hairy and glaucous. Flowers axillary, about 3 together. Corolla bluish-pur- ple, with a variegated throat. The 2 anthers of each pair of stamens meet with their 2 divaricate cells, forming the appearance of a cross. The plant is aromatic, and was formerly used in ale, also in medicine. May. 24. LOP HA NTH US. Benth. Gr. Ao<2of , a crest, av$o$ ; flowers in dense, terminal spikes. Calyx 15-ribbed, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments longer; corolla bilabiate, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader and crenate ; stamens diverging. 1. L. NEPETolDEs. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.} St. smooth, quadrangular, with the angles acute and slightly winged ; Ivs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate; petioles smoothish. 1|. Middle! and Western States ! A tall, branching, pale green herb, common about fences and dry hedges. Stem 3 6f high, the sides somewhat concave, and the angles prominent. Leaves acuminate, about 4' by 2'. Flowers in crowded, axillary verticils, forming a terminal, green spike, which is nearly continuous above. Corolla greenish-yellow. Stamens exserted. July, Aug. 2. L. SCHROPHULARIFOLIUS. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.} St. pubescent, quadrangular, with the angles obtuse ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate ; petioles ciliate-pubescent. Tj. Tall, stout and branching, with the general aspect of the former species, and found in similar situations. The herbage is often changed to dark purple. Stem 2 if high, purple. Leaves about 5' by 3', coarsely serrate, acuminate. Flowers in crowded, axillary ver- ticils, forming a long, dense, terminal .spike. Corolla pale purple, more con- spicuous than in the first. Stamens and style exserted. July, Aug. 25. DRACOCEPHlLUM. Gr. SpaKw, dragon, K square, generally hispid backward' on the angles, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves smooth, membranaceous, generally rounded at base and acute at apex. Spike terminal, leafy, composed of verticils, each with 48 pale purple flowers. Variable in pubescence. July. 2. S. SYLVATICA. (S. aspera. M\M. <%> Bw. S. hispida. Nukt.) Wood Sta- chys. St. very hispid on the angles ; Ivs. on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes cordate at base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, hirsute ; verticils 2 6 flowered ; floral Ivs. very small, lanceolate-linear, hispid-ciliate ; cal. hirsute, with ciliate, spinescent teeth. Ij. A very rough and hairy herb, 'in low woods and on shady banks. Stem erect, 12 18' high. Leaves 3 4' long and as wide, with rounded or uncinate serratures, the upper surface with short, bristly hairs. Petioles \' long, and with the veins beneath, hispid. Spike long, slender, terminal, very rough and hairy. Corolla exserted, purple, spotted. July., Aug. 3. S. HYSSOPIFOLIA. Michx. (S. palustris. Walt.') Si. scarcely pubescent, slender, erect ; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, slightly dentate ; verticils about 4-flowered ; cal. subspinescent. Ij. A slender species 6 12' high, in meadows, N. Y. and Ms., rare, West to la. where it is frequent ! Leaves very narrow, often linear, 2 3' by 4 10", with minute teeth or finely serrulate. Flowers sessile. Corolla a little hairy, purple. July. A smoother and elegant plant compared with the last. 4. S. INTERMEDIA. Ait. ,81 somewhat villose; Ivs. oblong, subcordate, crenate; verticils many- flowered; cal. somewhat spinescent. 111. Jn., Jl. 32. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular, 5 10-ribbed, with 5 or 10 subequal teeth; cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or bifid, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broadest, einarginate, tube included ; sta. included beneath the upper lip. M. VULGARE. Hoarhound. St. ascending, hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, crenate-dentate, downy-canescent beneath ; cal. of 10 setaceous, uncinate teeth. 7J. Introduced into fields and roadsides. Stem 1 2f high, branching at base, or several from the same root, covered with a white, downy pubescence. Leaves petio- late, 1 2' in diameter, whitish and rough-veined above, very woolly beneath, rounded and toothed. Flowers white, in sessile, axillary, dense, hairy verti- cils. Calyx woolly, the teeth spreading and alternately shorter. The hoar- hound is an aromatic and bitter herb, well known as an ingredient in cough candy. It is tonic and diuretic, and much used in pulmonary affections. 33. BALLOTA. GT. /?aXXw, to reject; on account of its offensive odor. Calyx hypocrateriform, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed ; cor. bilabiate, tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx ; upper lip concave, crenate, lower lip 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate ; ach. ovoid-triangular. B. NIGRA. Black or Foetid Hoarhound. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, undivided, serrate ; cal. somewhat truncate, throat dilated, teeth spreading, acuminate. 7J. Said to have been introduced, but is frequently met with about hedges, &c., in Ms. and Conn. Stem 2 3f high, pubescent as well as the opposite, broad leaves. Flowers purple or white, in axillary verticils. This plant has the general appearance of hoarhourid (Mar- rubium) but not its fragrance. July. XCIV. BORRAGIJNACEjK. 429 34. MOL UCCELLA. Brought from the Molucca Islands, &c. Calyx campanulate, very large, the margin expanding, often repand-spinose ; cor. much smaller, included within it. M. LJEVIS. Molucca Balm. Shell Flower. St. ascending, subsimple, gla- brous ; Irs. petiolate, roundish-ovate, dentate ; fls. in a terminal, leafy raceme ; cal. campanulate, equally 5-toothed, nearly twice longer than the corolla, teeth awnless. Syria. A curious plant in gardens, smooth in all its parts and of a glaucous green, 1 2f high. It is chiefly remarkable for its ample, bell- shaped calyx, in the bottom of which is seated the yellowish-green flower. TRIBE 9. AJUGOIDEJE. Corolla upper lip very short, or split to the base, or rarely erect and vaulted, lower lip longer. Stamens ascending, much exserted. Achenia reticulately rugose. 35. TRIG HOST EM A. CrT. OpiJ;, TpiKog, hair, ffTri^a, a stamen ; for its long, hair-like stamens. Calyx resupinate, oblique, unequally 5-cleft ; upper lip (lower by the twisting of the peduncle) of 2 short, acute teeth, lower (at length the upper) twice as long, 3-toothed ; cor. tube slender, very short, unequally 5-cleft, lobes oblong, declined ; sta. much exserted, lower ones longer. T. DICHOTOMA. Blue-curls. Lrs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire, pubescent ; fls. resupinate ; sta. very long, exserted. Found on dry or rocky hills and in sandy soils, Mass. ! to Md. ! Ga., La., 111. An interesting plant, a foot high. Stem obtusely 4-angled, hairy, bushy. Branches opposite, divided, the upper pair generally forming a dichotornous division of the stem. Leaves petiolate, of a rhombic, ovate-lanceolate form. Flowers axillary and terminal, becoming inverted by the twisting of the petiole. Corolla purple. Stamens slender, of a delicate purplish hue, gracefully bending frorn the lower lip of the corolla to the upper, forming a beautiful arch. Aug. 36. TEUCRIUM. Teucer, the founder of Troy, is said by Pliny to have first employed it medicinally. Calyx subcampanulate, and subregular, in 5 acute segments ; co- rolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lowest largest, roundish ; stamens exserted from the cleft in the upper side of the tube. T. CANADENSE. Wild Germander. Plant erect, hoary-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, serrate, petiolate; bracts linear-lanceolate, longer than the calyx ; spike long, of many crowded verticils of flowers ; upper teeth of cal. broader. 1\. Can. and U. S., fields and roadsides. Stem about 2f high, simple or branched, square, with concave sides. Leaves 3 times as long as wide, somewhat rounded at base, green above, hoary with down beneath. Bracts longer than the calyx. Flowers disposed in axillary verticils, each of 4 6. Calyx with 5 broad, nearly equal segments, the 2 lower ones narrower. Corolla purplish, apparently without the upper lip, instead of which is a fissure through which the stamens are exserted. July. 0. Virginicum. Upper Ivs. ovate-oblong, nearly sessile ; bracts about as long as the calyx. Habits similar to the last. ORDER XCIY. BORKAGLNACEJE. BORRAGEWORTS. Herbs, shruls or trees, with round stems and branches. Lvs. alternate, often rough with stiffhairs which are scale-like and indurated at base. [flowers expand. Stip. none. Spikes, racemes or corymbs generally secund, and circinate before flowering, evolving as the Fls. of the cyanic series, white, blue, red, &c.. rarely yellow. Cal Sepals 5, regular, more or less united at base, persistent Cor. Petals 5, regular (very rarely irregular), united at base, hypcxrynous. imbricate in aestivation. 430 XCIV. BORRAGINACE^E. ECHITJM. Sta. 5, inserted into the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ova. deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the base of the lobes. Fr.--Nuts 91- achenia 4, distinct, l-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Embryo with a superior radicle. Cotyledons plano-convex. anorS thpTrSf 8 6 i ? vei j^ mds -^ in *e south of Europe and middle of Asia, becoming rare as we approach me arctic circle. All our native species are herbaceous. Properties. Mucilaginous and emollient plants, never poisonous. FIG. 52. i. Borrago officinalis. 2. A petal with its appendage at base, and anthers produced at apex. 3. Calyx with the 4 achenia and style. 4. Vertical section of one of the achenia, showing the seed, em- bryo and albumen. 5. Plan of the flower. 6. Lithqspermum (Batschia) canescens. 7. Corolla laid open, showing the stamens inserted on the tube. Conspectus of the Genera. irregular. ..." Echium. ("Corolla rotate, blue. . . Borrago. I Corolla campanulate. . . Symphyt excavated | Cor. funnel or ( tube straight. Anchusn. at base. I salver-form, \ tube twice bent. Lycopsis. fAch.free, f Ovary I unarmed, $ Lvs. rough. Onosmodium. 1. I Lvs. smooth.Mertensia. (dilated ("Cor. throat < nar- Uobes erect. . Pulmonaria. not ex- 1 open and ( row. \ lobes spreaiding.Lithospermum. cavate | Cor. closed $ yellow, large. . Pentalophus. lall. . at base. Cat throat, \ white, smal i Corolla saiver-form. r , = . ^ Corolla funnel-fon Corolla I regular. I Ovary entire (partible in fruit) bearing the style at the top. J deeply , 1 4-parted. I Achenia echinate, cohering. I Corolla funnel-form. Myosotis. 11 Echinospertnum. 12 Cynoglossum. 13 IleHotrvpiwm. 14 TRIBE 1. BORRAGE-E. Ovary consisting of two bipartible (rarely 2-celled) carpels. Style arising from the base between the segments of the ovary. Fruit deeply 4-(rarely 2-)parted. Seeds without albumen. 1. ECHIUM. Buek. Gr. c%'J, a viper; from the spotted stem of some species. Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect ; corolla campanulate, ob- liquely and unequally lobed, with a short tube and naked orifice ; stigma cleft; achenia tuberculate, imperforate. Herbs or shrubs. Fls. irregular, in spicate, panided racemes. Cor. cyanic. E. VTJLGARE. Viper's Bugloss. St. herbaceous, rough with bristles and tubercles ; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, and rough with bristles ; spikes lateral, hairy, deflected. A rough plant, with large, handsome, violet-colored flowers, found in fields and waste grounds, N. States. Stem 18 20' high, round, with entire, dull green leaves, which are 2 6' long, and ^ as wide, lower ones petiolate, upper ones amplexicaul. Flow- ers in numerous, crowded, axillary, recurved spikes, appearing in June and July. LYCOPSIS. XCIV. BORRAGINACE.&. 431 2. BORRAGO. Tourn. Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, with acute segments; orifice crowned ; filaments converging ; achenia rounded, imperforate at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated receptacle. European herbs. 1 B. OFFICINALIS. Common Barrage. Lvs. ovate, alternate, the lower ones petiolate ; col. spreading ; ped. terminal, many-flowered. Native of England, and with us a common inhabitant of the garden. The whole plant is rough with short, bristly hairs, erect, 2f high, with terminal clusters of handsome, sky- blue flowers during summer. It was formerly in high repute as a cordial. The young leaves form a good salad and pot-herb. 2. B. ORIENTALIS. (Psilostemon. DC.} Oriental Barrage. Lvs. cordate, peti- olate ped. many-flowered ; sta. exserted, villous. An ornamental garden plant' native of Turkey. Stem and leaves hairy. Flowers blue, appearing in the spring months. 3. SYMPHYTUM. Gr. cvpQvais, a joining or healing ; from its reputation for healing wounds. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla tubular-campanulate, orifice closed with 5, subulate scales, converging into a cone ; achenia gibbous, imperfo- rate. Tj. Oriental herbs. Flowers cyanic. S. OFFICINALE. Comfrev. Pilose ; st. branching 4roove ; Ivs. extensively decurrent, frie lower ana radical petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, upper and floral lanceolate; sep. lanceolate, acuminate ; cor. limb with 5 recurved teeth. A large, coarse-looking but showy exotic, in our gardens and shrubberies, also naturalized in low grounds, Middle States'. Whole plant rough with dense hairs. Stem 3 4f high, winged by the decurrent leaves, bearing terminal, revolute racemes. Corollas white, pink and red, appearing all summer. Root perennial. It abounds with mucilage and has long been regarded as an efficient vulnerary. 4. ANCHUSA. Gr. ay^ovo-a, paint; the root of one species was once used for staining the features. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla infundibuliform, vaulted ; tube straight, orifice closed with 5 prominent scales ; achenia perforate at the base and their surfaces generally rugose ; stamens included ; stigma emar- ginate. Handsome herbs, mostly European. Fls. cyanic. A. OFFICINALIS. Bugloss, or Ox-tongue. Lvs. lanceolate, strigose ; spikes one- sided, imbricated; cal. as long as the tube of the corolla. 7J. A rough garden plant, native of Britain. The English name, Bugloss, comes from the Greek, signifying ox-tongue, on account of the long, rough leaves. Stem 2i high, rough with bristly hairs. Bracts ovate. Flowers purple, with a melliferous corolla very attractive to bees. The leaves are juicy, and the root mucilaginous, used in medicine to promote the eruption of the small-pox. Blossom^ all summer, f 5. LYCOPSIS. Gr. \VKOS, a wolf, and or//, the eye ; name suggested by the small blue flowers. Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla funnel-form, tube incurved, orifice closed with ovate, converging scales ; achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular. Distinguished from Anchusa only by the curved corolla tube. L. ARVENSIS. Wild Bugloss. Plant hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; roc. leafy ; fls. sessile ; cal. shorter than the tube of the corolla. A very hispid, almost bristly plant, found in fields and roadsides, Northern States, probably introduced. Stem erect, branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as . wide, the margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Flowers small. Calyx erect. Corolla sky-blue with white scales within. June, July. o / 432 XCIV. BORRAGINACE^E. LITHOSPERMUM. 6. ONOSMODIUM. Michx. From Onosma, another genus of this order, and eidos, appearance or resemblance. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments ; corolla subcampanu- late, having a ventricose, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments con- verging and the orifice open ; anthers sessile, sagittate, included ; style much exserted ; achenia imperforate, shining. '4 North Ameri- can. Rac. terminal, subspicate, one-sided. Fls. white. 1. O. VIRGINIANUM. Alph. DC. (O. hispidum. Michx. Lithospermum Virg. Linn.) False Gromwell. St. with appressed hairs ; Ivs. oblong-lan- ceolate, minutely strigose ; col. lubes lanceolate, pilose both sides, half as long as the corolla ; cor. lobes lance-subulate, clothed externally with long, hispid hairs. N. Y. to Flor., in dry, hilly grounds. A very rough, erect plant about lf high. Leaves 1 2' by J f, 3 5- veined, often oval and even ovate-lanceo- late. Flowers greenish- white, in leafy racemes which are recurved at first but finally erect. Styles (6 7") twice longer than the corolla. 2. O. CAROLINIANUM. DC. (O. molle. Michx. Lithospermum Carol. Lam. L. molle. Muhl.) Villose-canescent ; Ivs. oblong-oval, rather obtuse, each side whitish with scattered hairs; bracts ovate-lanceolate; cal. segments lanceo- late, half as long as the glabrous corolla; cor. segments ovate, acute. Rocky hills, N. Y. to Car. and Tenn. Plant a foot or more high, clothed with a soft, white pubescence. Anthers silky-pubescent, as long as the glabrous filaments, its lobes scarcely diverging. Jl. Aug. % 3. O. STRIGOSUM. G. Don. St. erect, simple, pilose-hispid, very leafy; Ivs. lance-linear, sessile, very long, 3- veined, with appressed hairs ; bracts lance-linear, silky ; cal. lobes linear, acute, silky with appressed hairs both sides, very long ; cor. cylindrical, a third longer than the calyx, silky-puberulent outside ; sta. included ; sty. exserted. 111., (Mead,) in wet prairies and woods. Leaves 3' long, ' wide, nearly gla- brous beneath the veins. Corolla yellowish- white. Fruit smooth and shining. 7. LITHOSPERMUM. Gr. Xi^oj, a stone, and cop.) Burr-seed. St. branched above ; Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, hairy ; cor. longer than the calyx, the border erect-spreading ; ach. each with 2 rows of hooked prickles on the margin. (I) An erect herb, in dry soils, roadsides, N. States to Arc. Am. Stem having a dry, grayish aspect from its dense hairs, about a foot high, undivided except at the top where it branches into a kind of panicle. Leaves V by 1 2", sessile. Flowers very small, blue. Jl. 13. CYNOGLOSSUM. Gr. KVUV, a dog, yAoo-tro, tongue; from the form of the long, soft leaves. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla short, infundibuliform, vaulted ; orifice closed by 5 converging, convex scales ; achenia depressed, fixed late- rally to the style. Cor. blue, purple or white. 1. C. OFFICINALE. Hound's-tongue. Silky-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, radical ones alternate at the base, petiolate, cauline ones sessile ; sta. shorter than corolla. % An erect, downy plant, of a dull green color, 18 20' high, and emitting a disagreeable smell, which several distinguished botanists have compared to the smell of young mice ! Grows in waste grounds and roadsides. Stem erect, hairy, 1 2f high. Leaves hoary with soft down on both sides, entire, upper ones clasping, with broad bases, lower ones 6 10' by 1 2', tapering into a long, attenuated base (winged petiole 1), pointed at apex. Clusters terminal, panicled, recurved at the end. Flowers with a downy calyx and a dull red corolla. Calyx leaf-like in fruit. Seeds rough, with hooked prickles. Jl. 2. C. VIRGINICUM. (C. amplexicaule. MX. and 1st edit.) Hirsute-pilose; Ivs. oblong-oval, acute, upper ones clasping, cordate at oase ; corymb terminal, leafless, on a long peduncle. % Inhabiting woods and thickets, Vt, ! to Md. ! W. to 111. ! rare in N. Eng. A very hairy plant, 2f high, simple, bearing at the top of its leafless summit, a small, panicled corymb of pale purple flowers. Radical leaves 5 6' long and half as wide. Calyx and pedicels very hairy. Jn. 3. C. MORRISONJ. DC. (Echinospermum Virginicum. Lehm. and 1st edit.) Virginian Mouse-ear. St. much branched ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, scabrous above ; roc. divaricate, dichotomous ; fruit densely covered with hooked prickles. An erect, hairy weed, in rocky grounds and rubbish, Can. to Flor. Stem furrowed, 2 3f high, with many slender, remote, wide-spread branches, each terminating in a centrifugal, racemose inflorescence. Leaves entire, remote, large (34' long), tapering to each end, the lower ones petioled. Flowers very small, white, the pedicels nodding in fruit. Jl. TRIBE 2. HEL.IOTROPEJ3. Ovary bearing a simple, terminal style. Fruit dryish, drupaceous, partible. Seeds without albumen. 14. HELIOTROPIUM. .Tourn. Gr. jjAtof, the sun, Tpeirw, to turn ; the flowers were said to be always turned towards the sun. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla hypocrateriform, orifice naked, limb 5-cleft, with the sinuses plaited ; stamens included ; stigma peltate ; achenia 37* 436 XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. HYDROPHYLLUM. cohering without a common receptacle, at length separable. Herbs or shrubs. Spikes unilateral. Flowers never yellow. 1. H. EUROPIUM. Heliotrope. Herbaceous.; Ivs. ovate, entire, rugose and tomentose; spikes in pairs. A delicate annual, native of Europe and still growing on the banks of the Shenandoah at Harper's Ferry ! where Nuttall saw it in 1818. Cultivated among stove-plants. Stem 8 12' high. Leaves 1 2' by 8 15". Flowers white, mostly in 2, terminal, long, scorpoid racemes. 2. H. PERUVIANUM. Peruvian Heliotrope. Shrubby ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; fls. in numerous, aggregated spikes. Native of Peru. A small, elegant green- house shrub, 1 2f high. Leaves rough, serrulate, twice as long as wide, on short petioles. Flowers small but numerous, very fragrant, white or tinged with purple. ORDER XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^. HYDROPHYLLS. Herbs, shrubs or small trees, often hispid. Lvs. alternate, or the lower opposite, often lobed. Fly. in circinate racemes or unilateral spikes, rarely axillary and solitary. Cal. 5-cleft, the sinuses usually with reflexed appendages, persistent- Cor. 5-lobed, regular, with 10 melliferous scales near the base. Sta. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alternate with the lobes. Anth. 2-celled, versatile. [from the base of the cavity. Ova. free, simple, l-eelled. Style single, terminal, bifid. Stigmas 2. Placenta 2, parietal or on stalks Pr. Capsule invested with the permanent calyx. Sds. few, crustaceous. Embryo conical, in abundant, cartilaginous albumen. Genera 16, species 75, chiefly American. Of no known use. Conspectus of the Genera. (Placenta large, fleshy, free. . . Hydrophyllum. 1 ( appendag'd inside with { Sta. exserted. ( Placentae on the middle of the valves. Pftacelia. 4 < 5 melliferous grooves. { Stamens included. Sepals very large. . . . Ellisia. 2 Corolla ( destitute of grooves or scales inside. Stamens as long as the corolla. . . Cosmanthtis. 3 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Tourn. Gr. v6(>)p, water, and (f>v\\ov, a leaf; the leaves in Spring hold each a quantity of water. Sepals slightly united at base ; corolla campanulate, with 5 longi- tudinal, margined, nectariferous grooves inside; stamens exserted; capsule globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive ; placenta fleshy, free. North American herbs. Radical Ivs. on long petioles, pinnately or palmately veined^ cauline alternate. Cymes scorpoid, bractless. * Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the corolla. 1. H. APPENDICULATUM. Michx. (Ncmophila paniculata. Spreng.} Lvs. hairy, lower ones pinnatifid, cauline palmately 5-lobed, dentate, lobes diverging, and with the long petioles, ped. and cal. hispid ; sep. lance-subulate, the appendages at the base ovate, acute, 4 times shorter ; cor. glabrous except the minute appendages inside; sta. included. (g) Mich, to la., Plummerl and 111. to Va., moist woods and bottoms. Stems 1 lf high, branched. Petioles 1 4' long. The leaves are of a singular form, roundish in outline, the broad, acute lobes diverging in a stellate manner ; teeth mucronate. Calyx 4 5" long, appendages deflexed, 1' long. Corolla blue, on long peduncles. May. * * Calyx not appendaged. filaments much exserted. 2. H. VIRGINICUM. Virginian Water-leaf. Plant nearly smooth; Ivs. pinnatifid and pinnate, the segments oval- lanceolate, incisely serrate ; fascicles conglomerate ; ped. as long as the peti- oles. ^ An inhabitant of wet or moist woods, Can. to Car. and Western States. Stem a foot high, bearing large, roundish tufts of flowers peculiarly distinguished by their exserted stamens and style, which are twice the length of the bell-shaped corollas. Leaves few, on long, clasping petioles, with about 5 distinct leaflets, the upper 3 more or less confluent at base, all irregularly toothed. Corollas varying from white to sky-blue. June. 3. H. CANADENSE. Canadian Water-leaf. Burr-flower. Lvs. smoothish, palmate, roundish, with 5 7 shallow lobes, unequally COSMANTHUS. XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 437 dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate; fls. in crowded fascicles ; peds. shorter than the petioles. Tj. Gluite different in aspect from the last. Found in alpine woods, Can. to Car. W. to Ohio ! Stem 12 18' high, with large, roughish leaves, divided into 5 7 lobes. Fascicles of flowers dense, axillary and terminal. Corollas white or variously tinged with purple. Stamens and style much exserted, as in the last. Jn., Jl. 4. H. MACROPHYLLUM. Nutt. (H. hispidum. Riddell.} Whole plant reversely hispid with white hairs ; Ivs. oblong-oval in outline, pinnatifid, lower segments distinct, upper confluent, all incised into rounded, mucronate teeth, cauline solitary or tew, much smaller ; cymes terminal, long- pedunculate, dense-flowered ; cor. glabrous except the grooves inside. Ij. Ohio, Locke ! to the Alleghany Mts. Stem a foot high, almost leafless, with a termi- nal, globose cyme of white flowers. Radical leaves 8 12' (including the petiole 3 4') by 3 5', the segments ovate-oblong. Corolla twice longer than the ovate, acute sepals, half as long as the capillary filaments which are 9" in length. Jn. 2. ELLISIA. In honor of Joseph Ellis, F. R. S., an English naturalist, correspondent of Linnaeus. Calyx 5-parted, equaling the tubular-campanulate, caducous corol- la ; tube with 10 minute appendages within, limb 5-lobed ; sta. included ; nectary annular, 5-toothed ; sty. bifid, with linear lobes ; caps, ovoid-globose, 2-valved; seeds 4. (D North American herbs, with pinnatifid Ivs. Cor. white. E. NYCTEL.EA. Ascending, branching, with few, scattered hairs ; Ivs. pinnatifid, petiolate, upper ones alternate, segments linear-oblong, nearly distinct, sparingly dentate ; ped. 1-flowered, opposite the leaves, about as long as the sepals ; cal. seg. trian- gular-acuminate, broad at base, longer than the tube of the corolla. 111. Mead! to Va., woods and river banks. Stem 4 10' long. Leaves 1 2' long | as wide. Calyx at length remarkably large for the size of the plant, nearly an inch in diam. Corolla lobes obtuse, emarginate, with purple spots at base inside. 3. COSMANTHUS. Nolte. Gr. Kovpos, elegance, av$os, & flower. Calyx 5-parted ; cor. broadly campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft, tube without appendages ; sta. 5, about equaling the corolla ; nectary minute ; ova. hairy except at base, 1 -celled ; sty. bifid ; caps. 2-valved, valves septiferous in the middle ; seeds 4 10, rugulose. CD .ZV". Ame- rican herbs, with alternate Ivs. Rac. long, bractless. Fls. small, white or pale blue. 17 C. PARviFLoRus. Alph. DC. fPhacelia. Ph. Eutoca. Dr.} Diffuse, pubescent ; lis. subsessile, pinnatifid or trifid, segments oblong or ovate, sparingly lobed or entire; roc. solitary; pedicels in flower longer than the calyx; sta. subequal to -the corolla ; placenta 6 8-ovuled. Penn. to Va. Stem 68' high. Flowers pale blue, 4" diam., the lobes rounded and entire. Capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx. May. 2. C. PURSHII. Wood. (C. fimbriatus. Nolte. Phacelia fimbriata. Ph. not MX. P. Purshii. Buckley.) Miami Mist. Nearly glabrous; lower Ivs. petiolate, pinnatifid, segments few, entire, ovate, terminal one largest, upper Ivs. sessile, pectinately pinnatifid, with oblong, acute lobes; roc. terminal, sim- ple, 5 10-flowered ; pedicels longer than the lance-linear sepals ; lobes of tlie car. fimbriate. Fields and river bottoms, Penn. to Ga., W. to la. ! and Ky. Plant 8 12' high, slender and with slender branches. Radical leaves with obtuse lobes, mostly shorter than the petiole. Flowers light blue, 4 5" broad, spread- ing. May, Jn. 438 XCVI. POLEMONIACEJE. PHLOX. 4. PHACELIA. Gr. ^a/fcXof, a bundle or fascicle ; alluding to the fasciculate racemes. Calyx 5 parted ; cor. tubular-campanulate, caducous, 5-lobed, tube within furnished with 5 melliferous grooves ; sta. 5, mostly exserted ; ova. 1 -celled, hispid; sty. bifid; caps, ovoid, 2-valved, valves placen- tiferous in the middle ; seeds 4. American herbs, hispid, with alter- nate Ivs., and loose or dense, one-sided racemes. P. BIPINNATIF1DA. Michx. Hairy, suberect; Ivs. incisely pinnatifid, long-petiolate, lateral segments 3 4, incisely lobed and toothed, terminal trifid ; roc. elongated, bifid or sub- paniculate ; cor. lobes entire, twice longer than the calyx, shorter than the stamens. Tj. or (g) Woods and hill sides, Penn. to Ohio ! and la. ! Plant sometimes nearly smooth, 1 2f high, bearing several leafless racemes at top. Leaves 3 6' long, including the petiole. Corolla 6" broad, blue, the grooves bordered with narrow, pubescent margins. May, Jn. /?. Plummeri. St. ferruginous-hirsute ; fls. much smaller ; cor. scarcely longer than the calyx. Richmond, la. Plummer ! ORDER XCVI . POLEMONIACEJE. PHLOXWORTS. Herbs, with opposite, occasionally alternate, compound or simple leaves. Cal. 5 united sepals, inferior, persistent, sometimes irregular. Cor. 5 united petals, regular, the lobes imbricate or twisted in aestivation. Sta. 5, inserted into the midst 9f the corolla tube and alternate with its lobes. Ova. 3-celled, free. Styles united into 1. Stigma trifid. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, valves also separating from the 3-cornered axis. Sds. few or many. Albumen horny. Embryo foliaceous. Genera 17, species 104, chiefly North American. They are valued only in cultivation as ornamental plants. Conspectus of the Genera. (. hypocraterifbrm. Phlox. 1 < infundibuliform. Gilia. 2 Corolla ( campanulate. Polemonium. 3 1. PHLOX. Gr. foot-, aflame ; from the color and profusion of the flowers. Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft ; corolla hypocrateriform, the tube more or less curved ; stamens very unequal, inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle ; capsule 3-celled, cells 1 -seeded. A highly ornamental, North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, simple, entire. Fls. in terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. P. PANICULATA. Panicled Phlox or Lychnidea. St. glabrous, erect ; Ivs. glabrous, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, rough-edged, flat ; corymbs paniculate, subpyramidal, many-flow- ered ; col. teeth setaceous-acuminate, shorter than the tube ; pet. roundish, obovate, entire. 1\. This well-known favorite of gardens is found native in woods and on river banks, Western States ! to Penn. and Car. It flourishes in rich, moist soil, or in leaf- mould or peat. Stem 2 3f high, ending in a large, oblong- pyramidal panicle of innumerable pink-colored, scentless flowers. Leaves 3 5' by 9 16", lower ones distinctly petioled, the highest sometimes subcordate at base. July Sept. f 2. P. ACUMINATA. Ph. Acuminate Lychnidea. St. erect, paniculate, branching above; Ivs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the upper ones subcordate at base, all pubescent beneath, as well as the stem ; panicle pyramidal-corymbose, many-flowered ; cal. teeth briefly seta- ceous-acuminate. % This species', whose numerous varieties are common in gardens, is a native of Mo., Ky. and 111. Although distinguishable at sight from P. paniculata, being stouter and rougher, its chief technical distinction is its pubescence and shorter calyx teeth. Petals rounded at the end, light purple, varying to deep purple and red. June Aug. f PHLOX. XCVI. POLEMONiACE^. 439 3. P. MACULATA. (P. pyramidalis. Sm. P. latifolia. Michx.*) St. erect, subsimple, scabrous or nearly smooth ; lower Ivs. lanceolate, the highest ovate, cordate at base, all subcoriaceous, roughish or smooth; panicle oblong or subpyramidal ; col. teeth lanceolate, acute ; pet. orbicular. 7|_ Moist fields, Penn. to Car. and Western States. Stem 2 3f high, mostly punctate, with purple spots. Lower branches of the panicle shorter than the leaves, or often elongated. Corolla tube more or less curved, smooth. Petals obtuse or retuse, purple, varying in gardens from white to crimson, f . . /?. suaveolens. (P. suaveolens. Ait.*) Fls. white, fragrant, f 4. P. CAROLINA. (P. revoluta. Aiken. P. nitida. Ph.~) Carolina Lychnidea. Glabrous, erect or ascending; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, attenuated to the apex, subcoriaceous, margins revolute, lower attenuated to the base, upper rounded at base ; panicle corymbose, puberulent or smooth ; cal. teeth short-acuminate ; cor. tube awned, segments obovate, entire. Tj. A very smooth species, fields and barrens, Ohio, la. ! common ; also Md. to Car. Stem slender, 1 2f high. Leaves 2 4' long, mostly quite narrow (34"), thick and shining. Panicle few (15 25)-flowered. Corolla purple. May Aug. 0. ovata. Benth. (P. ovata. Linn.) Lvs. ovate and lance-ovate. Car. -f 5. P. GLABERRIMA. Ohio Lychnidea. Glabrous ; st. branching at base, the branches subsimple ; Ivs. lance-linear or lance-oblong, rather obtuse, thin, sessile, flat, upper ones lance-ovate, often rounded at base ; panicle corymbose, few-flowered, glabrous ; cal. teeth lanceo- late, subacuminate, half as long as the corolla tube; pet. obovate, entire. TJ. Pine barrens, Ohio ! Very distinct from the former by its shorter, obtuse, never acuminate or revolute leaves and its much larger calyx. Stem 2f high. Leaves li2A' by 3 5". Flowers purple. June, July. 6. P. REPTANS. Michx. Creeping Lychnidea. Stolons creeping ; sts. low, assurgent ; Ivs. ovate, obovate or oblong ; cor. few- flowered ; cal. puberulent, segments linear-subulate ; pet. obovate, entire. 1\. Hill-sides and mountains, la. PLummer ! to S. Car. Flowering-stems 6' high, with small (4 9" by 2 4") and remote leaves. Stolons with leaves 2 3 times larger, somewhat crowded at the end. Flow r ers 3 8. Corolla bluish-purple, tube scarcely twice longer than the calyx. June. 7. P. DIVARICATA. Early-flowering Lychnidea. Low, diffuse, pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, ovate or oblong ; panicle corym- bose, loose ; cal. roughish -puberulent, segments linear-subulate ; cor. segments emarginate-bifid. 1|_ Can., N. Y. ! to Va. Stems loosely branched, a foot or more long, flaccid. Leaves 1 2' long, acute, the lower tapering to the base, the upper broad and clasping at base, the floral linear-setaceous. Pedicels di- verging, longer than the calyx which is half as long as the corolla tube, Corol- la of a peculiar light but brilliant grayish-blue. May. 01 Laphami. Lvs. ovate; pet. obtuse, entire. Wis. Lapham! Western Re- serve. Cowles! Intermediate between P. divaricata and P. glaberrima, and may prove distinct from both. 8. P. PILOSA. (P. aristata. Michx. Benth.*) Pilose-puberulent. erect or decumbent at base ; Ivs. lance-linear, margin subrevolute, subamplexicaul ; panicle corymbose; cal. hirsute, segments seta- ceous-acuminate; pet. obovate, entire. 7]. Penn. to Ohio, Clark ! Wis. Lap- ham! and Southern States. Stem 12 18' high, rigid. Leaves 1 -3' by 2 4", attenuated to the apex. Corolla pale red or bluish-white, the tube a third longer than the long, slender, awn-like teeth of the calyx. May, June. /? Lvs. shorter, broadest at base, sessile ; fls. smaller. Indiana ! 9. P. BIFIDA. Beck. Beck's Lychnidea. Low, assurgent, diffusely branched, puberulent ; Ivs. amplexicaul, subre- volute on the margin, acutish, lower lance-ovate, upper lance-linear ; corymbs very loose, 2 5-flowered; cal. segments linear, acute; cor. tube curved, seg- ments deeply bifid. A very distinct species, and very rare, in Mo. Beck, Cass Co., 111., Mead I Stem brownish-purple, slender, 6' high. Leaves 12 15" by 1 2", lower much shorter. Pedicels 1' long. Tube of corolla much curved, segments cleft nearly half way down, purple. Apr. 440 XCVL POLEMONIACE^E. POLEMONIUM. 10. P. DRUMMONDII. Drummond's bychnidea. Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilose ; Ivs. oblong or lance- olate, scabrous; corymb dense-flowered; cal. hairy, segments lanceolate, seta- ceous, elongated, revolute; cor. tube pilose, segments obovate, entire. One of the handsomest species of the genus, common in cultivation. Whole plant glandular-scabrous, 8 12' high. Flowers very showy, all shades from white to dark purple, f 11. P. SUBTJLATA (and P. setacea. Linn.} Moss Pink. Procumbent, caespitose, much branched, pubescent; Ivs. rigid, subulate or linear-subulate, ciliate, fascicled in the axils ; cal. teeth linear-subulate, very acute; cor. lobes cuneate, emarginate. Rocky hills and mountains, Penn. to Ga. and Ky., abundant in its localities, in dense, turfy masses, sprangled over in May with rose-colored flowers. Flowering branches, 2 4' long, numerous and fascicled. Corymb 3 6-flowered. Corolla white or pink, deeper purple in the centre. May. -f 2. G I L I A . Ruiz & Pavon. Calyx 5-cleft, segments acute ; cor. tube long or short, limb regu- larly 5-lobed ; sta. 5, equally inserted at top of the tube ; disk cup- form ; caps, oblong or ovoid, few or many-seeded. Herbs with alternate, pinnatifid Ivs. Fls. paniculate^ capitate or scattered^ generally bractless. 1. Corolla subrevolute, tube included in the calyx. 1. G. TRICOLOR. Benth. Tri-colored Gilia. St. erect, nearly smooth; Ivs. twice or thrice pinnatifid, with narrow, linear segments; cymes paniculate, 3 6-flowered ; cor. tricolored, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx, tube very short. An elegant little garden plant, from California, If high. Flowers numerous, limb pale lilac-blue, throat purple and tube yellow, t 2. IPOMOPSIS. Corolla infundibuliform, tube much exserted. 2. G. (IPOMOPSIS) CORONOPIFOLIA. Pers. Erect, tall ; st. strict, hairy ; Ivs. crowded, pinnatifid with subulate divi- sions ; thyrse elongated, with very short branches; cor. elongated, segments oval-oblong, erect-spreading ; sta. exserted. @ Southern States ! A splendid herb, 2 4f high, bearing at 'top a long (If) thyrse of scarlet-red flowers. Co- rollas li' long, f 3. POLEMONIUM. Gr. 7roX//of , war ; Pliny relates that two kings fought for the merit of its discovery. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft : corolla rotate-campanulate, limb 5-lobed, erect, tube short, closed at the base by 5 stameniferous valves ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, cells many-seeded. Herbs with alternate , pinnately-divided Ivs. Fls. terminal. 1. P. REPTANS. American Greek- Valerian. St. smooth, branching, erect; Ivs. pinnately 7 11-foliate, leaflets oval- lanceolate, acute ; fls. terminal, nodding ; cells of caps. 2 3-seeded. Tj. A handsome plant of woods and damp grounds in N. Y. to 111. ! and sometimes cultivated. Stem 12 18' high, weak, fleshy. Leaflets mostly 7, subopposite, smooth, entire, sessile, an inch long and half as wide. Flowers numerous, rather large, on short petioles. Segments of the calyx lanceolate-acute, per- sistent, much shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla blue, lobes short, rounded at the ends. Anthers introrse. Root creeping. 2. P. C03RULEUM. Greek Valerian. St. smooth, simple, erect; Ivs. pinnately 11 17-foliate, segments acuminate; fls. erect; cal. equaling the tube of the corolla ; cells of caps. 6 10-seeded. (g) A handsome, cultivated plant, native in England. Stems clustered, several from the same root, about 2f high, hol- low, stout, each dividing at top into a corymbose panicle. Leaves mostly radi- cal, on long, grooved petioles ; leaflets all sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subopposite, oblique, odd one lanceolate. Fls. terminal, suberect. Cor. blue, about $' diam. CONVOLVULUS. XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE.E. 441 ORDER XCVIL DIAPENSIACE^B. Under shrubs, prostrate, with crowded, heath-like leaves and solitary, terminal flowers. Col. Sepals 5, much imbricated, surrounded at base with imbricated scales. Cor. Petals 5, united, regular, imbricated in aestivation. Sta. 5, equal, the filaments petaloid and inserted on the corolla tube. Anth. 2-celled, transversely valved. Ova. 3-.celled, free. Styles united into 1. Stigma 3-lobed. Pr. Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds many, small, albuminous. Genus l, or 2 according to many authors, species 2, natives of the north of Europe and the northern parts of North America. DIAPENSIA. Calyx 5-parted, calyculate with 3 bracts at base ; corolla hypocra- teriform, limb 5-cleft, flat ; stamens 5, from the summit of the tube ; stigmas 3 ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Low, evergreen undershrubs. J . Anthers awnless. 1. D. LAPPONICA. Northern Diapensia. Caespitose ; Ivs. dense, spatulate, fleshy, evergreen, obtuse and entire ; fls. pedunculated. fy A little, leafy plant, 2 3' high, growing on the summits of the White Mts. in N. Hampshire, forming dense tufts among the rocks. Leaves crowded, pale beneath, fleshy, 5 8" by 1" with a revolute margin, clasping base, and broadly obtuse point. Flowers on short, terminal, solitary peduncles, which are an inch long in fruit. Calyx of 5, obtuse leaves, longer than the leafy bracts at its base. Corolla white, with 5, flat segments. July. 2. PYXIDANTHERA. Anthers with the lower valves beaked. 2. D. BARBULATA. Ell. (Pyxidanthera barbulata. Michx. D. cuneifolia. PA.) Branches short, ascending; Ivs. lance-cuneiform, acute, pubescent at base ; fls. terminal, sessile ; lower valve of the anther beaked or awned at base. A prostrate, creeping plant, abundant in pine barrens.- N. J. to Car., forming dense beds. It has also been found by Dr. Peck on the White Mts. {fide Torr.) Stems 3 6' long, subhispid. Leaves 1 2" by J 1". Flowers white, 3" diam. Sepals denticulate, as long as the corolla tube. May, Jn. The beak of the anther appears to be quite variable, sometimes reduced to an acute point. ORDER XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE^]. BINDWEEDS, Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice, mostly twining, sometimes erect. Lvs. alternate, without stipules, sometimes wholly wanting. Fls. showy. Cal. Sepals 5, much imbricated, usually united at base, persistent. Car. regular, limb 5 lobed or entire, plaited and twisted in aestivation. Sta. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ova. 2 4-celled, free. Styles united into 1. Fr. Capsule 2 4-celled. valves with septifragal dehiscence. Sds. few, large, with thin mucilaginous albumen. Cotyledons fohaceous, or wanting. Genera 43, species 660, very abundant in tropical climates, rare in cold. Properties The roots abound in an acrid, milky juice which is strongjy purgative. Jalap of the shops is the product of the root of Exogonium purga of Mexico, and other species. Scammony of Convolvulus Scammonia, native of Levant. The drastic qualities of both depend upon the presence of a peculiar resin. The sweet potato, a valuable article of food, is the product of C. Batatas, native at the South. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Style simple Convolvulus. I Stamens included. ( Styles 3 or 2 Stylisma. 3 $ Calyx naked. ( Stamens exserted. Corolla scarlet . . . Quamoclit, 2 (leafy, green. { Calyx enclosed in two large, leaf-like bracts. . . '. . . Calystegia. 4 Plants ( leafless, parasitic, orange-colored Cuscuta. 5 SUBORDER 1. C OXVOLVTJIvE-E. Embryo with cotyledons. Carpels united. Fruit capsular, dehiscent. 1. CONVOLVULUS. Lat. convolvere, to entwine ; from the habit of most of the plants. Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 small bracts near the base ; cor. campanulate. or funnel-form, limb 5-plaited ; sta. shorter than the limb, rarely a little longer ; ova. 2 4-celled 5 cells 1 2-ovuled ; sty, 442 XCVII1. CONVOLVULACEJE. CONVOLVULUS. simple ; stig. simple or 2-lobed ; caps, valvate, 2 4-celled, 4 6- seeded. A large genus of twining or 'prostrate, herbs, rarely shrubby or arborescent. Obs. The generic distinctions adopted by Choisy in the Prodromus of De Candolle, Vol. ix., appear to me to be too indefinite to be generally useful in a work like the present. I have adopted them merely as sections of the present genus. 1. Stigmas 2, linear-cylindric, often revolute. Capsule 2-celled. 1. C. ARVENSIS. Small Bindweed. St. striate, angular, generally prostrate ; Ivs. sagittate, somewhat auricu- late ; ped. mostly 1-flowered, bibracteate near the apex ; sep. roundish-ovate ; caps, smooth. 'ij. A twining plant, growing in fields and pastures, Maine to Car., not common. Stems several feet long, climbing or prostrate, a little hairy. Leaves 1 2' long, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers small, white, often with a tinge of red. The small, acute bracts are near the middle of the peduncle. Jn. 2. C. TRICOLOR. Tricolored Bindweed. St. ascending, villose; Ivs. lance- obovate, subspatulate, sessile, ciliate at base ; ped. 1-flowered, bracteate, longer than the leaves ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute ; cor. tricolored ; capsule villose. (> About the Mediterranean. Stem weak, ] 3f long. Corollas yellowish in the centre, white in the middle, and of a fine sky-blue on the upper part of the border. July. 2. IPOMGEA. Stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, ^-seeded. 3. C. PANDURATUS. (Ipomcea. Meyer.} Wild Potato. Man-of-the-earth. St. twining ; Ivs. broad-cordate or panduriform ; ped. long, 1 4-flowered ; cal. smooth; cor. tubular-campanulate. 1\. In sandy fields, N. Y. toGa. Stems several from the same root, 4 8f long, slender, smooth. Leaves 2 3' long and of about the same width, acute or obtuse, with rounded lobes at the base, some- times lobed and hollowed on the sides .and becoming fiddle-shaped. Petioles 2 3' long. Peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles, generally branching at the top, and bearing several large flowers. Corolla 2' long, purple and white. July, Aug. 4. C. LACUNOSUS. (C. micranthus. Riddell.} Small-flowered Bindweed. Minutely pubescent ; st. twining ; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, angular-lobed or entire, on long petioles ; ped. 1 3-flowered, half as long as the petioles ; sep. oblong-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla, ciliate, lobes acute; caps. pilose. (T) Penn., Md. ! to Flor., W. to Ohio and 111. A small, prostrate spe- cies, 2 6f long, in dry fields and hills. Leaves 2' by 1J', deeply cordate, often deeply 3-lobed ! petioles 1 3' long. Flowers 8" diam., 9" long, white with a purplish rim. Aug. Sept. 3. PHARBITIS. Stigma capitate, granulate. Ovary 3- rarely ^-celled, cells 2-seeded. 5. C. PURPUREUS. (Ipomcea. Ph. Pharbitis hispida. Choisy.} Common Morning Glory. St. climbing and twining, retrorsely pilose; Ivs. cordate, entire; /.nodding; ped. 2 5-flowered; pedicels thick; cal. hispid. (I) In fields, Mid. and W. States. Stems climbing many feet. Leaves roundish, heart- shaped. Flowers large, beautiful, generally of a dark purple, sometimes blue, flesh-colored, striped, &c. A well known and favorite climber and free flower, of the easiest culture. Jn. f 6. C. NIL. (Pharbitis. Choisy.} Morning Glory. Lvs. cordate, 3-lobed; fls. half 5-cleft; ped. shorter than the petioles, 1 3- flowered. A very beautiful twining plant, found wild, Penn. to Flor., but best known as a garden annual. Stem and leaves somewhat hairy. . Calyx very hairy, the segments long-acuminate. Flowers large, the tube white and the border of a clear blue color (whence its specific name, Anil or Nil, indigo). It is of the easiest culture, and raised from the seed. Blossoms from July to September, f 4. BATATAS. Stig. capitate, 2-lobed. Ova. 4-, or by abortion, 3 2-celled. 7. C. JALAPA. (C. macrorhizus. Ell. Batatas Jalapa. Choisy.} St. creeping or twining ; Ivs. cordate, entire, sinuate or lobed, tomentose- CALYSTEGU. XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE^E. 443 pubescent beneath ; ped, scarcely equaling the long petioles, 1 3-flowered ; sep. roundish-ovate, pubescent ; seeds villose, with long hairs. 7J. Western States ! is tuberous and mildly purgative. 8. C. BATATAS. (Batatas edulis. Choisy.} Sweet Potato. St. creeping, rarely twining; Ivs. cordate, hastate, angular, 5-veined, smoothish; ped. long; As fascicled ; sep. lanceolate, acuminate. The sweet potato is native of both Indies and cultivated in all tropical climates. Not only the tubers, but the leaves and tender shoots are boiled and eaten. The tubers are sweet and considered nutritive. This is the potato of the old English botanists, of Shake- speare, and their cotemporaries, the Solanum titberosum then being unknown. The stem is round, hispid, prostrate, creeping, sending out scattered, oblong tubers which are purplish without. Flowers large, purple or white. $ 2. GIUAM6CLIT. Tourn. Gr. Kvapos, & bean, KAtroj, dwarf; resembles the climbing tean, but smaller. Sepals 5, mostly mucronate ; cor. tubular-cylindric ; sta. exserted ; sty. 1 ; stig. capitate, 2-lobed ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1 -seeded. Twin- ing herbs, mostly American. 1. Q,. VULGARIS. Choisy. (Ipomsea. 'Linn. Convolvulus. 1st. edit.} Jasmine. Bindweed. Cypress Vine. Lvs. pinnatifid to the midvein, segments linear, parallel, acute; ped. 1-flowered; sep. ovate-lanceolate. An exceedingly delicate vine, Penn. Eaton, Southern States ! generally cultivated. Stems gla- brous, very slender, twining and climbing to the height of 5 lOf. Flowers much smaller than 'those of the common morning glory, scarlet, varying to crimson and rose-color. Trained upon twine it forms a most delicate and beautiful awning. July, Aug. 2! Q.. COCCINEA. Mcench. (Ipomaea. Linn. Convolvulus. Spreng.} Lvs. cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base ; ped. elongated, about 5-flowered ; cal. awned. (T) Southern States, naturalized in the Western, occa- sionally cultivated. Flowers varying from yellow to scarlet, f 3. STYLISMA. Raf. The name has reference to the plurality of the styles. Sepals 5, eqtfcl ; cor. campanulate ; ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, rarely 3. stigmas thick ; sta. included. ^ Slender, creeping. . S. TENELLUS. Wood. (S. evolvuloides. Choisy. Convolvulus tenellus. Lam. C. Sherardi. PA.) Dry, sandy or rocky soils, Ohio, to Flor. Stem long, prostrate, branching, pubescent. Leaves lance-linear or linear, obtuse, 1' in length, with short petioles. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 1 5-flowered. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3" long. Corolla 'twice longer, hairy outside. 4. CALYSTEGIA. Br. Gr. KO\V%, calyx, crreyjy, a covering ; alluding to the conspicuous calycine bracts. Calyx 5-parted, included in 2 large, foliaceous bracts ; cor. cam- panulate, 5-plicate ; sta. subequal, shorter than the limb ; ova. half bilocular, 4-ovuled ; sty. simple ; stig. 2, obtuse ; caps. 1 -celled, 4-seed- ed. Herbs twining or prostrate. Ped. \-floicered, solitary. 1. C. SPITHAMJEUS. Br. (Convolvulus. Linn. C. stans. Michx.} Erect Bindweed. St. erect or assurgent; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, hoary-pubescent; ped. 1-flowered, generally longer than the leaves. 7J. An erect, downy species, (a span) 8 10' high, found in fields and hilly pastures, Can. to Penn., W. to 111. Stem branching, leafy, bearing one, often two or more large, white flowers, on peduncles 2 4' long, issuing from near the root. Leaves 2 3' long, as wide, oval, with an abrupt, cordate base, and on peti- oles t as long. Bracts concealing the calyx. June. 38 444 XCIX. SOL AN ACE ^E. 2. C. SEPIUM. Br. (Convolvulus. Linn.} Hedge Calystegia. Rutland Beauty. St. twining ; Ivs. sagittate, the lobes being truncate and the apex generally acute; ped. quadrangular, 1 -flowered; bracts cordate, much longer than the calyx. 1\. A vigorous climber, in hedges and .low grounds, Can. to Car., W. to 111. Stems 5 8f in length. Leaves cordate-sagittate, 2- 4 long, J as wide. Flowers numerous, large, white, with a reddish tinge, appearing in long succession. The bracts are so close to the corolla as to appear like the calyx which they entirely conceal. It is cultivated as a shade for windows, arbors, &c. June, July. SUBORDER 2. CUSCUTE^J. Embryo without cotyledons. Leafless, parasitic herbs. 5. C U S C tJ T A. Tourn. Calyx 5 (rarely -4)-clefb ; corolla globose-campanulate, 4 5-cleft, marescent ; stamens 4 5, inserted upon the corolla at the clefts ; stigmas, 2 ; capsule 2-celled, circumscissile at the base ; cells 2-seeded. Herbs without verdure, germinating in the soil, at length withering at the root, and deriving their nourishment from other plants about which they twine from right to left. Stem yellowish or reddish. Leaves none, or minute scales instead. Fls. variously aggregated. 1. C. GRONOVII. Willd. (C. Americana. Linn. C. vulgivaga and sau- ruri. Eng.y St. filiform, thick; fls. densely glomerate, in paniculate spikes, sessile ; sep. broad-ovate, obtusish ; cor. 5-cleft, segments short, spread- ing or reflexed, withering at the base of the capsule ; scales oblong, fimbriate ; sty. diverging ; stig. capitate. An extremely delicate vine, found in damp places, by rivulets, Can. and U. S. The stem is smooth, slender, 3 5f long, springing from the soil at first, but after having twined itself about the low plants in its way, and becoming fixed upon them by its lateral radicles, it with- ers away at base, and is henceforth disconnected with the soil. It is of a light orange color, wholly destitute of green, furnished with a few minute scales, branching, always turning from right to left, or hanging in festoons. Flowers nearly globose, about a line long, and on peduncles of about the same length. Calyx segments round-obtuse. Corolla twice as long, yellowish-white. Aug. 2. C. LEPIDANCHE. Wood. (C. glomerata. Choisy. L^pidanche composi- tarum. Engelm.) St. filiform ; fls. in compact masses surrounding the stem, sessile, with scarious bracts intermixed ; cal. 5-sepaled, scarious ; cor. tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, longer than the calyx, lobes lanceolate, acute, spreading or reflexed ; anth. elongated ; scales fimbriate. (J) Abundant in Mo., 111. ! and la. ! on the Labiates, composites, &c. Flowers about 2" long, form- ing compact, cylindrical masses while the stems decay, appearing as if spring- ing from the stems of other plants. Corolla white and scarious. Anthers partly exserted. July. 13. adpressa. Chois. (Lepidanche adpressa. Eng.} Bracteate ; sep. obtuse or orbicular-ovate. 111. 3. C. EPiLlNUM. Weih. (C. Europaea. Darl. $> others.} Flax Dodder. Fls. sessile, in small, dense, remote heads ; cal. 5-parted, segments rather obtuse ; cor. globose-cylindric, scarcely longer than the calyx, withering around the capsule ; scales minute, crenate-dentate. Europe, introduced into the Mid. States, growing on flax. Torr. Darl. Stems reddish-orange. Flowers yellowish-white. Calyx thickish ; stamens included. Stigmas acute. Cap- sule depressed-globose, surrounded with the withering corolla. June. ORDER XCIX. SOLANACE^B. NIGHTSHADES. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with a colorless juice. Lvs. alternate, the floral ones sometimes collateral Inflorescence often supra-axillary ; pedicels bractless. Cal. Sepals 45, more or less united, mostly persistent. Cor. regular, limb 4 5-cleft, plaited in aestivation, deciduous. Sta. 45 (sometimes 1 abortive), inserted on the corolla, alternate with its segments. NICOTIANA. XC1X. SOLANACE^E. 445 Anth. bursting longitudinally, rarely by terminal pores. Ova. free (superior), 2-celled, (4-celled in Datura) with the placenta in the axis. Styles and stigmas united into 1. Fr. a capsule or berry. Seeds numerous. Embryo curved, lying in fleshy albumen. Genera 60, species 900, diffused throughout the world, except the frigid zones, but most abundant in .the torrid. Properties. These are highly important. A large portion of the genera are pervaded by a narcotic principle, rendering the herbage and fruit dangerously poisonous, yet furnishing some of the most active medicines; as the henbane (Hyoscyamus), belladonna (Atropa), ttrtttnanium (Datura), tobacco (Nicoti- ana), &c. At the same time several species of Solanum aflbrd wholesome and nutritious food, not because they are free from the narcotic principle, but because it is expelled in the process of cooking or ripening in the sun. Such are the tubers of the invaluable potato, the fruit of the tomato and egg plant. The genus Capsicum is entirely free from narcotine, and produces the well-known stimulant fruit, Cayenne pepper. Conspectus oj trie Crencra. (Fruit ( sitting on the calyx SoJanum. 8 rotate, with a < baccate, J enclosed in the calyx. ... . . Physalis. 6 very short tube. ( Fruit capsular, dry. Capsicum. 7 \ Sepals lanceolate- Atropa. campanulate. c Sepals leafy, sagittate Nicandra. 5 <> Capsule spinose Datura. 3 C regular, Herbs. (. Capsule smooth, Nicotiana. z . .. Trailing shrubs Lycium. 10 <, salver- form, lower segments larger Petunia. 1 funnel-form. . (. Trailing shru , . Corolla ( irregular, I funnel-form, upper segments larger ........ Hyoscyamtis. 4 1. PETUNIA. Juss. The Brazilian name is petun, Latinized, petunia. Calyx tube short, the limb 5-cleft, foliaceous ; corolla hypocrateri- form, the tube cylindric, limb in 5, unequal, flat, plicate lobes ; sta- mens 5, unequal, included, arising from the middle of the corolla tube; capsule 2-valved. Herbs with simple Ivs. and axillary, solitary, showy fls. 1. P. VIOLACEA. Si. weak, viscid-pilose; Ivs. acute, on short petioles; cor. ventricose, cleft into rounded, acute lobes. () A pretty, trailing or climbing plant, becoming quite popular in cultivation, native of Brazil. Whole plant clothed with clammy hairs. Stems simple, several from the same root, 2 8f long. Leaves 1 2' long, nearly as broad, tapering at base into a winged peti- ole, fleshy, nearly smooth beneath. Sepals obtuse. Peduncles as long as the leaves, and scarcely longer than the corolla tube. Limb of the corolla bright purple, an inch or more broad, upper segment smallest. Capsule furnished with a tube each side of the sutures. 2. P. ALBA. St. weak, viscid-pilose ; Ivs. ovate, acute, upper ones sessile ; cor. tube cylindric, scarcely dilated above, 2 or 3 times longer than the obtuse, spatulate sepals, limb flat, spreading, greenish-white. () (g) Brazil. Usually regarded as a variety of the first, and perhaps it may have originated from that species by cultivation. It is usually a stouter plant, with larger leaves and flowers, the latter constantly yellowish or greenish- white, with a long, slender tube. 2. NICOTIANA. Toum. In honor? of John Nicot, of Languedoc, who seems to have introduced it into Europe. Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft ; corolla infundibuliform, regular, limb 5-lobed ; stamens 5 : stigma emarginate ; capsule 2-celled, 2 4 valved. CD Coarse, narcotic herbs, with simple Ivs. and terminal fls. Cor. white,tinged with green or pur ph. 1. N. RTJSTICA. Common Tobacco. Viscid-pubescent ; ITS. petioled, ovate, entire ; tube of the cor. cylindric, longer than the calyx, segments round, obtuse. For the purposes of tobacco this plant is considered inferior to the Virginian. Stem 12 18' high. Flowers greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or raceme. In western N. Y., &c., said to have been introduced by the Indians. Aug. 2. N. TABACUM. Virginian Tobacco. Viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, sessile, decurrent ; cor. tube inflated at the throat, lobes acute. Native of Central America, particularly the Island of Tobago, and the Province of Tabasco in Mexico, whence it was first exported 446 XCIX. SOLANACE.E. NICANDIU. to Europe, 1586. It is extensively cultivated in the Middle and Western States, and is exported in vast quantities. Stem 4 6f high, paniculate above. Leaves 1 2f by If entire. Flowers rose-color, not inelegant. July. Obs. Sir "Walter Raleigh has the honor of first introducing the practice of smoking into England, more than 200 years ago, and in his house at Islington is still to be seen a shield bearing his arms, with a tobacco plant at the top. London. The use of this nauseous weed has bec6me almost universal, and furnishes a striking illustration of the force of habit. Its first use, whether smoked or chewed, produces a deadly sickness ; and it is only by repeated and painful trials that it can be tolerated. At length, however, it becomes so necessary to the comfort of its victim, that, at all times and places, its precious smoke or extract must be flowing continually from his mouth. Taken into the stomach, it is a powerful narcotic poison. July. 3. DATURA. An alteration of the Arabic name Tatorah. Calyx large, tubular, ventricose. 5-angled, deciduous, with a persis- tent, orbicular, peltate base ; corolla infundibuliform, tube cylindric, long, limb 5-angled and plaited ; stamens 5 ; stigma obtuse, bilamel- late ; capsule 2-celled, 4-valved ; cells 2 3-parted. (D herbs, with bluish-white or purple, solitary, axillary Jlowers. 1. D. STRAMONIUM. Thorn Apple. St. dichotomous ; Ivs. ovate, smooth, angular-dentate ; caps, spiny, erect. A well-known poisonous plant, growing among rubbish in waste places. Stem about 3f high, smooth, hollow. Leaves large, situated at the base of the dichoto- mous branches, their sides unequal, with large, irregular teeth and sinuses. Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube and a plaited, 5-toothed border, the color white with a slight tinge of purple. Fruit egg-shaped, the size of a small apple, covered with spines. Aug. Every part is poisonous, but, when used with certain restrictions, is a useful medicine for asthma, &c. /?. Tatula. St. and_/?s. purple. This variety has advanced along the national road to la., Piummer! and 111., Mead. 2. D. METEL. bvs. cordate, nearly entire, pubescent ; fr. prickly, globose, nodding. Banks of the Ohio, Locke. Doubtless introduced, having escaped from gardens. Plant 2f high. Flowers white. f 4. HYOSCYAMUS. Tourn. Gr. v$, voj , a pig, and Kva/ios, bean ; the fruit is said to be not poisonous to swine. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft ; corolla infundibuliform, irregular ; one of the 5, obtuse lobes larger ; stamens 5, declinate ; stigma capitate ; capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening with a lid near the summit. Coarse, weed-like kerbs, native in eastern countries. H. NIGER. Common Henbane. St. branching, erect, very leafy ; Ivs. sinuate, clasping ; fls. sessile. @ A tall, well known, icetid weed, growing about the rubbish of old houses, road- sides, &c. The whole plant is hairy, viscid, and of a sea-green hue, emitting a Icetid odor. Stem 2f high, round. Leaves large, oblong, cut into acute, sinu- ate lobes. Flowers in terminal, one-sided spikes ; the corolla straw-color, finely reticulated with dark purple veins. The whole plant is reputed poisonous, but has long been regarded as an excellent medicine in nervous diseases, coughs, convulsions, &c. Jl. fc 5. NICANDRA. Adans. In honor of Nicander, a Greek physician, who lived about 50 years B. C. . Calyx 5-cleft, 5-angled, the angles compressed, sepals sagittate ; corolla campanulate ; stamens 5, incurved ; berry 3 5-celled, en- veloped in the persistent calyx. (D Peruvian herbs. N. PHYSALolDEs. Adans. (Atropa physaloides. Linn.) Apple of Peru. St. herbaceous ; Irs. glabrous, sinuate, angular ; fls. solitary, axillary, on short pe- duncles; cat. closed with the angles very acute. Native of Peru, cultivated in gardens, from whence it has in a few instances strayed into the neighboring CAPSICUM. XCIX. SOLANACE^E. 447 fields. It is a large, coarse herb, 2 5f high, very branching. Leaves large, oblong, decurrent. Corolla slightly lobed, pale blue, white and with 5 blue spots in the centre. July Sept. 6. PHYSlLIS. GT. inserted into the base of the corolla and alter- nate with its segments. Fil. connate. Anth. 2-celled, cells sometimes nearly divided by partial septa. Pol. when the anther bursts cohering in masses which are as many as the cells, or confluent into pairs and adhering to the 5 processes of the stigma either by 2s, by 4s or singly. Ova. 2, styles 2, approximate, often very short. Stig- mas united into 1, which is common to both styles, and with 5 glandular angles. Fr. Follicles 2, one of them sometimes abortive. Sds. numerous, pendulous, almost always comose at the hilum. Albumen thin. , Embryo straight. Cotyledons foliaceous. RadicJe I superior. Genera 141, species 910, chiefly natives of tropical regions, and especially abundant in S. Africa, S. India and New Holland, but are not uncommon in tempe- rate regions. Properties. Similar to those of the Apocynaceae, is acrid and stimulat- A few nch con- sequence. FIG. 55. 8. Asclepias cornuti. 9. A flower, the petals and sepals reflexed, and the corona erect. 10. One of the segments of the corona with the horn bent inwardly. 11. A pair of pollen masses suspended from the glands at an angle of the antheridium. 12. The two ovaries. 13. A mature follicle. 14. A seed with it* 'ong silky coma. ropertes. mar to tose o te Apocy but far less active. The juice is acrid and st ing, and generally to be, at least, suspected. 01 the species are medicinal, but none of mu Conspectus of the Genera. $ each with a horn. (erect. Segments of the corona 5, distinct, I without horns. Fls. greenish. ( Corona leaflets 5, distinct, each 2-lobed. Fls. white < Corona annular, undulate, 0-awned. Fls. purple. Herbs I twining and climbing. ( Corona urceolate, 5-cleft, 5-awned. Fls. purple. Asclepias. 1 Acerates. 2 Enslenia. 3 Gonolobus. 4 Periploca. 5 1. ASCLEPIAS. The Gr. name, from Esculapius, the fabulous god of medicine and physicians. Calyx deeply 5-parted ; cor. deeply 5-parted, valvate in aestivation, finally reflexed ; staminal corona 3-leaved, leaflets cucullate, with an averted, horn-like process from the base, curved towards the stigma ; antheridium (connate mass of anthers) 5-angled, truncate, opening by 5 longitudinal fissures ; pollinia (masses of pollen) 5 distinct pairs, fixed by the attenuated apex, pendulous ; follicles 2, ventri- cose ; seeds comose. "A- Mostly North American, with opposite, verti- cillate, rarely alternate leaves. Umbels between the petioles. * Leaves opposite. 1. A. CORNUTI. Decaisne. (A. Syriaca. Linn, and 1st edit.) Common Silk- weed. St. simple ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, gradually acute, tomentose beneath ; umbels nodding ; seg. f the corona bidentate ; follicles muri- cate. A coarse, very lactescent plant, common by roadsides, and in sandy ASCLEPIAS. CII. ASCLEPIADACE/E. 459 fields. Stem 3 4f high, seldom branched. Leaves 5 8' by 23', tapering at both ends. Umbels several, axillary, subterminal, dense, globose, each of 20 or more sweet-scented flowers. Calyx segments lanceolate. Corolla pale pur- ple, reflexed, leaving the corona, which is of nearly the same hue, quite con- spicuous. But few of the flowers prove fertile, producing oblong, pointed, rough pods or follicles, which contain a mass of long, silky fibres with seeds attached. July. 2. A. PHYTOLACcolDES. Ph. Poke-leaved Silkweed. St. simple, erect, puberulent ; Ivs. broadly ovate, attenuated at base and apex, acute, smoothish both sides, glaucous beneath ; ped. terminal, subequal- ing the leaves, whitish-puberulent, many-flowered ; pedicels slender, loose ; antheridium stipitate ; seg. of the corona, truncate, bidentate ; horns exserted. A tall and elegant species, found in low, shady grounds, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 4 5f high, smooth and slender. Leaves acuminate at each end, 6 9' long and nearly half as wide. Umbels near the top on lateral peduncles, 4 6' long and consisting each of 10 20 large flowers, on pedicels about 2' in length. Petals green. Corona flesh-colored, each segment truncate, with its inner mar- gin 2-toothed, and with a long, slender, incurved horn. June. 3. A. OBTUSIFOLIA. Michx. (A. cordata. Walt.} Blunt-leaved Silkweed. St. simple, erect; Ivs. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse, mucronate, sessile, cordate and subamplexicaul, undulate, very smooth both sides ; umbels termi- nal, many-flowered, glabrous, long-pedunculate ; corona horns arcuate, falcate, indexed. In shady grounds, prairies, Mid. ! W. ! and S. States. Stem 2 3f high, bearing a single (rarely 2) terminal umbel of 30 40 large, reddish-green flowers. Leaves much waved on the margin, 4 5' long, as wide, with a broad, rounded, mucronate apex. Corolla light purple. Corona nearly white, its segments large, slightly 2-toothed. July. 4. A. PURPURASCENS. Purple Silkweed. St. simple, erect, puberulent ; Ivs. elliptical, ovate-elliptical or ovate, mu- cronate, narrowed at base into a short petiole, smooth above, tomentose-pubes- cent and paler beneath ; corona segments oblong or lance-ovate, obtuse ; horns falcate, acute, resupinate. In hedges and thickets, N. H. ! Mass. ! to la. ! Stem 3f or more high, simple or slightly branched at top. Leaves paler and downy beneath, the midvein purple, smooth above. "Flowers in terminal, erect um- bels. Calyx small, green. Corolla dark purple, with reflexed segments. Corona purple, twice as long as the antheridium, its horns abruptly bent in- wards to a horizontal position and lying close upon it. July. 5. A. INCARNATA. (A. amcBna. Mittix.} Rose-colored Silkweed. St. erect, branching above ; Ivs. lanceolate, on short petioles, slightly to- mentose ; umbels numerous, erect, mostly terminal, often in opposite pairs; seg. of the corona entire, horns exsert. A handsome species, found in wet places, Can. and U. S. Stern 3 4f high, with 2 hairy lines. Leaves 4 7' by !', rather abrupt at base, tapering to a yery acute point, on petioles i' long. Um- bels close, 2 6 together at the top of the stem or branches, each an inch or more in diameter, on a peduncle 2' long, and consisting of 1020 small flow- ers. Corolla deep purple, corona paler. Horns subulate, curving inwards over the summit of the antheridium. July. /?. pulchra. St. and Ivs. densely tomentose, the latter elliptical-lanceolate, 3 4 times as long as wide, sessile or on very short, hairy stalks. Stem 4 5f high. A remarkable variety. 6. A. auADRiroLiA. Pursh. St. erect, simple, smooth ; Ivs. smooth, thin, petiolate, ovate, acuminate, mostly in 4s ; umbels few, lax, on long, terminal or axillary peduncles ; corona long, segments 2-toothed, horns short. An elegant species, in dry woods, Can. and U. S. Stem about 2f high, slender, often with 1 2 hairy lines. Leaves opposite, the middle or upper pairs near together so as to appear in 4s, 2 3' long, | as wide, acute or acuminate, on petioles 2 4' long. Flowers small, white, on filiform stalks with a pubescent line. Corona twice as long as an- Iheridium. July. 39* 460 OIL ASCLEPIADACE^:. ACERATES, 0. lanceolata. Decaisne. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base and nar- rowed into the petiole. Ohio, la., Dr. Plummer ! 7. A. PARVIFLORA. Ph. (A. debilis. Mr.) Small-flov.iered Asclepias. Suffrutescent and branched at base ; sts. ascending, terete, smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at base and apex, petiolate, smooth both sides, thin ; ped. shorter than the leaves, umbellate, many-flowered ; umbels small, pubescent ; corolla 3 or 4 times snorter than the pedicels; horns filiform, acute. A very delicate species, with small, white flowers. Woods, along rivers, N. Y. to Ga., W. to la. ! Stems often clustered, 1| 3f high, very leafy. Leaves 4 6' (in- cluding the 1' petiole) by 1 !'. Umbels several, 1' diam., 15 20-flowerea. July, Aug. 8. A. VARIEGATA. (A. hybrida. Michx.} St. simple, erect, pubescent ; Ivs. ovate ' or obovate, mucronate, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; ped. lateral or terminal, one-third as long as the leaves, um- bellate, many-flowered; cor. segments ovate; corona segments rounded at apex; horns broad-falcate, with the apex horizontal or suberect ; follicles oblong, with a long and slender point, minutely puberulent. Woods, N. Y. to Carolina. Stem 3 4f high. Leaves with a slight acumination, at length slightly undulate. Umbels about 2, 20 30-flowered. Corolla white, slightly tinged with purple. 9. A. PAUPERCULA. Michx. (A. laurifolia. Ph. not MX. A. lanceolata. Wall.} St. virgate, erect, glabrous ; Ivs. linear and linear-oblong, mar- gin narrowly revolute, both sides glabrous, tapering into a short petiole; ped. 1 or 2 at top of the stem, umbel puberulent, few-flowered; corona segments ovate, dilated above ; horns short, included. N. J. to La. in wet woods. Stem 3 4f high, very smooth. Leaves green on both sides, rough on the edges, mostly very narrow. Flowers greenish-red, petals linear-oblong, half as long as the pedicel. 10. A. RUBRA. (A. laurifolia. MX. A. acuminata. Ph. A. periplocaefolia. Nuit.) St. simple, erect ; Ivs. ovate-acuminate, very acute, subcordate or rounded at base, subsessile, glabrous ; umbels on long, mostly terminal peduncles ; corona segments acute, rather longer than the suberect horns. A small and elegant species, in Penn., N. J. to Car., not common. Stem I 2f high, with a pubes- cent line on one side. Leaves 35' by 1 2', in remote pairs, the upper some- times alternate. Peduncles 1 5, 2 3' long, pedicels about 1'. Flowers green- ish-purple. Follicles veritricose-acuminate, smoothish. July, Aug. * Leaves alternate. 11. A. TUBEROSA. Tuber-root Asclepias. Butterfly Weed. St. ascending, hairy, with spreading branches at top ; Ivs. alternate, ob- long-lanceolate, sessile ; umbels numerous, forming large, terminal corymbs. Found in sandy fields, Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. Root large, fleshy, sending up numerous stems. These are about 2f high, leafy, erect or ascend- ing, hairy and colored. Leaves hairy, scattered, only the upper ones quite ses- sile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, obtuse at base, 2 4' by J 1'. The co- rymb consists of numerous, bright orange-colored flowers. Petals 5, oblong, reflexed, concealing the small calyx. Pods or follicles lanceolate, pointed, and like the other species, containing long, silky down, uniting the flat, ovate seeds to the placentae. Aug. Medicinal. * * Leaves verticillate. 12. A. VERTICILLATA. Whorl-leaved Asclepias. St. erect, simple, marked with pubescent lines ; Ivs. generally verticillate, very narrowly linear, revolute ; segs. of the corona short, 2-toothed, horn falcate, exsert. A slender and delicate species, 2f high, in swamps or moist meadows. Can. and U. S. Leaves in whorls of 4 6, 35' long and a line in width. Flowers small, greenish-white, in small, lateral umbels. Peduncles half as long as the leaves. July. 2. ACERATES. Ell. Gr. a, privative, Keparcs, horns; the corona being destitute of these processes. Calyx 5-parted ; cor. deeply 5-parted, limb spreading or reflexed ; PERIPLOCA. GIL ASCLEPIADACE^. 461 staminal corona 5-leaved, leaflets without horns, concave, appressed to the angles of the antheridium ; pollinia 5 pairs, pendulous ; follicles smooth or muricate. % Herbs differing from Asctepias only in the ab- sence of the horn-like processes of the corona. Lvs. mostly opposite. 1. A. VIRIDIFLORA. Ell. (and A. lanceolata. Ives, and 1st. edit. Asclepias. Pursh.) Suffruticose at oase, pubescent above; Ivs. elliptical, varying to oblong and lanceolate, briefly petiolate, scabrous above and on the margin, to- mentose-pubescent beneath; umbels sessile, globose, many-flowered ; pedicels pu- bescent ; pet. ovate, reflexed ; segments of the corona erect and adnate to the antheridium. Can., Conn, to Ark., in dry, stony soils. Stem 2 3f high, as- cending and often branched at base, clothed with dense, close hairs. Leaves 3 6 or 8' long, \ as wide, obtuse or acute, or even acuminate, scarce- ly petiolate. Flowers green, small, inelegant, in 2 or 3 small, subglobose um- bels. July. The plant varies greatly in respect to its leaves. 2. A. LONGIFOLIA. Ell. Long-leaied Acerates. Scabroue-puberulent ; st. ascending, simple ; Ivs. alternate, numerous, linear and lance-linear, subsessile, acute ; umbels half as long as the leaves, numerous, many-flowered, pubescent, axillary, pedunculate ; corona scales shorter than the antheridium. Mich, to la. ! and Miss., in meadows and prai- ries. Stem stout, 2 3f high. Leaves 3 5' (including the 1 3" petiole) by 3 5". Flowers very numerous in each umbel, green, peduncle and pedicels about 1' long. July, Aug. 3. ENSLENIA. Nutt. In memory of Mr. Aloysius Enslen, who collected many plants in the Southern States. Calyx small, 5-parted ; cor. 5-parted. segments erect ; corona 5- leaved, leaflets membranaceous, free, truncate, each terminated by 2 filiform, flexuous lobes ; pollinia oblong, obtuse at base and apex, pendulous ; stig. 5-angled, conical ; follicles cylindraceous, smooth. '2J- A twining herb, with opposite, cordate-ovate, acuminate Ivs. Ped. ra- cemose-umbellate, many-floicered. Fls. white. E. ALB1DA. Nutt. Ohio, Clarke ! to Va. and Ark. Stems slender, with an alternate, pubes- cent line. Leaves thin, glabrous, with rounded, auriculate lobes at base, 2 3' diam., margin entire. Peduncles axillary, as long as the petioles. Flowers ochroleucous, sweet-scented. July, Aug. 4. GONOL6BUS. Michx. Calyx much smaller than the corolla ; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted ; corona small, shield-form, undulate, 5-lobed ; antheridium depressed, discoid, pentangular, terminated by a membrane ; pollinia transverse, 5-pairs ; follicles 2 ; seeds comose. % St. climbing. Lvs. opposite, cor- date. Ped. inter petiolar, racemed or corymbose. G. MACROPHYLLUS. (and G. hirsutus. Michx. Cynanchium obliquum. Jacq. C. macrophyllus. MM.} St. tomentose-pubescent and with soft, scattered hairs ; Ivs. broad, ovate or oval, cordate, acuminate, tomentose-pu- bescent ; ped. shorter than the petioles, 2 5-flowered, with linear bracts at sum- mit ; pet. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth above, minutely puberulent beneath. Thickets, along streams, Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio ! Ky. Vine trailing or climbing, 3 5f. Leaves 3 5' by 2 4', the lobes at base rounded, and often nearly or quite closed, with a short acumination at apex. Flowers dark purple. Petals 5 1" by I". June, July. 5. PERIPLOCA. Gr. irept, around, irAcJK>7, a binding or twining ; from the habit of the plant. Calyx minute ; corolla rotate, flat, ^-parted, orifice surrounded by 462 CIV. OLEACE^E. SYRINGA. a 5-cleft, urceolate corona, terminating in 5 filiform awns ; filaments distinct, anthers cohering, bearded on the back ; pollinia solitary, 4- lobed ; follicles 2, smooth, divaricate ; seeds comose. Twining shrubs. Fls. in umbels or cymes. P. GRJECA. Lvs. ovate, acuminate ; corymbs axillary ; cm: villous within. A climb- ing shrub, 10 15f long, sparingly naturalized in Western N. Y., also culti- vated in gardens. Leaves opposite, 3 4' long, | as wide, and on petioles J' long. Flowers in long, branching, axillary peduncles. Sepals minute, lan- ceolate, acute. Petals very hairy within, linear, obtuse, dark purple. Folli- cles about 2' long. Aug. ORDER CIII. JASMIN AC E.E. JASMINWORTS. Shrubs, often with twining stems. Lvs. opposite or alternate, mostly compound. Fls. opposite, in corymbs, white or yellow f mostly fragrant. Cal. divided or toothed, persistent. Cor. regular, hypocraterifbrm, limb in 58 divisions, twisted-imbricate in aestivation. Sta. 2, arising from the corolla and included within its tube. Ova. free, 2-celled, each cell with l erect ovule. Sty. l. Stig. 2-lobed. Fr. either a double berry, or a capsule separable into 2. Sds. 2. Genera 5, species 100, ornamental shrubs abounding in tropical India. The essential oil which pervades the order, residing chiefly in the flowers, is exquisitely fragrant. On this account, as well as for their beauty, many of these plants are cultivated. JASMINUM. Gr. laepn, perfume ; from the fragrance of the flowers. Calyx tubular, 5 10-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, tube long, limb flat, 5 10-cleft; berry double; seeds 2, solitary, ariled. Shrubs bushy or climbing. Lvs. opposite^ compound. Petioles articu- lated. Fls. paniculate. 1. J. FRUTICANS. Yellow Jasmine. Glabrous, erect; branches angular ; Ivs. alternate, trifoliate, rarely simple; Ifts. curved; fls. few, subterminal ; cat. seg- ments subulate; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx, limb of 5, obtuse lobes. S. Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers yellow, inodorous, tube about 6" long. Propagated by layers, f 2. J. OFFICINALE. White Jasmine. Smooth, scarcely climbing ; branches sub- angulate ; Ifts. 3 7, lanceolate, acuminate ; panicles terminal, few-flowered, corymbose ; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx. Asia. Stem several feet in length. Flowers white. Both species are beautiful and much cultivated. The deliciously fragrant oil of Jasmine of the shops is extracted from this plant, f ORDER CIY. OLEACEJE OLIVES. Trees and shrubs, with opposite, simple, sometimes pinnate leaves. Fls. perfect (sometimes dioecious). Sepals united at base, persistent. [vation ; rarely 0. Cor. Petals 4, united below, sometimes distinct but connected in pairs by the filaments, valvate in aesti- Sta. 2. alternate with the petals. Anth. 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Ova. free, 2-celled. Ovules in pairs, pendulous. Style 1 or 0. Stigma entire or bifid. Fr. drupaceous, baccate or samara, usually 1-seeded by abortion. Sds. Albumen dense, fleshy, abundant, twice as long as the straight embryo. Genera 24, species 130, natives of temperate climates. The ash is very abundant in N. America. The Phillyreas and the Syringas are all Oriental. Properties. Olive oil is expressed from the pericarp of the olive (Olea Europsea). The bark of this tree, and also of the ash, is bitter, astringent and febrifugal. Manna, a sweet, gentle purgative, is the concrete discharge of several species of the Fraxinus, particularly of the European F. Ornus. The spe- cies of the ash are well known for their useful timber. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Corolla tube long, including the short stamens. .... Syringa. 1 S limb of spreading, ovate segments. . . . Lygustrum. 2 $ colored. ( Corolla tube short, ? limb of long, linear segments Chionanthus. 3 Flowers { green. Fruit a simple samara. Trees with pinnate leaves, .... Fraxinus. 4 1. SYRINGA. Gr. orvpiv%, a shepherd's pipe ; from the use once made of its branches. Calyx small, teeth erect; ofolla hypocrateriform, tube several FHAXINCS. CIV. OLEACE^J. 463 times longer than the calyx, limb cleft into deep, obtuse, spreading segments ; stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled, 2 valved. Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves. 1. S. VULGARIS. Common Lilac. Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous, green both sides ; inflorescence thyrsoid ; limb of cor. subconcave. Hungary. There are many varieties of this beautiful shrub, o. Corolla lilac-purple, in a dense thyrse. ~/3. ccerulea. Fls. purplish-blue, y. alba. Cor. white, thyrse subcom- pdund. One of the most popular shrubs, beautiful in foliage and flowers. -2. S. PERSICA.- Persian Lilac. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, smooth, both sides green, sometimes pinnatifid; limb of the cor. flattish. Persia. A smaller shrub than the first, with smaller thyrses o f white or lilac-blue flowers. The leaves vary from entire to pinnatifid, small at flowering time. Apr. May. 2. LIGUSTRUM. Lat. ligo, to bind, from the use made of its shoots. Calyx minutely toothed ; cor. tube short, limb with spreading, ovate lobes ; sta. 2 ; sty. very short ; berry 2-celled, 2 4-seeded ; seeds convex on one side, angular on the other. Shrubs with simple Ivs. Fls. in terminal panicles, tetramerous. L. VULGARE. Privet. Prim. Lvs. lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, on short petioles; panicle dense, terminal. A smooth shrub, 5 6f high, in woods and thickets, N. Y. ! to Va. W. to the Miss. Branches wand-like with opposite, entire, smooth, dark green leaves which are 1 2' long, \ as wide, varying from obovate to ellipti- cal, with a rounded, obtuse or acute point. Flowers small, numerous, white. Anthers large, exserted. Berries black, in conical bunches, bitter. It is said to have been introduced from England where it is used for hedges. May, June. 3. CH1ONANTHUS. Gr. %twv, snow, avSos ', alluding to the whiteness of the flowers. Calyx 4-parted, short ; cor. tube very short, limb 4-parted, lobes linear, elongated ; sta. 2, inserted into the cor. tube, included ; sty. very short; drupe fleshy; putamen bony, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. Trees with opposite leaves. Branchlets compressed. Racemes terminal and axillary. C. VIRGINICA. Virginian Fringe-Tree. Lvs. oval and oblong-lanceolate ; pedicels long, 1-flowered ; cal. glabrous ; cor. segments linear, acute, flaccid. An ornamental shrub or small tree, 8 25f high, Penn. to Tenn. ! on mountains. Leaves coriaceous, smooth. Flowers in rather dense, pendulous panicles. Petals snow-white, 8 10" in length. Drupes oval, purple. May, Jn. f /?. maritima. Pursh. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pubescent; panicles very loose. In low, maritime woods, N. J. -f 4, FRAXlNUS. Gr. 0pais, a separation ; in allusion to the easy separation of its annual layers into laminse. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Staminate fls. (often perfect). Calyx or 3 4-parted ; corolla or 4-petaled ; stamens 2. Pistil- late fls. Calyx and corolla as the perfect ; samara 2-celled, by abor- tion 1 -seeded. Trees. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. paniculate, the staminate ones densely so. 1. F. AMERICANA. (F. acuminata. Lam.) White Ash. Lfts. petiolate, oblong, shining, entire or slightly toothed, acuminate, glau- cous beneath ; fls. calyculate. The white ash is one of the most desirable ten- ants of our forests. It is chiefly confined to the northern parts of the U. States and Canada. Few trees exceed it in the beauty and magnitude of its proper- 464 CIV. OLEACE.E. FRAXINUS. tions. The trunk arises often more than 40f without a branch and then expands into a regular summit of an equal additional height. The leaves are a foot or more in length, opposite, pinnate, consisting of about 7 leaflets. Flowers in loose panicles, the fertile ones with a calyx and the barren ones without. The wood is light, firm, elastic and durable, furnishing a most excellent timber for carriage frames, agricultural implements, pins, handspikes, bars, &c. May. 2. F. JUGLANDIFOLIA. Lam. (F. viridis. Mtchx.} Lfis. 3 4 pairs, petiolulate, ovate, serrate, opaque, green above and with the branchlets, glabrous and glaucous beneath, pubescent in the axils of the veins ; fls. calyculate ; samara cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse. A small tree, 15 25f high, in wet woods from the banks of the Ohio to Car., not common. Leaves 10 15' long, consisting of 7 15 leaflets which are green both sides, with a glaucous hue beneath, margin denticulate. Flowers greenish. Fruit much smaller than in the other species. May. 3. F. PUBESCENS. Walt. (F. tomentosa. Michx.} Red, Ash. Lfis. petiolate, elliptical-ovate, acuminate, serrate, covered with a dense tomentum beneath, as well as the petioles and branchlets; fls. calyculate. The red ash is abundant in Penn. and the southern parts of N. England, resembling the last species, so as often to be confounded with it. It arises GOf, with a straight trunk covered with bark of a deep brown color. Leaves of about 7 leaflets, which become reddish underneath! The wood is similar to that of the white ash, and is valuable for about the same diversified uses. May. 4. F. SAMBUCIFOLIA. Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash. Lfts. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rugose and shining, round-oblique at the base ; axils of the veins villous beneath ; fls. naked. This species is com- mon in the northern U. S. and the British Provinces, where it is almost uni- versally known as black ash. It prefers moist woods and even swamps, which it sometimes almost exclusively occupies. It grows to the height of 60 70f, with a diameter of 2f. The bark is of a darker hue than that of the white ash and less deeply furrowed. Buds of a deep blue, not yellow as in the former. Leaves 9 16' in length, of about 7 sessile leaflets, which are smooth above and red-downy on the veins beneath. The wood is purplish, very tough and elastic, but less durable than the white ash. The young saplings are in great requisi- tion for hoops, and the mature trunks for baskets. May. 5. F. CIUADRANGULATA. Michx. Blue Ash. Lfts. 3 4 pairs, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; branchlets glabrous, quadrangular-winged, at length subterete ; buds velvety ; samara oblong, obtuse at each end, apex slightly emarginate. A tall tree, in rich woods, Ohio to Tenn., E. to the Alleghanies. Trunk often 60 80f high, 16 20' diam. at base. Leaves 12 18' long, consisting of 7 11 leaflets. Leaflets vary from oval to lanceolate, distinctly serrate, 3 4' long. The branchlets are furnished with 4 membranous margins 2 or 3" wide, which disappear when the twig is older. Samara slightly narrowed towards the base. Sterile pani- cles compound, much shorter than the leaves. May. The wood possesses the same strength and elasticity that characterize the other species. ARISTOLOCHIA. CV. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. 465 SUBCLASS III. APETALJE. Corolla none ; the floral envelops consisting of a single series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting. ORDER CV. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. BIRTHWORTS. rbaceous or shrubby, the latter often climbing. Wood without concentric layers. rnate, simple, petiolate, often with a stipule opposite the leaf, or exstipulate. ct, axillary, solitary, brown or of some dull color. Plants her Lvs. alternat Fls. perfect, , , Col. Tube adherent to the ovary, segments 3, valvate in aestivation Sta. 612. epigynous or adhering to the base of the short and thick styles. Ova. 3 6-celled. Stig. radiate, as many as the cells of the ovary. Fr. capsule or berry, 3 6-celled many-seeded. Embryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen. Genera 8, species 130, most abundant in the tropical countries of S. America, and thinly diffused through- out the northern hemisphere. Properties. Ionics and stimulants. Both the following genera are successfully employed in medicine. Conspectus of the Genera. ( equal. Asarum. 1 Calyx limb i unequal. Aristolochia. 2 i. AS ARUM. Said to be from the Gr. a, not, and ffctpw, to bind ; because not used in garlands. Calyx campanulate ; stamens 12, placed upon the ovary; anthers adnate to the middle of the filaments : style very short ; stigma 6- rayed ; capsule 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. Herbs with creeping rhizomas ajid 1 2 Ivs. on each branch. Fls. solitary. 1. A. CANADENSE. Wild Ginger. Asarabacca. Lvs. 2, broad-reniform ; cal. woolly, deeply 3-cleft, the segments reflected. 1\. A small, acaulescent plant, growing in.rich, shady soil, Can. to Ga. and W. States. The leaves are radical, large, 2 4' by 3 5', with a deep sinus at base, on long, hairy stalks, and having a soft, velvet-like surface. The flower grows from between the bases of the leaf-stalks, solitary, on a nodding pedun- cle, and is close to the ground, sometimes even buried just beneath the surface. Calyx purplish, of 3, broad, long-pointed divisions abruptly spreading. The 12 filaments bear the anthers on their sides just below the extremity. The root or rhizoma is aromatic, and has been considered useful in whooping-cough, May July. 2. A. VIRGINICUM. Michx. Sweet-scented Asarabacca. Lvs. solitary, orbicular-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous, cordate, entire, obtuse ; JL. subsessile ; cal. short, subcampanulate, glabrous externally. Grows in light soils among rocks, N. J. to Ga. A low, stemless plant, very similar in habit to the preceding. Each branch of the rhizoma bears a terminal leaf and a flower. Leaf 3 4' diam., very smooth, clouded with spost, the petiole 2 or 3 times longer, lobes at base rounded and nearly closed. Flower many times shorter than the petiole. Calyx segments obtuse, of a dusky purple, greenish outside. Apr. 2. ARISTOLOCHIA. Gr. aptjroj, excellent, Ao^eoj, pertaining to parturition ; alluding to the medicinal properties. Calyx ligulate, with an inflated base and an unequal border ; an- thers 6, subsessile upon the style ; stigma 6-cleft ; capsule 6-celled, many-seeded. St. erect or twining. 1. A. SERPENTARIA. Virginia Snake-roof,. St. erect, flexuous ; Ivs. oblong, cordate, acuminate ; ped. radical ; lip of the cal. lanceolate. A curious vegetable of low growth, in hedges and thickets, Penn. to 111. and La. Stem 8 13' high, subsimple, jointed, herbaceous. Leaves 2 4' by f 2', rarely larger, petioles 3 9" in length. Flowers few, near the 466 CVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. SALICORNIA. base of the stem. Calyx dull purple, of a leathery texture, tubular, bent almost double, gibbous at the base and at the angle, limb 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed. Capsule obovate, 6-angled, 6 9" long, with numerous small seeds. June. The dried root is a valuable stimulant, diaphoretic and tonic, containing cam- phor. It has a warm, bitter, pungent taste. 2. A. SIPHO. L'Her. Dutchman's pipe. St. twining, shrubby; Ivs. ample, suborbicular, cordate, entire, acute, petiolate; ped. 1-flowered, furnished with a single, ovate bract; cal. tube bent, ascending, limb 3-cleft, equal. A vigorous climber in mountainous woods, Western Penn. to Ky. and S. States. St. woody, twining, and ascending trees 30 or 40f. Leaves 612' diam., alternate, sprinkled with soft hairs. Flowers solitary, the tube long and bent at nearly a right angle, in the form of a (siphon or) tobacco pipe, and of a dull brown color. It is highly ornamental in culti- vation, for arbors. June, j- ORDER CVI. CHENOPODIACEJE. CHENOPODS. Herbs or undershrubs, with alternate (rarely opposite) leaves without stipules. Fls. inconspicuous, generally perfect, often dioecious or polygamous. Cal. deeply divided often tubular at base, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. from the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes or fewer, and opposite to them. Ova. l, with I ovule attached to its base within. Styles 24, rarely 1. F}'. a utricle. Embryo usually curved around fleshy albumen. Genera 63, species 360, often maritime plants, and more generally weeds, abounding in the northern temperate zone. tain Properties. Some are useful for food, as the beet, mangel-wurtzel, orache, spinach, fyc. Others con- in an essential oil, which renders them tonic, antispasmodic and anthelmintic ; as Chenopodium , , ; as enopoum botrys, C. ambrosioides, C. anthelminticum : the latter yields the officinal worm-seed oil. Salsoli, Sali- cornia and other sea-side species yield soda from their ashes in great abundance. FIG. 52. 1. Flower of Chenopodium album. 2. Calyx, &c., removed, showing the ovary and two (hypogynous) stamens. 3. Cross section of the seed, showing the coiled embryo. 4. Branch of Salicor- nia herbacea. 5. Two joints magnified. 6. Ovary of a flower. 7. Flower of Blitum capitatum, wilh the fleshy calyx. 8. Vertical section of the ovary. 9. Flower of Beta vulgaris. 'Conspectus of the Genera. {Fruit partly invested I Seed lenticular. Chenopodium. 7 in calyx ( Seed renifbrm. Beta. 8 Fr. wholly invested in cal. Lvs. subulate Salsola. 2 Styles 1. Leafless plants. . . . Sa/icornia. 1 Call perfect. ( Stamens 12 1 Styles 2. Leafy plants. . . . Blitum. 6 ! dioecious. ( Stigmas sessile. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. . . Acnida. 4 I Stamens 5. ( Stig. on capillary styles. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate. . Spinacia. 3 Flowers I polygamous. Stamens 5 Atriplev. 6 1. SALICORNIA. Lat. sal, salt, cornu, horn ; in allusion both to its locality and appearance. Calyx turbinate, fleshy, closed, entire ; sta. 1 2; style 1, bifid ; utricle invested in the calyx, 1 -seeded. Salt marsh herbs^ rarely shrubby, destitute of haves. 1. S. HERBACEA. (S. mucronata 7 Bw.} Herbaceous, Samphire or Saltwort. St. erect, herbaceous, spreading ; joints compressed ; internodes dilated upwards, truncated ; branches numerous, opposite, light green, jointed, succu- lent, smooth, terminating in a spike ; spikes lateral and terminal, tapering upwards ; fls. small, sessile, about three on each side of the base of every joint. A leafless plant with succulent and jointed branches, about a foot high, growing abundantly on sea shores and salt marshes, N. Eng. ! to Ga. ; also, at Salina, N. York. This and other species are said to make a good pickle for the table. When burned, its ashes yield soda. Ang. ATRIPLEX. CVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. 467 2. S, AMBIGUA. Michx. Dubious or Prostrate Samphire. Perennial, procumbent, branching ; joints small, crescent-shaped ; spikes opposite and alternate ; cal. truncate ; anth. purplish-yellow ; stig. 2. A small species, found in the vicinity of New Bedford, Ms. Dewey. 2. SALS OLA. Latin salsus, salt. Calyx 5-parted. persistent, embracing the fruit with its base, and crowning it with its enlarged limb ; styles 2 ; seed horizontal ; embryo spiral. Salt-marsh herbs, with linear or subulate leaves. 1. S. KALI. Herbaceous, decumbent; Ivs. subulate, channeled, spinose, smooth; cal. margined, axillary. A rigid, prickly and very branching plant, of the sea- coast, N. Eng. ! to Ga. Stem 1 2f high, diffuse. Leaves about an inch long, sessile, ending with a spine. Flowers green, succulent, sessile, bracteate. Seed cochleate, enclosed in the calyx. Aug. Used in the preparation of soda. ft. Caroliniana. (Nutt. S. Caroliniana. Walt.}; Ivs. dilated; cal. with a broader margin ; st. smooth. 2. S. SODA. Herbaceous, glabrous; branches ascending; Ivs. semiterete, rather acute; cal. in fruit transversely connate, somewhat membranaceous. In N. Y. Muh- lenbcrg, who also attributes S. Tragus, another European species, to the shores of N. J. But this is very uncertain. July. 3. SPINACIA. Lat. spina, a prickle ; on account of the spiny processes of the fruit. Flowers d* 9- cT Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5. 9 Calyx 2 4-cleft ; styles 4, capillary ; utricle contained within the indurated and some- times muricated calyx. S. OLERACEA. Spinage. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate, petiolate ; Jr. sessile, prickly or unarmed. Native country unknown, but it has long been a common plant in gardens, and in some esteem as an esculent. Stem 1 2f high, with leaves between hastate and sagittate, 2 3' long, and nearly half as wide, taper- ing at base into a long petiole. Flowers greenish, the sterile ones in a ter- minal-panicle, the fertile ones in dense, sessile, axillary racemes. June, July. 4. ACNlDA. Mitchell. Gr. a. not, KviSri, the nettle ; a nettle-like plant which does not sting. Flowers tf 9 cT Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5. 9 Calyx 3-parted ; stig. 3 5, sessile ; utricle t -seeded. Herbaceous weeds, mostly aquatic. 1. A. CANNABINA. Water Hemp. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate; caps, smooth, acute-angled. (T) In salt marshes and inland swamps, Can. and U. S. Stem furrowed, smooth, 2 4f high. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 2 5' long, tapering to a long point. Panicles axillary and terminal, with numerous small, green flowers. Aug. 2. A. RUSCOCARPA. Michx. Lvs. oval-lanceolate ; caps, obtusely angled, rugose. (I) Can. and U. S. A tall, branching, unsightly plant in similar situations with the last. Stem 6 Sfhigh, angular. Flowers greenish-white, in terminal and axillary spikes. Jl. 5. ATRlPLEX Fls. mono3ciously polygamous. $ Calyx 5-parted ; sta. 5 ; style bipartite ; utricle depressed, invested in the calyx. 9 Calyx 2-leaved ; sta. ; style and fruit as above. Mostly CD, rarely shrubby plants. Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate, paniculate, c? and 9 on the same plant. 1. A. HORTENSIS. Garden Orache. Golden Orache. St. erect, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular, toothed, of a uniform color both sides ; cal. of the fruit ovate, reticulate, entire. (J) Sparingly naturalized in 40 468 CVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. CHENOPODIUM. cultivated grounds. Stem 3f or more high, with thick leaves of variable shape, and 2 3' long. Flowers green, in terminal, interrupted racemes or spikes. It is sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb. July. 2. A. PATULA. Spreading Orache. St. spreading, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular-hastate, acuminate ; cat. of the fruit submuricate on the disk. A very branching plant, 1 2f long, found in salt marshes, N. Y. to Ga. Stem and leaves dull green, somewhat glaucous. Lower leaves hastate, with coarse teeth, upper ones lanceolate and nearly entire. Flowers in long, terminal and axillary, interrupted racemes. Sepals of the fertile flowers triangular, studded with tubercles in the midst. Aug. 3. A. ARENARIA. Nutt. Sand Orache. St. spreading, herbaceous; Ivs. entire, oblong-ovate, subsessile, silvery- white beneath, upper ones acute or acuminate ; fls. aggregated, axillary ; col. of the fertile fls. muricate, dentate, retuse. Grows on sandy shores, N. Y. to Car. Stem about a foot high, reddish, angular, very branching. Lower leaves often wedge-shaped. Flowers monrecious, the sterile ones in short, dense spikes at the ends of the branches, the fertile in axillary clusters. July. 4. A. LACINIATA. Frosted Sea Orache. Stem spreading, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular-ovate, deeply toothed, hoary pubescent beneath, lower ones opposite ; $ tetrandrous ; cal. of the fruit, rhom- boid, 3-veined, denticulate. () In salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. Stem a foot long, mostly procumbent, mealy, alternately branched. Leaves stalked, entire at base, covered with small, grayish scales. The perfect flowers in terminal, ses- sile clusters, their ovaries about 5. Pistillate flowers axillary, 2 3 together. Jl. 5. A. HALIMUS. Common Orache. St. shrubby; Ivs. often subopposite, oblong-rhomboidal, entire, attenuated into the margined petiole. A tall, shrubby species, 6f high, said by Dr. Muh- lenberg to be naturalized on the sea-coasts of N. J. It is ornamental on account of its silvery foliage, and sometimes cultivated. 6. BLITUM. Gr. /?A>?roi', insipid; in allusion to the fair but insipid berries. Fls. . Calyx 3-cleft, segments ovate, equal ; sta. 1, exserted ; sty. 2 ; ova. ovoid, acuminate ; seed 1, contained in the calyx which, becomes a berry. Herbaceous weeds. Fls. and Jr. in capitate clus- ters terminal and axillary. 1. B. CAPITATUM. Strawberry Elite. Lvs. triangular-hastate, toothed; Ms. in a terminal, leafless spike; fr. consisting of the reddened flowers, appearing like strawberries, full of a purple juice, taste insipid. Va. to Arc. Circle. A weed-like plant, about a -foot in height, branching, growing in fields, and sometimes cultivated for borders in the flower garden. Heads of flowers sessile, near together, on the branches and summit of the stem. June, f 2. B. VIRGATUM. Slender Elite. St. with spreading branches ; Ivs. triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate ; glo- merules scattered, lateral. Fields and waste places. Stem 2f in length, spread- ing'or procumbent. Leaves 2 3' by 1 2' coarsely toothed, on petioles half as long. Flowers always in axillary clusters, never terminal. Calyx finally fleshy and red in fruit. Jn. 3. B. MARITIMUM. Lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, incisely dentate ; hds. axil- lary, sessile, spiked ; cal. membranaceous. A coarse, unsightly plant, in salt marshes, N. Y. Stem 1 2f high, very branching. Leaves fleshy, with 2 or more large teeth each side. Flowers very numerous and minute, not be- coming red in fruit. Aug. 7. CHENOPODIUM Gr. %T)v, a goose ; irovs, a foot ; from the resemblance of the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, free, partially enveloping the CHEXOPODIUM. CVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. 469 fruit ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; utricle membranaceous ; seed lenticular, vertically depressed. Mostly weeds with alternate leaves. Fls. glomerate, paniculate. 1. C. ALBUM (and C. viride. Linn.} White Goose-foot. Hogweed. Lvs. rhomboid-ovate, crowded, entire at base, the upper ones oblong, very entire ; roc. branched, leafy, smooth. (p A weed, common in cultivated grounds, Can. and N. States. Stem 2 3f high, furrowed, smooth, branching, leaves more or less mealy as also the whole plant. Flowers numerous, small, green, in irregular, terminal, erect racemes. July Sept. 2. C. RUBRUM. Red Goose-foot. Lvs. rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and sinuate ; roc. erect, com- pound, leafy. (p A* weed in waste grounds, rubbish, &c., N. Eng. and Brit. Am. Stem reddish, 1 2f high, with short branches, very compound, and with compact clusters of small, reddish-green flowers. Leaves dark green, the upper on.es small, and intermixed with the flowers. July. 3. C. HYBRIDUM. Tall Goose-foot. Lrs. cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate ; roc. branched, subcymose, divari- cate, leafless. A weed in waste places, &c., N. Eng. ! to Ky. ! rather taller than the foregoing. Stem slender, 2 3f high, bearing a loose, branching cluster of unsightly and ill-scented flowers, remote from the leaves. Leaves bright green, with large, remote teeth and a tapering point. July. 4. C. RHOMBIFOLIUM. Mllhl. Lvs. rhombic-triangular, acute, sinuate-dentate, upper ones lanceolate, cuneate at base ; roc. axillary, erect, mostly leafless ; bracts minute, inflexed. Penn. and Ohio. Plant yellowish-green, 2 3f high. Stem branching, angular with stripes of a deeper green. Leaves 2 3' by 1 !', widest near the base, with a few acute dentures, petioles nearly half as long. Flowering branches shorter than the leaves, axillary, nearly leafless, with several roundish, dense clusters of green flowers. 5. C. AMBROsiolDEs. Ambrosia Goose-foot. Lvs. lanceolate, remotely dentate; rac. simple, axillary, leafy. Fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to 111. Plant rather fragrant. Stem 1 2f high, much branched, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves acute at each end (the upper ones nearly linear), about 4 times as long as wide, the petioles \[ long. Flowers green, in sessile clusters on short, erect, slender, leafy branches. Sta- mens exsert. Aug. Sept. 6. C. BOTRYS. Oak-of- Jerusalem. Lvs. oblong, sinuate ; rac. much divided. Sandy fields, &c., N. Eng. to 111. Thisf)lant is sometimes cultivated both on account of its fragrance, and the remarkable appearance, of its compound clusters of innumerable flowers. Plant 1 3f high, viscid-pubescent. Leaves petiolate. the sinuses deep, giving them some resemblance to oak leaves. The branches put forth numerous leaves and short, axillary clusters on every side, forming long, leafy, cylindric, green, compound racemes, of which the central one is much the tallest. June, t 7. C. ANTHELMINTICUM. Worm-seed. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; spike simple, slender, interrupted, leafless. Maine ! to 111. A strong-scented species, said to be a good vermifuge, as both its specific and common name would imply. Stem 1 \ 2f high, its branches ending in long spikes of green, inconspicuous flowers. Aug. 8. C. GLAUCUM. Sea-green Goose-foot. Lvs. oblong and ovate-oblong, repand-sinuate on the margin, glaucous be- neath ; spikes simple, leafless, glomerate, axillary and terminal. N. Y. Muhl. 9. C. MARITIMUM. Lv's. linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindrical ; fls. in sessile, axillary clus- ters ; sta. shorter than the sepals. A fleshy plant growing in salt meadows, Can. to Flor. Stem 1 2f high, branching. Leaves numerous, very acute, I 1' long. Flowers in Axillary glomerules, green. Utricle thin and semi- transparent, containing a black and shining seed. Aug. Sept. 470 CVIII. AMARANTHACE.E. AMARANTHUS. 8. BETA. Celtic bett, red ; the usual color of the beet. Calyx 5-sepaled ; sta. 5 ; styles 2, very short, erect, with acute stig- mas ; seed reniform, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. Stems jurrowed. Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate, green, in spikes or paniculate racemes. 1. B. VTJLGARIS. Common Beet. Fls. in dense, sessile, axillary clusters ; lower Irs. ovate ; rt. fleshy. This useful culinary is said to grow wild in S. Europe. Besides its use in salads, pickles, soups, &c., the beet yields sugar equal to that of the cane. There are several varieties, of which the purple-leaved is the most esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leaved for extracting sugar. Aug. 2. B. CICLA. Scarcity. L/vs. with very thick veins ; fls. 3 together ; rts. scarcely any. Native of Portugal. Root leaves stalked, those of the stem ses- sile. Flowers green, numerous, in very long spikes. A culinary plant, with very large leaves, used as a salad, &c. Aug. /?. Mangel- Wurtzel. Rt. very large. Cultivated as food for cattle, for which purpose it is highly prized by many farmers. ORDER CVII. SCLERANTHACEJE. SCLERANTHS. Herbs small, inconspicuous, with opposite leaves, no stipules and minute, axillary, sessile flowers. Cal. Tube urceolate, limb 4 5-toothed. Sta. inserted on the calyx tube, and usually twice as many as its lobes. Ova. l, free, 1-seeded. Styles 2 or 1.' Fr. a utricle, in ihe hardened calyx. Seed pendulous from the apex of a funiculus which arises from base of cell. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. Genera 4, species 14, natives of the northern hemisphere. SCLERANTHUS. Gr. crK\r)pos, hard, avSos , when in fruit, the floral envelope appears hard and dry. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the tube contracted at the orifice 5 sta. 1 0, rarely 5 or 2 ; styles 2 ; utricle very smooth, enclosed in the calyx. S. ANNUUS. Common Knawel. St. spreading, slightly pubescent; sta. 10; cal. ofthefr. with acute, spread- ing segments. (j) weed in dry fields and roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Stems numerous, branching, decumbent, short, ending with leafy clusters of sessile,green flowers. The leaves are numerous, linear, acute, short, opposite, partially united at their basis. Fls. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. Jl. ORDER CVIII. AMARANTHACE^E. AMARANTHS. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, withoul stipules. Fls. in heads or spikes usually colored, generally perfect. Cal. Sepals 35, dry and scarious, persistent, generally with dry, colored bracts. Sta. 5 or some multiple of 5. distinct or monadelphous, hypogynous. Ova. 1, free, 1 or few-ovuled. Style 1 or none. Stigma, simple or compound. Fr. a utricle. Seeds pendulous. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. Genera 38, species 282, most abundant in warm latitudes. A few of them are cultivated for their richly colored, imperishable flowers. Others are mere weeds. Conspectus of the Genera. (Rachis 1 ere te or furrowed Amaranthiis. 1 (alternate. \ Rachis broad, flat and crest-form Celosia. 5 ^ Flowers paniculate Iresme. 2 ( Bracts whitish or greenish. Flowers spicate Oplotheca. 3 opposite. ( Bracts crimson. Flowers capitate Gomphrena. 4 1. AMARANTHUS. Gr. a, not, fjtapaivo), to wither; the flowers of some of the species are imperishable. Fls. cT 9 ; calyx deeply 3 5-parted, mostly colored, persistent ; segments lanceolate, acute. cT Stamens 3 5. 9 Styles 2 3 ; cap- sule 1 -celled, circumscissile ; seed 1. Herbs with alternate leaves. Fls. in axillary and terminal clusters, rarely scattered. * Flowers triandrous. \. A. ALBUS. While Cockh-comb. St. obtusely angular ; Irs. obovate, retuse ; fis. triandrous, in small, axillary IRKSINK. CV1II. AMARANTHACEJE. 471 clusters. A common garden weed, 1 2f high, simple or branched. Leaves entire, varying from oval to obovate, emarginate, with a mucronate point, tapering to a petiole which is nearly as long as the blade, those upon the branches very small. Flowers inconspicuous, pale green, accompanied with numerous, setaceous-pointed bracts. July. 2. A. BLITUM. Low Amaranth. St. diffusely branched and spreading ; Ivs. ovate, long-petiolate, obtuse or abruptly decurrent at base, entire, lower ones retuse, upper obtuse or acute ; fls. in short, axillary, spicate clusters, shorter than the petioles. A weed naturalized in waste places. Stem mostly prostrate and spreading. Leaves as long as the petioles, | J as wide. 3. A. OLERACEUS. Pot Amaranth. Lvs. rugose, oblong, very obtuse, emarginate; dusters axillary, branching ; fls. sometimes pentandrous. Fields and waste places, Mass, to Penn. Stem 18 24' high. July. * * Flowers pentandrous. 4. A. HYBRIDUS. Hybrid Amaranth. St. furrowed, erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate; roc. pentandrous, decompound crowded, erect. A common weed in waste and cultivated grounds, N. Eng. to Miss. Stem 3f high, or more^leaves alternate, long-stalked, mostly entire, ob- tuse, emarginate, mucronate, the lowest ones retuse. Flowers minute, in large, green, oblong spikes becoming at length a dull red; axillary and terminal. 5. A. PUMILUS. Nutt. Dwarf Amaranth. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, smooth and fleshy, often retuse ; dusters axillary ; fls. pentandrous ; cal. 5-leaved, concave. Sandy sea shores, N. Y. Stem 8 12' high, often decumbent. Flowers green, obscure. 6. A. RETROFLEXUS. Lvs. ovate, undulate ; branches downy ; roc. pentandrous, triply compound, compact, erect. Waste grounds, among rubbish, N.Y.toVa. Stem2fhigh. Aug. 7. A. SPINOSUS. Spiny Amaranth. St. glabrous, much branched; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, with two stipular spines at base of the petioles ; fls. in compound, terminal and axillary spikes. In cultivated grounds and roadsides. Middle States. A vile weed, 2f or more high, readily known by its stipular spines. Aug. 8. A. HYPOCHONDRIACUS. Prince's Feather. Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, mucronate ; roc. pentandrous, compound, com- pact, erect. This species is native in the Middle States, and cultivated often as a garden annual. The whole plant is dark red, 3 4f high, with long, plume- like clusters, f 9: A. MELANCHOLICUS. Love-lies-bleeding . Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, colored ; roc. axillary, peduncled, roundish. From India. The whole plant purple, 18' high, t Several other species are rarely cultivated. 2. IRESINE. Gr. eipeaiuvr] . an olive branch hound with tufts of wool, borne by suppliants ; from the resemblance. Flowers 3" 9 & Calyx deeply 5 7-parted, subtended by 2 bracts ; scales or nectaries (petals?) 5 or 7. 9 Stigmas 2, sessile; capsule at length tomentose, many-seeded. Mostly % Lvs. opposite, entire, Fls. paniculate, axillary and terminal. I. CELOSlSlDES. St. erect, furrowed, paniculate above ; Ivs. scabrous, punctate, lower ob- long, acuminate, upper ovate-lanceolate ; panicle compound, large, rather dense. A tall, handsome annual, 3 4f high, on river banks, Ohio, near Cincinnati, &c. Leaves tapering to the base into a winged petiole, 3 6' by 2 4'. Pani- cle of whitish flowers large, with opposite branches, branchlets and pedicels, nearly or quite leafless. Sept. Oct. 40* 478 CIX. NYCTAGINACE.E. MIRABILIS. 3. OPLOTHECA. Nutt. Gr. OTT\O$, armor, Srixi), sheath ; alluding to the armed cover of the fruit. Fls. $ Calyx scarious, tubular, 5-toothed, densely tomentose, subtended at base by 2 truncated bracts ; sta. 5, filaments united into a sheath below ; stig. simple ; utricle 1 -seeded, enclosed in the in- durated, muricate calyx. (D Lvs. opposite, entire. Spikes opposite, sessile. O. FLORIDANA. JNutt. St. simple, erect, arachnoid-pubescent ; Ivs. linear, tapering to the base, obtusish at apex ; fls. imbricated, in short, dense, cottony spikes. On sandy river banks, 111. Mead ! Plant 1 2f high, with a terminal, virgate inflorescence 6 10' long. Leaves 1 2' by 3 5". Spikes remote, J If long. Calyx white-scarious, persistent, contracted above, enclosing the utricle. 4. GOMPHRENA. Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones connivent, carinate ; sepals 5, vil- lous, disk (nectary) cylindric, 5-toothed ; utricle circumscissile, 1- seeded. Herbs and shrubs with opposite leaves. None of the species native. 1. G. GLOBOSA. Globe Amaranth. St. erect, hairy; Ivs. oblong, pubescent; hds. globose, solitary, 2-leaved ; keels of the bracts winged. A tender annual from India, valued for its heads of flowers, which, if gathered before too far ad- vanced, will retain their beauty several years. Height 18'. Branches oppo- site, axillary. Flowers purple. 2. G. PERENNIS. Perennial Globe Amaranth. Lvs. lanceolate ; hds. 2-leaved ; fls. distinguished by a peculiar calyx. 1\. Plant about 2f high, native of S. America. The heads 2-leaved and terminal, resemble heads of clover. The crowded, purple perianths are chiefly conspicuous. Gathered like the former species, its flowers are equally fadeless and durable. July Oct. 5. CELOSIA. Gr. KTI\OS, burnt ; some of the species appear as if singed. Sepals 3 5, colored; stamens united at base by a plicate disk (nectary); style 2 3-cleft; utricle circumscissile. A genus of orna- mental foreign herbs. Lvs. mostly alternate. C. CRISTATA. Cock's-comb. Lvs. ovate, acuminate ; stip. falcate ; common ped. striated ; spike oblong, compressed. This curious annual is said to have come from Japan, where the flowers or crests are a foot in diameter, and of an in- tense, purplish-red. Height 2f. June Sept. ORDER CIX. NYCTAGINACE^B. NYCTAGOS. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. opposite, one of each pair smaller than the other. CaL colored, tubular, the upper part resembling a corolla with a- plaited limb, falling off from the lower part which becomes indurated in fruit. Sta. hypogynous, definite. Anth. 2-celled. Oca. free, with a single, erect ovule. Style l. Stigma I. Fr. a thin utricle, enclosed within the enlarged and persistent calyx. Seed with its testa coherent with the utricle. Cotyledons leafy. Genera 14, species 100, natives of warm latitudes. Nearly all, except the following beautiful genus, are obscure weeds. Roots purgative. MIRABlLIS. Calyx funnel-form, tube contracted, free from the ovary, limb plait- ed, entire, deciduous ; sta. 5 ; stig. globose" 1. M. JALAPA. Four-o'clock. Marvel-of-Peru. Lvs. smooth ; fls. in clusters, stalked. % This well-known and much admired plant is from the W. Indies. Root large, tuberous, and is one of the substances which furnish the Jalap of the shops. Stem 2f high. Leaves opposite, cordate, acuminate. Flowers large, very fragrant, in axillary and terminal clusters ; border wide-spreading, opening at about 4 o'clock, P. M. Calyx bright purple. By cultivation it POLYGONUM. CX, POLYGONACE^E. 473 sports into many pleasing varieties with yellow and white, red and white, red and yellow flowers. June Sept. 2. M. DICHOTOMA. Mexican Four-o'clock. Fls. sessile, erect, axillary, soli- tary. 1\. From Mexico. Stem 2f high, dichotomous, with yellow flowers, opening at 4 o'clock like the former. July, Aug. 3. M. LONGIFLORA. Long-flowered Four-o'clock. Lvs. pubescent ; fls. crowd- ed ; tube of the col. very long. 9| Native of Mexico. Stem 2f high. Tube of the calyx slender, hairy, twice as long as the leaves. Flowers white. Jn. Sept. ORDER CX. POLYGONACEJE. BUCKWHEATS. Herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate leaves. [base of the leaf-stalks ; occasionally 0. Slip, of that remarkable kind called ochreae, cohering round the stem in the form ot a sheath above the Fls. mostly perfect, and in racemes. Cal. Sepals united at base, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. definite, inserted on the calyx near the base. Ova. free, with a single erect ovule. Styles or stigmas several. Fr. Achenium usually triangular. Sds. Embryo generally on one side of farinaceous albumen. Genera 29, species 490, widely diffused throughout the world. Properties. "The roots of these plants are nauseous and purgative. Rhubarb of the shops is the root of some, unknown species of this order, native of Tartary. But the leaves and stalks of sorrel, the gar- den rhubarb, &c., are agreeably tart, and contain oxalic acid ; the petioles of the latter, together with the iarinaceous seeds of the buck- wheat, are well-known articles of food. Conspectus of the Genera. t 6. Stigmas 3, multifid. 3 outer sepals smaller Rumex. 4 ( 6. Stamens { 9. Stigmas multifid Rficum. 1 < mostly 5, united at base, persistent and enclosing the fruit Polygonum. 3 Sepals (4. Radical leaves reniform, on long petioles Oxyria. 2 1. RHEUM. Rfia, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants are said to be native. Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent ; stamens 9 ; styles 3 ; stigmas multifid, reflexed ; achenia 3-angled, the angles margined. ^ Fls. fasciculate, in racemose panicles. R. RHAPONTICUM. Garden Rhubarb or Pie-plant. L/vs. smooth, cordate- ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at the edges. Native of Asia, cultivated in gardens for the sake of the juicy, acid petioles. These are taken in a green state, in the spring of the year, and made into tarts and pies, whose excellence is well known to every one. Stem stout and fleshy, 3 4f high, hollow, with large, sheathing stipules at the joints. Leaves very large, 1 2f long, J as wide, on petioles of nearly the same length. Panicle terminal, at first enclosed in a white, membranous bract which at length bursts, disclosing innumerable greenish-white flowers. May. 2. OXYRIA. R. Br. Gr. o%vs, acid ; in allusion to the qualities of its leaves. Cal. 4-sepaled,2 inner sepals largest ; achenium 3-sided, with abroad, membranaceous margin ; sta. 2 6 ; styles 2, stigmas large, plumose. Q Lvs. mostly radical, petiolate. Stem nearly leafless, paniculate-racemose. O. RENIFORMIS. Hook. (Rumex digynus. Linn.) Mountain Sorrel. Radical Ivs. reniform, on long petioles ; outer sepals oblong, half as long as the inner, valvular sepals ; stamens 2 ; styles 2. Found on the summits of the White Mts., in moist ravines, and N. to the Arc. Sea. The plant is acid to the taste, like Rumex acetosus. Stem 3 4' in height. June. 3. POLYGONUM. Gr. iroXvf, many, yovv, knee ; that is, plants with many joints. Sepals 4 6, mostly 5, connected at base, colored or corolla-like, persistent ; sta. 59, mostly 8 ; sty. 23, mostly 3, short, filiform ; ach. mostly triangular, usually covered by the persistent calyx. Herbaceous. Sts. jointed. Fls. in axillary and terminal fascicles and spikes or paniculate racemes. 474 CX. POLYGONACE^E. POLYGONUM. 1. AVICULARIA. Flowers axillary. Stamens 5 8. Stigmas 3. 1. P. AVICULARE. Bird Polygonum or Knot-grass. St. procumbent ; Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate, rough-edged, acute, sessile ; flowers subsessile. A common weed in fields, highways and door-yards, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stems slender, \ l}f long, striate, smooth, branching, with short, white, torn, remotely veined stipules at the joints. Leaves smooth except the edges, 1' long and J as wide. Flowers reddish, small, 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves, appearing all summer. /?. glaucum. (P. glaucum. Nutt.} Lvs. fleshy, glaucous, revolute on the mar- gin. Grows on the sea-coast, Long Island. 2. P. ERECTUM. (P. aviculare. 0. latifolium. Michx.} Erect Knot-grass. St. mostly erect, branched ; Ivs. smooth, broadly oval, petiolate ; fls. pedi- cellate ; sta. mostly 5. 7|. Western and Mid. States and Brit. Am. A species remarkably distinct in appearance from the last, in similar situations, but sel- dom growing with it. Stem 1 2jf high, branched, smooth. Leaves 1 2' long and about } as wide, rather obtuse, the petioles f long. Flowers 23 together, pedicellate, in the axils of the leaves, yellowish. Jn. Sept. 3. P. TENUE. Michx. (P. linifolium. MM.} Slender Knot-grass. St. slender, erect, branched, acute-angled ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, erect, acuminate ; slip, tubular, villose at top ; fls. alternate, subsolitary, axillary. A small, slender plant, on rocky soils, N. Eng., Mid. States. Stem If high. Leaves 1 1%' long, 1 2" wide, 3-veined, sessile. Flowers white. JL, Aug. 2. PERSICARIA. Spikes terminal or axillary. 4. P. PUNCTATUM. Ell. (P. Hydropiper. Michx. not of Linn.} Water Pepper. St. branched, often decumbent at base ; Ivs. lanceolate, punctate with pellucid dots, waved and scabrous on the margin ; spike loose, interrupted, drooping; sta. 6 8; sty. 2, united half way up. Q Can. to Flor. A plant well known for its acrid taste, growing in ditches, low grounds, among rub- bish, &c. Stem smooth, 'swelling above the joints, 2f high, and, like the leaves, sprinkled with glandular dots, in which the acrimony is said to reside. Leaves 2 3' long and not more than \ as wide. Flowers green, tinged with purple and white. Aug., Sept. 5. P. MITE. Pers. (P. hydropiperoides. Michx. P. barbatum. Walt.} Mild or Tasteless Knot-grass. St. mostly decumbent at base, erect and hairy above ; Ivs. narrow, lanceolate, subhirsute ; stip. hirsute, long-ciliate ; spikes linear ; bracts ciliate, subimbricate ; sta. 8 ; sty. 3. Ditches and ponds, Can. to Car. and Tenn. Stem a foot or more high. Leaves 2 4' long, -| as wide, sessile. Spikes several, crowded near the summit of the stem, composed of small fascicles of reddish flowers. JL, Aug. See also Addenda, p. 638. G. P. PENNSYLVANICUM. Pennsylvanian Knot-grass. St. smooth, tumid at the joints; Ivs. lanceolate, petiolate; stip. glabrous, not ciliate ; spikes oblong, crowded ; ped. hispid ; sta. 8; sty. 2 or 1. (J) Mar- nof ponds and ditches, N. H. to Car. Stem geniculate, branched above, f high. Leaves 3 5' long, as wide, slightly scabrous. Spikes short and dense, large, and somewhat nodding. Flowers large, rose-colored, pedicellate. JL 7. P. LAPATHIFOLIUM. (P. incarnatum. Ell.} St. geniculate, smooth ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, often hoary beneath; spikes numerous, rather crowded, erect, on scabrous peduncles; sta. 6 ; sty. 2. A rare species in swamps and ditches, N. Y. to Ga. Stem 2 4f high. Leaves 3 5' long, as wide. Petioles i \' long. Flowers small, white, or tinged with red, in numerous, panicled spikes. Aug. 8. P. PERSICARIA. Ladies' Thumb. Spotted Knot-weed. St. erect; Ivs. lanceolate, the upper surface spotted; stip. fringed ;. spikes dense, oblong, erect; ped.- smooth ; sta. 6; sty. 2, half united. (J) A common species about buildings, fences, wet grounds, &c. Stem smooth, branched, leafy, 1 2f high, often colored. Leaves 2 4' long, i as wide, entire, short- stalked, acuminate, generally marked with a brownish, heart-shaped spot near the middle. Flowers rose-colored, in short, dense, terminal spikes. Jn.. Aug. POLYGONUM. CX. POLYGONACE^E. 475 9. P. ORIENTALS. Oriental Knot-grass. Prince's Feather. St. erect, paniculately branched ; Ivs. large, with hairy, salver-form sti- pules ; sta. 7 ; sty. 2. Native of the East, naturalized in fields and roadsides, throughout the U. S. A tall, showy plant, often cultivated for ornament. Stem 5 8f high. Leaves 8 12' long, as wide, ovate, acuminate. Spikes numerous, large, red, plume-like, terminal. Aug. j- 10. P. AMPHLBIUM. (P. coccinium. Muhl.} Amphibious Knot-weed. St. assurgent, prostrate or decumbent at base, rooting at the lower joints ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate and oblong, acute, or rounded or cordate at base, petiolate, smooth, acute or acuminate at apex ; spike terminal, ovoid or oblong, dense; sta. 5 ; sty. 2-cleft. Marshes, ponds, N. Eng. to 111. A very variable species, with large leaves and a terminal, dense spike of bright red flowers. Stems smooth, furrowed, short-jointed, often very long and creeping or floating and rooting. Stipules large, sheathing, mostly lacerated. Leaves 5 7' by 1 2', often shining. Spikes 1 2' long, the shorter mostly thicker. Aug. The prin- cipal varieties are as follows : a. coccineum. St. thick, suberect, 1 3f long ; Ivs. oblong, acute, shining both sides; stipules truncate; spikes ovoid. (N. Eng. !) /?. natans. St. very long, thick, rooting, prostrate, with erect branches ; Ivs. lance-oblong, subcordate, acuminate, slip, lacerate, long ; spike long, slender. (Indiana ! &c.) y. (P. fluitans. Ea. ?) Lvs. lance-linear, tapering to each end ; ochrece, long, hirsute, with a leafy, spreading summit; spike oblong. Lancasterj N. H. Rickard! Wisconsin, Lapham! I. am by no means certain that these three varieties are not distinct. 11. P. VIRGINIANUM. St. simple, pilose above ; Ivs. broadly lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, acumi- nate, smooth, on short petioles ; roc. long, slender, few-flowered ; fls. tetrame- rous, unequal, remote ; sta. 5 ; sty. 2, unequal. 1\. Shades, Can. to Flor., W. to Miss. Stem 2 4f high. Leaves 36' long, as wide, petioles 1 5" long. Stipules hairy. Spike or raceme terminal, simple or with one or two branch- lets, leafless, 'l 2f long. Flowers small, white, Jl., Aug. 3. BISTORTA. Fls. in terminal, solitary spikes. Sta. 7 9. Stig. 3. 12. P. VIVIPARUM. Viviperous Bistort. St. simple ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, revolute at the margin ; spike linear, solitary. Stem erect, leafy, f high, bearing a single spike of white flowers which are often transformed into bulblets while on the stem. % White Mts. N. to Arc. Am. Leaves 1 !' by 2 3", with entire, obtuse, smooth stipules. Jl. 13. P. HIRSUTUM. Walt. Hairy Knot-grass. St. and stip. very hirsute ; Ivs. lanceolate, hirsute, punctate with pellucid dots ; spikes filiform ; sta. 7 ; sty. 3-parted. On river banks, Ohio and South- ern States. The whole plant is clothed with soft hairs. Stem 2f high. Flowers white. July. 4. POLYGONELLA. Flowers in paniculate spikes. Stamens 8. 14. P. ARTICULATUM. Jointed Polygonum. St. erect ; Zrs. linear ; spikes panicled, filiform ; fls. solitary, pedunculated, with imbricate, truncated bracts ; sta. 8 ; sty. 3. <) N. Y., Mich., found in dry, hilly pastures. Stem slender, branching, straight, with numerous, racemed spikes, and imbricate, sheathing bracts. Leaves \ 1' by 1 2", obtuse. Flowers flesh-colored, on nodding, hair-like peduncles issuing from above the bracts. Achenia acutely triangular. Aug. 5. FAGOPYRUM. Fls. in racemose panicles. Lvs. subcordate or sagittate. 15. P. SAGITTATUM. Scratchgross. St. prostrate, rough-angled ; Ivs. sagittate ; fls. capitate ; sta. 8 ; sty. 3. @) Wet grounds, N. Eng. to Flor. and W. States. A rough, climbing species, often several feet in length. Stem square, the angles very rough with prickles pdftiting downwards. Leaves acute, 1 3' long, as wide, on petioles i f ' long, with smooth stipules. Flowers in small, terminal heads, whitish. Jn. 476 CX. POLYGONACE^E. RUMEX. 16. P. ARIFOLIU'M. Hastate Knotgrass. St. aculeate with reversed prickles; Ivs. hastate; s'pikes few-flowered ; fls. distinct ; star. 6 ; sty. 2. Wet grounds, Can. to Ga. and W. States. Distin- guished irom the last chiefly by its larger, halbert-shaped leaves, which are 2 4' long and as wide. Petioles J 1' long. Clusters racemose, slender, loose, few-flowered, at the ends of the branches. June, July. 17. P. CONVOLVULUS. Knot Bindweed. St. twining, angular; Ivs. cordate-hastate; seg.ofthe cal. obtusely keeled ; sta. 8; sty. 3. A common climbing species, in fields and waste grounds, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem 2 6f long, roughish, angled, with axillary branches. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, on petioles f ' long, with somewhat spreading and acute lobes at base. Flowers whitish, in terminal, interrupted spikes. June Sept. /?. cilinode. (P. cilinode. MX.} Plant minutely pubescent ; stip. fringed with reflexed hairs at base. 18. P. SCANDENS. Climbing Knotgrass. St. twining, smooth ; Ivs. cordate, acuminate ; seg. of the cal. winged ; sta. 8; sty. 3. 71. N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 3 7f long, climbing, often colored and with axillary branches. Leaves heart-shaped, with distinct, rounded lobes. Flowers in long, interrupted racemes. Calyx and fruit conspicuously 3- winged, the wings decurrent on the slender, jointed pedicel's. Aug. 19. P. FAGOPYRUM. Buckwheat. 'St. erect, smooth ; Ivs. cordate-sagittate ; rac. panicled; sta. 8; sty. 3; angles of the ach. equal. (T) The name from the "Lai.fagus, beech, and pyrum, a pear; the fruit resembles in shape a beech-nut. Native of Asia, but here naturalized. A valuable grain cultivated for the flour which is made into pan-cakes and eaten warm. Stems 2 4f high. Leaves 2 4' long, J as wide. Flowers numerous, white, very grateful to bees. -4. RUMEX. Calyx persistent, of 6 colored sepals, the 3 inner (valves) larger ; sta. 6 ; sty. 3, spreading ; stigmas many-clbft ; achenium 3-cornered, covered by the 3 valve-like inner sepals. Herbs with the flowers in dense, fasciculate panicles. 1. LAPATHUM. Flowers all $ . Inner sepals (valves) granuliferous. * Inner sepals entire. 1. R. CRISPUS. Yellow Dock. L/vs. lanceolate, waved, acute; valves (inner sepals) of the cal. entire, ovate, each bearing a tubercle. 1|_ Can. and U. S. A weed so common as hardly to need description, growing in cultivated grounds, about rubbish, &c., much to the annoyance of the farmer. Stem 2 3f high, smooth, channeled, from a yel- low, fusiform root. Flowers numerous, in a large panicle, consisting of many racemes of half-whorls, interspersed with leaves. Calyx-valves 3, enclosing the seed, each with a grain on the back. The root is used in medicine for cuta- neous diseases. June. 2. R. SANGUINEUS. Bloody-veined Dock. L/vs. petiolate, cordate, lanceolate ; valves of the cal. entire, one of them principally bearing the granule. 7J. Can. and N. States. Stem of a reddish color, branching, leafy, 2 3f high. Leaves smooth, radical ones large, mostly with red veins, somewhat cordate, slightly curled at the edges. Flowers in small, distant whorls. Grows in waste and shady places. July. VTOv, a plant, Lat. lacca, lac; from the purple juice of the berries. Calyx 5-sepaled, resembling a corolla; stamens 7 20; styles 5 10; berry superior, 10-celled, 10-seeded. Herbaceous. Racemes often opposite the leaves. P. DECANDRIA. Poke. Garget. Jalap. Lvs. ovate, acute at both ends ; fls. with 10 stamens and 10 styles. 1\. A common, well-known plant, growing about roadsides, hedges, U. S. and Can. Root very large and branching. The stem, with the diameter of an inch, is 5 8f high, round, smooth, branching, and when mature, of a fine, deep purple. Leaves 5' by 2 3', smooth, of a rich green color, entire and petioled. Racemes cylindric, long, at first terminal, becoming finally opposite to the leaves. Flow- ers greenish- white, consisting of 5 ovate, concave sepals, 10 stamens with white, 2-lobed anthers, and 10 short, recurved styles. The fruit is a dark purple berry, of a round, depressed form. The juice of the berries stains paper and linen a beautiful purple color, which, however, is not durable. In Spain, it is said they are used to color wine. July Sept. ORDER CXII. LAURACEJE. LAURELS. Trees and shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate Ivs. and umbelled or panicled fls. Cal. Sepals 46, somewhat united, free from the ovary, imbricated in 2 series. Sta. definite, perigynous, usually twice as many as the sepals, the 3 inner sterile or wanting. Anth. adnate, 2 4-celled, opening by recurved valves, from the base to the apex. Ova. Style and stigma single. Fr. Berry or drupe on a thickened pedicel. Seed large, without albumen. Plumula conspicuous, 2-leaved. Genera 46, species 450, chiefly natives of the tropics, but few being sufficiently hardy to endure our climate. Properties. The species of this highly important order are throughout pervaded by a warm and stimu- lant aromatic oil. Cinnamon is the dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, of Ceylon, &c. Camphor is obtained from many trees of this order, but chiefly from Camphora Officinarum, of Japan, China, &c. Cassia Bark, from Cinnamomum aromaticum, of China. Persea gratissima, a tree of the W. Indies, yields a delicious fruit called the Avocado pear. Both of the following species are also moderately medi- cinal. Genera. $ 2 valves/ Benzoin. 1 Anthers opening by 4 valves. Sassafras. 2 1. BENZOIN. Nees. Flowers $ , rarely by abortion cT 9 . Calyx deeply 6-parted ; sta. 9, the inner row each with a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at base ; anth. opening by 2 valves, detached below and reflected up- ward ; sty. short, thick; drupe 1 -seeded. Lvs. deciduous, entire. Fls. preceding the leaves, lateral. B. ODORIFERUM. Nees. (Laurus Benzoin. Linn.} Fever-bush. Spice Wood. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, veinless, entire, deciduous \fls. in clustered umbels, often direcious; buds and pedicels smooth. A shrub 6 12f in height, in moist woods, U. S. and Can. It has an aromatic flavor resembling gum Benzoin, and the bark an agreeable, spicy taste. Leaves oval or obovate, cuneiform and acute at base, 2 4' long and J as wide, paler beneath. Flowers pedicellate, in small, sessile umbels, greenish, appearing in advance of the leaves. Calyx 6- cleil, with oblong segments. Berries red. May. 2. SASSAFRAS. Nees. Dioeciously-polygamous ; calyx colored. 6-parted. c? Sta. 9, fertile, the inner row with each a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at base ; anth. opening by 4 valves. 9 Sta. 6, short, abortive ; sty. filiform ; PYRULARIA. CXIII. SANTALACE^E. 479 drupe superior, 1 -seeded. Lvs. deciduous^ lobed. Fls. and Ivs. ex- temporary and from the same bud. S. OFFICINALE. (Laurus Sassafras. Linn.} Sassafras. Lvs. of two forms, ovate and entire, or 3-lobed and cuneate at base ; fls. in terminal and axillary, corymbose racemes, with linear bracts. Not uncom- mon in N. Eng., very abundant in the forests and barrens of the other states. It varies in height from 10 40f. Leaves alternate, petioled, those of the young shoots ovate-lanceolate, others with 3 large lobes. Flowers greenish-yellow, appearing in May and June, in clustered racemes at the end of the last year's twigs, and after the leaves have expanded. Every part of the tree has a pleas- ant fragrance, and a sweetish, aromatic taste, which is strongest in the bark of the root. These qualities depend upon an essential oil which may be obtained by distillation, and which has been highly valued in medicine. The young shoots are a common ingredient in small beer, imparting to it a grateful flavor. ORDER CXIII. SANTALACEJE. SANDALWORTS. Trees, shrubs and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves. Fls. small, in spikes, rarely in umbels or solitary. Col. tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation. Sta. as many as the sepals, inserted at their base and opposite to them. Ova. 1-celled, 1 4-ovuled. Style l. Stigma often lobed. Fr. hard, dry and drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. Genera 18, species 110, natives of Europe, America, Australasia, &c. The fragrant sandal-wood is the product of Santalum album, &c , of India. Conspectus of the Genera. Herbs. Comandra. 1 Shrubs. Pyrularia. 2 Trees. Nyssa. 3 1. COMANDRA. Nutt. Gr. K0)firi, hair, avSpes, stamens ; stamens connected to the petals by a tuft of hairs. Calyx somewhat urceolate, tube adherent, limb 4 5-parted ; sta- mens 4 5, opposite the sepals, inserted into the top of the tube ; disk perigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes alternating with the stamens. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the limb of the calyx. Very smooth, suffruticose plants of N. America. Ped. axillary and ter- minal. Fls. small, umbellate. C. UMBELLATA. Nutt. (Thesium umbellatum. Linn.') Bastard Toad-flax. Erect ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate ; fls. subcorymbed, terminal. If. Plant about a foot high, in rocky woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem slender, striate, general- ly branching at top. Leaves entire, alternate, acutish, 1 1| 7 long, and as wide, tapering to a very short petiole. Flowers small, white, in little umbels of about 3. Each umbel is furnished with a deciduous involucre of about 4 small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of corymb. Each anther is at- tached to its opposite sepal by several hair-like, yellow filaments. June. 2. PYRULARIA. L. C. Rich. Flowers 9 c?. Calyx 5-cleft, subcampanulate ; disk 5-toothed, glandular, half adherent to the ovary ; sty. 1 ; stig. 2 or 3, sub- lenticular ; drupe pyriform, 1-seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of the calyx. Shrubs with the habit of Celaslrus. Lvs. alternate, entire. Roc. terminal. P. OLEIFERA. L. C. Rich. (P. pubera. Michx. Hamiltonia. MuM.) Oilnut. Margins of mountain streams, Penn. to Ga. Shrub 4 6f high, hirsute- pubescent. Root foetid. Leaves 23' by 1 !', oblong-ovate, entire, acumi- nate, petiolate, veins prominent beneath. Flowers small, in a terminal raceme, greenish-yellow. Calyx tube short, nearly filled with the glandular disk in the J* flowers, the segments reflexed in the $ . Stamens alternate with the lobes of the disk, opposite to those of the calyx. Drupe globose-depressed. May, 41 480 CXIV. THYMELACE^E. DIRCA. June. The whole plant is more or less oily, and is greedily devoured by cattle. Sometimes called Buffalo Oil. 3. NYSSA. The name of a nymph, according to Linnaeus. Flowers dioecious-polygamous, c? Calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5 10, inserted around a glandular diskj pistil 0. $9 Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5 or ; pistil 1 ; drupe inferior ; nut 1 -seeded. Trees. 1. N. MULTIFLORA. Walt. (N. villosa. Michx.) Pepperidge. Tulepo. Gum Tree. Lvs. oblong, obovate, very entire, acute at each end, the petiole, midvein and margin villous ; fertile ped. 3 6-flowered ; nut short, obovate, obtuse, striate. This tree is disseminated throughout the U. S. ; it is found 30 70f ! high, the trunk 1 3f ! in diameter, with horizontal branches forming a pyramidal summit. The bark is light gray, similar to that of the white oak, and, like the next species, broken into hexagons. Leaves tough and firm, 2 5' long, and as wide, often with 1 or more blunt teeth. Flowers small, green- ish, in small clusters on a long, branching peduncle, the fertile ones succeeded by a few deep blue, oblong drupes. The wood is white, fine-grained, rather soft, the texture consisting of interwoven bundles of fibres, rendering it very difficult to split. It is therefore useful for beetles, naves of wheels, hatters' blocks, &c. Jn. 2. N. AQ.UATICA. (N. biflora. Walt.) Water Tulepo or Gum Tree. " Lvs. oblong-ovate, entire, acute at both ends, smooth; fertile ped. 2-flow- ered ; drupe short, obovate ; nut striate. This tree grows in swamps, in certain sections of the Northern and Middle States. The trunk when full grown is 30 50f high and 15 20' in diameter, the bark divided by deep furrows into hexagons. Leaves alternate, smooth, 2 4' in length. Flowers small and obscure, the fertile ones producing a fruit of a deep blue color, growing in pairs on a common stalk which is shorter than the leaves. The wood is dark brown, similar in quality and uses to the last. Jn." Michx. abr. ORDER CXIV. THYMELACE^B. DAPHNADS. Shrubs with a very tenacious bark, alternate or opposite, entire leaves and perfect flowers. Cal. free, tubular, colored, limb 4 (rarely 5)-cleft, imbricated in aestivation. [as many. Sta. definite, inserted into the calyx and opposite to its lobes when equal to them in number ; often twice Ova. solitary, with 1 ovule. Style 1. Stigma undivided. Fr. hard, dry, drupaceous. Albumen or thin. Genera 38, species 300, very abundant in Australasia and S. Africa, sparingly disseminated in Europe and Asia. The only North American genus is that which follows. Properties. The bark is acrid and caustic, raising blisters upon the skin. It is composed of interlaced fibres which are extremely tough, but easily separable. The lace-bark tree (Lagetta) of Jamaica is par- ticularly remarkable for this property. Genera. $ obsolete.' Stamens exserted. Dirca. 1 Corolla limb ( spreading. Stamens included. Daphne. 2 1. DIRCA. Gr. <5ijOKa, a fountain ; the shrub grows in wet places. Calyx colored, tubular, with an obsolete limb ; stamens 8, unequal, longer than, and inserted into the tube ; style 1 ; berry 1 -seeded. Lvs. alternate^ simple. Fls. expanding before the leaves, D. PALUSTRIS. Leather-wood. Lvs. oblong-ovate or obovate ; fls. axillary, 2 3 in a hairy, bud-like in- volucre. A shrub, 5f in height, when full grown, U. S. and Can. The flowers appear in April and May, much earlier than the leaves. They are small, yellow, funnel-shaped, about 3 together, issuing from the same bud. Leaves entire, on short petioles, pale underneath. Stamens much longer than the sepals, alternately a long and a short one. Berry oval, small, red. Every part of this shrub is very tough. The twigs furnish " rods for the fool's back," the bark is used for ropes, baskets, &c. ELJEAGNUS. CXV. EL^EAGNACE^E. 481 2. DAPHNE. For the nymph Daphne, who, it is said, was changed into a laurel which this resembles. Calyx 4-cleft, inarescent, limb spreading ; stamens 8, included in calyx tube ; sty. 1 ; drupe 1 -seeded. Mostly evergreen shrubs, of much beauty and fragrance. Lvs. generally from the terminal buds, fls. from the lateral. None are American. 1. D. MEZEREUM. DCS. deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tufts, entire, ses- sile ; fls. sessile, about three from each lateral bud ; col. hypocrateriform, seg- ments ovate, spreading ; sta. inserted in 2 rows near the top of the tube ; fit. very short ; stig. sessile. A beautiful, early-flowering, European shrub. The whole plant, especially the bark, is very acrid. Flowers pink-colored in one variety, white in another, clothing nearly the whole plant in March. Height 2 3f. f 2. D. LAUREOLA. Spurge Laurel. Lvs. evergreen, lanceolate, glabrous, acute, entire, subsessile; fls. 5 together in each axillary raceme. A taller shrub than the preceding, from Europe. Stem 4 6f high, with ample and beautiful foliage. Flowers fragrant, greenish-yellow. Mar., Apr. f 3. D. COLLINA. Lvs. evergreen, oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to a short pe- tiole, very smooth above, villous beneath ; fls. fasciculate, terminal. Apr. Jn. f ORDER CXV. EL^EAGNACEJE. OLEASTERS. Trees and shrubs usually covered with a leprous scurf. Lvs. alternate or opposite, entire. Stip. 0. Fls. axillary, dioecious, rarely perfect. Sterile fl. Cal. 4 -parted. Sta. 3, 4 or 8, sessile. Anth. 2-celIed. Fertile Jl. CoZ. Free, tubular, persistent, limb entire or 2 4-toothed. Ova. simple, 1-celled. Ovule solitary, stipitate. Stig. simple, subulate, glandular. Fr-Achenium crustaceous, enclosed within the calyx, which becomes succulent and baccate. Sds. ascending. Embryo straight, in thin, fleshy albumen. Genera 4, species 30, thinly dispersed throughout the whole northern hemisphere. Genera. $ s. Shepherdia. 1 Stamens \ 4. Elceagnus. 2 1. SHEPHERDIA. Nutt. In honor of John Shepherd, curator of the botanic garden of Liverpool. Flowers 9 cT. cT Calyx 4-cleft ; sta. 8, alternating with 8 glands. 9 Calyx tube closely investing the ovary, but not adhering to it, limb 4-lobed ; sty. 1 ; stig. oblique ; berry globose, composed of the fleshy calyx. North American shrubs, with spinescent branches, and opposite, deciduous leaves. Fls. aggregated. 1. S. CANADENSIS. Nutt. (Hippophae. Wittd.) Lvs. elliptic-ovate, nearly smooth above, clothed beneath with stellate hairs and ferruginous, deciduous scales. A shrub 6 8f high, found in Vt, N. Y. and W. to Wis., Lapham! by streams and on river banks. Leaves ob- tuse at each end, the upper surface green, with few, scattered, stellate hairs, lower surface white, with rust-colored spots, densely tomentose, margin entire ; petioles 2 4" long, lamina 1 2' by J 1'. Flowers minute, in small, lateral, nearly sessile clusters. Berries oval, scaly, consisting of the fleshy calyx en- closing the achenia in its tube, sweetish to the taste. Jl. A curious and orna- mental shrub. 2. S. ARGENTEA. Nutt. (Hippophae. PA.) Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, both surfaces smooth and equally covered with silvery scales. A small tree, 12 18f high, with thorny branches. Leaves 1 2' by 49". Petioles i' long, margin entire, the surface of a light, silvery hue, sprinkled with rust-colored spots. Fruit the size of a currant, scarlet, well-flavored, f 2.ELJEAGNUS. Gr. \aia. the olive ; the trees having a resemblance to the olive. Calyx 4-cleft, campanulate, colored on the inner side ; sta. 4, alter- 483 CXVI. ULMACE^E. ULMUS. nate with the calyx lobes ; anth. subsessile ; sty. short ; fruit baccate, consisting of the achenium enclosed in the dry, farinaceous calyx tube, marked with 8 furrows. Trees or shrubs^ cultivated for the silvery foli- age. Leaves alternate. 1. E. ARGENTEA. Silver-leaved Oleaster. Lvs. broad-ovate or oval, wavy, acutish at each end, both surfaces, par- ticularly the lower, silvery and shining with ferruginous scales. Missouri, &c. A beautiful shrub, with reddish branches and small, roundish-ovate, carti- laginous drupes, -f 2. E. ANGUSTIPOLIA. Narrow-leaved Oleaster. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, alternate, smooth, canescent ; fls. axillary, aggregate. A tree of middle size from Europe, cultivated for its beautiful foliage and fine fruit, which, " when dried, resembles an oblong plum with a reddish skin and a flavor similar to that of a date." 3. E. LATIFOLIA. Broad-leaved Oleaster. Lvs. ovate, evergreen. E. India, f ORDEH CXVI. ULMACEJE. ELMWORTS. Trees and shrubs with alternate, simple, deciduous leaves. Stip. 2 at the base of each leaf, deciduous. Fls. sometimes by abortion dioecious, in loose clusters, never in catkins. Cal. free from the ovary, campariulate, 4 5-cleft, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. inserted on the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes and opposite to them. Ova. 1 2-celled. Ovules solitary. Stig'tnas 2, distinct. Fr. indehiscent, either a samara or drupe, l-celled ; 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons fohaceous. Genera 9, species 60, natives of the northern temperate zone. The mucilaginous bark of the slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) is the only important medicinal product. Several of the elms afford excellent timber. Genera. Flowers all perfect. Calyx 4 5-cleft. Fruit samarae Ulmus. 1 Flowers polygamous. Calyx of sterile fl. 6-parted. Fruit a drupe Celtte. 2 1. ULMUS. From elm, its original name in-Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Gothic, and other Celtic dialects. Flowers $ Calyx campanulate, 4 5-cleft ; stamens 5 8 ; styles 2 ; samara compressed, with a broad, membranaceous border. Trees, rarely shrubs. Lvs. retroi'sely scabrous, often abrupt at base. Fls. fas- ciculate^ appearing before the leaves. 1. U.AMERICANA. American Elm. White Elm. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequal at the base; fls. pedicelled ; fr. fim- briate. This majestic tree is common in the Northern, Middle and Western States. It is a native of the forest, but often grows spontaneously in open fields, where it is readily distinguished by its long, pendulous branches. The trunk, with a diameter of 3 5f, towers to the height of 30, 50, and even 70f, perfectly straight and naked, when it divides into 2 or more primary branches. These ascend, gradually spreading, and repeatedly dividing into other long, flexible limbs bending in broad, graceful curves. It is a great favorite as a shade tree, and is frequently seen rearing its stately form and casting its deep shade over the " sweet homes" of New England. Leaves short-stalked, oval-acuminate, doubly denticulate, and 4 5' long. The veins are quite regular and promi- nent. Flowers small, purplish, collected into small, terminal clusters, and appearing in April, before the leaves. Fruit flat, fringed with a dense down. The wood is tough and strong, but not easily wrought; used for the naves of wheels, &c. 2. U. FULVA. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. Branches rough ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, nearly equal at base, une- qually serrate, pubescent both sides, very rough ; buds covered with fulvous down ; fls. sessile. Woods and low grounds, N. Eng. to Car. The slippery elm is much sought on account of the mucilage of the inner bark. Its diam- eter is 1 2f, and height 20 40. The leaves are larger, thicker and rougher than those of the white elm, and exhale a pleasant odor. Flowers collected at CELTIS. CXVI. ULMACE.E. 483 the ends of the young shoots. Calyx downy, sessile. Stamens short, reddish, 7 in number. April. 3. U. RACEMOSA. Thomas. Cork Elm. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, auriculate on one side ; fls. in racemes ; pedicels in distinct fascicles, united at their base. A tree found in Meriden, N. H. ! to N. Y. ! The twigs and branches are remarkably distinguished by their nume- rous, corky, wing-like excrescences. Leaves 3 4' long, f as wide, produced into a rounded auricle on one side, doubly serrate, smooth above, veins and under surface minutely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, 24 in each of the fascicles which are arranged in racemes. Calyx 7 8-cleft. Stamens 710. Stigmas recurved. Samara orate, pubescent, the margin doubly fringed. 4. U. CAMPESTRIS. English Elm. Las. (small) ovate, doubly serrate, unequal at base; fls. subsessile, densely clustered; sta. 5 8; cat. segments rounded, ob- tuse; samara suborbicular, the border destitute of a fringe of hairs. From Europe. Introduced and naturalized in the Eastern States to a small extent. It is a majestic tree, 50 70f high. The main trunk is 2 4f diam. at base, usually prolonged to the summit. The bark is more rough and broken than that of the American elm, the branches more rigid and thrown off at a larger angle, the foliage more dense, consisting of smaller and darker-colored leaves. In form it favors the oak more than our own native elms. Many trees of this kind, in the vicinity of Boston, are particularly mentioned in Emerson's Report, pp. 301, 302. 5. II. MONTANA. Scotch Elm. Wych Elm. Lvs. doubly serrate, unequal at base ; fls. pedicellate ; sta. 6 8 ; samara with the margin fringed. Another European elm, often attaining an enormous size. The timber is highly valua- ble. In form it more nearly resembles the slippery elm than the white elm. 6. U. NEMORALIS. River Elm. Lvs. oblong, nearly smooth, equally serrate, nearly equal at the base ; fls. sessile. Banks of rivers, N. Eng. to Virginia, according to Pursh, Fl. p. 200, but unknown to any subsequent botanist. 2. CELTIS. Celtis was the ancient name for the lotus, which this genus is said to resemble. Flowers monoecious-polygamous. v\\ov, a leaf; alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves. Character the same as that of the order. C. DEMERSUM. Hornwort. Lvs. 6 8 in a whorl, doubly dichotomous, dentate-spinescent on the back; fls. axillary ; fr. 3-spined. 7J. An aquatic weed, in ditches, &c., N. Y. to Va. W. to 111. Stem floating or prostrate, 8 16' long, filiform, with numerous whorls of leaves. They are dichotomously divided into 2 or more filiform seg- ments. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, with sessile anthers. Fruit an oblong, beaked capsule, with 1 seed. Jl. Sept. ORDER CXIX. CALLITRICHACE^E. STARWORTS. Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. F/s. axillary, solitary, very minute, monoecious, achlamydeous, with 2 colored bracts. Sta. 1, rarely 2; filaments slender; anthers l-celled, 2-valved, reniform. Ova. 4-celled, 4-lobed ; ovules solitary. Styles 2 ; stigmas simple points. Fr. l-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous. Genus 1, species 6, growing in stagnant waters both of Europe and America. CALLITRICHE. Gr. KaAoj, beautiful, Sj9t, rpi^os, hair; alluding to the slender stems. Character the same as that of the order. % C. VERNA. (C. intermedia. Willd. C. aquatica. Bw.} Floating; upper Ivs. oblong-r-patulate, lower ones linear, obtuse or emar- CXXI. EUPHORBIACE^E. 485 ginate ; caps, with the lobes obtusely margined. This little polymorphous plant is common in shallow streams and muddy places, U. S. Stem floating, \ 2f long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched. Leaves 2 at each node, becoming crowded above into a star-like tuft upon the surface of the water, the lower ones becoming gradually narrower, and the lowest quite linear. Flowers white, axillary, 1 or 2 together, often monrecious. Anther a little exssiied, yellow. May Sept. /?. autumnalis. Darl. (C. autumnalis. L. C. linearis. Ph.} Floating ; Ivs. nearly all linear, 1-veined, truncate or emarginate, the upper ones a little di- lated towards the end. In similar situations with, and generally accompanying the former. y. tcrrestris. Darl. (C. terrestris. Raf. C. brevifolia. Ph.} Procumbent arid diffuse; Ivs. all oblong, obtuse, crowded, fleshy. Grows on soft mud, ever- spreading the surface. This form evidently depends on the locality. ORDER CXX. PODOSTEMACE^). THREADFOOTS. Herbs aquatic, without spiral vessels, of the habit of the liverworts or mosses. Lvs. capillary or linear, not articulated with the stem. Fts. monoecious, achlamydeous, bursting through an irregularly lacerated spathe. Sta. often reduced to 1 or 2, and monadelphous. Ova. free, 2 3-celled. Sty. 2 or 0. Stig. 23. Fr. Capsule subpedicellate, opening by 2 valves. Sds. numerous, without albumen, attached to a central column. Genera 9, species 25, natives of N. America and Asia. PODOSTEMUM. L. C. Rich. Gr. irovs, irodos, a foot, ori7//oi/ ; the stamens being apparently on a common foot-stalk. Stamens 2, with the filaments united below ; ovary oblong-ovoid ; stigmas 2, sessile, recurved ; capsule 2-celled ; seeds minute. Small, submersed herbs, adhering to stones and pebbles. P. CERATOPHYLLUM. Michx. (Lacis ceratophylla. Bongard.} Threadfoot. Lvs. dichotomously dissected ; fls. solitary, axillary. Middle ! Western and Southern States. Stem a few inches long, usually destitute of roots and attached to stones by lateral, fleshy processes. Leaves numerous, alternate, coriaceous, divided into many long, linear-setaceous segments. Flowers on short, thick peduncles, the 2 stamens and styles at length bursting through the lacerated calyx. In shallow, running streams. July. ORDER CXXI. EUPHORBIACEJE. SPURGEWORTS. Trees, shrubs or herbs, often abounding in an acrid milk. Lvs. opposite or alternate, simple, rarely compound, often furnished with stipules. Fls. monoecious or dioecious, axillary or terminal. Cal. inferior, lobed or wanting. Cor. Petals or scales equal in number to the sepals, or wanting. Sterile fl. Sta. definite or indefinite, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. 2-celled. Fertile fl. Ova. free, of 2 9 more or less united carpels, coherent to a central prolongation of the axis. Styles distinct, often 2-cleft. Fr. Capsule of 3 dehiscent carpels which open elastically. Sd. with a large embryo in fleshy albumen. Genera 191, species 2500? chiefly natives of S. America, not more than 50 species being found in N. America, north of Mexico. Properties. An acrid, stimulant and poisonous principle, residing chiefly in the milky juice, pervades the whole order This principle varies in activity from mild stimulants to the most active poisons ; but it is volatile and easily expelled by heat. Tapioca is a starch-like accumulation formed in the roots ot the Jatropha Manihot. When fresh, this root is a violent poison, but loses its deleterious properties by washing and exposure to heat. Castor-oil is expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis, Croton- oil from the seeds of Croton Tiglium. Caoutchouc is yielded in abundance by several S. American species. FIG. 53. 1. Head or capitulum of Eu- phorbia corollata, with the corolla-like in- volucre, and pedicellate pistillate flower. 2. The involucre tube cut open, showing the monandrous, staminate flowers sur- rounding the pistillate. 3. One of the flowers, with a toothed bract at base. 4. Cross section of the ovary, showing the 3 one-seeded cells or carpels. 486 CXXI. EUPHORBIACE^. EUPHORBIA, Conspectus of the Genera. S Fruit in a toothed, leafy involucre. Acalypha. 2 f8 16-androus. (Fruit not in volucrate Croton. 5 polyandrous. Leaves large, glaucous, peltate Ricinus. 3 I tetrandrous. Leaves evergreen, ov..te Buxus. 7 ] pentandrous. Leaves clothed with shining scales. Crotonopsis. 4 triandrous. Leaves very small. Phyllanthus. 6 Sterile fls. Imonandrous, several in a corolla-like involucre Euphorbia. I 1. EUPHORBIA. Euphorliu, physician to Juba, king of Mauritiana, first used these plants in medicine. Flowers c? , mostly achlamydeous ; involucre monophyllous, sub- campanulate, with 4 5 petaloid segments alternating with as many external, gland-like teeth, cf 12 or more ; stamen 1 ; filament articu- lated in the middle. 9 solitary, central ; ovary pedicellate ; styles 3, bifid ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled ; cells 1 -seeded. Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice. Lvs. generally opposite, sometimes wanting, often stipulate. Invol. axillary or subumbellate. * Heads of flowers in involucrate umbels, f Cauline leaves alternate. 1. E. COROLLATA. Flowering Spurge. Erect; cauline and floral Ivs. oblong, narrow, obtuse; inner segments of tJie invol. obovate, petaloid ; umbel 5-rayed, rays 2 or 3 times di- or trichotomous. n\. In dry fields, &c. } Can. and U. S. Stem slender, erect, 1 2f high, generally simple and smooth. Leaves 1 2' long, often quite linear, very entire, scat- tered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. The umbel, as in other species, consists of about 5 verticillate branches from the summit of the stem, each of which is subdivided into about. 3, and finally into 2 peduncles. Corolla-like involucre large, white, showy. July Aug. The central head is 2 or 3 weeks earliest. 2. E. HELIOSCOPIA. Sun Spurge. Erect ; floral Ivs. obovate, cauline wedge-form, serrate, smooth ; umbel 5- rayed, then 3-rayed and forked. () A milky weed in cultivated grounds, N. H. ! to Niagara ! S. to Car., remarkable for the symmetry of its vegetation. Stem smooth, erect, 8 16' high. Leaves scattered, f !' long, f as broad at the rounded or retuse apex, finely and sharply serrate, entire, and tapering to the base. Umbels subtended by a large involucre of 5 obovate leaves. Each of the 5 rays is pilose with scattered hairs and subdivided into an umbellet of 3 rays with a 3-leaved involucel, and these finally into 2 or more pedicellate fascicles. Capsules smooth. June, July. 3. E. NEMORALIS. Darl. (E. pilosa. Pursh.) Hairy Spurge. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, narrowed to the base, subsessile, pilose beneath, those of the involucre ovate; umbel 5 8-rayed, rays ones or twice divided; seg. of the floral invol. colored, entire, subreniform; ova. verrucose. 7J. Moist woods, Can. to Va. Stem 2 3f high, smooth, rarely branched below the umbel. Leaves 3 4' by 1', entire or slightly serrulate above, those of the stem alternate, of the branches opposite and nearly as broad as long. Floral involucre purplish-brown within. Capsule at length nearly smooth. May, June. 4. E. OBTUSATA. Pursh. Obtuse-leaved Spurge. Erect ; Ivs. alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth ; umbel 3-rayed, rays twice dichotomous ; floral Ivs. ovate, subcordate, somewhat obtuse ; caps. muricate. TJ. Grows in waste grounds, Can. to Va. Stem 12 18' high. 5. E. PEPLUS. St. erect or ascending, branched below ; umbels 3-rayed, rays mostly di- chotomous ; involucrate Ivs. ovate, acute. (f) A small species, in cultivated grounds, Penn. to Va. Floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous. Torr. t Cauline leaves opposite. 6. E. MKRCURIALINA. Muhl. St. weak and slender, simply 3-cleft; Irs. opposite and ternately verti- EUPHORBIA. CXXI. EUPHORBIACE.E. 4&r cillate, subsessile, oval and entire ; ped. terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. 7J. In rocky shades, Penn. Pursh. Jl. Aug. 7. E. LATHYRIS. Mole-tree. Caper Spurge. St. erect, stout, smooth ; Ivs. lance-linear, rather acute, entire, glabrous, sessile ; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous ; glands of the invol. lunate, 2- horned, the horns dilated and obtuse. (g) Cultivated grounds and gardens. Stem 2 31' high. Leaves 2 4' by 3 9", numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem. Umbel of 4 verticillate branches with a central subsessile head. Jl. Sept. 8. E. HERRONII. Riddell. Herron's Euphorbia. Erect, pilose, with opposite branches ; lower Ivs. rhombic-ovate, middle ones lanceolate, upper lance-linear, denticulate, obtuse ai apex, acute at base; umbels small, few flowered. Ohio. Plant hairy in all its parts, 1 2f high. Petiole ciiiate, half as long as the leaves. Aug. Sept. 9. E. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Haworth 1 St. much branched at base, ascending and with barren branches above ; Ivs. crowded, linear, obtuse ; umbel many-rayed, proliferous ; floral invol. 2-leaved, leaflets broad-cordate. 4|. A heath-like plant of the gardens, native of , If high. Leaves 1' by 1", very numerous, spi- rally arranged, apparently verticillate. -j- 10. E. MARGINATA. Pursh. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, sessile, acute, mucronate, entire on the margin, glabrous ; umbel 3-rayed, once or twice dicho- tomous; involucrate Ivs. oblong, cordate, colored and membranaceous at the margin ; inner segments of the floral involucre roundish ; caps, hoary-pubes- cent. (D Gardens. A handsome species, remarkable for the variegated leaves of the involucre, f * * Heads axillary or fasciculate. Leaves opposite. 11. E. HYPERICIFOLIA. Spurge. Eye-bright. St. smooth, branching, nearly erect, branches divaricate-spreading; Ivs. opposite, oval-oblong, serrate, sub-falcate; corymbs terminal. (I) A slender and branching plant, found in dry and rich soils. Stem 10 20' high, usually pur- ple, very smooth, the branches often pubescent, U. S. and Can. Leaves tripli- veined. marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciiiate, 6 12" long, and | as wide, oblique, on very short petioles. Corymbs of small white heads, terminal and axillary. July, Aug. 12. E. MACULATA. (E. depressa. Ell. E. thymifolia. Linn.') Spotted Spurge. Procumbent ; branches spreading ; Ivs. serrate, oblong, hairy ; fls. axillary. (D -A- prostrate plant, spreading flat upon the ground, in sandy fields, Mass. ! to Ind. ! and S. States. Stem 6 12' in length, much branched, hairy. Leaves opposite, 3 6" long and as wide, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, smooth above, often spotted with dark purple, the margin ciiiate, pale and hairy beneath, on short stalks. Heads of flowers small, ciowded near the summit, involucre minute, white. Jl. Sept. 13. E. POLYGONIFOLIA. Knot-grass Spurge. Procumbent; Ivs. entire, lanceolate and oblong, obtuse at base; fls. in the axils of the branches, solitary. (I) Sea shores, R. I. ! to Flor. A very smooth, succulent, prostrate plant, with milky juice. Stems 6 10' long, dichotomous, procumbent. Leaves oblong and linear-lanceolate, rarely cordate at base, 3 5" by 1", petioles about 1". Stipules subulate and simple. Heads small, in the forks of the purple stem. June, July. 14. E. IPECACUANHA. Ipecac Spurge. Procumbent or suberect, small, smooth ; Ivs. opposite, obovate and oblan- ceolate ; ped. elongated, axillary, 1-flowered. 1J. Sandy soil, Middle ! and S. States. Root perennial, very long. Stem rather thick and succulent, 3 8' long. Leaves 1 2' by 3 6", sessile, varying from obovate to linear. Heads solitary. Peduncles as long as the leaves. June. 15. E. DENTATA. Michx. Toothed-leaf Spurge. Hairy; Ivs. opposite, oval, dentate ; fls. crowded at the summit of the stem. (I) Shady rocks, Penn., Torrey, to Tenn., Michaux. Upper leaves spotted. Probably a variety of E. hyperlcifolia. Jl. Aug. 488 CXXI. EUPHORBIACE.E. CROTON. 16. E. PUNICEA. Scarlet or Splendid Euphorbia. St. suffruticose, fleshy, armed with rigid, sharp thorns ; Ivs. ovate, tapering to the base, glabrous, entire, acute, raucronate ; ped. axillary, 2 or 3 times dichotomous ; involucrate bracts scarlet. A singular and showy garden plant. 2. ACALYPHA. The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles. Fls. v\\ov, avSos ; the leaves of the original species bear flowers at the edges. Flowers c? . c? Calyx persistent, with 6 spreading, colored seg- ments ; stamens 3, very short, filaments united at base, anthers didy- mous. 9 Calyx as in the c? ; styles 3, bifid ; capsule 3-celled ; cells 2-valved, 1 2-seeded. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers. P. CAROLINENSIS. Walt. (P. obovatus. Wittd.) St. erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches; Ivs. simple, entire, gla- brous, oval and obovate, obtuse, slightly petioled ;/s. few, subsolitary, axillary. A small-leaved, delicate plant, Penn. ! to 111. ! Stem 610' high, slender, the branches filiform. Leaves of the stem 6 8" by 4 5", of the branches twice, and of the branchlets four times smaller. Flowers 1 3 in each axil, the tf with the 9, 1" diam., whitish. July, Aug. 7. BUXUS. The Greek name of this plant was 0vof . Flowers sterile spikes glomerate, interrupted, fertile cylindric. A coarse, nettle- like plant, in swamps and bottoms, Mid. and Western States ! Stem slender, obtusely 4-angled, channeled on each side, 2 3f high. Leaves 3-veined, 3 5' long, as wide, on long petioles. Flowers minute, the fertile ones in axillary, cylindric spikes, 1 2' in length, the barren spikes rather longer and more slender. July, Aug. 0. Spikes shorter, subcapitate ; petioles somewhat shorter. y. (B. lateriflora. Mnkl.} Lvs. roughish; spikes longer and much interrupted. 7. PARIETARIA. Lat. paries, a wall ; some of the species prefer to grow on old walls, &c. Flowers monoecious-polygamous, in clusters surrounded by a many- cleft involucre ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, at first incurved, then expanding with an elastic force ; ovary and style 1 ; achenium pol- ished, enclosed within the persistent calyx. Herbs with usually al- ternate leaves. Clusters of green Jiowers axillary. P. PENNSYLVANIA. Pellitory. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, tapering to an obtuse point, punctate with opaque dots ; invol. longer than the flowers. (p A rough, pubescent herb, found in damp, rocky places, Vt, N. Y., W. to Wise. ! &c. Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, 6 12' high. Leaves alternate, entire, hairy and rough, about J' wide and 3 or 4 times as long, petiolate, and ending with an obtuse acumination. Segments of the involucre about 3, lance-linear. Flowers dense, greenish and reddish-white. Rare. June. SECTION 3. CANNABIXE^. Herbs, erect or twining, with a watery juice, c? racemose or panicu- late, 9 in a cone-like ament. Albumen 0. 8. CANNABIS. Arabic ganeb, hemp. Flowers c? 9- & Calyx 5-parted. 9 Calyx entire, oblong-acumi- nate, opening longitudinally at the side ; sty. 2 ; ach. ? 2-valved, en- 512 CXXX. URTICACE^E. HUMULUS. closed within the persistent calyx. CD Lvs. opposite, digitate. Fls. axillary ', c? in cymose pa?iicles, 9 in sessile spikes. C. SATIVA. Hemp. Lvs. palmately 5 7-foliate. The hemp was introduced originally from India, but it springs up spontaneously in our hedges and waste grounds. It is a tall, erect plant, with handsome petiolate leaves. Leaflets lanceolate, serrate, 3 5' long, ^ as wide, the middle one the largest. Flowers small, green, soli- tary and axillary in the barren plants, spiked in the fertile ones. It is cultivated in many countries for the sake of its fibre, which is stronger than that of flax, and is the best of all materials for cordage and sail-cloth. The seeds are nutritious, but the leaves are stimulant and narcotic, producing intoxica- tion. June. 9. HUMffLUS. Lat. hwmis, moist earth ; the hop grows only in rich soils. Flowers d* 9. cT Calyx 5-sepaled ; stamens 5 ; anthers with 2 pores at the summit. 9 Bracts imbricate, large, entire, concave, persistent, 1 -flowered; calyx membranous, entire, persistent; styles 2 ; achenium invested by the thin calyx. ^ twining with the sun. Lvs. opposite. Fls. in axillary panicles and strobile-like aments. H. LUPULUS. Common Hop. The hop vine is found wild in hedges, &c., throughout this country, and is, as every one knows, extensively cultivated for the sake of its fertile aments, which are chiefly used as a preservative in beer. It has a long, annual stem of rapid growth, always twining with the sun, rough backwards with reflexed prickles. Leaves very rough, generally 3-lobed, deeply cordate at base, on long stalks. Flowers of the barren plants extremely numerous, panicled, greenish ; those of the fertile, in aments with large scales. In the cultivation of the hop it tias been found profitable to plant a few layers of the barren vines among the tertiie ones, as the produce is thus increased in weight through the fertilization of the seeds. Aug. CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS. OVULES not enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen without the intervention of a pistil, and becoming truly NAKED SEEDS, the carpel being represented by a flat open scale or entirely wanting. EMBRYO with 2 opposite, or several whorled cotyledons. ORDER CXXXI. CONIFER^. CONIFERS. Trees or evergreen shrubs, with branching trunks, abounding in a resinous juice. Lvs. scattered or fascicled, linear or acerose (rarely lanceolate), parallel-veined, rigid, generally evergreen. Fls. monoecious or dioecious, destitute of calyx or corolla. Sterile, monandrous or monadelphous, collected in a kind of loose ament. Anth. 2 or many-lobed, often tipped with a crest. Pollen large, usually compound. Fertile, in aments composed of open, scale-like carpels, or solitary and without a carpel. Ovary, style and stigma wanting. Ovules 1, 2 or many, erect or inverted. JFV. A strobile (cone), or a solitary seed. Integuments hard and crustaceous. Embryo in the axis of oily albumen. Genera 29, species 150, natives of all climates, but most abundant in the temperate zones, those of the southern, however, very different from the pines, spruces, larches and cedars of the northern. Properties. Few orders can be named, ^yhich are of more importance to mankind, whether in refer- ence to their invaluable timber or their resinous secretions. Turpentine, tar, pitch and resin are the product of the pines. Burgundy pitch is yielded by Finus sylvestris of Europe ; Venetian turpentine, by the Larix ; oil of Savin by Juniperus Sabina of Europe, i ,&c. 12 FIG. 54. l. Branch of Thuja occidental's, with strobiles. 2. A magnified branchlet with a cone of Btaminate flowers. 3. A carpellary scale with the two winged seeds. 4. A vertical transverse section of one or the seeds, showing the embryo, &c. 5. The immature, erect ovules. 6. One of the ovules, enlarged, showing the micropyle at top. 7. Branch of Abies Americana. 8. Scale, with the bract. 9. Scale with immature ovules. 10. Scale with ripe seeds. 11. A pair of leaves of Pinus resinosa. 12. Anther of Pinus sylvestris. 13. Scale of the cone, with the ovules turned downwards. 14. Staminate scale of Cupregsus, with pollen. 15. Fertile scale, with many erect ovules. 514 CXXXI. CONIFERS. PINUS. Conspectus of the Genera. J Scales thick and blunt at edge. Leaves linear or acerose. . . ( Scales thin and even at edge. ' Fertile scales 4 8-ovuled. Pinus. 1 Abies. 2 Cupressus. 3 Thuja. ( a woody cone. (Leaves scale-like, imbricate. (Fertile scales 2-ovuled. . Thuja. 4 < a fleshy berry with 3 bony seeds. Leaves mostly acerose. .... Jumperus. 5 Fruit ( a fleshy drupe with a single seed. Leaves linear, 2-ranked. . . . . . Taxus. 6 TRIBE 1. ABIETINEJE. Flowers oT $ 9 cf aments numerous, deciduous. Scales peltate, each bear- ing 2 sessile, 1-celled anthers. 9 Strobile ovoid ; carpellary scales closely imbricated, each bearing a pair of ovules adhering to the base inside, and subtended by a bract outside ; fruit a woody strobile or cone ; seeds winged, cotyledons 2 15. 1. PINUS. Celtic pin or pen, a rock or mountain ; many species of this noble genus prefer such situations. Strobile large, conical ; carpellary scales thickened at the summit, becoming strong and woody in fruit; cotyledons 4 8. Trees, often of the loftiest dimensions. Branches often verticillate. Leaves evergreen, acerose, in fascicles of 2 5, each fascicle invested with a membranous sheath at base. 1. P. RESINOSA. Ait. (P. rubra. Michx.} Norway Pine. Red Pine. Lvs. in pairs, channeled, elongated, with, elongated sheaths ; corns ovoid- conic, rounded at the base, subsolitary, about half as long as the leaves ; scales unarmed, dilated in the middle. It abounds in the northern parts of the U. S. and in Canada, attaining the height of 80f, with a trunk 2f in diameter, very straight and uniform. Bark smoother, and of a clearer red than other pines. Leaves chiefly collected towards the ends of the branches, always in pairs, 5 8' in length, the sheaths !'. This pine affords a fine-grained, resinous timber of much strength and durability, and highly valued in architecture. May. 2. P. BANKSIANA. Lambert. (P. rupestris. Michx.) Scrub Pine. Lvs, in pairs, rigid, curved, acute, terete upon the back and channeled above, margins somewhat scabrous ; cones ovate-acuminate, recurved, tortuous ; scales unarmed, obtuse, smooth. A small tree, with long, spreading, flexible branches, abounding in barrens, in Me. and British America. Leaves about an inch in length. Cones nearly twice as long as the leaves, usually in pairs. April, May. 3. P. INOPS. Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine. Lvs. in pairs, rather short, obtuse, rigid, channeled above, terete beneath, margins obscurely serrulate ; cones recurved, ovoid-oblong, as long as the leaves; scales of the cone compact, obtuse at base, with a straight, subulate point. A tree 15 25f high, on barrens in the Middle States. Branches strag- gling, and, with the trunk, covered with a rough, blackish bark. Leaves 12' long. The wood abounds in resin. May. 4. P. VARIABIUS. Lamb. (P. mitis. Michx. /.) Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine. Lvs. 2 3 together, channeled on the inner surface ; cones ovoid, subsolitary ; scales armed with short, incurved spines. Widely diffused through- out the country, attaining the height of 50 60f. Leaves dark green, 56' long, covering the branchlets. Cones 23' long, rugged with the projecting point of the scales. It furnishes close-grained and moderately resinous timber, which is used in immense quantities for all kinds of architecture. May. 5. P. RIGIDA. Pitch Pine. Lvs. in 3s, with short sheaths; cones pyramidal-ovoid, clustered; scales with reflexed spines. Common in barren, sandy plains, which it often exclu- sively occupies. It is of moderate height at the north (25 30f ), but attains a great height in the Southern States. The trunk, which is seldom straight, is covered with a very thick and rough bark cleft with deep furrows. Leaves 4 0' long. Cones usually several together, 23' long. The wood is heavy ABIES. CXXXI. CONIFERS. 515 with resin, little used in architecture except for floors, but makes excellent fuel. May. G. P. PALUSTRIS. Lamb. (P. australis. 7) Long-leaved or Broom Pine. Lvs. in 3s, very long, conglomerate at the ends of the branches ; cone sub- cylindrical, muricate, with small, recurved spines ; slip, pinnatifid, ragged, per- sistent. Found in the Middle, Southern and Western States. The trunk is 15 20' diam., arising with a slignt diminution 40 or 50f to the branches, thence 20 40f to the summit. Bark slightly furrowed. Leaves a foot in length. Buds very long, whitish. Sterile aments violet-colored, 2' long. Cone 810' long. Seeds with a thin, white testa. Timber strong, compact and durable, used at the South in vast quantities. 7. P. STROBUS. White Pine. Wcynwuth Pine. Lvs. in 5s, slender, with very short sheaths ; cones solitary, cylindric, loose, pendant longer than the leaves. This pine is one of the most majestic and the most useful forest trees of this, or of any other country. The trunk is perfectly straight, covered with a comparatively smooth bark, and, in some instances, 5 7f in diameter, and lOOf in height without a limb; then, sending out a few branches, it forms a tufted head far above the surrounding forest. The branch- es are given off in whorls which are very observable in young trees. The leaves are about 4' long, numerous, slender, of a bluish green, forming an ex- tremely soft and delicate foliage. The wood is soft, fine-grained, easily wrought, very durable, and is used in immense quantities in various kinds of architec- ture. The large trunks are in particular sought for the masts of ships. May. 2. ABIES. Juss. Name probably derived from the Celtic dbetoa. Strobile smaller, roundish-oblong ; carpellary scales attenuated to a thin, even edge ; cotyledons 3 9. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen or deciduous, linear and solitary, or acerose and fasciculate, never sheathed at base. 1. Leaves evergreen, solitary, linear. 1. A. CANADENSIS. (Pinus. Linn.} Hemlock. Lvs. linear, flat, obscurely denticulate, glaucous beneath, in 2 rows ; cones ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves ; scales rounded, entire. A well known evergreen inhabitant of the rocky, mountainous woods of the Northern States, and Brit. Am., commonly attaining the height of 70 80f. The trunk is large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brittle and nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6 8" in length, less than \" wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. The wood of the hem- lock is soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber, but is sometimes substituted for pine. The bark is extensively used in tanning. May. 2. A. NIGRA. Michx. (Pinus. Linn.} Black or Double Spruce. Lvs. 4-comered, scattered, straight, erect; cones ovoid, pendulous; scales elliptical-obovate, erosely dentate at the edge, erect. This fine tree abounds in the northern parts of the U. S., where dark, mountain forests, are often wholly composed of it. It is a large tree, 70 80f high, with a straight trunk and a lofty pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, are of a dark green color, little more than ' in length. Cones 1 2' long. The timber is light, strong and elastic, and, although inferior to the white pine, is much used in ar- chitecture. That salutary beverage, spruce beer, is made from the young branch- es. May. 3. A. ALBA. Michx. (Pinus. Ait.} White or Single Spruce. Lvs. 4-sided, incurved ; cones lax, pendulous, subcylindric, with entire, broadly obovate, somewhat 2-lobed scales. Very abundant in the northern sec- tions of the U. States, preferring humid and rocky woods. Height 50f. Trunk 1 2f in diameter at the base, regularly diminishing upward. Lower branches longest, the others becoming gradually shorter upwards. Leaves | f ' in length, placed on all sides of the branches" Cones small. The timber is useful in the frames of buildings, &. May. 44 516 CXXXI. CONIFERS. CUPRESSUS. 2. Leaves solitary, evergreen. Bark smooth, with reservoirs of balsam, Cones long, erect. 4. A. BALSAMEA. Willd. (Pinus. Linn, Picea. Michx.) Fir Balsam. Balsam Spruce. Lvs. linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous, with a grooved line above and an elevated one beneath ; cones cylindric, erect, reflexed on the mar- gin ; scales broad, compact ; bracts obovate, shorter than the scale. A beautiful evergreen, common in humid forests of the northern part of the U. States. Its branches are nearly horizontal, gradually becoming shorter upwards, forming a regularly pyramidal head. The leaves are little larger than those of the hem- lock (8 10" long) growing upon the sides and top of the branches, of a bright green above, and silvery- white beneath. Cones 2 3' in length. Bark smooth, abounding in reservoirs filled with a resin or balsam which is considered a val- uable medicine. May. 5. A. FRASERI. Pursh. Fraser's or Double Balsam Fir. Lvs. flat, glaucous beneath, linear, often emarginate, subsecund, erect above ; strobile ovoid-oblong, erect, very small ; bracts elongated, reflexed, oblong-cune- ate, emarginate, briefly mucronate, incisely toothed. A smaller tree than the last, much resembling it in habit, found on mountains, from N. Eng. ! to Car. Leaves 3' long, and much crowded. Cones about 1 2' long when mature; singularly distinguished by the long-pointed, violet-colored, reflexed bracts. Sterile aments terminal. May. A highly ornamental shade tree. 3. Leaves deciduous, collected in fascicles of 20 40. 6. A. ( LARIX) AMERICANA. Michx. (Pinus pendula and microcarpa of American Larch. Lvs. short, in dense fascicles, without sheaths, very slender; cones oblong, inclining upwards; even when the branches are pendulous ; scales thin and inflexed on the margin ; bracts elliptical, often hol- lowed at the sides, abruptly acuminate with a slender point. A beautiful tree, often seen in our shrubberies, and thinly interspersed, in forests, throughout N. England. It is remarkably distinguished from the pines by its deciduous leaves. the branches being bare nearly half the year. The tree arises 80 lOOf, with a straight and slender trunk and horizontal branches. Leaves 1 2' long,collect- ed in bunches of 12 20 on the sides of the branches. Cones deep purple, J 1' long. The wood is considered most valuable of all the pines or spruces, being very heavy, strong, and durable. Apr., May. /?. pendula. Branches slender and drooping. A most beautiful variety. TRIBE 2. CTJPRESSINEJE. Carpellary scales not bracteate, each with 1 8 erect ovules at base inside, be- coming concreted and fleshy in a drupe-like fruit. Anthers of several cells. 3. CUPRESSUS. From the Isle of Cyprus, where the cypress is very abundant. Flowers S . & in an ovoid ament ; scales peltate ; anthers 4, ses- sile. tf in a strobile ; scales peltate, bearing 4 8, erect (orthotro- pous) ovules at base inside ; seed angular, compressed ; integuments membranous ; cotyledons 2 or more. Trees, with evergreen, flat, squa- mose, imbricated leaves. Fertile aments becoming indurated cones. 1. C. THYoiDES. Michx. White Cedar. Branchlets compressed ; Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate, tuberculate at base ; cones spherical. This tree is thinly disseminated in N. England, but quite com- mon in the Middle States. It usually occurs in swamps, which it densely and exclusively occupies. Height 40 60f. The leaves consist of short, minute, evergreen scales, covering the finely divided branchlets, in 4 imbricated rows, and each one furnished with a minute gland or tubercle on the back. The wood is white, fine-grained, and wonderfully light, soft and durable. Used in the man- ufacture of shingles, pails, fences, &c. Posts made of this cedar it is said will last 50 year*. May. JUNIPBRUS. CXXXI. CONIFERS. 517 2. C. DISTYCHA. (Taxodium distychum. L. C. Rich.} Cypress. Lvs. in 2 rows (distychous), deciduous, flat ; sterile aments paniculate, leaf- less, pendulous; cone oblong-globose. One of the largest trees of the forest, native of N. J. to Mexico. It grows in wet soils, forming what is called the cypress or cedar swamps of the Southern States. The trunk arises to the height of 125f with a circumference of 25 40f above the conical base. The roots produce large, conical excrescences, which, being hollow, are sometimes used for beehives. The head is wide-spread, and often depressed. Foliage light green and open. Cones 1' diam., composed of the indurated, combined scales. Timber light, fine-grained and durable. 4. THUJA. Gr. Suo), to sacrifice ; the wood is fragrant in burning and was used in sacrifices. Flowers . c? in an imbricated ament ; anthers 4, sessile. 9 in a strobile, each scale bearing 2 erect ovules at the base inside ; seed winged ; integument membranous ; cotyledons 2 or more. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, squamose, imbricate. T. OCCIDENTALIS. Arbor Vitee. Branchlets ancipital ; Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, rhomboid-ovate, appressed, v tuberculate ; cones oblong, the inner scales truncated and gibbous below the tip. This tree is often called white cedar, and from its resemblance might easily be mistaken for the Cupressus thyoides. It abounds in the British Provinces and in the northern parts of the U. S. on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, and in swamps. It has a crooked trunk, rapidly diminishing in size upwards, throwing out branches from base to summit. The evergreen foliage consists of branchlets much more flat and broad than those of the white cedar. Cones terminal, consisting of a few long, loose scales, unlike the round, compact cones of that tree. The wood is very light, soft and durable. Its most important use is for fences. May. 5. JUNIPfiRUS. Celtic Juneprus. rough or rude. Flowers cT 9 , rarely , to flow; hence Naif, orNat&f, Nymph of the waters ; from the habitat. Flowers often cf 9- & Calyx cylindric, 2-cleft ; stamen 1 (rarely 524 CXXXVII. NAIADACE^E. POTAMOGETON. more) ; filament slender, often elongated ; anther 4-valved, valves spreading. 9 Perianth ; style filiform ; stigma 2 3-fid ; capsule 1 -seeded. Fls. axillary. N. CANADENSIS. Michx. (Caulinia flexilis. Willd. Fluvialis flexilis. Pers.} Water Nymph. St. filiform, caespitose, dichotomously branching ; Ivs. opposite or fasciculate in 3s, 4s or 6s, at the nodes, linear, obscurely denticu- late, spreading, 1-veined. A slender, flexible, rather erect, submersed aquatic plant, Can. to N. J. and W. States, consisting of tufts of thread-like, knotted stems 6 12' long. Leaves J 1' long, %" wide, sessile and sheathing at base. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones consisting of an oblong ovary tipped with a filiform style, with 2 3 stigmas at summit. Aug. 0. (Caulinia iragilis. Willd.) St. and Ivs. rather rigid, the latter mostly opposite and recurved. 3. ZANNICHELLIA. In honor of Zannichelli, an eminent botanist of Venice. Flowers c? . cT Stamen 1 ; filament elongated. 9 Calyx mono' phyllous ; corolla ; ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and stigma, and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile achenium. Z. PALUSTRIS. Horn Pond-weed. SL filiform, floating ; Ivs. opposite, linear ; antli. 4-celled ; stig. entire ; ach. toothed on the back. In pools and ditches, N. States. Stem round, smooth, 1 2f long, branching, leafy. Leaves grass-like, 2 3' long, sessile. Flowers issuing from axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and fertile, the former consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish-brown stamen, the latter of 4 6 ovaries which are free from the inflated, one-sided, 2 3-toothed calyx. Jl. Aug. 4. RUPPIA. In honor of Ruppi, a German botanist. Flowers $ , 2 together on a spadix or spike arising from the sheath- ing base of the leaves ; perianth ; stamens 4, sessile : ovaries 4, pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or achenia. Root U. R. MARIT1MA. A grass-like plant, in salt marshes, Mass. Stems several feet long, fili- form, branched, floating. Leaves 1 2f long, linear and setaceous, with inflated sheaths at base, all immersed. The common peduncle is contorted and spiral, and by winding and unwinding bears the naked, green flowers on the surface of the water as it rises or falls. July. 5. POTAMOGETON. Gr. irorajjios, a river, yeirwi/, near. Flowers $ , on a spadix or spike arising from a spathe ; calyx 4- sepaled ; anthers 4, alternate with the sepals ; ovaries 4 ; achenia 4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides. Mostly %, aquatic and sub- mersed, only the flowers arising above, the. surface of the water. Spadix (or spike) pedunculate, 3 10-ftowered. Lvs. stipulate, parallel-veined, lower alternate, the upper (mostly] opposite. Fls. small, greenish. 1. Leaves of two forms, the upper floating. 1. P. NATANS? (P. pulcher. Tuckerman.} Broad-leaved Pond-weed. Floating; Ivs. coriaceous, oblong, or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse or cor- date at base, on long petioles, submersed ones linear-lanceolate, membrana- ceous, elongated, attenuated to petioles at base, lowest reduced to mere petioles, all stipulate ; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles ; fr. somewhat semi-globose, roughish, more or less carinate at the back. A very common species, in slow waters or ponds, N. Eng. ! to Wise., Lapkam! Stem slender, POTAMOGETON. CXXXVII. NAIADACE^E. 525 1 3f long according to the depth of the water, branched. Upper leaves 3 4' by 8 ]6", petioles 2 8', submersed about as wide. Spike 1 2' long, 20 40-flowered. Jl. Aug. Varies with the lower leaves all reduced to peti- oles. In the Wisconsin plant the leaves are all subcordate, fruit acutely cari- nate but not lunate. 2. P. CLAYTONII. Tuckerman. (P. fluitans'? Ph., J3w., Torr., fyc.) Floating; Ivs. lanceolate or oblong, tapering to long petioles (sometimes on short petioles, E. T.), scarcely coriaceous, submersed leaves long, narrowly linear, membranaceous, acute, 1-veined, slightly tapering to the sessile base; spikes rather loose, on long peduncles; fr. compressed, suborbicular. Ponds and slow waters, frequent. Stems round, slender or filiform, often branched. Lower leaves 3 6' by 1", remote, upper about 2 3' by \'. Spikes 1' long, pedun- cles 24' 1 (P. heterophyllus. Torr.) Lower Ivs. approximate, lowest slightly petio- late ; ped. shorter. Uxbridge, Mass., Richard ! Probably common. A beauti- ful variety. Fruit not seen. 3. P. DIVERSIFOLIUS. Bart. (P. setaceum. PA.) Setaceous-leaved Pond-weed. Upper Ivs. lanceolate, opposite, 5-veined, on short petioles, lower ones sub- merged, sessile, filiform, alternate, dense, axillary. Common in pools and ditches. A very slender and delicate species, only the upper leaves arising to the surface. These are 6 10" by 2 4", acute at each end, on hair-like peti- oles 5 6" long. Spadices dense, short, 5 6 flowered. July. /?. Submersed leaves few, not fascicled in the axils. 2. Leaves all submersed, uniform. 4. P. LUCENS. S/iining Pond-weed. Lvs. lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick mid- vein; spikes long, cylindric, many-flowered. 1\. Can.,N. Eng., &c. Rivers and lakes. Distinguished for its large leaves which are very pellucid, and, when dry, shining above, beautifully veined, 3 5' long, acuminate, J 1' wide, each with a lanceolate bract above its base. Spadix 2' long, of numerous, green flowers, on a peduncle 2 or 3 times as long, thick and enlarged upwards. June. 5. P. OBRUTUS. Wood. Lyndon Pond-weed. Lvs. glossy, linear-lanceolate, sessile, rather acute, only the midvein con- spicuous, alternate, approximate, the lower stipules wanting ; spikes long-pedun- culate ; achenia inflated, subhemispherical, margined on the back, beak incurved both sides, conspicuously umbilicate. Passumpsic river, Lyndon, Vt. ! A remarkable species, differing widely from any other with which I am acquainted. Stem round, slender, simple. Leaves uniform, 3 4' by ', tapering to the slightly clasping base, the two upper opposite. Spike dense, !' long, peduncle 3' in length. Fruit with 2 little pits. 6. P. PRJELONGUS. Wolff. Long-stalked Pond-weed. Lvs. oblong or ovate, obtuse, many- veined, with 3 stronger veins, all reticu- lately connected, base amplexicaul; ped. very long; spike cylindrical, many- flowered; fr. ventricose, lunate, acutely carinate on the back. Ponds and rivers, Northern States and Can. The plant is wholly submersed, sending up its spike to the surface on a very long stalk. I have gathered it in Niagara river, growing in depths of 6 or 8f. July, Aug. 7. P. PERFOLIATUS. Perfoliate or Clasping Pond-weed. Lvs. cordate, clasping the stem, uniform, all immersed ; spikes terminal; fls. alternate, A common species growing in ponds and slow waters, wholly below the surface except the purplish flowers. Stem dichotomous, very leafy, 6 10' long. Leaves alternate, apparently perfoliate near the base, 1 J' long, | as wide, obtuse, pellucid. Spadix on a short peduncle (12'), few flowered. Jl. 8. P. ROBBINSII. Oakes. Robbing Pond-weed. _ Lvs. lance-linear, approximate, sheathing the stem with the adn ate stipules, lamina auriculate at base, margin minutely ciliate-serrulate ; spikes oblong, small and few-flowered ; ped. shorter than the leaves. First discovered by Dr. Rabbins! in Pondicherry Pond, Jefferson, N. H. Since found in many other 526 CXXXVIII. ALISMACE./E. SAGITTARIA. ponds in N. H. and Mass. Stem long, branched, almost wholly enclosed in the sheaths. Leaves 2 4' by 2 3", very acute, somewhat crowded. 9. P. PAUCIFLORUS. Pursh. (P. gramineum. Michx.} Grassy Pond-weed. St. round, dichotomous, filiform ; Ivs. linear, alternate, sessile ; fls. few in a spadix. A delicate species, in rivers, &c. Leaves numerous, obtuse, tapering to the stipulate base, 23' long, a line wide, 1-veined, of a bright green color. Peduncle an inch long, terminal, bearing 35 greenish fls. above the water, but ripening the seeds below. * 10. P. COMPRESSUS. (P. zosterifolium. Schum.) St. compressed, ancipital, flexuous ; Ivs. broad-linear, obtuse ; spike short, peduncle elongated. A very distinct species, in ponds and rivers. Stem 1 2f long, branching, weak, flattened, green, with sheathing stipules above the nodes. Leaves 3 4' in length, 2" wide, closely sessile, remote, the margins perfectly parallel, ending in an abrupt point. Spadix terminal, 1'long, on a peduncle 1 2' long, and bearing 5 25 flowers. Jl. 11. P. PECTINATUS (and P. marinus. Linn.) Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. St. slender, branched, striate, flexuous ; Ivs. numerous and fascicled in the axils, long, narrowly linear, acuminate, on sheathing stipules; spikes cylindrical, the lower fls. remote ; ped. filiform, long. Plant submersed in deep water, bushy and very leafy, N. Eng. 1 Middle States ! W. to Wis. Lapham ! Leaves 4 T by (less than) 1", thin, the midvein scarcely perceptible. Fruit large, purplish, rough, a little compressed, neither carinate, nor umbilicate. Jn. 12. P. PCJSILLTJS. Linn. 1 (P. pectinatum. Clark, MS.) Puny Pond-weed. St. filiform, flexuous, branched ; Ivs. linear-subulate, membranaceous, very acute, sessile, not narrower than the stipules ; spikes capitate, few-flowered ; fr, ovoid-compressed, umbilicate each side. Shallow waters, about Cincinnati. Clark! A very delicate species, wholly submersed. Leaves 1 2' by ", a lit- tle longer than the internodes. Spikes 3 5-flowered, the peduncles %' long. Fruit with distinct pits, as in P. obrutus, and rather inflated. ORDER CXXXVIII. ALISMACEJE. ALISMADS. Herbs, aquatic. Lvs. parallel-veined. Fls. racemose or paniculate. Fls. perfect or monoecious, regular, not on a spadix. Perianth. Cal. 3-sepaled, green. Cor. 3-petaled, colored (green in the suborder). Sta. definite or indefinite, hypogynous. Ova. Carpels several, l-celled and l-seeded. Styles and stigmas several. Fr. dry, indehiscent. Seeds straight or curved, destitute of albumen. Genera 5, species 16? Conspectus of the Genera. { Flowers all perfect. Stamens 6 Alisma. 1 ( colored, sepals green. \ Flowers moncecious. Stamens indefinite. . . Sagittaria. 2 S Anthers thick, short. Leaves cauline. . . . Triglochin. 3 Petals ( green, like the calyx. (. Anthers linear. Leaves all radical. . . . Scheuchzeria. 4 1. ALISMA. Celtic alls, water ; the place it inhabits. Flowers ; stamens 6 ; ovaries and styles numerous, aggregated, becoming in fruit numerous, distinct, compressed achenia. % caules- cent. Lvs. radical. Fls. paniculate. A. PLANTAGO. (A. parviflora. PA.) Water Plantain. Lvs. oval, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate, subcordate ; ach. obtusely 3- cornered. A common, smooth, handsome inhabitant of ponds and ditches. Leaves resembling those of the common plantain, 4 6' long, | as wide, ending in a short, abrupt point, 7 9-veined, entire, on long, radical petioles. Scape 1 2f high. Branches of the panicle verticillate, with bracts at base. Flowers numerous. Petals 3, tinged with purple, roundish, deciduous, larger than the green, ovate, persistent sepals. July. /?. parviflora. Torr. Lvs. oval, acuminate, 5 7-veined; fls. small. 2. SAGITTARIA. Lat. sagitta, an arrow ; from the peculiar form of the leaf. Flowers ; c? with about 24 stamens ; 9 with numerous ovaries SAGITTARIA. CXXXVIII. ALISMACE^E. 527 aggregated, and becoming, in fruit, as many compressed, margined achenia collected into a globose head. % acaulcscent. Lvs. radical, generally sagittate. Fls. in verticils of 3, the sterile ones near the sum- mit of the scape, fertile below them. 1. S. SAGITTIFOLIA. Arrmcheod. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, sagittate, lobes lanceolate, acute. A curious aquatic plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of sluggish waters, Can. and U. S. Root fleshy and farinaceous. Leaves 3 10' long including the lobes which are nearly half this length, J 4 or 5' wide, smooth and entire. Scape 1 2f high, branching, obtusely 3-angled. Flowers generally in 3s, the upper ones barren. Petals 3, large, roundish, white and very delicate. July, Aug. The leaves, &c., are exceedingly variable, and Dr. Torrey has appended the following, as varieties: 0. laiifolia. Lvs. broad-ovate, rather obtuse, with straight, ovate, slightly acuminate lobes. y. hastata. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, with spreading, lanceolate, long, acuminate lobes ; fls. mostly difficious. 6. gracilis. Lvs. linear, with linear, very long, acute and spreading lobes. e. pubescens. Plant distinctly pubescent, in all its parts ; Ivs. and their lobes ovate. 2. S. RIGIDA. Pursh. Brittle-leaved Arrowhead. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, carinate, rigid, very acute at both ends ; scape branching. N. York. Growing in water even to the depth of 7 feet, accord- ing to Dr. Beck. Leaves remarkably dissimilar to those of the foregoing spe- cies, 5 6' in length, one in width, thick and brittle, and on stout, rigid petioles, prolonged according to the depth of the water. Flowers numerous and large, with 3, white, rounded petals ; fertile ones on short peduncles. July. 3. S. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. Various-leaved Arrowhead. Lvs. smooth, linear and lanceolate, acute at each end, rarely some of them elliptical and sagittate, with lobes linear and divaricate; scape simple, few-flow- ered, fertile flowers subsessile. Muddy shores, Middle States. Leaves 2 4' long, as wide, on petioles rather longer than the scape which is seldom a foot high. Flowers few, the three lower ones fertile and very nearly sessile, all with roundish bracts at base. July. 4. S. SIMPLEX, (acutifolia and graminifolia. Pursh.} Linear Sagittana. Lvs. erect, simple, linear and lance-linear, sheathing, hyaline and cellular at base, attenuated to a long, acute point ; scape simple, longer than the leaves ; fls. or J* 9 , m whorls of 3, 4 or 5, subterminal and terminal ; sta. in the bar- ren flowers 12 15 ; bracts minute. Muddy shores of ponds and rivers, Me. ! to N. J., N. Y. ! W. to 111. A species almost as variable as S. sagittifolia, to which it is indeed appended by Hooker as another class of varieties. Leaves 4 7' high, usually very narrow. Scape 5 8' high. Flowers 9 18, 8 9" diam. Petals roundish, white. 5. S. OBTUSA. Willd. Blunt Arrowhead. Lvs. broad-ovate, sagittate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, lobes ob- long, obliquely acuminate, approximate and not spreading ; fls. tf 9 1 scape simple, the sterile branched at the base ; bracts ovate, acute. Ditches, ponds and marshes, Penn. to Va. W. to Ohio. Juice milky, exuding from the wounded stem or leaves, and hardening into a pellucid gum. Scape 1 2f high. Leaves on long, radical, channeled petioles, lamina 3 5' by 2 3'. Flowers white, showy. 6. S. PUSILLA. Nutt. Puny Arrowhead. Petioles (leaves 7) short, linear, obtuse, summits only foliaceous ; scape simple, shorter than the leaves ; fls. few, fertile one solitary, deflexed ; sta. mostly 7. A diminutive species on muddy banks, N. Y. to Ga. Leaves rarely.subu- late, an inch or two long, less than a line wide. Scape 2 4' high. Flowers 4 7, the lowest one only fertile. Aug. 7. S. NATANS. Michx. Floating Sagittaria. Lvs. floating, oval-lanceolate, obtuse, 3- veined, tapering to the base, lower 45 528 CXXXIX. HYDROCHARIDACE^J. ones subcordate ; scape simple, few-flowered ; lower ped. elongated. In water, Penn. (Muklenberg) to Car. Scape mostly erect, 3 6' long. Leaves 1 2' long. . Flowers few, small, the upper sterile. Elliot. 8. S. LANCIFOLIA. Willd. (S. falcata. PA.) Lance-leaved Sagittaria. Lvs. broad-lanceolate or ovate, acute at each end, glabrous, coriaceous, and somewhat perennial ; scape simple ; ach. compressed, subfalcate. This re- markable species (but unknown to me) has been found along the shores of the Connecticut river, Mass, and Ct. Stem 2 3f high. SUBORDER. JUNCAGINE.E. Sepals and petals both herbaceous (green), or 0. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3 or 6, coherent, ovules 1 2 in each carpel. Seeds erect, with the embryo straight. Herbaceous, bog plants. Leaves ensiform. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 3. TRIGLOCHIN. Gr. Tf)is, three, yXw^tf, a corner; on account of the 3-angled fruit. Sepals and petals concave, deciduous, the former inserted a little below the latter ; stamens 6, very short ; anthers large, extrorse ; ovaries 1-ovuled ; stigmas adnate ; fruit clavate, composed of 3 6 united, indehiscent, 1 -seeded carpels. *2j- Lvs. grass-like, all radical. 1. T. MARITIMUM. (T. elatum. Nutt.} Sea Arrow-grass. Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carpels ; scape longer than the leaves. A rush-like plant in salt marshes and ditches on the sea-coast, and at, Salina, N. Y., also lake shores. Wise. ! Leaves linear, semicylindric, smooth, thick, 6 12' long, less than a line wide. Scape obtusely angled, simple, 9 18' Jong, bearing a long raceme of 30 40 green flowers on pedicels 1 8" long. Fruit separating into 6 linear carpels, each containing a linear seed. The plant has a sweetish taste, and cattle are fond of it. July. 2. T. PALUSTRE. Marsh Arrow-grass. Fruit nearly linear, of 3 united carpels ; scape scarcely longer than the leaves. In marshes, Salina, N. Y. ! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very numerous, fleshy, smooth, very narrow. Scape 6 12' high, ending in a raceme with rather remote, very small, green flowers on pedicels 2 3" long. The slender fruit is attenu- ated at base, obtuse at apex, grooved and margined, consisting of 3 very slen- der carpels. July. 4. SCHEUCHZERIA. In honor of the Scheuchzers, two brothers, distinguished botanists. Sepals and petals oblong, acute, persistent ; sta. 6, with linear an- thers ; stigmas sessile, lateral ; ovaries 1 2-ovuled ; capsules inflated, compressed, 2-valved, 1 2-seeded. 1\. Lvs. cauline, linear^ sheathing at base. S. PALUSTRIS. A rush-like plant, in swamps, Vt. ! to Penn. Rare. Root-stock horizontal, fleshy. Stem about a foot high, simple, angular. Leaves semicylindric, 4 G' long, in the barren shoots much longer, sheathing at base. Raceme terminal, 5 8-flowered. Flowers yellowish-green, on short pedicels, each axillary to a bract. Stamens large, exserted, erect. July. ORDER CXXXIX. HYDROCHABIDACEJE. HTDBOCHARADS. Plants aquatic, floating, with parallel-veined leaves. Fls. dioocious or perfect, issuing from a spathe. Perianth. Sepals 3^ herbaceous. Petals 3, colored. Sta. definite or indefinite, epigynous. Ova. adherent to the perianth, single. Stigmas 3 6. Ovules indefinite. Fr. dry or succulent, indehiscent, l or more celled. Seeds without albumen. Genera 12, species 20, native of Europe, N. America, and the East Indies. Of no important use. CXL. ORCHIDACE^E. 529 Conspectus of the GenerdT ( cordate, petiolate. ' . . Hydrocharts. 1 < short and verticillate, sessile. Flowers axillary, solitary Udora. 2 Leaves ( long, linear, radical. Flowers elevated on long scapes Vallimeria. 3 1. HYDROCHARIS. Gr. vSup, water, ^aipw, to rejoice ; as water is its own element Flowers a snout; alluding to the singular spathe. Spathe 2-leaved ; segments of the perianth flat, equal ; stamens monadelphous ; stigma 3-cleft. "A- Grass-like plants, with compressed, ancipital scapes. 1. S. ANCEPS. (S. gramineum. Lam.} Blue-eyed Grass. Scape simple, winged; valves of the spathe unequal, the longer scarcely equaling the flowers; pet. mucronate. A delicate little plant, with blue flowers, common in low grass-lands, Can. and U. S. Stem or scape 10 12' high, so winged as to resemble the leaves, smooth and mostly simple. Leaves linear, about as long as the scape, sheathing at base. Spathe 2 5-flowered, the longer valve acuminate. Flowers purple or blue, on filiform pedicels. Sepals a little broader than the petals, spreading. Capsules globose. Jn. Jl. 2. S. MUCRONATUM. Michx. Blue-eyed Grass. Scape simple, subsetaceous ; spathe colored, outer valve longer than the flowers, ending in a long, mucronate point. Middle States, W. to Ky. Found in wet meadows, where the grass is not luxuriant. ' Leaves radical, a line wide. Scape 6 10' high, narrowly winged, setaceously slender. Spathe of 2 very unequal valves, 3 4-flowered, tinged with purple. Flowers smaller than in the preceding, of a fine blue color. Jn. 6. CROCUS. Named from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mythology, was changed into this flower. Perianth funnel-form, the segments united at base into a long and slender tube ; stigma 3-cleft, convolute, crested. Spathe radical, 1 2- leaved, thin, transparent. The long tube of the flower nearly or quite ses- sile upon the bulb. After flowering, the ovary arises from the ground by the growth of the scape, to ripen its seeds in the sun. 1. C. SATIVUS. Saffron. Lvs. linear, revolute at the margins; stig. 3-parted, as long as the corolla, reflexed. From Asia. Stem bulbous. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal, white furrow above. -Flower nearly or quite sessile on the bulb, with a long, white tube, and purple, elliptical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, exsert, of a deep orange-color. Its virtues, both medicinal and coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept. A variety, perhaps the most common, has yellow perianths. 2. C. VERNUS. Spring Crocus. Stig. included within the flower, with 3, short, wedge-shaped segments. Native of the Alps. Stem bulbous. Scape an inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers vary in color, generally purple, often yel- low or white ; tube very long, slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs, limb campanulate, much shorter than the tube. Anthers yellow, sagittate. Flowers in March or April. The Crocus is propa- gated in gardens chiefly by bulbs, j- ORDER CL. DIOSCOREACEJE. YAM ROOTS. Shmbs, twining. Lvs. usually alternate and reticulate-veined. Fls dioecious Perianth tube adherent to the ovary ; segments ot limb 6, in 2 series. Sterile. Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the sepals and petals. fertile.. Ova. 3-celled. cells i 2-ovuled. Style* and stigmas nearly distinct. jy .capsule 3-winged, compressed, 2 of the cells sometimes abortive. Stis. flat, compressed. Embryo small, in cartilaginous albumen. Genera 6, species 110. The only remarkable or useful product of this order is yams, an important article of food in all tropical countries. They are the large, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers of Dioscorea saliva, &c. DIOSCOREA. In honor of Pedacius Dioscorides, a Greek Physician and florist of about the reign of Nero. Flowers & 9: styles of the fertile flowers 3 ; cells of the capsule 46* 544 CLI. SMIL ACE jE. SMILAX. 2-seeded ; seeds membranaceously margined. Slender, shrubby climbers, twining with the sun. Lvs. simple and palmately veined or palmately divided. Fls. green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or panicles. D. VILLOSA. (D. quaternata. Ph.} Yarn Root. L/vs. broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9 11-veined, the margin entire or wavy, lower surface villose with short, soft hairs, upper surface glabrous ; petioles elongated, the lowest somewhat verticillate in 4s, the next subopposite, the middle and upper alternate ; tf plant with the spikes paniculate, 9 with the spikes simple. A delicate twining vine, in thickets and hedges, TJ. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. Stem woolly, smooth, reddish-brown, 1 2" diam., 5 10 15f long, running over bushes and fences. Leaves 2 4' long, f as wide, dis- tinctly cordate and acuminate. The two outside veins in some of the leaves meet a little above the base, in others at the base a character of no value. Petioles 2 1' long. Peduncles axillary. Ovaries at first elliptic, finally almost as broad as long. June, July. /?. Iceviuscula. Wood. (D. quaternata. Pursh.} L/vs. smooth both sides, mar- gin slightly wavy ; otherwise indistinguishable from variety a. ORDER CLI. ' SMILACE^E. SARSAPARILLAS. Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Lvs. reticulate-veined. Fls. dioecious or perfect. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the segments. Ova. 3-celled ; cells l or many-seeded. Fr. Berry roundish, few or many-seeded. Seeds with cartilaginous albumen. Genera 2, species 120, thinly disseminated through most countries. The diuretic and demulcent sarsa- paril/as are the roots of several chiefly S. American species of Smilax. SMILAX. GT. (r^uAj/, a grater ; the stems of some species are rough with prickles. Flowers cT 9 ; perianth broad-campanulate. c? Anthers adnate. 9 Style minute ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, 1 3-seeded. % or shrubby, mostly climbing by stipular tendrils^ often prickly. Lvs. entire, petiolate, palmately veined. Fls. umbellate. * Stem shrubby and prickly. \. S. ROTUNDIFOLIA (and caduca. Linn. S. quadrangularis. Ph.} St. terete or sub-4-sided, flexuous, aculeate, ligneous, climbing; Ivs. short- petiolate, roundish-ovate, acuminate, snbcordate, a little paler and glaucous beneath, 5 7- veined, glabrous ; ped. axillary, solitary, many-flowered, longer than the petioles ; berries black, glaucous. A strong, thorny vine, extending 10 40f in hedges and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem woody, smooth, except the scattered thorns which proceed from the wood. Branches 4-angled. Leaves 23' by 1} 3', cordate or tapering at base. Tendrils strong, from the top of the wings of the petioles. Flowers small, greenish, in small, axillary umbels. Berries round, black. June. /3. caduca,. ' Smaller, with ovate leaves shorter than the peduncles. y. quadrangularis. St. unarmed above, obtusely 4-angled ; Ivs. ovate. 2. S, SARSAPARILLA. Medicinal Sarsaparilla. 11 St. slightly 4-angled, aculeate above; Ivs. unarmed, elliptical-ovate, cuspidate, abrupt, 3-veined, glaucous beneath; ped. longer than the short peti- oles." In swampy thickets, Penn. to Car. Pursh. Root long, slender, with a thick bark brown externally, white within. Stem stout, somewhat flexuous, armed with a few scattered, hooked prickles. Leaves finally nearly orbicular, 2 3' diam., abruptly contracted at each end, with 3 strong veins and 2 lateral smaller secondary ones. Petioles short, margined, with 2 tendrils. Flowers in small, thin umbels, yellowish-white. Berries (red, Woodville, black, Pursh.} 3-seeded. 3. S. LAURIFOLIA. Laurel-leaved Green Brier. St. aculeate, terete, branches unarmed; Ivs. coriaceous, oval-lanceolate, TRILLIUM. CLII. TRILLIACE^E. 545 slightly acuminate, 3-veined; umbels on very short peduncles, which are arranged alternately on a common rachis. N. J. to Ga. A vigorous, evergreen climber, ascending trees to a great height. Stem with few scattered prickles. Leaves numerous, very thick and smooth. Raceme of umbels longer than the leaves, peduncles shorter than the ultimate pedicels. Jn. Aug. 4. S. PANDURATUS. Pursh. (S. tamnoides. Ell.) St. branched, terete, aculeate ; Ivs. ovate, somewhat pandurifonn, acumi- nate, cordate, 3-veined ; ped. twice as long as the petioles ; umbel many-flow- ered ; berries black. In sandy woods, N. J. to Car. Stem twining, 6 12f. Leaves smooth and shining both sides, with shallow depressions or sinuses on each edge. July. * Stems shrubby, unarmed. 5. S. PSEUDO-CHINA. St. terete, unarmed ; caidine Ivs. ovate, cordate, ramial ovate-oblong, all 5- veined, on short petioles; ped. very long. Sandy woods, N. J. to Car., W. to Ohio. Root large, tuberous. Stem purplish-brown, very smooth, branching and climbing by tendrils which arise from the base of the petioles. Leaves 24' by 1 2', slightly hispid on the veinlets beneath. Peduncles lon- ger than the leaves. May, Jn. * * * Stem herbaceous. 6. S. HERBACEA. (S. pedunculata. Muhl.} St. herbaceous, unarmed, angular, erect, or inclining ; Ivs. ovate, 79- veined, cuspidate; umbels on long peduncles. A coarse, smooth, ill-scented plant, in thickets and low grounds, N. Eng. to Ky. and Wise. ! Stem slightly angled, 3 6 or 8f high, usually nodding with its slender summit and few small branches, and leaning on other plants or on each other. Leaves 2 4' by 1J 3, often roundish, paler beneath, the petioles winged at base and producing a long, slender tendril from the top of each wing. Fertile umbels simple, about 40- flowered, on peduncles 6 8' long, those of the sterile umbels shorter. Flowers yellowish-green, diffusing about the plant an intolerably offensive and sicken- ing odor. Berries dark blue. Jn. /?. St. more generally climbing by its tendrils ; Ivs. broadly ovate, subcordate. 7. S. LASIONEURON. Hook. St. terete, climbing, subsimple, unarmed ; Ivs. oblong, broadly ovate, cor- date, rounded and mucronate at apex, 7-veined, glaucous and hispid-pubescent on the veinlets beneath, glabrous and green above ; ped. a little longer than the petioles, many-flowered; tendrils from the base of the petioles. Green Co., Ind. ! also Can. Stem 3 6f high. Peduncle much shorter than the leaves, which are often about 4' by 3'. v ORDER CLII. TKILLIACEJE. TRILLIADS. Herbs with simple stems, tuberous roots and verticillate, net-veined leaves. Fls. 'large, terminal, solitary r perfect, trimerous, rarely tetramerous. Cal. Sepals 3, green or herbaceous. Cor. Petals 3, larger than the sepals, colored or herbaceous. Sta. 610. Fit. subulate. Anth. linear, with cells on their edges and the connectile extended. Ova. free, 3 5-celled. Sty. distinct. Stig: small. Ovu'es 00, in 2 rows, ascending. Fr. succulent, 3 5-celled. Sds. 00. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. Genera 4, species 30, in woodlands, temperate parts of Europe, Asia and N. America. The roots of some species are emetic. Genera. $ in one whorl. Trillium. 1 Leaves { in two whorls. Medeola. 2 TRILLIUM. Miller. Lat. trilix, triple ; because the sepals, petals, carpels, cells, stigmas and leaves are in 3s. Perianth deeply 6-parted, in 2 distinct series, outer of 3 sepals, inner of 3 colored petals ; stamens nearly equal ; stigmas sessile, distinct or approximate ; berry 3-celled ; cells many-seeded. ^ Stem simple. ' Lvs. 3, ivhorled at the top of the stem, reticulate-palmate- veined. Fls. solitary^ terminal. 546 CLII. TRILLIACE.E. TRILLIUM. 1. T. SESSILE. Sessile-flowered Trillium. Los. broad-ovate or suborbicular, rather acute, sessile ; fl. closely sessile, erect; sep. erect, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute; pet. linear-lanceolate, purple, a third longer than the sepals ; anth. long, erect. A small species in fertile soils, Middle, Western (dark ! Plummer /) and Southern States. Rhi- zoma horizontal, thick. Stem b 8' high, slender. Leaves rather thick, 1 2' by 1 2', smooth and entire. Sepals green, about 8" by 3", the petals narrower and much longer, dark purple. Apr. May. 2. T. RECURVATUM. Beck. Lvs. ovate or obovate, attenuated to a petiole, acute ; fl. closely sessile ; pet. lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, erect, as long as the recurved sepals. A small Trillium quite distinct, although allied to the last, in shady woods, Wis., Lapham ! 111., Jenney! Mo., Beck. Stem 8 10' high, rather thick. Leaves 2 2j' by 1 2', with distinct, short petioles. Petals purple, and with the green, reflexed sepals about 1' long. May. 3. T. ERYTHROCARPUM. Michx. (T. pictum. Ph.} Smiling Wake-robin. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, abruptly petioled ; ped. erect ; pet. lanceolate-ovate, recurved, twice as long as the sepals. Can. to Ga. A beauti- ful flower, adorning our woods in May and June. Stem 8 12' high, with a whorl of 3 broad-ovate leaves at top. These are 3- veined, rounded at base, long acuminate, 3 4' long, as wide, petiole 2 3" long. Flower nearly erect. Petals wavy at the edges, white, finely radiated with purple lines at base. The root is considered medicinal. /?. Cleavelandicum. Wood. (T. Cleavelandicum. Swallow .') -Sep. developed into leaves, which are but little smaller than the true leaves; pet. 6, the 3 outer but partly colored. Otherwise as in a. Brunswick, Me. ! This is probably a metamorphosis ; but Mr. S. has gathered it three years in succession, and also finds it thus far unaltered when cultivated from the root. Its claims to the rank of a species must be tested by plants reared from the seeds. ( Dr. T. Richard comm.) 4. T. PUSILLUM. Michx. (T. pumilum. Ph.} Lvs. oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile ; ped. erect ; pet. scarcely longer than the calyx. Penn., Muhlenberg. A very small species. Petals flesh-colored. This plant appears to be lost to the later botanists. 5. T. NIVALE. Riddell. Snowy Trillium. Rt. tuberous, premorse ; st. low ; Ivs. ovate or oval, rather obtuse, distinctly and abruptly petiolate; /. short, pedunculate, erect; pet. spatulate-obovate, obtuse, white, one-third longer than the calyx. The smallest species here described, in stony or dry fields, Ohio, Clark! Wis., Lapham! Stem 2 4' high, from a thick, tuberous root. Leaves 8 18" by 5 12", petioles 2 4", about equaling the peduncle. Sepals green, much narrower than the snowy petals which are about 8" by 4". Mar. Apr. 6. T. PENDULUM. Muhl. (T. cernuum. Dart., Ph.,'fyc.} Drooping Tril- lium. Lvs. suborbicular-rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, shortly petio- liate ; fl. cernuous, on a recurved peduncle. A large species, with a small flower, Mid. and W. States ! Stem slender, 10 15' high. Leaves 3 5' diam., nearly round, on petioles 1" long. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves. Peduncle 1 2' long. Sepals green, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1' long. Petals oblong-ovate, acute, 1%' by J', white. Stigmas erect, recurved at top, lower part styloid (or styles 3, erect, with recurved stigmas !). May, Jn. 7.. T. ERECTUM. (T. atropurpureum. Curt.} Bath Flower. Lvs. rhomboidal, acuminate, sessile; ped. inclining; fl. nodding; pet. scarcely longer, but much broader than the sepals. A conspicuous plant in woods, of fine appearance, but of an intolerably offensive odor. At the top of the stem, which is a foot high, is a whorl of 3 leaves which are 3-veined, 3 5' long, of equal width, and a single, nodding flower, on a nearly erect peduncle. Petals broad-ovate, an inch long, twice as wide as the sepals and of a dusky purple, greenish outside. May. TULIPA. CLIII. LILIACE^. 547 #. Fls. white and much smaller. N. Y., &c. y. Ms. white and somewhat larger. Western States ! 8. T. GRANDIFLORUM. Salisb. Large-flowering Trillium. Lvs. broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, abruptly acuminate ; ped. inclined ; fl. suberect ; pet. much longer than the calyx, spatulate-oblanceolate, connivent at base. Damp, rocky woods, Mid., S. and W. States, abundant. Stem 8 12' high. Leaves 3 5' diam. Flower larger than in any of the preceding species. Petals 1 2' in length, broadest near the apex, with a short, abrupt acumina- tion, white, varying to rose-colored. May. 2. MEDEOLA. Named after the fabulous sorceress, Medea, for its supposed medicinal virtues. Perianth deeply parted into 6 petaloid, revolute segments ; stig- mas 3. divaricate, united at base; berry 3-celled ; cells 3 6-seecled. Stem simple. M. VIRGIXICA. (Gyromia. Nutt.} Cucumber Root. Lvs. verticillate in the middle of the stem, 3 at the top. None can but admire the symmetry of its form. Rhizoma white, fleshy, tuberous, thought to resemble the cucumber in flavor. Stem erect, 1 2f high, invested with loose, cottony wool. Leaves in two whorls, one just above the middle of the stem, consisting of 6 8 wedge-lanceolate leaves (3 4' by 9 12") ; the other at the top, of about 3 ovate, shorter ones. Flowers in the upper whorl, 1, 2 or 3, pen- dulous, with greenish, revolute segments. The stigmas are very long, reflexed, dark red. July. ORDER CLIII. LILIACEJE. LILYWORTS. Herbs with parallel- veined leaves. Stems often bulbous or tuberous at base. Fls. perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored. Perianth free from ovary, of 6 segments (rarely 4), colored. Sta. 6 (rarely 4), inserted into the sepals and petals. Anthers introrse. Ova. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style? united into 1. Stigma often 3-lobed. Fr. capsular or fleshy, with several or manyseeds in each cell. Sds Albumen fleshy. Genera 133, species 1200, chiefly natives of temperate regions. The flowers of most are beautiful, of many brilliant, and of some truly splendid. Properties. The order abounds in a bitter, stimulant principle and also in mucilage. Some of the bulbous species yield a nutritious diet, as the asparagus, onion, garlic. The well known active medi- cine, squills, is the bulb of Scilla maritima, of S. Europe. The various kinds of officinal aloes, are the product of several species of Aloe. The powerful astringent, dragon's blood, is the concentrated juice of Dracaena Draco of the Canary Isles. Conspectus of the Genera. * Segments of the perianth scarcely cohering in a tube. \ erect. < solitary. I drooping, on a scape, . . ( umbellate, &c. \ Petals with a grooved line. . Fls. campanulate, ( on a leafy stem. ( Petals with a honey cavity at base (, Leaves broad, cauline i Valves 0. ? Leaves linear, radical. ! Valves 6, bearing the stamens. f ra < c Branches [ < corymbose, pedicels bracted n,. ucu^. or leafless. I Fls. subrotate, . . ( umbellate, from a leafy spathe. Sepals and petals recurved. Seeds few. Branches i Leaves ovate, &c. I Sepals and petals erect. Seeds many. Tulipa. i Erythronium. 4 Convallaria. 12 Lilmm. 2 Fritillaria. 3 Convallaria. 12 Phalangium. 11 Asphodelus. 10 Ornithogalum. 8 Allnim. 7 Streptopus. 15 Uvularia. 14 leafy. . . \ Leaves filiform, fasciculate. Asparagus. 16 * * Segments of the perianth cohering into a tube at base. (Stamens inserted at the top of the incurved tube Polyanthes. 6 Flowers < Stamens inserted in i he middle of the tube Hyacinthus. 9 on a scape. ( Stamens inserted at base of tube, declined Hemerocallw. S Flowers axillary on a leafy stem ; Polygonatum. 13 TRIBE 1. TULIP ACE JE. Bulbous. Sepals and petals scarcely adhering in a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and pale. 1. TULlPA. Persian thouliban, a turban ; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers. Perianth campanulate ; stamens short, subulate ; anthers 4-angled ; stigma thick ; capsule oblong, triangular. ^ Lvs. radical, Flower 548 CLI1I. LILIACE^. LILIUM. solitary, on a scape. The species are chiefly oriental. Only 2 are generally cultivated. 1. T. GESNERIANA. Common Tulip. Scape 1-flowered, smooth; Ivs. ovate- lanceolate ; fl. erect, segments obtuse, smooth. Named for Gesner, a Zurich botanist. It appears to have been introduced into Europe from Persia in 1559. Its varieties are endless, and may be produced by first planting the seed in a rich soil, and afterwards transplanting the bulbs into a poorer soil. After a few years, the flowers become broken or variegated with colors in that exqui- site manner so much admired. In catalogues there are enumerated and describ- ed more than 700 varieties. May. 2. T. SUAVEOLENS, vulgo, Van Thol, differs from T. Gesnerialia, in having a pubescent scape and fragrant flowers. It is moreover much smaller, and blos- som* earlier. 2. LILIUM. Or. Xsipov, Celtic, U, white ; one species is the emblem of purity. Perianth campanulate, segments mostly recurved, each with a lon- gitudinal groove within, from the middle to the base ; stam. shorter than the style ; capsule subtriangular, the valves connected with lat- ticed hairs. % Herbs, with bulbous and leafy stems. Lvs. sessile, alternate or verticillate. Fls. terminal. 1. L. CANADENSE. Yellow Lily. Lvs. most verticillate, lanceolate, the veins hairy beneath ; ped. terminal, elongated, usually by 3s ; fl. nodding, the segments spreading, never revolute. Can. and U. S. A plant of much beauty, frequently adorning our meadows in summer. The root affords a fine example of the scaly bulb. Stem round, 2 4f high, surrounded by several remote whorls, each consisting of 4 6 leaves, and often a few scattered ones at base. These are 2 3' by 1'. Flowers 1 3, sometimes 7 20, pendulous, yellow or orange-colored, spotted with dark purple inside. July. 2. L. SUPERBUM. Superb Lily. Turk's Cap. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, glabrous, lower ones verticil- xate, upper ones scattered ; fls. often in a pyramidal raceme, nodding, segments revolute. Can., Mid. and W. States ! Few cultivated plants are more orna- mental than this inhabitant of prairies and meadows. Root bearing a white, squamose bulb. Stem erect, round, straight, 4 6f high. Leaves 2 3"' by 4_9". Flowers 3 20 or more, of a bright orange color with purple spots. Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, beautifully and fully revolute. Very dis- tinct, at least in appearance, from the foregoing. July. 3. L. PHILADELPHICUM. (L. Catesbaei. Walt. ?) Lvs. linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 1 -veined, upper verticillate, lower generally scattered ; fls. subsolitary, campanulate, terminal, erect ; pet. and sep. lance-ovate, unguiculate. Dry pastures, fields and barrens, U. S. and Can. An elegant and showy plant, 15 20' high. Stem terete, smooth, simple. Leaves 2 3' by 3 5", sessile, smooth, only the midvein often conspicuous, collected into 1,2 or 3 or more whorls of about 5, with the lower scattered. Flowers usually solitary, rarely 2 4 and umbellate. Sepals and petals lance-ovate (the latter broadest) deep orange-color, spotted at base, 2' long, standing apart on long claws. June. 4. L. CANDIDUM. White Lily. Lvs. scattered, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; ft. campanulate, smooth inside. Native of Levant. It has a thick stem 4f high, supporting a raceme of very large, snow-white flowers, which have long been regarded as the emblems of whiteness and purity. Jl. f 5. L. BULBIFERUM. Orange Lily. Lvs. scattered, 3-veined ; fls. campanulate, erect, rough within. Native of Italy. Stem thick, round, 4f high, bearing small, roundish, dark-colored bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, orange-colored, resembling in form those of L. candidum, but are scabrous* within. July, f HEMEROCALLIS. CLIII. LILIACE^E. 549 6. L. JAPONICUM. Lvs. scattered, lanceolate ; fls. cernuous, campanulate. Native of China. A noble species, requiring careful management. Its flower is large, nodding, terminal, white, on a stem 2f high, -f 7. L. TiGRlNUM. Tiger-spotted Lily. Lvs. scattered, sessile, 3-veined, the upper cordate-ovate ; perianth revolute, papillose inside. Native of China, very common in cultivation. Stem 6f high, with a pyramid of dark orange- colored, spotted flowers. Axils of leaves bulbiferous. Aug. f 3. FRITILLARIA. Lat. fritillus, a chess-board ; alluding to the checkered petals. Perianth campanulate, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity above the claw of each segment ; stamens as long as the petals. '4 1. F. IMPERIALTS. Crown Imperial. Rac. comose, naked below ; Its. entire. Native of Persia. A fine, showy flower of easy culture. Stem thick, striate, 3f high, the lower part invested with the long, narrow, entire leaves ; the upper part is naked, bearing at the top a raceme of several large, red or yellow, nodding flowers, beneath a crown formed by the pairs of small, narrow leaves at the base of each pedicel. May. -f 2. F. MALEAGRIS. Checkered Fritillary. Lvs. alternate, linear, channeled; sf. 1-flowered. Native of Britain. Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. The flower, which is usually solitary, is large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple and pale red or yellow. May. -f 4. ERYTHRONIUM. Gr. epvSpos, red ; in allusion to the color of the flower and leaves of some species. Perianth campanulate, segments recurved, the 3 inner ones (petals) usually with a tubercle attached to each side at base, and a groove in the middle ; capsule somewhat stipitate, seeds ovate. % Leaves 2, subradical. Scape l-flowered. Fls. nodding, liliaceous. 1. E. AMERICANUM. Smith. (E. Dens-canis. Michx.) Yellow Erythroni- um. Scape naked ; Ivs. spotted, lanceolate and involute at the point ; seg- ments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base ; sty. clavate ; stig. undivided. A beautiful little plant, among the earliest of our vernal flowers, found in rich, open grounds, or in thin woods, U. S. and Can. The bulb is deep in the .ground. Scape slender, 3 4' high. The 2 leaves are of equal length (5'), one of them nearly twice as wide as the other, both clouded with brown spots. Flower drooping, yellow, involute in the sunshine. May. 2. E. ALBIDUM. Nutt. White Erythronium. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate ; segments of perianth linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, inner ones without dentures at base, subunguiculate ; stig. 3-cleft, lobes reflexed. About the size of the last, in wet meadows, near Albany, N. Y., Storrs! to Wise., Lapham! Leaves without an acumination, tapering to the base, of equal length including the petiole (4 5'), one of them twice as wide as the other. Scape a little longer than the leaves, bearing a single, white, nodding flower. Segments !' long. April, May. 3. E. BRACTEATUM. Bw. Bracted Erythronium. Scape bracted ; Ivs. lanceolate, very unequal. An alpine species, found in Vt. Booit. It is a smaller plant, distinguishable by the inequality of the leaves, one of which is 3 or 4 times as large as the other. Scape shorter than the leaves Avith a narrow, lanceolate bract \\' long, a little below the flower. Flower greenish-yellow. Segments about 9" long, gibbous at base. Jn. TRIBK 2. HEMEROCAULJDEJB. Bulbous. Sepals and petals united into a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and paie. 5. HEMEROCALLIS. Gr. fin^pa, the day, and KaXAoj., beautiful, flowers beautiful But lasting only a day. Perianth campanulate, with a cylindric tube ; stamens declined ; 550 CLIII. LILIACE^E. ALLIUM. stigma simple, villous, small. % An ornamental genus, natives of the old world. Lvs. radical. Scape corymbose. 1. H. FCJLVA. Common Day Lily. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate ; pet. ob- tuse, wavy ; veins of sep. branched. Native of the Levant, naturalized in some parts of this country. A well known, showy, border flower. Leaves very nu- merous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or more long. Scape round, thick, naked, smooth, branching, 3f high. Flowers very large, liliaceous, of a tawny red. Style striate. July, f 2. H. FLAVA. Yellow Day Lily. Lvs. broad-linear, carinate ; segments flat, acute ; veins of the sepals undivided. Native of Siberia. A foot high. Flowers a bright yellow, much smaller than those of H. fulva. Scape branching. Jl. f 3. H. JAPONICA. White Day Lily. Lvs. cordate, ovate, acuminate ; fls. in- fundibuliform. A fine species' from Japan. Leaves as large as the hand, very smooth, on long, radical petioles. Flowers large, white, on a scape a foot high. June. | 6. POLYANTHES. Gr. iro\va-, many, avSos ; the flowers of the plant being numerous. Perianth funnel-form, incurved ; filaments inserted into the throat ; ovary at the bottom of the tube. % P. TUBEROSA. Tuberose. Lvs. linear-lanceolate; pet. oblong. A fine parlor plant, native of Ceylon. Stems bulbous at base with tuberous branches. Scape scaly, 2 3f high, with alternate, large, white, regular flowers of a delicious fragrance which is most powerful at evening. Aug. Sept. f TRIBE 3. SCIL.ll.EjE. Bulbous. Flowers usually smaller than in the preceding. Integument of the seed black and brittle. 7. ALLIUM. Celtic all, hot or burning. Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leaved spathe ; perianth deeply 6-parted, segments mostly spreading, ovate, the 3 inner somewhat smaller ; ovary angular ; stigma acute ; capsule 3- lobed. Strong-scented, bulbous plants. Lvs. mostly radical. Umbel on a scape. 1. A. TRICOCCUM. Ait. Lance-leaved Garlic. Scape terete ; Ivs. lanceolate, oblong, flat, smooth ; umbel globose ; seed soli- tary in each cell of the 3-celled capsule. % A strong-scented plant, common in damp woods, N. H. to Va. and to 111. Bulb oblong, acuminate. Leaves 5 8' long, an inch or more wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, all withering and disappearing before the opening of the flowers. Scape a foot or more high, bearing a thin, 2-leaved, deciduous spathe at top, with an umbel of 10 12 white flowers. June, July. 2. A. CANADENSE. Canadian Garlic. Scape terete ; Ivs. linear ; umbel capitate, bulbil erous. 7J. In woods. Leaves radical, f as long as the scape, smooth, nearly flat above. Scape 1218' high, round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate, acute bracts at the top, with a head of bulbs and flowers. The bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract be- neath, and among them are a few whitish flowers on slender pedicels. June. 3. A. VINEALE. Crow Garlic. St. slender, with a few leaves ; caidine Ivs. terete, fistulous umbel bulbi- ferous ; sta. exsert ; fil. alternately tricuspidate, the middle point bearing the anther. 7]. Meadows, Mid. and W. States. Leaves 612' long. Scape 1 2f high, bearing a spathe of 2 small bracts at top, and an umbel of flowers with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Perianth purple. June, July. 4. A. CERNUUM. Roth. Nodding Garlic. Scape angular ; Ivs. linear, flat, very long ; umbel cernuous ; sta. simple. HYACINTHDS. CLIII. LILIACE^E. 551 Banks of Seneca lake, N. Y., W. to Ohio, Lock ! and Wis., Lapham ! Bulb 6 8" diam. Scape mostly 4-angled, smooth, slender, 15 24' high, recurved at top. Umbel 12 20-flowered. Pedicels 7 8" long. Flowers rose-colored. Ovary 6-toothed, becoming a roundish, 3-seeded capsule. July. 5. A. TRIFLORUM. Pursh. Few-flowered Leek. Mountain Leek. Scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves ; Ivs. lanceolate, veined ; um- bel few-flowered. In shady woods on the high mountains of Pennsylvania, Pursh. May, June. 6. A. SCHJENOPRASUM. Gives. Scape equaling the round, subulate leaves. Gr. sxotvos, a rush, and npavov, a leek. The leaves resemble rush-leaves. Jn. 7. A. ASCALONICUM. Shallot. Scape terete ; Ivs. subulate ; umbel globose ; sta. tricuspidate. Native about Ascalon, Palestine. It has a soboliferous bulb, small, fistulous leaves, and seldom flowers. July. 8. A. PORRUM. Leek. St. compressed, leafy ; Ivs. sheathing at base ; sta. tri- cuspidate. Native of Switzerland. Root bearing a scaly, cylindrical bulb. Stem 2f high, bearing long, linear, alternate, sheathing leaves, and at the top, a large umbel of small, white flowers. July. 9. A. sATivuM. Common Garlic. Bulb compound ; st. leafy, bulbiferous ; sla. tricuspidate. Native of Sicily. The bulb is composed of several smaller ones surrounded by a common membrane, acrid and very strong-scented. Stem 2f high. Flowers small, white. Used as seasoning and sometimes in medi- cine. July. 10. A. PROLTFERUM. Scape fistulous, twisted ; Ivs. fistulous ; umbels bulbifer- ous and proliferous ; sta. tricuspidate, the middle point antheriferous. A curi- ous species, native of the W. Indies. Scape 2 3f high, producing several bulbs among, or instead of, the white flowers. July. 11. A. CEPA. Common Onion. Scape fistulous, swelling towards the base, longer than the terete, fistulous leaves. (g) Cep, in the Celtic, signifies a head. Native of Hungary. The root bears a tunicated bulb, compressed, or round, or oblong in figure. The scape, which appears the second year, is 3 4f high, straight, smooth, stout, bearing at top a large, round umbel of greenish- white flowers. Universally cultivated for the kitchen, and its peculiar merits as a pot-herb are, no doubt, well known to our readers. Culture has produced nu- merous varieties. 8. ORNITHOGlLUM. Gr. opviSos, a bird, yaXa, milk; why so called is not obvious. Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle ; filaments dilated at the base ; capsule roundish, angular. Lvs. radical. Scape naked, racemose or corymbose. . O. UMBELLATTTM. Star-of- Bethlehem. Fls. corymbose; ped. longer than bracts ; fil. subulate. 7J. From England, but naturalized in many parts of this country. Leaves linear and narrow, emarginate, as long as the scape. Scape near a foot high. Flowers few, in a kind of loose corymb. Petals and sepals white, beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on the outside. May. 9. HYACINTHUS. Hyacinthus of Grecian fable, was killed by Zephyrus, and transformed into this flower. Perianth subglobose or campanulate, regular, 6-cleft ; 3 nectarifer- ous pores at the top of the ovary ; stamens issuing from the middle of the segments ; cells of the capsule about 2-seeded. Natives of the Levant. H. ORIENTALS. Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, ventricose at the base. % The hyacinth is a well known, splendid flower, long prized and cul- tivated. Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate, 35' long. Scape twice as long as the leaves, thick, bearing a dense, thyrsoid raceme of numerous blue flowers. A plant peculiarly adapted to parlor cultivation in bulb glasses. 47 - \ ,. , 552 CLIII. LILIACE^E. CONVALLARIA. Other ornamental species sometimes cultivated are H. BOTRYOIDES, grape hyacinth, with globose flowers ; H. COMOSUS, purple grape hyacinth, with pris- matic flowers ; and H. RACEMOSUS, hare-bell hyacinth, with ovoid flowers. TRIBE 4. AKTHERICEJB. Stem subterraneous, or if developed, erect. Root fasciculate or fibrous. Leaves never coriaceous nor permanent. 10. ASPHODfiLUS. Gr. a, privative, o-^aXXo), to surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering the ovary ; sta. issuing from the valves. Fine garden plants, native of S. Europe. 1. A. LUTEUS. King's Spear. Yellow Asphodel. St. leafy ; Ivs. 3-cornered. 7|. Native of Sicily. A plant of easy culture and rapid increase. Stem 3f high, thickly invested with 3-cornered, hollow leaves. Flowers yellow, in a long spike, reaching from the top almost to the base of stem. June. 2. A. RAMOSUS. Branching Asphodel. St. naked, branched ; ped. alternate, longer than bract ; Ivs. ensiform, carinate, smooth. 7|_ Native of S. Europe. Not so tall as the preceding, but with larger, white flowers. June. 11. PHALANGIUM. Tourn. Gr. (ftaXavl;, tarantula, a venomous species of spider, whose bite it was supposed to cure. Perianth 6-parted, petals and sepals similar, spreading ; filaments 6, smooth ; caps, free from the perianth, ovoid ; seeds angular. ^ Lvs. flat, linear. Fls. small, white or bluish. P. ESCULENTUM. Nutt. Esculent Phalangium. Quamash. St. bulbous ; Ivs. all radical, linear, carinate at base ; sta. subexserted ; stig. minutely 3-cleft. Wei prairies, along rivers, lakes, Wis. Lapham ! 111. Jenney! Ind. Skinner! &c. An interesting little plant, usually in thick grass. Bulb 1 !' diam., resembling a small onion. Scape 1 2f high. Leaves nearly as long as the scape, grass-like, 3" wide, smooth. Raceme short, pedi- cels longer than the flowers, each with a subulate bract. Petals and sepals pale blue, about 3" long. Anthers oblong, small, yellow. Seeds black. May. TRIBE 5. COX VALiLARINEJE. Stem arising from a horizontal rhizoma or tuber. 12. CONVALLARIA. Lat. convallis, a valley ; the locality of some species. Perianth 4 6-parted, segments spreading ; stamens 4 6, diver- gent, arising from the base of the segments ; berry globose, 2 3- celled. Plants somewhat various in habit, with simple stems and alternate leaves. Fls. in terminal racemes or umbels, reddish or green- ish-white. 1. MAJANTHEMUM. Perianth ^-parted. Stamens 4. Berry ^-celled. 1. C. BIFOLIA. (Smilacina. Desf. Styrandra. Raf.} Two-leaved Solo- mon's Seal.Lvs. 2 3, cordate, ovate ; fls. in a terminal raceme ; Ifts. of the perianth spreading. 7J. A small plant, frequent along the edges of woodlands, Can., N. Eng., W. to Wis. ! Stem angular, about 6' high. Leaves 2, rarely 3, about 2' long, \ as wide, ovate, distinctly cordate, sessile, or the lowest on a petiole. Raceme terminal, erect, an inch long, consisting of 12 20 white flowers. Berry small, round, and when mature pale red, speckled with deep red. May. 2. SMILACINA. Perianth ^-parted. Stamens 6. Berry ^-celled. 2. C. TRIFOLIATA. (Smilacina. Desf.} Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. L/vs. 3 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, amplexicaul ; rac. termi- nal, simple. Ij. A delicate little species in mountain swamps, Can. N. Eng. (rare), W. to Wis. ! Stem 3 5' high, pubescent, angular. Leaves 2 3f UVULARIA. CLIII. LILIACE^E. 553 long, j as wide, acuminate, smooth. Flowers 4 8, white, 6-parted, the segments spreading. May. 3. C. STELLATA. (Smilacina. Desf.) Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. St. erect ; Ivs. numerous, 3- veined, lanceolate, amplexicaul, acute ; fls. few, in a simple, terminal raceme. 1\. Along rivers, Can. and Northern States, W. to the Miss. Stem 10 20' high, round and smooth. Leaves 8 10, smooth, glaucous beneath, 46' by 9 12", tapering to the apex. Flowers white, about 8, stellate, rather larger than in the next. May, Jn. 4. C. RACEMOSA. (Smilacina. Desf.} Clustered Solomon's Seal. St. recurved ; Ivs. oval, acuminate, subsessile ; roc. compound. Tj. A lar- ger species than the preceding. Rhizoma thick, sweet to the taste. Stem 1 2f high, downy, gracefully recurved at top. Leaves 4 6' long, about | as wide, contracted into a long acumination, veined, minutely pubescent. Peti- oles 2" long. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, and with white, exserted, tapering filaments, constituting a large, compound, ter- minal raceme. 3 CLINTONIA. Perianth subcampanulate, ^-parted. Berry Z-celled. 5. C. BOREALIS. (C. umbellulata. Michx. Dracaena. Ait. Clintonia. Raj'.} Wild Lily of the Valley. Scape umbellate ; Ivs. broad-oval-lance- olate ; fls. cernuous ; berries blue. 7|_ Mountainous or hilly woods, Can., N. Eng. to Car., W. to the Miss. Rhizoma creeping to some extent. Leaves 4 7' long, as wide, petiolate, radical or nearly so, smooth and glossy, fringed with scattered hairs. Scape erect, round, 8 13' high, bearing at top a beauti- ful umbel of 3 6 yellowish-green, nodding flowers. Perianth liliaceous, of 6 oblanceolate, erect-spreading segments. Berries of a rich amethystine blue. Jn. 6. C. MAJALIS. Lily of the Valley. Scape naked, smooth, semi-cylindric ; ITS. nearly radical, ovate ;' roc. simple, 1-sided. %. An elegant, sweet-scented plant, native of woods at the South, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inhabi- tant of our gardens. Leaves 2, seldom 3, ovate-elliptical. Scape 6' high, with white flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May. 13. POLYGONATUM. Gr. iro\vs, many, yow, knee ; from the many-jointed rhizoma. Perianth tubular, cylindrical, 6-cleft ; stamens inserted near the summit of the tube ; berry globose, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. St. simple. Lvs. alternate. Fls. axillary. P. MULTIFLORUM. Desf. (P. latifoliuni, angustifolium, biflorum, pubes- cens and canaliculatum, of PA., &c.) St. recurved, smooth; Ivs. distich- ous, lanceolate, amplexicaul, smooth above; peduncles axillary, 1 4-flowered. QJ_ in woods, free States and Can. Stem 1 3f high, most recurved in the tallest plants. Leaves more or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the smallest plants, 2| 6' by 1 2j x , veined, smooth and glossy above, paler and generally pubescent beneath. Peduncles filiform, branching, scarcely a fifth as long as the leaves. Flowers 5 8" long, pendulous, greenish, sub-cylindric. Berries dark blue or blackish when ripe. Jn. a. Lvs. very amplexicaul, smooth both sides, distinctly veined ; lower pedun- cles 4-flowered. Plant 2 3f high. In rich, damp soils. /?. pubescens. Lvs. pubescent beneath, slightly clasping ; st. 1 2f high. This variety is most common in New England. y. biflora. Lvs. smooth both sides, i as wide as long, sessile ; fls. greenish- white, 4 5" long ; st. round, 1 IJf high. 6. canaliculata. St. channeled on the upper side. t. latifolia. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, glabrous. Stem angled, 4 5f high Middle States. 14. UVULARIA. Perianth deeply 6-parted ; segments linear-oblong, acute, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at the base of each ; filaments very short ; 554 CLIII. LILIACE.E. STREPTOPUS. anthers linear, half as long as the petals ; style trifid ; capsule 3- celled, many-seeded, seeds with an aril. Lvs. alternate. Fls. soli- tary^ terminal and axillary. 1. U. SESSILIFOLIA. Bellwort. Wild Oats. Lvs. sessile, lance-oval, glaucous beneath ; caps, stiped, ovate. TJ. Can. and U. S. A common species, found in woods and in grass lands. Stem smooth, slender, 6 10' high, dividing at the top into 2 branches, one bearing leaves only, the other, leaves and a flower. Leaves smooth and delicate, dark green above, paler beneath, 1 !' long. The flower is cylindric, near an inch long, yellowish- white, of 6, long, linear petals. May. 2. U. PERFOLIATA. (U. flava. Smith.) Mealy Bellwort. Lvs. perfoliate, elliptical, subacute; perianth, subcampanulate, tubercu- late-scabrous within ; anths. cuspidate ; caps, truncate. Tj. Can. and U. S. A handsome, smooth plant, in woods. Stem 10 14' high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, and dividing into 2 branches at top. Leaves 2 3' by | 1', rounded at the base, acute at apex. Flower pale yellow, pen- dulous from the end of one of the branches. Segments linear-lanceolate, !' long, twisted, covered within with shining grains. Anthers f ' long. May. 3. U. GRANDIFLORA. Large-flowered Bellwort. Lvs. perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, acute ; fl. terminal, solitary, pendulous ; segments acuminate, smooth within and without ; anth. obtuse. 7J. Can. and U. S. Larger than either of the foregoing. In woods. Stem 12 15 inches high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 branches at top, one of which bears the large, yellow, pendulous flower. Leaves almost acuminate, rounded at base. Anthers f long. May. Readily distin- guished by the smooth petals. 4. U. LANCJGINOSA. Pers. (Streptotus. Michx.) Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, without dots, ciliate, the lower amplexicaui, pubescent beneath when young ; ped. terminal, pubescent ; fls. in pairs ; peri- anth acute at base, Ifts. linear-lanceolate; sty. glabrous. 9| Mountains, Penn. to Car. and L. Winipeg to Oreg. Leaves with an abrupt and long acumina- tion. Flowers greenish. Berry with the cells by abortion 1 2-seeded. May. 15. STREPTOPUS. Michx. Gr. ffTftefw, to turn, irovs , a foot ; a twisted footstalk or peduncle. Perianth 6-parted, campanulate ; segments with a nectariferous pore at the base of each ; anthers longer than the filaments ; stigma very short ; berry roundish, 3-celled ; seeds few, hilum without an aril. St. branched. Fls. axillary, solitary , generally with the peduncle distorted. 1. S. ROSEUS. Michx. (Uvularia. Linn.) Rose Twist-foot. Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin serrulate-ciHate, under sur- face green like the upper ; pedicels short, generally distorted in the middle ; segments spreading at apex ; anth. short, 2-horned ; stig. trifid. 1 Can. to Car. and Tenn. A common species, native of woods. Stem a foot or more high, round, dichotomously branching. Leaves 2 4' long, | as wide, ending in a slender point, smooth, but conspicuously edged with minute, rough hairs. Flow- ers reddish, spotted, suspended beneath the branches, one under each leaf. Jn. 2. S. AMPLEXIFOLIUS. DC. (S. distortus. Michx. Uvularia. Linn.) Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, smooth and entire on the margin, glaucous beneath ; pedicels solitary, geniculate and distorted in the middle ; sep. long-acuminate, reflexed ; anth. very acute, entire ; stig. truncate. TJ. Can. and Mid. States. Native of woods. Stem round, dichotomous, 2f high. Leaves 2 3 X long, \ as wide, very smooth. Peduncles opposite the leaf, twisted and bent downwards each with a bell-form, drooping flower gibbous at base, of a pale straw-color. Anthers sagittate, attenuate at the apex into a long, subulate point. Fruit oblong, red, many-seeded. June. LEPTANTHUS. CLIV. PONTEDERIACE./E. 555 TRIBE 6. ASPARAGE J3. Stem usually fully developed, or if not, the leaves are coriaceous and permanent. 16. AS-FAR AGUS. Gr. oirapaffffb), to tear; some of the species are armed with strong prickles. Perianth 6-parted, erect ; ovary turbinate ; stamens erect ; style very short ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. A. OFFICINALIS. Asparagus. St. herbaceous, unarmed, very branching, erect ; Ivs. setaceous, flexible, fasciculate. 9| Native of England, and other parts of Europe, naturalized on rocky shores. Stem 2 4f high. Leaves filiform, If long, pale pea-green. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Berries globose, red. It is one of the oldest and most delicate of culinary vegetables, was no less praised in ancient Rome, by Pliny, Cato and other writers, than at the present day. Diuretic. Jl. Plants aquatic, or marsh. Lvs. sheathing, parallel-veined, mostly cordate or dilated at base. Inflorescence various, often spathaceous. Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular, circulate in aestivation. ORDER CLIV. PONTEDERACEJE. PONTEDERADS. quatic or marsh. Lvs. sheathing, parallel-veined, mostly co ence various, often spathaceous. i tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular, circinate in aestiv 8ta. 3 or 6, unequal, perieynous. Ova. free or sometimes adherent to the perianth at base, 3-celled. Style I. Stig. simple. Fr. Capsule 3 (sometimes l)-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous (sometimes solitary), attached to a central axis. Albumen farinaceous. Genera 6, species 30, found exclusively in America, E. Indies and Tropical Africa. They are of no known use. Conspectus of the Genera. ( solitary Leptanthus. 2 $ equal, 24 together in a spathe Heteranthera. 3 Flowers (, unequal, in a terminal spike Pontederia. 1 1. PONTEDERIA. In honor of Julius Pontedera, a botanic author and professor, of Padua, about 1720. Perianth bilabiate, tubular at base, under side of the tube perfo- rated with 3 longitudinal clefts, the lower part persistent : stamens unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 at the summit of the tube ; utricle 1 -seeded. Fls. blue, mostly spicate. P. CORDATA. Pickerel-weed. Lrs. subradical, cordate-oblong; fls. spiked. 1\. Can. and U. S. A' fine conspicuous plant, native of the borders of muddy lakes, &c., growing in patches extending from the shores to deep water. Stem thick, round, erect, arising 1 2f above the water, bearing a single leaf. Leaves 4 7' by 1J 3', very smooth and glossy, almost sagittate, with veins beautifully arranged to conform to the margin. Flowers in a spike, arising above the spathe, very irregular. Perianth 2-lipped, each lip 3-cleft, always blue, appearing in July. 0. angustifolia. Torr. L/vs. narrow, truncate and subcordate at base. 2. LEPTANTHUS. Michx. Gr. \ETTTOS, slender, av$os ; in reference to the long tube of the perianth. Spathe 1 -flowered : tube of the perianth very long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal ; anthers of 2 forms ; capsule 1 -celled, many- seeded. Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base. L. GRAMINEA. Vahl. (Schollera graminea. Schreb.} St. floating, rooting at the lower joints ; Ivs. linear. A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, Northern States. Stem slender, dichotomous, 1 2f long. Leaves 36' long, 1 2" wide, obtuse at apex, slightly sheathing at base. Flower solitary, issuing from a short (I/) spathe. Tube 1|' long, limb in 6, linear-lanceolate segments, yellow. Stamens 3 (4, authors); filaments broad, one of them abortive, the other 2 with linear anthers longer than the thick style. Jl. Aug. 47* 556 CLV. MELANTHACE^. MELANTHIUM. 3. HETERANTHERA. R. & P. Gr. krepa, otherwise, avrjp] the anthers being dissimilar in the same flower. Spathe several-flowered ; tube of the perianth long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal ; stamens 3 ; anthers of 2 forms 5 capsule 3- celled, many-seeded ; dissepiment contrary. H. RENIFORMIS. R. & P. (Leptanthus. Michx.) St. prostrate or floating ; Ivs. suborbicular, reniiorm or auriculate at base ; spathe acuminate, few-flowered. On muddy or inundated banks, Mid. and W. States. Stem 4' to a foot or more in length. Leaves ' by f ', on petioles 1 2' long, with a broad sinus at base and a short, abrupt acumination. Spathe closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evanescent, white flowers. Tube of the peri- anth j' long, limb in 6 oblong segments. Filaments inserted at the orifice, 2 of the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. Jl. Aug. ORDER CLV. MELANTHACEJE. MELANTHS. Herbs perennial, with bulbs, rhizomas, corms or fasciculated roots. St simple, often scapiform. Lvs. parallel-veined. Fls. perfect, or (by abortion) polygamous. Perianth regular, in 2 series, each of 3 segments which are distinct or united at base, generally involute Sta. 6, with extrorse anthers. [in aestivation. Ova. 3-celled, 9 many-ovuled. Styles distinct or p. Stigmas undivided. Fr. Capsule or berry 3-celled, generally with septicidal dehiscence. Seeds with a membranous testa, and dense, fleshy albumen. Genera 30, species 130, rather generally diffused in northern countries. Properties. The order is generally pervaded by drastic, narcotic and poisonous qualities, most power- ful in Veratrum and Colchicum. The corms and seeds of the latter are the most important medicinal products of the order. Their virtue is due to an alkaline principle called veratria, which is found in this genus, as well as in most of the others. Conspectus of the Genera. Sepals and petals sessile. .... Zigadenus. 1 Sepals and petals each with 2 glands at base. ( Sepals and petals unguiculate. Perianth calyculate. ( Leaves linear. { Perianth naked. Amianthium. 4 ( Flowers perfect < Leaves setaceous, dry. < or dicBcious. . . ( Leaves dilated, without glands. ( Flowers polygamous. Racemes compound. Me/anthium. 2 Tofieldia. 7 Xerophyllum. 5 Helonias. 6 Veratrum. 3 1. ZIGADENUS. Michx. Gr. fovyos, a pair, adriv, a gland ; alluding to the glands of the segment. Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading, colored, each segment with 2 glands above its contracted base ; stamens inserted in contact with the ovary ; capsule membranaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded. 1. Z. GLABERRIMUS. Michx. Zigddene. Rt. bulbous ; st. leafy ; Ivs. linear, channeled, recurved ; bracts ovate, acu- minate ; segments of the perianth acuminate. Wet meadows, N. York. Found near Rochester. Eaton. Southern States. Stem 2 3f high. Lower leaves about 10' long ; upper ones gradually diminishing, all concave and spreading. Panicle terminal, loose, consisting of several greenish-white flowers. Sepals ovate -lanceolate, free from the stamens, with the 2 glands at the base of each distinct and conspicuous. June. 2. Z. GLAUCUS. (Z. cloranthus. Rich. Melanthium. Nutt.} St. bulbous, nearly naked; Ivs. shorter than the stem, linear, rather ob- tuse; rac. subsimple; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels; sep. and pet. oval or obovate, obtuse, each with an obcordate gland. Sandy shores, Can. to Ark., Niagara, Lake Erie, Nuttall. Stem 1015' high. Leaves glaucous, up- per gradually reduced to bracts. Raceme subsimple, sometimes a little com- pound at base. Flowers few (10 20), greenish-white, on pedicels 1' long, the segments with the 2 glands united. Capsule oblong-ovoid, carpels divergent at apex, 6 8-seeded. July, Aug. 2. MELANTHIUM. Gr. fj.E\as, black, avSos ; alluding to the dark color of the flower. Flowers monoecious-polygamous ; perianth rotate, 6-parted, seg VERATRUM. CLV. MELANTHACE^. 557 inents unguiculate, with 2 glands at base, the claws bearing the sta- mens ; ovary often abortive ; capsule exserted, subovoid. summit tri- fid and tipped with the 3 persistent styles ; seeds margined. St. erect, pubcrulent above. Lvs. alternate, narrow. Panicle terminal. 1. M. VIRGINICUM. (Leiraanthium. Willd. Veratrum. Ait. Helonias.) Lrs. linear-lanceolate ; panicle pyramidal ; segments of the perianth sub- orbicular, hastate or auriculate at base. Native of wet meadows and margins of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 3 4f high, leafy. Leaves about a foot long, and an inch wide, sessile on a contracted and subclasping base. Flowers green- ish-yellow, becoming brown, on short pedicels, arranged in simple, alternate racemes, and together constituting a pyramidal panicle 10 15' in length. Lower flowers generally sterile. July, Aug. 2. M. HYBRIDCM. Walt. (Leimanthium. Roem. ($ Sch.) Lvs. long-linear-lanceolate, upper ones few and short; panicle long, of simple racemes, pedicels filiform, much longer than the flowers ; segments of the perianth narrowly unguiculate, roundish-rhomboidal ; glands connivent ; claws channeled, stameniferous below the middle. Woods, Penn. to Ga. ! Stem 2 4f high, somewhat leafy. Leaves varying from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate, the lowest contracted to the base or subpetiolate, shorter than the stem. Perianth very open, yellowish-green, segments acuminate, the long claws adhering to and involving the filaments. June, July. /?. robustior. Gray. Lower Ivs. lanceolate-oval; lower branches paniculate, compound. 3. VERATRUM. Lat. vere, atrum, truly black ; alluding to the dark color of the flowers or root. Flowers by abortion c? $ 9 ; segments of the perianth united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands ; sta. 6, shorter than the perianth and inserted on its base ; ovaries 3, united at base, often abortive ; styles short ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-partible, 00-seeded. Lvs. alternate, broad and plicate, or narrow and grass-like. Fls. paniculate. 1. V. VIRIDE. (V. album. Michx.} Poke. White Hellebore. Lrs. broad-oval, acuminate ; particle compound, racemose ; bracts oblong- lanceolate, bracteoles longer than the downy pedicels. Can. to Ga. A large- leaved, coarse-looking plant, of our meadows and swamps. Root large, fleshy, with numerous long fibres. Stem 2 if high, striate and pubescent. Leaves strongly veined arid plaited, the lowest near a foot long and half as wide, sheathing at the base. Flowers numerous, green, in many axillary (or bracted) racemes, which together form a very large, pyramidal, terminal panicle.. July. The root is emetic and stimulant, but poisonous, and should be used with cau- tion. When powdered it causes violent sneezing. 2. V. WOODII. Robbins. (Nov. sp.) Indiana Veratrum. Lvs. mostly radical, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, glabrous, veined and plicate, acute, tapering to a long, winged, sheathing petiole ; st. or scape terete, tall, erect, with remote, lance-linear bracts ; panicle simple, slender, pyramidal, many-flowered ; fls, tf ^ , subsessile ; segments of perianth oblanceolate, dark brownish-purple within. Woods, Linton, Green Co., la. ! Root fasciculate. Leaves 1016' long (including the 48' petiole), 2 M wide. Bracts 13' long. Scape 3 6f high, paniculate \ its length. Flowers f ' diam., nearly black, with red stamens, upper and lower sterile. Ovary oblong, crowned with 3 spreading styles half its length. Seeds compressed, winged with the broad, loose, membranous testa. July. 3. V. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Pursh. Grass-leaved Veratrum. Lvs. narrowly linear, flat, very long, lowest obtuse, upper ones diminish- ing to subulate bracts ; fls. in a slender panicle of racemes, those of the termi- nal raceme (except a few of the highest) perfect and fertile, those of the lateral racemes mostly sterile ; segments narrowly lanceolate, subulate, acuminate. A 558 CLV. MELANTHACE^l. HELONIAS. very slender, grass-like species, in woods, Western States. Stem 3f high, solid, erect, with a virgate, thin panicle of greenish- white flowers. Leaves 1 2f by 3 3", half-clasping. Panicle lf long, the lateral racemes 1 3', the terminal one much longer ; pedicels shorter than the flowers, each with a very minute bract. June, July. 4. AMIANTHIUM. A. Gr. Gr. a^ioj/roj, pure, immaculate ; avSos ', alluding to the white flowers. Flowers $ ; perianth segments scarcely united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands ; stam. 6, inserted with the segments ; anthers reniform ; ovaries 3, more or less united ; caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible ; carpels follicular, 1 4-seeded ; testa of the seeds loose, at length fleshy. Herbs with scapiform stems, grass-like leaves and numerous white flowers. A. MusciToxicuM. Gray. (Melanthium. Walt. Helonias erythrosperma. Michx.) Fly-poison. St. bulbous; Ivs. flat, lower broad-linear, obtuse, upper reduced to bracts ; roc. simple ; segments oblong, obtuse ; pedicels filiform ; carpels distinct above ; sty. divergent ; seeds ovoid, red. Shady swamps, N. J., Penn. and Southern States. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves mostly radical, about If long. Raceme 39' long, dense-flowered, pedicels 69" long. Peri- anth and stamens white, the latter rather the longest. Carpels united only at base, the summits horn-like and diverging. Seeds rather large, scarlet-red when ripe. June, July. 2. A. LEiMANTHolDES. Gray. Rt. fibrous ; Ivs. linear, flat ; panicle simple, terminal raceme elongated ; segments of the perianth broad-oval, longer than the linear styles ; sds. winged at the apex, lanceolate, compressed. N. J. to La. Stem roundish, 2 4f high,, the lower leaves about half as long, pale green, acute. Flowers white, on fili- form pedicels, finally recurved. Segments of the perianth obtuse, a little shorter than the capillary filaments. July. 5. XEROPHYLLUM. Gr. j-ripos, dry, v\\ov, leaf. Flowers $ ; leaflets of the perianth oval, spreading, petaloid, sessile and without glands ; stam. 6 ; filaments dilated and contiguous at base ; ovary subglobose ; styles 3, linear, revblute ; caps, subglobose, 3-lobed, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. Herbs with numerous dry, setaceous leaves. Racemes simple, with white, showy flowers. X. ASPHODELolDEs. Nutt. (X. setifolium. Michx. Helonias asph. Linn.') Lvs. radical and cauline, rigid, diminishing above ; pedicels with 2 alter- nate bracteoles, bractless at base ; filaments at length equaling the segments of JLIdLC UlCL^tCt-MC/Oj JLUO.^L.H-^0 O-U HJtt-ov^ j JVWlttiVGr*^V9 U>* &V*A4gbU \^^LAA i-iA-i^ ^ the perianth. Sandy plains, N. J. to Car. Stem 3 5f high, very leafy. Radi- cal leaves If long, very narrow, crowded and caespitose. Flowers in a long, terminal raceme, numerous, small. Sepals and petals obtuse, the latter a little 6. HELONIAS. Gr. eXoj, a marsh ; where some species grow. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, petaloid. the segments sessile, and without glands ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3-celled, 3-horned ; cells many-seeded. Lvs. mostly radical, narrow, often gramineous, sheathing at base. Fls. in a terminal, simple raceme. 1 . H. BULLATA. (H. latifolia. PA.) Lvs. crowded, mostly radical, linear-spatulate, mucronate ; scape simple, hollow, with few remote bracts, or naked ; rac. spicate, ovoid-cylindric, dense ; anth. blue. N. J., Penn. to Va. Scape 1018' high, rather thick and fleshy. Leaves about as long as the scape, 1 If wide. Racemes short. Pedicels as long as the flowers, colored. Flowers purple, segments obtuse. May. JUNCUS. CLV1. JUNCACEJE. 559 2. H. DIOICA. Ph. (Veratrum luteum. Linn.) Unicorn Root. St. leafy ; Ivs. lanceolate, radical ones oblanceolate ; rac. spiked, nodding, dioecious ; ped. short, without bracts ; sta. exserted ; segments linear. In low grounds, Can. to Ga. and La. Root premorse. Stem or scape 12 30' high, furrowed. Radical leaves 4 8' by 1', in a sort of whorl at the base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, greenish-white, in long, terminal, spi- cate racemes which are more slender and weak on' the barren plants. Ovaries as long as the linear petals, subtriangular. Capsule 3-furrowed, oblong, taper- ing to the base, opening at the top. The fertile plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. June. 7. TOFIELDIA. Hudson. In honor of Mr. Tofield, a Scotch gentleman, residing near Doncaster. Flowers $ , calyculate, with 3 remotish, united bracts ; Ifts. of the perianth petaloid, spreading, sessile and without bracts ; sta. 6 ; auth. roundish-cordate, introrse ; ovaries 3, united ; styles distinct, short ; caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible ; capsule 00-seeded. Lvs. equitant, subradi- cat. Scape not bulbous. Fls. spicate or racemose. T. GLUTINOSA. Nutt. St. leafy below, glandular-scabrous, simple : Ivs. shorter than the stem, linear-ensiform, glabrous, obtuse ; rac. oblong, few-flowered, close, composed of 3-flowered, alternate fascicles ; caps, longer than the perianth. Woods, Ohio, Sullivant ! to Wis. Lapham ! N. to Arctic Am. A plant remarkable for its glutinous-glandular stem. Stem slender, scape-like, 1 lf high, dotted with its dark-colored glands. Leaves 3 6' by 3 6", conduplicate. Spicate raceme 1 1|' long, 9 18-flowered. Pedicels nearly as long as the flowers. Involucre truncate, 3-toothed, a little below the perianth. Petals and sepals subequal, ob- lanceolate, less than 2" long. Capsule of 3, half-united, inflated carpels, twice longer than the perianth. ORDER CLYI. JUNCACEJE. BUSHES. Plants herbaceous, generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers. Lvs. fistular, or flat and channeled, with veins parallel. Inflorescence cymose, capitate or fascicled. Perianth more or less glume-like, regular, 6-leaved, in 2 series (sepals and petals) Sta. 6, rarely 3, hj'pogynous. Anth. 2-celled. Ova. 3-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiments not reaching the centre 1) -celled. Styles united into 1. Stigmas 3. Fr. Capsule 3-valved, with the dissepiments from the middle of the valves. Seeds few or many, with a fleshy albumen. Genera 13, species 200, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the earth. Properties unimportant. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Capsule mostly 3-celled. Seeds numerous Juncus. 1 < green. \ Capsule 1-celled. Seeds 3, fixed to the bottom of cell. . . . Luzula. 2 Perianth fc colored, yellow Nartheciuni. 3 1. JUNCUS. Ij&t.jungo, to join ; because ropes were anciently made of these plants. Perianth persistent ; stamens 6 ; capsule mostly 3-celled ; seeds numerous, attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments. * Leaves none. Cymes apparently lateral. 1. J. BALTICUS. Willd. Baltic Rush. Rhizoma creeping, prostrate, rooting ; scapes numerous, sheathed at base, opaque, terete, rigid, slender, pungently acute ; panicle small, short, lateral ; perianth segments subequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, equaling the elliptical, mucronate capsule. Sandy shores, Milwaukie, Wis., Lapham! N. to the Sas~katchawan and Labrador. Scape leafless, 12 18' high, hard, tough, closely arranged along the scaly rootstock, the sheaths 3" 3' long. Panicle 2 3' be- low the apex of the scape, 1' long. Flowers 20 40, reddish-brown. 2. J. ACUTUS. Caespitose ; scapes numerous, tall, rigid, terete, sheathed at base ; panicle 560 CLV1. JUNCACEJE. JUNCUS. with an involucre of two unequal, pungent bracts ; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, half as long as the roundish-obovate, mucronate capsule. Sandy sea- coasts, N. J, to Ga. Scapes fascicled on the rhizomas, forming dense tufts, 2 3f high. Panicle 2 3' long. Involucre with one of the bracts longer, the other shorter than the panicle. Perianth brown, the 3 sepals longest, acumi- nate, reflexed at apex. July. 3. J. EFFUSUS. Soft 'Rush. Bull-rush. Scape straight, not rigid ; panicle lateral, loose, decompound ; caps, obovate, obtuse. Very common in ditches and moist lands, forming tufts, Can. and U. S. Scape solid, with a spongy pith, soft, striate, 2 3f high, bearing a loose, spreading panicle, which protrudes from a fissure opening in the side of the stem about half way up. Flowers small, green, numerous, with 3 white an- thers and yellowish seeds. June, July. 4. J. SETACEUS. Rostkow. (J. filiformis Michx.} Bristly Rush. Scape filiform, striate ; umbel lateral, compound, few-flowered ; ped. com- pressed, several-flowered ; perianth segments very acuie. Swamps, Can. and U. S. A very slender species, growing in tufts about 2f high. Scapes sheathed at base. Panicle small, 20 30-flowered, bursting from the side of the scape some distance below the summit. July. 5. J. FILIFORMIS. Linn, (not Michx.) Thread Rush Creeping, leafless ; scape slender, filiform, minutely striate, flaccid ; pani- cle subsimple, lateral, near the middle of the scape ; sep. pale, nearly equal, lanceolate, a little longer than the pale, shining, obovate, mucronate capsule. White Hills, N. H., Green. Scape a few inches in length. * * Leaves nodose-articulate, subterete. 6. J. MILITARIS. Bw. Bayonet Rush. Lf. solitary, jointed, longer than the stem; panicle terminal, proliferous; Ms. about 5-flowered ; st. thick, round, smooth, 2, 3 or 4f high. Ponds, N. Eng. ! Leaf jointed, cylindrical, loosely cellular within, 2 3f long, inserted below the middle of the stem, but rising above its summit. Panicle erect, terminal, ccna- posed of several pedunculate heads, each with 4 6 sessile flowers. 7. J. NODOSUS. (J. polycephalus. Michx. J. echinatus. Muhl.} St. leaves subcompressed ; panicle terminal, decompound; lids, globose, dense, 10 15-flowered; sep. subequal, lanceolate, rigid-, very acute, about equaling the oblong-lanceolate, acute, triquetrous, shining capsule ; segments 3 6. In boggy meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves thick, jointed by internal, transverse partitions. Heads resembling small burrs, some sessile, others pedunculate. Leaflets of the perianth produced into a short cusp or awn. Aug. Sept. a. major. St. and Ivs. thick, the latter longer, compressed ; Ms. few, 6" diam. /?. altior. St. (2f high) and Ivs. terete, very slender ; Ms. 5 9, 4" diam. y. minor. Lvs. almost filiform ; hds. 1 3, as large as in /?. 8. J. ACUMINATUS. Michx. ( J. acutiflorus. Hook ?} St. erect ; Ivs. terete ; panicle terminal, compound ; hds. 3 6-flowered, both pedunculate and sessile; leaflets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, mucro- nate, shorter than the acute capsule. Very common in boggy meadows, U. S. Stem 1218' high, tough and wiry. Leaves few and short, with knot-like joints. Panicle erect. Aug. 9. J. SUBVERTICILLATUS. Willd. (J. fluitans. Michx.} St. few-leaved, compressed ; Ivs. compressed, fistulous, articulate ; panicle subcorymbose, elongated ; fls. in dense, capitate fascicles ; hds. many-flowered, pedunculate or sessile ; perianth shorter than the triquetrous, acuminate cap- sules ; sep. linear-lanceolate, keeled, striate, cuspidate. Swamps and shores of ponds, Penn., Dr. Darlington, to Wis., Lapham! Stem 18' 2f high, slender, Leaves much shorter. Panicle 4 8' in length, the branches subverticillate, diverging, very unequal. Sepals with scarious, white margins. 10. J. CONRADI. Tuckerman, in Torr., N. Y. State Fl. II. p. 328, inedit. St. leafy; Ivs. few, terete, subfiliform, obscurely articulate, shorter than the stem ; fls. single, scattered, central and unilateral on the slender branches JLUZULA. CLVI. JUNCACE.E. 561 of the terminal, di-trichotomous panicle; perianth segments lanceolate, margins scarious, rather shorter than the acuminate capsule. R. I. Olney! to N. Y., Torrey. Root fibrous. Stems erect, 6 9' high, wiry. Bracts much shorter than the rather diffuse, thin panicle. * * * Leaves not articulate, radical. 11. J. GREENII. Oakes & Tuckerman. (J. squarrosus. Muhl.?) Scape tall, subterete, striate; Ivs. filiform-setaceous, subterete, scarcely channeled, shorter than the scape, with sheathing bases; panicle subumbellate, 5-rayed ; bracts setaceous, one of them very long ; fls. single, approximate ; sep. and pet. ovate, acute, twice shorter than the triangular- acute, shining capsule. Wet grounds, R. Isl. and Mass., Dr. Truman Rickard ! The handsomest of the rushes, about 2f high, rigid, strict. Leaves all radical, If or more high.. Panicle 2 3' long, one of the bracts twice longer, the other twice shorter. Capsule 2" long, of a glossy mahogany color. Seeds very minute, linear-oblong. 12. J. TENUIS. Willd. Slender Rush. St. scape-like, slender, erect ; Ivs. subradical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem ; bracts 2 3, much longer than the panicle ; fls. single, approximate, subsessile ; perianth segments acuminate, longer than the subglobose-triangular capsule. A very common rush, about foot-paths and roadsides, and in fields and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems wiry, 6 24' high. Leaves very narrow, 3 8' long. Panicle subfasciculate, 5 10-flowered, varying to subumbellate and 20 30-flowered, the rays very unequal. June, July. * * * * Leaves flattish, channeled, cauline and radical. 13. J. BUFONIUS. Toad Rush. St. dichotomous above ; Ivs. grooved, subsetaceous ; fls. oblong, subsoli- tary, sessile, unilateral. A small, caespitose species, common in wet grounds, ditches, &c. Stems numerous, 3 8' high, with a large, few-flowered panicle at top. Leaves few, 2 3' long. Perianth segments twice as long as the ovary. July, Aug. 14. J. BULBOSUS. (J. uliginosus. Sibthorp.) St. leafy, very slender, compressed ; Ivs. mostly radical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem ; panicle small, few-flowered, subtrichotomous, longer than the bracts; fls. about in 3s; sep. and pet. equal, acute, incurved, rather shorter than the subglobose, obtuse capsule. A common rush, in salt marshes, N. J. to the Arctic Sea, usually with dark green foliage and brown capsules. Stems tufted, erect or decumbent and stoloniferous, about If in length, tough and wiry. Leaves 3 8' long. Bracts 6 12". Flowers 12 or more, at length brown or blackish. July, Aug. It makes good hay. 15. J. TRIFIDUS. Three-leaved Rush. St. sheathed at base ; If. solitary, linear-setaceous near the top ; sheaths ciliate; bracts foliaceous, long, grooved. Heads about 3-flowered, terminal. White Hills, N. H., Bio. Stems crowded, thread-like, Jf high. Radical leaves 1 2, very short. The cauline leaf resembles the 2 braeis, apparently forming with them a foliaceous, 3-bracted involucre. July. 16. J. MARIG1NATUS. RoStkoW. St. compressed; Ivs. flat, smooth, gramineous; panicle corymbose, simple, proliferous ; fls. in capitate clusters, triandrous ; perianth about as long as the obtuse capsule, the sepals and bracts somewhat awned. In low grounds, Mass. ! N. Y. to Car. Stems 1 3f high. Radical leaves numerous, sheathing ; cau- line 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several globose, 3 6-flowered heads both pedunculate and sessile, longer than the erect bracts at base. Sepals edged with dark purple, unequal. Aug. 2. LUZtfLA. DC. Italian lucciola, a glow-worm ; from the dew glistening upon its flowers. Perianth persistent, bibracteate at base; stamens 6; capsule 1- celled, 3-seeded ; seeds fixed to. the bottom. Stem jointed, leafy. Lvs. flat, grass-like, generally pilose. Fls. terminal. 562 CLVII. COMMELYNACE^E. COMMELTNA. 1. L. CAMPESTRIS. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.} Field Rush. Lvs. hairy ; spikes terminal, with or without peduncles ; Ifts. of the perianth .anceolate, acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule. In meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem simple, straight, 3 12' high, according to the moisture. Leaves grass-like, 2 6' long, very hairy at the margins. Heads in a sort of umbel, with an involucre of 2 or 3 short, unequal leaves. Perianth dark brown. An early species, flowering in May. 2. L. PILOSA. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.} Hairy Wood Rush. Lvs. pilose ; panicle cymose, spreading ; fls. solitary ; caps, obtuse. Com- mon in woods and groves, Free States. Stem 4 10' high^ Radical leaves numerous, 2 4' long, linear-lanceolate, veined, fringed with long, white hairs. Panicle 8 12-flowered, with a leafy bract. Pedicels 5 10" long, finally de- flexed. Perianth brown, with 2 green bracteoles. May. 3. L. MELANOCARPA. Desv. (Juncus. Michx.} SI. elongated; Ivs. sublanceolate, glabrous-; corymb decompound; ped. elongated, the branches with 3 5 pedicellate flowers ; sep. ovate, acuminate, longer than the oval-triangular, obtuse-mucronate capsule. Native of the White Hills, N. H., Bw. Stem 1218' high. Radical leaves 8 10' by 35", those of the stem much shorter, all very smooth. Panicle large, nodding, many- flowered. Capsule black. June. 4. L. SPICATA. DC. (Juncus. Willd.} Lvs. linear, hairy at the base ; spike cernuous, compound ; sep. acuminate- awned, about equal in length to the subglobose capsule. White Hills, N. H., Boott. Stem 8 10' high, slender, simple. Leaves 2 3' long, a line wide, smooth except at the base. Spike an inch long. Aug. 3. NARTHECIUM. Moehr. Gr. vapSrji-, a rod or wand ; in allusion to the slender inflorescence. Perianth 6-parted, colored, spreading, persistent ; stam. 6 ; fila- ments hairy ; caps, prismatic, 3-celled ; seeds 00, ovate-oblong, appen- daged at each extremity. ^ Root fibrous. Lvs. ensiform. Scape nearly naked. Fls. yellow. N. AMERICANUM. Ker. (Phalangium ossifragum. Muhl.} Lvs. radical, striate, narrow-en siform ; scape simple, bracted ; rac. lax, in- terrupted ; pedicels with a bract at base, and a setaceous bracteole near the flower. An interesting little plant, in pine barrens and sandy swamps, Middle States. Scapes 10 15' high, terete, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Leaves nume- rous, much shorter than the scape. Pedicels 3 1" long. Perianth greenish externally, yellow within, about half as long as the yellowish, mature capsule. Aug. ORDER CLVII. COMMELYNACE^E. SPIDERWORTS. Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base. Perianth in 2 series, the outer (calyx) of 3 herbaceous sepals, the inner (corolla) of 3 colored petals. Sta. 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive, hypogynous. Ova. 2 3-celled, cells few-ovuled. Styles and stigmas united into one. Fr Capsule 2 3-celled, 2 3-valved; cells often but 2-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds few, with dense, fleshy albumen. Embryo opposite the hilum. Genera 16, species 260, chiefly natives of the Indies, Australasia and Africa, -a few of N. America. They are of little importance to man. Genera. <\ 3 or 4 of them sterile. Commelyna. 1 Stamens 6, (. all perfect. . . Tradescantia. 2 1. COMMELYNA. Dill. In honor of the brothers Commelyn,two German botanists. Sepals herbaceous; petals colored; stam. 6, 3 4 of them sterile and furnished with cruciform glands ; caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, one of the valves abortive. Lvs. lance-linear , with sheaths at base. Fls. en- folded in a conduplicate, persistent^ spathaceous bract. XYRIS. CLVIII. XYRIDACE^E. 563 1. C. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Michx/i (C. erecta. Willd.) Day Flower. St. assurgent, branching, subgeniculate ; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths split to the base ; spathe broad-cordate, distinct and open at base, en- folding 2 peduncles and several flowers ; pedicels contorted ; pet. unequal, the lower one much smaller, unguiculate ; sta. 2, perfect. Dry soils, Middle ! Southern and Western States ! Plant nearly smooth, 12 18' high, glabrous. Leaves 3 5' by 8 14", varying from lance-linear to lance-ovate. Spathe veiny, 3 5-flowered. Petals deep blue. July, Aug. 2. C. VIRGINICA. Linn. 1 (C. longifolia. Michx.} St. erect, branched at base, ciliate-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths entire, elongated, ciliate-pilose ; bracts deltoid-falcate, united and entire at base as if peltate, about 2-flowered ; pet. nearly equal ; sta. 3, perfect. Rocky woods, thickets, Penn. (MuM.) Harper's Ferry ! to Ga. A more slender, but erect species, 1 2f high. Leaves 3 5' by 6 12", usually narrow-lanceolate, pilose-scabrous, the sheaths near 1' long. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Pe- tals blue. July, Aug. Neither of these plants agrees with the descriptions in the books. 2. TRADESCANTIA. Named in honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. Sepals persistent ; petals large, suborbicular, spreading ; filaments clothed with jointed hairs ; anthers reniform. ^ Fls. in terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 long, leafy bracts. 1. T. VIRGINICA. Spider-wort. St. erect, simple or branched ; Ivs. lance-linear, channeled above, sessile, glabrous ; fls. in a terminal, subumbellate cluster, pedicels finally elongated and reflexed; cal. pubescent. Moist meadows, prairies, &c., Middle! and Western States ! common. Stem thick, round, jointed, 2 3f high. Leaves numerous, subpilose, 12 18' by 6 12", the bracts similar. Petals large, suborbicular, of a deep, rich blue, soon fading. May Aug. The juice of the plant is viscid and spins into thread ; hence the common name. 13. 1 (T. subaspera. Sims. ?) bus. lanceolate, narrowed to the base, pilose both sides, sheaths entire, ciliate with long, white hairs ; umbels both axillary and terminal ; fls. small, rose-colored. Shady river banks, la. ! 2. T. ROSEA. Michx. St. erect, simple; Ivs. linear, glabrous, channeled, amplexicaul; ped. elongated ; cal. glabrous. Penn. to Ga., in moist woods. Stem 8 12' high. Leaves 6 8' by 2 3'. Umbel terminal, subtended by 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Pedicels nearly 1' long. Flowers much smaller than in the preceding species. Petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May. ORDER CLVIII. XYRIDACE^l. XYRIDS. Herbs, sedge-like, with linear or ensiform leaves. Fls. capitate at the top of a simple scape. Perianth 6-parted, in 2 series, sepals 3, glumaceous, petals 3, uneuiculate. [ments. Sta. 6, 3 of them with extrorse anthers and inserted on the claw of the petab, the other 3 abortive fila- Ova. single. Style trifid. Stigmas obtuse, lobed. Fr Capsule 3-valved, 1 celled, with parietal placentae, or 3-celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous. Genera 5, species 70, natives of tropical Asia, Africa and America, a few species of Xyru extending into the United States. Of no important use. XYRIS. Gr. vpos , acute-pointed ; in allusion to the form of the leaves. Heads of flowers ovoid-cylindric ; sepals cartilaginous ; petals equal, ovate, crenate, with narrow claws as long as the sepals ; cap- sule 1 -celled, with parietal placentae. Lvs. narrowly linear, rigid, radical, sheathing the base of the scape. Fls. in a terminal, dense head, Is yellow. 1. X. CAROLINIANA. Lam. (X. Jupacai. MX. X. flexuosa. Ell.} Yei- Imo-eyed Grass. Scape slender, compressed and ancipitous above; Ivs, 564 CLIX. ERICAULONACE^:. ERIOCAULON. linear-ensiform, more or less twisted, acute, rigid, erect, shorter than the scape ; head oblong-globose, obtuse; scales coriaceous, imbricated, obtuse, concave, scarious and yellowish at edge ; lower ones empty ; sep. not exserted ; claws of petals as long as the scales. 7J. Meadows, swamps and prairies, U. S. not un- common. Scape firm and wiry, often twisted or flexuous, 1 2f high, 1" diam. Leaves few, flat, 6 12' by 2 3/' clasping or equitant at base. Petals yellow, limb spreading, retuse. July, Aug. 0. brevifolia. Wood. (X. brevifolia. MX.) bus. linear-subulate, short, much twisted. Evidently a variety of this polymorphous species. y. 1 Olneyi. Wood. L/vs. larger, nearly as long as the scape ; strongly equi- tant-clasping at base ; scales rather loosely imbricated ; sep. a little exserted ; filaments hairy. Cumberland, R. I., Olney ! Scape 18 24' high. Leaves 3 4" wide. Perhaps distinct, but its claims cannot now be satisfactorily deter- mined. 2. X. FIMBRIATUS. Ell. Fringed Xyris. Scape tall, erect ; Ivs. linear-ensiform, about equaling the scape ; head ob- long, with the scales loosely imbricated ; sepals much exserted, fimbriate. A large species, found in N. J. (Darlington) S. to Ga., Elliott. Scape 2 3f high. I have never seen this species. ORDER CLIX. ERICAULONACEJE. PIPEWORTS. Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, spongy, cellular leaves sheathing at base. Fls. monoecious or dioecious, in a dense head. Perianth 2 6-parted, or wanting. Sta. 6, some of them generally abortive. Anthers mostly 1-celled. Ova. 1 or more-celled, cells 1 -seeded. Seeds pendulous. Genera 9, species 200, chiefly South American. They are of no known use. ERIOCAULON. Gr. spiov, wool, KO.V\OS, stem; the stem being sometimes woolly or tomentose. Flowers , to rejoice ; plants delighting in marshy grounds. Spikes terete ; bristles of the perigynium mostly 6 (3 12), rigid, persistent ; styles 2 3-cleft, articulated to the ovary ; achenium crowned with a tubercle which is the persistent, bulbous base of the style. Stem simple, leafless. Spike solitary, terminal. Spikes cylindrical, length more, than three times the diameter. 1. E. EQUISETOIDES. Torr. (Scirpus. Elliott.') Horse-tail Rush. St. about 2f high, papillose, terete, 2 3" diam., with about 20 joints, pro- duced by internal, transverse partitions ; sheath radical, obtuse, membranous ; spike oblong-cylindrical, about 1' in length, acute and slightly contracted at oase ; glumes roundish-ovate, cartilaginous, obtuse ; bristles 6, as long as the achenium; sty. 3-cleft; ach. brown, shining. Bogs, Cumberland, R. I., Olney ! Del. to Ga. It strikingly resembles Equisetum hyemale. 2. E. auADRANGULATA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Michx.) St. 2 4f high, acutely and unequally quadrangular, the broadest side convex, the others concave ; sheaths radical, purplish ; spike I' or more in length ; gluw^s roundish-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous ; bristles 6 ; ach. obovate, of a dull white. Penn., Md., Dr. Robbins, to Ga. and La. In swamps and inundated banks. 3. E. ROBBINSII. Oakes. Robbins' Club Rush. Sts. clustered, 9 25' high, rigid, sharply triangular, pale green, several of them fruitless ; sheath truncate ; spike 3 12" long, scarcely thicker than the stem, placed 2 5" below its apex ! glumes 3 9, linear-lanceolate, acute, finally brownish ; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium; ach. I" long, pale brown ; tubercle closely sessile. Ponds and ditches, N. H. and Mass., Richard I Very distinct. In water a part of the stems are floating and as fine as hairs. July. Spike ovate, length less than three times the diameter. * Stems terete. 4. E. PALUSTRIS. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn.} Marsh Club Rush. St. leafless, round, inflated ; spikelets smooth and shining, lance-oblong, acute, often oblique, terminal ; glumes subacute, the lower ones larger, some- times empty. Low grounds, U. S. and Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stems nu- merous, 1 2f high, each with an obtuse sheath at the base. Achenium round- ish-obovoid, rugose, punctate, surrounded with 3 or 4 scabrous bristles, and crowned with a tubercle. July. 5. E. OBTUSA. Schultes. (Scirpus obtusus. WUld. Scirpus capitatus. Walt.') St. sulcate, subterete, 615' high ; spikelet ovoid, very obtuse, often near- ly globose ; glumes round, dark brown, with whitish margins ; ach. obovate, compressed, smooth, brown, invested with 6 setae as long as the glumes. Shal- low waters, Can. and U. S., common. July. 6. E. TUBERCULOSA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Michx.} St. columnar, striate, 12' high, leafless, sheathed at base ; spikelet ovate- lanceolate ; glumes very obtuse, loose ; ach. somewhat triquetrous, smaller than the sagittate tubercle with which it is crowned ; bristles 6, as long as the tuber- cle. Sandy swamps, N. Eng. ! to Flor. Remarkable for its large tubercle. Jl. * * Stems compressed or angular. 7. E. OLIVACEA. Torr. Sts. caespitose, 2 4' high, slender, compressed, sulcate, soft ; spike ovate, acutish 2 3" long, 20 30-flowered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, reddish-brown, with scarious edges and a green midvein, the lowest largest ; bristles 6 ; sty. 2-cleft ; ach. broadly obovate, smooth, of a dull, blackish-olive color when ripe. Sands, generally partly submersed, Providence, R. I., Olney! Mass, to N. J. 8. E. INTERMEDIA. Schultes. (Scirpus. Muhl.} Turf Club Rush. St. csespitose^ setaceous, diffuse, compressed, furrowed, hard and wiry, 570 CLX. CYPERACE^:. SCIRPUS. 69' long ; spike acute, 2 3" long, 7 9-flowered ; glumes lance-ovate, acute, reddish -brown, with a green midvein ; bristles 6, white, longer than the ache- nium ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate, attenuated to the base, striate, of a light brown color. In running water, forming a strong, dense turf, N. H. ! to Ga., W. to Ohio, July. 9. E. ACICULARIS. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn.') Hair Club Rush. St. leafless, setaceous, quadrangular, very slender, 3 6' high; spikelets oblong-ovate, acute, 4 8-flowered ; glumes obtusish, the lowest one larger and empty ; ach. obovoid, triangular, verrucose, yellow and shining. Edges of ponds, often partly submersed, U. S. and Brit. Am. Very delicate. June, July. 10. E. TENUIS. Schultes. (Scirpus. Willd.} Slender Club Rush. St. leafless, almost filiform, quadrangular, the sides sulcate, 8 15' high, with a long, purple sheath at base ; spike terminal, elliptic-oval, acute at each end; glumes dark purple, ovate, obtuse, the lower ones larger and empty; ova. roundish, tapering below, in vested with 2 or 3 or setae. Common in wet places, N. Eng. and Mid. States. June, July. 11. E. MELANOCARPA. Torr. (Scirpus. Baldwin.) Black-fruited Club Rush. Sts. compressed, furrowed, slender, almost filiform, wiry, 12 18' high ; sheaths truncate ; spike lance-oblong, rather acute, 4 6" in length, 20 40-flow- ered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, brownish, with scarious margins and a prominent, yellowish midvein ; bristles 3, purple ; ach. obovate-turbinate, blackish ; tubercle broad, flat, pointed in the centre. Providence, R. I., Olney ! 12. E. PIGM.EA. Torr. St. 12' high, setaceous, compressed, sulcate; spikes ovate, compressed, 3 6-flowered, mostly empty ; bristles 6, longer than the achenium, slender, scabrous backwards ; ach. ovate, acute, triangular, whitish and shining ; tuber- cle minute. Sea coast, Mass., Oakes. Sept. (Dr. Sartwell, comm.) 13. E. ROSTELLATA. Torr. inN. Y. Fl. ined. (Scirpus. Torr. Cyp.,p. 318.) St. 15 20' high, clustered, angular and sulcate, slender, almost filiform, rigid ; sheaths obliquely truncate, the lowest blackish at summit ; spike laiice- ovate, acute, 3 4" long; glumes 12 20, lance-ovate, smooth, light brown, edge scarious ; bristles 4 6 ; ach. broadly obovate, biconvex, light olive-brown, with a long, slightly tuberculate beak. R. I., Olney ! N. Y., Sartwell. 14. E. COMPRESSA. Sullivant ! Flat-stemmed Club Rush. St. 12 18' high, caespitose, much compressed, narrowly linear, striate ; sheath close, truncate ; spike oblong-ovate, 3 5" in length, 20 30-flowered ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, mosily 2-cleft at apex, dark purple on the back, with a broad, scarious margin ; bristles 0; ach. obovate-pyriform, shining, mi- nutely punctate, of a light, shining yellow, the minute tubercle fuscous. Wet places, near Columbus, Ohio ! A very remarkable species. 7. SCIRPUS. Celtic cirs, the general name for rushes. Glumes imbricated on all sides ; perigynium of 3 6 bristles, per- sistent ; sty. 2 3-cleft, not tuberculate at base, deciduous ; achenium biconvex or triangular. ^1- Stems mostly triquetrous, simple, rarely lea/less. Spikes solitary, conglomerated or corymbose. 1. Bristles not exceeding- the achenium, retrorsely denticulate. * Spike solitary, nearly or quite terminal. 1. S. PLANIFOLIUS. Muhl. Flat-leaved Club Rush. St. caespitose, leafy at base, acutely and roughly 3-angled, 510' high ; Ivs. broad-linear, flat, rough on the margin, equaling the stem; spike oblong- lanceolate, compressed, terminal, 4 8-flowered ; glumes ovate-mucronate, yel- lowish ; bracts at the base of the spike, cuspidate, outer ones longer than the spike; ach. reddish-brown, invested with 6 bristles longer than itself. In cold, hard soils, Mass., Robbins ! N. Y. to Del. June. 2. S. SUBTERMINALIS. Torr. St. floating, furrowed, inflated, leafy below, 3f long ; Ivs. very narrow, SCIRPUS. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 571 almost capillary, 2 4f long ; spike solitary, somewhat terminal (the stem being continued above it in the form of a bract), lanceolate ; style deleft ; bristles 6. Streams, &c., Mass. ! to N. Y. Aug. 3. S. CJESPITOSUS. Bracted Mountain Rush. Sis. ccespitose, round, sheathed at base with numerous rudiments of leaves ; spikes compressed, terminal ; 2 lower glumes involucre-like, as long as the spike ; ach. with 6 bristles. Grows in dense tufts, 4 12' high. Spike 4 5-flowered, reddish-brown. On the White Mts., N. H., Bw. July. 4. S. ROBBINSII. (auct.?) St. 12 18' high, soft, loosely cellular, terete, leafy at base ; Ivs. submersed, shorter than the stems, very narrowly linear, loosely cellular ; spike broad-ovate, 3 4" long, placed about 6" below the ape"x of the stem ; glumes loose, 10 13, ovate, acute, green ; bristles 3 6, shorter than the achenia ; ach. globose-ovoid, biconvex, smooth, of a dull brown, with a slender, conspicuous beak. Ponds, "Oxbridge, Mass., Dr. Bobbins I * * Spikes many, lateral. 5. S. DEBILIS. Pursh. Weak-stemmed Rush. St. csespitose, roundish, deeply striate, 9 16' high, with a few subulate leaves at base; spikelets about 3, short-ovoid, sessile, crowded, subterminal; flumes ovate, obtuse, carinate, pale green ; ach. obovate, mucronate ; bristles 4 . Borders of ponds and rivulets, N. Eng. to Car. Aug. 6. S. TRIQ.DETER. Michx. (S. Americanus. Pers.) Three-cornered Rush. St. nearly naked, 3-angled, corners acute and two of the sides concave, about 3f high and ending in a sharp point ; Ivs. few and short, from the top of the sheath ; spikes lateral, 1 5, ovate, crowded and sessile, at various distances below the point ; glumes round-ovate, mucronate ; bristles 6. Ponds and marshes, fresh and salt, throughout N. America. 7. S. LACUSTRIS. (S. acutus. Muhl.} Lake BuLlrush. Scape smooth, leafless, filled with a porous pith, 5 8f high, cylindric, tapering above the panicle, and abruptly ending in a short cusp ; panicle cymose near the top; ped. rough, twice compound; spikelets ovoid, closely imbricate; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent ; bracts shorter than the panicle. The largest species of bullrush, frequenting the muddy margins of rivers and ponds U. S. to Arc. Am. July. 8. S. OLNEYI. A. Gr. Olney's Rush. St. triquetrous- winged, leafless, 2 7f high ; slieath radical, tipped with a short (12') leaf; spikes 612, sessile, aggregated, 23" long, placed 912" below the triangular apex of the stem ; glumes roundish-ovate, mucronate ; bristles 6 12; ach. obovate, plano-convex, gibbous at apex. Salt marshes, Sekonk river, R. I., Olney ! Tom river, N. Y., Kneiskern. Remarkably distin- guished by its 3- winged stem. July. See also Addenda, p. 638. * * * Spikes terminal. 9. S. MARITIMUS. Sea Bullrush. St. acutely 3-angled, leafy, 2 3f high; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-edged, carinate, taller than the stem ; spikes conglomerate, 6 10, nearly an inch long, corymbose ; invol. -of about 3 very long leaves ; glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle segment subulate and reflexed ; style 3-cleft ; bristles 3 4, much shorter than the broad-obovate, lenticular, dark brown, polished achenium. Salt marshes, N. Eng. ! to Flor. Aug. p.ftuviatilis. Torr. Umbel somewhat compound; bristles 6, as long as the obovate, triangular, dull grayish achenium. Fresh water swamps and lakes, Western N. Y. to Wis., Laphaml and Mo. 10. S. ATROVlRENS. Muhl. St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2f high ; cyme compound, proliferous ; invol. of 3 leaf-like bracts, longer than the cyme ; spikes ovate, acute, crowded, 10 20 in a globose head; hds. numerous, -' diam., dark green; glumes ovate, mucro- nate ; ach. white, smooth ; bristles 4. Common in meadows, Middle and Western States. June, July. 573 CLX. CYPERACE,E. ERIOPHORUM. 11. S. BRUNNEUS. Muhl. SI. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2 3f high ; cyme decompound, its principal branches about 5, unequal, with truncate sheaths at base ; spikelets clustered in heads of 3 6 ; glumes obtuse, reddish-brown ; ach. smooth, yellowish- white, shorter than the 4 or 5 tortuous bristles. Much resembles the last species. Margins of waters, N. Eng. to Penn, W. to Ohio, rare. 2. TRICOPHORDM. Bristles 6, much, longer than the achenium, tortuous, smoothish. Stem leafy. Umbel decompound. 12. S. ERIOPHORUM. Michx. (Tricophorum cyperinum. Pers.) St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 3 5f high ; Ivs. 2f long, rough-edged ; um- bel terminal, decompound, large and loose ; spikes mostly pedicellate ; bristles 6, capillary, curled, very conspicuous, being 5 or 6 times as long as the white achenium. A common, stiff, rank meadow sedge, which cattle do not eat, U. S. and Can. Spikes numerous, 2 3" long, ovoid, obtuse, in small clusters, in a large, showy panicle. Involucre 4-leaved. Aug. 13. S. LINEATUS. Michx. (Tricophorum. Pers.) St. triangular, very leafy, 2 3f high ; umbels terminal and axillary, de- compound, at length nodding ; invol. of 1 2 bracts, longer than the leaves ; spikes ovoid, pedunculate, solitary ; glumes lanceolate, ferruginous ; bristles 6. as long as the glumes. Swamps, in most of the States. Aug. 8. ERIOPHORUM. GT. epiov, wool, depw, to bear; alluding to the copious bristles of the perigynum. Glumes imbricated all around into a spike ; achenium invested in very long, dense, woolly or cottony hairs. Stem generally leafy. Spikelets mostly in umbels, finally clothed with the long, silky hairs. * Spikelet solitary. 1. E. ALPlNUM. St. very slender, acutely 3-angled, naked, somewhat scabrous, 8 16' high, with 3 4 radical sheaths; radical Ivs. very short, subulate ; spike oblong, ter- minal, about 2" in length ; hairs 6 to each flower, woolly, white, crisped, 4 times as long as the spike. Bog meadows, often alpine, N. H. ! to N. Y. and Penn. Jl. 2. E. VAGINATUM. Sheathed Cotton Grass. Sts. densely caespitose, obtusely triangular, slender, smooth and rigid, 1 2f high; uppermost sheaths inflated; spikelet ovate, oblong, 6 8" long, of a blackish color, with scarious glumes ; hairs 30 40 to each flower, straight, white and glossy, twice as long as the spikelet, conspicuous, as well as in other species, even at a distance among the meadow grass. N. Eng. to Mich., N. to Arc. Am. June, July. * * Spikelets numerous. 3. E. CONFERTISSIMUM. Wood. Dense-headed Eriophorum. St. strictly erect, firm but slender, 2 3f high ; Ivs. narrowly linear, chan- neled, rigid, triangular-subulate above, 8 12' long; sheaths close; invol. 2- leaved, one leaf twice, the other 4 5 times longer than the spikelets ; spikelets 5 8, crowded, erect, on very short (2 4"), slightly scabrous peduncles, 20 30- flowered ; glumes obovate, carinate, very obtuse ; ach. compressed, oblanceolate, H" long, flat on one side, carinate on the other ; bristles, 100 200, white, $' long, straight and silky. Bogs, Meriden, N. H. ! Distinguished for its very large and dense heads. 4. E. POLYSTACHYUM. Many-spiked Cotton Grass. St. somewhat triangular, smooth, I 2f high ; cauline Ivs. 2 3, broad- linear, flattened below, triquetrous at the end; spikelets about 10, on rough pe- duncles which are long and drooping and sometimes branched ; setcs 30 40 to each flower, reddish-white, 6 S" long. Very conspicuous in meadows and swamps, U. S. and Brit. Am. 5. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Rich. Narrow-leaved Cotton Grass. St. slender, leafy, smooth, 10 15' high; cauline Ivs. narrow, 3-cornered, with concave sides, 1 3' long ; invol. of one bract, with a loosely sheathing HEMICARPHA. CLX. CYPERACE^. 573 base ; spikelets 2 4, on short peduncles, nodding ; seta 40 50 to a flower, long, white and cottony. Swamps, N. States and Brit. Am. July. 6. E. VIHGINICUM. Virginian Cotton grass. St. nearly round, leafy, smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. flat, few, long, with scabrous margins ; invol. 2 4-leaved, outer leaves much longer ; spikelets in a sort of umbel, erect, nearly sessile ; glumes ovate, brown at the sides ; keel green; hairs 50 60, reddish-white, long and cottony. Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. 9. FIMBRISTLIS. Lat. Jimbria, a fringe, stylus, style ; from the ciliate style. Glumes imbricated on all sides ; bristles ; style compressed, 2-cleft, bulbous at base, deciduous, often ciliate on the margin. % with the habit of Scirpus. 1. F. BALDWINIANA. Terr. (Scirpus Baldwinianus. Schult. S. ferrugin- eus. Darl.} St.- 2 12' high, compressed, deeply striate, leafy at base ; umbel mostly simple, 3 4-rayed, central spikelets sessile; invol. subulate, 2-leaved, as long as the umbel ; spikelets ovoid, acute ; glumes ovate, brown ; sty. bifid, ciliate; ach. white, longitudinally furrowed. Swamps and damp places, Middle, Southern and Western States. July. 2. F. SPADICEA. Vahl. (Scirpus spad. Linn. S. castaneus. Michx.} St. 1 2f high, hard and rigid, compressed, nearly naked ; Ivs. 5 6' high, filiform, channeled inside, semi-terete outside, lower ones rust-colored ; umbel of few rays, rather exceeding the 2 3 subulate, involucre leaves; spikes ovate-oblong, 3 6" long ; glumes broad-ovate, mucronate, finally of a dark, shining, chestnut brown ; sty. conspicuously fimbriate ; ach. whitish. Marshes, N. J. to La. Aug. 10. TRICHELOST^LIS. Lestiboudois. Gr. Tpi%r]\os , three-fold, orvXoj ; from the character. - Glumes in 4 8 ranks, carinate ; bristles ; style 3-cleft, decidu- ous below the bulb at the base ; achenium triangular. 1\- Stems leafy at the base. Spikes usually in terminal umbels. 1. T. MUCRONULATUS. Torr. (Scirpus muc. Michx. Fimbristylis autum- nalis. R. $ S.) St. compressed, 2-edged, caespitose, leafy at base, 3 10' high ; Ivs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem ; umbel compound ; invol. 2-leaved j spikelets lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-side4, 2 3 together ; glumes brown, mucronate ; ach. white. Wet places, along rivers, &c., N. Eng. ! to Ga., W. to Mo. July. 2. T. CAPILLARIS. Wood. (Scirpus. Linn. Isolepis. JR. fy S.} St. casspitose, nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary, 4 S' high; Ivs. subradi- cal, setaceous, shorter than the stem ; spikelets ovoid, 2 4, pedunculate, inner one sessile ; glumes oblong, ferruginous, margin pubescent ; ach. white. In sandy fields, Mass, to Car., W. to Ky. and Ohio. Aug. 11. HEMICARPHA. Nees. Gr.' f]jj.iffvsj half, Kapa, straw or chaff? Glumes imbricated all around ; bristles ; stain. 1 ; style 2-cleft, not bulbous at base, deciduous ; achenium compressed, oblong, sub- terete. ^ Spikes glomerate. H. SO.UARROSA. Nees. (Isolepis subsquarrosa. Schrad. Scirpus subsq. Muhl. S. minimus. Ph.) Scape setaceous, compressed, sulcate, recurv- ed, 2 3' high ; Ivs. setaceous, shorter than the scape ; spikes 2 3, terminal (apparently lateral), subsessile, ovoid, nearly 2" long ; invol. of 2 bracts, one appearing like a continuation of the scape, thrice longer than the other ; glumes 00, with a short, recurved or squarrose point, finally brown ; ach. minute, of a dull, brownish-white. Sandy banks, N. Eng. ! to Penn. and Ky. 574 CLX. CYPERACEyE. RHYNCHOSPORA. 12. PSYLOCARYA. Torr. Flowers . Glumes 00, imbricated all around, all fertile ; peri- gynium ; stain. 2 ; filaments long, persistent ; style 2-cleft, dilated or tuberculate at base ; achenium biconvex, crowned with the per- sistent style. Stems leafy. Spikes lateral and terminal, cymose. P. sciRpolDEs. Torr. ft St. slender, leafy, smooth, 3-sided, 5 9' high ; Ivs. linear, smooth, 3 5' by I", cauline about 2 ; cymes terminal, and one from the sheath of each cau- line leaf; spikes about 3" long, oblong-ovate, in small, loose clusters, 20 30- flowered ; glumes chestnut-colored, thin, ovate, acute ; ach. tumid, dark brown, crowned with the long style, which is much dilated at base. Borders of ponds, Smithfield, R. I., Olney ! Mass., Greene. Rare. 13. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahl. Gr. pvv%os, a beak, Gxopa, seed; from the character. Flowers $ or $ $ 9 , few in each spikelet ; glumes loosely imbri- cated, the lowest small and empty j perigynium of 6 12 bristles; stam. 3 ; style bifid ; achenium lens-shaped or subglobose, crowned with the distinct, bulbous base of the style. *4- Stem leafy, 3-sided. Inflorescence, terminal and axillary. * Achenium smooth. 1. R. ALBA. Vahl. (Schoenus albus. Linn.') White Bog-Rush. St. triangular above, very slender, leafy, smooth, 10 16' high ; Ivs. seta- ceous, channeled; corymbose fascicles pedunculate, both terminal and from the axils of the sheaths, with setaceous bracts ; spikelets lanceolate, acute at each end, with crowded, lanceolate, white glumes. In wet, shady grounds ; com- mon. July Sept. 2. R. CAPILLACEA. Torr. (SchcEnus. Muhl.) St. 6 12' high, filiform, glabrous, triangular ; Ivs. setaceous, much shorter than the stem ; spikelets 3 6, mostly terminal, oblong, each with a setaceous bract ; glumes chestnut-colored, with scarious edges ; bristles 6, much longer than the oblong, substipitate achenium ; tubercle about half the length of the achenium. Swamps, N. Y., Sartwell, Penn., Muhl. 3. R. FUSCA. Roem. & Schult. (Schoenus fuscus. Linn.) St. 3-angled, about 2f high ; Ivs. linear, carinate, smooth ; fascicles alter- nate, pedunculate ; bracts setaceous, longer than the ovoid spikes ; glumes brown, ovate ; ach. brown, rugose, with an acute, black tubercle as long as the hispid bristles. Wet places, Mass, to N. J. Rare. 4. R. GRACILENTA. A. Gr. St. 1 2f high, very slender or filiform, smooth; Ivs. linear-setaceous, much shorter than the stem ; corymbs small, fasciculate, the lateral on slender peduncles exserted from the sheaths; spikelets ovoid; glumes ovate, acute, dark brown ; bristles 6, a third longer than the roundish-ovoid achenium ; tubercle flat, dilated at base. Dry grounds, N. Y. to Car. 5. R. GLOMERATA. Vahl. (Schcenus. Linn.) St. slender, smooth, leafy, a foot or more high ; Ivs. flat, carinate, rougn- edged ; corymbed fascicles very remote, in pairs, axillary and terminal ; spikelets lanceolate ; glumes keeled, mucronate, brown ; ach. obovoid or cuneiform, very smooth, as long as the tubercle ; seta 6, rough, backwards. In bogs, Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 6. R. CEPHALANTHA. A. Gr. St. 2 3f high, triangular, stout ; Ivs. linear, very narrow, the lower and radical nearly as long as the stem ; hds. roundish, axillary and terminal, soli- tary or rarely two together ; spikelets lance-oblong ; glumes ovate-oblong, dark brown ; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium ; ach. roundish-ovoid, a little compressed, very obtuse. N. J. pine barrens. SCLERIA. CLX. CYPERACEJE. ^ 575 * * Achenium rugose. 7. R. CYMOSA. Nutt. (Schcenus. Willd.) St. 1 2f high, triangular, angles acute ; radical Ivs. shorter than the stem, cauline rising above the stem ; corymbs 3 4, the terminal largest ; spike- lets ovoid, in close fascicles of about 5; glumes broad-ovate, dark brown; bristles 6, } as long as the broad-ovate, transversely rugose achenium ; tubercle depressed, much shorter than the ach. N. J. to La. JL, Aug. 8. R. TORREYANA. A. Gr. SL 2f high, slender, caespitose, striate ; Ivs. setaceous, radical, 6 10" long, cauline much shorter ; corymbs diffuse, the lateral, if any, on short pedun- cles ; spikekts ovoid, pedicellate or sessile ; glumes ovate, mucronate, brown ; bristles 6, scarcely half as long as the oblong-ovate achenium ; tubercle short, nearly as broad at base as the achenium. N. J. Torrey. JL, Aug. 15. CERATOSCHCENUS. Nees. Gr. ff>as, aros, a horn. ovate, smooth, scabrous and keeled ; ach. globose, rugose, a little more than ' diam., abruptly mucronate and somewhat 3-sided at base. Very abundant in Junius, N. Y., Sartwell, to Car., W. to Ohio, Sullivant ! TRIBE 4. CARICEJE. Flowers diclinous. Scales of the spikes imbricated on all sides. Achenium wholly enclosed in an urceolate or bottle-shaped perigynium. 18. CAREX. * Spikelets 1 or more, either androgynous (with both staminate and pistillate flowers), or with the two kinds in separate spikelets, rarely dioecious ; glumes single, 1 -flowered, lower ones often empty ; sta- mens 3 ; stigmas 2 or 3; perigynium of various forms, 1-valved, per- sistent, enclosing the lenticular or triangular achenium. I. Stigmas two. Achenium double convex. A. Spike single. 1. Monoecious. 1. C. CAPITATA. Spike capitate or nearly globose, <$ at the summit ; fr. (perigynium} round- ish-ovate, close, compressed, convex-concave, glabrous, acutish, longer than the ovate and rather obtuse glume ; Ivs. slender. Heights of the White Mts., Bobbins. * By Prof C. Dewey, D. D. See Preface. CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE.E. 577 A. Spike single. 2. Dioecious. 2. C. DAVALLIANA. Smith. Spike oblong, rather loose-flowered; perig. ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, convex, terete, recurved, longer than the ovate glume ; st. and Ivs. are usually serrulate. Wayne Co., N. Y., Sartwell. 3. C. EXILIS. Dewey. Fertile spike J* below, ovate, rather densely-flowered ; perig. ovate-lanceo- late, convex on both sides, diverging, serrulate on the margin, a little longer than the ovate, acute glume ; Ivs. setaceous ; st. 12 20' high. Grows in Dan- vers and Ipswitch, Ms., Oakes, in N. Y. and N. J. May. /?. squamacea. Dew. Spike often an inch long, having many <$ glumes at the base and few perig. at the summit. Longer than the other, and grows with it in Ipswich, Mass., Oakes. B. Spikes several* androgynous. 1. Stamens variously situated above, below, or in the middle ; sometimes dioecious. 4. C. STERILIS. Willd. Spike compound, ^ below, often dioecious ; spikelets 4^6, ovate, subap- proximate ; perig. ovate, acuminate or subrostrate, bifid, compressed, triquetrous, scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate, acutish glume ; st. 2f high, erect and stiff. Wet places, common. 5. C. BROMolDEs. Schk. Spikelets numerous, alternate, $ below, sometimes all 9 5 perig. lanceo- late, erect, acuminate, scabrous, nerved, bifid, twice longer than the ovate- lanceolate glume. Common in small bogs, in wet places. 6. C. SICCATA. Dewey. Spikelets numerous, $ above, often wholly J\ ovate, close or approximate ; Jr. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate and lanceolate glume. Sandy plains, Westfield, Mass., Davis; Ipswitch, Mass., Oakes; widely spread over the country, but not abundant. 7. C. SARTWELLII. Dewey. Spikelets 12 20, ovate, sessile, compact, bracteate, lower ones especially fructiferous ; upper often J* ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, convexo-concave, subu- late, short, 2-toothed, a little longer than the ovate and acute glume ; Ivs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem. Junius, Seneca Co., N. Y., Sartwett. 2. Stamens at the summit of a* Cephalvus, or fruit in heads. 8. C. CEPHALOPHORA. Willd. Spikelets ovate, densely aggregated into an ovate head, bracteate, about 5 ; perig. ovate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, scabrous on the margin, with a short, ovate, and scabro-cuspidate glume which equals it ; st. 8 16' high. Borders of fields and woods, common, but not abundant. 9. C. VULPINOIDEA. Michx. (C. vulpinaeformis. Tuckermati. C. multi- flora. Muhl.) Spikelets ovate-oblong, obtuse ; spike decompound, bracte- ate, conglomerate; perig. ovate, acuminate, densely imbricate, bifid, tripli- nerved, diverging, a little shorter than the ovate-cuspidate glume ; st. obtusely triangular, round and leafy towards the base. Common in fields. 0. microsperma. Dew. (C. microsperma. Wahl.} Spikelets closely aggregated, whole spike less compact; perig. more convex, shorter, less acuminated into a beak, very abundant. Grows with the other, in dry and moist situations. 10. C. SETACEA. Dewey. Spikelets ovate, alternate, obtuse, conglomerate, bracteate; perig. ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, some diverging, about equal to the ovate-lanceolate, awned glume ; st. 2f high, acutely triangular, scabrous above and striate. Wet places not abundant. 11. C. MUHLENBERGII. Schk. Spikelets alternate, obtuse, approximate, with a long bract at the lower 578 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX. one ; perig. ovate, convex above, very smooth, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, some diverging, a little shorter than the ovate and mucronate glume ; st. 12 18' high. In fields, not very common, readily distinguished from the three preceding and following. 12. .C. CHORDORRHlZA. Spikelets 3 5, aggregated into a head, ovate, sessile ; perig. ovaie, acumi- nate, subrostrate, convex above, equaling the broad, ovate and acute glume ; st. branching towards the base and sending out roots at the joints ; spikes rarely bearing only stamens. Marshes, New York ; common, Sartwell. Michigan, Cooley. 13. C. PRAIREA. Dew. Spike below branched; spikelets ovate, sessile, 5 Ton a branch; perig. ovate-lanceolate, convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly bifid, equaling the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 2 3f high, leafy towards the base. Abundant in the prairies of Michigan, and sparingly found in N. England and N. Y. Resembles C. paniculata. L., which has a much broader ovate glume, shorter than the perigynium and is far more paniculate, and for which this has been taken. 14. C. TERETIUSCULA. Good. Spikelets ovate, acute, sessile, decompound, brownish, lower one bracteate ; perig. ovate, acute, convex and gibbous, scabrous on the edge, spreading, lon- ger than the ovate and acute glume ; fr. brown ; st. 18 36' high, leafy towards the root. Wet places, common, in tufts. 15. C. DECOMPOSITA. Muhl. Spike decompound or paniculate ; spikelets very many, ovate, alternate ; perig. ovate, convex on both sides, triangular, acutish or short-rostrate, short, brownish, glabrous, about equal to the ovate and acuminate, whitish glume ; st. 18 30' high. Found in swamps, Michigan, and in Yates Co., N. York, Sartwell. 16. C. PANICULATA. Spike paniculate, -often ^ 9> J n S an d spreading; spikelets ovate, sessile, 6 18 on a branch beloAV, short bracteate ; perig. ovate, acute, gibbous, nerved, 2-toothed, brownish or tawny, 2-toothed, serrulate on the margin, a little shorter than the broad-ovate, short-acute glume ; st. 2f high. Found in North- ern America, and hardly known in the United States. "b. Perigynia radiating. 17. C. ROSEA. Schk. Spikelets 3 5, subremote, sessile, alternate, stellate, even before maturity, lowest long bracteate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, 5 12, convex above, scabrous on the margin, 2-toothed, very diverging or even reflexed, twice as long as the ovate-obtuse glume ; st. 8 16' high. /?. radiata. Dew. Spikelets distant, about 3- flowered, with setaceous bracts ; perig. oblong, acute ; st. 4 8' high, flaccid or lax, setaceous, with very narrow leaves. Common in pastures and moist woods ; the variety is about woods, or open places in woods. 18. C. RETROFLEXA. Muhl. Spikelets about 4, ovate, alternate, subapproximate, sessile, bracteate and stellate in maturity; perig. ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, subscabrous or smooth on the margin, reflexed and spreading, about equal to the ovate and acute glume ; st. about a foot high. Readily distinguished from the preceding. Woods and pastures, not abundant. 19. C. STIPATA. Muhl. Spike often decompound ; spikelets oblong, aggregated, numerous, bracte- ate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, round at the base, plano-convex, nerved, bifid, sub- scabrous on the margin, diverging, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. thick, acutely triquetrous, concave on the sides. Wet places and marshes, abundant. 20. C. ALOPEcoiDA. Tuckerman. (C. cephalophora, /?. maxima. Dew.) Spike compound, rather loose ; spikelets 8 10, aggregated into an oblong CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 579 head, bracteate, sessile ; peng. ovate, plano-convex, scarcely nerved, acumi- nate, serrulate on the edge, bifid, subrostrate, a little longer than the ovate and acuminate glume ; st. triquetrous, scabrous on the edges. Moist woods, Penn. and N. York, Sartwell. 21. C. CEPHALOIDEA. DeW. Spikelets 4 6, ovate, aggregated closely, sessile and bracteate; perig. ovate, obtusish, bifid, scabrous on the margin, plano-convex, very diverging in maturity, about twice as long as the short, ovate, obtusish glume. Dry fields not abundant, but common over New England and New York. In hedges it is often four feet long, and subrostrate, leafy towards the base. 22. C. SPARGAN01DES. Muhl. Spikelets 7 10, ovate, rather distant, bracteate, sessile; perig. ovate, acute, compressed, diverging, acuminate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice the length of the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume ; st. about 2f high, with long, striate leaves. /?. ramea. Dew. has one branch or more at the base, with several spikelets in the place of the lower spikelet, and is the C. divulsa of Pursh. About culti- vated and moist fields, common. 23. C. MURICATA. Spikelets about 5, ovate, sessile, approximate, bracteate, lower ones some- times remotish; perig. ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, 2-toothed, horizontal, scabrous on the margin, sometimes longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume. Fields near Boston, B. D. Greene, and common in Arctic America ; Charles- town, Mass., M. A. Curtis. c. Perigynia few. 24. C. DISPERMA. Dew. Spikelets 3 4, erect, subapproximate, lowest bracteate; perig. ovate, obtuse, about two, nerved, plano-convex, short-beaked, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate, acute, submucronate glume ; st. slender, 6 18' high, with nar- row and linear leaves. Perigynia 1 2, sometimes 3. Wet woods, N. Eng- land, N. York, Michigan and Wisconsin Territory. 3. Androgynous ; stamens at the base of the spikelets. d Perigynia radiating. 25. C. STELLULATA. Good. Spikelets 4 6, ovate, remotish, sessile ; perig. broad ovate, contracted into a short beak, compressed, slightly bifid, scabrous on the edge, diverging and reflexed, a little longer than the ovate, obtusish glume; st. erect, stiff, leafy below, 8 24' high. Common in wet places over the Northern States. 26. C. sciRpolDEs. Schk. Spikelets about 4, ovate, approximate, sessile, obtuse, lowest bracteate ; perig. ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the ovate*-lanceolate, acute glume ; st. 6 16' high, leafy towards the base. Wet places in the country. The more lanceolate fruit and glume, and more flexible stem, separate it from the pre- ceding. C. scirpaides has the stamens chiefly below the upper spikelet. 27. C. CURTA. Good. Spikelets 4 7, ovate-oblong, upper subapproximate, lower often remote ; perig. round-ovate, acutish, obtusish, diverging, convexo-concave, 2-toothed, slightly scabrous, longer than the ovate, white, hyaline glume ; st. 1 2f high, usually light green, with silvery or hoary spikelets. Moist places over the country. 28. C. SPH.EROSTACHYA. Dew. (C. canescens, 0. sphaerostachya. Tuck.) Spikelets 3 4, ovate, roundish, remote, sessile, few fruited, 2 6 ; perig. ovate- lanceolate or roundish, rostrate, longer than the ovate and hyaline, white glume ; st. 1 2f high, slender, flaccid, subrostrate, and with the leaves, green. Common in N. England and N. York, in wet places. e Ovate-lanceolate spikelets ; feio-fruited. 29. C. DEWEYANA. Schk. SpikeleU about 3, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, alternate, subremote, highest 49* 580 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX. bracteate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, rostrate, acuminate, bifurcate, plano-con- vex, slightly scabrous on the margin, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate, awned, hyaline glume; st. 1 4f long, subprocumbent, with radical leaves; whole plant yellowish-green. Common in open woods or on the borders of woods. 30. C. TRISPERMA. Dew. Spikelets about 3, remote, sessile, alternate, highest ebracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acute or short-rostrate, plano-convex, at the orifice entire, nervecl, subscabrous on the edges, somewhat diverging, longer than the oblong, acute and hyaline glume ; st. 1024' high, prostrate or recurved, filiform, slender, longer than the leaves. In tufts in marshes or wet woods ; common in N. England and N. York. f, Spikelets oval. 31. C. SCOPARIA. Schk. Spikelets 5 10, usually 5 7, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest with a long deciduous bract; perig. ovate, lanceolate, nerved, erect, slightly mar- gined, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume ; st. 18 24' high, leafy towards the root. Moist places, very common. /?. aggregata. Dew. Spikelets aggregated into a head, somewhat spiral. 32. C. LAGOPODiolDEs. Schk. Spikelets 8 20, cylindric, ovate, rather near, alternate and sessile ; perig. lanceolate, tapering at both ends, concavo-convex, nerved, bidentate, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. nearly 2f high, leafy ; the whole light green. Common. 33. C. STRAMINEA. Wahl. Spike compound, erect ; spikekts about 6, ovate, short-oblong, alternate,- sessile, subapproximate ; perig. broad, roundish-ovate, compressed, ciliate-ser- rate on the margin, beaked, 2-toothed, widely winged, commonly shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 12 20' high, longer than the leaves ; spikelets whitish or tawny. Common in woods and fields. a. brevior. Dew. Spikelets 3 5, often closely approximate, and more nearly round ; perig. shorter-ovate, and shorter-rostrate, scarcely longer than the ovate- lanceolate glume. This is the plant originally described by "Willdenow. ff. minor. Dew. Spikelets small, 5 6, globose or obovate, less approximate ; perig. small, ovate, acuminate, less winged, serrulate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume. 34. C. TENERA. Dew. (C. adusta. Boott.} Spike compound, recurved ; spikelets about 5, obovate, remotish, alternate, sessile, brownish, attenuated below, the lowest bracteate ; fr. ovate, compressed, somewhat winged, rostrate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, longer than the oblong-lance- olate scale ; st. 15 30' high, small and slender, erect, with a nodding spike, longer than the leaves. LighVgreen. Common. 35. C. FESTUCACEA. Schk. Spikelets 5 8, obovate and clubform, sessile and alternate, approximate, lower one bracteate ; perig. roundish-ovate, rostrate, winged, striate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, longer than the ovate, lanceolate glume ; st. 15 30' high, erect and stiff, leafy below. Plant pale green. Spikelets greenish to brown. Common in fields, but not abundant. The dub-form spikelets from the decurrent scales of the ^ flowers, especially mark this species. 36. C. MIRABILIS. Dew. Spikekts 7 11, ovate-globose, alternate, sessile, often closely-aggregated, and stiff-form, bracleate below; perig. ovate, sublanceolate, scabrous on the margin, concavo-convex, rostrate, 2-toothed, subdiverging, scarcely twice lon- ger than the ovate, lanceolate glume; st. 18 36' high, erect, stiff, rough above, rather slender ; plant light green. Common about fences and hedges, and has a specially rigid appearance. 37. C. CRISTATA. Schw. Spikelets G 14, globose, sessile, closely aggregated into a head of a crested form, bracteate ; perig. ovate", oblong, compressed, winged, rostrate-acuminate, CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^. 581 bifid, concavo-convex, scabrous on the margin, longer than the oblong, lanceo- late glume ; st. I 3f high, acutely triangular. Plant yellowish-green. Com- mon in fields and meadows on colder soils. 38. C. TENUIFLORA. Wahl. Spikelets 2 3, ovate, clustered, sessile, alternate, lower one bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, plano-convex, equaling the oblong-ovate, hyaline or white glume ; st. a loot or more high, slender, subprostrate, longer than the flat and narrow leaves. Light green. Spikelets whitish. Burlington and Salem, Vt, in swamps, Bobbins, Oriskany and Ogdensburg, N. Y., Kneirskern, Southampton, Mass., Chapman. 39. C. CYPEROlDES. Spikelets ovate, closely aggregated into a head, with long and leafy bracts ; perig. ovate, long-lanceolate, or drawn into a long awn scabrous on its edges, slightly stipitate, 2-toothed, a little longer than the lanceolate and cuspidate glume ; plant very pale green. Jefferson Co., N. Y. first found in our country last summer, by Dr. Crawe. 40. C. MUSKINGUMENSIS. Schw. Spikelets oval-oblong, 5 10, somewhat tapering at both ends, large and approximate, close-flowered, dry and chaff-like ; perig. lanceolate, compressed, thin, distinctly winged, biaentate, nerved, acuminate, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; plant light green in all its parts. Common in Ohio and Mich., 1836' high. 41. C. LIDDONI. Boott. Spikelets 5 7, oblong-ovate, closely aggregated ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, oblique at the orifice, glabrous, on the margin serrulate, scarcely longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume, which is acute and hyaline on the edges ; perig. and glumes rather chestnut brown; plant yellowish-green. Arctic Am., Boott, Mich., Dr. CooLey. C. Stamens and Stigmas on separate spikes. 1 Staminate spike single. 42. C. AUREA. Nutt. (C. pyriformis. Schw.') tf Spike short, cylindric, pedunculate ; 9 spikes 3, oblong, loose-flowered, subpendulous, exsertly pedunculate, subapproximate, bracteate ; perig. globose, obovate or pear-form, obtuse, nerved, entire at the mouth, longer than the ovate, acute or short- mucronate glume ; st. 3 10' high, slender, often subprocumbent. Plant glabrous, green. Common in wet grounds. 43. C. SAXATILIS. J* Spike oblong, thick ; 9 spikes 2 or 3, oblong, obtuse, sessile, lower pe- dunculate ; perig. elliptic, plano-convex, obtuse, short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong and obtuse glume ; st. 6 10' high, erect, with long and leafy sheaths and bracts. Spikes nearly black. White Mts., N. H., Barratt; woods, Vt., Pursh. 44. C. CONCOLOR. R. Br. tf Spike erect, cylindric ; 9 spikes 2 3, erect, subsessile, cylindric ; perig. oval, entire, smooth, mucronate, about equal to the oblong and obtuse glume ; st. 10 15' high, smooth, leafy below ; bracts auriculate ; <$ spike sometimes pistillate above. White Mts., N. H., Boott. Closely related to C. ccespitosa, L., but has a smooth stem ; scales of light color. 2. Staminaie spikes one or more, and the upper part of the pistillate sometimes staminate. 45. C. RIGIDA. Good. c? Spike oblong, cylindric, rarely 2; 9 spikes 2 3, oblong, cylindric, densely-flowered, short and thick, approximate, lower one subpedicellate, with a bract surpassing the stem ; perig. ovate, obtusish, entire at the orifice ; glume nearly twice longer than the mature fruit and subequal before ; st. 3 8' high, thick and stiff, often recurved ; Ivs. stiff and glaucous. Ipswich, Ms., Oakes. Has been confpounded with C. cccspitosa. 582 CLX. CYPERACE^. CAREX. 46. C. CJESPITOSA. tf Spike single, oblong, cylindric, sometimes 2, with oblong, black scales ; o spike 23, cylindric, obtuse, rather thick, remotish, bracteate, lowest one short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate, obtuse, glabrous, entire at the orifice, scarcely rostrate, a little longer than the oblong, obtuse, black glume ; st. 6 14' high, scabrous on the edge, leafy towards the base ; Ivs. flat. Wet places, Ipswich, Mass., Oakes ; N. Y. and Michigan. 47. C. STRICTIOR. Dew. $ Spikes 1 2, with oblong and blackish, acutish glumes ; 9 spikes 2 3, cylindric, J* above, and hence acutish, lowest short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate, compressed, acute, glabrous, entire at the orifice, early falling off, glabrous, a little longer than the oblong and acute glume ; st. a foot and more high, trique- trous and rough on the angles, with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves towards the base ; Ivs. erect, close ; whole plant glaucous except the spikes. Wet places, common. 48. C. STRICTA. J* Spikes 1 2, cylindric, lower one sessile, and the scale rusty brown and obtuse ; 9 spikes 2 3, long-cylindric, upper half J, lower longer, short-peduncu- late, loosely-flowered below ; perig. ovate-acuminate or elliptic, compressed, at the orifice entire or slightly emarginate and its glume strongly ferruginous, the lower ones acute-lanceolate, the upper linear and obtuse, commonly longer and narrower than the perigynia ; st. 2f high, with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves, JBoott. Wet places, as bogs, common. 49. C. ACUTA. Spikes long and slender ; J* 2 3 ; 9 34, long, slender, cylindric, short- pedunculate, nodding towards maturity, remotish, bracteate ; perig. oval or ob- long, obtuse, orifice protended, or very short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong, acute glume ; st. acute, triquetrous, lax ; the stamens at the summit of the pistillate spikes render them acute. Common. 0. erecta. Dew. (Schk. fig. 85, c.) Spikes shorter, 2 of each ; 9 nearly erect, oblong, close-flowered; perig. shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume. Evi- dently misplaced by Schkuhr. y. sparsiflora. Dew. (Schk. fig. 92, .) 9 Spikes very long, recurved, very sparsely flowered below. Common. 50. C. AQUATiLis. Wahl. & Spikes 1 4, erect, cylindric, lowest bracteate, the glume oblong, ob- tusish ; 9 spikes often 3, cylindric, thick and thickened above, 1 2' long, sub- erect, short-pedunculate, densely-flowered ; perig. elliptic, lenticular, rather small, entire, glabrous, protruded at the orifice, about equal to the ovate, acutish glume ; st. 20 30' high, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous. In marshes and wet places, common. 51. C. CRiNlTA. Lam. J* Spikes one or more, lax, oblong, sometimes with a few 9 flowers ; 9 spikes about 3, oblong, cylindric, pedicellate, nodding, attenuated below, and more loosely flowered, often m.) Glaucous ; st. compressed, erect, smooth, with appressed branches or subsimple, 1 4f high ; Ivs. somewhat 2-rowed, erect, flat, rough, 3^5' long, with closed sheaths ; panicle spicate, dense, conglome- rated, interrupted, 2 3' long, many-flowered; glumes linear, the length of their awns ; lower palea mucronate. 1\. Bog meadows, also on rocky mountains ! N. Eng. to Mo. ! Aug., Sept. 8. TRICHODIUM. Gr. SfH^, rpiicos, hair; from its capillary inflorescence. Inflorescence a capillary panicle ; glumes 2, subequal, narrow and acute ; palea 1 (or 2, the upper very minute), awnless. shorter than the glumes, loosely enclosing the caryopsis. 1. T. LAXIFLORUM. Michx. (Agrostis Michauxii. TVm.) Thin grass. St. erect, smooth, very slender, 1 2f high ; Ivs. 3 6' long, linear-lanceo- late, scabrous, lower ones involute, upper ones shorter and flat; sheath rather open ; panicle large and very diffuse, with long, capillary, verticillate branches, trichotomously divided near the end ; spikelets in terminal clusters, purple ; glumes linear-lanceolate. Q\. Pastures and roadsides, U. S. and Brit. Am. Jn. 2. T. MONTANUM. Torr. (Agrostis Torreyi. Tuckm.} Mountain Hair Grass. Sis. caespitose, erect, filiform, simple, in small tufts, 8 12' high ; radical Ivs. 2 3' long, involute-filiform, cauline rather longer ; stip. bifid, serrate ; pan. ovate, branches spreading, finally divaricate, capillary, hispid ; spikelets fascicu- late at the ends of the branches ; glumes equal ; palea with a short, twisted awn at the back. 1\. Mts. and rocky woods, N. H. and N. Y. 3. T. SCABRUM. Muhl. (Agrostis scabra. Willd.) Rough Hair Grass. St. geniculate at base, assurgent, branched, 1 2f high ; Ivs. rough, striate, linear-lanceolate, 4 6' long, with the sheaths commonly closed and smooth ; panicle long, with verticillate, divaricate, dichotoniously divided branches which are much shorter than in T. laxiflorum ; spikelets pale green, not clustered. Tj. Common in dry soils, N. Eng. to 111. July. 4. T. ALTISSIMUM. Michx. (T. elatum. Ph. Cornucopias alt. Walt.} St. erect, rigid, simple, slender, 3f high, leafy ; Ivs. broadly linear, sca- brous flat, 6 -8' long ; sheaths scarcely smooth ; panicle purple, exserted. con- tracted, branches in whorls of 4s 6s, erect, rather rigid, and dense-flowered at the ends; glumes subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the keel, about J" 51 600 CLXI. GRAMINEJE. PSAMMA. long ; palea 5-veined, a little shorter than the upper glume ; sta. 3 ; stig. plu- mose 7J. N. J. to Car. Aug. /?. laxa. Panicle more loose, with long, green branches. White Mts. 5. T. CONCINNA. Wood. (Agrostis concinna. Tuckm.} St. low, erect ; Ivs. filiform-setaceous ; pan. ovate, spreading, glabrous ; gl. unequal, lower acute-mucronate, roughish above, upper acute, glabrous ; palecB glabrous, awn from below the middle, contorted, scabrous, exceeding the flower, with a few hairs at its base. White Mts. Tuckerman. The species are not valuable in agriculture. 9. M QHLENBERGIA. Schreb. In honor of the late Henry Muhlenberg, D.D., a well known, eminent botanist. Panicle nearly simple ; glumes 2, very minute, unequal, fringed ; paleae many times longer than the glumes, linear-lanceolate, veined, hairy at base ; the lower one terminating in a long awn. 1. M. DIFFUSA. Schreb. Dorp-seed Grass. St. decumbent, diffuse, branching, slender, compressed ; branches assurgent ; Ivs. 2 3' by 2", linear-lanceolate, rough, with smooth, striate, open sheaths ; panicles terminal and lateral, with remote, appressed, rough branches ; spikelets pedicellate, often purple ; awn about as long as the paleae. Tj. Borders of woods and fields, N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. , Aug. 2. M. ERECTA. Roth. (Brachyelytrum aristatum. Palis.') St. erect, simple, retrorsely pubescent at the nodes, 2 3i high ; Ivs. lanceo- late, scabrous, ciliate on the margin, 4 6' long, 3" or more wide, with some- what open sheaths ; panicle terminal, simple racemose, contracted ; spikelets pedicellate, large ; glumes very unequal, upper one subulate ; lower paLete half as long as its awn, upper palece with a short awn at base lodged in the dorsal groove. 1\. Rocky hills, Can. and U. S., frequent. July. 10. CINNA. Glumes 2, subequal, compressed, without involucre or awns, upper one 3-veined ; paleae 2, naked at base, on short stipes, lower one larger, enclosing the upper, with a short awn a little below the tip ; stamen 1. C. ARUNDINACEA. Willd. (Agrostis Cinna. Lam. A. monandra. Hornem.} St. simple, erect, smooth, 3 5f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 12 18' by 3 5" pale green, rough-edged, with smooth, striate sheaths ; slip, long, lacerated ; panicle near a foot in length, rather attenuated above and nodding, with the branches capillary, drooping, and arranged somewhat in 4s ; glumes linear-lan- ceolate ; lower palecc with a short, straight awn a little below the tip. % A beautiful grass, sought by cattle, in rich, shady soils, U. S. and Can. Aug. 11. TRICHOCHLOA. DC. Gr. rpt, Tpi%os, hair, %Xoa, grass ; from the capillary inflorescence. Glumes 2, very minute ; paleae many times longer than the glumes ; naked at base, lower one convolute at base, terminating in a long, unarticulated awn. T. "CAPILLARIS. DC. (Stipa. Lam. Agrostis. Muhl. Muhlenbergia. Lindl.) Csespitose ; sts. erect, very slender and smooth, 18 24' high ; Ivs. erect", becoming filiform towards the end. 1 Ijf long; panicle diffuse, with the branches 1 4' long, in pairs, and as fine as hairs ; spikelets purple ; lower pakce produced into an awn 3 or 4 times its length. \os ; used by the ancients probably for a different plant. Grlumes 2, equal, carinate, much longer than the paleae, rostrate or mucronate ; paleae 2, included in the glumes, truncate, awnless. 1. P. PRATENSE. . Timothy or Herd's Grass. St. erect, simple, terete, smooth, 2 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, glaucous, roughish ; sheaths striate, smooth ; stip. obtuse, lacerated ; glumes ap- parently bicuspidate, in a dense, long, cylindric, green spike ; anth. purple ; stig. white. This is probably the most valuable of all grasses. It is extensively cultivated, N. Eng., Mid. and ~W. States, and is probably native. 2. P. ALPINUM. Mountain Herd's Grass. St. about If high, simple, erect ; Ivs. shorter than the sheaths, broad and clasping at base, acute at apex, smooth ; sheaths inflated ; spicate panicle oblong- ovate, very short (4 5" long) ; glumes truncate, mucronate, with a fringed keel; awns as long as the glumes. 1\. Alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H. Also native of Arc. Am. TRIBE 4. PAJOCEJE. Inflorescence spiked or panicled. Spikelets 1 or (more usually) 2-flowered, one of the flowers being sterile or imperfect. Glumes usually (membranaceous) of a thinner texture than the paleae, which are more or less cartilaginous, the lower palea half enfolding the upper, sometimes awned. 17. PASPALUM. Gr. TTflunraAoj, millet; from the resemblance of the seeds. Flowers in unilateral spikes ; glumes 2, membranaceous, equal, suborbicular, closely. pressed to the 2 paleae ; stigmas plumose, colored ; caryopsis coated with the smooth, plano-convex paleae. 1. P. SETACEUM. Michx. (P. cilialifolium. Torr., os, brilliant ; on account of its smooth, shining seeds. Spikelets 1 -flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, carinate ; palese 2, coriaceous, awnless, shorter than the glumes, coating the caryopsis, each with an external, accessory palea or abortive rudiment at base. 1. P. ARUNDINACEA. (P. Americana. Torr.} St. erect, sparingly branched or simple, 2 5f high; Ivs. spreading, lanceo- late, veined, rough-edged, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong, spicate, somewhat secund, 3-^-4' long, glumes 3-veined, whitish, scabrous; rudiments pilose. Ij. Common in ditches and swamps, Can. to Car. and Ky. A large, showy grass, but not valuable. July, Aug. /? picta is the well-known striped or ribbon grass, with beautifully variegated leaves longitudinally striped in endless diversity, f 2. P CANARIENSES. Canary Grass. St. erect, or geniculate at the lower joints, round, striate, leafy; Ivs. lanceo- late ; panicles spicate, ovoid, erect ; glumes whitish, with green veins ; rudiments smooth. $oj, yellow ; from the color of its spikes. Spikelets 3-flowered, the central one $ , the 2 lateral ones neuter, each consisting of one bearded palea ; glumes 2, unequal, the upper one larger, enclosing the flowers ; paleae of the 2, short, awnless ; stamens 2. A. ODORATUM. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. St. slender, erect, 1018' high ; Ivs. short, striate, pale green ; panicle spicate, oblong-ovoid ; spikelets pubescent, on short peduncles ; palece of the lateral fls. linear-oblong, ciliate on the margin, one of them with a bent awn from near the base, the other with a straight awn from the back near the summit. An early-flowering, deliciously fragrant grass, in most of the States, and Can. May, June. ^ TRIBE 6. AVEXEJE. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets solitary, few- flowered. Glumes and paleae of similar texture. Upper flowers generally pedicellate, with awn-like processes or abortive rudiments between the upper and the lower ones. Upper palea wtth two keels. 28. AlRA. Gr. aipa, a deadly weapon ; originally applied to a poisonous plant. Spikelets 2-flowered, without abortive rudiments; glumes 2, membranaceous and shining, subequal ; one of the flowers pedicel- late ; palese subequal, pilose at base, the lower one lacerate at apex and awned on the back. 1. A FLEXUOSA. St. smooth, 1 2f high, nearly naked ; Ivs. setaceous, smooth, with striate sheaths and truncate stipules; panicle loose, spreading, trichotomous, with long, flexuous branches ; awns geniculate, longer than the paleae. 1\. Vales and hills, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. An erect, elegant grass, growing in tufts. Jn. AVENA. CLXI. GRAMINE./E. 609 2. A. OESPITOSA. (A. aristulata. Torr.) -Caespitose, glabrous ; st. 18 30' high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, scabrous above, smooth beneath, flat ; panicle pyramidal, capillary, oblong, finally diffuse ; awns straight, about as long as the paleae which are longer than the bluish glumes. % Swamps, Free States and Can. May. -3. A. PUMILA. Pursh. Sts. scarcely 1' high, erect, growing in tufts, scarcely longer than the leaves ; Ivs. flat, smooth ; panicle small, i'astigiate, few-flowered ; pedicels short ; palea awnless, obtuse, twice the length of the glumes ; glumes with a mem- branaceous margin. 7|_ In barren, clayey soils, near brickyards, Penn. Pursh. Jn. 29. TRISETUM. Lat. trio,, three, setum, a bristle ; a characteristic term. Spikelet 2 5 -flowered ; glumes 2, as long as the flowers ; lower palea with 2 bristles at the apex and a soft, flexuous awn from above the middle of the back ; scales ovate ; fruit coated, furrowed. 1. T. PALUSTRE. Torr. (Avena. MX. Aira pallens. Muhl.) St. erect, contracted at the nodes, slender, smooth, about 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, about 3' long, roughish, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong, contracted, nodding, yellowish-green ; spikelets 2 3 flowered, middle flower abortive, upper one pedicellate, its lower palea ending in 2 setose teeth, and awned below the tip, lower one mostly awnless. 1L Wet meadows, Mass., N. Y. to Flor. May July. 2. T. PURPURASCENS. Torr. (Avena striata. Michx. ?) St. leafy, 2f high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, keeled, 4 6' long, and with the sheaths smooth; panicle very simple, almost a raceme, few-flowered, 4 6' long; glumes 3-flowered, very unequal, entire; spikclets lanceolate, terete, often purple, smooth ; lower palea 7-veined, 2-cleft at the extremity ; awn geniculate. 1\. Mountain bogs, N. Eng., N. Y., Can. June. 3. T. SUSPICATUM. Brown. (T. aroides. Palis. Aira. Linn.) St. a foot high ; Ivs. narrow, 2 4' long ; panicle contracted into a spike 2 long ; awn at length deflexed, longer than the glume. %. Rocks and moun- tains, Little Falls, N. Y. Gray. White Mts., N. H. Pickering. Jn. 30. AVENA. S pikelets 2 5-flowered ; glumes 2, loose and membranaceous. subequal, longer than the flowers ; paleae 2, mostly hairy at base, the lower one bifid, with a twisted or bent awn at the back. 1. A. ELATIOR. (Arrhenatherum. Palis.) S f . 2 4f high, geniculate, smooth ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough on the margin and upper surface ; panicle loose, equal, nodding, branches in pairs or ternate ; spikelets 2-flowered ; awn twice as long as the palea ; upper flower Q , mostly awnless. A tall grass, introduced and naturalized in cultivated grounds. May, June. 2. A PENNSYLVANIA. (Arrhenatherum. Torr.) SI. erect, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolale ; panicle slender, with short, alter- nate branches ; awn twice as long as the flowers, geniculate, from the base of the lower palea ; upper flower awnless. (T) Fields and open woods, N. Eng. to Car. and 111., rare. July. 3. A. PR.ECOX. Palis. (Aira. Linn.) Csespitose ; st. erect, a few inches high ; Ivs. 1' long, rough ; sheaths deeply striate ; panicle dense, racemose ; spikclets ovate, 2-flowered, glumes as long as the flowers ; lower palea with a bent awn from the lower part of the back twice its length. N. Y. to Virg. Jn. 4. A. SATIVA. Cvflimon Oat. St. smooth, 2 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, veined, rough, with loose, striate sheaths; slip, lacerate; panicle loose; spikekts pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the lower one mostly awned; pal& somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing: the caryopsis. 610 CLXL GRAMINE^E. BROMUS. (D A highly important grain, one of the staple productions of the soil ; said to have been first discovered in the Island of Juan Fernandez. 0. nigra. Black Oats. Palecc dark brown, almost black, awnless. y. secunda. Horse-mane Oats. Panicle 1-sided ; awns short. 5. A. STERILIS. Animated Oat. St. 3 4f high, and with the leaves smooth, the latter long, acute, flat ; spikelets 5-flowered, outer flowers and awns hairy, inner flowers awnless. From Barbary. Cultivated as a curiosity. The awns are 2' long, geniculate, and twisted more or less according to the state of the atmosphere. Hence the tumbling motion of these spikelets in the moist and warm hands, like a grotesque insect, f 31. DANTHONIA. In honor of M. Danthoine, a French botanist. Spikelets 2 7-flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, longer than the flowers, cuspidate ; paleae hairy at the base, lower one bidentate at the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth, the upper one obtuse, entire. D. SPICATA. Palis. (Avena. Linn.) St. slender, nearly erect, 12 18' high, lower Ivs. numerous, 4 6' long, flat, hairy above, cauline Ivs. much shorter, subulate, erect,. on very short sheaths ; panicle simple, spicate, short, erect ; spikelets 3 8 or 10, about 7-flowered ; glumes a little longer than the flowers ; Imver palea hairy, about half as long as its spirally twisted awn. Pastures and open woods, Free States. June Aug. 32. UR ALE PIS. Nutt. G-)'. ovpa, tail, \enis a scale or palea ; a characteristic term. Spikelets 2 3-nowered ; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers ; flowers stipitate and distinct; palese 2, very unequal, distinctly villous on the margins, the lower one tricuspidate, the central cusp setose ; upper palea concave on the back ; fruit gibbous, coated. U. ARISTULATA. Nutt. Caespitose ; sts. procumbent at base, bearded at the nodes, 10 18' high ; Ivs. subulate, the upper ones shorter than the sheaths, hairy beneath ; panicles simple, racemose, terminal and lateral, concealed in the sheaths of the leaves, the upper one partly exsert ; spikekt 3-flowered ; awn of the palea as long as the lateral cusps. Sea-coast and sandy fields, Mid. States. Aug. 33. ARUNDO. Lat. arundo, a reed ; Celtic aru, water ; from its place of growth. Spikelets many-flowered ; glumes 2, awnless, lanceolate, unequal ; lower flower $ a nd naked at the base, the others perfect, pedicellate ; palese unequal, the lower one mucronate, acuminate or slightly awned. A. PHRAGMITES. (Phragmites communis. Trin.) St. smooth, stout, erect, 6 12f high, often an inch in diameter at base ; Ivs. lanceolate, 1 2f by 1 2', rough-edged, smooth and glaucous; panicle large and loosely branched, branches in half whorls, rather erect, slender ; spikelets 3 5-flowered, very slender, erect ; glumes shorter than the flowers which are of a dark hue, with tufts of white, silky hairs, about as long as the paleae. 1|_ Swamps and about ponds, Mass, to Irid. ! July. TRIBE 7. FESTUCACE JE. Inflorescence panicled. Spikelets many-flower- ed, oblong. Flowers sessile, closely arranged in 2 rows on the rachis. Paleae of similar texture with the glumes, the upper one with 2 keels. 34. BROMUS. Gr. /fytojua, food ; this name was formerly applied to a species of wild oats. Spikelets 3 20-flowered; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers; FESTUCA. CLXI. GRAMINEJ2. 611 lower palea cordate, bifid at tlie apex, usually awned a little below the tip, upper palea conduplicate, . ciliate on the margin ; scales ovate, smooth. 1. B. sECALlNUs. Cheat. Chess. St. smooth, erect, 3f high ; Ivs. flat, rough at the edge and above; sheaths veined, smooth ; stip. laciniate ; panicle, spreading, the branches mostly simple, each bearing 1 '2 spikelets ; spikelets ovate, compressed, about 10-flowered, large, 2-ranked, oval, appearing not unlike short heads of wheat. Flowers distinct, awn very short. A handsome grass in fields, often among wheat. June. 2. B. ARVENSIS. (B. mollis of Am. auth. ?) Soft Brome Grass. Hoot (1) ; st. erect, mostly pubescent, 1 2f high ; Ivs. and sheaths downy- pubescent ; panicle erect, close, compound, 3 4' long ; spikelets oblong-ovate, slightly compressed, tomentose, 5 10-flowered ; fls. elliptical ; lower palea ob- long-lanceolate, 7- veined, with a straight awn nearly its length. A coarse grass, in fields and roadsides. June, July. 3. B. PURGANS, (Canadensis, ciliatus and pubescens, of Linn., Muhl., , to nod, or hang down ; alluding to the pendulous spikelets. Spikelets cordate-ovate. 6 9-flowered ; glumes 2, shorter than the lower flowers ; paleae ventricose, lower one cordate at base, embracing the upper which is suborbicular and much shorter ; caryopsis beaked. B. MEDIA. St. naked above, 1 2f high; Ivs. flat, smooth, lance-linear; stip. short, obtuse ; panicle erect, few-flowered, branches wide-spreading, capillary, pur- plish, bearing the ovate or cordate, tumid, pendant and tremulous spikelets at the ends, these are about 7-flowered, greenish-purple ; pakce veinless. ^Natu- ralized in the vicinity of Boston, Bigelow. May. 43. UNlOLA. Lat. urvus, one ; on account of the aggregation of many flowers into one spikelet Spikelets compressed, 3 20-flowered ; lower flower abortive ; glumes 2. shorter than the lower flower ; lower paleae boat-shaped at the end, truncate and mucronate between the lobes, upper subulate, somewhat bifid ; scales emarginate ; caryopsis with 2 horns. 1. U. LATIFOLIA. Michx. Broad-leaved Uniola. St. 2 4f high, smooth, subsimple ; Ivs. 8 18' by 6 12", lance-linear, ELEUSINE. CLXI. GRAMINEJE. 617 glabrous, rough-edged ; sfieaths longer than the internodes ; panicle loose, 8 1& long, nodding ; spikelets all on long peduncles, about 10" long, ovate, flat, about 10-flowered ; glumes unequal, near twice shorter than the flowers ; fls. subfal- cate, 6" long, lower one abortive ; sta. 1. % Dry woods, middle and Western States. Singularly elegant and showy. Aug. 2. U. GRACILIS. Michx. (Holcus laxus. Linn.) St. slender, leafy, 3 4f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, tapering to a slender point, flat, 12 18' long; sheaths shorter than the joints; panicle long, racemose, branches solitary, short, remote, erect; spikelets 3-flowered; fls. spreading, straight, monandrous ; glumes rigid, acute. % Sea coasts, N. Y. to Ga. Aug. 3. U. SPICATA. (Festuca distachophylla. Michx.} St. smooth, round, branched at base, 1 2f high; cauline Ivs. numerous, 3 6' long, involute, rigid and acute ; sheaths longer than the joints, close, upper ones hairy at throat ; stip. inconspicuous ; panicle densely spicate, consisting of short, fasciculate branches with sessile spikelets ; spikelets oblong, 5 9-flower- ed ; fls. triandrous. 9| Salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. July. 44. MELlCA. Lat. mel, honey ; the plant to which the name was first applied had a sweet pith. Panicle simple or compound ; glumes 2, unequal, membranous, 2 5-flowered ; fls. a little longer than the glumes, the upper incom- plete and abortive ; scales truncate, fimbriate ; caryopsis free, not furrowed. M. GLABRA. Walt. (M. speciosa. Muhl.) St. 3 4f high, glabrous ; Ivs. linear, flat, pubescent beneath ; stip. lace- rate ; panicle glabrous, loose, few-flowered, erect or a little nodding, branches simple, solitary ; spikelets 68" long ; lower glume shorter, very smooth : paleee veined ; upper fl. neuter, pedicellate, consisting of very short, roundish paleae. 1\. Mountains, Penn. to Car. 45. DACTYLIS. Gr. SCLKTV\OS : a finger ; from the form of the spikes. Spikelets aggregated, compressed, 3 5-flowered ; glumes unequal, the larger one carinate, shorter than the flowers ; paleae subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower one emarginate, carinate, mucro- nate, upper bifid at apex ; scales dentate. D. GLOMERATA. Orchard Grass. St. roughish, 2 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, carinate, a little scabrous, glaucous; sheaths striate, stip. lacerate; panicle remotely branched, rather secund ; spikelets about 4-flowered, in dense, glomerate, unilateral, terminal clusters ; glumes very unequal ; anth. large", yellow. 7J. A fine, well known grass, of rapid growth, introduced in shady fields, as orchards, &c. June. TRIBE 8. CHLOREJE. Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets solitary, few-flow- ered, the terminal flower often abortive. Glumes carinate, not opposite. Upper palea with two keels. 46. ELEUSINE. From Eleusis, where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshiped. Spikes digitate, unilateral ; spikelets 5 7-flowered ; glumes obtuse, unequal, lower one smaller ; paleae unequal, upper one bifid toothed ; scales truncate, fimbriate ; caryopsis triangular, ovate, enclosed in a separate membrane or perigynium. E. INDICA. Wire Grass. St. oblique, compressed, procumbent and branching at base, 12 16' long; Ivs. linear, somewhat hairy, on smooth, loose sheaths hairy at the throat; spikes 2 4, rarely xnore or less, linear, straight, divaricate, 2 1' long ; spikelets 618 CLXI. GRAMINE^:. ATHEROPOION. closely imbricate, smooth; upper glume 5-veined; Jr. dark brown. Common about houses, foot-paths, &c., Mid. and W. States. Aug. 47. CYNODON. Rich. Gr. /fucov, a dog, oSos, tooth ; alluding to the singular, one-sided spikelets. Spikes digitate or fasciculate ; spikelets unilateral, in a single row ; glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, persistent ; 9 upper palea bifid-toothed ; rudiment minute, pedicellate, in a groove of the upper palea ; scales truncate. C. DACTYLON. Pers. (Digitaria. Ell. Panicum. Linn.") Bermuda Grass. Rt. creeping extensively ; st. creeping, stoloniferous at base, 1 2f long ; Ivs. hairy on the margin and towards the base, narrow-linear ; sheaths hairy ; spikes 4 5, digitate, spreading, 2 3' long, serrated with the uneven spikelets ; flumes scabrous on the keel, lanceolate, acute; pakce subequal, the lower roader, enfolding the upper. 7J. A vigorous creeper, in sands and hard soils, Penn. to Ga. 48. GYMNOPOGON. Palis. Gr. yu/xvoj, naked, 7rwywi>, beard ; alluding to the long awn of the palea. Spikes setaceous, paniculate ; glumes 2, keeled, subequal, the lower with a straight awn from a little below the tip j rudiment aris- tiform. G. RACEMOSUM. Palis. (Anthropogon lepturoides. Nutt.} St. ascending, 18 24' high, with short internodes ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 1 2' by 48", glabrous, flat, spreading, in 2 rows ; sheaths hairy at the throat; slip, obsolete ; panicle large, pyramidal, branches simple, rigid, verticillate, spreading, 3 5' long; spikelets sessile, appressed; glumes linear, pungent; lower palea with an awn at its back 3 4 times its length, upper bifid. 7J. Sandy fields, N. J. to Ga. Aug. 49. SPARTlNA. Spikelets imbricated in a double row in unilateral, paniculate spikes ; glumes 2, unequal, compressed ; palese 2, subequal, com- pressed, awnless ; style long, bifid. 1. S. CYNOSUROIDES. Willd. (Limnetis. Pers.) St. slender, smooth, 3 5f high ; Ivs. 2 3f long, sublinear, convolute and filiform at the end ; sheaths striate, glabrous ; panicle loose, slender, composed of 20 or more alternate, one-sided, pedunculate spikes 2 3' long; -spikelets arranged on 2 sides of a triangular rachis; glumes acuminate, one of them with a short awn ; palea white and awnless. % Marshes, Free States and Can. A coarse, sedge-like grass. Aug. 2. S. JUNCEA. Willd. (Limnetis. Pers.} Rt. creeping extensively ; st. erect, rigid, round, smooth, 1 2f high ; Ivs. convolute at the edges, spreading, in 2 rows ; spikes 3 5 ; ped. smooth ; rachis compressed; lower glume 3 times as long as the upper; palea obtuse, lower one shorter; sty. 2. 7J. Marshes and river banks, Free States and Can. Jl., Aug. 3. S. GLABRA. Muhl. St. smooth, succulent, terete, 3 5f high; Ivs. concave, erect, about 2f long, ' wide at base, tapering to a long acumination ; spikes 10 15, erect and appressed, alternate and sessile upon a triangular rachis ; spikelets in a dense, double row. QJ. Marshes, Indiana! Aug., Sept. 50. ATHEROPOGON. Muhl. Gr. a$T)(>, chaff, Trwyajv, beard; a characteristic term. Spikes in a thin, simple raceme ; glumes 2, membranaceous, 2- flowered, lower one setiform ; paleae 2, lower one 3-toothed or 3- bristled, upper bifid ; abortive flower pedicellate, paleae 2 3-bristled. SECALE. CLXI. GRAMINE^l. 619 A. APLULolDES. Muhl. St. 1 2f high, geniculate at base, ascending, terete ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, smoothish beneath, pilose above; slip, short, truncate; spikes 4 6" -long, 20 40, on short, flat peduncles, thinly arranged in 2 opposite rows, each with 4 8 spikelets; spikekts 2-flowered, arranged in 2 rows on the under side of the flat, partial rachis ; glumes unequal, the lower awn-like and slightly adhering to the rachis ; anth. 3, bright red ; Jr. oblong ; abortive fl. pedicellate, empty. 1\. Middle and Western States. Guilford, Conn., Bobbins ! TRIBE 9. HORDED. Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets solitary, in pairs, or several together, one, few or many-flowered. Glumes mostly two, equal and opposite, rarely unequal and alternate. Lower palea awned or awnless, up- per one with 2 keels. 51. TRITICUM. Lat. tritum, rubbed or ground ; alluding to the manner of its preparation for food. Spikelets imbricated in 2 rows, sessile on the teeth of the rachis, about 5-flowered, with the upper flowers abortive ; glumes 2, equal, opposite, ovate, concave, mucronate ; paleae 2, lower awned or mucro- nate ; scales 2, collateral. 1. T. SATIVUM. /?. hybernum. Winter Wheat. St. round, smooth, the internodes somewhat inflated, 3 5f high; Ivs. lance-linear, veined, roughish above ; stip. truncate ; spike parallel, somewhat 4-sided ; spikelets crowded, broad-ovate, about 4-flowered ; glumes ventricose ; awns of the upper palea generally longer than the flowers. and (g) This is without doubt the most valuable plant of the order ; is universally cultivated, and may be regarded as naturalized. Many varieties are known to farmers, of which the most important are y. astivum. Summer Wheat. Glumes always awned. (I) 6. compositum. Egyptian Wheat. Spike compound ; spikekts awned. 2. T. REPENS. (Agropyron. Palis.') St. trailing at the lower joints, about 2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, rough above and somewhat hairy ; stip. short, truncate ; spike compressed, about 3' in length ; spikelets remote, alternate, lance-oblong, 5 6-flowered ; glumes lanceo- late, 5-veined, acuminate. 1\. A vile weed, in fields and gardens, extremely difficult to eradicate. June Aug. 3. T. CANINUM. R. & S. Dog's Couch Grass. St. 2 3f high, erect or oblique ; Ivs. flat, smooth ; stip. almost wanting ; spikelets about 5-flowered ; glumes 3- veined, and with the outer palea, terminat- ing in a straight, scabrous bristle, longer than the flowers. Delaware, Muhlen- berg. Probably . 4. T. CRISTATUM. Schreb. (Bromus cristatus. Linn.} St. erect, glabrous ; spike oblong, compressed, imbricated in 2 rows, about 5-flowered, smoothish, spreading; palece, subulate-awned. Penn. Schweinitz (Deck, hot., p. 416). 52. SEC ALE. Celtic segal, from sega, a sickle. Spikelets solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2 3-flowered, the 2 lower flowers fertile, sessile, opposite, the upper one abortive ; glumes subulate, opposite, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea with a very long awn, upper often bifid at apex ; scales abortive, hairy. 5. CEREALE. Rye. St. hairy beneath the spike, 4 6f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged and rough above, glaucous ; spike about 5' long, linear, compressed ; palea smooth, lower ciliate on the keel and margin; awns scabrous-ciliate, long, straight, erect. or @ The native country of this highly valuable grain is unknown. It has long been cultivated, and like the wheat, may be considered naturalized. June, July. 620 CLXL GRAMINE^E. ELTMUS. 53. HORDEUM. Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, 1-flowered, the lateral ones sometimes abortive ; glumes 2, subulate, nearly equal, awned ; palece 2, lower lance-ovate, long-awned, upper obtusely acuminate ; caryop- sis adhering to the palese. 1. H. VULGARE. Barley. St. smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, nearly smooth ; sheaths auriculate at the throat ; spike thick, about 3' long ; spikelets all fertile, 1-flower- ed, with an awn-like rudiment at the base of the upper palea ; glumes collateral, shorter than the flowers ; fr. arranged in 4 rows. (J) Extensively ultivated. May. 2. H. DISTICHUM. Two-rowed Barley. St. 2 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, scabrous above ; sheaths auriculate at the throat ; spike 3 4' long, linear, compressed ; lateral spikelets abortive, awn- less ; fr. arranged in 2 rows. @) More common, and is generally preferred for malting to the former species. June. 3. H. JUBATUM. Squirrel-tail Grass. St. slender, round, smooth, simple, about 2f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, 4 6' long, rough-edged, otherwise smooth as well as the sheaths; spikes 2 3' long ; spikelets with the lateral flowers neuter ; glumes and palece produced into fine, smooth awns, 6 times as long as the flowers; abortive flowers on short pedicels. (D Marshes, N. Eng. to Mo., N. to Subarc. Am. June. 4. H. PUSILLUM. Nutt. St. 4 & high, decumbent or geniculate at the base ; hs. about !' long, rather obtuse, glaucous, striate ; upper sheath tumid, embracing the spike ; spike linear, about !' long; glumes by 3s, collateral, imbricated, lateral; abortive Jls. awnless ; awn of the central sessile, $ as long as those of the involucre ; glumes all awned, the inner setaceous from the base ; awns 1' or more long. Ohio ! to 111. and Mo. 54. LOLIUM. Celtic loloa; a name applied to one of the species. Spikelets many-flowered, sessile, remote, with the edge to the ra- chis ; glume to the lower spikelet single, to the terminal one 2 ; pa- lese herbaceous, subequal, lower one short-awned or mucronate, upper bifid-toothed. 1. L. PERENNE. Darnel Grass. Smooth; st. terete, 1 2f high; hs. lance-linear, shining-green, on striate sheaths with truncate stipules ; rachis flexuous, grooved, 5 6' long ; spikelets about 16, longer than the glumes, 7 9-flowered, alternate, in two opposite rows ; lower palea 5-veined, upper with 2, prominent, rough keels. 7J. Natu- ralized in meadows, cultivated grounds, &c. May, June. 2. L. TEMULENTUM. Poisonous Darnel. St. terete, smooth, 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, and with the sheaths, smooth on the surface ; stip. truncate ; rachis flexuous, 4 6' long ; spikelets much compressed, 5 7-flowered, longer than the glumes ; lower palea 5-veined, produced into an awn twice its length. (D Remarkably distinguished from all other grasses by its poisonous seeds. N. Eng. to Penn. July. 55. ELtMUS. Gr. eXvw, to fold up ; the spike is enveloped in the sheaths in some of the species. Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2 6-flowered ; glumes 2, collateral, subequal, subulate ; paleae lanceolate, lower one entire, mucronate or awned ; scales ciliate. 1. E. VIRGINICUS. Lime Grass. Wild Rye. St. erect, smooth, 3 4f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, scabrous, deep green, \' broad; sheaths veined; stip. very short; spike erect, thick, 3 5' long; spike- ANDROPOGON. CLXI. GRAMINE^l. 621 lets in pairs about 3-flowered ; glumes both in front, lance-linear, slightly con- nate at base, produced into a scabrous awn ; fls. smooth ; lower palea awned. n\ Banks of streams, N. Eng. to 111., S. to Va. Aug. 2. E. CANADENSIS. (E. glaucifolius. Wittd.) St. erect, smooth, stout, 3 5f high ; Irs. lance-linear, flat, smooth, dark green or often glaucous ; spike rather spreading, 4 8' long, generally nodding at the summit ; rachis hairy ; spikelets 2 5-flowered ; glumes 5 7-veined, short- awned, hairy; lower palea" hairy, awned. % A tall, showy grass, with long, recurved, waving spikes. River banks, &c., Free States and Brit. Am. Aug. 3. E. VILLOSUS. Muhl. Rye Grass. St. slender, striate, smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. rough-edged, pubescent above, i' broad ; sheaths hairy, especially the lower ones ; spike 2 3' long, a little nodding and spreading ; rachis and flowers hispid, pilose ; spikelets 1 3-flowered ; flumes linear ; lower palea with a long, straight awn. 7|_ Dry grounds, Free tates. July. 4. E. HYSTRIX. Hedgehog Grass. St. round, smooth, 2 4f high; Ivs. lance-linear, carin ate,- scabrous, gene- rally glaucous and with the sheaths striate; spike 4 6' long, erect; rachis nearly smooth, flexuous ; spikelets remote, diverging, "almost horizontal, 2 3- flowered ; glumes 0, rarely 1 or 2 ; fls. smoothish ; lower palea terminating in a very long awn. 7J. An odd-looking grass, in moist woods, Free States, common. July. 5. E. STRIATUS. Willd. Striated Lime Grass. St. slender, erect, 8 12' high ; Ivs. and sheaths smooth, the former lance- linear, acuminate, scabrous on the upper surface; spike erect, 2 3' long; invol. 4-leaved, strongly veined, 2-flowered, one flower commonly abortive ; spikelets in pairs, somewhat spreading, hispid, each 2-flowered; awns 3 or 4 times as long as the paleae. 7J. Mass., Bigeloiv, to Peiin., W. to Ohio, rare. A small and slender species. July. TRIBE 10. ANDROPOGONEJ3. Inflorescence panicled or spiked. Spike- lets generally in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other mostly pedicellate and imperfect. Glumes of stouter texture than the paleae. Paleae delicate and membranaceous, the lower commonly awned. 56. ANDROPOGON. Gr. avfyos, of a man, Trcoycov, beard; in allusion to the hairy flowers. Spikelets in pairs, polygamous, the lower one incomplete, on a plu- mosely bearded pedicel, upper one 1 -flowered, perfect ; glumes sub- coriaceous, awnless ; paleae shorter than the glumes, one generally awned. 1. A. FURCATUS. Muhl. Forked Spike. St. semiterete above, 4 7f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, radical ones very long; spikes digitate or fasciculate, in 2s 5s, 35' long, purple; spikelets appressed, abortive one on a plumose pedicel, ^ with 2 paleae, awnless, perfect one with 2 unequal glumes ; lower palea bifid, awned between the divi- sions. 1\. Meadows and low grounds, Free States and Can. Aug. 2. A. SCOPARIUS. Michx. (A. purpurascens. Muhl.') Broom Grass. St. slender, paniculate, 3f high, branched, one side furrowed, branches fasciculate, erect; Ivs. lance-linear, somewhat hairy and glaucous; spikes sim- ple, lateral and terminal, on long peduncles, 2 3 from each sheath, purple ; spikelets remote, abortive one neuter, mostly with 2 paleae, awned. 1\. Woods, U. S. Aug. 3. A. VIRGINICUS. Caespitose ; st. subcompressed, 3f high, branches few and short, half con- cealed ; Ivs. linear, lower ones a foot or more long, rough-edged and hairy ; aled sheaths smooth ; spikes short, in slender, half concealed fascicles of 2 or 3, late- ral and terminal ; abortive spikelet a mere pedicel, without paleas ; monan- drous, with a straight awn. 1\. Swamps, meadows, &c., N. Eng. to Ky. Sept. 622 CLXI. GRAMINE^. ZIZANIA. 4. A. MACROURUS. Michx. Indian Grass. St. sulcate on one side, much branched above, 2 3f high ; Ivs. linear, rough, lower ones very long, upper ones erect ; sheaths hairy ; spikes conjugate, J 1' long, in dense lateral and terminal, fastigiate panicles, partly concealed ; abortive spikelet without paleae; $ monandrous, with a straight awn. 1\. Swamps, Mid. States to Car. Sept. 5. A. NUTANS. Beard Grass. Glabrous; st. terete, simple, 3 5f high; Ivs. glaucous, lance-linear, rough, ' broad ; panicle oblong, branched, nodding, 6 10' long ; abortive spike- let without palese ; glumes of the Q hairy, ferruginous, shining; awn contorted. 7J. Sandy fields, U. S. and Can. Oct. 57. SORGHUM. Formed from sorghi ; the Asiatic name of one of the species. Spikelets in 2s or 3s, abortive ones pedicellate, awnless, with 2 paleae, the perfect, sessile, 1 -flowered ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; paleae 3, the upper one awned. 1. S. ^ACCHARATUM. Broom Corn. St. thick, solid with pith, 6 lOf high ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent at base ; panicle large, diffuse, with long, verticil] ate, at length nodding branches; glumes of the perfect spikelet hairy, per- sistent. (T) From the E. Indies. The uses of this fine, cultivated plant are doubtless well known to our readers. 2. S. VULGARE. Indian Millet. St. erect, round, solid with pith, 6 lOf high ; Ivs. carinate, lanceolate ; panicle compact, oval, erect until mature ; fls. pubes- cent ; palea: caducous ; jr. naked. (J) From the E. Indies. Rarely cultivated as a curiosity, or for the seed as food for poultry. TRIBE 11. ORYZEJE. Inflorescence panicled or spiked. Spikelets, solitary, 1 3-flowered. Flowers perfect or diclinous. Stamens 1 6. 58. LEER SI A. In honor of John Daniel Leers, a German botanist. Spikelets 1 -flowered, compressed ; glumes ; paleas 2, compressed, carinate, awnless ; scales 2, membranaceous. 1. L. ORYzolDEs. Swartz. Cut Grass. St. retrorsely scabrous, 3 5f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, carinate, the margin very rough backwards ; sheaths also very rough with retrorse prickles ; panicle much branched, diffuse, sheathed at the base ; spikekts spreading; palece ciliate on the keel, white, compressed and closed ; sta. 3. 7J. A very rough grass, com- mon in swamps, by streams, &c., U. S. and Can. Aug. 2. L. VIRGINICA. Willd. White Grass. St. slender, branched, geniculate or decumbent at base, 2 3f long, nodes retrorsely hairy ; Ivs. lance-linear, roughish ; sheaths roughish backwards, striate ; panicle simple, at length much exserted, the lower branches diffuse ; fls. pedicellate, in short, appressed, flexuous racemes ; lower palea boat-shaped, mu- cronate ; sta. 1 2. 7|_ Damp woods, U. S. and Can. Aug. 3. L. LENTICULARIS. Michx. Catch-fly Grass. St. erect, 2 4f high ; panicle erect ; 'fls. large, roundish, imbricated ; sta. 2 ; palece with the keel and veins ciliate. 7J. Wet places, Ohio, Frank, Ct., Eaton. 59. ZIZANIA. , to live ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life. c? . c? in terminal, paniculate racemes ; spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes 2, herbaceous, obtuse, subequal; paleae membranaceous, awnless. obtuse. 9 lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed in a spathe of numerous bracts ; spikelets 2-flowered. one flower abortive ; glumes 2, very obtuse ; paleae awnless ; style 1, filiform, very long, pendulous ; caryopsis compressed. Z. MAYS. Maize. Indian Corn. Rt. fibrous ; st. erect, 5 lOf (in some varieties 15 20f ) high, channeled on one side, leafy; Ivs. lance-linear, entire, 2 3f long. The varieties of this noble plant are numerous, produced by climate and culture. It is a native of the warm latitudes of America, but how widely it has been cultivated on both continents, and how important it is to man, it is unnecessary here to state. Jl. $ 53 SECOND GRAND DIVISION, CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants chiefly composed of cellular tissue, without spiral vessels, des- titute of true flowers, and producing SPORES instead of seeds. CLASS V. ACROGENS. Flowerless plants with a proper STEM or AXIS, often with a vascu- lar system composed chiefly of annular ducts, usually furnished with leaves. GROWTH by the extension of the apex, without subsequent increase in diameter. SPORES with a proper integument, and con- tained in a vessel analogous to an ovary, called THECA or SPORANGIUM, ORDER CLXII. EQUISETACE^]. HORSETAILS. Plant leafless, simple or with verticillate branches. Stem etriate-sulcate, jointed, fistular between, and separable at, the joints. Sheaths dentate, crowning the summit of each internode. Inflorescence (by analogy) a dense, cylindric, terminal spike or strobile. Scales of the strobile peltate, hexagonal, subverticillate. Thec.ce, 47, attached to the under surface of the scales, with lateral dehiscence. Spores numerous, globose, surrounded by minute granules. [manner. Elaters, bodies of unknown use, consisting of 4 elastic, clavate filaments involving the spores in a spiral An order consisting at present of a single genus, growing in wet grounds, on river banks, and borders of woods, throughout most countries. The Equisetaceee abound in the fossil remains of coal measures with other Cryptogamia, as Lycopodiaceae and Filices, indicating that these plants were once of gigantic dimensions, and formed a large part of the original flora of our globe. Species about 10. Properties. They abound in silex, and hence are used by cabinet-makers, comb-makers, &c., in polish- ing their work. EdUISETUM. Lat. equus, a horse, seta, hair; perhaps alluding to the general resemblance. Character the same as that of the order. 1. E. HYEMALE. ScOUTWlg Rush. Sts. all simple, erect, very rough, each bearing a terminal, ovoid spike ; sheath cinerous white, black at the base and summit, short, with subulate, awned and deciduous teeth. Very noticeable in wet, shady grounds, and by brooksides. Stems about 2f high, often 2 or more united at base from the same root. Sheaths 23" long. 1 2j' apart, the white ring much broader than the black, at length entire from the falling off of the teeth. The roughness of the cuticle is owing to the silex in its composition. June. 2. E. ARVENSE. Field Horsetail. Fertile sis. erect, simple, sterile with simple, quadrangular branches, de- cumbent at base. Low grounds, Free States and Brit. Am. Fertile stems first appearing, 6 8' high, with 3 5 joints surmounted by large, inflated sheaths cut into long, dark brown teeth. Spike oblong, 2' long. Sterile stems rather taller than the fertile, remaining through the season, after these have decayed. At each joint is a whorl of simple, rough, ascending branches, issuing from the base of the sheaths, their joints also sheathed. April. 3. E. sYLvATicuM. Wood Horsetail. Sterile and fertile sis. with compound, rough, deflexed, angular branches. Grows in woods and low grounds, Free States and Brit. Am. Stems 9 16' LYCOPODICM. CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE^E. 625 high ; the fertile with 4 5 whorls of branches from the base of the sheaths which are 2 3' apart, and cleft into several large, tawny red teeth or segments ; the sterile taller and more slender, with more numerous whorls of branches. The branches are all subdivided and curved downwards. Spike oval-cylindric, pedicellate. May. 4. E. VARIEGATUM. Smith. (E. scorpoides. Me.) Caespitose; sfe. branching at base, filiform, scabrous; spike blackish; sheaths 3-toothed, blackish, teeth membranaceous, whitish, deciduous at the tips. Hilly woods, Free States and Brit. Am. Stems numerous, 3 6' long, 6- furrowed (5-furrowed. Beck), sheaths very short, 1 2' apart. Spikes small, ovoid, terminal. Not common. July. 5. E. LIMOSUM. (E. uliginosum. Willd.) Pipes. Sts. somewhat branched, erect, striate-sulcate ; branches from the middle joints, simple, short, 5-sided, smooth ; spike oblong-ovoid; sheaths appressed. Borders of ponds and swamps, frequent. Stems 2 3f high, slender, rarely sim- ple, generally with 2 6 whorls of branches about the middle. Branches very irregular in length and position. Sheaths 3 4" long, white at the summit, tipped with as many black, subulate teeth, as there are furrows (15 20). This spe- cies is greedily devoured by cattle. July. 6. E. PALUSTRE. Marsh Horsetail. Sts. branched, smooth, sulcate ; branches simple, pentagonal, curved up- wards; sheath somewhat appressed, remote, 10-toothed at the apex; spike oblong, dark brown. Marshes, common. Stems 1 2f high, deeply furrowed. Branches short and like the other species produced in whorls from the bases of the sheaths, at first horizontal, finally bending to an upright position. Spike an inch long. May, June. ORDER CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE^E. CLUB MOSSES. Stems creeping or erect, branching, rarely simple, abounding in ducts. Leaves small, numerous, crowded, entire, lanceolate or subulate, 1-nerved. Inflorescence axillary, or crowded into a sort of ament or spike. Thec(B of two kinds in the same plant, sessile, 1, often 2-celled. [powder. Spares few, rather large in some ot the theoe, other thecae containing minute grains, appearing like fine Like the Equisetaceae, these plants appear to have been very abundant in the first ages of the world, and to have attained a gigantic size, though at present but a few feet in length. Properties unimportant. Some are emetic. The powder contained m the thecae is highly inflammable, and is used in the manu- facture of fire-works. Genera 5, species 200. Genera. Leaves cauline, on erect or creeping stems Lycopodium. 1 Leaves or fronds radical, long, linear-subulate Isoetis. 2 1. LYCOPODIUM. dr. Xvrrof, a wolf, irovs, a loot ; from some fancied resemblance. Thecae axillary, sessile, 1 -celled, some of them 2-valved, filled with minute, farinaceous grains, others 3-valved, containing several larger globular spores. * Inflorescence in pedunculate spikes. 1 . L. CLAVATUM. (L. tristachium. Nutt.} Common Club Moss. St. creeping ; branches ascending ; Ivs. scattered, incurved, capillaceous- acuminate ; spikes in pairs, rarely in 3s, cylindrical, pedunculate ; bracts of the spike ovate, acuminate, erosely denticulate. A well known evergreen, trailing upon the ground in shady pastures and woods, common. Stem and branches clothed with numerous linear-lanceolate leaves which are entire or serrulate, and end in a pellucid, curved bristle. Spikes perfectly straight, parallel, erect, and upon an erect peduncle. July. 2. L. COMPLANATTJM. Ground Pine. St. trailing; branches dichotomous ; Ivs. 4-ranked, unequal, the marginal ones connate, diverging at apex, Ihe superficial ones solitary, appressed ; ped. elongated, supporting 4 6, cylindric spikes. A trailing evergreen, common in woods and shady grounds. Stem round, creeping among the moss and leaves, often lOf in length. Branches numerously subdivided, compressed, somewhat resembling the branchlets of the cedar. Leaves minute, very acute. July. 626 CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE^E. LYCOPODIUM. 3. L. CAROLINIANUM. St. creeping ; Ivs. somewhat 2-ranked, spreading, lanceolate, entire ; ped. erect, solitary, elongated, bearing a single spike ; bracts sublanceolate, entire. In muddy grounds. Both the stem and its branches are prostrate, with erect, slender peduncles 3 6' high. July. 4. L. RABIN.EFOLIUM. Willd. (L. alpinum. MX.} St. elongated, creeping ; branches erect, short, dichotomous, with fastigiate divisions ; Ivs. imbricated on all sides, erect, terete-subulate, aristate-acuminate ; spikes peduncled by the attenuated and slightly leafy summits of the branches, cylindric, solitary, with cordate, acuminate bracts. White Mts. ; extensively creeping among the rocks, with erect, numerously divided branches, a few of the divisions terminating in spikes an inch in length. July. * * Spikes sessile j* Leaves surrounding the stem. 5. L. DENDROIDEUM. Michx. Tree Club Moss. St. erect; branches alternate, crowded, dichotomous, erect; Ivs. linear- lanceolate, in 6 equal rows, spreading; spikes numerous, solitary. An elegant little plant, common in woods, readily distinguished by its upright, tree-like form. Plant about 8' high, with branches more or less diverging. These are subdivided into numerous, forked branchlets, radiant, so as together to represent a spiral arrangement. Spikes 2 6, an inch long. July. /? obscurum. Torr. (L. obscurum. L.} Branches spreading; spike mostly solitary. 6. L. RUPESTRE. Rock Club Moss. St. creeping ; branches ascending, subdivided ; Ivs. scattered, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, capillaceous-acuminate, ciliate ; spike solitary, quadrangular. A very small species, creeping on rocks, &c. Stem a few inches in length, with numerous branches, which are 1' long, clothed with grayish-green leaves. Spike ' long, 4-rowed, seeming a mere continuation of the branch. Jl. 7. L. ALOPECUROIDES. Fox-tail Club Moss. St. creeping, subramose; branches simple, long, ascending, bearing a single sessile spike at top ; Ivs. linear-subulate, ciliate-dentate at base, spread- ing ; spike leafy. Swamps. Stem extensively creeping. Branches 6 8' high, rarely subdivided, densely clothed with a fine, soft foliage. Spike 1 2' long, very leafy. Aug. 8. L. ANNOTiNUM. Interrupted Club Moss. St. creeping; branches twice dichotomous, ascending; Ivs. in 5 rows, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, spreading and serrulate near the tip ; spike oblong, solitary. In mountain woods, not common. Branches subdivided near their base, branchlets simple, 4 or more, 68' high. Leaves at length reflexed at end. Spike rather cylindric, an inch in length, distinct from the branches, Jl. 9. L. INUNDATUM. Marsh Club Moss. St. creeping, often submersed; branches simple, solitary, erect, with a single leafy spike at top ; Ivs. linear, scattered, acute, entire, curved upwards. In swamps, Mass., N. Y., Can., &c. Spikes 1' long, at the summit of branches which are 5 7 long, arising from the base of the stem. Bracts of the spikes leaf-like, dilated at base, spreading at the end, larger than the stem leaves which are 1 2" long. July. 10. L. sELAGiNolDES. Savin-leaved Club Moss. St. filiform, creeping ; branches nearly erect, the flowering ones simple ; Ivs. scattered, lanceolate, a little spreading, ciliate-denticulate ; spike solitary, leafy. In moist woods, N. States and Can. Spikes yellowish-green, about f ' long, the bracts foliaceous and twice larger than the true leaves, which are about a line in length. Branches 36' high, the sterile ones much divided. Jl. * * Spikes sessile, -j-f Leaves %-ranked. 11. L. APODUM. (L. albidulum. Muhl.) St. branching, prostrate and rooting near the base ; Ivs. orbicular-ovate, acute, membranaceous, alternate, amplexicaul, in 2 rows, with minute, acumi- nate, superficial ones in a third row on the upper side ; spikes subsolitary. A CLXIV. FILICES. 627 small, creeping, moss-like species, in wet, rocky shades, U. S., not common. Stem a few inches long, filiform. Leaves less than a line in length. Spikes leafy, scarcely distinguishable from the branches. July, Aug. * * * Spikes indistinguishable from the branches. 12. L. LUCIDULUM. Michx. Shining Club Moss. St. ascending, dichotomously divided ; Ivs. in 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, den- ticulate, shining, spreading, or a little reflexed ; theca in the axils of leaves not changed nor crowded into a spike. In wet woods, U. S. and Can. The foliage of this species is dark green and shining, more ample than is common to the genus. Stems 8 16' long, nearly erect. Leaves 3 5" long, distinctly serrate. Thecae hemispherical or reniform, in the axils of the leaves near the top of the stem. Jl. 13. L. SELAGO. (L. recurvurn. Willd.} Fir Club Moss. St. erect, dichotomously and fastigiately branched ; Ivs. scattered, imbri- cate, lance-linear, entire, rigfd and pungent, "but awnless. A smaller species than the last, found on the summits of the White Mts. 1 Stems 4 8' high, densely clothed with stiff, shining, spreading leaves arranged somewhat in 8 rows and 2 3" in length. Thecae axillary. Aug. ISOETES. Gr. iaos, equal, ero? , the year ; from its being evergreen. Thecae membranaceous, oblong, cordate, 1 -celled, immersed in the dilated base of the frond; spores subglobose, slightly angular, attached to numerous filiform receptacles. I. LACUSTRIS? (I. riparia. Engelman.} Quill-wort. Leaves caespitose, subulate, semiterete, dilated and imbricated at base. A curious aquatic, in water at or near the margin of ponds and rivers, N. Eng ! and Mid. States, often wholly submersed ! Leaves or ironds numerous, tufted and simple, 2 10' long, somewhat spreading, containing numerous cells divided both by longitudinal and transverse partitions. Thecae whitish, imbedded in cor- responding cavities in the bases of the fronds, traversed within by many threads to which the numerous, small, white, granular spores are attached. Aug. Our plant differs slightly from the European (with which I have compared it), but 1 think not specifically. ORDER CLXIV. FILICES. FERNS. Stem a perennial, creeping, horizontal rhizoma, or sometimes^ erect and arborescent. [nation. Fronds (fruit-bearing leaves) variously divided, rarely entire, with forked veins, mostly circinate in ver- Inflorescence occupying the back or margin of the fronds (leaves) arising from the veins. TheccB or sporangia ofone kind only in the same plant, 1-cellecl, dehiscing irregularly. Sori, somewhat regular collections of thecae ; or the thec LL REOTFBTCJS JAN 30 '99 -12^1 1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. DDO, 50m, 1 1 /94 BERKEIY._CA_?4720 I/D 21 5W-7/33 U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES ill S&HR